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Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur

2024-10-04T05:48:45Z

103.46.201.118: caste cruft removed as per guidelines!

{{Short description|Maharaja of Bharatpur from 1853–1893}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Jashwant Singh
| title = Maharaja of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]]
| image = Jaswant Singh Bharatpur.jpg
| caption = Painting of Maharaja Jaswant Singh
| reign = 21 March 1853–1893 AD
| coronation = 8 July 1853, again 10 June 1869, again 28 March 1872
| predecessor = [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur|Balwant Singh]]
| successor = [[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Ram Singh]]
| heir =
| consort =
| issue =
| royal house = Sinsinwar Dynasty
| royal anthem =
| father = [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur|Balwant Singh]]
| mother =
| birth_date = 1 March 1851
| birth_place = [[Deeg]], [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]], [[Bharatpur State]], now [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| death_date = 12 December 1893 (aged 42)
| death_place = [[Deeg]], [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan]], [[Bharatpur State]], now [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| place of burial =
| religion = Hinduism|
}}

'''Maharaja Jashwant Singh''' ({{lang-hi|महाराजा जशवन्त सिंह|links=no}}) (1851–1893) was the <ref>{{Cite book |last=Meena |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH--DwAAQBAJ&q=jaswant+singh+jat+Bharatpur |title=RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ |publisher=New Era Publication |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FP_MWtoPIcoC&q=jaswant+singh+jat+Bharatpur |title=Against History, Against State |date=2006 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-152-4 |language=en}}</ref> ruler of the [[princely state]] of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] from 1853 to 1893 in [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. His successor was [[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Maharaja Ram Singh]].

==Early life==
Jaswant Singh was born at [[Deeg]] on 1 March 1851. He was the only son of [[Balwant Singh of Bharatpur|Maharaja Balwant Singh]]. He was educated privately. He had knowledge of the [[Hindi]], English and Persian languages.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==Ascended the throne==
Jaswant Singh succeeded on the death of his father on 21 March 1853. He ascended the gaddi ([[throne]]) on 8 July 1853, reigning under a Council of Regency until he came of age. He assumed limited ruling powers on 10 June 1869 and was invested with full ruling powers on 28 March 1872.{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==Death and succession==
He died at the [[Deeg]] Palace on 12 December 1893, having had issue, four sons and three daughters. His successor was [[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Maharaja Ram Singh]].

==Name and titles==
His official full name and title was: ''[[Highness|His Highness]] Shri Yadukul Maharaja Jaswant Singh, 11th Maharaja of Bharatpur, [[Order of the Star of India|GCSI]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.bl.uk/whatson/exhibitions/india/tour_10_court.html Jashwant Singh at Durbar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313114812/http://www.bl.uk/whatson/exhibitions/india/tour_10_court.html |date=13 March 2007 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{succession box|title=Maharaja of Bharatpur|before=[[Maharaja Balwant Singh]]|after=[[Ram Singh of Bharatpur|Maharaja Ram Singh]]|years=1853–1893}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jashwant}}
[[Category:Rulers of Bharatpur state]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:1851 births]]
[[Category:1893 deaths]]

Dholpur state

2024-10-04T05:47:05Z

103.46.201.118: caste cruft removed genuine minor change made

{{Short description|19th century kingdom in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Dholpur State
| common_name = Dholpur
| nation = [[British India]]
| subdivision = [[Princely State]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy|Sovereign monarchy]] (1806–1818) [[Princely state]] (1818–1947) [[Constitutional monarchy]] (1947–1949)
| era =
| year_start = 1806
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1949
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Independence of India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| title_leader = Maharaj Rana
| leader1 = [[Kirat Singh]] (first)
| leader2 = [[Udaybhanu Singh]] (last)
| year_leader1 = 1806–1835
| year_leader2 = 1911–1949
| capital = [[Dholpur]]
| p1 = Maratha Empire
| s1 = Matsya Union
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Dholpur flag.svg
| image_coat = Dholpur Coat of Arms.jpg
| image_map = Alwar-karauli map.jpg
| image_map_caption = Dholpur State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
| stat_area1 = 3038
| stat_year1 = 1901
| stat_pop1 = 250,000
| today = [[India]] {{·}} [[Rajasthan]]
}}
'''Dhaulpur State''' or '''Dholpur State''', historically known as the '''Kingdom of Dholpur''', was a kingdom of eastern [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], which was founded in [[Anno Domini|AD]] 1806 by ruler [[Rana (title)|Rana]] [[Kirat Singh]] of [[Gohad State|Gohad]].<ref name="Random House India">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Azy2w8nDPP4C&q=dholpur+state+ruler&pg=PT19 | title=The Mysterious Mr Jacob | publisher=Random House India | author=John Zubrzycki | year=2012 | page=3 | isbn=9788184003369}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Dholpur: History and Places
| publisher =
|url=https://www.rajras.in/index.php/dholpur-history-geography-places/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Dholpur online
| publisher =
|url=http://dholpuronline.in/city-guide/history-of-dholpur#}}</ref> After 1818, the state was placed under the authority of [[British India]]'s [[Rajputana Agency]]. The Ranas ruled the state until the independence of India in 1947, when the kingdom was merged with the [[India|Union of India]].

The [[princely state]] of [[Dholpur]] was located in the present-day state of [[Rajasthan]]. The state only had an area of {{convert|3038|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, and an estimated revenue of Rs. 9,60,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_330.gif|title = Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 11, page 324 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library}}</ref>

The former chief minister of [[Rajasthan]], [[Vasundhara Raje]], was a member of the erstwhile ruling family of Dholpur as she was married to Maharaja Hemant Singh before getting divorced.

==History==
[[File:Maharaj Rana of Dholpur Sir Bhagwant Singh - 1870.jpg|275px|thumb|Maharaj Rana Bhagwant Singh in 1870.]]
[[File:MILITARY SCHOOL DHOLPUR.jpg|275px|thumb|Kesarbagh palace, the mansion of the former ruler of the erstwhile Dholpur State in [[Dholpur]], now [[Dholpur Military School]]]]
Very little is known of the early history of the state. According to tradition, a predecessor state was established as Dhavalapura. In 1505, neighboring [[Gohad]] State of Rana [[Jat]]s was founded and between 1740 and 1756 Gohad occupied [[Gwalior Fort]]. From 1761 to 1775 Dholpur was annexed to [[Bharatpur State]] and between 1782 and December 1805 Dholpur was again annexed by Gwalior. On 10 January 1806 Dholpur became a [[British protectorate]] and in the same year the ruler of Gohad merged Gohad into Dholpur.<ref name="WS" /><ref name="IGI">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_329.gifImperial Gazetteer of India, v. 11, p. 323.]</ref>

The last ruler of Dholpur signed the [[instrument of accession]] to the Indian Union on 7 April 1949 and the state was merged in [[Matsya Union]].<ref name="TGI">{{Cite web |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/dholpur.html |title=Dholpur Princely State (15 gun salute) |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=14 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114005722/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/d/dholpur.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Rulers===
[[File:Gohad paisa.jpg|thumb|Gohad coins]]
The rulers of the state were [[Jats]] and were styled ''Maharaja Rana'' from 1806 onwards.<ref name="WS">[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States]</ref> They were entitled to a 15-gun salute.

==Present Maharaj==
Rana [[Dushyant Singh]] is a titular Maharaja of Dholpur and presently a four-time Member of Parliament

=== Rulers of Gohad (title ''Rana'') ===
*1699 – 1713: Gaj Singh (d. 1713)
*1713 – 1717: Jaswant Singh (d. 1717)
*1717 – 1756: [[Bhim Singh Rana]] (d. 1756)
*1756 – 1757: [[Girdhar Pratap Singh]] (d. 1757)
*1757 – 1784: Chhatar Singh (d. 1788) (personal style Maharaj Rana from 1771)
*1784 – 1804: Interregnum
*1804 – 1806: Kirat Singh (b. 1763 – d. 1836)

=== Rulers of Dholpur (title ''Maharaja Rana'') ===
*1806 – 21 April 1836: [[Kirat Singh]] (s.a.)
*1836 – Dec 1836: [[Pohap Singh]] (d. 1836)
*Dec 1836 – 7 February 1873: Bhagwant Singh (b. 1824 – d. 1873) (from 2 June 1869, Sir Bhagwant Singh)
*7 Feb 1873 – 20 July 1901: [[Nihal Singh]] (b. 1863 – d. 1901)
*7 Feb 1873 – 1884: Maharani Sateha Devi (b. 1845 – d. 1888) Bhawa (f) – Regent
*20 Jul 1901 – 29 March 1911: [[Ram Singh of Dholpur|Ram Singh]] (b. 1883 – d. 1911) (from 1 January 1909, Sir Ram Singh)
*20 Jul 1901 – Mar 1905: .... – Regent
*29 Mar 1911 – 15 August 1947: [[Udaybhanu Singh|Udai Bhan Singh]] (b. 1893 – d. 1954) (from 1 January 1918, Sir Udai Bhan Singh)
*29 Mar 1911 – 9 October 1913: .... – Regent

The descendants of Maharaj Udai Bhan Singh and Maharaj Nihal Singh are still carrying on their family legacy.

* Maharaja Rana Dushyant Singh ji S/o Maharaj Hemant Singh and Vasundhra Raje Scindia, is the Maharaj Rana of Dholpur
* Yuvraj Vinayak Pratap Singh is the son of Maharaj [[Dushyant Singh]] and Niharika raje the Princess of [[Samthar]]

==See also==
*[[Gohad State]]—For early history of Dholpur rulers

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/d/dholpur.html Genealogy of the rulers of Dholpur]
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html Princely States of India A-J]

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|26.7|N|77.9|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Dholpur district|*]]
[[Category:States under the Rajputana Agency]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 700s]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1806]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1949]]
[[Category:1st-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1806 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]

Kirat Singh

2024-10-04T05:46:22Z

103.46.201.118: minor caste crust removed

{{Short description|First Maharaj Rana of Dholpur from 1805–1835}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kirat Singh
| image = Kirat Singh Rana.jpg
| caption =
| succession = [[Gohad State|Maharaj Rana of Gohad]]
| reign = 1803–1805
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Chhatar Singh]]
| successor = Title replaced with that of Maharaj [[Rana of Dholpur]]
| succession1 = [[Dholpur State|Maharaj Rana of Dholpur]]
| reign1 = 1805–1835
| successor1 = [[Rana Pohap Singh]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| issue =
| full name =
| house = Bamraulia Dynasty
| father =
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| royal anthem =
| buried =
| signature =
}}
'''Kirat Singh Rana''' (1763–1835) was a ruler of [[Gohad]] state (1803–1805) in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tyagi |first=Vidya Prakash |title=Martial races of Undivided India |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2009 |isbn=9788178357751 |pages=75 |quote=As a compensation for Gohad, the Jat ruler Rana Kirat Singh was given Dhaulpur, Badi and Rajakheda; Kirat Singh moved to Dhaulpur in December 1805. Ballabhgarh was another important princely state founded by the Jats of the Tewatia ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shashi |first=Shyam Singh |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in Colonial India |publisher=Anmol Publications |year=1996 |isbn=9788170418597 |series=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |volume=168 |pages=52}}</ref> He was the founder and first ruler (1805–1835) of [[Dholpur (princely state)|Dholpur princely state]] .<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|Bamraulia Dynasty||1763||12 November 1835}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Chhatar Singh]] (as Maharaja of Gohad)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Gohad|Maharaj Rana of Gohad]]|years=1803–1805}}
{{s-aft|after=Title replaced with that of Maharaj Rana of Dholpur}}
{{s-bef|before=Maharaj Rana of Gohad}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Dholpur|Maharaj Rana of Dholpur]]|years=1805–1835}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pohap Singh|Rana Pohap Singh]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kirat}}
[[Category:History of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rulers of Dholpur state]]
[[Category:People from Bhind]]
[[Category:1763 births]]
[[Category:1835 deaths]]
[[Category:Rulers of Gohad]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Jhanda Singh Dhillon

2024-10-04T05:41:17Z

103.46.201.118: Link addition and castecruft removed

{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| death_date = 1774
| image = Painting of sardar Jhanda Singh of the Bhangi Misl in a seated position with a sword and a shield.jpg
| succession = Chief of Bhangi Misl
| reign = 1766—1774
| successor = [[Ganda Singh Dhillon]]
| father = [[Hari Singh Dhillon]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |date=1993 |title=A History of Sikh Misls |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |page=177 |isbn=813020181X}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Jhanda Bunga, built by Jhanda Singh Dhillon of the Bhangi Misl.jpg|thumb|The Jhanda Bunga of Amritsar, built by Jhanda Singh Dhillon of the Bhangi Misl, now demolished.]]
'''Jhanda Singh Dhillon''' (died 1774) was a chief of Bhangi Misl.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hari Ram Gupta|title= History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ|publisher= Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788121501651|date=2001}}</ref> Under his leadership the [[Dhillon]] family became the dominant [[de facto]] ruling power of Punjab. His father was [[Hari Singh Dhillon]], one of the most powerful Sikh warriors of the time.<ref name="gupta"/> He also had a warrior brother [[Ganda Singh Dhillon]]. Jhanda Singh appointed his younger brother Ganda Singh as the [[commander in chief]] of the forces. [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] was one of the closest friends of Jhanda Singh.<ref name="gupta"/>

==Early life==
Jhanda Singh was the eldest son of [[Hari Singh Dhillon]]. After his father's death, he succeeded him.<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej |last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |year=1918|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London, New York |page= 113 |quote=a history of the sikhs cunningham. }}</ref>

==Military campaigns==
In 1766, Jhanda Singh and Ganda Singh Dhillon at the head of a large army advanced towards [[Multan]]. Mubarik Khan, the ruler of the [[Bahawalpur]], and Shujah Khan, the Governor of Multan, come to oppose them, An indecisive battle was fought between them. A treaty was signed, [[Pakpattan]] was agreed upon as the boundary line between the Sikhs and the Afghans.<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.p. 91.</ref>

In 1771, Jhanda Singh marched towards [[Kasur]] along with the Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and defeated the Pathans of Kasur and made them tributaries,<ref name="gupta">{{Cite book|author=Hari Ram Gupta|title= History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Munshirm Manoharlal Pub Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788121501651|date=2001|page= 209}}</ref>

1772, A qarral arose between Sharif Beg Taklu and Shujah Khan, the former Governor of [[Multan]], Shujah Khan and Jafar Khan the Nawab of [[Bahawalpur]], Besieged Multan, Sharif Beg Taklu asked for help from Jhanda Singh, and he is agreed at the head of strong force he advanced towards [[Multan]], the Bahawalpur force was defeated and dispersed and Muzzafar Khan son of Shujah Khan fled away, Sikhs captured Multan, [[Multan]] was divided among themselves by Jhanda Singh, He appointed Diwan Singh, the Governor of [[Multan]], Sharif Beg Taklu utterly disappointed fled away to [[Talamba]],<ref name="gupta"/>

After capture of [[Multan]], Jhanda Singh subdued the Baluch chief's of [[Jhelum]] and the [[Indus]], levied tribute on [[Mankera]], then crossed the Indus and captured [[Kalabagh]], on his way back he captured Pindi Bhatian and Dhera, then Jhanda Singh attacked Chatthas of [[Rasulnagar]] and recovered [[Zamzama]] gun also known as Kim’s Gun or Bhangianwali Toap <ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India: Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.p.91.</ref>

==Death==
1774, A quarrel arose between Ranjit Dev and his eldest son Braj Dev, Braj Dev invited [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] and [[Charat Singh]], Ranjit Dev asked for help from Jhanda Singh, A battle fought, Charat Singh killed by the bursting of his own Matchlock, Jai Singh Kanhaiya cannot fight alone against Jhanda Singh, So he planned to Kill Jhanda Singh, he bribed a Rangreta or a Mazbhi Sikh in the service of Jhanda Singh, He shot
dead Jhanda Singh from behind while he was returning from his camp, he was succeeded by his younger brother Ganda Singh,<ref>{{cite book |title=A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej |last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |year=1918|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London, New York |quote=a history of the sikhs cunningham. }}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Sikh Confederacy]]
* [[Misl]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

*''The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls. Edition:2001.''
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = Fourth Leader of [[Bhangi Misl]]
| before = [[Hari Singh Dhillon]]
| after = [[Ganda Singh Dhillon]]
| years = 1766–1774
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sikhism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhillon, Jhanda Singh}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1774 deaths]]
[[Category:Misl leaders]]

Raja Maldeo

2024-10-04T05:39:59Z

103.46.201.118: minor castecruff removed!

{{Short description|Jat Ruler}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}

'''Raja Maldeo''' was a 15th century Chahar ruler, who ruled the town of [[Sidhmukh|Sidhmukh State]] in [[Jangladesh]] ([[Bikaner]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FGgMAQAAMAAJ&q=kanwarpal+kaswan+sidhmukh|title=The Jats: Their Role & Contribution to the Socio-economic Life and Polity of North & North-west India, Volume 3|last=Singh|first=Vir|editor=Vir Singh|contribution=Suraj Mal Memorial Education Society. Centre for Research and Publication|publisher=Low Price Publications|year=2007|isbn=978-8-188-6-29688|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Jats]]
*[[Jangladesh]]

== References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Jat rulers|Ancient Rulers]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:15th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Churaman

2024-10-04T05:38:33Z

103.46.201.118: admin please SEE CAREFULLY before reverting. Castecruft removed based on citations!

{{short description|Ruler of Bharatpur India from 1695 to 1721}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Raja Churaman Singh
| title = Ruler of [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]]
| image = File:Portrait of Raja Churaman Jat.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Raja Churaman Singh
| reign = 1695–20 September 1721
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Rajaram of Sinsini|Raja Ram Sinsinwar]]
| successor = [[Badan Singh]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Muhkam Singh]]
| royal house = Sinsinwar
| father = Bhajja/Bhagwant Singh
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death-date|20 September 1721}}
| death_place =
| place of burial =
}}
'''Churaman''' (1695–20 September 1721) was a chieftain of [[Sinsini]], [[Rajasthan]]. He became leader of the zamindars after [[Rajaram of Sinsini|Rajaram]]'s death. [[Bahadur Shah I]] made him a ''[[mansabdar]]'' after he supported him against [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] in becoming the emperor. He was also made the ''[[faujdar]]'' of [[Mathura]], and the [[Grand Trunk Road|imperial highway]] from [[Delhi]] to [[Agra]] was placed under his protection by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Mughal emperors|Emperor]].<ref name="Bhardwaj1">{{cite book |last=Bhardwaj |first=Suraj Bhan |title=Contestations and Accommodations: Mewat and Meos in Mughal India |year=2016 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-946279-7 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199462797.003.0006 |page=211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zj8PkAEACAAJ |chapter=The Bhomias}}</ref>

He was the founder of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] dynasty. He also founded a city of the name of Bharatpur which subsequently was made the capital of the state in the beginning of the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pawar |first=Hukam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRNuAAAAMAAJ&q=churaman |title=The Jats, Their Origin, Antiquity, and Migrations |publisher=Manthan Publications |year=1993 |isbn=9788185235226 |pages=105}}</ref>

== Early life & Rise to power ==
Churaman's ascent to prominence began after the death of his elder brother, Raja Ram Jat, during the war of Bijal between the Shekhawats and Chauhans on July 4, 1688. Following this event, his father, Bhajja Singh, assumed leadership of the Jats. However, Aurangzeb's appointment of Raja Bishan Singh of Amber as Faujdar of Mathura threatened the autonomy of the Jats, leading to a struggle for freedom from Mughal rule.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dwivedi |first=Girish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR5uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Jats, Their Role in the Mughal Empire |publisher=[[Arnold Publishers]] |year=1989 |pages=41|isbn=9788170311508 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qanungo |first=K. R. |title=Some Sidelights on the Career of Raja Bishan Singh, Kachhwah of Amber |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |issue=XI |pages=170–71}}</ref>

== Military campaigns and leadership ==
In 1702 after the death of his father Bhajja Singh, Raja Churaman Singh came to the fore. Within a short period Raja Churaman Singh gathered 500 horsemen and thousands of soldiers. Nand Ram, the [[Zamindar]] of [[Hathras]], joined him along with 100 horsemen. Raja Churaman Singh recruited a well-known brigand of Mendoo and Mursan to his army. He constructed a fort at Thoon, 150 kilometres west of Agra, near Bharatpur in modern day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Within a short span there were 80 villages under the Thoon state and an army of 14 – 15 thousand.<ref name="Chandra">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |title=Parties and Politics at the Mughal Court, 1707–1740 |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565444-8 |pages=162–164 |edition=4th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zxuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Bhardwaj |first=Suraj Bhan |title=Churaman and the making of the Jat state in the late 17th and early eighteenth century |journal=[[Studies in People's History]] |year=2020 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=30–52 |doi=10.1177/2348448920908238 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|s2cid=216320823 |doi-access=free }}
*{{cite book |last=Rana |first=R. P. |title=Rebels to Rulers: The Rise of Jat Power in Medieval India c. 1665–1735 |year=2006 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-605-6 |pages=153–160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSeb2L1uLWAC}}
*{{cite book |last=Dwivedi |first=Girish Chandra |title=The Jats: Their Role in the Mughal Empire |year=1989 |publisher=Arnold Publishers |isbn=978-81-7031-150-8 |pages=27–28, 37–39, 45, 47–48, 51–53, 55, 57–68, 70–80, 84–88, 91–92, 94–97, 170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR5uAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Pande |first=Ram |title=Bharatpur up to 1826: A Social and Political History of the Jats |year=1970 |publisher=Rama Publishing House |pages=11–27 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBJuAAAAMAAJ |oclc=555482496}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1721 deaths]]
[[Category:Jat]]

Rajaram of Sinsini

2024-10-04T05:36:55Z

103.46.201.118: castecruft removed! minor but needed changes made

{{Short description|17th century chieftain of Sinsini}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Rajaram of Sinsini
| title = Chieftain of [[Sinsini]]
| image =
| caption = Portrait of Rajaram of Sinsini
| reign = 1670–4 July 1688
| predecessor = [[Gokula]]
| successor = [[Churaman]]
| death_date = 4 July 1688
| father = Bhajja/Bhagwant Singh
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = Sinsinwar
}}

'''Raja Ram''' (reign 1670–1688) was the first leader, who organised a rebellion against [[Aurangzeb]]. He was the chieftain of [[Sinsini]]. Before Rajaram the zamindars were organised by different village heads dotted around [[Agra]], [[Mathura]] and the [[Yamuna]] river. To avenge the death of [[Gokula]], Rajaram [[Desecration of Akbar's tomb|destroyed]] [[Akbar|Akbar's]] tomb and dragged Akbar's bones and burned them with the help of the [[Zamindar|Zamindars]] of [[Braj]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV--abKg9GEC&pg=PA454|title=The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India|last=Hansen|first=Waldemar|date=1986-09-01|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-8-12080-225-4|pages=454}}</ref> After his death, his brother [[Churaman]] and son Fateh Singh continued the struggle against Aurangzeb.<ref name="DM">[https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=maharaja+surajmal+jaipur Jadunath Sarkar, A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 pg.152]</ref>

==Mughal campaigns against Rajaram==
In the first of the two military campaigns of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Nawab]] [[Khan-e-Jahan Bahadur Zafar Jung Kokaltash|Khan-i-Jahan Bahadur Zafar Jang Kokaltash]] against the Jats of [[Sinsini]], the armies of the [[Amber (state)|Amber state]] ruler and [[Mathura]] ''[[faujdar]]'' joined him. But the three combined forces were defeated by the Jats under the leadership of Rajaram. The ''[[pargana]]s'' of [[Bhuma]], [[Hodal]], Kuthumbar, and [[Palwal]] came under the control of Jats after this defeat of the Mughals. Based on a contemporary ''arzdasht'' (petition), historian R. P. Rana states that this was the period when the Jats living around Agra and Delhi appear to have revolted. It was the active support of these Jats that made Rajaram victorious. The Jats also ousted imperial revenue officials and the ''[[Jagirdar system|jagirdars]]''' agents from the ''parganas'' between Delhi and Agra. The Mughals lost control of the region, and after an unsuccessful campaign lasting a month, Khan-e-Jahan retreated to [[Mathura]].<ref name="Rana">{{cite book |last=Rana |first=R. P. |title=Rebels to Rulers: The Rise of Jat Power in Medieval India c. 1665–1735 |year=2006 |publisher=Manohar |isbn=978-81-7304-605-6 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSeb2L1uLWAC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=RP |date=31 December 2013 |title=Social and economic background of the rise of Bharatpur kingdom |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/bitstream/10603/14417/11/11_chapter%205.pdf |website=Shodhganga}}</ref>

In his second campaign against the Jats, Nawab Khan-e-Jahan besieged Ram Chahar's fortress in Sogar. The Nawab successfully captured the fortress and casualties on the Jat side included Ram Chahar. Nawab next targeted Sinsini, but he had to retreat to Mathura after Rajaram defeated him in a battle near Sinsini. This battle also resulted in the killing of many prominent [[Rajput]] Sardars from [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] who were fighting on the side of the Mughals. This victory made the Jats even more assertive, and they set up their ''thanas'' (police posts) after removing those of the Mughals in Ao, [[Bhusawar]], [[Khohari|Khohri]], Sahar, and Sonkhar.<ref name="Rana" />

'''Campaign Against Aghar Khan'''

Rajaram soon showed even greater audacity. The renowned Turanni warrior Aghar Khan was going from Kabul to the Emperor's camp at Bijapur. Near Dholpur, as his troops were marching carelessly and without order, a large party of Jats suddenly fell on his baggage and carried off some carts, horses and women. The Khan, without making any proper arrangement or concerted plan, impetuously galloped in pursuit of the raiders, at the head of a small force, and overtook them five miles off. Here the Jats turned at bay and killed Aghar Khan and his son-in-law with 80 of their followers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=History of Aurngjeb |url=https://archive.org/details/aurangzeb-1-2-jadunath-sarkar/Aurangzeb-5%20%28Jadunath%20Sarkar%29/page/227/mode/1up |pages=227}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram Jat, Raja}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1688 deaths]]
[[Category:Jat rulers]]
[[Category:People from Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Violent deaths in India]]

Muhkam Singh

2024-10-04T05:31:50Z

103.46.201.118: castecruft cleared and accurate information added

{{Short description|Ruler of Bharatpur from 1721–1722}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Raja Muhkam Singh''' was a [[Tribal chief|Chieftain]] and son of [[Churaman]]. He succeeded his father to the leadership from c. September, 1721 to 18 November 1722. Fransoo, while giving the genealogy of the Bharatpur rulers, mentions him as the first [[Raja]], who set up his Raj at Thoon (in [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] in modern day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]). It appears, however, that he himself adopted the title of the Raja.<ref>Dow, Hindustan, II, 352</ref>{{primary source inline|date=February 2024}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dwivedi|first=Girish Chandra|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57436527|title=The Jat : their role in the Mughal Empire|date=2003|publisher=Originals|others=Vir Singh|isbn=81-88629-08-1|location=Delhi|pages=88|oclc=57436527}}</ref>

== Life ==
Muhkam was a capable leader, he had proved his martial ability by defeating and killing the deputy [[Subahdar|subedar]] of [[Agra]] and by defeating [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]], the [[Viceroy]] of Agra. Muhkam had also challenged [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] authority by helping rebels like [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] of Mewar and [[Chhatrasal]]. The [[Muhammad Shah|Mughal Emperor]] had no choice but to send [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh II]] of [[Amber, India|Amber]] against the Rajput. Jai Singh prepared an army of 14,000 men and marched towards the Jat strongholds. Muhkam was forced to retreat to the fort of Thoon, he attacked Jai Singh's army at night several times leading to heavy losses on both sides. However day by day the heavy artillery of the besiegers was felt by the garrison. Muhkam knew that the fort would fall within a short time so he carried as much treasure as he could and destroyed the rest with gunpowder. On 7–8 November 1722 Muhkam fled to [[Jodhpur]] where he paid the [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]] [[Maharaja]] Ajit Singh three lakh rupees to help him against Jai Singh. A Jodhpur army was sent under Bijairaj Bhandari to save Thoon, however by the time the Jodhpur army reached [[Jobner]], it was too late as most of the Jat strongholds had fallen and many smaller forts had been dismantled. Muhkam had no choice but to go into exile, a Mughal army was sent to chase him, however he was saved by the Maharaja of Jodhpur. Badan Singh was thus made the Thakur of Bharatpur by Jai Singh.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=maharaja+surajmal+jaipur Jadunath Sarkar, History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938, pg171]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Muhkam}}
[[Category:Rulers of Bharatpur state]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Muhkam Singh

2024-10-04T05:30:47Z

103.46.201.118: minor changes only

{{Short description|Ruler of Bharatpur from 1721–1722}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
'''Raja Muhkam Singh''' was a [[Jat]] [[Tribal chief|Chieftain]] and son of [[Churaman]]. He succeeded his father to the leadership from c. September, 1721 to 18 November 1722. Fransoo, while giving the genealogy of the Jat rulers, mentions him as the first [[Raja]], who set up his Raj at Thoon (in [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] in modern day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]). It appears, however, that he himself adopted the title of the Raja.<ref>Dow, Hindustan, II, 352</ref>{{primary source inline|date=February 2024}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dwivedi|first=Girish Chandra|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57436527|title=The Jat : their role in the Mughal Empire|date=2003|publisher=Originals|others=Vir Singh|isbn=81-88629-08-1|location=Delhi|pages=88|oclc=57436527}}</ref>

== Life ==
Muhkam was a capable leader, he had proved his martial ability by defeating and killing the deputy [[Subahdar|subedar]] of [[Agra]] and by defeating [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Saadat Khan]], the [[Viceroy]] of Agra. Muhkam had also challenged [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] authority by helping rebels like [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] of Mewar and [[Chhatrasal]]. The [[Muhammad Shah|Mughal Emperor]] had no choice but to send [[Sawai Jai Singh|Jai Singh II]] of [[Amber, India|Amber]] against the Rajput. Jai Singh prepared an army of 14,000 men and marched towards the Jat strongholds. Muhkam was forced to retreat to the fort of Thoon, he attacked Jai Singh's army at night several times leading to heavy losses on both sides. However day by day the heavy artillery of the besiegers was felt by the garrison. Muhkam knew that the fort would fall within a short time so he carried as much treasure as he could and destroyed the rest with gunpowder. On 7–8 November 1722 Muhkam fled to [[Jodhpur]] where he paid the [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]] [[Maharaja]] Ajit Singh three lakh rupees to help him against Jai Singh. A Jodhpur army was sent under Bijairaj Bhandari to save Thoon, however by the time the Jodhpur army reached [[Jobner]], it was too late as most of the Jat strongholds had fallen and many smaller forts had been dismantled. Muhkam had no choice but to go into exile, a Mughal army was sent to chase him, however he was saved by the Maharaja of Jodhpur. Badan Singh was thus made the Thakur of Bharatpur by Jai Singh.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=maharaja+surajmal+jaipur Jadunath Sarkar, History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938, pg171]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Muhkam}}
[[Category:Rulers of Bharatpur state]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Gokula

2024-10-04T05:29:17Z

103.46.201.118: why caste cruft? only true and genuine information as per citations

{{for-multi|the ancient village|Gokul|the 2009 Indian Kannada-language film|Gokula (film)}}
{{Short description|Indian Rebel leader of Tilpat (died 1670)}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Veer
| name = Gokula
| honorific_suffix = Dev
| native_name = गोकुल देव
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Painting of the execution of Jat rebel leader Gokula by dismemberment.jpg
| caption = Painting of the execution of Jat rebel leader Gokula by dismemberment
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Tilpat]], [[Delhi Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] ({{smaller|Present-day [[Faridabad district]], [[Haryana]]}})
| death_date = 1 January 1670
| death_place = [[Agra]], [[Agra Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] ({{smaller|Present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]}})
| birth_name = Gokul Dev
| known_for = * Zamindar of [[Tilpat]]
* Leading rebellion against Mughal authority
| relations = Madu Haga (father) Sindhuraj Haga (brother) Jhaman Haga (brother) Saman Haga (brother)
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''Gokula''' (also known as '''Veer Gokula''' or '''Gokul Dev'''; died on 1 January 1670) was a [[Zamindar]] of [[Tilpat]] region (of present-day [[Haryana]]) who led the Hindu Zamindars to a revolt against Mughal rule, during the reign of the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=K Natwar |author-link=K Natwar Singh |title=Maharaja Suraj Mal -1707-1763 by K Natwar Singh |publisher= |year= |isbn= |page=Pags - 7 |language=English |trans-title=महाराजा सूरजमल -1707-1763 लेखक: के नटवर सिंह |chapter=Maharaja Suraj Mal -1707-1763 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bk-001238/page/7/mode/1up?q=Gokul+daughter+}}</ref><ref>[[R. C. Majumdar]], H.C. Raychaudhari, Kalikinkar Datta: [[An Advanced History of India]], 2006, p.490</ref>

==Early life==
Gokula (originally ''Ola'' or ''Gokul Dev'') was born in a [[Hindu Jat]] family of [[Tilpat]] region (of Haga/Agre/Agha gotra) to Madu Haga and was the second son of the family in four brothers.<ref name="Narendra Singh Verma 1986, p. 5">Narendra Singh Verma: Virvar Amar Jyoti Gokul Singh (Hindi), Sankalp Prakashan, Agra, 1986, p. 5</ref>

== Battle of Tilpat ==
The Battle of Tilpat was fought between [[Jat]]s and the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1669.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jahan|first=Dr.Ishrat|publisher= Lulu.com|isbn=9780359222803|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZiCDwAAQBAJ&dq=Battle+of+tilpat&pg=PA52|title=Socio-Cultural life in Medieval History|date=29 December 2018 |page=52}}</ref> Mughal [[Subahdar]]s (governors) imposed heavy taxes on the farmers of this region due to bad financial conditions of the empire resulting from the continuous military expansion in the southern regions of the [[indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. Due to this, dissatisfaction and anger among the local [[Zamindars]] arose and took the form of rebellion against Mughals. To suppress the rebellion Aurangzeb sent his commanders Hasan Ali Khan and Brahmdev Sisodia with a big army contingent of rajput and mughal soldiers as a reinforcement to [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]] cantonment commanded by Abdul Nabi. The Jat chief Gokula, son of [[Tilpat]] Zamindar Madu Singh Jat led the rebellion of farmers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yWSmb4AKKMYC&q=battle+of+tilpat|title=Ishwardas Nagar's Futuhat-i-Alamgiri|last=Nagar|first=Ishwardas|editor=Tasneem Ahmad|publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli|year=1978|page=83}}</ref> First confrontations of the rebellion continued for 4 days with the seizing of [[Tilpat]] and the farmers' counterattacks.

==Rebellion==
Abdul Nabi had also committed some excesses on the Jat Hindus, which incited the rebellion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=History of medieval India|publisher=Orient Blackswan}}</ref> Abdul Nabi established a cantonment near Gokul Singh and conducted all his operations from there. A battle was fought at the village of Sahora where in May 1669 Abdul Nabi was killed while attempting to seize it. Gokula and his fellow farmers moved further, attacking and destroying the [[Sadabad, India|Sadabad]] cantonment. This inspired the [[Hindus]] to fight against the Mughal rulers, who were there to destroy all Hindu rebels in exchange of Gokula's land and territories.<ref>Narendra Singh Verma: Virvar Amar Jyoti Gokul Singh (Hindi), Sankalp Prakashan, Agra, 1986, p. 34</ref> The fighting continued for five months.<ref>Narendra Singh Verma: Virvar Amar Jyoti Gokul Singh (Hindi), Sankalp Prakashan, Agra, 1986, p. 35</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=188}}</ref> In the meantime, after Gokula's death, [[Churaman]] had strengthened the Jat fort of [[Sinsini]] near [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|Bharatpur]], and they sacked regions around [[Agra]] and Delhi. [[Akbar]]'s [[Akbar's tomb|tomb]] was [[Desecration of Akbar's tomb|looted]] and according to legends the grave of Akbar was dug up.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Reddy|first=Krishna|title=Indian History|date=1960 |publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-132923-1}}</ref>

== Second Battle of Tilpat ==
{{Infobox battle
| conflict = Second Battle of Tilpat
| partof = '''Mughal-Jat conflict'''
| date = 12 May 1669
| place = Near [[Tilpat]]
| result = Mughal victory
| combatant1 = Gokula's army
| combatant2 = Mughal Empire
| commander1 = Gokula
| commander2 = Abdul Nabi (KIA), Hasan Ali, Amanulla
| strength1 = 15,450 Jats
| strength2 = Reinforcements of 20,000 Mughal soldiers, 10,000 musketeers, 5,000 rocketmen and 250 artillery pieces
| casualties2 = total (16,000 to 17,000)
| casualties1 = 13,500 to 13,905 [[Jats]]
| territory = Tilpat annexed to Mughal Empire
}}

In 1669, Gokula Singh with 20,000 followers faced the Mughals 20 miles from [[Tilpat]]. Abdul Nabi attacked them. At first he appeared to be gaining ground, but in the middle of the fighting he was killed on 12 May 1669 (21st [[Dhu al-Hijja|Dhu al Hijja]], 1079 A.H.).<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|last1=Sarkar|first1=Jadunath|title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri A history of emperor Aurangzeb Alamgir|url=https://archive.org/stream/Maasir-i-alamgiriAHistoryOfEmporerAurangzebAlamgir/Maasir-i-alamgiriAHistoryOfEmporerAurangzebAlamgir_djvu.txt|website=AhleSunnah Library|access-date=19 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111095728/http://archive.org/stream/Maasir-i-alamgiriAHistoryOfEmporerAurangzebAlamgir/Maasir-i-alamgiriAHistoryOfEmporerAurangzebAlamgir_djvu.txt|archive-date=11 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfUvAQAAIAAJ&q=Jat+women+committed+Jauhar.+Gokula+offered+pardon+if+he+accepted+Islam. |publisher=Anmol |year=1996 |isbn= 978-81-7041-859-7|page=121 |language=hi |title=जाट महिलाओं ने जौहर किया। गोकुला ने इस्लाम स्वीकारने से मना कर दिया |trans-title=Jat women committed Jauhar. Gokula refused to accept Islam |access-date= }}</ref> They retreated to Tilpat, where Hasan Ali followed and besieged them aided by reinforcements of 10,000 musketeers, 5,000 [[Mysorean rockets|rocketmen]], and 250 artillery pieces. Amanulla, the [[Faujdar]] of the environs of [[Agra]] was also sent to reinforce Hasan Ali.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sharmaji|first1=Gautama|title=Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army|date=1990|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=9788170231400|pages=152–153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLrTzZd0j1kC&q=aurangzeb+Tilpat&pg=PA152|access-date=19 November 2015}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Gokula and his uncle Uday Singh Jat won the battle. But after that Aurangzeb sent a big army to catch them. The Mughals caught them and then killed them on 1 January 1670 near Agra Fort. Gokula Jat and supporters became martyrs.

Gokula's [[iarchive:bk-001238|son & daughter]] was made to convert to Islam by [[Aurangzeb]].

==Death==
After his capture, Jat leader Gokula had his [[dismemberment|limbs cut off]] on orders of Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]], near Agra kotwali in January 1670.

==See also==
* [[Raja Ram Jat]]
* [[Suraj Mal]]
* [[Battle of Tilpat (1669)|Battle of Tilpat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = Ruler of [[Bharatpur State]]
| before = Founder of the State
| after = [[Raja Ram Jat|Raja Ram]]
| years = ? – 1670 AD
}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Deaths by blade weapons]]
[[Category:1670 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Jat]]
<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfUvAQAAIAAJ&q=Jat+women+committed+Jauhar.+Gokula+offered+pardon+if+he+accepted+Islam. |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely states in colonial India-I |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}</ref>

Chhotu Ram

2024-10-04T05:28:10Z

103.46.201.118: Newspaper name was Indian Gazette based on citation

{{Short description|Indian politician (1881–1945)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = [[Sir]] Chhotu Ram
| title = For the honesty of Social work, he was given the title of the '''[[Sir]]'''.
| image = Chhotu Ram 1995 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Sir Chhotu Ram on a 1995 stamp of India
| birth_name = Ram Richpal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1881|11|24}}
| birth_place = [[Garhi Sampla-Kiloi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garhi Sampla]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Haryana]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1945|01|09|1881|11|04}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], Punjab, British India {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| party = [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| spouse = Giano Devi
| family = Ch. Sri Chand (Son)[(First Speaker of Haryana Vidhan Sabha)], Bhagwani Devi (daughter), Ram Pyari (daughter), [[Ch. Birender Singh]] (grandson),[[ Ch. Mahender Singh]] (grandson), [[Brijendra Singh (BJP politician)]] (great-grandson),[Sameer Singh (President Consumer Court)]] (great Grandson)<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CqYDQAAQBAJ&dq=sir+chhotu+ram+daughters+bhagwani+devi&pg=PT18 | title=Sir Chhotu Ram - A Saga of Inspirational Leadership | isbn=9788123021768 | last1=Division | first1=Publications | publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/heir-to-chhotu-rams-legacy-758404 | title=Heir to Chhotu Ram's legacy }}</ref>
}}

'''Chhotu Ram''' (born '''Ram Richpal'''; 24 November 1881 – 9 January 1945) was a prominent politician in [[British India]]'s [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], an ideologue of the pre-Independent India, who belonged to the [[Jats|Hindu community]] and championed the interest of oppressed communities of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. For this feat, he was knighted in 1937. On the political front, he was a co-founder of the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|National Unionist Party]] which ruled the United Punjab Province in pre-independent India and kept Congress and Muslim League at bay. In 1916, he brought out a weekly newspaper named [[Jat Gazette|Indian Gazette]], which is still being published today. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=2020-12-24 |title='Backing farmers not anti-party' — grandad's legacy drives Jat dynast from BJP to join protest |url=https://theprint.in/politics/backing-farmers-not-anti-party-grandads-legacy-drives-jat-dynast-from-bjp-to-join-protest/571743/ |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chhotu Ram was born as Ram Richpal in a [[Jat]] family in the village of Garhi Sampla, [[Rohtak district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Tika Ram |title=Sir Chhotu Ram: a biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lni1AAAAIAAJ |year=1979 |publisher=Ritu}}</ref> His parents were Chaudhari Sukhiram Singh Ohlyan and Sarla Devi. He acquired the nickname Chhotu Ram as he was the youngest of his brothers.<ref>S.P. Sen, Dictionary of National Biography, Vol ?, Calcutta, 1973, p.309</ref>
He was married to a [[Jat]] girl of Village Kheri Jat, [[Jhajjar]].

Chhotu Ram joined primary school in January 1891, passing out four years later. When he was around eleven years of age he married Giano Devi.<ref>S.P. Sen, Dictionary of National Biography, Vol ?, Calcutta, 1973, p.310</ref> He studied for his middle school examination in [[Jhajjar]], 12 miles from his village, then enrolled in the Christian Mission School in [[Delhi]]. He passed his intermediate examination in 1903 and proceeded to [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] from where he graduated in 1905<ref>[http://www.haryana-online.com/people/sir_chhotu_ram.htm Sir Chhotu Ram] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005110/http://haryana-online.com/People/sir_chhotu_ram.htm |date=2 October 2013 }}</ref> with a distinction in [[Sanskrit]]. Parts of his education were funded by the prominent Jat philanthropist [[Seth Chhaju Ram]].

==Political activities==
Among the supporters of the party were prominent urban Muslims such as [[Abdul Qadir (Muslim leader)|Abdul Qadir]].<ref>J. Henry Korson. (1974) ''Contemporary Problems of Pakistan''. Brill. p. 10</ref>

Sir Chotu’s greatest act in his political career was to introduce Punjab Restitution of Mortgage Land Act whereby mortgaged land could be restituted to owner by payment of original debt without further interest, howsoever old the debt was, freeing up the landowners of Punjab from the shackles of moneylenders who could not own land but possessed it by enjoying unfair mortgagee rights. That got millions of acres of land repossessed, sometimes by a pittance being paod, decades later. He was also the chief convenor of Jaat Sabha, a voice of Punjab landowners and tenants alike.

== Political views ==
A substantial portion of his salary as minister was set aside for scholarships and stipends for economically poor but bright students. As Punjab's Revenue Minister, he set up the Peasants' Welfare Fund. Future [[Nobel Prize]] laureate [[Abdus Salam]] was one of the beneficiaries of this Fund.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/934722/science-poetry-and-prejudice | title=Science, poetry and prejudice | date=6 December 2009 }}</ref>

The enactment of two agrarian laws was primarily due to his contribution. These were the Punjab Relief Indebtedness Act of 1934 and the Punjab Debtor's Protection Act of 1936.<ref>Abhishek Kadyan (3 January 2009) [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2009/01/416892.html UK Indymedia – Rahabar-i-Azam Sir Chhotu Ram – angel for farmer]. Indymedia.org.uk. Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref>

Ram died in Lahore on 9 January 1945. His body was carried back to his home in Rohtak city, where it was cremated at the Jat Heroes Memorial Anglo Sanskrit Senior Secondary School in the presence of thousands of people.

==Legacy==
All punjabis recognised that Chotu Ram's demise possessed profound political consequences.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEldAgAAQBAJ&dq=unionist+party+choturam&pg=PA136|isbn = 9781136790362|title = Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India|date = 16 December 2013|publisher = Routledge}}</ref> Farmers flocked to Rohtak to pay respects at his demise.

==Monuments and memorials==
[[File:Panormic_View_DCRUST_Murthal.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Panormic view of [[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology]] (DCRUST) at Murthal.]]

Ram's place of residence in Rohtak was known as "Prem Nivas" and "Nili Kothi" (English: Blue Bungalow). The [[wikt:chowk|chowk]] (road square) nearest to his house is now known as "Chhotu Ram Chowk" and a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshala]] exists at the same place in his name. A samadhi (tomb) was created in his memory at the school campus where he was cremated, and there people pay homage on his birthday each year.

Chhotu Ram State College of Engineering College in Murthal (Sonepat District), Haryana, is named after him (the name of the college has since been changed to [[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology]] abbreviated as DCRUST, after it got the University Status in 2006).

Sir Chhotu Ram College of Education, [[Kurukshetra]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scrce.com/choturam.php?A6 |title=Sir Chhotu Ram |accessdate=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224820/http://www.scrce.com/choturam.php?A6 |archivedate=12 May 2014 |publisher=scrce.com}}</ref> Further, Sir Chhotu Ram Institute of Engineering & Technology at [[Meerut]] is also named after him.

The Indian government issued a commemorative stamp on 9 January 1995.

The Jat-Anglo Sanskrit School was started by him on 26 March 1913 in [[Rohtak]]. A Bachelor of Education college at the same campus, is also named after him.

[[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station]] (DCRTPP), Yamuna Nagar is a 2×300 MW Thermal power plant of [[Haryana Power Generation Corporation|HPGCL]], Government of Haryana.

[[Ch. Birender Singh]], Sir Chhotu Ram's daughter's son got built a 64 feet statue by Ch. Chhotu Ram Trust - Rohtak, highest in Haryana, at his birth site, Garhi Sampla. This statue was unveiled by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 9 October 2018.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*K.C.Yadav: The Crisis in India: Reflections of Sir Chhotu Ram, Haryana Historical Society, Kurukshetra, 1996
*Balbir Singh: Sir Chhotu Ram in Thoughts and Deeds, Jat Samaj Sewa Trust (regd.), New Delhi, 1930
*Madan Gopal: Sir Chhotu Ram: A Political Biography, B.R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 1988
*Madan Gopal: Sir Chhotu Ram: The Man and the Vision, Bhagirath Sewa Sansthan, Ghaziabad, 1997 {{ISBN|81-85083-28-2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.dcrustm.ac.in Official Site]
* https://www.dcrusm.org.in

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Chhotu}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper founders]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
[[Category:Farmers' rights activists]]
[[Category:Jat]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Chhotu Ram

2024-10-04T05:27:28Z

103.46.201.118: caste cruft cleared based on sources here!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1881–1945)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = [[Sir]] Chhotu Ram
| title = For the honesty of Social work, he was given the title of the '''[[Sir]]'''.
| image = Chhotu Ram 1995 stamp of India.jpg
| caption = Sir Chhotu Ram on a 1995 stamp of India
| birth_name = Ram Richpal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1881|11|24}}
| birth_place = [[Garhi Sampla-Kiloi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garhi Sampla]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Haryana]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1945|01|09|1881|11|04}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], Punjab, British India {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| party = [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| spouse = Giano Devi
| family = Ch. Sri Chand (Son)[(First Speaker of Haryana Vidhan Sabha)], Bhagwani Devi (daughter), Ram Pyari (daughter), [[Ch. Birender Singh]] (grandson),[[ Ch. Mahender Singh]] (grandson), [[Brijendra Singh (BJP politician)]] (great-grandson),[Sameer Singh (President Consumer Court)]] (great Grandson)<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CqYDQAAQBAJ&dq=sir+chhotu+ram+daughters+bhagwani+devi&pg=PT18 | title=Sir Chhotu Ram - A Saga of Inspirational Leadership | isbn=9788123021768 | last1=Division | first1=Publications | publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/heir-to-chhotu-rams-legacy-758404 | title=Heir to Chhotu Ram's legacy }}</ref>
}}

'''Chhotu Ram''' (born '''Ram Richpal'''; 24 November 1881 – 9 January 1945) was a prominent politician in [[British India]]'s [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], an ideologue of the pre-Independent India, who belonged to the [[Jats|Hindu community]] and championed the interest of oppressed communities of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. For this feat, he was knighted in 1937. On the political front, he was a co-founder of the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|National Unionist Party]] which ruled the United Punjab Province in pre-independent India and kept Congress and Muslim League at bay. In 1916, he brought out a weekly newspaper named [[Jat Gazette]], which is still being published today. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=2020-12-24 |title='Backing farmers not anti-party' — grandad's legacy drives Jat dynast from BJP to join protest |url=https://theprint.in/politics/backing-farmers-not-anti-party-grandads-legacy-drives-jat-dynast-from-bjp-to-join-protest/571743/ |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life==
Chhotu Ram was born as Ram Richpal in a [[Jat]] family in the village of Garhi Sampla, [[Rohtak district]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Tika Ram |title=Sir Chhotu Ram: a biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lni1AAAAIAAJ |year=1979 |publisher=Ritu}}</ref> His parents were Chaudhari Sukhiram Singh Ohlyan and Sarla Devi. He acquired the nickname Chhotu Ram as he was the youngest of his brothers.<ref>S.P. Sen, Dictionary of National Biography, Vol ?, Calcutta, 1973, p.309</ref>
He was married to a [[Jat]] girl of Village Kheri Jat, [[Jhajjar]].

Chhotu Ram joined primary school in January 1891, passing out four years later. When he was around eleven years of age he married Giano Devi.<ref>S.P. Sen, Dictionary of National Biography, Vol ?, Calcutta, 1973, p.310</ref> He studied for his middle school examination in [[Jhajjar]], 12 miles from his village, then enrolled in the Christian Mission School in [[Delhi]]. He passed his intermediate examination in 1903 and proceeded to [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] from where he graduated in 1905<ref>[http://www.haryana-online.com/people/sir_chhotu_ram.htm Sir Chhotu Ram] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002005110/http://haryana-online.com/People/sir_chhotu_ram.htm |date=2 October 2013 }}</ref> with a distinction in [[Sanskrit]]. Parts of his education were funded by the prominent Jat philanthropist [[Seth Chhaju Ram]].

==Political activities==
Among the supporters of the party were prominent urban Muslims such as [[Abdul Qadir (Muslim leader)|Abdul Qadir]].<ref>J. Henry Korson. (1974) ''Contemporary Problems of Pakistan''. Brill. p. 10</ref>

Sir Chotu’s greatest act in his political career was to introduce Punjab Restitution of Mortgage Land Act whereby mortgaged land could be restituted to owner by payment of original debt without further interest, howsoever old the debt was, freeing up the landowners of Punjab from the shackles of moneylenders who could not own land but possessed it by enjoying unfair mortgagee rights. That got millions of acres of land repossessed, sometimes by a pittance being paod, decades later. He was also the chief convenor of Jaat Sabha, a voice of Punjab landowners and tenants alike.

== Political views ==
A substantial portion of his salary as minister was set aside for scholarships and stipends for economically poor but bright students. As Punjab's Revenue Minister, he set up the Peasants' Welfare Fund. Future [[Nobel Prize]] laureate [[Abdus Salam]] was one of the beneficiaries of this Fund.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/934722/science-poetry-and-prejudice | title=Science, poetry and prejudice | date=6 December 2009 }}</ref>

The enactment of two agrarian laws was primarily due to his contribution. These were the Punjab Relief Indebtedness Act of 1934 and the Punjab Debtor's Protection Act of 1936.<ref>Abhishek Kadyan (3 January 2009) [http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2009/01/416892.html UK Indymedia – Rahabar-i-Azam Sir Chhotu Ram – angel for farmer]. Indymedia.org.uk. Retrieved on 30 November 2018.</ref>

Ram died in Lahore on 9 January 1945. His body was carried back to his home in Rohtak city, where it was cremated at the Jat Heroes Memorial Anglo Sanskrit Senior Secondary School in the presence of thousands of people.

==Legacy==
All punjabis recognised that Chotu Ram's demise possessed profound political consequences.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEldAgAAQBAJ&dq=unionist+party+choturam&pg=PA136|isbn = 9781136790362|title = Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India|date = 16 December 2013|publisher = Routledge}}</ref> Farmers flocked to Rohtak to pay respects at his demise.

==Monuments and memorials==
[[File:Panormic_View_DCRUST_Murthal.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Panormic view of [[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology]] (DCRUST) at Murthal.]]

Ram's place of residence in Rohtak was known as "Prem Nivas" and "Nili Kothi" (English: Blue Bungalow). The [[wikt:chowk|chowk]] (road square) nearest to his house is now known as "Chhotu Ram Chowk" and a [[Dharamshala (type of building)|Dharamshala]] exists at the same place in his name. A samadhi (tomb) was created in his memory at the school campus where he was cremated, and there people pay homage on his birthday each year.

Chhotu Ram State College of Engineering College in Murthal (Sonepat District), Haryana, is named after him (the name of the college has since been changed to [[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology]] abbreviated as DCRUST, after it got the University Status in 2006).

Sir Chhotu Ram College of Education, [[Kurukshetra]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scrce.com/choturam.php?A6 |title=Sir Chhotu Ram |accessdate=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224820/http://www.scrce.com/choturam.php?A6 |archivedate=12 May 2014 |publisher=scrce.com}}</ref> Further, Sir Chhotu Ram Institute of Engineering & Technology at [[Meerut]] is also named after him.

The Indian government issued a commemorative stamp on 9 January 1995.

The Jat-Anglo Sanskrit School was started by him on 26 March 1913 in [[Rohtak]]. A Bachelor of Education college at the same campus, is also named after him.

[[Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station]] (DCRTPP), Yamuna Nagar is a 2×300 MW Thermal power plant of [[Haryana Power Generation Corporation|HPGCL]], Government of Haryana.

[[Ch. Birender Singh]], Sir Chhotu Ram's daughter's son got built a 64 feet statue by Ch. Chhotu Ram Trust - Rohtak, highest in Haryana, at his birth site, Garhi Sampla. This statue was unveiled by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 9 October 2018.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*K.C.Yadav: The Crisis in India: Reflections of Sir Chhotu Ram, Haryana Historical Society, Kurukshetra, 1996
*Balbir Singh: Sir Chhotu Ram in Thoughts and Deeds, Jat Samaj Sewa Trust (regd.), New Delhi, 1930
*Madan Gopal: Sir Chhotu Ram: A Political Biography, B.R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 1988
*Madan Gopal: Sir Chhotu Ram: The Man and the Vision, Bhagirath Sewa Sansthan, Ghaziabad, 1997 {{ISBN|81-85083-28-2}}

==External links==
*[https://www.dcrustm.ac.in Official Site]
* https://www.dcrusm.org.in

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Chhotu}}
[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper founders]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak district]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab]]
[[Category:Farmers' rights activists]]
[[Category:Jat]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Chhaju Ram

2024-10-04T05:26:35Z

103.46.201.118: caste cruft removed mino change

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=August 2012}}
'''[[Indian honorifics|Seth]] Sir Chhaju Ram Lamba''' (1861–7 April 1943) was a tycoon from [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]. He made a fortune in [[Calcutta]] during the period of the [[British Raj]]. He was a [[philanthropist]], and undertook many social improvement projects. He financed the higher studies of future politician, Sir [[Chhotu Ram]].

==Early life and career==
Chhaju Ram was born in a [[Hindu]] [[Jat people|Jat]] family in 1861 at Alakhpura in [[Bawani Khera]] tehsil, [[Bhiwani]] district of then [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] (presently in [[Haryana]] state). His father was [[Chaudhary]] Salig Ram Lamba who had migrated from the village of [[Gothra]] in [[Jhunjhunu]] district, [[Rajasthan]].{{cn |date=November 2023 |reason=for birth and details of father}}

He was married twice. His first wife was from the village Dohaka. She died from cholera, and they had no children from the marriage. He married Lakshmi Devi Rangi of the village Bilawal in Bhiwani district and had children with her.{{cn |date=November 2023 |reason=for marriage details}}

When in his early 20s, Lamba met [[Arya Samaj]]ist engineer Raisaheb Shivnath Rai, who very much impressed him. Rai took Lamba to [[Calcutta]], and for a time Lamba coached Rai’s children and also those of a businessman from Rajgarh. During this work he picked up knowledge of their operations and in particular of the ''[[dalali]]'' (brokerage business or commission agency). He began to trade in old bags, and later shifted to the new bags trade.{{cn |date=November 2023 |reason=for details of the Calcutta period}}

He set up secret associations to collectively oppose British rule without ruining his reputation among the Englishmen.<ref name=gaz1/>

==Philanthropy==
He adopted siblings named [[Neera Arya]] and her brother Basant. He started many hostels, libraries, [[dharamshalas]] and schools, such as [[Chhaju Ram Jat Senior Secondary School, Hisar|Jat School, Hisar]] (founded 1924).<ref name=gaz1>{{cite web| url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title=Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.210| author=Haryana Gazetteers Organization| publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery| location=Chandigarh| date=1987| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| archivedate=1 May 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> He financed higher studies of Sir [[Chhotu Ram|'Chhotu' Ram Richpal]]. He was known as ''Danveer [[Bhamashah]]'' of the Jat race. The British government awarded him the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom#Life peerage|life peerage]] title of "Sir". He was prominent follower of Arya Samaj.

==Legacy==
Several prominent jat institutes are named after him, including the following:<ref name=jat1>[http://crpublicschool.com/ C.R. Public School society]</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[CRM JAT College]]
* [[Chhaju Ram Law College, Hisar]]
* [[Chhaju Ram College of Education, Hisar]]
* [[Chhaju Ram Jat Senior Secondary School, Hisar]]
* [[Chhaju Ram Public School, Hisar]]
* Numerous Dharamshalas across Punjab-Haryana-Rajasthan, often near railway stations.
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Seth Chhaju}}
[[Category:People from Bhiwani district]]
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Battle of Delhi (1764)

2024-10-03T15:51:17Z

103.46.201.118: minor changes based on true information

{{Short description|1764 battle in Delhi between the Bharatpur State and the Mughal Empire}}
{{Verifiability|date=March 2024}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}

The '''Battle of Delhi''' (1764) was fought between the rulers of [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]] and the Mughal rulers of [[Mughal Empire]]. Maharaja Jawahar Singh of Bharatpur invaded and plundered [[Delhi]] along with the help of Marathas and Holkars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_Rajasthan.html?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ#jawahar%20Singh%20Delhi |title=A History of Rajasthan |publisher=Rupa & Company |year=2006 |isbn=9788129108906 |pages=736 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=David E. U |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Colonialism_in_an_Indian_Hinterland.html?id=vDRuAAAAMAAJ#Looted%20delhi |title=Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1993 |isbn=9780195630497 |pages=70 |language=English}}</ref>
{{Infobox military conflict
| date = November 1764 - February 1765
| place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| conflict = Battle of Delhi (1764)
| result = Bharatpur—Maratha victory<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Manoj |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/India_a_Tourist_s_Paradise.html?id=oAVuAAAAMAAJ#jawahar%20Singh%20victory%20Delhi |title=India, a Tourist's Paradise |publisher=Facet Books International |year=1983 |isbn=9780932377005 |pages=448 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=(India) |first=Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Rajasthan_district_Gazetteers_Dungarpur.html?id=jNNX53vkI2UC#jawahar%20Singh%20victory%20Delhi |title=Rajasthan [district gazetteers].: Dungarpur |publisher=Governmental Central Press |year=1962 |pages=479 |language=English}}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|23px]] [[Kingdom of Bharatpur]] '''Supported by''' [[File:Indore Flag.svg|20px]] [[House of Holkar|Holkars]] of the [[Maratha Empire]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahai |first=Jwala |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_Bhurtpore.html?id=H19OAQAAMAAJ#v=onepage&q=jawahar%20Singh%20victory%20Delhi&f=false |title=History of Bhurtpore |publisher=Patrika Press |year=1898 |pages=80 |language=English}}</ref> [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|23px]] [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Sikh cavalry]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahai |first=Jwala |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_Bhurtpore.html?id=H19OAQAAMAAJ#v=onepage&q=jawahar%20Singh%20victory%20Delhi&f=false |title=History of Bhurtpore |publisher=Patrika Press |year=1898 |pages=80 |language=English}}</ref>
| combatant2 = [[File:Abdali flag.png|25px]] [[Durrani Empire]]
*[[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]
| partof = [[Decline of the Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of Bharatpur1.png|23px]] [[Jawahar Singh]] [[File:Indore Flag.svg|20px]] [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Surendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_Native_States_of_India.html?id=YN4TAAAAQAAJ#v=onepage&q=battle%20of%20delhi%201764%20holkar&f=false |title=A History of the Native States of India |publisher=Thacker Spink |year=1888 |pages=116 |language=English}}</ref>
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Rampur State.svg|23px]] [[Najib ad-Dawlah]]
}}

==Background==
On 25 December 1763, [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ad Daulah]] accidentally shot [[Jawahar Singh]]'s father [[Suraj Mal|Maharaja Suraj Mal]], leading to his demise. Maharaja Sawai Jawahar Singh started preparing to avenge the death of his father.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sindhia-Holkar Rivalry in Rajasthan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlJuAAAAMAAJ&q=25th+December+1763+death|last=Misra|first=S. C.|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|year=1981}}</ref><ref name=":0">'''Singh Gandhi, Surjit. ''Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century'' (1999). Published by Singh Bros. Pp.539.''' "In November–December 1764, the Sikhs again crossed the Jamuna. This time they were prompted by Jawahar Singh who burnt with the desire to take revenge of his father's death."</ref> He took the help of the Maratha Raja of Indore, [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] and the Sikh forces numbered 12,000 to 15,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Raj Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sikhs.html?id=ra19YSPDliQC#v=onepage&q=delhi%20captured%20by%20Jawahar%20singh&f=false |title=The Sikhs: The Journey of Five Hundred Years |publisher=Bhavana Books & Prints |year=2003 |isbn=9788186505465 |pages=117 |language=English}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Capture of Delhi (1753)|Plunder of Old Delhi (1753)]]
*[[Capture of Agra|Capture of Agra (1761)]]
*[[Battle of Delhi (disambiguation)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1764|Delhi 1764]]
[[Category:1764 in India]]
[[Category:18th century in Delhi]]
[[Category:Military history of Delhi|Delhi 1764]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Jats|Delhi]]
[[Category:1760s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Confederacy]]

History of Delhi

2024-10-03T15:49:58Z

103.46.201.118: It was known as maratha war supported by the holkars as per sources and citations mentioned here.

{{short description|none}} 
{{See also|Timeline of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 250px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
| colspan="10" style="margin-left: inherit; text-align:center; font-size: medium;" |Historical Region of North India '''Delhi'''
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | <div style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0 0; border-collapse: collapse; border="1" cellpadding="0">
[[File:View from the top of the Jama Masjid Minaret New Delhi by od.jpg|250px|A view of the Old City]]</div>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Language]]'''
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Battle]]s'''
| [[Mongol invasion of India (1303)|Battle of Delhi]] (1303); [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] vs [[Delhi Sultanate|Khiljis]] 
[[Sack of Delhi (1398)]]; [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]] vs [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]] [[Battle of Tughlaqabad|Battle of Delhi]] (1556); [[Hemu]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] Battle of Delhi (1737); [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] [[Battle of Delhi (1757)|Battle of Delhi]] (1757); [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] [[Battle of Delhi (1764)|Battle of Delhi]] (1764); [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] [[Capture of Delhi (1771)|Battle of Delhi]] (1771); [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] [[Battle of Delhi (1783)|Battle of Delhi]] (1783); [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|Battle of Delhi]] (1803); [[British Raj|British East India Company]] vs [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] [[Siege of Delhi (1804)|Battle of Delhi]] (1804); [[British Raj|British East India Company]] vs [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] [[Siege of Delhi|Battle of Delhi]] (1857); [[British Raj|British East India Company]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Dynasty|Dynasties]]'''
| {{Ubl
| [[Kuru Kingdom]] (c. 1200 BCE – c. 500 BCE)
| [[Tomara dynasty|Tomars]] (736–1179)
| [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan]] (1180–1192)
| [[Ghurids]] (1193–1206)
| [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluks]] (1206–89)
| [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]] (1290–1320)
| [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]] (1320–1413)
| [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyids]] (1414–51)
| [[Lodi dynasty|Lodis]] (1451–1526)
| [[Mughal dynasty|Mughals]] (1526–1540)
| [[Sur Empire|Suris]] (1540–55)
| [[Hemu|Hemchandra]] (1556)
| [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] (1556–1764)
| [[List of Jat dynasties and states|Jats]] (1764–1770)
| [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] (1770–1771)
| [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] (1771–1803)
| [[British Raj|British]] (1803–1947)
| [[Government of India]] (1947–present)
}}
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|}

'''[[Delhi]]''' has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5743/|title=Delhi{{Snd}} A Heritage City|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424023553/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5743/|archive-date=24 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> The recorded history of Delhi begins with the 8th century [[Tomara dynasty|Tomar Rajput]] dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Tomars of Delhi: Rajput Clans of India |url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tomars-of-delhi/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=GeeksforGeeks |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomara dynasty {{!}} Tomara Dynasty, Delhi, Rajputs {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tomara-dynasty |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> It is considered to be a city built, destroyed and rebuilt several times, as outsiders who successfully invaded the [[Indian subcontinent]] would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/aboutus/index.jsp | title=Delhi Tourism}}</ref>

From the Ancient to the medieval era, Delhi was ruled by the powerful Rajput dynasties such as the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras]], [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhans]], [[Gautam (clan)|Gautamas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Prabha |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.11840 |title=Delhi : history and places of interest |date=1970 |publisher=Delhi Administration, Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=Medieval India: The Rajput Kingdoms - ClearIAS |url=https://www.clearias.com/medieval-india-rajput-kingdoms/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Delhi Sultanate]] is the name given for a series of five successive dynasties, which remained as a dominant power of [[Indian subcontinent]] with Delhi as their capital.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=India - Rajputs, Kingdoms, Warriors {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Rajputs |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

During the sultanate period, the city became a center for culture.{{sfn|Hearn, The Seven Cities of Delhi|1906|pp=88-99}} The Delhi Sultanate came to an end in 1526, when [[Babur]] defeated the forces of the last Lodi sultan, [[Ibrahim Lodi]] at the [[first Battle of Panipat]], and formed the [[Mughal Empire]].

The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] ruled the area for three centuries. During the 16th century, the city declined as the Mughal capital was shifted. The fifth Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] built the walled city of [[Old Delhi|Shahjahanabad]] within Delhi, and its landmarks, the [[Red Fort]] and [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]].<ref name="Redfort" />{{sfn|Hearn, The Seven Cities of Delhi|1906|pp=134-173}} His reign would be considered the zenith of the empire. After the death of his successor [[Aurangzeb]], the Mughal Empire was plagued by a series of revolts. They lost major portions to the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] and many governors of erstwhile [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] provinces like [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Oudh State|Awadh]] and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. Delhi was [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|sacked and looted]] by [[Nader Shah]]. The Rajputs captured many important towns of Mughal heartland south of Delhi. The Marathas captured Delhi in the battle of Delhi in 1757 and continued to control it until 1803<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=History of Rajputs in India |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/history/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref> when they were defeated by the British during the second Anglo-Maratha War. In 1803, [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|Delhi was captured]] by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]].

During [[Company rule in India|Company Rule in India]], the Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]] was reduced to merely a figurehead. The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] sought to end company rule and declared [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]] the Emperor of India. However, the British soon [[Siege of Delhi|recaptured Delhi]] and their other territories, ending the short-lived rebellion. This also marked the beginning of [[British Raj|direct British Rule in India]]. In 1911, the capital of British India was shifted from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to [[New Delhi]], the last inner city of Delhi designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]].

After India's [[Indian independence movement|Independence]] from the British, [[New Delhi]] became the capital of the newly formed [[India|Republic of India]].

[[File:1863 Dispatch Atlas Map of Delhi, India - Geographicus - Delhi-dispatch-1867.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Historic map of [[Shahjahanabad]] (now known as [[Old Delhi]]), in 1863]]

[[File:Agrasen ki Baoli, New Delhi, India - 20070127.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Agrasen ki Baoli]] is believed to be originally built by the legendary king [[Agrasen]].<ref>Mittal, J.P. (2006), History of Ancient India (4250 BCE to 637 CE) page 675, {{ISBN|978-81-269-0616-1}} (This author considers King Agrasen an actual historical figure)</ref>]]

==Pre historic period==
There was [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] in [[Red fort]] area which began around c.2000 BCE according to carbon dating. Around c.1200 BCE the region was inhabited by people of [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] which corresponds to [[Vedic Period]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA216|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131711200}}</ref> Significant prehistoric sites in Delhi include [[Anangpur Dam|Anangpur]] (in the [[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]] region), as well as [[Harappan civilisation|Harappan]] excavations near Narela and Nand Nagari.<ref name="delhi_ancient_history">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C|title=Delhi: Ancient History|date=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9788187358299}}</ref>

==In mythology==
A long-standing tradition associates Delhi with Indraprastha and identifies the legendary city with the village Indarpat, which survived until the early 20th century within the [[Purana Qila]]. There is no tangible archeological evidence, however, which links the excavated 'painted greyware' at Purana Qila with the [[Bharata Khanda]] site.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tillotson|first=Giles|title=Delhi Darahan|date=2019|publisher=Penguin Random House India|isbn=9780670091911|page=6}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=October 2021}} The legendary ancient city of [[Indraprastha]] is mentioned in the ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epic]] [[Mahabharata]] probably compiled between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, with the oldest preserved parts not much older than around 400 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Christopher R. |title=Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-005411-3 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Mauryan period]], Indraprastha was known as Indapatta in Buddhist literature. The location of Indraprastha is uncertain but [[Purana Qila]] in present-day New Delhi is frequently cited.{{efn|For instance, Indologist [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]], who translated the Mahabharata, wrote in 1973 that "there can be no reasonable doubt about the locations of [[Hastinapura]], of Indraprastha (Delhi's Purana Qila [...]), and of [[Mathura]]}}<ref name="BuitenenBuitenen1973">{{cite book|author1=J. A. B. van Buitenen|author2=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus Buitenen|author3=James L. Fitzgerald|title=The Mahabharata, Volume 1: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8oe5fY5_3UC&pg=PA10|year=1973|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-84663-7|page=12}}</ref>

== Medieval period ==

=== Tomara ===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" class="center">
The bastion of Lal Kot fort, Mehrauli, Delhi.jpg|The bastion of [[Qila Rai Pithora|Lal Kot fort]] in Delhi's Mehrauli built by Tomara Rajput ruler, [[Anangpal Tomar]] in c. 1052 CE.
File:Carving at Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque.jpg|Sculptures of ancient temple in [[Qutb Minar complex]].
File:Round Bations of Rai Pithora.jpg|Lal Kot, built by Anangpal Tomar II
</gallery>

[[Anangpal Tomar]] founded Delhi in 1052. A [[Vikram Samvat|VS]] 1383 inscription in [[National Museum, New Delhi|Delhi Museum]] confirms the founding of Delhi by the Tomars.<ref name="Richard J. Cohen 1989., p. 513-519">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Richard J.|title=An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=1989|pages=513–519}}</ref>

He established the Tomar Dynasty of Delhi in the early 8th century and built his capital at the [[Anangpur Dam|Anangpur]] village in Haryana. The [[Anangpur Dam]] was built during his reign; the [[Surajkund]] during the reign of his son Surajpal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C&q=anangpur+dam+asi&pg=PA200|title=Delhi: Ancient History|date=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-81-87358-29-9|language=en}}</ref>

=== Chauhan Rajputs ===

[[File:Qila Rai Pithora, New Delhi.jpg|200px|thumb|Museum and remnants of the walls of Qila Rai Pithora, the second city of Delhi.]]

The [[Rajput]] [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] (Chauhan) kings of [[Ajmer]] conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora. The Chauhan king [[Prithviraj III]] was defeated in 1192 by [[Muhammad Ghori]] in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]], solidifying Muslim presence in northern India and shattering Rajput power in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan - History |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajasthan/History |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Late Medieval period (13th-16th centuries CE)==
{{Further|Delhi Sultanate}}

=== Delhi Sultanate ===

From 1206, Delhi became the capital of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave Dynasty]]. The first [[Sultan]] of Delhi, [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a general, a governor and then Sultan of Delhi. Qutb-ud-din started the construction of the Qutub Minar, a recognisable symbol of Delhi, to commemorate his victory but died before its completion. In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam), which is the earliest extant mosque in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233/|title=Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> He was said to have destroyed twenty-seven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building material from their debris for this mosque, many of which can still be seen.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Jāvīd
| first = ʻAlī
| title = World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India
| page = 107|chapter=The Monuments At Delhi
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iFILG_V4hOMC&q=Qutub+Minar+Jain+temples&pg=RA1-PA107
| access-date = 27 May 2009| isbn = 9780875864846
| year = 2008
| publisher = Algora
}}</ref> After the end of the Slave dynasty, a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties, the [[Khalji dynasty]], the [[Tughluq dynasty]], the [[Sayyid dynasty]] and the [[Lodi dynasty]] held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships in Delhi.<ref>[http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Seven.html Battuta's Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423014415/http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta%27s_Trip_Seven.html |date=23 April 2008 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" class="center">
Qminar.jpg|The [[Qutub Minar]] is the world's tallest brick [[minaret]] at 72.5 metres, built by [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]] of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave dynasty]] in 1192 CE.{{sfn|Hearn, The Seven Cities of Delhi|1906|pp=88-89}}
File:Exteriors of the Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, Qutb Complex - 1.jpg |Mosque tomb over ancient temple structure in [[Qutb Minar complex]]

File:Tomb of Ghayasuddin Tughluq - Delhi.jpg|Tomb of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyasuddin Tughluq]]
within the [[Tughlaqabad Fort]].
File:Jahaz Mahal on the bank of Hauz-i-Shamsi.jpg|[[Jahaz Mahal]] is built during the Lodi dynasty period (1452–1526) as a pleasure resort.
File:Alauddin's Madrasa, Qutb complex.jpg|[[Alauddin Khilji]]'s ''madrasa'' and Tomb in the [[Qutb complex]].
</gallery>

=== Timur ===

In 1398, [[Timur Lang]] invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim [[Sultan of Delhi|sultans of Delhi]] were too tolerant of their [[Hindu]] subjects. After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of [[Tughlaq dynasty]], on 15 December 1398, Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398, and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well.<ref>[https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Timurid Empire)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816204247/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html |date=16 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Sir William Wilson |author-link=William Wilson Hunter|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_401.gif|volume=2|year=1909|page=366|chapter=The Indian Empire: Timur's invasion 1398}}</ref>

=== Defeat of the Lodi sultans ===

In 1526, following the [[First Battle of Panipat]], Zahiruddin [[Babur]], the former ruler of [[Fergana]], defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] dynasty which ruled from Delhi, [[Agra]] and [[Lahore]].

==Mughal Rule==
{{Further|Mughal Empire|}}The early modern period in Indian history is marked with the rise of the [[Mughal Empire]] between the 16th and 18th centuries. After the fall of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals ruled from [[Agra]], [[Fatehpur Sikri|Sikri]] and [[Lahore]], but the city once became the capital in 1648 during the rule of [[Shah Jahan]], and remained the capital until the fall of the empire. During this time, Delhi became a center for culture, and poets such as [[Ghalib]], [[Khwaja Mir Dard|Dard]], [[Daagh Dehlvi|Dagh]] and [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq|Zauq]] lived in the city and sought patronage of the emperor. The Mughals also built several monuments in the city including [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Red Fort]], and [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]].

=== Babur and Humayun (1526–1556) ===
{{See also|Sur Empire|Hemu}}

The first Mughal Emperors [[Babur]] (1526–1530) and [[Humayun]] (1530–1540, restored 1556–57) ruled from Agra, unlike the preceding Delhi Sultans.

In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as [[Sher Shah Suri]] defeated [[Humayun]] and forced him to flee to [[Safavid Empire|Persia]]. Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the old fort known as [[Purana Qila]], even though this city was settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suri's death in 1545, his son [[Islam Shah Suri|Islam Shah]] took the reins of north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi. Then Humayun was briefly restored; but meanwhile in 1553 the Hindu [[Hem Chandra Vikramaditya|Hemu]] became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah.

Hemu fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and (twice) against the Mughal Akbar's army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After defeating Akbar's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlaqabad fort area in [[Battle of Tughlaqabad|Battle of Delhi]], Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period, taking the title 'Vikramaditya' at his coronation in [[Purana Quila]], Delhi. Hemu was defeated at the [[Second Battle of Panipat|second battle of Panipat]] by Mughal forces led by [[Akbar]]'s regent [[Bairam Khan]], thus reinstating Mughal rule in the region.

=== Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707) ===

The third and greatest Mughal emperor, [[Akbar]] (1556–1605), continued to rule from [[Agra]], resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi.

In the mid-17th century, the Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] (1628–1658) built the city that sometimes bears his name [[Shahjahanabad]], the seventh city of Delhi that is now commonly known as the old city or old Delhi.<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Hearn, The Seven Cities of Delhi|1906|pp=134-173}} This city contains a number of significant architectural features, including the [[Delhi Fort|Red Fort]] (''Lal Qila'') and the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]].<ref name="Redfort">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231/|title=Red Fort Complex|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704063551/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> The city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onward, when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra.

[[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the [[Shalimar Bagh, Delhi|Shalimar garden]] ('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659.

After 1680, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the [[Hindu]] [[Maratha Empire]] rose to prominence.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Thomas
|first = Amelia
|title = Rajasthan, Delhi, and Agra
|publisher = Lonely Planet
|isbn = 978-1-74104-690-8|year = 2008
}}</ref>

=== Decline of Mughals===
{{Further|Maratha Empire|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}{{See also|Battle of Delhi (1737)|Capture of Delhi (1753)|Battle of Delhi (1757)|Battle of Delhi (1783)}}
The [[Mughal Empire]] suffered several blows due to invasions from [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], [[Bharatpur State|Jats]], [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]] and [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]]. In 1737, [[Bajirao I]] marched towards Delhi with a huge army. The Marathas defeated the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=Mir+Hasan+Khan+delhi+1737&pg=PA117 Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&dq=Bajirao+I&pg=PA12 History Modern India]</ref> The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] forces sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge [[Battle of Karnal]] in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by [[Nader Shah]] during his [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invasion]] after which he [[sack of Delhi|completely sacked and looted Delhi]], the Mughal capital, followed by massacre for 2 days, killing over 30,000 civilians and carrying away immense wealth including the [[Peacock Throne]], the [[Daria-i-Noor]], and [[Koh-i-Noor]]. Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah|Muhammad Shah I]] to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsDSGn8jLPAC&q=muhammad+shah+nader+shah+beg+for+mercy&pg=PA298|title=Soul and Structure of Governance in India|access-date=2 June 2014|isbn=9788177648317|author1=Jagmohan|year=2005|publisher=Allied Publishers }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" class="center">
File:Farrukhsiyar Procession in front of the Great Mosque of Delhi.png|The Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar visits the Great Mosque of Delhi for the Friday prayers
Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg|The [[Red Fort]] was commissioned by Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] in the 17th century,<ref name=Redfort/> it was the main residence of the [[List of Mughal emperors|Mughal emperors]] for nearly 200 years.
File:Humayuntomb.JPG|[[Humayun's Tomb]] is considered a predecessor to the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232/|title=Humayun's Tomb, Delhi|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704063329/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>
File:Jama Masjid - In the Noon.jpg|The [[Jama Masjid]] is one of the largest mosques in India.
</gallery>

==Maratha Rule==
[[File:Raghunathrao Peshwa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Raghunath Rao]], the younger brother of [[Balaji Bajirao|Peshwa Balaji Bajirao]], led the Battle of Delhi in 1757.]]

===Maratha Protectorate===
{{See also|Sack of Delhi (1757)|Battle of Delhi (1757)}}
A treaty signed in 1752 made [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|last = Gordon|first = Stewart|title = The Marathas 1600–1818, Volume 2|publisher = Cambridge University Press, 1993|isbn = 978-0-521-26883-7|date = 16 September 1993}}</ref> In 1753 [[Bharatpur State|Jat]] ruler [[Suraj Mal]] attacked Delhi. He defeated Nawab of Delhi Ghazi-ud-din (second) and captured Delhi in the [[Capture of Delhi (1753)|Capture of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0M_bAAAAMAAJ&q=surajmal+capture+delhi+1753|title=The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal, Volume 114|publisher=West of England Press|year=1984}}</ref> Jats sacked Delhi from 9 May to 4 June.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhattacherje|first=S. B.|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&q=maharaja+surajmal+captured+delhi+1753&pg=SL1-PA91|year=1984|publisher=New Dawn Press|isbn=978-1-932-70549-2|pages=595}}</ref> [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] invaded [[North India]] for the fourth time in early 1757. He [[Sack of Delhi (1757)|entered Delhi in January 1757]] and kept the Mughal emperor under arrest. In August 1757, the Marathas once again attacked Delhi, decisively defeating [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]] and his Rohilla Afghan army in the [[Battle of Delhi (1757)]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oAo1X2eagywC&dq=marathas+capture+delhi+in+1757&pg=PA88 The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe]</ref> Later, Ahmad Shah Durrani conquered Delhi in 1761, after the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in which the Marathas were decisively defeated. Later, a treaty was made between the Marathas and Afghans that the Marathas would have all the lands east of the [[Sutlej]] river. Thus, the Marathas established full control over the city. Under the leadership of [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] and [[Baghel Singh]], Delhi was briefly conquered by the [[Sikh Empire]] in early 1783 in the [[Battle of Delhi (1783)]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/1783-sikh-conquest-to-come-alive-in-delhi-656274|title=1783 Sikh conquest to come alive in Delhi|date=21 September 2018|access-date=25 August 2020|first=Vikramdeep|last=Johal}}</ref>

=== Decline of the Marathas ===
[[File:Daulat Rao Scindia.jpg|thumb|After losing the [[Battle of Delhi (1803)]] to the British, under Maratha ruler [[Daulat Rao Scindia]], the Marathas lost control of Delhi and the right to collect [[chauth]] from the Mughals]]
{{See also|Battle of Delhi (1803)|Siege of Delhi (1804)}}
In 1803, during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], the forces of [[British East India Company]] defeated the [[Maratha]] forces in the [[Battle of Delhi (1803)]], ending the Maratha rule over the city.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Mayaram
|first = Shail
|title = Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history
|publisher = Columbia University Press, 2003
|isbn = 978-0-231-12731-8|year = 2003
}}</ref> As a result, Delhi came under the control of [[British East India Company]], and became a part of the [[North-Western Provinces]]. The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] remained a mere figurehead.

==British Rule==
[[File:India Gate in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|thumb|The [[India Gate]] commemorates the 90,000 [[Military of India|Indian soldiers]] who died in the [[European influence in Afghanistan|Afghan Wars]] and [[World War I]].]]
[[File:Forecourt, Rashtrapati Bhavan - 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (President's Palace) is the official residence of the [[President of India]]. Before independence, it used to be a residence for the [[British Viceroy]].]]

=== Revolt of 1857 ===
{{Further|Indian Rebellion of 1857|Siege of Delhi}}
The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] sought to end Company Rule in India. On 11 May, the mutineers reached and captured Delhi, and declared [[Bahadur Shah Zafar II]] the Emperor of India, and the Emperor held his first court in many years. However, the British returned and [[Siege of Delhi|laid siege to Delhi]] on 8 June 1857. On 21 September, Delhi finally fell into the hands of British troops. The city received significant damage during the battle. Afterwards, the last titular Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar II]] was captured and exiled to [[Yangon|Rangoon]].

Delhi passed into the direct control of [[British Government]] in 1857 after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and the remaining Mughal territories were annexed as a part of [[British India]].

=== British Raj ===
{{Further|British Raj}}
[[Calcutta]] was the capital of British India till 1911 but in 1911 at the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 191|Delhi Durbar of 1911]], held at the [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], [[King George V]] announced the shifting of the capital to Delhi. [[New Delhi]] designed by the British [[architect]] [[Edwin Lutyens]] was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction was delayed due to World War I.<ref name=":0" /><ref>A brief but fascinating account of the Indian contractors behind this constructed a Little Malice.</ref> Originally [[George V|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] announced the project, although it did receive major opposition from the European business community of [[Calcutta]], along with [[Lord Curzon]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Td8JkhtCNMC&q=delhi+lectures+khushwant |title=Delhi |date=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-012619-8 |language=en}}</ref> The project was fulfilled by a team of architects, engineers and contractors, namely [[Edwin Lutyens|Sir Edwin Lutyens]], [[Sir Herbert Baker]], Sir Teja Singh Malik, [[Walter Sykes George]], [[Robert Tor Russell]], [[Arthur Shoosmith]], [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sir Sobha Singh]], Basakha Singh, Ram Singh Kabli, Narain Singh and Dharam Singh Sethi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Team of 5, and some more, who built New Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/team-of-5-and-some-more-who-built-new-delhi-sobha-singh-7849906/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Khushwant |last=Singh |work=Hindustan Times |title=Give the builders of New Delhi their due |date=9 July 2011 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/give-the-builders-of-new-delhi-their-due/story-kdB9UKXKBw2JYRskrLDt3J.html}}</ref>

New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the [[Government of India]] after [[independence]] in 1947.

== Post-Independence (1947–present) ==
During the [[partition of India]], around five lakh Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]] fled to Delhi, while around three lakh Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/capital-gains-how-1947-gave-birth-to-a-new-identity-a-new-ambition-a-new-delhi/story-e0GfoFrhwStTU2910v5DrJ.html Hindustan Times]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/muslim-ghettos-of-delhi-6297633/|title=How Muslim ghettos came about in Delhi|date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly [[Hindi]]-speaking [[Punjabi Hindus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/delhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html|title=Delhi Assembly Elections 2015: Important Facts And Major Stakeholders Mobile Site|date=6 February 2015|work=India TV News|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=30 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230215251/http://m.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/delhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/sunday-special/perspective/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election/36387.html|title=Why Punjabis are central to Delhi election|author=Jupinderjit Singh|date=February 2015|work=tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/perspective/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election/36387.html|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200353/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election-36387|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sanjay2008">{{cite book | author=Sanjay Yadav | title=The Invasion of Delhi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTBBL1q5C_EC&pg=PA10 | year=2008 | publisher=Worldwide Books | isbn=978-81-88054-00-8 }}</ref> Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues ({{As of|2013|lc=y}}), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining.<ref name=migrationbirth>{{cite news |title=Fall in Delhi birth rate fails to arrest population rise |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010311230300.htm |date=3 January 2005 |access-date=19 December 2006 |location=Chennai|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604194955/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010311230300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=4 June 2007 }}</ref>

The [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] created the Union Territory of Delhi from its predecessor, the ''[[Chief Commissioner's Province]] of Delhi''.<ref name="7thAmend56">{{cite web|title=The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)]]|access-date=16 March 2017|year=1956|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm|archive-date=1 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ReorgAct56">{{cite web|title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1956/A1956-37.pdf|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)]]|access-date=16 March 2017|year=1956|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317144043/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1956/A1956-37.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2017}}</ref>
The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.<ref name=NCTact>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm|title=The Constitution (Sixty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991|access-date=8 January 2007|work=Government of India|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020032/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm|archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> The Act gave Delhi its own legislative assembly along Civil lines, though with limited powers.<ref name=NCTact />

After 1967 relations between Hindus and Muslims deteriorated to the level that there was a significant uptick in the number of riots and other disruption of civil life. One of the most significant was the 1973 riot in Bao Hindu Rao area, which resulted in the injury of 18 police officers and financial losses estimated to be around 500,000 Rupees, according to police sources. Another significant riot happened on 5 May 1974 in the Sadar Bazar area between Hindus and Muslims in which 11 people were killed and 92 were injured. This riot was the worst in Delhi since independence. The Centre for the Study of Developing Societies carried out a survey in nearby areas that showed significant division between Hindus and Muslims who saw each other negatively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krishna |first1=Gopal |title=Communal Violence in India: A Study of Communal Disturbance in Delhi |year=1985 |issue=3 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=20 |pages=117–131 |jstor=4373987 }}</ref>

In 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor [[Ashoka]] (273-236 BCE) was discovered near [[Sriniwaspuri]]. Two sandstone pillars inscribed with the [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|edicts of Ashoka]] were brought to by [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] in the 14th century already exist in Delhi.

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" class="center">
File:LotusDelhi.jpg|The [[Lotus Temple]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5921/|title=Bahá'í House of Worship at New Delhi|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302163514/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5921/|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>
File:Delhimap.jpg|Delhi today.
File:RajGhat.JPG|The [[Raj Ghat]], where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was [[cremated]].
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Agrasen ki Baoli]]
* [[Gates of Delhi]]
* [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal | last1 = Kishore | first1 = Raghav | year = 2016 | title = Planning, traffic and the city: railway development in colonial Delhi, c. 1899–1905 | journal = Urban History | volume = 44| issue = 2| pages = 1–17| doi = 10.1017/S0963926816000353 | s2cid = 151717699 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 11 |chapter=History of Delhi District|publisher=Oxford at Clarendon Press |year=1909|page=225 |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_231.gif |ref=Hist |title-link=The Imperial Gazetteer of India}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kapoor|first1=Pramod|first2=Malvika |last2=Singh |first3=Rudrangshu |last3=Mukherjee |title=New Delhi: Making of a Capital|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAAhQwAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Lustre Press|isbn=978-81-7436-574-3}}
* {{cite book |title=New Delhi |first=Robert |last=Byron |author-link=Robert Byron (travel writer) |publisher=[[The Architectural Review]], Westminster|year=1931|url=https://archive.org/stream/NewDelhiByRobertByron/New%20Delhi%20by%20Robert%20Byron#page/n1/mode/2up }}
*{{cite book|last=Hartcourt|first=A., Assistant Commissioner Delhi|title=The New guide to Delhi|url=https://archive.org/stream/newguidetodelhi00harcgoog#page/n4/mode/1up|year=1873|publisher=Lahore, Victoria Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Fanshawe|first=H. C. |title=Delhi{{Snd}} Past and Present|url=https://archive.org/stream/delhipastandpre00fansgoog#page/n6/mode/1up|year=1902|publisher=London, J. Murray}}
* {{cite book|last=Fraser|first=Lovat|title=At Delhi (An account of the Delhi Durbar, 1903)|url=https://archive.org/stream/atdelhifras00fras#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1903|publisher=Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker}}
* {{cite book|last=Bardiar |first=Nilendra |title=Urban, Cultural, Economic and Social Transformation: History of New Delhi (1947-65) |url=http://www.rubypressco.in |publisher=New Delhi, Ruby Press & Co. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415093344/http://www.rubypressco.in/ |archive-date=15 April 2014 }}
* {{cite book|last=Hearn|first=Gordon Risley|title=The Seven Cities of Delhi|url=https://archive.org/stream/sevencitiesofdel00hear#page/n9/mode/2up|year=1906|publisher=W. Thacker & Co., London|ref={{sfnref|Hearn, The Seven Cities of Delhi|1906}}}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiSFxKMO_2Q&NR=1 Delhi (1938)], a documentary by BFI archives
* {{cite AV media |title=Scenes from Delhi |format=Silent film |minutes=18:16–23:27 |url=https://archive.org/details/upenn-f16-0737_1930_India |date=c. 1930 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Films }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141025130035/http://www.malchakls.org/land-aquisition-act-1894/ Land and Acquisition Act of 1894, under which the new city of Delhi was acquired] (archived 25 October 2014)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141025173022/http://www.malchakls.org/agreement-construction-rashtrapti-bhawan/ The agreement of construction of new city of Delhi with original signatures of Herbert Baker and Edwin Luteyns] (archived 25 October 2014)

{{Delhi}}
{{Historical regions of North India}}
{{History of India by State}}{{History of India by City}}{{Portal bar|History}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Delhi| ]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]

[[cy:Hen Ddelhi]]

Jawahar Singh

2024-10-03T15:44:33Z

103.46.201.118: unneeded caste promotion removed. Only genuine information based on sources should be on wiki

{{Short description|Maharaja of Bharatpur from 1763–1768}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]] [[Sawai (title)|Sawai]] of [[Bharatpur State]] Bharatendra (Lord of the Bharatá)<ref>Bharatpur Upto 1826: A Social and Political History of the Jats by Ram Pande</ref> Prithvendra (The Lord of the World) Prince of Victories
| image = File:Jawahar Singh of Bharatpur.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Maharaja Jawahar Singh
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Bharatpur State]]
| reign = 1763–68
| predecessor = [[Maharaja Suraj Mal]]
| successor = [[Maharaja Ratan Singh]]
| royal house = Sinsinwar Dynasty
| father = [[Maharaja Suraj Mal]]
| mother = Rani Gauri <ref name="DwivediPrasad1989">{{cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Girish Chandra |last2=Prasad |first2=Ishwari |title=The Jats, their role in the Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR5uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Rani+Gauri,+she+originated+from+Gori+Rajput+clan+of+Amahand+and+was+the+mother+of+Jawahar+and+Ratan+Singh%22 |year=1989 |publisher=Arnold Publishers |isbn=978-81-7031-150-8 |page=238}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hadHAAAAMAAJ|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire, volume 2 |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |year=1950 |pages=453 }} </ref>
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Maharaja Jawahar Singh''' ({{reign|1763|1768}}) was the ruler of the [[Bharatpur State]]. He succeeded to the throne when his father Maharaja [[Suraj Mal]] Ji died in 1763.

==Early life ==
Maharaja Jawahar Singh was born to Maharaja Surajmal and Maharani Gauri in the Sinsinwar clan of Jats, he was later adopted by Maharani Kishori of Palwal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meena |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH--DwAAQBAJ&q=jawahar+singh+maharani+kishori |title=RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ |publisher=New Era Publication |language=en}}</ref> He was the 22nd direct descendant of Chaudhary Sobha Singh of Bayana, who founded Sinsini in 12th century by defeating native Kalals.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Girish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR5uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Jats, Their Role in the Mughal Empire |last2=Prasad |first2=Ishwari |date=1989 |publisher=Arnold Publishers |isbn=978-81-7031-150-8 |language=en}}</ref>

During [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmed Shah Abdali]]'s [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|invasion of India]] in 1757, Abdali attacked [[Ballabhgarh]]. In a battle between Durranis and Prince Jawahar Singh, managed to captured 150 Durrani horses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Raj Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rise of the Jat Power |date=1988 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-05-2 |language=en}}</ref> Jawahar Singh had to escape from the fort in the night as the defence of the fort was not possible in the face of heavy bombardments of Abdali's guns. After taking the city Abdali sent his generals Jahan Khan and [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib Khan]] with 20,000 men to attack the territory and holy city of [[Mathura]]. According to historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]], the [[Marathas]] fled from the north and not a single Maratha soldier fought for the holy city of Mathura which had the [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex|holiest]] of [[Vaishnav]] shrines, their "Hindupat-Padshahi" didn't involve any duty to protect it. But they were determined to defend this sacred city. Maharaja Jawahar Singh and Raja Shyam Singh Kuntal of Sonkh with 6,000 men blocked the path of the [[Pashtuns|Afghans]]. They faced Afghans in [[Chaumuhan]], in the fight that followed the [[cavalry]] charged the Afghan positions and almost seven to nine thousand men of Durranis were killed by Jat troops and the remnants of the Jat army had to retreat. Afghans subsequently carried out a general massacre in the unfortified city of Mathura. The people were looted, their property plundered and acts of iconoclasm followed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=The Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol II |year=2007 |publisher=Orient Black Swan |isbn=9788125032458 |location=Delhi |pages=272–286}}</ref>

The Great Mosque of Agra was changed into a market: The grain merchants had order to expose their goods for sale there. The butchers shops were closed. They made very severe prohibition of the slaughter of oxen, cows and also of kids. All public profession of the
Mohammedan religion was interdicted under very harsh treatment. One man gave tha azaan but the government of Agra cut his tongue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qanungo Kalikaranjan |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505305 |title=History Of Jats |date=1925 |quote=It was perhaps during the regime of Jawahir Singh, the strongest and most vindictive among the Jat Rajahs that “The Great Mosque of Agra was changed into a mtirket: the grain merchants had order to expose their goods for sale there.}}</ref>

==Victory in Delhi==
{{Main|Battle of Delhi (1764)||}}

In 1764, Jawahar Singh attacked [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] and later bombarded [[Old Delhi|Delhi]]. He enlisted the help of the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] chiefs for the campaign. He also asked for help from [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]. The [[Rohillas]] were sieged inside the fort and peace negotiations were being carried out. Jawahar Singh was also desperate for peace because he realized the [[Holkar State|Holkar]] were double dealing with him and were in secret negotiation with Najib Khan. The campaign was not much of a success as Jawahar Singh had spent more money than he received.<ref name=":0" />

==War with the Holkars==
Jawahar Singh also defeated the [[Marathas]] under Holkar with the help of the [[Sikhs]] sent by [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] near [[Dholpur]] in 1766, when Holkar tried to help Jawahar's brother, Nahar Singh gain the throne of Bharatpur. Jawahar Singh had to retreat after some time when [[Raghunath Rao]] arrived in northern [[Malwa]]. In 1767, after his recent success against the Marathas, he surprised their garrisons in [[Kalpi]] and attacked Maratha territory, the Maratha local agent fled and the whole area came under the rule of Jawahar Singh.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Kingdom_of_Bharatpur_under_Maharaja_Jawahar_Singh_(1767).jpg|thumb|right|Kingdom of Bharatpur under Maharaja Jawahar Singh (by Hitesh Sheoran)]].

Maharaja Jawahar Singh was annoyed with the treacherous behavior of [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] during the [[Battle of Delhi (1764)|Siege of Delhi]] as [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Holkar]] wanted to gain money from both sides (Jats and Rohilas), and sources{{who?|date=February 2024}} also inform us that Holkar was secretly in-contact with [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-daula]] against Maharaja Jawahar Singh. Another reason to wage a war against Holkar was that Marathas and Holkar had tried to help his brother [[Nahar Singh of Bharatpur|Raja Nahar Singh]] of [[Dholpur]]. This made Jawahar Singh to take actions against [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref>

Both sides came infront of each other and a pitched battle was fought between the [[Misl|Sikh]] troops (hired by Jawahar Singh) and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] under Holkar on 13 and 14 March 1766 near Dholpur. In this battle [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] was beaten back by [[Jats|Jat]] and [[Misl|Sikh]] troops.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref> The fleeing Maratha forces of Holkar were chased by Jat troops. The city of Dholpur was taken by the [[Bharatpur State|Jats]] and many [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] generals were captured, the Maratha army of 14,000 scattered and many of the troops were killed. [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] was thus defeated by Maharaja Jawahar Singh in [[Battle of Dholpur (1766)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wendel |first=François Xavier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwq2AAAAIAAJ |title=Wendel's Memoirs on the Origin, Growth and Present State of Jat Power in Hindustan (1768) |date=1991 |publisher=Institut français de Pondichery |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref>

==Bundelkhand Campaign==
Maharaja Sawai Prithvendra Jawahar Singh Bahadur planned to expand his kingdom on the side of Bundelkhand and Northern Malwa.

Maharaja started his campaign in June 1767 by capturing Bhadarwar region from Marathas and Bhadoriya Rajputs. The Jat army defeated the Maratha forces at Rampura and further moved to Ayaman fort, it's Maratha chief became frightened by the Jat invasion. He fled from there and went to the shelter of Gaur Rajput chief of Indurkhi. The fortress was captured and the nearby area was plundered by Jats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref>

The enthusiasm of the young Maharaja increased greatly due to these victories. Therefore, during the days of heavy rains (July 11, 1767 AD), he attacked Bhind and Ater and captured them also by defeating Maratha army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Raj Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rise of the Jat Power |date=1988 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-05-2 |language=en}}</ref> Till now these states used to pay Khandani (state tax) to the Marathas. Now they would pay to Maharaja Jawahar Singh. Now he marched towards Samthar via Muravali to take over other areas with great speed, but at the same time he got the news that the people of Rampura had revolted, then the conquest of Samthar was postponed and the Jats headed towards Javar Paravara village. On July 13, 1767, Jats went towards Rampura. It was surrounded. After some time, the people of Rampur agreed to accept the sovereignty of the Jats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref>

Maharaja's army moved towards the Kalpi area, where it's Maratha officer Balaji Govind Khair wanted to prevent disturbance and plunder. He sent Krishnaji-pant to Maharaja Jawahar with an offer of Rs. 3 lakhs, if he would spare Maratha territory in Bundelkhand. But the Jats did not concede to his offer. Maharaja took control of the march and attacked Balaji Govind. All Maratha chiefs fled, and Govind's with his children fled to Raipur (Jalaun). Govind maratha then crossed the Betwa river and took refugee. Maharaja now, moved further and established his dominance in Jalaun.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andhare |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWYeAAAAMAAJ |title=Bundelkhand Under the Marathas, 1720-1818 A.D.: A Study of Maratha-Bundela Relations |date=1984 |publisher=Vishwa Bharati Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>

On August 14, 1767, Maharaja Jawahar Singh received a request from the Khichi Rajput chief of Raghogarh to help free his kingdom from the Marathas. However, he rejected the request and returned to the north. He, then won the Maratha police station of Jigani by defeating Gobind Sabharam and joined the Jat kings of Gohad and Pichorre. These victories of Maharaja led to a problem for the Peshwa in Poona, who wanted to maintain Maratha power in the north. In September 1767, the Maratha officers on the orders of Peshwa made a treaty with Jawahar Singh. After this treaty, Maharaja gained Jigani and Jatalwar parganas of Vitthalrao Tavardhar and parganas of Sikarwar which belonged to Mahadaji Kasi. Thereafter. Maharaja crossed Chambal and returned to Bharatpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref>

Thus, after taking the entire region of Kalpi- Jalaun under his control, Maharaja Jawahar Singh set out and reached Samthar from there. Gujjar chief of Samthar readily accepted the submission and promised to give him 20-25 thousand rupees to Maharaja Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Bhagavānadāsa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2YeAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Rise and Fall of the Marathas in Bundelkhand, 1731-1804: Based on Original Sources |date=1987 |publisher=Neha Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref> Thereafter, around the first week of August, 1767 AD. he moved towards Narwar. Thus, in the words of a Maratha correspondent "every place in Kalpi province- Kachhavadhar. Bhadawar, Tanvardhar, Sikarwar, Dandroli, Khitoli and Shraddha areas was captured by the Jats (Jawahar Singh). And just Jhansi itself was the center of our (Marathas) and Gwalior have remained in reverence."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkEKAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Historical Quarterly |date=1941 |publisher=Calcutta Oriental Press |language=en}}</ref>

==War with Kingdom of Jaipur==
Jawahar Singh made the big mistake of leaving Pratap Singh of Machheri, the rebel noble of Jaipur, for the defence of Bharatpur. He had provided him shelter in his realms during the hour of crises in the latter's life and considered Partap Singh to be a reliable man. But his faith proved misplaced as the Rao Raja proved traitor. When Jawahar Singh was at Pushkar, he left Bharatpur and joined the camp of Madho Singh. Rather he instigated Madho Singh to take action against Jawahar Singh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H19OAQAAMAAJ&q=pratap+singh+maonda | title=History of Bhurtpore | last1=Sahai | first1=Jwala | date=1898 }}</ref>

All the Rajput rulers assembled at Pushkar and held a conference in which no Jat rulers were invited. Raja Madho Singh said in this conference that the Jat ruler had injured the vanity of all the Rajputs. It was here that a witty Marwari, Raja Vijay Singh pointed out that after all the Jats were also Hindus and if they donated liberally on this auspicious occasion according to their financial position, it must not be taken as humiliation by Rajputs. Madho Singh, however, rejected this advice and appealed for war. The decision of this conference soon reached Jawahar Singh. He was expecting it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Research |first=Rajasthan Institute of Historical |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chVDAAAAYAAJ |title=Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research |date=1972 |language=en}}</ref>

Madho Singh laid on ambush in a valley to intercept Jawahar Singh on his return. Jawahar Singh had anticipated this and took the alternative route via Turnawati, which was a bottleneck Surrounded by hills. The column of troops with cavalry and artillery was marching under the leadership of Captain Samru.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meena |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH--DwAAQBAJ&q=turnawati+jawahar+singh |title=RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ |publisher=New Era Publication |language=en}}</ref>

The palanquins of the Ranis were escorted by Jawahar Singh in the rear of the column. All of a sudden Rajputs attacked them from three sides. It was a fierce battle.

It is said that 25,000 casualties occurred in this battle. Jawahar Singh reached Bharatpur. Both of Jats and Rajputs claimed themselves victorious in this battle, but apparently the loss did not have much of a repercussion on the strength of Jats.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=2803+men+slain+and+thirteen+chiefs+slain&pg=PA256 | title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 | isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 | last1=Sarkar | first1=Jadunath | date=1984 | publisher=Orient Blackswan }}</ref> He was assassinated by one of his favourite soldiers (swallowing poison) in at Agra Fort, 27th August 1768.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jawahar}}
[[Category:Rulers of Bharatpur state]]
[[Category:1768 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Jawahar Singh

2024-10-03T15:41:29Z

103.46.201.118: caste promotion removed

{{Short description|Maharaja of Bharatpur from 1763–1768}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]] [[Sawai (title)|Sawai]] of [[Bharatpur State]] Bharatendra (Lord of the Bharatá)<ref>Bharatpur Upto 1826: A Social and Political History of the Jats by Ram Pande</ref> Prithvendra (The Lord of the World) Prince of Victories
| image = File:Jawahar Singh of Bharatpur.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Maharaja Jawahar Singh
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Bharatpur State]]
| reign = 1763–68
| predecessor = [[Maharaja Suraj Mal]]
| successor = [[Maharaja Ratan Singh]]
| royal house = Sinsinwar Dynasty
| father = [[Maharaja Suraj Mal]]
| mother = Rani Gauri <ref name="DwivediPrasad1989">{{cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Girish Chandra |last2=Prasad |first2=Ishwari |title=The Jats, their role in the Mughal Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR5uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Rani+Gauri,+she+originated+from+Gori+Rajput+clan+of+Amahand+and+was+the+mother+of+Jawahar+and+Ratan+Singh%22 |year=1989 |publisher=Arnold Publishers |isbn=978-81-7031-150-8 |page=238}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hadHAAAAMAAJ|title=Fall of the Mughal Empire, volume 2 |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |year=1950 |pages=453 }} </ref>
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Maharaja Jawahar Singh''' ({{reign|1763|1768}}) was the ruler of the [[Bharatpur State]]. He succeeded to the throne when his father Maharaja [[Suraj Mal]] Ji died in 1763.

==Early life ==
Maharaja Jawahar Singh was born to Maharaja Surajmal and Maharani Gauri in the Yaduvanshi Sinsinwar clan of Jats, he was later adopted by Maharani Kishori (Jat of Solanki clan) of Palwal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meena |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH--DwAAQBAJ&q=jawahar+singh+maharani+kishori |title=RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ |publisher=New Era Publication |language=en}}</ref> He was the 22nd direct descendant of Chaudhary Sobha Singh of Bayana, who founded Sinsini in 12th century by defeating native Kalals.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Girish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR5uAAAAMAAJ |title=The Jats, Their Role in the Mughal Empire |last2=Prasad |first2=Ishwari |date=1989 |publisher=Arnold Publishers |isbn=978-81-7031-150-8 |language=en}}</ref>

During [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmed Shah Abdali]]'s [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|invasion of India]] in 1757, Abdali attacked [[Ballabhgarh]]. In a battle between Durranis and Prince Jawahar Singh, the Jats managed to captured 150 Durrani horses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Raj Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rise of the Jat Power |date=1988 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-05-2 |language=en}}</ref> Jawahar Singh had to escape from the fort in the night as the defence of the fort was not possible in the face of heavy bombardments of Abdali's guns. After taking the city Abdali sent his generals Jahan Khan and [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib Khan]] with 20,000 men to attack the Jat territory and holy city of [[Mathura]]. According to historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]], the [[Marathas]] fled from the north and not a single Maratha soldier fought for the holy city of Mathura which had the [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex|holiest]] of [[Vaishnav]] shrines, their "Hindupat-Padshahi" didn't involve any duty to protect it. But the Jats were determined to defend this sacred city. Maharaja Jawahar Singh and Raja Shyam Singh Kuntal of Sonkh with 6,000 men blocked the path of the [[Pashtuns|Afghans]]. Jats faced Afghans in [[Chaumuhan]], in the fight that followed the Jat [[cavalry]] charged the Afghan positions and almost seven to nine thousand men of Durranis were killed by Jat troops and the remnants of the Jat army had to retreat. Afghans subsequently carried out a general massacre in the unfortified city of Mathura. The people were looted, their property plundered and acts of iconoclasm followed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=The Fall of the Mughal Empire, Vol II |year=2007 |publisher=Orient Black Swan |isbn=9788125032458 |location=Delhi |pages=272–286}}</ref>

The Great Mosque of Agra was changed into a market: The grain merchants had order to expose their goods for sale there. The butchers shops were closed. The Jats made very severe prohibition of the slaughter of oxen, cows and also of kids. All public profession of the
Mohammedan religion was interdicted under very harsh treatment. One man gave tha azaan but the Jat government of Agra cut his tongue.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qanungo Kalikaranjan |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505305 |title=History Of Jats |date=1925 |quote=It was perhaps during the regime of Jawahir Singh, the strongest and most vindictive among the Jat Rajahs that “The Great Mosque of Agra was changed into a mtirket: the grain merchants had order to expose their goods for sale there.}}</ref>

==Victory in Delhi==
{{Main|Battle of Delhi (1764)||}}

In 1764, Jawahar Singh attacked [[Najib ad-Dawlah]] and later bombarded [[Old Delhi|Delhi]]. He enlisted the help of the [[Sikh Empire|Sikh]] chiefs for the campaign. He also asked for help from [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]. The [[Rohillas]] were sieged inside the fort and peace negotiations were being carried out. Jawahar Singh was also desperate for peace because he realized the [[Holkar State|Holkar]] were double dealing with him and were in secret negotiation with Najib Khan. The campaign was not much of a success as Jawahar Singh had spent more money than he received.<ref name=":0" />

==War with the Holkars==
Jawahar Singh also defeated the [[Marathas]] under Holkar with the help of the [[Sikhs]] sent by [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] near [[Dholpur]] in 1766, when Holkar tried to help Jawahar's brother, Nahar Singh gain the throne of Bharatpur. Jawahar Singh had to retreat after some time when [[Raghunath Rao]] arrived in northern [[Malwa]]. In 1767, after his recent success against the Marathas, he surprised their garrisons in [[Kalpi]] and attacked Maratha territory, the Maratha local agent fled and the whole area came under the rule of Jawahar Singh.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Kingdom_of_Bharatpur_under_Maharaja_Jawahar_Singh_(1767).jpg|thumb|right|Kingdom of Bharatpur under Maharaja Jawahar Singh (by Hitesh Sheoran)]].

Maharaja Jawahar Singh was annoyed with the treacherous behavior of [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] during the [[Battle of Delhi (1764)|Siege of Delhi]] as [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Holkar]] wanted to gain money from both sides (Jats and Rohilas), and sources{{who?|date=February 2024}} also inform us that Holkar was secretly in-contact with [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-daula]] against Maharaja Jawahar Singh. Another reason to wage a war against Holkar was that Marathas and Holkar had tried to help his brother [[Nahar Singh of Bharatpur|Raja Nahar Singh]] of [[Dholpur]]. This made Jawahar Singh to take actions against [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref>

Both sides came infront of each other and a pitched battle was fought between the [[Misl|Sikh]] troops (hired by Jawahar Singh) and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] under Holkar on 13 and 14 March 1766 near Dholpur. In this battle [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] was beaten back by [[Jats|Jat]] and [[Misl|Sikh]] troops.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref> The fleeing Maratha forces of Holkar were chased by Jat troops. The city of Dholpur was taken by the [[Bharatpur State|Jats]] and many [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] generals were captured, the Maratha army of 14,000 scattered and many of the troops were killed. [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] was thus defeated by Maharaja Jawahar Singh in [[Battle of Dholpur (1766)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wendel |first=François Xavier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xwq2AAAAIAAJ |title=Wendel's Memoirs on the Origin, Growth and Present State of Jat Power in Hindustan (1768) |date=1991 |publisher=Institut français de Pondichery |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref>

==Bundelkhand Campaign==
Maharaja Sawai Prithvendra Jawahar Singh Bahadur planned to expand his kingdom on the side of Bundelkhand and Northern Malwa.

Maharaja started his campaign in June 1767 by capturing Bhadarwar region from Marathas and Bhadoriya Rajputs. The Jat army defeated the Maratha forces at Rampura and further moved to Ayaman fort, it's Maratha chief became frightened by the Jat invasion. He fled from there and went to the shelter of Gaur Rajput chief of Indurkhi. The fortress was captured and the nearby area was plundered by Jats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref>

The enthusiasm of the young Maharaja increased greatly due to these victories. Therefore, during the days of heavy rains (July 11, 1767 AD), he attacked Bhind and Ater and captured them also by defeating Maratha army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Raj Pal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Rise of the Jat Power |date=1988 |publisher=Harman Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85151-05-2 |language=en}}</ref> Till now these states used to pay Khandani (state tax) to the Marathas. Now they would pay to Maharaja Jawahar Singh. Now he marched towards Samthar via Muravali to take over other areas with great speed, but at the same time he got the news that the people of Rampura had revolted, then the conquest of Samthar was postponed and the Jats headed towards Javar Paravara village. On July 13, 1767, Jats went towards Rampura. It was surrounded. After some time, the people of Rampur agreed to accept the sovereignty of the Jats.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref>

Maharaja's army moved towards the Kalpi area, where it's Maratha officer Balaji Govind Khair wanted to prevent disturbance and plunder. He sent Krishnaji-pant to Maharaja Jawahar with an offer of Rs. 3 lakhs, if he would spare Maratha territory in Bundelkhand. But the Jats did not concede to his offer. Maharaja took control of the march and attacked Balaji Govind. All Maratha chiefs fled, and Govind's with his children fled to Raipur (Jalaun). Govind maratha then crossed the Betwa river and took refugee. Maharaja now, moved further and established his dominance in Jalaun.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andhare |first=B. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWYeAAAAMAAJ |title=Bundelkhand Under the Marathas, 1720-1818 A.D.: A Study of Maratha-Bundela Relations |date=1984 |publisher=Vishwa Bharati Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>

On August 14, 1767, Maharaja Jawahar Singh received a request from the Khichi Rajput chief of Raghogarh to help free his kingdom from the Marathas. However, he rejected the request and returned to the north. He, then won the Maratha police station of Jigani by defeating Gobind Sabharam and joined the Jat kings of Gohad and Pichorre. These victories of Maharaja led to a problem for the Peshwa in Poona, who wanted to maintain Maratha power in the north. In September 1767, the Maratha officers on the orders of Peshwa made a treaty with Jawahar Singh. After this treaty, Maharaja gained Jigani and Jatalwar parganas of Vitthalrao Tavardhar and parganas of Sikarwar which belonged to Mahadaji Kasi. Thereafter. Maharaja crossed Chambal and returned to Bharatpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref>

Thus, after taking the entire region of Kalpi- Jalaun under his control, Maharaja Jawahar Singh set out and reached Samthar from there. Gujjar chief of Samthar readily accepted the submission and promised to give him 20-25 thousand rupees to Maharaja Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Bhagavānadāsa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2YeAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Rise and Fall of the Marathas in Bundelkhand, 1731-1804: Based on Original Sources |date=1987 |publisher=Neha Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ranavat Manohar Singh Ji |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.347515 |title=Bharatpur Maharaja Jawahar Singh Jat |date=1973}}</ref> Thereafter, around the first week of August, 1767 AD. he moved towards Narwar. Thus, in the words of a Maratha correspondent "every place in Kalpi province- Kachhavadhar. Bhadawar, Tanvardhar, Sikarwar, Dandroli, Khitoli and Shraddha areas was captured by the Jats (Jawahar Singh). And just Jhansi itself was the center of our (Marathas) and Gwalior have remained in reverence."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkEKAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Historical Quarterly |date=1941 |publisher=Calcutta Oriental Press |language=en}}</ref>

==War with Kingdom of Jaipur==
Jawahar Singh made the big mistake of leaving Pratap Singh of Machheri, the rebel noble of Jaipur, for the defence of Bharatpur. He had provided him shelter in his realms during the hour of crises in the latter's life and considered Partap Singh to be a reliable man. But his faith proved misplaced as the Rao Raja proved traitor. When Jawahar Singh was at Pushkar, he left Bharatpur and joined the camp of Madho Singh. Rather he instigated Madho Singh to take action against Jawahar Singh.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H19OAQAAMAAJ&q=pratap+singh+maonda | title=History of Bhurtpore | last1=Sahai | first1=Jwala | date=1898 }}</ref>

All the Rajput rulers assembled at Pushkar and held a conference in which no Jat rulers were invited. Raja Madho Singh said in this conference that the Jat ruler had injured the vanity of all the Rajputs. It was here that a witty Marwari, Raja Vijay Singh pointed out that after all the Jats were also Hindus and if they donated liberally on this auspicious occasion according to their financial position, it must not be taken as humiliation by Rajputs. Madho Singh, however, rejected this advice and appealed for war. The decision of this conference soon reached Jawahar Singh. He was expecting it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Research |first=Rajasthan Institute of Historical |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chVDAAAAYAAJ |title=Journal of the Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research |date=1972 |language=en}}</ref>

Madho Singh laid on ambush in a valley to intercept Jawahar Singh on his return. Jawahar Singh had anticipated this and took the alternative route via Turnawati, which was a bottleneck Surrounded by hills. The column of troops with cavalry and artillery was marching under the leadership of Captain Samru.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meena |first=R. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH--DwAAQBAJ&q=turnawati+jawahar+singh |title=RPSC RAS Prelims: History of Rajasthan Complete Study Notes With MCQ |publisher=New Era Publication |language=en}}</ref>

The palanquins of the Ranis were escorted by Jawahar Singh in the rear of the column. All of a sudden Rajputs attacked them from three sides. It was a fierce battle.

It is said that 25,000 casualties occurred in this battle. Jawahar Singh reached Bharatpur. Both of Jats and Rajputs claimed themselves victorious in this battle, but apparently the loss did not have much of a repercussion on the strength of Jats.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=2803+men+slain+and+thirteen+chiefs+slain&pg=PA256 | title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938 | isbn=978-81-250-0333-5 | last1=Sarkar | first1=Jadunath | date=1984 | publisher=Orient Blackswan }}</ref> He was assassinated by one of his favourite soldiers (swallowing poison) in at Agra Fort, 27th August 1768.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jawahar}}
[[Category:Rulers of Bharatpur state]]
[[Category:1768 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

History of Delhi

2024-10-03T15:39:50Z

103.46.201.118: Source addition. (All the citations can be checked by admin, all of them are genuine and correct.

{{short description|none}} 
{{See also|Timeline of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 250px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
| colspan="10" style="margin-left: inherit; text-align:center; font-size: medium;" |Historical Region of North India '''Delhi'''
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | <div style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0 0; border-collapse: collapse; border="1" cellpadding="0">
[[File:View from the top of the Jama Masjid Minaret New Delhi by od.jpg|250px|A view of the Old City]]</div>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Language]]'''
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]), [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Battle]]s'''
| [[Mongol invasion of India (1303)|Battle of Delhi]] (1303); [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] vs [[Delhi Sultanate|Khiljis]] 
[[Sack of Delhi (1398)]]; [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]] vs [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]] [[Battle of Tughlaqabad|Battle of Delhi]] (1556); [[Hemu]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] Battle of Delhi (1737); [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] [[Battle of Delhi (1757)|Battle of Delhi]] (1757); [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] [[Battle of Delhi (1764)|Battle of Delhi]] (1764); [[Bharatpur State|Jats]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] [[Capture of Delhi (1771)|Battle of Delhi]] (1771); [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] [[Battle of Delhi (1783)|Battle of Delhi]] (1783); [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|Battle of Delhi]] (1803); [[British Raj|British East India Company]] vs [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] [[Siege of Delhi (1804)|Battle of Delhi]] (1804); [[British Raj|British East India Company]] vs [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] [[Siege of Delhi|Battle of Delhi]] (1857); [[British Raj|British East India Company]] vs [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Dynasty|Dynasties]]'''
| {{Ubl
| [[Kuru Kingdom]] (c. 1200 BCE – c. 500 BCE)
| [[Tomara dynasty|Tomars]] (736–1179)
| [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan]] (1180–1192)
| [[Ghurids]] (1193–1206)
| [[Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)|Mamluks]] (1206–89)
| [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]] (1290–1320)
| [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]] (1320–1413)
| [[Sayyid dynasty|Sayyids]] (1414–51)
| [[Lodi dynasty|Lodis]] (1451–1526)
| [[Mughal dynasty|Mughals]] (1526–1540)
| [[Sur Empire|Suris]] (1540–55)
| [[Hemu|Hemchandra]] (1556)
| [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] (1556–1764)
| [[List of Jat dynasties and states|Jats]] (1764–1770)
| [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] (1770–1771)
| [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] (1771–1803)
| [[British Raj|British]] (1803–1947)
| [[Government of India]] (1947–present)
}}
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|}

'''[[Delhi]]''' has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5743/|title=Delhi{{Snd}} A Heritage City|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424023553/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5743/|archive-date=24 April 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> The recorded history of Delhi begins with the 8th century [[Tomara dynasty|Tomar Rajput]] dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Tomars of Delhi: Rajput Clans of India |url=https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tomars-of-delhi/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=GeeksforGeeks |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomara dynasty {{!}} Tomara Dynasty, Delhi, Rajputs {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tomara-dynasty |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> It is considered to be a city built, destroyed and rebuilt several times, as outsiders who successfully invaded the [[Indian subcontinent]] would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/aboutus/index.jsp | title=Delhi Tourism}}</ref>

From the Ancient to the medieval era, Delhi was ruled by the powerful Rajput dynasties such as the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomaras]], [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhans]], [[Gautam (clan)|Gautamas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Prabha |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.11840 |title=Delhi : history and places of interest |date=1970 |publisher=Delhi Administration, Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=Medieval India: The Rajput Kingdoms - ClearIAS |url=https://www.clearias.com/medieval-india-rajput-kingdoms/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Delhi Sultanate]] is the name given for a series of five successive dynasties, which remained as a dominant power of [[Indian subcontinent]] with Delhi as their capital.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=India - Rajputs, Kingdoms, Warriors {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/The-Rajputs |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

During the sultanate period, the city became a center for culture.{{sfn|Hearn, The Seven Cities of Delhi|1906|pp=88-99}} The Delhi Sultanate came to an end in 1526, when [[Babur]] defeated the forces of the last Lodi sultan, [[Ibrahim Lodi]] at the [[first Battle of Panipat]], and formed the [[Mughal Empire]].

The [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] ruled the area for three centuries. During the 16th century, the city declined as the Mughal capital was shifted. The fifth Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] built the walled city of [[Old Delhi|Shahjahanabad]] within Delhi, and its landmarks, the [[Red Fort]] and [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]].<ref name="Redfort" />{{sfn|Hearn, The Seven Cities of Delhi|1906|pp=134-173}} His reign would be considered the zenith of the empire. After the death of his successor [[Aurangzeb]], the Mughal Empire was plagued by a series of revolts. They lost major portions to the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] and many governors of erstwhile [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] provinces like [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Oudh State|Awadh]] and [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]. Delhi was [[Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire|sacked and looted]] by [[Nader Shah]]. The Rajputs captured many important towns of Mughal heartland south of Delhi. The Marathas captured Delhi in the battle of Delhi in 1757 and continued to control it until 1803<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=History of Rajputs in India |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/history/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref> when they were defeated by the British during the second Anglo-Maratha War. In 1803, [[Battle of Delhi (1803)|Delhi was captured]] by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]].

During [[Company rule in India|Company Rule in India]], the Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]] was reduced to merely a figurehead. The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] sought to end company rule and declared [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]] the Emperor of India. However, the British soon [[Siege of Delhi|recaptured Delhi]] and their other territories, ending the short-lived rebellion. This also marked the beginning of [[British Raj|direct British Rule in India]]. In 1911, the capital of British India was shifted from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] to [[New Delhi]], the last inner city of Delhi designed by [[Edwin Lutyens]].

After India's [[Indian independence movement|Independence]] from the British, [[New Delhi]] became the capital of the newly formed [[India|Republic of India]].

[[File:1863 Dispatch Atlas Map of Delhi, India - Geographicus - Delhi-dispatch-1867.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Historic map of [[Shahjahanabad]] (now known as [[Old Delhi]]), in 1863]]

[[File:Agrasen ki Baoli, New Delhi, India - 20070127.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Agrasen ki Baoli]] is believed to be originally built by the legendary king [[Agrasen]].<ref>Mittal, J.P. (2006), History of Ancient India (4250 BCE to 637 CE) page 675, {{ISBN|978-81-269-0616-1}} (This author considers King Agrasen an actual historical figure)</ref>]]

==Pre historic period==
There was [[Ochre Coloured Pottery culture]] in [[Red fort]] area which began around c.2000 BCE according to carbon dating. Around c.1200 BCE the region was inhabited by people of [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] which corresponds to [[Vedic Period]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA216|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131711200}}</ref> Significant prehistoric sites in Delhi include [[Anangpur Dam|Anangpur]] (in the [[Badarpur, Delhi|Badarpur]] region), as well as [[Harappan civilisation|Harappan]] excavations near Narela and Nand Nagari.<ref name="delhi_ancient_history">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C|title=Delhi: Ancient History|date=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=9788187358299}}</ref>

==In mythology==
A long-standing tradition associates Delhi with Indraprastha and identifies the legendary city with the village Indarpat, which survived until the early 20th century within the [[Purana Qila]]. There is no tangible archeological evidence, however, which links the excavated 'painted greyware' at Purana Qila with the [[Bharata Khanda]] site.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tillotson|first=Giles|title=Delhi Darahan|date=2019|publisher=Penguin Random House India|isbn=9780670091911|page=6}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=October 2021}} The legendary ancient city of [[Indraprastha]] is mentioned in the ancient [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epic]] [[Mahabharata]] probably compiled between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, with the oldest preserved parts not much older than around 400 BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Christopher R. |title=Pradyumna: Lover, Magician, and Son of the Avatara |date=2019 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-005411-3 |page=21 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jCoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Mauryan period]], Indraprastha was known as Indapatta in Buddhist literature. The location of Indraprastha is uncertain but [[Purana Qila]] in present-day New Delhi is frequently cited.{{efn|For instance, Indologist [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]], who translated the Mahabharata, wrote in 1973 that "there can be no reasonable doubt about the locations of [[Hastinapura]], of Indraprastha (Delhi's Purana Qila [...]), and of [[Mathura]]}}<ref name="BuitenenBuitenen1973">{{cite book|author1=J. A. B. van Buitenen|author2=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus Buitenen|author3=James L. Fitzgerald|title=The Mahabharata, Volume 1: Book 1: The Book of the Beginning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8oe5fY5_3UC&pg=PA10|year=1973|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-84663-7|page=12}}</ref>

== Medieval period ==

=== Tomara ===
<gallery widths="200" heights="200" class="center">
The bastion of Lal Kot fort, Mehrauli, Delhi.jpg|The bastion of [[Qila Rai Pithora|Lal Kot fort]] in Delhi's Mehrauli built by Tomara Rajput ruler, [[Anangpal Tomar]] in c. 1052 CE.
File:Carving at Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque.jpg|Sculptures of ancient temple in [[Qutb Minar complex]].
File:Round Bations of Rai Pithora.jpg|Lal Kot, built by Anangpal Tomar II
</gallery>

[[Anangpal Tomar]] founded Delhi in 1052. A [[Vikram Samvat|VS]] 1383 inscription in [[National Museum, New Delhi|Delhi Museum]] confirms the founding of Delhi by the Tomars.<ref name="Richard J. Cohen 1989., p. 513-519">{{cite journal|last1=Cohen|first1=Richard J.|title=An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=1989|pages=513–519}}</ref>

He established the Tomar Dynasty of Delhi in the early 8th century and built his capital at the [[Anangpur Dam|Anangpur]] village in Haryana. The [[Anangpur Dam]] was built during his reign; the [[Surajkund]] during the reign of his son Surajpal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KkpdLnZpm78C&q=anangpur+dam+asi&pg=PA200|title=Delhi: Ancient History|date=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-81-87358-29-9|language=en}}</ref>

=== Chauhan Rajputs ===

[[File:Qila Rai Pithora, New Delhi.jpg|200px|thumb|Museum and remnants of the walls of Qila Rai Pithora, the second city of Delhi.]]

The [[Rajput]] [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] (Chauhan) kings of [[Ajmer]] conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora. The Chauhan king [[Prithviraj III]] was defeated in 1192 by [[Muhammad Ghori]] in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]], solidifying Muslim presence in northern India and shattering Rajput power in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajasthan - History |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rajasthan/History |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=17 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Late Medieval period (13th-16th centuries CE)==
{{Further|Delhi Sultanate}}

=== Delhi Sultanate ===

From 1206, Delhi became the capital of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave Dynasty]]. The first [[Sultan]] of Delhi, [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak]], was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a general, a governor and then Sultan of Delhi. Qutb-ud-din started the construction of the Qutub Minar, a recognisable symbol of Delhi, to commemorate his victory but died before its completion. In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam), which is the earliest extant mosque in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/233/|title=Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> He was said to have destroyed twenty-seven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building material from their debris for this mosque, many of which can still be seen.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Jāvīd
| first = ʻAlī
| title = World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India
| page = 107|chapter=The Monuments At Delhi
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iFILG_V4hOMC&q=Qutub+Minar+Jain+temples&pg=RA1-PA107
| access-date = 27 May 2009| isbn = 9780875864846
| year = 2008
| publisher = Algora
}}</ref> After the end of the Slave dynasty, a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties, the [[Khalji dynasty]], the [[Tughluq dynasty]], the [[Sayyid dynasty]] and the [[Lodi dynasty]] held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships in Delhi.<ref>[http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Seven.html Battuta's Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423014415/http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta%27s_Trip_Seven.html |date=23 April 2008 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" class="center">
Qminar.jpg|The [[Qutub Minar]] is the world's tallest brick [[minaret]] at 72.5 metres, built by [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]] of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave dynasty]] in 1192 CE.{{sfn|Hearn, The Seven Cities of Delhi|1906|pp=88-89}}
File:Exteriors of the Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, Qutb Complex - 1.jpg |Mosque tomb over ancient temple structure in [[Qutb Minar complex]]

File:Tomb of Ghayasuddin Tughluq - Delhi.jpg|Tomb of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghiyasuddin Tughluq]]
within the [[Tughlaqabad Fort]].
File:Jahaz Mahal on the bank of Hauz-i-Shamsi.jpg|[[Jahaz Mahal]] is built during the Lodi dynasty period (1452–1526) as a pleasure resort.
File:Alauddin's Madrasa, Qutb complex.jpg|[[Alauddin Khilji]]'s ''madrasa'' and Tomb in the [[Qutb complex]].
</gallery>

=== Timur ===

In 1398, [[Timur Lang]] invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim [[Sultan of Delhi|sultans of Delhi]] were too tolerant of their [[Hindu]] subjects. After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of [[Tughlaq dynasty]], on 15 December 1398, Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398, and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well.<ref>[https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Timurid Empire)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816204247/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/mongols/timurid.html |date=16 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Sir William Wilson |author-link=William Wilson Hunter|title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_401.gif|volume=2|year=1909|page=366|chapter=The Indian Empire: Timur's invasion 1398}}</ref>

=== Defeat of the Lodi sultans ===

In 1526, following the [[First Battle of Panipat]], Zahiruddin [[Babur]], the former ruler of [[Fergana]], defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] dynasty which ruled from Delhi, [[Agra]] and [[Lahore]].

==Mughal Rule==
{{Further|Mughal Empire|}}The early modern period in Indian history is marked with the rise of the [[Mughal Empire]] between the 16th and 18th centuries. After the fall of the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals ruled from [[Agra]], [[Fatehpur Sikri|Sikri]] and [[Lahore]], but the city once became the capital in 1648 during the rule of [[Shah Jahan]], and remained the capital until the fall of the empire. During this time, Delhi became a center for culture, and poets such as [[Ghalib]], [[Khwaja Mir Dard|Dard]], [[Daagh Dehlvi|Dagh]] and [[Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq|Zauq]] lived in the city and sought patronage of the emperor. The Mughals also built several monuments in the city including [[Humayun's Tomb]], [[Red Fort]], and [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]].

=== Babur and Humayun (1526–1556) ===
{{See also|Sur Empire|Hemu}}

The first Mughal Emperors [[Babur]] (1526–1530) and [[Humayun]] (1530–1540, restored 1556–57) ruled from Agra, unlike the preceding Delhi Sultans.

In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as [[Sher Shah Suri]] defeated [[Humayun]] and forced him to flee to [[Safavid Empire|Persia]]. Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the old fort known as [[Purana Qila]], even though this city was settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suri's death in 1545, his son [[Islam Shah Suri|Islam Shah]] took the reins of north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi. Then Humayun was briefly restored; but meanwhile in 1553 the Hindu [[Hem Chandra Vikramaditya|Hemu]] became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah.

Hemu fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and (twice) against the Mughal Akbar's army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After defeating Akbar's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlaqabad fort area in [[Battle of Tughlaqabad|Battle of Delhi]], Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period, taking the title 'Vikramaditya' at his coronation in [[Purana Quila]], Delhi. Hemu was defeated at the [[Second Battle of Panipat|second battle of Panipat]] by Mughal forces led by [[Akbar]]'s regent [[Bairam Khan]], thus reinstating Mughal rule in the region.

=== Akbar to Aurangzeb (1556–1707) ===

The third and greatest Mughal emperor, [[Akbar]] (1556–1605), continued to rule from [[Agra]], resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi.

In the mid-17th century, the Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] (1628–1658) built the city that sometimes bears his name [[Shahjahanabad]], the seventh city of Delhi that is now commonly known as the old city or old Delhi.<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Hearn, The Seven Cities of Delhi|1906|pp=134-173}} This city contains a number of significant architectural features, including the [[Delhi Fort|Red Fort]] (''Lal Qila'') and the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]].<ref name="Redfort">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231/|title=Red Fort Complex|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704063551/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/231|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> The city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onward, when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra.

[[Aurangzeb]] (1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the [[Shalimar Bagh, Delhi|Shalimar garden]] ('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659.

After 1680, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the [[Hindu]] [[Maratha Empire]] rose to prominence.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Thomas
|first = Amelia
|title = Rajasthan, Delhi, and Agra
|publisher = Lonely Planet
|isbn = 978-1-74104-690-8|year = 2008
}}</ref>

=== Decline of Mughals===
{{Further|Maratha Empire|Mughal–Maratha Wars}}{{See also|Battle of Delhi (1737)|Capture of Delhi (1753)|Battle of Delhi (1757)|Battle of Delhi (1783)}}
The [[Mughal Empire]] suffered several blows due to invasions from [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], [[Bharatpur State|Jats]], [[Durrani Empire|Afghans]] and [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]]. In 1737, [[Bajirao I]] marched towards Delhi with a huge army. The Marathas defeated the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&dq=Mir+Hasan+Khan+delhi+1737&pg=PA117 Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&dq=Bajirao+I&pg=PA12 History Modern India]</ref> The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] forces sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge [[Battle of Karnal]] in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by [[Nader Shah]] during his [[Nader Shah's invasion of India|invasion]] after which he [[sack of Delhi|completely sacked and looted Delhi]], the Mughal capital, followed by massacre for 2 days, killing over 30,000 civilians and carrying away immense wealth including the [[Peacock Throne]], the [[Daria-i-Noor]], and [[Koh-i-Noor]]. Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah|Muhammad Shah I]] to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QsDSGn8jLPAC&q=muhammad+shah+nader+shah+beg+for+mercy&pg=PA298|title=Soul and Structure of Governance in India|access-date=2 June 2014|isbn=9788177648317|author1=Jagmohan|year=2005|publisher=Allied Publishers }}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" class="center">
File:Farrukhsiyar Procession in front of the Great Mosque of Delhi.png|The Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar visits the Great Mosque of Delhi for the Friday prayers
Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg|The [[Red Fort]] was commissioned by Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]] in the 17th century,<ref name=Redfort/> it was the main residence of the [[List of Mughal emperors|Mughal emperors]] for nearly 200 years.
File:Humayuntomb.JPG|[[Humayun's Tomb]] is considered a predecessor to the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232/|title=Humayun's Tomb, Delhi|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704063329/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/232|archive-date=4 July 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>
File:Jama Masjid - In the Noon.jpg|The [[Jama Masjid]] is one of the largest mosques in India.
</gallery>

==Maratha Rule==
[[File:Raghunathrao Peshwa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Raghunath Rao]], the younger brother of [[Balaji Bajirao|Peshwa Balaji Bajirao]], led the Battle of Delhi in 1757.]]

===Maratha Protectorate===
{{See also|Sack of Delhi (1757)|Battle of Delhi (1757)}}
A treaty signed in 1752 made [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi.<ref>{{cite book|last = Gordon|first = Stewart|title = The Marathas 1600–1818, Volume 2|publisher = Cambridge University Press, 1993|isbn = 978-0-521-26883-7|date = 16 September 1993}}</ref> In 1753 [[Bharatpur State|Jat]] ruler [[Suraj Mal]] attacked Delhi. He defeated Nawab of Delhi Ghazi-ud-din (second) and captured Delhi in the [[Capture of Delhi (1753)|Capture of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0M_bAAAAMAAJ&q=surajmal+capture+delhi+1753|title=The Army Quarterly and Defence Journal, Volume 114|publisher=West of England Press|year=1984}}</ref> Jats sacked Delhi from 9 May to 4 June.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhattacherje|first=S. B.|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&q=maharaja+surajmal+captured+delhi+1753&pg=SL1-PA91|year=1984|publisher=New Dawn Press|isbn=978-1-932-70549-2|pages=595}}</ref> [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] invaded [[North India]] for the fourth time in early 1757. He [[Sack of Delhi (1757)|entered Delhi in January 1757]] and kept the Mughal emperor under arrest. In August 1757, the Marathas once again attacked Delhi, decisively defeating [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib-ud-Daula]] and his Rohilla Afghan army in the [[Battle of Delhi (1757)]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oAo1X2eagywC&dq=marathas+capture+delhi+in+1757&pg=PA88 The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe]</ref> Later, Ahmad Shah Durrani conquered Delhi in 1761, after the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in which the Marathas were decisively defeated. Later, a treaty was made between the Marathas and Afghans that the Marathas would have all the lands east of the [[Sutlej]] river. Thus, the Marathas established full control over the city. Under the leadership of [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] and [[Baghel Singh]], Delhi was briefly conquered by the [[Sikh Empire]] in early 1783 in the [[Battle of Delhi (1783)]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/1783-sikh-conquest-to-come-alive-in-delhi-656274|title=1783 Sikh conquest to come alive in Delhi|date=21 September 2018|access-date=25 August 2020|first=Vikramdeep|last=Johal}}</ref>

=== Decline of the Marathas ===
[[File:Daulat Rao Scindia.jpg|thumb|After losing the [[Battle of Delhi (1803)]] to the British, under Maratha ruler [[Daulat Rao Scindia]], the Marathas lost control of Delhi and the right to collect [[chauth]] from the Mughals]]
{{See also|Battle of Delhi (1803)|Siege of Delhi (1804)}}
In 1803, during the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]], the forces of [[British East India Company]] defeated the [[Maratha]] forces in the [[Battle of Delhi (1803)]], ending the Maratha rule over the city.<ref>{{cite book
|last = Mayaram
|first = Shail
|title = Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history
|publisher = Columbia University Press, 2003
|isbn = 978-0-231-12731-8|year = 2003
}}</ref> As a result, Delhi came under the control of [[British East India Company]], and became a part of the [[North-Western Provinces]]. The Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] remained a mere figurehead.

==British Rule==
[[File:India Gate in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|thumb|The [[India Gate]] commemorates the 90,000 [[Military of India|Indian soldiers]] who died in the [[European influence in Afghanistan|Afghan Wars]] and [[World War I]].]]
[[File:Forecourt, Rashtrapati Bhavan - 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (President's Palace) is the official residence of the [[President of India]]. Before independence, it used to be a residence for the [[British Viceroy]].]]

=== Revolt of 1857 ===
{{Further|Indian Rebellion of 1857|Siege of Delhi}}
The [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] sought to end Company Rule in India. On 11 May, the mutineers reached and captured Delhi, and declared [[Bahadur Shah Zafar II]] the Emperor of India, and the Emperor held his first court in many years. However, the British returned and [[Siege of Delhi|laid siege to Delhi]] on 8 June 1857. On 21 September, Delhi finally fell into the hands of British troops. The city received significant damage during the battle. Afterwards, the last titular Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar II]] was captured and exiled to [[Yangon|Rangoon]].

Delhi passed into the direct control of [[British Government]] in 1857 after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and the remaining Mughal territories were annexed as a part of [[British India]].

=== British Raj ===
{{Further|British Raj}}
[[Calcutta]] was the capital of British India till 1911 but in 1911 at the [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 191|Delhi Durbar of 1911]], held at the [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], [[King George V]] announced the shifting of the capital to Delhi. [[New Delhi]] designed by the British [[architect]] [[Edwin Lutyens]] was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction was delayed due to World War I.<ref name=":0" /><ref>A brief but fascinating account of the Indian contractors behind this constructed a Little Malice.</ref> Originally [[George V|King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]] announced the project, although it did receive major opposition from the European business community of [[Calcutta]], along with [[Lord Curzon]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Td8JkhtCNMC&q=delhi+lectures+khushwant |title=Delhi |date=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-012619-8 |language=en}}</ref> The project was fulfilled by a team of architects, engineers and contractors, namely [[Edwin Lutyens|Sir Edwin Lutyens]], [[Sir Herbert Baker]], Sir Teja Singh Malik, [[Walter Sykes George]], [[Robert Tor Russell]], [[Arthur Shoosmith]], [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sir Sobha Singh]], Basakha Singh, Ram Singh Kabli, Narain Singh and Dharam Singh Sethi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=Team of 5, and some more, who built New Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/team-of-5-and-some-more-who-built-new-delhi-sobha-singh-7849906/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Khushwant |last=Singh |work=Hindustan Times |title=Give the builders of New Delhi their due |date=9 July 2011 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/give-the-builders-of-new-delhi-their-due/story-kdB9UKXKBw2JYRskrLDt3J.html}}</ref>

New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the [[Government of India]] after [[independence]] in 1947.

== Post-Independence (1947–present) ==
During the [[partition of India]], around five lakh Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]] fled to Delhi, while around three lakh Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/capital-gains-how-1947-gave-birth-to-a-new-identity-a-new-ambition-a-new-delhi/story-e0GfoFrhwStTU2910v5DrJ.html Hindustan Times]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/muslim-ghettos-of-delhi-6297633/|title=How Muslim ghettos came about in Delhi|date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly [[Hindi]]-speaking [[Punjabi Hindus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/delhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html|title=Delhi Assembly Elections 2015: Important Facts And Major Stakeholders Mobile Site|date=6 February 2015|work=India TV News|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=30 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230215251/http://m.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/delhi-assembly-elections-2015-important-facts-and-stakeholders-25298.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/mobi/news/sunday-special/perspective/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election/36387.html|title=Why Punjabis are central to Delhi election|author=Jupinderjit Singh|date=February 2015|work=tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/perspective/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election/36387.html|access-date=7 September 2015|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109200353/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/why-punjabis-are-central-to-delhi-election-36387|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sanjay2008">{{cite book | author=Sanjay Yadav | title=The Invasion of Delhi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTBBL1q5C_EC&pg=PA10 | year=2008 | publisher=Worldwide Books | isbn=978-81-88054-00-8 }}</ref> Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues ({{As of|2013|lc=y}}), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining.<ref name=migrationbirth>{{cite news |title=Fall in Delhi birth rate fails to arrest population rise |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010311230300.htm |date=3 January 2005 |access-date=19 December 2006 |location=Chennai|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604194955/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010311230300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=4 June 2007 }}</ref>

The [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] created the Union Territory of Delhi from its predecessor, the ''[[Chief Commissioner's Province]] of Delhi''.<ref name="7thAmend56">{{cite web|title=The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act, 1956|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)]]|access-date=16 March 2017|year=1956|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm|archive-date=1 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="ReorgAct56">{{cite web|title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1956/A1956-37.pdf|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)]]|access-date=16 March 2017|year=1956|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317144043/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/P-ACT/1956/A1956-37.pdf|archive-date=17 March 2017}}</ref>
The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi.<ref name=NCTact>{{cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm|title=The Constitution (Sixty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991|access-date=8 January 2007|work=Government of India|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020032/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm|archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> The Act gave Delhi its own legislative assembly along Civil lines, though with limited powers.<ref name=NCTact />

After 1967 relations between Hindus and Muslims deteriorated to the level that there was a significant uptick in the number of riots and other disruption of civil life. One of the most significant was the 1973 riot in Bao Hindu Rao area, which resulted in the injury of 18 police officers and financial losses estimated to be around 500,000 Rupees, according to police sources. Another significant riot happened on 5 May 1974 in the Sadar Bazar area between Hindus and Muslims in which 11 people were killed and 92 were injured. This riot was the worst in Delhi since independence. The Centre for the Study of Developing Societies carried out a survey in nearby areas that showed significant division between Hindus and Muslims who saw each other negatively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krishna |first1=Gopal |title=Communal Violence in India: A Study of Communal Disturbance in Delhi |year=1985 |issue=3 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=20 |pages=117–131 |jstor=4373987 }}</ref>

In 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor [[Ashoka]] (273-236 BCE) was discovered near [[Sriniwaspuri]]. Two sandstone pillars inscribed with the [[Ashokan Edicts in Delhi|edicts of Ashoka]] were brought to by [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] in the 14th century already exist in Delhi.

<gallery widths="200" heights="200" class="center">
File:LotusDelhi.jpg|The [[Lotus Temple]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5921/|title=Bahá'í House of Worship at New Delhi|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302163514/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5921/|archive-date=2 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref>
File:Delhimap.jpg|Delhi today.
File:RajGhat.JPG|The [[Raj Ghat]], where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] was [[cremated]].
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Agrasen ki Baoli]]
* [[Gates of Delhi]]
* [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal | last1 = Kishore | first1 = Raghav | year = 2016 | title = Planning, traffic and the city: railway development in colonial Delhi, c. 1899–1905 | journal = Urban History | volume = 44| issue = 2| pages = 1–17| doi = 10.1017/S0963926816000353 | s2cid = 151717699 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 11 |chapter=History of Delhi District|publisher=Oxford at Clarendon Press |year=1909|page=225 |chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V11_231.gif |ref=Hist |title-link=The Imperial Gazetteer of India}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kapoor|first1=Pramod|first2=Malvika |last2=Singh |first3=Rudrangshu |last3=Mukherjee |title=New Delhi: Making of a Capital|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAAhQwAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Lustre Press|isbn=978-81-7436-574-3}}
* {{cite book |title=New Delhi |first=Robert |last=Byron |author-link=Robert Byron (travel writer) |publisher=[[The Architectural Review]], Westminster|year=1931|url=https://archive.org/stream/NewDelhiByRobertByron/New%20Delhi%20by%20Robert%20Byron#page/n1/mode/2up }}
*{{cite book|last=Hartcourt|first=A., Assistant Commissioner Delhi|title=The New guide to Delhi|url=https://archive.org/stream/newguidetodelhi00harcgoog#page/n4/mode/1up|year=1873|publisher=Lahore, Victoria Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Fanshawe|first=H. C. |title=Delhi{{Snd}} Past and Present|url=https://archive.org/stream/delhipastandpre00fansgoog#page/n6/mode/1up|year=1902|publisher=London, J. Murray}}
* {{cite book|last=Fraser|first=Lovat|title=At Delhi (An account of the Delhi Durbar, 1903)|url=https://archive.org/stream/atdelhifras00fras#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1903|publisher=Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker}}
* {{cite book|last=Bardiar |first=Nilendra |title=Urban, Cultural, Economic and Social Transformation: History of New Delhi (1947-65) |url=http://www.rubypressco.in |publisher=New Delhi, Ruby Press & Co. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415093344/http://www.rubypressco.in/ |archive-date=15 April 2014 }}
* {{cite book|last=Hearn|first=Gordon Risley|title=The Seven Cities of Delhi|url=https://archive.org/stream/sevencitiesofdel00hear#page/n9/mode/2up|year=1906|publisher=W. Thacker & Co., London|ref={{sfnref|Hearn, The Seven Cities of Delhi|1906}}}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hiSFxKMO_2Q&NR=1 Delhi (1938)], a documentary by BFI archives
* {{cite AV media |title=Scenes from Delhi |format=Silent film |minutes=18:16–23:27 |url=https://archive.org/details/upenn-f16-0737_1930_India |date=c. 1930 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Films }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141025130035/http://www.malchakls.org/land-aquisition-act-1894/ Land and Acquisition Act of 1894, under which the new city of Delhi was acquired] (archived 25 October 2014)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141025173022/http://www.malchakls.org/agreement-construction-rashtrapti-bhawan/ The agreement of construction of new city of Delhi with original signatures of Herbert Baker and Edwin Luteyns] (archived 25 October 2014)

{{Delhi}}
{{Historical regions of North India}}
{{History of India by State}}{{History of India by City}}{{Portal bar|History}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Delhi| ]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]

[[cy:Hen Ddelhi]]

Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11

2021-12-20T10:23:04Z

103.46.201.118: /* ODI series */

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team2_name = South Africa
| from_date = 16 December 2010
| to_date = 23 January 2011
| team1_captain = [[MS Dhoni]]
| team2_captain = [[Graeme Smith]] [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]] (Twenty20)
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (326)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Jacques Kallis]] (498)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (15)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Dale Steyn]] (21)
| player_of_test_series = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| no_of_twenty20s = 1
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (53)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Morne van Wyk]] (67)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Ashish Nehra]] (2) [[Yusuf Pathan]] (2)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Juan Theron]] (2)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 3
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (193)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Hashim Amla]] (250)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Munaf Patel]] (11)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (13)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Morné Morkel]] (SA)
}}
The [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] from 16 December 2010 to 23 January 2011. The tour consisted of three [[Test cricket|Tests]], one [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) and five [[One Day Internationals]] (ODIs).

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20I
|-
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndTest">{{cite news |title=Jadeja returns for South Africa Tests |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930421.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad">{{cite news |title=Tahir, Dane Piedt return to SA Test squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/919227.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad">{{cite news |title=India pick Gurkeerat for ODIs, Aravind for T20s |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/921989.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad"/>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[S Sreesanth]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|
* [[Graeme Smith]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[AB de Villiers]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
*[[Hashim Amla]]
*[[Jacques Kallis]]
* [[Mark Boucher]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
*[[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Paul Harris (South African cricketer)|Paul Harris]]
* [[Ryan McLaren]]
* [[Alviro Petersen|Alviro Peterson]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* [[Wayne Parnell]]
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]]
* [[Ashwell Prince]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[Yuvraj Singh]]
*[[Virat Kohli]]
*[[Rohit Sharma]]
*[[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
*<s>[[Virender Sehwag]]</s>
*<s>[[Gautam Gambhir]]</s>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
*<s>[[Praveen Kumar]]</s>
* [[S. Sreesanth|Sreeshanth]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Ashish Nehra]]
|
* [[Graeme Smith]] [[Captain (cricket)|(c)]]
*[[AB de Villiers|Ab de Villiers]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]
* [[Morné van Wyk|Morne van Wyk]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
*[[Colin Ingram]]
*[[Robin Peterson]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|<s>David Miller</s>]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* <s>[[Albie Morkel]]</s>
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Wayne Parnell]]
* [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Murali Vijay|Murli Vijay]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
*[[Ashish Nehra]]
*[[Munaf Patel]]
*[[S. Sreesanth|Sreeshanth]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Praveen Kumar]]
|
* [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Colin Ingram]]
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
* [[AB de Villiers]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Robin Peterson]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Wayne Parnell]]
* [[Rusty Theron]]
* [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]]
* [[Makhaya Ntini]]
|}

South Africa's [[David Wiese]] was ruled out of the T20I series with a fractured hand and was replaced by [[Albie Morkel]].<ref name="SA changes">{{cite news |title=Albie Morkel replaces injured Wiese |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/923561.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref> [[Rilee Rossouw]] was ruled out of the ODI series following a stress fracture to his foot and was replaced by [[Khaya Zondo]].<ref name="SA changes"/> [[Harbhajan Singh]] was added to India's ODI squad as [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] sustained a left side strain injury during the first ODI.<ref name="Harbhajan">{{cite news |title=Ashwin suffers side strain, Harbhajan in as cover |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/927867.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 }}</ref> [[JP Duminy]] was ruled out of the last two ODI matches after suffering a hand injury. He was replaced by [[Dean Elgar]]. Duminy is expected to be fit for the Test series.<ref name="Duminy">{{cite news |title=JP Duminy ruled out of last two India ODIs |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930677.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Vernon Philander]] was ruled out of the last three Test matches after suffering an ankle injury and was replaced by [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]].<ref name="Vernon">{{cite news |title=Kyle Abbott replaces injured Philander |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/939965.html|work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 }}</ref> [[Marchant de Lange]] was added to South Africa's Test squad as cover for [[Dale Steyn]].<ref name="Marchant">{{cite news |title=De Lange brought in as cover for Steyn |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/942445.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 November 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>

==Test Series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 16–20 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 136 (38.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 36 (34)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Morné Morkel]] 5/20 (12.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 620/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (130.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 201[[not out|*]] (270)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 2/120 (27.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 459 (128.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 111[[not out|*]] (241)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dale Steyn]] 4/105 (30.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = South Africa won by an innings and 25 runs
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463146.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play early on Day 4.
| notes = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
*''[[Sachin Tendulkar]] scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar|50th Test century]].''
*''[[Rahul Dravid]] reached 12,000 runs in Test cricket.
*''[[Jacques Kallis]]'' scored his first double century.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 26–30 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 205 (65.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 38 (73)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 6/50 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 131 (37.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 33 (46)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 4/10 (7.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 228 (70.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 96 (171)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 3/43 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 215 (72.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ashwell Prince]] 39[[Not out|*]] (108)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sreesanth]] 3/45 (14 overs)

| result = India won by 87 runs
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus)
| motm = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463147.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play on Days 2 and 3.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 2–6 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 362 (112.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 161 (291)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sreesanth]] 5/114 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 364 (117.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 146 (314)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 5/75 (31 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 341 (102 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 109[[Not out|*]] (240)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 7/120 (38 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 166/3 (82 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 64 (184)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 1/26 (15 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463148.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain and bad light reduced play on Day 1.
}}

==Krish Mackerdhuj Trophy==

===Only T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 168/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 147/9 (20 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 53 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Juan Theron]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Morne van Wyk]] 67 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 21 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463149.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
*''This was the first cricket match held at the [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]].
*''This was [[Makhaya Ntini]]'s last international match.
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 289/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 154 (35.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 76 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 2/30 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 54 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/31 (8.4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 135 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463150.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 190 (50 overs)
| score2 = 189 (45.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 53 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/22 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 77 (98)
| wickets2 = [[Munaf Patel]] 4/29 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 1 run
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463151.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}
Indian batsman [[Sachin Tendulkar]] suffered a hamstring injury during the match and was forced to fly home afterward. Tendulkar's appearance equalled the record number of appearances in ODI matches at 444, tied with [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] of Sri Lanka.<ref name="ODI_Match2">{{cite news |title=Cricket World Cup: Tendulkar injury worry for India |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/9363286.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 January 2011 |access-date=16 January 2011 }}</ref>

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 220 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 223/8 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 60 (78)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/43 (9.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 59 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 3/28 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 2 wickets
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Zaheer Khan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463152.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = [[Faf du Plessis]] (SA) made his ODI debut.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 265/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 142/6 (32.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[JP Duminy]] 71 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 3/34 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 87[[Not out|*]] (92)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 2/25 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 48 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463153.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St George's Oval|St George's Park]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[JP Duminy]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Play called off at 32.5 overs of the Indian innings due to rain. The par score was 190 runs from 32.5 overs according to the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]].
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 January
| time = 10:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 250/9 (46 overs)
| score2 = 234 (40.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 116 (132)
| wickets1 = [[Munaf Patel]] 3/50 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 105 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 4/52 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 33 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463154.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Hashim Amla]] (SA)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain during the South African innings reduced the match to 46 overs-a-side. The [[Duckworth–Lewis method]] set India a target of 268.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of South Africa}}
{{International cricket in 2010–11}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010-11}}
[[Category:2010 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of South Africa|2010-11]]
[[Category:2010–11 South African cricket season]]
[[Category:2010 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:2011 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2010–11]]

Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11

2021-12-20T10:19:20Z

103.46.201.118: /* Squads */

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team2_name = South Africa
| from_date = 16 December 2010
| to_date = 23 January 2011
| team1_captain = [[MS Dhoni]]
| team2_captain = [[Graeme Smith]] [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]] (Twenty20)
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (326)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Jacques Kallis]] (498)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (15)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Dale Steyn]] (21)
| player_of_test_series = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| no_of_twenty20s = 1
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (53)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Morne van Wyk]] (67)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Ashish Nehra]] (2) [[Yusuf Pathan]] (2)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Juan Theron]] (2)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 3
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (193)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Hashim Amla]] (250)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Munaf Patel]] (11)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (13)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Morné Morkel]] (SA)
}}
The [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] from 16 December 2010 to 23 January 2011. The tour consisted of three [[Test cricket|Tests]], one [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) and five [[One Day Internationals]] (ODIs).

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20I
|-
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndTest">{{cite news |title=Jadeja returns for South Africa Tests |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930421.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad">{{cite news |title=Tahir, Dane Piedt return to SA Test squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/919227.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad">{{cite news |title=India pick Gurkeerat for ODIs, Aravind for T20s |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/921989.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad"/>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[S Sreesanth]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|
* [[Graeme Smith]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[AB de Villiers]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
*[[Hashim Amla]]
*[[Jacques Kallis]]
* [[Mark Boucher]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
*[[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Paul Harris (South African cricketer)|Paul Harris]]
* [[Ryan McLaren]]
* [[Alviro Petersen|Alviro Peterson]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* [[Wayne Parnell]]
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]]
* [[Ashwell Prince]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[Yuvraj Singh]]
*[[Virat Kohli]]
*[[Rohit Sharma]]
*[[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
*<s>[[Virender Sehwag]]</s>
*<s>[[Gautam Gambhir]]</s>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
*<s>[[Praveen Kumar]]</s>
* [[S. Sreesanth|Sreeshanth]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Ashish Nehra]]
|
* [[Graeme Smith]] [[Captain (cricket)|(c)]]
*[[AB de Villiers|Ab de Villiers]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]
* [[Morné van Wyk|Morne van Wyk]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
*[[Colin Ingram]]
*[[Robin Peterson]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|<s>David Miller</s>]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* <s>[[Albie Morkel]]</s>
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Wayne Parnell]]
* [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Murali Vijay|Murli Vijay]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
*[[Ashish Nehra]]
*[[Munaf Patel]]
*[[S. Sreesanth|Sreeshanth]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Praveen Kumar]]
|
* [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Colin Ingram]]
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
* [[AB de Villiers]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Robin Peterson]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Wayne Parnell]]
* [[Rusty Theron]]
* [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]]
* [[Makhaya Ntini]]
|}

South Africa's [[David Wiese]] was ruled out of the T20I series with a fractured hand and was replaced by [[Albie Morkel]].<ref name="SA changes">{{cite news |title=Albie Morkel replaces injured Wiese |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/923561.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref> [[Rilee Rossouw]] was ruled out of the ODI series following a stress fracture to his foot and was replaced by [[Khaya Zondo]].<ref name="SA changes"/> [[Harbhajan Singh]] was added to India's ODI squad as [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] sustained a left side strain injury during the first ODI.<ref name="Harbhajan">{{cite news |title=Ashwin suffers side strain, Harbhajan in as cover |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/927867.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 }}</ref> [[JP Duminy]] was ruled out of the last two ODI matches after suffering a hand injury. He was replaced by [[Dean Elgar]]. Duminy is expected to be fit for the Test series.<ref name="Duminy">{{cite news |title=JP Duminy ruled out of last two India ODIs |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930677.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Vernon Philander]] was ruled out of the last three Test matches after suffering an ankle injury and was replaced by [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]].<ref name="Vernon">{{cite news |title=Kyle Abbott replaces injured Philander |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/939965.html|work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 }}</ref> [[Marchant de Lange]] was added to South Africa's Test squad as cover for [[Dale Steyn]].<ref name="Marchant">{{cite news |title=De Lange brought in as cover for Steyn |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/942445.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 November 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>

==Test Series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 16–20 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 136 (38.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 36 (34)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Morné Morkel]] 5/20 (12.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 620/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (130.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 201[[not out|*]] (270)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 2/120 (27.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 459 (128.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 111[[not out|*]] (241)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dale Steyn]] 4/105 (30.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = South Africa won by an innings and 25 runs
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463146.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play early on Day 4.
| notes = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
*''[[Sachin Tendulkar]] scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar|50th Test century]].''
*''[[Rahul Dravid]] reached 12,000 runs in Test cricket.
*''[[Jacques Kallis]]'' scored his first double century.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 26–30 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 205 (65.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 38 (73)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 6/50 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 131 (37.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 33 (46)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 4/10 (7.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 228 (70.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 96 (171)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 3/43 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 215 (72.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ashwell Prince]] 39[[Not out|*]] (108)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sreesanth]] 3/45 (14 overs)

| result = India won by 87 runs
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus)
| motm = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463147.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play on Days 2 and 3.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 2–6 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 362 (112.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 161 (291)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sreesanth]] 5/114 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 364 (117.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 146 (314)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 5/75 (31 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 341 (102 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 109[[Not out|*]] (240)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 7/120 (38 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 166/3 (82 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 64 (184)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 1/26 (15 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463148.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain and bad light reduced play on Day 1.
}}

==Krish Mackerdhuj Trophy==

===Only T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 168/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 147/9 (20 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 53 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Juan Theron]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Morne van Wyk]] 67 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 21 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463149.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
*''This was the first cricket match held at the [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]].
*''This was [[Makhaya Ntini]]'s last international match.
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 289/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 154/10 (35.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 76 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 2/30 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 54 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/31 (8.4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 135 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463150.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 190/10 (50 overs)
| score2 = 189/10 (45.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 53 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/22 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 77 (98)
| wickets2 = [[Munaf Patel]] 4/29 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 1 run
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463151.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}
Indian batsman [[Sachin Tendulkar]] suffered a hamstring injury during the match and was forced to fly home afterward. Tendulkar's appearance equalled the record number of appearances in ODI matches at 444, tied with [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] of Sri Lanka.<ref name="ODI_Match2">{{cite news |title=Cricket World Cup: Tendulkar injury worry for India |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/9363286.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 January 2011 |access-date=16 January 2011 }}</ref>

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 220 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 223/8 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 60 (78)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/43 (9.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 59 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 3/28 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 2 wickets
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Zaheer Khan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463152.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = [[Faf du Plessis]] (SA) made his ODI debut.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 265/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 142/6 (32.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[JP Duminy]] 71 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 3/34 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 87[[Not out|*]] (92)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 2/25 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 48 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463153.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St George's Oval|St George's Park]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[JP Duminy]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Play called off at 32.5 overs of the Indian innings due to rain. The par score was 190 runs from 32.5 overs according to the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]].
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 January
| time = 10:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 250/9 (46 overs)
| score2 = 234/10 (40.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 116 (132)
| wickets1 = [[Munaf Patel]] 3/50 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 105 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 4/52 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 33 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463154.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Hashim Amla]] (SA)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain during the South African innings reduced the match to 46 overs-a-side. The [[Duckworth–Lewis method]] set India a target of 268.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of South Africa}}
{{International cricket in 2010–11}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010-11}}
[[Category:2010 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of South Africa|2010-11]]
[[Category:2010–11 South African cricket season]]
[[Category:2010 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:2011 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2010–11]]

Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11

2021-12-20T09:59:18Z

103.46.201.118: /* Squads */

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team2_name = South Africa
| from_date = 16 December 2010
| to_date = 23 January 2011
| team1_captain = [[MS Dhoni]]
| team2_captain = [[Graeme Smith]] [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]] (Twenty20)
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (326)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Jacques Kallis]] (498)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (15)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Dale Steyn]] (21)
| player_of_test_series = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| no_of_twenty20s = 1
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (53)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Morne van Wyk]] (67)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Ashish Nehra]] (2) [[Yusuf Pathan]] (2)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Juan Theron]] (2)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 3
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (193)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Hashim Amla]] (250)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Munaf Patel]] (11)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (13)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Morné Morkel]] (SA)
}}
The [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] from 16 December 2010 to 23 January 2011. The tour consisted of three [[Test cricket|Tests]], one [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) and five [[One Day Internationals]] (ODIs).

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20I
|-
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndTest">{{cite news |title=Jadeja returns for South Africa Tests |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930421.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad">{{cite news |title=Tahir, Dane Piedt return to SA Test squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/919227.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad">{{cite news |title=India pick Gurkeerat for ODIs, Aravind for T20s |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/921989.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad"/>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[S Sreesanth]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|
* [[Graeme Smith]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[AB de Villiers]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
*[[Hashim Amla]]
*[[Jacques Kallis]]
* [[Mark Boucher]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
*[[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Paul Harris (South African cricketer)|Paul Harris]]
* [[Ryan McLaren]]
* [[Alviro Petersen|Alviro Peterson]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* [[Wayne Parnell]]
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]]
* [[Ashwell Prince]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[Yuvraj Singh]]
*[[Virat Kohli]]
*[[Rohit Sharma]]
*[[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
*<s>[[Virender Sehwag]]</s>
*<s>[[Gautam Gambhir]]</s>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
*<s>[[Praveen Kumar]]</s>
* [[S. Sreesanth|Sreeshanth]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Ashish Nehra]]
|
* [[Graeme Smith]] [[Captain (cricket)|(c)]]
*[[AB de Villiers|Ab de Villiers]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]
* [[Morné van Wyk|Morne van Wyk]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
*[[Colin Ingram]]
*[[Robin Peterson]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|<s>David Miller</s>]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* <s>[[Albie Morkel]]</s>
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Wayne Parnell]]
* [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
*[[Ashish Nehra]]
*[[Munaf Patel]]
*[[S. Sreesanth|Sreeshanth]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Praveen Kumar]]
|
* [[Faf du Plessis]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Farhaan Behardien]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[Eddie Leie]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* <s>[[David Wiese]]</s>
* [[Khaya Zondo]]
* [[Albie Morkel]]
* [[Makhaya Ntini]]
|}

South Africa's [[David Wiese]] was ruled out of the T20I series with a fractured hand and was replaced by [[Albie Morkel]].<ref name="SA changes">{{cite news |title=Albie Morkel replaces injured Wiese |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/923561.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref> [[Rilee Rossouw]] was ruled out of the ODI series following a stress fracture to his foot and was replaced by [[Khaya Zondo]].<ref name="SA changes"/> [[Harbhajan Singh]] was added to India's ODI squad as [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] sustained a left side strain injury during the first ODI.<ref name="Harbhajan">{{cite news |title=Ashwin suffers side strain, Harbhajan in as cover |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/927867.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 }}</ref> [[JP Duminy]] was ruled out of the last two ODI matches after suffering a hand injury. He was replaced by [[Dean Elgar]]. Duminy is expected to be fit for the Test series.<ref name="Duminy">{{cite news |title=JP Duminy ruled out of last two India ODIs |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930677.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Vernon Philander]] was ruled out of the last three Test matches after suffering an ankle injury and was replaced by [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]].<ref name="Vernon">{{cite news |title=Kyle Abbott replaces injured Philander |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/939965.html|work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 }}</ref> [[Marchant de Lange]] was added to South Africa's Test squad as cover for [[Dale Steyn]].<ref name="Marchant">{{cite news |title=De Lange brought in as cover for Steyn |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/942445.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 November 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>

==Test Series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 16–20 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 136 (38.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 36 (34)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Morné Morkel]] 5/20 (12.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 620/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (130.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 201[[not out|*]] (270)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 2/120 (27.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 459 (128.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 111[[not out|*]] (241)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dale Steyn]] 4/105 (30.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = South Africa won by an innings and 25 runs
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463146.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play early on Day 4.
| notes = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
*''[[Sachin Tendulkar]] scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar|50th Test century]].''
*''[[Rahul Dravid]] reached 12,000 runs in Test cricket.
*''[[Jacques Kallis]]'' scored his first double century.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 26–30 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 205 (65.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 38 (73)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 6/50 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 131 (37.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 33 (46)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 4/10 (7.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 228 (70.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 96 (171)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 3/43 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 215 (72.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ashwell Prince]] 39[[Not out|*]] (108)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sreesanth]] 3/45 (14 overs)

| result = India won by 87 runs
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus)
| motm = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463147.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play on Days 2 and 3.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 2–6 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 362 (112.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 161 (291)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sreesanth]] 5/114 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 364 (117.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 146 (314)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 5/75 (31 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 341 (102 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 109[[Not out|*]] (240)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 7/120 (38 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 166/3 (82 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 64 (184)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 1/26 (15 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463148.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain and bad light reduced play on Day 1.
}}

==Krish Mackerdhuj Trophy==

===Only T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 168/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 147/9 (20 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 53 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Juan Theron]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Morne van Wyk]] 67 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 21 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463149.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
*''This was the first cricket match held at the [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]].
*''This was [[Makhaya Ntini]]'s last international match.
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 289/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 154/10 (35.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 76 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 2/30 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 54 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/31 (8.4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 135 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463150.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 190/10 (50 overs)
| score2 = 189/10 (45.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 53 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/22 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 77 (98)
| wickets2 = [[Munaf Patel]] 4/29 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 1 run
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463151.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}
Indian batsman [[Sachin Tendulkar]] suffered a hamstring injury during the match and was forced to fly home afterward. Tendulkar's appearance equalled the record number of appearances in ODI matches at 444, tied with [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] of Sri Lanka.<ref name="ODI_Match2">{{cite news |title=Cricket World Cup: Tendulkar injury worry for India |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/9363286.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 January 2011 |access-date=16 January 2011 }}</ref>

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 220 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 223/8 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 60 (78)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/43 (9.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 59 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 3/28 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 2 wickets
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Zaheer Khan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463152.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = [[Faf du Plessis]] (SA) made his ODI debut.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 265/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 142/6 (32.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[JP Duminy]] 71 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 3/34 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 87[[Not out|*]] (92)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 2/25 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 48 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463153.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St George's Oval|St George's Park]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[JP Duminy]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Play called off at 32.5 overs of the Indian innings due to rain. The par score was 190 runs from 32.5 overs according to the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]].
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 January
| time = 10:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 250/9 (46 overs)
| score2 = 234/10 (40.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 116 (132)
| wickets1 = [[Munaf Patel]] 3/50 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 105 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 4/52 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 33 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463154.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Hashim Amla]] (SA)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain during the South African innings reduced the match to 46 overs-a-side. The [[Duckworth–Lewis method]] set India a target of 268.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of South Africa}}
{{International cricket in 2010–11}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010-11}}
[[Category:2010 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of South Africa|2010-11]]
[[Category:2010–11 South African cricket season]]
[[Category:2010 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:2011 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2010–11]]

Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11

2021-12-20T09:04:19Z

103.46.201.118: /* Squads */

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team2_name = South Africa
| from_date = 16 December 2010
| to_date = 23 January 2011
| team1_captain = [[MS Dhoni]]
| team2_captain = [[Graeme Smith]] [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]] (Twenty20)
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (326)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Jacques Kallis]] (498)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (15)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Dale Steyn]] (21)
| player_of_test_series = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| no_of_twenty20s = 1
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (53)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Morne van Wyk]] (67)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Ashish Nehra]] (2) [[Yusuf Pathan]] (2)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Juan Theron]] (2)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 3
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (193)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Hashim Amla]] (250)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Munaf Patel]] (11)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (13)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Morné Morkel]] (SA)
}}
The [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] from 16 December 2010 to 23 January 2011. The tour consisted of three [[Test cricket|Tests]], one [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) and five [[One Day Internationals]] (ODIs).

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20I
|-
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndTest">{{cite news |title=Jadeja returns for South Africa Tests |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930421.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad">{{cite news |title=Tahir, Dane Piedt return to SA Test squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/919227.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad">{{cite news |title=India pick Gurkeerat for ODIs, Aravind for T20s |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/921989.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad"/>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[S Sreesanth]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|
* [[Graeme Smith]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[AB de Villiers]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
*[[Hashim Amla]]
*[[Jacques Kallis]]
* [[Mark Boucher]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
*[[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Paul Harris (South African cricketer)|Paul Harris]]
* [[Ryan McLaren]]
* [[Alviro Petersen|Alviro Peterson]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* [[Wayne Parnell]]
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]]
* [[Ashwell Prince]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
*[[Yuvraj Singh]]
*[[Virat Kohli]]
*[[Rohit Sharma]]
*[[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
*<s>[[Virender Sehwag]]</s>
*<s>[[Gautam Gambhir]]</s>
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
*<s>[[Praveen Kumar]]</s>
* [[S. Sreesanth|Sreeshanth]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
*[[Ashish Nehra]]
|
* [[Graeme Smith]] [[Captain (cricket)|(c)]]
*[[AB de Villiers|Ab de Villiers]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]]
* [[Morné van Wyk|Morne van Wyk]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
*[[Colin Ingram]]
*[[Robin Peterson]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|<s>David Miller</s>]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* <s>[[Albie Morkel]]</s>
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Wayne Parnell]]
* [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sreenath Aravind]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Harshit Agarwal]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Mohit Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
|
* [[Faf du Plessis]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Farhaan Behardien]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[Eddie Leie]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* <s>[[David Wiese]]</s>
* [[Khaya Zondo]]
* [[Albie Morkel]]
* [[Makhaya Ntini]]
|}

South Africa's [[David Wiese]] was ruled out of the T20I series with a fractured hand and was replaced by [[Albie Morkel]].<ref name="SA changes">{{cite news |title=Albie Morkel replaces injured Wiese |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/923561.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref> [[Rilee Rossouw]] was ruled out of the ODI series following a stress fracture to his foot and was replaced by [[Khaya Zondo]].<ref name="SA changes"/> [[Harbhajan Singh]] was added to India's ODI squad as [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] sustained a left side strain injury during the first ODI.<ref name="Harbhajan">{{cite news |title=Ashwin suffers side strain, Harbhajan in as cover |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/927867.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 }}</ref> [[JP Duminy]] was ruled out of the last two ODI matches after suffering a hand injury. He was replaced by [[Dean Elgar]]. Duminy is expected to be fit for the Test series.<ref name="Duminy">{{cite news |title=JP Duminy ruled out of last two India ODIs |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930677.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Vernon Philander]] was ruled out of the last three Test matches after suffering an ankle injury and was replaced by [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]].<ref name="Vernon">{{cite news |title=Kyle Abbott replaces injured Philander |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/939965.html|work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 }}</ref> [[Marchant de Lange]] was added to South Africa's Test squad as cover for [[Dale Steyn]].<ref name="Marchant">{{cite news |title=De Lange brought in as cover for Steyn |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/942445.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 November 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>

==Test Series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 16–20 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 136 (38.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 36 (34)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Morné Morkel]] 5/20 (12.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 620/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (130.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 201[[not out|*]] (270)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 2/120 (27.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 459 (128.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 111[[not out|*]] (241)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dale Steyn]] 4/105 (30.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = South Africa won by an innings and 25 runs
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463146.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play early on Day 4.
| notes = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
*''[[Sachin Tendulkar]] scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar|50th Test century]].''
*''[[Rahul Dravid]] reached 12,000 runs in Test cricket.
*''[[Jacques Kallis]]'' scored his first double century.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 26–30 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 205 (65.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 38 (73)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 6/50 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 131 (37.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 33 (46)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 4/10 (7.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 228 (70.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 96 (171)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 3/43 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 215 (72.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ashwell Prince]] 39[[Not out|*]] (108)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sreesanth]] 3/45 (14 overs)

| result = India won by 87 runs
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus)
| motm = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463147.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play on Days 2 and 3.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 2–6 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 362 (112.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 161 (291)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sreesanth]] 5/114 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 364 (117.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 146 (314)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 5/75 (31 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 341 (102 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 109[[Not out|*]] (240)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 7/120 (38 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 166/3 (82 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 64 (184)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 1/26 (15 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463148.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain and bad light reduced play on Day 1.
}}

==Krish Mackerdhuj Trophy==

===Only T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 168/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 147/9 (20 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 53 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Juan Theron]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Morne van Wyk]] 67 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 21 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463149.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
*''This was the first cricket match held at the [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]].
*''This was [[Makhaya Ntini]]'s last international match.
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 289/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 154/10 (35.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 76 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 2/30 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 54 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/31 (8.4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 135 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463150.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 190/10 (50 overs)
| score2 = 189/10 (45.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 53 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/22 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 77 (98)
| wickets2 = [[Munaf Patel]] 4/29 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 1 run
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463151.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}
Indian batsman [[Sachin Tendulkar]] suffered a hamstring injury during the match and was forced to fly home afterward. Tendulkar's appearance equalled the record number of appearances in ODI matches at 444, tied with [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] of Sri Lanka.<ref name="ODI_Match2">{{cite news |title=Cricket World Cup: Tendulkar injury worry for India |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/9363286.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 January 2011 |access-date=16 January 2011 }}</ref>

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 220 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 223/8 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 60 (78)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/43 (9.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 59 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 3/28 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 2 wickets
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Zaheer Khan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463152.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = [[Faf du Plessis]] (SA) made his ODI debut.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 265/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 142/6 (32.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[JP Duminy]] 71 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 3/34 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 87[[Not out|*]] (92)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 2/25 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 48 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463153.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St George's Oval|St George's Park]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[JP Duminy]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Play called off at 32.5 overs of the Indian innings due to rain. The par score was 190 runs from 32.5 overs according to the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]].
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 January
| time = 10:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 250/9 (46 overs)
| score2 = 234/10 (40.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 116 (132)
| wickets1 = [[Munaf Patel]] 3/50 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 105 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 4/52 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 33 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463154.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Hashim Amla]] (SA)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain during the South African innings reduced the match to 46 overs-a-side. The [[Duckworth–Lewis method]] set India a target of 268.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of South Africa}}
{{International cricket in 2010–11}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010-11}}
[[Category:2010 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of South Africa|2010-11]]
[[Category:2010–11 South African cricket season]]
[[Category:2010 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:2011 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2010–11]]

Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11

2021-12-20T08:18:58Z

103.46.201.118: /* Squads */

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team2_name = South Africa
| from_date = 16 December 2010
| to_date = 23 January 2011
| team1_captain = [[MS Dhoni]]
| team2_captain = [[Graeme Smith]] [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]] (Twenty20)
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (326)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Jacques Kallis]] (498)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (15)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Dale Steyn]] (21)
| player_of_test_series = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| no_of_twenty20s = 1
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (53)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Morne van Wyk]] (67)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Ashish Nehra]] (2) [[Yusuf Pathan]] (2)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Juan Theron]] (2)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 3
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (193)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Hashim Amla]] (250)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Munaf Patel]] (11)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (13)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Morné Morkel]] (SA)
}}
The [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] from 16 December 2010 to 23 January 2011. The tour consisted of three [[Test cricket|Tests]], one [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) and five [[One Day Internationals]] (ODIs).

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20I
|-
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndTest">{{cite news |title=Jadeja returns for South Africa Tests |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930421.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad">{{cite news |title=Tahir, Dane Piedt return to SA Test squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/919227.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad">{{cite news |title=India pick Gurkeerat for ODIs, Aravind for T20s |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/921989.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad"/>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[S Sreesanth]]
* [[ Virat Kohli]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|
* [[Hashim Amla]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[Temba Bavuma]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
* [[Dean Elgar]]
* [[Simon Harmer]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* <s>[[Vernon Philander]]</s>
* [[Dane Piedt]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Stiaan van Zyl]]
* [[Dane Vilas]]([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Yusuf Pathan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Parthiv Patel]] [[Wicket-keeper|(wk)]]
* [[Piyush Chawla]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[S. Sreesanth|Sreeshanth]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
*[[Ashish Nehra]]
|
* [[AB de Villiers]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Farhaan Behardien]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
* [[Aaron Phangiso]]
* <s>[[Rilee Rossouw]]</s>
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Khaya Zondo]]
* [[Dean Elgar]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sreenath Aravind]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Harshit Agarwal]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Mohit Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
|
* [[Faf du Plessis]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Farhaan Behardien]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[Eddie Leie]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* <s>[[David Wiese]]</s>
* [[Khaya Zondo]]
* [[Albie Morkel]]
* [[Makhaya Ntini]]
|}

South Africa's [[David Wiese]] was ruled out of the T20I series with a fractured hand and was replaced by [[Albie Morkel]].<ref name="SA changes">{{cite news |title=Albie Morkel replaces injured Wiese |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/923561.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref> [[Rilee Rossouw]] was ruled out of the ODI series following a stress fracture to his foot and was replaced by [[Khaya Zondo]].<ref name="SA changes"/> [[Harbhajan Singh]] was added to India's ODI squad as [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] sustained a left side strain injury during the first ODI.<ref name="Harbhajan">{{cite news |title=Ashwin suffers side strain, Harbhajan in as cover |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/927867.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 }}</ref> [[JP Duminy]] was ruled out of the last two ODI matches after suffering a hand injury. He was replaced by [[Dean Elgar]]. Duminy is expected to be fit for the Test series.<ref name="Duminy">{{cite news |title=JP Duminy ruled out of last two India ODIs |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930677.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Vernon Philander]] was ruled out of the last three Test matches after suffering an ankle injury and was replaced by [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]].<ref name="Vernon">{{cite news |title=Kyle Abbott replaces injured Philander |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/939965.html|work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 }}</ref> [[Marchant de Lange]] was added to South Africa's Test squad as cover for [[Dale Steyn]].<ref name="Marchant">{{cite news |title=De Lange brought in as cover for Steyn |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/942445.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 November 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>

==Test Series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 16–20 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 136 (38.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 36 (34)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Morné Morkel]] 5/20 (12.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 620/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (130.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 201[[not out|*]] (270)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 2/120 (27.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 459 (128.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 111[[not out|*]] (241)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dale Steyn]] 4/105 (30.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = South Africa won by an innings and 25 runs
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463146.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play early on Day 4.
| notes = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
*''[[Sachin Tendulkar]] scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar|50th Test century]].''
*''[[Rahul Dravid]] reached 12,000 runs in Test cricket.
*''[[Jacques Kallis]]'' scored his first double century.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 26–30 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 205 (65.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 38 (73)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 6/50 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 131 (37.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 33 (46)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 4/10 (7.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 228 (70.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 96 (171)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 3/43 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 215 (72.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ashwell Prince]] 39[[Not out|*]] (108)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sreesanth]] 3/45 (14 overs)

| result = India won by 87 runs
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus)
| motm = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463147.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play on Days 2 and 3.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 2–6 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 362 (112.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 161 (291)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sreesanth]] 5/114 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 364 (117.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 146 (314)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 5/75 (31 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 341 (102 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 109[[Not out|*]] (240)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 7/120 (38 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 166/3 (82 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 64 (184)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 1/26 (15 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463148.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain and bad light reduced play on Day 1.
}}

==Krish Mackerdhuj Trophy==

===Only T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 168/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 147/9 (20 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 53 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Juan Theron]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Morne van Wyk]] 67 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 21 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463149.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
*''This was the first cricket match held at the [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]].
*''This was [[Makhaya Ntini]]'s last international match.
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 289/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 154/10 (35.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 76 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 2/30 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 54 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/31 (8.4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 135 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463150.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 190/10 (50 overs)
| score2 = 189/10 (45.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 53 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/22 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 77 (98)
| wickets2 = [[Munaf Patel]] 4/29 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 1 run
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463151.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}
Indian batsman [[Sachin Tendulkar]] suffered a hamstring injury during the match and was forced to fly home afterward. Tendulkar's appearance equalled the record number of appearances in ODI matches at 444, tied with [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] of Sri Lanka.<ref name="ODI_Match2">{{cite news |title=Cricket World Cup: Tendulkar injury worry for India |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/9363286.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 January 2011 |access-date=16 January 2011 }}</ref>

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 220 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 223/8 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 60 (78)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/43 (9.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 59 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 3/28 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 2 wickets
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Zaheer Khan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463152.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = [[Faf du Plessis]] (SA) made his ODI debut.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 265/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 142/6 (32.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[JP Duminy]] 71 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 3/34 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 87[[Not out|*]] (92)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 2/25 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 48 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463153.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St George's Oval|St George's Park]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[JP Duminy]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Play called off at 32.5 overs of the Indian innings due to rain. The par score was 190 runs from 32.5 overs according to the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]].
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 January
| time = 10:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 250/9 (46 overs)
| score2 = 234/10 (40.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 116 (132)
| wickets1 = [[Munaf Patel]] 3/50 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 105 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 4/52 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 33 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463154.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Hashim Amla]] (SA)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain during the South African innings reduced the match to 46 overs-a-side. The [[Duckworth–Lewis method]] set India a target of 268.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of South Africa}}
{{International cricket in 2010–11}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010-11}}
[[Category:2010 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of South Africa|2010-11]]
[[Category:2010–11 South African cricket season]]
[[Category:2010 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:2011 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2010–11]]

Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11

2021-12-20T07:56:37Z

103.46.201.118: /* ODI series */

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team2_name = South Africa
| from_date = 16 December 2010
| to_date = 23 January 2011
| team1_captain = [[MS Dhoni]]
| team2_captain = [[Graeme Smith]] [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]] (Twenty20)
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (326)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Jacques Kallis]] (498)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (15)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Dale Steyn]] (21)
| player_of_test_series = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| no_of_twenty20s = 1
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (53)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Morne van Wyk]] (67)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Ashish Nehra]] (2) [[Yusuf Pathan]] (2)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Juan Theron]] (2)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 3
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (193)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Hashim Amla]] (250)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Munaf Patel]] (11)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (13)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Morné Morkel]] (SA)
}}
The [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] from 16 December 2010 to 23 January 2011. The tour consisted of three [[Test cricket|Tests]], one [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) and five [[One Day Internationals]] (ODIs).

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20I
|-
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndTest">{{cite news |title=Jadeja returns for South Africa Tests |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930421.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad">{{cite news |title=Tahir, Dane Piedt return to SA Test squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/919227.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad">{{cite news |title=India pick Gurkeerat for ODIs, Aravind for T20s |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/921989.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad"/>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[S Sreesanth]]
* [[ Virat Kohli]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|
* [[Hashim Amla]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[Temba Bavuma]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
* [[Dean Elgar]]
* [[Simon Harmer]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* <s>[[Vernon Philander]]</s>
* [[Dane Piedt]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Stiaan van Zyl]]
* [[Dane Vilas]]([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sreenath Aravind]]<ref name="IndTest"/>
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Mohit Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Gurkeerat Singh]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]<ref name="IndTest"/>
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
|
* [[AB de Villiers]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Farhaan Behardien]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
* [[Aaron Phangiso]]
* <s>[[Rilee Rossouw]]</s>
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Khaya Zondo]]
* [[Dean Elgar]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sreenath Aravind]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Harshit Agarwal]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Mohit Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
|
* [[Faf du Plessis]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Farhaan Behardien]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[Eddie Leie]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* <s>[[David Wiese]]</s>
* [[Khaya Zondo]]
* [[Albie Morkel]]
* [[Makhaya Ntini]]
|}

South Africa's [[David Wiese]] was ruled out of the T20I series with a fractured hand and was replaced by [[Albie Morkel]].<ref name="SA changes">{{cite news |title=Albie Morkel replaces injured Wiese |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/923561.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref> [[Rilee Rossouw]] was ruled out of the ODI series following a stress fracture to his foot and was replaced by [[Khaya Zondo]].<ref name="SA changes"/> [[Harbhajan Singh]] was added to India's ODI squad as [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] sustained a left side strain injury during the first ODI.<ref name="Harbhajan">{{cite news |title=Ashwin suffers side strain, Harbhajan in as cover |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/927867.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 }}</ref> [[JP Duminy]] was ruled out of the last two ODI matches after suffering a hand injury. He was replaced by [[Dean Elgar]]. Duminy is expected to be fit for the Test series.<ref name="Duminy">{{cite news |title=JP Duminy ruled out of last two India ODIs |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930677.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Vernon Philander]] was ruled out of the last three Test matches after suffering an ankle injury and was replaced by [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]].<ref name="Vernon">{{cite news |title=Kyle Abbott replaces injured Philander |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/939965.html|work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 }}</ref> [[Marchant de Lange]] was added to South Africa's Test squad as cover for [[Dale Steyn]].<ref name="Marchant">{{cite news |title=De Lange brought in as cover for Steyn |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/942445.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 November 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>

==Test Series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 16–20 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 136 (38.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 36 (34)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Morné Morkel]] 5/20 (12.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 620/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (130.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 201[[not out|*]] (270)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 2/120 (27.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 459 (128.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 111[[not out|*]] (241)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dale Steyn]] 4/105 (30.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = South Africa won by an innings and 25 runs
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463146.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play early on Day 4.
| notes = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
*''[[Sachin Tendulkar]] scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar|50th Test century]].''
*''[[Rahul Dravid]] reached 12,000 runs in Test cricket.
*''[[Jacques Kallis]]'' scored his first double century.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 26–30 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 205 (65.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 38 (73)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 6/50 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 131 (37.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 33 (46)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 4/10 (7.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 228 (70.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 96 (171)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 3/43 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 215 (72.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ashwell Prince]] 39[[Not out|*]] (108)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sreesanth]] 3/45 (14 overs)

| result = India won by 87 runs
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus)
| motm = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463147.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play on Days 2 and 3.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 2–6 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 362 (112.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 161 (291)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sreesanth]] 5/114 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 364 (117.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 146 (314)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 5/75 (31 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 341 (102 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 109[[Not out|*]] (240)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 7/120 (38 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 166/3 (82 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 64 (184)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 1/26 (15 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463148.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain and bad light reduced play on Day 1.
}}

==Krish Mackerdhuj Trophy==

===Only T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 168/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 147/9 (20 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 53 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Juan Theron]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Morne van Wyk]] 67 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 21 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463149.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
*''This was the first cricket match held at the [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]].
*''This was [[Makhaya Ntini]]'s last international match.
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 289/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 154/10 (35.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 76 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 2/30 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 54 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/31 (8.4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 135 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463150.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 190/10 (50 overs)
| score2 = 189/10 (45.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 53 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/22 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 77 (98)
| wickets2 = [[Munaf Patel]] 4/29 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 1 run
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463151.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}
Indian batsman [[Sachin Tendulkar]] suffered a hamstring injury during the match and was forced to fly home afterward. Tendulkar's appearance equalled the record number of appearances in ODI matches at 444, tied with [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] of Sri Lanka.<ref name="ODI_Match2">{{cite news |title=Cricket World Cup: Tendulkar injury worry for India |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/9363286.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 January 2011 |access-date=16 January 2011 }}</ref>

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 220 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 223/8 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 60 (78)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/43 (9.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 59 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 3/28 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 2 wickets
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Zaheer Khan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463152.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = [[Faf du Plessis]] (SA) made his ODI debut.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 265/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 142/6 (32.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[JP Duminy]] 71 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 3/34 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 87[[Not out|*]] (92)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 2/25 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 48 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463153.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St George's Oval|St George's Park]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[JP Duminy]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Play called off at 32.5 overs of the Indian innings due to rain. The par score was 190 runs from 32.5 overs according to the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]].
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 January
| time = 10:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 250/9 (46 overs)
| score2 = 234/10 (40.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 116 (132)
| wickets1 = [[Munaf Patel]] 3/50 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 105 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 4/52 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 33 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463154.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Hashim Amla]] (SA)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain during the South African innings reduced the match to 46 overs-a-side. The [[Duckworth–Lewis method]] set India a target of 268.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of South Africa}}
{{International cricket in 2010–11}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010-11}}
[[Category:2010 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of South Africa|2010-11]]
[[Category:2010–11 South African cricket season]]
[[Category:2010 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:2011 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2010–11]]

Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11

2021-12-20T07:53:52Z

103.46.201.118: /* ODI series */

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010–11
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of South Africa.svg
| team2_name = South Africa
| from_date = 16 December 2010
| to_date = 23 January 2011
| team1_captain = [[MS Dhoni]]
| team2_captain = [[Graeme Smith]] [[Johan Botha (cricketer)|Johan Botha]] (Twenty20)
| no_of_tests = 3
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 1
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (326)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Jacques Kallis]] (498)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Harbhajan Singh]] (15)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Dale Steyn]] (21)
| player_of_test_series = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| no_of_twenty20s = 1
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Rohit Sharma]] (53)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Morne van Wyk]] (67)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Ashish Nehra]] (2) [[Yusuf Pathan]] (2)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Juan Theron]] (2)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 5
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 3
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (193)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Hashim Amla]] (250)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Munaf Patel]] (11)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (13)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Morné Morkel]] (SA)
}}
The [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] toured [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] from 16 December 2010 to 23 January 2011. The tour consisted of three [[Test cricket|Tests]], one [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) and five [[One Day Internationals]] (ODIs).

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20I
|-
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="IndTest">{{cite news |title=Jadeja returns for South Africa Tests |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930421.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad">{{cite news |title=Tahir, Dane Piedt return to SA Test squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/919227.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad">{{cite news |title=India pick Gurkeerat for ODIs, Aravind for T20s |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/921989.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 September 2015 |access-date=20 September 2015 }}</ref>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref name="Ind squad"/>
!{{cr|SA}}<ref name="SA squad"/>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Virender Sehwag]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Rahul Dravid]]
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Zaheer Khan]]
* [[Gautam Gambhir]]
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* [[VVS Laxman]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ishant Sharma]]
* [[Pragyan Ojha]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
* [[S Sreesanth]]
* [[ Virat Kohli]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Munaf Patel]]
* [[Jaydev Unadkat]]
|
* [[Hashim Amla]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[Temba Bavuma]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
* [[Dean Elgar]]
* [[Simon Harmer]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* <s>[[Vernon Philander]]</s>
* [[Dane Piedt]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Stiaan van Zyl]]
* [[Dane Vilas]]([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sreenath Aravind]]<ref name="IndTest"/>
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
* [[Murali Vijay]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Mohit Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Gurkeerat Singh]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]<ref name="IndTest"/>
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
* [[Yuvraj Singh]]
|
* [[AB de Villiers]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Farhaan Behardien]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Faf du Plessis]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Morne Morkel]]
* [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
* [[Aaron Phangiso]]
* <s>[[Rilee Rossouw]]</s>
* [[Dale Steyn]]
* [[Khaya Zondo]]
* [[Dean Elgar]]
|
* [[MS Dhoni]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]]) ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sreenath Aravind]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Stuart Binny]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Virat Kohli]]
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]
* [[Amit Mishra]]
* [[Harshit Agarwal]]
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]]
* [[Suresh Raina]]
* [[Ambati Rayudu]]
* [[Mohit Sharma]]
* [[Rohit Sharma]]
* [[Harbhajan Singh]]
|
* [[Faf du Plessis]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]]
* [[Hashim Amla]]
* [[Farhaan Behardien]]
* [[Quinton de Kock]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Marchant de Lange]]
* [[AB de Villiers]]
* [[JP Duminy]]
* [[Imran Tahir]]
* [[Eddie Leie]]
* [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]]
* [[Chris Morris (cricketer)|Chris Morris]]
* [[Kagiso Rabada]]
* <s>[[David Wiese]]</s>
* [[Khaya Zondo]]
* [[Albie Morkel]]
* [[Makhaya Ntini]]
|}

South Africa's [[David Wiese]] was ruled out of the T20I series with a fractured hand and was replaced by [[Albie Morkel]].<ref name="SA changes">{{cite news |title=Albie Morkel replaces injured Wiese |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/923561.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=26 September 2015 |access-date=26 September 2015 }}</ref> [[Rilee Rossouw]] was ruled out of the ODI series following a stress fracture to his foot and was replaced by [[Khaya Zondo]].<ref name="SA changes"/> [[Harbhajan Singh]] was added to India's ODI squad as [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] sustained a left side strain injury during the first ODI.<ref name="Harbhajan">{{cite news |title=Ashwin suffers side strain, Harbhajan in as cover |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/927867.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 }}</ref> [[JP Duminy]] was ruled out of the last two ODI matches after suffering a hand injury. He was replaced by [[Dean Elgar]]. Duminy is expected to be fit for the Test series.<ref name="Duminy">{{cite news |title=JP Duminy ruled out of last two India ODIs |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/930677.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=19 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 }}</ref> [[Vernon Philander]] was ruled out of the last three Test matches after suffering an ankle injury and was replaced by [[Kyle Abbott (cricketer)|Kyle Abbott]].<ref name="Vernon">{{cite news |title=Kyle Abbott replaces injured Philander |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/939965.html|work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=12 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 }}</ref> [[Marchant de Lange]] was added to South Africa's Test squad as cover for [[Dale Steyn]].<ref name="Marchant">{{cite news |title=De Lange brought in as cover for Steyn |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-africa-2015-16/content/story/942445.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=20 November 2015 |access-date=20 November 2015 }}</ref>

==Test Series==

===1st Test===
{{Test match
| date = 16–20 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 136 (38.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 36 (34)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Morné Morkel]] 5/20 (12.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 620/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (130.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 201[[not out|*]] (270)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishant Sharma]] 2/120 (27.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 459 (128.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 111[[not out|*]] (241)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dale Steyn]] 4/105 (30.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = South Africa won by an innings and 25 runs
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus) and [[Ian Gould]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463146.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play early on Day 4.
| notes = [[Jaydev Unadkat]] (Ind) made his Test debut.
*''[[Sachin Tendulkar]] scored his [[List of international cricket centuries by Sachin Tendulkar|50th Test century]].''
*''[[Rahul Dravid]] reached 12,000 runs in Test cricket.
*''[[Jacques Kallis]]'' scored his first double century.
}}

===2nd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 26–30 December
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 205 (65.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 38 (73)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 6/50 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 131 (37.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 33 (46)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 4/10 (7.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 228 (70.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 96 (171)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 3/43 (13 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 215 (72.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ashwell Prince]] 39[[Not out|*]] (108)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sreesanth]] 3/45 (14 overs)

| result = India won by 87 runs
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground, Durban|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Asad Rauf]] (Pak) and [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]] (Aus)
| motm = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463147.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain delayed play on Day 1. Bad light ended play on Days 2 and 3.
}}

===3rd Test===
{{Test match
| date = 2–6 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 362 (112.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 161 (291)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sreesanth]] 5/114 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 364 (117.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 146 (314)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 5/75 (31 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 341 (102 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 109[[Not out|*]] (240)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 7/120 (38 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 166/3 (82 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Gautam Gambhir]] 64 (184)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 1/26 (15 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Ian Gould]] (Eng) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463148.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain and bad light reduced play on Day 1.
}}

==Krish Mackerdhuj Trophy==

===Only T20I===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 January
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 168/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 147/9 (20 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 53 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Juan Theron]] 2/39 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Morne van Wyk]] 67 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 2/22 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 21 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463149.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
*''This was the first cricket match held at the [[Moses Mabhida Stadium]].
*''This was [[Makhaya Ntini]]'s last international match.
}}

==ODI series==

===1st ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 289/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 154/10 (35.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[AB de Villiers]] 76 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 2/30 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 54 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/31 (8.4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 135 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463150.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Kingsmead cricket ground|Kingsmead]], [[Durban]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 15 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 190/10 (50 overs)
| score2 = 189/10 (45.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 53 (68)
| wickets1 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 4/22 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graeme Smith]] 77 (98)
| wickets2 = [[Munaf Patel]] 4/29 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 1 run
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463151.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wanderers Stadium|New Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Munaf Patel]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
}}
Indian batsman [[Sachin Tendulkar]] suffered a hamstring injury during the match and was forced to fly home afterward. Tendulkar's appearance equalled the record number of appearances in ODI matches at 444, tied with [[Sanath Jayasuriya]] of Sri Lanka.<ref name="ODI_Match2">{{cite news |title=Cricket World Cup: Tendulkar injury worry for India |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/other_international/india/9363286.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=16 January 2011 |access-date=16 January 2011 }}</ref>

===3rd ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 220 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 223/8 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 60 (78)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/43 (9.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 59 (50)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 3/28 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 2 wickets
| venue = [[Newlands Cricket Ground|Newlands]], [[Cape Town]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Zaheer Khan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463152.html Scorecard]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = [[Faf du Plessis]] (SA) made his ODI debut.
}}

===4th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 21 January
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 265/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 142/6 (32.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[JP Duminy]] 71 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 3/34 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 87[[Not out|*]] (92)
| wickets2 = [[Lonwabo Tsotsobe]] 2/25 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 48 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463153.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[St George's Oval|St George's Park]], [[Port Elizabeth]]
| umpires = [[Johanes Cloete]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Virat Kohli]] (IND)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Play called off at 32.5 overs of the Indian innings due to rain. The par score was 190 runs from 32.5 overs according to the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]].
}}

===5th ODI===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 January
| time = 10:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 250/9 (46 overs)
| score2 = 234/10 (40.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Hashim Amla]] 116 (132)
| wickets1 = [[Munaf Patel]] 3/50 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 105 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Morné Morkel]] 4/52 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 33 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-india-2010/engine/match/463154.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[SuperSport Park]], [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]]
| umpires = [[Brian Jerling]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Hashim Amla]] (SA)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = Rain during the South African innings reduced the match to 46 overs-a-side. The [[Duckworth–Lewis method]] set India a target of 268.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{International cricket tours of South Africa}}
{{International cricket in 2010–11}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2010-11}}
[[Category:2010 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian cricket|South]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of South Africa|2010-11]]
[[Category:2010–11 South African cricket season]]
[[Category:2010 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:2011 in South African cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2010–11]]

Cyanobacteria

2019-12-02T07:30:38Z

103.46.201.118:

{{redirect|Cyanobacterium|the genus|Cyanobacterium (genus)}}
{{inadequate lead|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = January 2011}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{long fossil range|2100|0}}
| image = CSIRO ScienceImage 4203 A bluegreen algae species Cylindrospermum sp under magnification.jpg
| image_caption = Microscope image of ''Cylindrospermum'', a genus of Cyanobacteria
| display_parents = 3
| parent_authority = [[Roger Stanier|Stanier]], 1973
| taxon = Cyanophyceae
| authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Orders<ref name="Komárek">{{cite journal |vauthors=Komárek J, Kaštovský J, Mareš J, Johansen JR | year = 2014 | title = Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach |url = http://www.preslia.cz/P144Komarek.pdf | journal = Preslia | volume = 86 | pages = 295–335}}</ref>
| subdivision = {{as of| 2014}} the taxonomy was under revision<ref name="Cyanophyceae cladistics">{{cite web |title=Cyanophyceae |url=http://www.accessscience.com/content/Cyanophyceae/175300 |publisher=Access Science |accessdate=21 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Oren A | title = A proposal for further integration of the cyanobacteria under the Bacteriological Code | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 54 | issue = Pt 5 | pages = 1895–902 | date = September 2004 | pmid = 15388760 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.03008-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Chroococcales]]
* [[Chroococcidiopsidales]]
* [[Gloeobacterales]]
* [[Nostocales]]
* [[Oscillatoriales]]
* [[Pleurocapsales]]
* [[Spirulinales]]
* [[Synechococcales]]
* ''[[Incertae sedis]]''
** †''[[Gunflintia]]''
** †''[[Ozarkcollenia]]''
* [[Plastids]] (endosymbiotic)
| synonyms = *Myxophyceae Wallroth, 1833
*Phycochromaceae Rabenhorst, 1865
*Cyanophyceae Sachs, 1874
*Schizophyceae Cohn, 1879
*Cyanophyta Steinecke, 1931
*Oxyphotobacteria Gibbons & Murray, 1978
}}
[[File:Cyanobacteria guerrero negro.jpg|thumb|255px| Light microscope view of cyanobacteria from a microbial mat]]

'''Cyanobacteria''' {{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˌ|æ|n|oʊ|b|æ|k|ˈ|t|ɪər|i|ə}}, also known as '''Cyanophyta''', are a [[phylum (biology)|phylum]] consisting of free-living [[bacteria]] and the [[endosymbiotic]] [[Plastid|plastids]], a sister group to ''[[Gloeomargarita lithophora|Gloeomargarita]]'', that are present in some [[Eukaryote|eukaryotes]]. They commonly obtain their energy through [[oxygenic photosynthesis]].<ref name="ucmp-cyanobacteria-lh">{{cite web |title=Life History and Ecology of Cyanobacteria |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanolh.html |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology|access-date=17 July 2012}}</ref> The [[oxygen]] gas in the [[atmosphere of earth]] is produced by cyanobacteria of this phylum, either as free-living bacteria or as the endosymbiotic plastids.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hamilton TL, Bryant DA, Macalady JL | title = The role of biology in planetary evolution: cyanobacterial primary production in low-oxygen Proterozoic oceans | journal = Environmental Microbiology | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 325–40 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26549614 | pmc = 5019231 | doi = 10.1111/1462-2920.13118 }}</ref> The name ''cyanobacteria'' comes from the color of the bacteria ({{lang-el|κυανός|translit=kyanós|translation=blue}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/cyan|title=cyan {{!}} Origin and meaning of cyan by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=ku/anos|title=Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, κύα^νος|last=|first=|date=|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu|access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref> Cyanobacteria, which are prokaryotes, are also called '''"blue-green algae"''',<ref name="ucmp-cyanobacteria-lh" /><ref name="ncbi-taxonomy">{{cite web | title=Taxonomy Browser - Cyanobacteria | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1117&lvl=3 | publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information | id=NCBI:txid1117 | access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> though some modern botanists restrict the term ''[[algae]]'' to [[eukaryote]]s.<ref name="Allaby 92">{{cite encyclopedia|year=1992|title=Algae|encyclopedia=The Concise Dictionary of Botany|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|editor-last=Allaby|editor-first=M}}</re cyanobacteria appear to have originated in freshwater or a terrestrial environment.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MJ1PDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |title=The Marine Microbiome: An Untapped Source of Biodiversity and Biotechnological Potential|first1=Lucas J.|last1=Stal|first2=Mariana Silvia|last2=Cretoiu | name-list-format = vanc |date=3 June 2016|publisher=Springer|via=Google Books|isbn=9783319330006}}</ref>

Unlike [[heterotroph]]ic prokaryotes, cyanobacteria have internal membranes. These are flattened sacs called [[thylakoids]] where photosynthesis is performed.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Cyanobacteria: Molecular Biology, Genomics, and Evolution | chapter = Chapter 10. Membrane Systems in Cyanobacteria | first1 = Michelle | last1 = Liberton | first2 = Himadri B. | last2 = Pakrasi | name-list-format = vanc | publisher = Horizon Scientific Press | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-904455-15-8 | location = Norwich, United Kingdom | pages = 217–287 | editor-first1 = Antonia | editor-last = Herrero | editor-first2 = Enrique | editor-last2 = Flore }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Liberton M, Page LE, O'Dell WB, O'Neill H, Mamontov E, Urban VS, Pakrasi HB | title = Organization and flexibility of cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes examined by neutron scattering | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 288 | issue = 5 | pages = 3632–40 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23255600 | pmc = 3561581 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M112.416933 }}</ref>

[[Phototroph]]ic eukaryotes such as green plants perform photosynthesis in [[plastid]]s that are thought to have their ancestry in cyanobacteria, acquired long ago via a process called [[endosymbiosis]]. These endosymbiotic cyanobacteria in eukaryotes then evolved and differentiated into specialized [[organelle]]s such as [[chloroplast]]s, [[etioplast]]s and [[leucoplast]]s.

By producing and releasing oxygen (as a byproduct of photosynthesis), cyanobacteria are thought to have converted the early oxygen-poor, [[reducing atmosphere]] into an [[redox|oxidizing]] one, causing the [[Great Oxygenation Event]] and the "rusting of the Earth",<ref name="Whitton2012">{{cite book|editor-last=Whitton|editor-first=Brian A.|name-list-format=vanc|title=Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their Diversity in Space and Time|chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=4oJ_vi27s18C|page=17}}|date=5 July 2012|chapter=The fossil record of cyanobacteria|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-007-3855-3|pages=17–}}</ref> which dramatically changed the composition of the Earth's life forms and led to the near-extinction of [[anaerobic organism]]s.

==Description==
Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic bacteria, some of which are [[nitrogen-fixing]], that live in a wide variety of moist soils and water either freely or in a symbiotic relationship with plants or [[lichen]]-forming [[Fungus|fungi]] (as in the lichen genus ''[[Peltigera]]'').<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors =Dodds WK, Gudder DA, Mollenhauer D | year = 1995| title= T he ecology of ''Nostoc''|journal=Journal of Phycology|volume=31|pages=2–18|doi = 10.1111/j.0022-3646.1995.00002.x}}</ref> They range from [[Unicellular organism|unicellular]] to [[filamentation|filamentous]] and include [[colony (biology)|colonial]] species. Colonies may form filaments, sheets, or even hollow spheres. Some filamentous species can differentiate into several different [[cell (biology)|cell]] types: '''vegetative cells''' – the normal, photosynthetic cells that are formed under favorable growing conditions; '''[[akinete]]s''' – climate-resistant spores that may form when environmental conditions become harsh; and thick-walled '''[[heterocysts]]''' – which contain the enzyme [[nitrogenase]], vital for [[nitrogen fixation]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meeks JC, Elhai J, Thiel T, Potts M, Larimer F, Lamerdin J, Predki P, Atlas R | title = An overview of the genome of Nostoc punctiforme, a multicellular, symbiotic cyanobacterium | journal = Photosynthesis Research | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 85–106 | date = 2001 | pmid = 16228364 | doi = 10.1023/A:1013840025518 }}</ref><ref name="Golden_1998">{{cite journal | vauthors = Golden JW, Yoon HS | title = Heterocyst formation in Anabaena | journal = Current Opinion in Microbiology | volume = 1 | issue = 6 | pages = 623–9 | date = December 1998 | pmid = 10066546 | doi=10.1016/s1369-5274(98)80106-9}}</ref><ref name="Fay_1992">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fay P | title = Oxygen relations of nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria | journal = Microbiological Reviews | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | pages = 340–73 | date = June 1992 | pmid = 1620069 | pmc=372871}}</ref> in an anaerobic environment due to its sensitivity to oxygen.<ref name="Fay_1992" />

===Nitrogen fixation===
Some cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric [[nitrogen]] in anaerobic conditions by means of specialized cells called [[heterocyst]]s.<ref name="Golden_1998" /><ref name="Fay_1992" /> Heterocysts may also form under the appropriate environmental conditions (anoxic) when fixed nitrogen is scarce. Heterocyst-forming species are specialized for nitrogen fixation and are able to fix nitrogen gas into [[ammonia]] ({{Nh3}}), [[nitrites]] ({{No2-}}) or [[nitrates]] ({{No3-}}), which can be absorbed by plants and converted to protein and nucleic acids (atmospheric nitrogen is not [[bioavailable]] to plants, except for those having endosymbiotic [[nitrogen-fixing bacteria]], especially the family [[Fabaceae]], among
others).

Free-living cyanobacteria are present in the water of [[paddy field|rice paddies]], and cyanobacteria can be found growing as [[epiphyte]]s on the surfaces of the green alga, ''[[Chara (alga)|Chara]]'', where they may fix nitrogen.<ref>
{{cite journal | vauthors = Sims GK, Dunigan EP |year=1984|title= Diurnal and seasonal variations in nitrogenase activity (C2H2 reduction) of rice roots|journal= Soil Biology and Biochemistry|volume= 16|pages=15–18|doi=10.1016/0038-0717(84)90118-4}}</ref> Cyanobacteria such as ''[[Anabaena]]'' (a symbiont of the aquatic fern ''[[Azolla]]'') can provide rice plantations with [[biofertilizer]].<ref name="Azolla-Anabaena as a Biofertilizer for Rice Paddy Fields in the Po Valley, a Temperate Rice Area in Northern Italy">{{cite web |title=Azolla-Anabaena as a Biofertilizer for Rice Paddy Fields in the Po Valley, a Temperate Rice Area in Northern Italy |url=http://www.hindawi.com/journals/ija/2010/152158/ |publisher=International Journal of Agronomy |accessdate=21 April 2011}}</ref>

===Morphology===
[[File:CyanobacteriaColl1.jpg|thumb|left|Colonies of ''[[Nostoc pruniforme]]'']]
Many cyanobacteria form motile filaments of cells, called [[hormogonium|hormogonia]], that travel away from the main biomass to bud and form new colonies elsewhere.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Risser DD, Chew WG, Meeks JC | title = Genetic characterization of the hmp locus, a chemotaxis-like gene cluster that regulates hormogonium development and motility in Nostoc punctiforme | journal = Molecular Microbiology | volume = 92 | issue = 2 | pages = 222–33 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24533832 | doi = 10.1111/mmi.12552 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khayatan B, Bains DK, Cheng MH, Cho YW, Huynh J, Kim R, Omoruyi OH, Pantoja AP, Park JS, Peng JK, Splitt SD, Tian MY, Risser DD | title = A Putative O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine Transferase Is Essential for Hormogonium Development and Motility in the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme | journal = Journal of Bacteriology | volume = 199 | issue = 9 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28242721 | pmc = 5388816 | doi = 10.1128/JB.00075-17 | pages=e00075–17}}</ref> The cells in a hormogonium are often thinner than in the vegetative state, and the cells on either end of the motile chain may be tapered. To break away from the parent colony, a hormogonium often must tear apart a weaker cell in a filament, called a necridium.

Each individual cell (each single cyanobacterium) typically has a thick, gelatinous [[cell wall]].<ref>{{Cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=xNQE_89dat8C|page=72}}|title=Text Book Of Botany Diversity Of Microbes And Cryptogams|last=Singh|publisher=Rastogi Publications|isbn=9788171338894}}</ref> They lack [[flagellum|flagella]], but hormogonia of some species can move about by [[bacterial gliding|gliding]] along surfaces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.microbiologynotes.com/differences-between-bacteria-and-cyanobacteria/|title=Differences between Bacteria and Cyanobacteria|date=2015-10-29|work=Microbiology Notes|access-date=2018-01-21}}</ref> Many of the multicellular filamentous forms of ''[[Oscillatoria]]'' are capable of a waving motion; the filament oscillates back and forth. In water columns, some cyanobacteria float by forming [[gas vesicle]]s, as in [[archaea]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Walsby AE | title = Gas vesicles | journal = Microbiological Reviews | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–144 | date = March 1994 | pmid = 8177173 | pmc = 372955 }}</ref> These vesicles are not [[organelle]]s as such. They are not bounded by [[lipid membranes]] but by a protein sheath.

==Ecology==
{{Further|Algal bloom}}
[[File:2010 Filamentous Cyanobacteria Bloom near Fiji.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Cyanobacterial bloom near [[Fiji]]]]
Cyanobacteria can be found in almost every terrestrial and [[aquatic habitat]]—[[ocean]]s, [[fresh water]], damp soil, temporarily moistened rocks in [[desert]]s, bare rock and soil, and even [[Antarctic]] rocks. They can occur as [[planktonic]] cells or form [[phototrophic biofilms]]. They are found in [[endolithic ecosystem]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = de los Ríos A, Grube M, Sancho LG, Ascaso C | title = Ultrastructural and genetic characteristics of endolithic cyanobacterial biofilms colonizing Antarctic granite rocks | journal = FEMS Microbiology Ecology | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | pages = 386–95 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17328119 | doi = 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00256.x | doi-access = free }}</ref> A few are [[endosymbiont]]s in [[lichen]]s, plants, various [[protist]]s, or [[Sea sponge|sponges]] and provide energy for the [[Host (biology)|host]]. Some live in the fur of [[sloth]]s, providing a form of [[camouflage]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Terry | name-list-format = vanc |title=Mammalogy |year=2011 |publisher=Jones and Barlett |page=21|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=LD1nDlzXYicC|page=21}}|isbn=9780763762995}}</ref>

Aquatic cyanobacteria are known for their extensive and highly visible [[Algal bloom|blooms]] that can form in both [[freshwater]] and marine environments. The blooms can have the appearance of blue-green paint or scum. These blooms can be [[toxic]], and frequently lead to the closure of recreational waters when spotted. [[Marine bacteriophage]]s are significant [[parasites]] of unicellular marine cyanobacteria.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Schultz |first=Nora |date=30 August 2009 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327235.000-photosynthetic-viruses-keep-worlds-oxygen-levels-up.html |title=Photosynthetic viruses keep world's oxygen levels up |magazine=[[New Scientist]]}}</ref>

Cyanobacteria growth is favored in ponds and lakes where waters are calm and have less turbulent mixing.<ref name="JOHNK">{{cite journal |last1=Jöhnk |first1=Klaus D. |last2=Huisman |first2=Jef |last3=Sharples |first3=Jonathan| last4=Sommeijer| first4=Ben |last5=Visser |first5=Petra M. |last6=Stroom |first6=Jasper M.| name-list-format = vanc |title=Summer heatwaves promote blooms of harmful cyanobacteria |journal=Global Change Biology |date=1 March 2008 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=495–512 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01510.x |bibcode=2008GCBio..14..495J|url=https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/12731}}</ref> Their life cycles are disrupted when the water naturally or artificially mixes from churning currents caused by the flowing water of streams or the churning water of fountains. For this reason blooms of cyanobacteria seldom occur in rivers unless the water is flowing slowly. Growth is also favored at higher temperatures which enable ''[[Microcystis]]'' species to outcompete [[diatoms]] and [[green algae]], and potentially allow development of toxins.<ref name=JOHNK />

Based on environmental trends, models and observations suggest cyanobacteria will likely increase their dominance in aquatic environments. This can lead to serious consequences, particularly the contamination of sources of [[drinking water]]. Cyanobacteria can interfere with [[water treatment]] in various ways, primarily by plugging filters (often large beds of sand and similar media) and by producing [[cyanotoxin]]s, which have the potential to cause serious illness if consumed. Consequences may also lie within fisheries and waste management practices. Anthropogenic [[eutrophication]], rising temperatures, vertical stratification and increased [[atmospheric carbon dioxide]] are contributors to cyanobacteria increasing dominance of aquatic ecosystems.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Paerl HW, Paul VJ | title = Climate change: links to global expansion of harmful cyanobacteria | journal = Water Research | volume = 46 | issue = 5 | pages = 1349–63 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 21893330 | doi = 10.1016/j.watres.2011.08.002 }}</ref>

Cyanobacteria have been found to play an important role in terrestrial habitats. It has been widely reported that cyanobacteria [[soil crust]]s help to stabilize soil to prevent [[erosion]] and retain water.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thomas AD, Dougill AJ | title = Spatial and temporal distribution of cyanobacterial soil crusts in the Kalahari: Implications for soil surface properties|journal=Geomorphology|date=15 March 2007|volume=85|issue=1|pages=17–29|doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.03.029|bibcode=2007Geomo..85...17T}}</ref> An example of a cyanobacterial species that does so is ''Microcoleus vaginatus''. ''M. vaginatus'' stabilizes soil using a [[polysaccharide]] sheath that binds to sand particles and absorbs water.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Belnap|first1=Jayne|last2=Gardner|first2=John S.| name-list-format = vanc |title=Soil Microstructure in Soils of the Colorado Plateau: The Role of the Cyanobacterium Microcoleus Vaginatus | journal = The Great Basin Naturalist|date=1993|volume=53|issue=1|pages=40–47|jstor=41712756}}</ref>

Some of these organisms contribute significantly to global ecology and the [[oxygen cycle]]. The tiny marine cyanobacterium ''[[Prochlorococcus]]'' was discovered in 1986 and accounts for more than half of the photosynthesis of the open ocean.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nadis S | title = The cells that rule the seas | journal = Scientific American | volume = 289 | issue = 6 | pages = 52–3 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14631732 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican1203-52 | url = http://guowei.ccps.tp.edu.tw/nc/UploadDocument/255_02%20The%20Cells%20that%20Rules%20the%20Sea.pdf | bibcode = 2003SciAm.289f..52N | access-date = 19 April 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140419222251/http://guowei.ccps.tp.edu.tw/nc/UploadDocument/255_02%20The%20Cells%20that%20Rules%20the%20Sea.pdf | archive-date = 19 April 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Circadian rhythm]]s were once thought to only exist in eukaryotic cells but many cyanobacteria display a [[bacterial circadian rhythm]].
<blockquote>Cyanobacteria are arguably the most successful group of [[microorganisms]] on earth. They are the most genetically diverse; they occupy a broad range of habitats across all latitudes, widespread in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems, and they are found in the most extreme niches such as hot springs, salt works, and hypersaline bays. [[Photoautotrophic]], oxygen-producing cyanobacteria created the conditions in the planet's early atmosphere that directed the evolution of aerobic metabolism and eukaryotic photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria fulfill vital ecological functions in the world's oceans, being important contributors to global carbon and nitrogen budgets. – Stewart and Falconer<ref name="WalshSmith2011">{{cite book|editor-last1=Walsh|editor-first1=Patrick J.|editor-last2=Smith|editor-first2=Sharon|editor-last3=Fleming|editor-first3=Lora|editor-first4=Helena |editor-last4=Solo-Gabriele |editor-first5=William H.|editor-last5= Gerwick| name-list-format = vanc |title=Oceans and Human Health: Risks and Remedies from the Seas|chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=LMZPqW-PmFYC|page=271}}|date=2 September 2011|chapter=Cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial toxins|pp=271–296|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-087782-2}}</ref>
</blockquote>

==Photosynthesis==
There are several features which are unique to the group of cyanobacteria. As the [[endosymbiotic]] plastids are considered cyanobacteria, they generally share these features insofar they have not lost them.

===Carbon fixation===
Cyanobacteria use the energy of [[sunlight]] to drive [[photosynthesis]], a process where the energy of light is used to synthesize [[organic compound]]s from carbon dioxide. Because they are aquatic organisms, they typically employ several strategies which are collectively known as a "carbon concentrating mechanism" to aid in the acquisition of inorganic carbon ({{CO2}} or [[bicarbonate]]). Among the more specific strategies is the widespread prevalence of the bacterial microcompartments known as [[carboxysome]]s.<ref name="KerfeldHeinhorst2010">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kerfeld CA, Heinhorst S, Cannon GC | title = Bacterial microcompartments | journal = Annual Review of Microbiology | volume = 64 | issue = 1 | pages = 391–408 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20825353 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134211 | url = https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1014927/ }}</ref> These [[Icosahedron|icosahedral]] structures are composed of hexameric shell proteins that assemble into cage-like structures that can be several hundreds of nanometers in diameter. It is believed that these structures tether the {{CO2}}-fixing enzyme, [[RuBisCO]], to the interior of the shell, as well as the enzyme [[carbonic anhydrase]], using [[metabolic channeling]] to enhance the local {{CO2}} concentrations and thus increase the efficiency of the RuBisCO enzyme.<ref name="LongBadger2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Long BM, Badger MR, Whitney SM, Price GD | title = Analysis of carboxysomes from Synechococcus PCC7942 reveals multiple Rubisco complexes with carboxysomal proteins CcmM and CcaA | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 282 | issue = 40 | pages = 29323–35 | date = October 2007 | pmid = 17675289 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M703896200 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Electron transport ===
In contrast to [[purple bacteria]] and other bacteria performing [[anoxygenic photosynthesis]], thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria are not continuous with the plasma membrane but are separate compartments.<ref name="Vothknecht&Westhoff20012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vothknecht UC, Westhoff P | title = Biogenesis and origin of thylakoid membranes | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1541 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 91–101 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11750665 | doi = 10.1016/S0167-4889(01)00153-7 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The photosynthetic machinery is embedded in the [[thylakoid]] membranes, with [[phycobilisome]]s acting as [[Light-harvesting complex|light-harvesting antennae]] attached to the membrane, giving the green pigmentation observed (with wavelengths from 450 nm to 660 nm) in most cyanobacteria.<ref name="Sobiechowska-Sasim_2014">{{cite journal | last1 = Sobiechowska-Sasim | first1 = Monika | last2 = Stoń-Egiert | first2 = Joanna | last3 = Kosakowska | first3 = Alicja | name-list-format = vanc | date = February 2014 | title = Quantitative analysis of extracted phycobilin pigments in cyanobacteria—an assessment of spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods | journal=J Appl Phycol | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 2065–2074 | doi=10.1007/s10811-014-0244-3| pmid = 25346572 | pmc = 4200375 }}</ref>
[[File:Cyanobacterium-inline.svg|right|440x440px|Diagram of a typical cyanobacterial cell]]
While most of the high-energy [[electron]]s derived from water are used by the cyanobacterial cells for their own needs, a fraction of these electrons may be donated to the external environment via [[electrogenic]] activity.<ref name="Pisciotta JM, Zou Y, Baskakov IV 2010 e108212">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pisciotta JM, Zou Y, Baskakov IV | title = Light-dependent electrogenic activity of cyanobacteria | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 5 | issue = 5 | pages = e10821 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20520829 | pmc = 2876029 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0010821 | bibcode = 2010PLoSO...510821P | editor1-last = Yang | editor1-first = Ching-Hong | name-list-format = vanc }}</ref>

==== Respiration ====
[[Cellular respiration|Respiration]] in cyanobacteria can occur in the thylakoid membrane alongside photosynthesis,<ref name="Vermaas_2001">{{cite book | title = Photosynthesis and Respiration in Cyanobacteria. eLS.| last = Vermaas | first = Wim FJ | name-list-format = vanc | date = 2001 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | isbn = 978-0-470-01590-2 | doi = 10.1038/npg.els.0001670 |chapter = Photosynthesis and Respiration in Cyanobacteria| chapter-url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a0f626ac1656b606f0cd3aa31318ec68d511c7aa }}</ref> with their photosynthetic [[Electron transport chain|electron transport]] sharing the same compartment as the components of respiratory electron transport. While the goal of photosynthesis is to store energy by building carbohydrates from CO2, respiration is the reverse of this, with carbohydrates turned back into CO2 accompanying energy release.

Cyanobacteria appear to separate these two processes with their plasma membrane containing only components of the respiratory chain, while the thylakoid membrane hosts an interlinked respiratory and photosynthetic electron transport chain.<ref name="Vermaas_2001" /> Cyanobacteria use electrons from [[succinate dehydrogenase]] rather than from [[Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate|NADPH]] for respiration.<ref name="Vermaas_2001" />

Cyanobacteria only respire during the night (or in the dark) because the facilities used for electron transport are used in reverse for photosynthesis while in the light.<ref name="Armstrong_2014">{{cite book | url = https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo16465693.html | title = How the Earth Turned Green: A Brief 3.8-Billion-Year History of Plants| last = Armstronf | first = Joseph E.| name-list-format = vanc | date = 2015 | publisher = The University of Chicago Press| isbn =978-0-226-06977-7 }}</ref>

==== Electron transport chain ====
Many cyanobacteria are able to reduce nitrogen and carbon dioxide under [[Aerobic cellular respiration|aerobic]] conditions, a fact that may be responsible for their evolutionary and ecological success. The water-oxidizing photosynthesis is accomplished by coupling the activity of [[photosystem]] (PS) II and I ([[Z-scheme]]). In contrast to [[green sulfur bacteria]] which only use one photosystem, the use of water as an electron donor is energetically demanding, requiring two photosystems.<ref name="Klatt_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Klatt JM, de Beer D, Häusler S, Polerecky L | title = Cyanobacteria in Sulfidic Spring Microbial Mats Can Perform Oxygenic and Anoxygenic Photosynthesis Simultaneously during an Entire Diurnal Period | journal = Frontiers in Microbiology | volume = 7 | pages = 1973 | date = 2016 | pmid = 28018309 | doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01973 | pmc=5156726}}</ref>

Attached to the thylakoid membrane, [[phycobilisome]]s act as [[Light-harvesting complex|light-harvesting antennae]] for the photosystems.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grossman AR, Schaefer MR, Chiang GG, Collier JL | title = The phycobilisome, a light-harvesting complex responsive to environmental conditions | journal = Microbiological Reviews | volume = 57 | issue = 3 | pages = 725–49 | date = September 1993 | pmid = 8246846 | pmc = 372933 | doi = }}</ref> The phycobilisome components ([[phycobiliprotein]]s) are responsible for the blue-green pigmentation of most cyanobacteria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/5D.html|title=Colors from bacteria {{!}} Causes of Color|website=www.webexhibits.org|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref> The variations on this theme are due mainly to [[carotenoid]]s and [[phycoerythrin]]s that give the cells their red-brownish coloration. In some cyanobacteria, the color of light influences the composition of the phycobilisomes.<ref>{{cite book | doi = 10.1016/B978-012373944-5.00250-9 | chapter = Cyanobacteria | title = Encyclopedia of Microbiology | edition = third | pages = 107–124 | first = F. | last = Garcia-Pichel | editor-first = Moselio | editor-last = Schaechter | name-list-format = vanc | isbn = 978-0-12-373944-5 | year = 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kehoe DM | title = Chromatic adaptation and the evolution of light color sensing in cyanobacteria | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 107 | issue = 20 | pages = 9029–9030 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20457899 | pmc = 2889117 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1004510107 | bibcode = 2010PNAS..107.9029K }}</ref> In green light, the cells accumulate more phycoerythrin, whereas in red light they produce more [[phycocyanin]]. Thus, the bacteria appear green in red light and red in green light.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kehoe DM, Gutu A | title = Responding to color: the regulation of complementary chromatic adaptation | journal = Annual Review of Plant Biology | volume = 57 | pages = 127–50 | date = 2006 | pmid = 16669758 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105215 }}</ref> This process of complementary chromatic adaptation is a way for the cells to maximize the use of available light for photosynthesis.

A few genera lack phycobilisomes and have [[chlorophyll b]] instead (''[[Prochloron]]'', ''[[Prochlorococcus]]'', ''Prochlorothrix''). These were originally grouped together as the [[Prochlorophyta|prochlorophytes]] or chloroxybacteria, but appear to have developed in several different lines of cyanobacteria. For this reason, they are now considered as part of the cyanobacterial group.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Palenik B, Haselkorn R | title = Multiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes, the chlorophyll b-containing prokaryotes | journal = Nature | volume = 355 | issue = 6357 | pages = 265–7 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1731224 | doi = 10.1038/355265a0 | bibcode = 1992Natur.355..265P }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Urbach E, Robertson DL, Chisholm SW | title = Multiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes within the cyanobacterial radiation | journal = Nature | volume = 355 | issue = 6357 | pages = 267–70 | date = January 1992 | pmid = 1731225 | doi = 10.1038/355267a0 | bibcode = 1992Natur.355..267U }}</ref>

==== Metabolism ====
In general, photosynthesis in cyanobacteria uses water as an [[Redox|electron donor]] and produces [[oxygen]] as a byproduct, though some may also use [[hydrogen sulfide]]<ref name="Cohen Y, Jørgensen BB, Revsbech NP, Poplawski R 19862">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cohen Y, Jørgensen BB, Revsbech NP, Poplawski R | title = Adaptation to Hydrogen Sulfide of Oxygenic and Anoxygenic Photosynthesis among Cyanobacteria | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 51 | issue = 2 | pages = 398–407 | date = February 1986 | pmid = 16346996 | pmc = 238881 }}</ref> a process which occurs among other photosynthetic bacteria such as the [[purple sulfur bacteria]].

[[Carbon dioxide]] is reduced to form [[carbohydrate]]s via the [[Calvin cycle]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Molecular Mechanisms of Photosynthesis | first = Robert E. | last = Blankenship | name-list-format = vanc | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-1-4051-8975-0 | pages = 147–173 }}</ref> The large amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere are considered to have been first created by the activities of ancient cyanobacteria.<ref name="Och_2012">{{cite journal | last = Och | first = Lawrence M. | last2 = Shields-Zhou | first2 = Graham A. | name-list-format = vanc | title = The Neoproterozoic oxygenation event: Environmental perturbations and biogeochemical cycling | journal=Earth-Science Reviews | volume = 110 | issue = 1–4 | pages = 26–57 | doi = 10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.09.004 | date = January 2012 | bibcode = 2012ESRv..110...26O }}</ref> They are often found as [[symbiont]]s with a number of other groups of organisms such as fungi (lichens), [[coral]]s, [[pteridophyte]]s (''[[Azolla]]''), [[angiosperm]]s (''[[Gunnera]]''), etc.<ref>{{cite book | title = The Prokaryotes | last = Adams | first = David G. | last2 = Bergman | first2 = Birgitta | last3 = Nierzwicki-Bauer | first3 = Sandra A. | last4 = Duggan | first4 = Paula S. | last5 = Rai | first5 = Amar N. | last6 = Schüßler | first6 = Arthur | name-list-format = vanc | date = 2013 | publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg | isbn = 978-3-642-30193-3 | pages = 359–400 | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-30194-0_17 }}</ref>

There are some groups capable of [[heterotrophic]] growth,<ref name="CarrWhitton1973">{{cite book|last=Smith|first=A.J.|chapter=Synthesis of metabolic intermediates|editor-last1=Carr|editor-first1=N. G.|editor-last2=Whitton|editor-first2=Brian A.|name-list-format=vanc|title=The Biology of Blue-green Algae|chapter-url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=fSRPg-D0Jk0C|page=30}}|year=1973|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02344-4|pages=30–|url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofbluegre0000carr}}</ref> while others are [[parasitic]], causing diseases in invertebrates or algae (e.g., the [[black band disease]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Jangoux |first1= M | name-list-format = vanc |year= 1987 |title= Diseases of Echinodermata. I. Agents microorganisms and protistans |journal= Dis. Aquat. Org. |volume = 2 |issue= |pages= 147–162 |doi=10.3354/dao002147|doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | veditors = Kinne O | url = http://www.int-res.com/archive/doma_books/DOMA_Vol_I_(general_aspects,_protozoa_to%20gastropoda).pdf | title = Diseases of Marine Animals | volume = 1 | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | location = Chichester, UK | isbn = 978-0-471-99584-5 | year = 1980 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal| last = Kristiansen | first = Aase | name-list-format = vanc | doi = 10.2216/i0031-8884-4-1-19.1 | url = http://www.seaweedafrica.org/pdf/AC100CF207f64271F4VOXG7481C4/14098.pdf | title = ''Sarcinastrum urosporae'', a Colourless Parasitic Blue-green Alga |journal=Phycologia |year=1964 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=19–22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106045403/http://www.seaweedafrica.org/pdf/AC100CF207f64271F4VOXG7481C4/14098.pdf |archivedate=6 January 2015}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Relationship to chloroplasts==
{{See also|Chloroplast#Chloroplast lineages and evolution}}

Primary chloroplasts are cell organelles found in some [[Eukarya|eukaryotic]] lineages, where they are specialized in performing the photosynthesis. They are considered to have evolved from [[endosymbiotic]] [[cyanobacteria]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Keeling PJ | title = The number, speed, and impact of plastid endosymbioses in eukaryotic evolution | journal = Annual Review of Plant Biology | volume = 64 | issue = | pages = 583–607 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23451781 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120144 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f9811cb79812e9f5f9717a3e12f72aa577d0f5af }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=Kelsey R.|last2=Magnabosco|first2=Cara|last3=Momper|first3=Lily|last4=Gold|first4=David A.|last5=Bosak|first5=Tanja|last6=Fournier|first6=Gregory P.|date=2019|title=An Expanded Ribosomal Phylogeny of Cyanobacteria Supports a Deep Placement of Plastids|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|language=English|volume=10|pages=1612|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2019.01612|issn=1664-302X|pmc=6640209|pmid=31354692}}</ref> After some years of debate,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Howe CJ, Barbrook AC, Nisbet RE, Lockhart PJ, Larkum AW | title = The origin of plastids | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 363 | issue = 1504 | pages = 2675–85 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18468982 | pmc = 2606771 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2008.0050 }}</ref> it is now generally accepted that the three major groups of primary endosymbiotic eukaryotes (i.e. [[Viridiplantae|green plants]], [[Rhodophytes|red algae]] and [[glaucophyte]]s) form one large [[Monophyly|monophyletic group]] called [[Archaeplastida]], which evolved after one unique endosymbiotic event.<ref name="Rodríguez-Ezpeleta N 2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodríguez-Ezpeleta N, Brinkmann H, Burey SC, Roure B, Burger G, Löffelhardt W, Bohnert HJ, Philippe H, Lang BF | title = Monophyly of primary photosynthetic eukaryotes: green plants, red algae, and glaucophytes | journal = Current Biology | volume = 15 | issue = 14 | pages = 1325–30 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16051178 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.040 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EA, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shadwick L, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW | title = The revised classification of eukaryotes | journal = The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology | volume = 59 | issue = 5 | pages = 429–93 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23020233 | pmc = 3483872 | doi = 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Price DC, Chan CX, Yoon HS, Yang EC, Qiu H, Weber AP, Schwacke R, Gross J, Blouin NA, Lane C, Reyes-Prieto A, Durnford DG, Neilson JA, Lang BF, Burger G, Steiner JM, Löffelhardt W, Meuser JE, Posewitz MC, Ball S, Arias MC, Henrissat B, Coutinho PM, Rensing SA, Symeonidi A, Doddapaneni H, Green BR, Rajah VD, Boore J, Bhattacharya D | title = Cyanophora paradoxa genome elucidates origin of photosynthesis in algae and plants | journal = Science | volume = 335 | issue = 6070 | pages = 843–7 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22344442 | doi = 10.1126/science.1213561 | bibcode = 2012Sci...335..843P | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/223db16a6596f6a05d19e365c261a7200c956fbc }}</ref><ref name="Ponce-Toledo RI 2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ponce-Toledo RI, Deschamps P, López-García P, Zivanovic Y, Benzerara K, Moreira D | title = An Early-Branching Freshwater Cyanobacterium at the Origin of Plastids | journal = Current Biology | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 386–391 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28132810 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2016.11.056 | pmc=5650054}}</ref>

The [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] similarity between chloroplasts and cyanobacteria was first reported by German botanist [[Andreas Schimper]] in the 19th century<ref name="Schimper">{{cite journal| vauthors = Schimper AF |title=Über die Entwicklung der Chlorophyllkörner und Farbkörper|trans-title=About the development of the chlorophyll grains and stains|language=German|journal=Bot. Zeitung|year=1883|volume=41|pages=105–14, 121–31, 137–46, 153–62|url=http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/19551|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019121025/http://publikationen.stub.uni-frankfurt.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/19551|archivedate=19 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Chloroplasts are only found in [[plant]]s and [[algae]],<ref name="Molecular biology of the cell—chloroplasts and photosynthesis">{{cite book|last=Alberts|first=Bruce | name-list-format = vanc |title=Molecular biology of the cell|year=2002|publisher=Garland|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-8153-4072-0|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26819/|edition=4.}}</ref> thus paving the way for Russian biologist [[Konstantin Mereschkowski]] to suggest the symbiogenic origin of the plastid in 1905.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Mereschkowsky C|title= Über Natur und Ursprung der Chromatophoren im Pflanzenreiche |trans-title=About the nature and origin of chromatophores in the vegetable kingdom |language=German|journal= Biol Centralbl|year=1905|volume=25|pages=593–604 |url=https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_51353_bernaturundursprungderchromato1881}}</ref> [[Lynn Margulis]] brought this hypothesis back to attention more than 60 years later<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sagan L | title = On the origin of mitosing cells | journal = Journal of Theoretical Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 255–74 | date = March 1967 | pmid = 11541392 | doi = 10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3}}</ref> but it was not until supplementary data started to accumulate that the idea became fully accepted. The cyanobacterial origin of plastids is now supported by various pieces of [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schwartz RM, Dayhoff MO | title = Origins of prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts | journal = Science | volume = 199 | issue = 4327 | pages = 395–403 | date = January 1978 | pmid = 202030 | doi = 10.1126/science.202030| bibcode = 1978Sci...199..395S }}</ref><ref name="Rodríguez-Ezpeleta N 2005"/><ref name="Ponce-Toledo RI 2016"/> [[Genomics|genomic]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Archibald JM | title = Genomic perspectives on the birth and spread of plastids | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 112 | issue = 33 | pages = 10147–53 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25902528 | pmc = 4547232 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1421374112 | bibcode = 2015PNAS..11210147A }}</ref> biochemical<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Blankenship RE | title = Early evolution of photosynthesis | journal = Plant Physiology | volume = 154 | issue = 2 | pages = 434–8 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20921158 | pmc = 2949000 | doi = 10.1104/pp.110.161687 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rockwell NC, Lagarias JC, Bhattacharya D | title = Primary endosymbiosis and the evolution of light and oxygen sensing in photosynthetic eukaryotes | journal = Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution | volume = 2 | issue = 66 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25729749 | pmc = 4343542 | doi = 10.3389/fevo.2014.00066 }}</ref> and structural evidence.<ref>Summarised in {{cite journal | vauthors = Cavalier-Smith T | title = Membrane heredity and early chloroplast evolution | journal = Trends in Plant Science | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | pages = 174–82 | date = April 2000 | pmid = 10740299 | doi = 10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01598-3 }}</ref> The fact that another independent and more recent primary endosymbiosis event has been described between a cyanobacterium and a separate eukaryote lineage (the [[rhizaria]]n ''[[Paulinella]] chromatophora'') also gives credibility to the endosymbiotic origin of the plastid.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nowack EC, Melkonian M, Glöckner G | title = Chromatophore genome sequence of Paulinella sheds light on acquisition of photosynthesis by eukaryotes | journal = Current Biology | volume = 18 | issue = 6 | pages = 410–8 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18356055 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.051 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In addition to this primary endosymbiosis, many eukaryotic lineages have been subject to [[Secondary endosymbiosis|secondary]] or even [[tertiary endosymbiotic events]], that is the "[[Matryoshka doll|Matryoshka]]-like" engulfment by a eukaryote of another plastid-bearing eukaryote.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Archibald JM | title = The puzzle of plastid evolution | journal = Current Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = R81–8 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19174147 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.067 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Within this evolutionary context, it is noteworthy that, as far as we can tell, [[oxygenic photosynthesis]] only evolved once (in prokaryotic cyanobacteria), and all photosynthetic eukaryotes (including all plants and algae) have acquired this ability from them. In other words, all the oxygen that makes the atmosphere breathable for [[aerobic organism]]s originally comes from cyanobacteria or their later descendants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://phys.org/news/2017-03-oxygen-cyanobacteria.html |title=How do plants make oxygen? Ask cyanobacteria |date=30 March 2017 |website=Phys.org |publisher=Science X |access-date=2017-10-26}}</ref>

==DNA repair==

Cyanobacteria are challenged by environmental stresses and internally generated [[reactive oxygen species]] that cause [[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA damage]]. Cyanobacteria possess numerous ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]''-like [[DNA repair]] [[gene]]s.<ref name="pmid27881980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cassier-Chauvat C, Veaudor T, Chauvat F |title=Comparative Genomics of DNA Recombination and Repair in Cyanobacteria: Biotechnological Implications |journal=Front Microbiol |volume=7 |issue= |pages=1809 |date=2016 |pmid=27881980 |pmc=5101192 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2016.01809 |url=}}</ref> Several DNA repair genes are highly conserved in cyanobacteria, even in small [[genome]]s, suggesting that core DNA repair processes such as [[homologous recombination|recombinational repair]], [[nucleotide excision repair]] and methyl-directed [[DNA mismatch repair]] are common among cyanobacteria.<ref name="pmid27881980" />

==Natural genetic transformation==

Cyanobacteria are capable of natural genetic [[transformation (genetics)|transformation]].<ref name="pmid4209657">{{cite journal |vauthors=Orkwiszewski KG, Kaney AR |title=Genetic transformation of the blue-green bacterium, Anacystis nidulans |journal=Arch Mikrobiol |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=31–7 |date=June 1974 |pmid=4209657 |doi= 10.1007/BF00425265|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16592896">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stevens SE, Porter RD |title=Transformation in Agmenellum quadruplicatum |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=77 |issue=10 |pages=6052–6 |date=October 1980 |pmid=16592896 |pmc=350211 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.77.10.6052|url=}}</ref><ref>Grigorieva G, Shestakov S. Transformation in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. 6803 FEMS Microbiology Letters 13 (1982) 367-370 Published by Elsevier Biomedical
Press https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1982.tb08289.x</ref> Natural genetic transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous DNA from its surroundings. For bacterial transformation to take place, the recipient bacteria must be in a state of [[natural competence|competence]], which may occur in nature as a response to conditions such as starvation, high cell density or exposure to DNA damaging agents. In chromosomal transformation, homologous transforming DNA can be integrated into the recipient genome by [[homologous recombination]], and this process appears to be an adaptation for [[DNA repair|repairing DNA damage]].<ref name="pmid29111273">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bernstein H, Bernstein C, Michod RE |title=Sex in microbial pathogens |journal=Infect. Genet. Evol. |volume=57 |issue= |pages=8–25 |date=January 2018 |pmid=29111273 |doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024 |url=}}</ref>

==Classification==
{{See also|Bacterial taxonomy}}
[[File:Haeckel arbol bn.png|thumb|upright|Tree of Life in ''Generelle Morphologie der Organismen'' (1866). Note the location of the genus
''[[Nostoc]]'' with algae and not with bacteria (kingdom "Monera")]]
Historically, bacteria were first classified as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes, which along with the Schizophyceae (blue-green algae/Cyanobacteria) formed the phylum Schizophyta,<ref name=nageli>{{cite journal | vauthors = Von Nägeli C | veditors = Caspary R | year = 1857 | title = Bericht über die Verhandlungen der 33. Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte, gehalten in Bonn von 18 bis 24 September 1857 | trans-title = Report on the Proceedings of the 33rd Meeting of German Natural Scientists and Physicians, held in Bonn, 18 to 24 September 1857 | journal = Botanische Zeitung | volume = 15 | pages = 749–776 }}</ref> then in the phylum [[Monera]] in the kingdom [[Protista]] by [[Haeckel]] in 1866, comprising ''Protogens, Protamaeba, Vampyrella, Protomonae'', and ''Vibrio'', but not ''Nostoc'' and other cyanobacteria, which were classified with algae,<ref>{{cite book | last = Haeckel | first = Ernst | name-list-format = vanc | year = 1867 | title = Generelle Morphologie der Organismen | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_-5k5AAAAcAAJ | publisher = Reimer, Berlin }}</ref>
later reclassified as the ''[[Prokaryotes]]'' by [[Édouard Chatton|Chatton]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chatton É | title = ''Pansporella perplexa''. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires | journal = Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. | volume = 10-VII | pages = 1–84 | year = 1925 }}</ref>

The cyanobacteria were traditionally classified by morphology into five sections, referred to by the numerals I–V. The first three – [[Chroococcales]], [[Pleurocapsales]], and [[Oscillatoriales]] – are not supported by phylogenetic studies. The latter two – [[Nostocales]] and [[Stigonematales]] – are monophyletic, and make up the heterocystous cyanobacteria.<ref name="Gugger_2004">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gugger MF, Hoffmann L | title = Polyphyly of true branching cyanobacteria (Stigonematales) | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 54 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 349–357 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15023942 | doi = 10.1099/ijs.0.02744-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Howard-Azzeh M, Shamseer L, Schellhorn HE, Gupta RS | title = Phylogenetic analysis and molecular signatures defining a monophyletic clade of heterocystous cyanobacteria and identifying its closest relatives | journal = Photosynthesis Research | volume = 122 | issue = 2 | pages = 171–185 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 24917519 | doi = 10.1007/s11120-014-0020-x }}</ref>

The members of Chroococales are unicellular and usually aggregate in colonies. The classic taxonomic criterion has been the cell morphology and the plane of cell division. In Pleurocapsales, the cells have the ability to form internal spores (baeocytes). The rest of the sections include filamentous species. In Oscillatoriales, the cells are uniseriately arranged and do not form specialized cells (akinetes and heterocysts).<ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.preslia.cz/P144Komarek.pdf | title = Taxonomic classification of cyanoprokaryotes (cyanobacterial genera) 2014, using a polyphasic approach | vauthors = Komárek J, Kaštovský J, Mareš J, Johansen JR | journal = Preslia | volume = 86 | pages = 295–335 | year = 2014 }}</ref> In Nostocales and Stigonematales, the cells have the ability to develop heterocysts in certain conditions. Stigonematales, unlike Nostocales, include species with truly branched trichomes.<ref name="Gugger_2004" />

Most taxa included in the phylum or division Cyanobacteria have not yet been validly published{{according to whom|date=June 2016}} under the [[International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria|Bacteriological Code]], except:
*The classes [[Chroobacteria]], [[Hormogoneae]], and [[Gloeobacteria]]
*The orders Chroococcales, [[Gloeobacterales]], Nostocales, Oscillatoriales, Pleurocapsales, and [[Stigonematales]]
*The families [[Prochloraceae]] and [[Prochlorotrichaceae]]
*The genera ''[[Halospirulina]], [[Planktothricoides]], Prochlorococcus, [[Prochloron]]'', and ''[[Prochlorothrix]]''
The remainder are validly published under the [[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]].

Formerly, some bacteria, like ''[[Beggiatoa]]'', were thought to be colorless Cyanobacteria.<ref name="Pringsheim1963">{{cite book|last=Pringsheim|first=Ernst Georg | name-list-format = vanc |title=Farblose Algen: Ein Beitrag zur Evolutionsforschung|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=RYnPAAAAMAAJ}}|year=1963|publisher=Gustav Fischer Verlag}}</ref>

==Earth history==
[[Stromatolites]] are layered biochemical [[accretion (geology)|accretion]]ary [[structure]]s formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding, and cementation of sedimentary grains by [[biofilm]]s ([[microbial mat]]s) of [[microorganism]]s, especially cyanobacteria.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Riding | year = 2007 | first = R. | title = The term stromatolite: towards an essential definition | journal = Lethaia | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | pages = 321–330 |doi = 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00550.x}}</ref>
[[File:Stromatolites.jpg|left|thumb|[[Stromatolites]] left behind by cyanobacteria are the oldest known fossils of life on Earth. This one-billion-year-old fossil is from [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier National Park]] in Montana.]]
During the [[Precambrian]], stromatolite communities of microorganisms grew in most marine and non-marine environments in the photic zone. After the Cambrian explosion of marine animals, grazing on the stromatolite mats by herbivores greatly reduced the occurrence of the stromatolites in marine environments. Since then, they are found mostly in hypersaline conditions where grazing invertebrates cannot live (e.g. [[Shark Bay]], Western Australia). Stromatolites provide ancient records of life on Earth by fossil remains which date from 3.5 [[annus#SI prefix multipliers|Ga]] ago.<ref>Raphael J. Baumgartner et al. 'Nano-porous pyrite and organic matter in 3.5-billion-year-old stromatolites record primordial life.' ''Geology'', published online September 25, 2019; doi: 10.1130/G46365.1</ref> {{As of|2010}} the oldest undisputed evidence of cyanobacteria is from 2.1 Ga ago, but there is some evidence for them as far back as 2.7 Ga ago. Oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere remained around or below 1% of today's level until 2.4 Ga ago (the [[Great Oxygenation Event]]). The rise in oxygen may have caused a fall in the concentration of [[atmospheric methane]], and triggered the [[Huronian glaciation]] from around 2.4 to 2.1 Ga ago. In this way, cyanobacteria may have killed off much of the other bacteria of the time.<ref name=Lane>[[Nick Lane|Lane, Nick]] (6 February 2010) [https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527461-100-first-breath-earths-billion-year-struggle-for-oxygen/ "First breath: Earth's billion-year struggle for oxygen"]. ''[[New Scientist]]'', pp. 36–9. See accompanying graph as well.</ref>

[[Oncolite]]s are [[sedimentary structures]] composed of oncoids, which are layered structures formed by cyanobacterial growth. Oncolites are similar to stromatolites, but instead of forming columns, they form approximately spherical structures that were not attached to the underlying substrate as they formed.<ref name=Corsetti2003>{{cite journal | vauthors = Corsetti FA, Awramik SM, Pierce D | title = A complex microbiota from snowball Earth times: microfossils from the Neoproterozoic Kingston Peak Formation, Death Valley, USA | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 8 | pages = 4399–404 | date = April 2003 | pmid = 12682298 | pmc = 153566 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0730560100 | bibcode = 2003PNAS..100.4399C }}</ref> The oncoids often form around a central nucleus, such as a shell fragment,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gutschick RC, Perry TG | date = 1959-11-01 | title = Sappington (Kinderhookian) sponges and their environment [Montana] | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 977–985 | url = http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/33/6/977 | accessdate = 2007-06-28 }}
</ref> and a [[calcium carbonate]] structure is deposited by encrusting [[microbes]]. Oncolites are indicators of warm waters in the [[photic zone]], but are also known in contemporary freshwater environments.<ref>Riding, Robert. (1991). ''Calcareous Algae and Stromatolites'', p. 32. Springer-Verlag Press.</ref> These structures rarely exceed 10 cm in diameter.

==Biotechnology and applications==
The unicellular cyanobacterium ''[[Synechocystis]]'' sp. PCC6803 was the third prokaryote and first photosynthetic organism whose [[genome]] was completely [[DNA sequencing|sequenced]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kaneko T, Sato S, Kotani H, Tanaka A, Asamizu E, Nakamura Y, Miyajima N, Hirosawa M, Sugiura M, Sasamoto S, Kimura T, Hosouchi T, Matsuno A, Muraki A, Nakazaki N, Naruo K, Okumura S, Shimpo S, Takeuchi C, Wada T, Watanabe A, Yamada M, Yasuda M, Tabata S | title = Sequence analysis of the genome of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. II. Sequence determination of the entire genome and assignment of potential protein-coding regions | journal = DNA Research | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | pages = 109–36 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 8905231 | doi = 10.1093/dnares/3.3.109 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It continues to be an important model organism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tabei Y, Okada K, Tsuzuki M | title = Sll1330 controls the expression of glycolytic genes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 355 | issue = 4 | pages = 1045–50 | date = April 2007 | pmid = 17331473 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.065 }}</ref> ''[[Cyanothece]]'' ATCC 51142 is an important [[diazotroph]]ic model organism. The smallest genomes have been found in ''Prochlorococcus'' spp. (1.7 Mb)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rocap G, Larimer FW, Lamerdin J, Malfatti S, Chain P, Ahlgren NA, Arellano A, Coleman M, Hauser L, Hess WR, Johnson ZI, Land M, Lindell D, Post AF, Regala W, Shah M, Shaw SL, Steglich C, Sullivan MB, Ting CS, Tolonen A, Webb EA, Zinser ER, Chisholm SW | title = Genome divergence in two Prochlorococcus ecotypes reflects oceanic niche differentiation | journal = Nature | volume = 424 | issue = 6952 | pages = 1042–7 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12917642 | doi = 10.1038/nature01947 | bibcode = 2003Natur.424.1042R }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dufresne A, Salanoubat M, Partensky F, Artiguenave F, Axmann IM, Barbe V, Duprat S, Galperin MY, Koonin EV, Le Gall F, Makarova KS, Ostrowski M, Oztas S, Robert C, Rogozin IB, Scanlan DJ, Tandeau de Marsac N, Weissenbach J, Wincker P, Wolf YI, Hess WR | title = Genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120, a nearly minimal oxyphototrophic genome | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 17 | pages = 10020–5 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12917486 | pmc = 187748 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1733211100 | bibcode = 2003PNAS..10010020D }}</ref> and the largest in ''[[Nostoc punctiforme]]'' (9 Mb).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meeks JC, Elhai J, Thiel T, Potts M, Larimer F, Lamerdin J, Predki P, Atlas R | title = An overview of the genome of Nostoc punctiforme, a multicellular, symbiotic cyanobacterium | journal = Photosynthesis Research | volume = 70 | issue = 1 | pages = 85–106 | year = 2001 | pmid = 16228364 | doi = 10.1023/A:1013840025518 }}</ref> Those of ''[[Calothrix]]'' spp. are estimated at 12–15 Mb,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1099/00221287-111-1-73| title = Genome Size of Cyanobacteria| journal = Journal of General Microbiology| volume = 111| pages = 73–85| year = 1979| vauthors = Herdman M, Janvier M, Rippka R, Stanier RY | doi-access = free}}</ref> as large as [[yeast]].
[[File:OncolitesAlamoBreccia.jpg|thumb|left|[[Oncolite]]s from the [[Late Devonian]] [[Alamo bolide impact]] in Nevada]]
Recent research has suggested the potential application of cyanobacteria to the generation of [[renewable energy]] by directly converting sunlight into electricity. Internal photosynthetic pathways can be coupled to chemical mediators that transfer electrons to external [[electrodes]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Quintana N, Van der Kooy F, Van de Rhee MD, Voshol GP, Verpoorte R | title = Renewable energy from Cyanobacteria: energy production optimization by metabolic pathway engineering | journal = Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology | volume = 91 | issue = 3 | pages = 471–90 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21691792 | pmc = 3136707 | doi = 10.1007/s00253-011-3394-0 }}</ref> In the shorter term, efforts are underway to commercialize [[algae-based fuels]] such as [[diesel fuel|diesel]], [[gasoline]], and [[jet fuel]].<ref name="Pisciotta JM, Zou Y, Baskakov IV 2010 e108212"/><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/article477049.ece Blue green bacteria may help generate 'green' electricity], The Hindu, 21 June 2010</ref><ref>[http://biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2010/09/14/joule-wins-key-patent-for-gmo-cyanobacteria-that-create-fuels-from-sunlight-co2-and-water/ Joule wins key patent for GMO cyanobacteria that create fuels from sunlight, CO2, and water]. Biofuels Digest (2010-09-14). Retrieved on 2011-04-06.</ref>
[[File:Blue-green algae cultured in specific media.jpg|thumb|right|Cyanobacteria cultured in specific media: Cyanobacteria can be helpful in agriculture as they have the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in soil.]]
Researchers from a company called [[Algenol]] have cultured genetically modified cyanobacteria in sea water inside a clear plastic enclosure so they first make sugar (pyruvate) from {{CO2}} and the water via photosynthesis. Then, the bacteria secrete ethanol from the cell into the salt water. As the day progresses, and the solar radiation intensifies, ethanol concentrations build up and the ethanol itself evaporates onto the roof of the enclosure. As the sun recedes, evaporated ethanol and water condense into droplets, which run along the plastic walls and into ethanol collectors, from where it is extracted from the enclosure with the water and ethanol separated outside the enclosure. As of March 2013, Algenol was claiming to have tested its technology in Florida and to have achieved yields of 9,000 US gallons per acre per year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Algenol Biofuels exceeds 9,000 gallons of ethanol per year per|publisher=Algenol Biofuels|date=6 March 2013|url=http://www.algenolbiofuels.com/sites/default/files/press_releases/Production%20and%20Jobs%20Press%20Release%2003.08.2013.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420020614/http://www.algenolbiofuels.com/sites/default/files/press_releases/Production%20and%20Jobs%20Press%20Release%2003.08.2013.pdf|archivedate=20 April 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This could potentially meet US demands for ethanol in gasoline in 2025, assuming a B30 blend, from an area of around half the size of California's San Bernardino County, requiring less than one-tenth of the area than ethanol from other biomass, such as corn, and only very limited amounts of fresh water.<ref>{{cite journal | first = Jim | last = Lane | name-list-format = vanc | date = 25 September 2012 | url = http://www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2012/09/25/take-it-to-the-limit-algenol-and-rising-yields-in-advanced-biofuels/ | title = Take it to the Limit: Algenol and rising yields in advanced biofuels | journal = Biofuels Digest }}</ref>

Cyanobacteria may possess the ability to produce substances that could one day serve as anti-inflammatory agents and combat bacterial infections in humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Choi H, Mascuch SJ, Villa FA, Byrum T, Teasdale ME, Smith JE, Preskitt LB, Rowley DC, Gerwick L, Gerwick WH | display-authors = 6 | title = Honaucins A-C, potent inhibitors of inflammation and bacterial quorum sensing: synthetic derivatives and structure-activity relationships | journal = Chemistry & Biology | volume = 19 | issue = 5 | pages = 589–98 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22633410 | pmc = 3361693 | doi = 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.03.014 }}</ref>

Spirulina's extracted blue color is used as a natural food coloring in gum and candy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2013-08-13/html/2013-19550.htm|title=Federal Register, Volume 78 Issue 156 (Tuesday, August 13, 2013)|website=www.govinfo.gov}}</ref>

Researchers from several space agencies argue that cyanobacteria could be used for producing goods for human consumption in future manned outposts on Mars, by transforming materials available on this planet.<ref name="Verseux2015">{{cite journal |title = Sustainable life support on Mars – the potential roles of cyanobacteria|journal = International Journal of Astrobiology|date = 2016|last = Verseux|first = Cyprien|last2 = Baqué|first2 = Mickael|last3 = Lehto|first3 = Kirsi|last4 = de Vera|first4 = Jean-Pierre P.|last5 = Rothschild|first5 = Lynn J.|last6 = Billi|first6 = Daniela | name-list-format = vanc |doi = 10.1017/S147355041500021X|issue = 1|volume = 15|pages = 65–92|bibcode = 2016IJAsB..15...65V|doi-access = free}}</ref>

==Health risks==
{{main|Cyanotoxin}}
Some cyanobacteria can produce [[neurotoxins]], [[cytotoxins]], [[endotoxins]], and [[hepatotoxins]] (e.g., the [[microcystin]]-producing bacteria genus [[microcystis]]), which are collectively known as [[cyanotoxin]]s.

Specific toxins include, [[anatoxin-a]], [[anatoxin-as]], [[aplysiatoxin]], cyanopeptolin, [[cylindrospermopsin]], [[domoic acid]], [[nodularin R]] (from ''[[Nodularia]]''), [[neosaxitoxin]], and [[saxitoxin]]. Cyanobacteria reproduce explosively under certain conditions. This results in [[algal bloom]]s, which can become [[Harmful algal blooms|harmful to other species]], and pose a danger to humans and animals, if the cyanobacteria involved produce toxins. Several cases of human poisoning have been documented, but a lack of knowledge prevents an accurate assessment of the risks.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Thébault L, Lesne J, Boutin JP | title = [Cyanobacteria, their toxins and health risks] | journal = Medecine Tropicale | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 375–380 | year = 1995 | pmid = 8830224 }}</ref><ref name="hc-sc1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080530024705/http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/cyanobacter_e.html Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) and their Toxins]. Hc-sc.gc.ca (2013-01-30). Retrieved on 2014-04-19.</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=41487 Harmful Bloom in Lake Atitlán, Guatemala] from [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/ NASA Earth Observatory], retrieved on 9 January 2010.</ref>

Recent studies suggest that significant exposure to high levels of cyanobacteria producing toxins such as [[beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|BMAA]] can cause [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] (ALS).
People living within half a mile of cyanobacterially contaminated lakes have had a 2.3 times greater risk of developing ALS than the rest of the population; people around New Hampshire's [[Lake Mascoma]] had an up to 25 times greater risk of ALS than the expected incidence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Caller TA, Doolin JW, Haney JF, Murby AJ, West KG, Farrar HE, Ball A, Harris BT, Stommel EW | title = A cluster of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in New Hampshire: a possible role for toxic cyanobacteria blooms | journal = Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | volume = 10 Suppl 2 | pages = 101–108 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19929741 | doi = 10.3109/17482960903278485 }}</ref>
BMAA from desert crusts found throughout Qatar might have contributed to higher rates of ALS in Gulf War veterans.<ref name="hc-sc1"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cox PA, Richer R, Metcalf JS, Banack SA, Codd GA, Bradley WG | title = Cyanobacteria and BMAA exposure from desert dust: a possible link to sporadic ALS among Gulf War veterans | journal = Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis | volume = 10 Suppl 2 | pages = 109–117 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19929742 | doi = 10.3109/17482960903286066 }}</ref>

==Chemical control==
Several chemicals can eliminate cyanobacterial blooms from smaller water-based systems such as swimming pools. They include: [[calcium hypochlorite]], [[Copper(II) sulfate|copper sulphate]], cupricide, and [[simazine]].<ref name="bluegreenalgae2006">{{cite web |last= Main |first= D.C. | name-list-format = vanc |title= Toxic Algae Blooms |work= Veterinary Pathologist, South Perth |publisher= agric.wa.gov.au |date= 2006 |url= http://archive.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/lwe/water/watq/fn052_2004.pdf |accessdate= 18 November 2014}}</ref> The calcium hypochlorite amount needed varies depending on the cyanobacteria bloom, and treatment is needed periodically. According to the Department of Agriculture Australia, a rate of 12 g of 70% material in 1000 l of water is often effective to treat a bloom.<ref name="bluegreenalgae2006"/> Copper sulfate is also used commonly, but no longer recommended by the Australian Department of Agriculture, as it kills livestock, crustaceans, and fish.<ref name="bluegreenalgae2006"/> Cupricide is a chelated copper product that eliminates blooms with lower toxicity risks than copper sulfate. Dosage recommendations vary from 190 ml to 4.8 l per 1000 m2.<ref name="bluegreenalgae2006"/> Ferric alum treatments at the rate of 50 mg/l will reduce algae blooms.<ref name="bluegreenalgae2006"/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = May V, Baker H |year=1978 |title=Reduction of toxic algae in farm dams by ferric alum |journal=Techn. Bull. |volume=19 |pages=1–16}}</ref> Simazine, which is also a herbicide, will continue to kill blooms for several days after an application. Simazine is marketed at different strengths (25, 50, and 90%), the recommended amount needed for one cubic meter of water per product is 25% product 8 ml; 50% product 4 ml; or 90% product 2.2 ml.<ref name="bluegreenalgae2006"/>

==Dietary supplementation==
[[File:Spirulina tablets.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Spirulina (dietary supplement)|Spirulina]] tablets]]
Some cyanobacteria are sold as food, notably ''[[Aphanizomenon flos-aquae]]'' and ''Arthrospira platensis'' ([[Spirulina (dietary supplement)|Spirulina]]).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spolaore P, Joannis-Cassan C, Duran E, Isambert A | title = Commercial applications of microalgae | journal = Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering | volume = 101 | issue = 2 | pages = 87–96 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16569602 | doi = 10.1263/jbb.101.87 | url = https://semanticscholar.org/paper/8e7728197d0ac38c25aeaed42c3867a9068f9fe5 }}</ref>

Despite the associated toxins which many members of this phylum produce, some microalgae also contain substances of high biological value, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, proteins, pigments, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Christaki E, Florou-Paneri P, Bonos E | title = Microalgae: a novel ingredient in nutrition | journal = International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition | volume = 62 | issue = 8 | pages = 794–799 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 21574818 | doi = 10.3109/09637486.2011.582460 }}</ref> Edible blue-green algae reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting NF-κB pathway in macrophages and splenocytes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ku CS, Pham TX, Park Y, Kim B, Shin MS, Kang I, Lee J | title = Edible blue-green algae reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting NF-κB pathway in macrophages and splenocytes | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1830 | issue = 4 | pages = 2981–2988 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23357040 | pmc = 3594481 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.01.018 }}</ref> Sulfate polysaccharides exhibit immunomodulatory, antitumor, antithrombotic, anticoagulant, anti-mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and even antiviral activity against HIV, herpes, and hepatitis.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Mišurcová L, Škrovánková S, Samek D, Ambrožová J, Machů L | title = Health benefits of algal polysaccharides in human nutrition | journal = Advances in Food and Nutrition Research | volume = 66 | pages = 75–145 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22909979 | doi = 10.1016/B978-0-12-394597-6.00003-3 | isbn = 978-0-12-394597-6 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Archean Eon]]
*[[Bacterial phyla]], other major lineages of Bacteria
*[[Biodiesel]]
*[[Cyanobiont]]
*[[Endosymbiotic theory]]
*[[Geological history of oxygen]]
*[[Hypolith]]
*[[Microbial mats]]
*[[Microalgae]]
*[[Phytoplankton]]
*[[Proterozoic Eon]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Attribution
{{CC-notice|cc=by2.5|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0010821}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | first = Gillian | last = Cribbs | name-list-format = vanc | title = Nature's Superfood: the Blue-Green Algae Revolution | publisher = Newleaf | isbn = 978-0-7522-0569-4 | year = 1997 | edition = first }}
*{{cite book | first = Marshall | last = Savage | name-list-format = vanc | author-link = Marshall Savage | title = The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps | publisher = Little Brown & Co | isbn = 978-0-316-77163-4 | year = 1994 | url = https://archive.org/details/millennialprojec00sava }}
*{{cite book | vauthors = Fogg GE, Stewart WD, Fay P, Walsby AE | year = 1973 | title = The Blue-green Algae | publisher = Academic Press | location = London and New York | isbn = 978-0-12-261650-1 }}
*"[http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanointro.html Architects of the earth's atmosphere]", Introduction to the Cyanobacteria, [[University of California, Berkeley]], 3 February 2006.
*{{ cite book | vauthors = Whitton BA | chapter = Phylum Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) | title = The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles | location = Cambridge | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn = 978-0-521-77051-4 | date = 2002-04-25 }}
* {{cite journal |doi= 10.1080/09670262.2010.492914 | vauthors = Pentecost A, Franke U |year= 2010 |title= Photosynthesis and calcification of the stromatolitic freshwater cyanobacterium ''Rivularia'' |journal= Eur. J. Phycol. |volume= 45 |issue= 4 |pages= 345–353 |doi-access= free }}
*{{cite book | veditors = Whitton BA, Potts M | year = 2000 | title = The Ecology of Cyanobacteria: their Diversity in Time and Space | publisher = Springer | isbn = 978-0-7923-4735-4 }}
*{{cite web | url = http://www.paristechreview.com/2011/12/01/micro-algae-blue-oil/ | title = From Micro-Algae to Blue Oil | work = ParisTech Review | date = December 2011 | access-date = 2 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160417030653/http://www.paristechreview.com/2011/12/01/micro-algae-blue-oil/ | archive-date = 17 April 2016 | url-status = dead }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Cyanobacteria}}
*[http://www.thebigger.com/biology/monera/what-are-cyanobacteria-and-what-are-its-types/ What are Cyanobacteria and What are its Types?]
*[http://www-cyanosite.bio.purdue.edu Webserver for Cyanobacteria Research]
*[http://scientistatwork.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/31/diving-an-antarctic-time-capsule-filled-with-primordial-life Diving an Antarctic Time Capsule Filled With Primordial Life]

{{Plankton}}
{{microorganisms}}
{{Bacteria classification}}
{{Life on Earth}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q93315}}

[[Category:Phototrophic bacteria]]
[[Category:Cyanobacteria| ]]
[[Category:Photosynthesis]]
[[Category:Gram-negative bacteria]]
[[Category:Environmental chemistry]]
[[Category:Bacteria phyla]]