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:''Minimal evidence''
:''Minimal evidence''
* 1 point: [[Adelaide]], [[Antwerp]], [[Aarhus]], [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Bangalore]], [[Bologna]], [[Brasília]], [[Calgary]], [[Cape Town]], [[Colombo]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Dresden]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Genoa]], [[Glasgow]], [[Gothenburg]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Hanoi]], [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Leeds]], [[Lille]], [[Marseille]], [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Tashkent]], [[Tehran]], [[Tijuana]], [[Turin]], [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]], [[Wellington]]
* 1 point: [[Adelaide]], [[Antwerp]], [[Aarhus]], [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Bangalore]], [[Bologna]], [[Brasília]], [[Calgary]], [[Cape Town]], [[Colombo]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Dresden]], [[Edinburgh]], [[Genoa]], [[Glasgow]], [[Gothenburg]], [[Guangzhou]], [[Hanoi]], [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Leeds]], [[Lille]], [[Marseille]], [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Tashkent]], [[Tehran]], [[Tijuana]], [[Turin]], [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]], [[Wellington]]

I MAKE MOTION TO REMOVE COLUMBUS, OH. If Columbus is a "world city" then this data is flawed.


==GaWC Leading World Cities, 2004==
==GaWC Leading World Cities, 2004==

Revision as of 03:03, 11 October 2007

A global city or world city is a concept promoted by the geography department at Loughborough University which postulates that globalisation can be broken down in terms of strategic geographic locales that see global processes being created, facilitated and enacted. The most complex of these entities is the "global city", whereby the linkages binding a city have a direct and tangible effect on global affairs through more than just socio-economic means, with influence in terms of culture, or politics.[1] The terminology of "global city", as opposed to megacity, is thought to have been first coined by Saskia Sassen in reference to London, New York and Tokyo in her 1991 work The Global City.[2]

General characteristics

To some, London, New York City, Paris, and Tokyo have been traditionally considered the 'big four' world cities – not coincidentally, they also serve as symbols of global capitalism. [citation needed] However, many people have their own personal lists, and any two lists are likely to differ based on cultural background, values, and experience.

GaWC Inventory of World Cities, 1999

An attempt to define and categorise world cities was made in 1999 by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC), based primarily at Loughborough University in Loughborough, Leicestershire, England. The roster was outlined in the GaWC Research Bulletin 5[4] and ranked cities based on provision of "advanced producer services" such as accountancy, advertising, finance and law, by international corporations. The GaWC inventory identifies three levels of world cities and several sub-ranks.

Note that this roster generally denotes cities in which there are offices of certain multinational companies providing financial and consulting services rather than other cultural, political, and economic centres. There is a schematic map of GaWC cities at their website.[5]

Alpha world cities / full service world cities[6]

Beta world cities / major world cities

Gamma world cities / minor world cities

Evidence of world city formation

Strong evidence
Some evidence
Minimal evidence

GaWC Leading World Cities, 2004

An attempt to redefine and recategorise leading world cities was made by PJ Taylor at GaWC in 2004.

Global Cities [7]

Well rounded global cities
  1. Very large contribution: London and New York City.
    Smaller contribution and with cultural strengths: Los Angeles, Paris and San Francisco.
  2. Incipient global cities: Amsterdam, Boston, Chicago, Madrid, Milan, Moscow, Toronto.
Global niche cities - specialised global contributions
  1. Economic: Hong Kong, Singapore, and Tokyo.
  2. Political and social: Brussels, Geneva and Washington, D.C.

World Cities

Subnet articulator cities
  1. Cultural: Berlin, Copenhagen, Melbourne, Munich, Oslo, Rome, Stockholm.
    Political: Bangkok, Beijing, Vienna.
  2. Social: Manila, Nairobi, Ottawa.
Worldwide leading cities
  1. Primarily economic global contributions: Frankfurt, Miami, Munich, Osaka, Singapore, Sydney, Zurich
  2. Primarily non-economic global contributions: Abidjan, Addis Ababa, Atlanta, Basel, Barcelona, Cairo, Denver, Harare, Lyon, Manila, Mexico City, Mumbai, New Delhi, Shanghai.

Other criteria

The GaWC list is based on specific criteria and, thus, may not include other cities of global significance or elsewhere on the spectrum. For example, cities with the following:

Selected criteria

Rank Population of city (proper) Population of metropolitan area Percentage foreign born[8] Expatriate cost of living[19] Metro systems by annual passenger ridership Top 10 rail systems by length Annual passenger air traffic in a single airport.(2006)[31] Number of billionaires (US Dollars)[32][33][34] Gross Metropolitan Product (Total population,not per capita) [35]
1 Mumbai Tokyo Miami Moscow Tokyo London Atlanta New York City Tokyo
2 Karachi Mexico City Toronto Seoul Moscow New York City Chicago Los Angeles New York City
3 Delhi Seoul Los Angeles Tokyo New York City Seoul London Moscow Los Angeles
4 São Paulo New York City Vancouver Hong Kong Seoul Mexico City Tokyo London Chicago
5 Shanghai São Paulo New York City London Mexico City Madrid Los Angeles Hong Kong Paris
6 Moscow Mumbai Singapore Osaka Paris Madrid Dallas Chicago London
7 Seoul Delhi Sydney Geneva London Paris Paris San Francisco Osaka/Kobe/Kyoto
8 Istanbul Shanghai Abidjan Copenhagen Frankfurt Mexico City Frankfurt Paris Mexico City
9 Mexico City Jakarta London Zürich Hong Kong Mexico City Beijing Dallas Philadelphia
10 Tokyo Moscow Paris Oslo/New York City Singapore Chicago Denver Tokyo Washington, D.C.

See also

References

  1. ^ Sassen, Saskia - The global city: strategic site/new frontier
  2. ^ Sassen, Saskia - The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. (1991) - Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07063-6
  3. ^ PERMANENT MISSIONS TO THE UNITED NATIONS, UN, 29 April 2003
  4. ^ GaWC Research Bulletin 5, GaWC, Loughborough University, 28 July 1999
  5. ^ The World According to GaWC, GaWC, Loughborough University
  6. ^ Inventory of World Cities, GaWC, Loughborough University
  7. ^ Leading World Cities, GaWC, Loughborough University
  8. ^ a b Template:PDFlink, "2004 Human Development Report" (page 99), UNDP, 2004
  9. ^ Template:PDFlink, "World Resources 1998-99", WRI, 1998
  10. ^ City Profiles, UN
  11. ^ Template:PDFlink, WBCSD
  12. ^ Template:PDFlink, UN, 2004
  13. ^ Template:PDFlink, "World Resources 1998-99", WRI, 1998.
  14. ^ Global Urban Indicators Database 2 (1998 data) (data sets in .ZIP), UN-HABITAT
  15. ^ World Indices, Bloomberg
  16. ^ J.V. Beaverstock, World City Networks 'From Below', GaWC, Loughborough University, 29 September 2005
  17. ^ World-wide quality of living survey, Mercer, 10 April 2006
  18. ^ Template:PDFlink, "THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S CITIES REPORT 2001", UN-HABITAT, 21 June 2006
  19. ^ a b 2006 worldwide cost of living survey results released, Mercer, 26 June 2006
  20. ^ The World's Billionaires, Forbes, 2005
  21. ^ Mapping the Global Network Economy on the Basis of Air Passenger Transport Flows, GaWC, Loughborough University, 8 December 2004
  22. ^ Estimated Ridership of the World’s Largest Public Transit Systems, 1998
  23. ^ Template:PDFlink, October 2003
  24. ^ Traffic Intensity by International Urban Area: 1990
  25. ^ Largest seaports of the world
  26. ^ The World's Best Skylines
  27. ^ Template:PDFlink (registration required)
  28. ^ K. O'Connor, International Students and Global Cities, GaWC, Loughborough University, 17 February 2005
  29. ^ World Heritage List, UNESCO
  30. ^ P. De Groote, Economic and Tourism Aspects of the Olympic Games, GaWC, Loughborough University, 21 September 2005
  31. ^ http://www.aci.aero/aci/aci/file/Press%20Releases/2007_PRs/PR_180707_TOP10.pdf
  32. ^ Template:PDFlink, International Financial Services, December 2004
  33. ^ Forbes reports billionaire boom, BBC, 10 March 2006
  34. ^ 500 richest in Russia, Finance Magazine, published by RBC. February 2006.
  35. ^ PriceWaterhouseCoopers, "UK Economic Outlook, March 2007", page 5. ""Table 1.2 – Top 30 urban agglomeration GDP rankings in 2005 and illustrative projections to 2020 (using UN definitions and population estimates)"" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-03-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)