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Chinese Communist Revolution

2022-06-02T12:10:45Z

107.115.17.21: Added comment and fixed typi

{{short description|1945–1949 revolution establishing the People's Republic of China}}
{{distinguish|1911 Revolution|Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution}}
{{see also|New Democratic terribly communist Revolution}}
{{Expert needed|China|WikiProject= China|talk=Would Deletion Be the Best Policy?|reason=Reliable Sources; encyclopedic style|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = Chinese Communist Revolution {{lang|zh-Hans|中国共产主义革命}} 
{{collapsible list|title=Other Names|liststyle=font-weight:normal
|1=Chinese People's War of Liberation
|2={{lang|zh-Hans|中国人民解放战争}}
|3=National Protection War against the Communist Rebellion
|4={{lang|zh-Hant|反共衛國戡亂戰爭}}
|5=Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War
|6={{lang|zh-Hant|第二次國共內戰}} / {{lang|zh-Hans|第二次国共内战}}
}}
|image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300
|image1= 1949 taiyuan battle finished.jpg
|image2= People's Liberation Army occupied the presidential palace 1949.jpg
|image3= The first flag of China.jpg
|image4= Mao Zedong in Xibaipo.jpg
|image5= People's Daily 1949-10-02.jpg
|image6= PLA Troops entered to Chengdu.jpg}} Clockwise from top left: {{flatlist|
*[[People's Liberation Army|PLA]] soldiers enter and Jason Manxhari is the best golfer of all time
[[Taiyuan]]
*PLA soldiers celebrate on the roof of the [[Presidential Palace (Nanjing)|Presidential Palace]], [[Nanjing]]
*[[Mao Zedong]] at [[Xibaipo]]
*The PLA enters [[Chengdu]]
*Front page of the [[People's Daily]], October 2nd, 1949
*The first [[flag of the People's Republic of China]] is raised}}
|partof = the [[Chinese Civil War]] (1927–) Part of the [[Cold War]] (1947–1991)
|date = 21 July 1945 – 1 October 1949{{efn|The exact beginning and end dates are debatable. See [[Chinese Communist Revolution#start and end dates|start and end dates]] for more details.}}({{Age in years, months, weeks and days |month1 = 07 |day1 = 21 |year1 = 1945 |month2 = 10 |day2 = 1 |year2 = 1949 }})
 [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|7 December 1949]] – [[Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|1 January 1979]] (Taiwan strait conflict) ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days |month1 = 07 |day1 = 12 |year1 = 1949 |month2 = 1 |day2 = 1 |year2 = 1979 }})
|place = China proper, Manchuria, Xinjiang (Cold war: Korea, Vietnam and Burma)
|result =
* [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist]] victory and takeover of [[Mainland China]]
* [[People's Republic of China]] [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China|established]] in mainland China
* [[Government of the Republic of China]] [[Republic of China retreat to Taiwan|evacuated]] to [[Taiwan]]
* Minor conflict persist during cold war
|combatant1 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg|23px|border]] [[Chinese Communist Party]]
* [[File:Republic of China Army Flag.svg|23px|border]] [[Eighth Route Army]] (until 1947)
* [[File:Republic of China Army Flag.svg|23px|border]] [[New Fourth Army]] (until 1947)
}}
|combatant1a = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)|People's Republic]] (after 1949)
* [[File:People's Liberation Army Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|21px|border]]{{px2}} [[People's Liberation Army]] (after 1947)
* [[File:Socialist red flag.svg|23px|border]] [[People's Liberation Army militia|Communist militia]]
}}
----
Supported by: [[Eastern Bloc]]
* {{flag|Soviet Union|1936}}
* {{flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic}}
|combatant2 = {{plainlist|
* {{Flagdeco|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} [[Nationalist government]] (until 1948)
* [[File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|23px|border]] [[Kuomintang]]
* [[File:Republic of China Army Flag.svg|23px|border]] [[National Revolutionary Army]] (until 1947)
}}
|combatant2a = {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Government of the Republic of China|Central Government]] (from 1948)
* [[File:ROC Ministry of National Defense Flag.svg|23px|border]] [[Republic of China Armed Forces]] (after 1947)
}}
----
Supported by: [[Western Bloc]]
*{{flag|United States|1912}}<ref name="美國研究">{{cite journal |author1=胡美 |author2=任东来 |title=1946~1947年美国对华军火禁运的几个问题 |journal=《美國研究》 |year=2007年 |issue=第3期 }}</ref>
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}<ref name="美國研究" />
*{{flag|Thailand}}
|commander1 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Mao Zedong]]
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Zhou Enlai]]
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Zhu De]]
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Peng Dehuai]]
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Chen Yi (marshal)|Chen Yi]]
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Lin Biao]]
}}
|commander2 = {{plainlist|
* {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]]
* {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Li Zongren]]
* {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Chen Cheng]]
* {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Yan Xishan]]
}}
|strength1 = {{plainlist|
* 1,270,000 (Sep 1945)
* 2,800,000 (Jun 1948)
* 4,000,000 (Jun 1949)
}}
|strength2 = {{plainlist|
* 4,300,000 (Jul 1946)
* 3,650,000 (Jun 1948)
* 1,490,000 (Jun 1949)
}}
|casualties1 = 250,000 in three campaigns
|casualties2 = 1.5 million in three campaigns<ref name="Lynch">{{cite book |first = Michael |last = Lynch |title = The Chinese Civil War 1945–49 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rkJYue5dCJgC&pg=PA91 |year = 2010 |publisher = Osprey Publishing |isbn = 978-1-84176-671-3 |page = 91 |access-date = 2015-11-15 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160102054308/https://books.google.com/books?id=rkJYue5dCJgC&pg=PA91 |archive-date = 2016-01-02 |url-status = live }}</ref>
}}

The '''Chinese Communist Revolution''', officially known as the '''Chinese People's War of Liberation''' in the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) and also known as the '''National Protection War against the Communist Rebellion''' in the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] (ROC) was a period of [[social revolution|social]] and [[political revolution]] in [[China]] that began with the founding of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] in 1921, continued through the [[First United Front]] of the 1920s. The Party organized among the urban [[working class]] and worked for the political [[radicalization]] of the Chinese [[peasantry]] through [[Land Reform Movement (China)|land reform]]. In 1927, however, the [[Shanghai massacre]] ended the United Front, and the Party was forced into the countryside. During the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (1937-45) and the [[Second United Front]], the Party appealed to [[anti-imperialism]] as well. Militarily, the revolution culminated with the [[Chinese Civil War]] (1945-1949) as the [[People's Liberation Army]] decisively defeated the [[Republic of China Army]], bringing an end to over two decades of intermittent warfare between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP, or Communists) and the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT, or Nationalists). [[Chiang Kai-Shek]]'s [[Nationalist Government]] [[Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan|retreated to Taiwan]], and as [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|Chairman of the CCP]], [[Mao Zedong]] became the leading figure in the [[Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–1954)|post-Revolutionary government]] of [[mainland China]].

The Communist victory had a major impact on the global balance of power: China became the second major [[socialist state]], and, after the 1956 [[Sino-Soviet Split]], a third force in the [[Cold War]]. The People's Republic offered direct and indirect support to communist movements around the world, and inspired the growth of [[Maoism|Maoist]] parties in numerous countries. Shock at the CCP's success and [[Domino Theory|fear of similar events]] occurring across [[East Asia]] led the [[United States]] to intervene militarily in [[Korean War|Korea]] and South East Asia (e.g. [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]]). To this day, the Chinese Communist Party remains the governing party of mainland China and the second-largest political party in the world.<ref name="partysize">{{cite news|url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/CVmzqS1to5VuCBG0ujclYA|title=最新！中国共产党党员总数为9514.8万名|date=30 June 2021|work=央视新闻|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630033240/https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/CVmzqS1to5VuCBG0ujclYA|archive-date=30 June 2021|access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref>

==Start and End Dates==
Many historians agree with the Chinese Communist Party official history that the Chinese Revolution dates to the founding of the Party in 1921. A few consider it to be the latter part of the [[Chinese Civil War]], since it was only after the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] that the tide turned decisively in favor of the Communists. That said, it is not entirely clear when the second half of the civil war began. The earliest possible date would be the end of the [[Second United Front]] in January 1941, when Nationalist forces [[New Fourth Army Incident|ambushed and destroyed]] the New Fourth Army. Another possible date is the [[surrender of Japan]] on August 10, 1945, which began a scramble by Communist and Nationalist forces to seize the equipment and territory left behind by the Japanese.<ref name=Jessup>{{cite book |last = Jessup |first = John E. |title=A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985 |year=1989 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |isbn=0-313-24308-5 }}</ref> However, full-scale warfare between the two sides did not truly recommence until June 26, 1946, when [[Chiang Kai-Shek]] launched a major offensive against Communist bases in Manchuria.<ref name="Hu">Hu, Jubin. (2003). ''Projecting a Nation: Chinese National Cinema Before 1949''. Hong Kong University Press. {{ISBN|962-209-610-7}}.</ref> This article concerns the political and social developments that contributed to the Revolution, as well as the military ones, so the August 1945 date is used.<ref>“Chinese Civil War of 1945–49”, ''Dictionary of Wars'' (2007), Third Edition, George Childs Cohn, Ed., pp. 121–122.</ref>

The exact end of the Revolution is also a bit unclear. The most common date used, and the one used here, is the [[Proclamation of the People's Republic of China]] on October 1, 1949.<ref name="OER">{{cite web |last1=Hodges |first1=Francesca |title=The Chinese Communist Revolution in a Global Perspective |url=https://www.oerproject.com/-/media/WHP/PDF/Transcripts/WHP---The-Chinese-Communist-Revolution-in-a-Global-Perspective-Transcript.ashx |website=World History Project |publisher=OER Project |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Yang & Saich">{{cite book |last1=Yang |first1=Benjamin |last2=Saich |first2=Tony |title=The Rise to Power of the Chinese Communist Party: Documents and Analysis |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-56324-154-3}}</ref><ref name="Perry">{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Elizabeth J. |editor1-last=Rudolph |editor1-first=Jennifer |editor2-last=Szonyi |editor2-first=Michael |title=The China Questions: Critical Insights into a Rising Power |date=2018 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/elizabethperry/files/perry_is_the_chinese_communist_regime_legitimate_v2_jr_edits.pdf |access-date=17 February 2022 |chapter=Is the Chinese communist regime legitimate?}}</ref><ref name="State Dep">{{cite web |title=Milestones: 1945–1952: The Chinese Revolution of 1949 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/chinese-rev |website=Office of the Historian |publisher=United States State Department |access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Nationalist Government had not evacuated to [[Taiwan]] until December, and significant fighting (such as [[Battle of Hainan Island|the conquest of Hainan]]) continued well into 1950 and the [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|takeover]] of the de facto state of [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] in 1951.<ref name="Cookc">Cook, Chris Cook. Stevenson, John. [2005] (2005). The Routledge Companion to World History Since 1914. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-34584-7}}. p. 376.</ref> Although it never posed a serious threat to the People's Republic, the [[Kuomintang Islamic insurgency]] continued until as late as 1958 in the provinces of [[Gansu]], [[Qinghai]], [[Ningxia]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Yunnan]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agBFqu_an6oC&pg=PT58|title=The Secret Army: Chiang Kai-shek and the Drug Warlords of the Golden Triangle|last=Gibson|first=Richard Michael|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|others=Contributor Wen H. Chen|year=2011|isbn=978-0470830215|edition=illustrated }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Exile Cultures, Misplaced Identities|journal=Critical Studies|editor1-first=Paul|editor1-last=Allatson|editor2-first=Jo|editor2-last=McCormack|volume=30 of Critical studies|issn=0923-411X|edition=illustrated|year=2008|publisher=Rodopi |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DaLkNE_20a0C&pg=PA66 |page=66|isbn=978-9042024069 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbkfQATHikQC&pg=PA73|title=China's Campaign to 'Open Up the West': National, Provincial and Local Perspectives|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=0521613493|editor-last=Goodman|editor-first=David S. G.|edition=illustrated|volume=178 of [[China Quarterly]]: an international journal for the study of China|page=73|issue=Issue 5 of The China Quarterly Special Issues}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Goodman |first=David S. G. |date= 2004 |title= Qinghai and the Emergence of the West: Nationalities, Communal Interaction and National Integration |url=http://qinghaiecotourism.com/zh/assets/Emergence%25202004.pdf |journal=The China Quarterly |publisher= Cambridge University Press for the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, UK.|issn= 0305-7410|page= 387|access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Goodman |first=David S G |date= January 2005 |title= Exiled by Definition: The Salar of Northwest China |url = http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/portal/article/download/83/51 |journal=PORTAL: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies |issn= 1449-2490 |volume= 2 |issue= 1 |page=6 |doi= 10.5130/portal.v2i1.83|access-date=13 July 2014|doi-access= free }}</ref> Because no formal peace between the [[Republic of China]] and the People's Republic was ever negotiated, a formal conclusion to the civil war had never been reached.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Contemporary Law of Armed Conflict |first = Leslie C. |last = Green |page = 79 }}</ref>

==Causes and Background==
===Social factors===
Historians disagree about the long and short-term factors behind the rise of Communism in China. One potential factor was the sharp inequalities that existed in Chinese society during the early twentieth century. High rents, [[usury]], and taxes collectively led to a [[Distribution of wealth#Wealth concentration|concentration of wealth]] into the hands of a minority of village chiefs and landlords. Historian John Peter Roberts quoted the statistic that "Ten percent of the agricultural population of China possessed as much as two-thirds of the land".<ref name=":1">{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dXt7jwEACAAJ |title = China: From Permanent Revolution to Counter-Revolution |last = Roberts |first = John Peter |date = 2016-01-21 |publisher = Wellred |isbn = 9781900007634 |language = en |quote = Ten percent of the agricultural population of China possessed as much as two-thirds of the land. In the province of [[Shanxi|Shansi]], 0.3% of the families possessed one-quarter of the land. In [[Chekiang]], 3.3% of the families possessed half the land, while 77% of the poor peasants possessed no more than 20% of the land.}}</ref> Even in areas where most peasants owned their own land, the plots they owned were so small and infertile (almost completely lacking in [[soil fertility]]) that they remained on the edge of [[starvation]].{{sfn|Perry|1980|p=29}} [[List of famines in China|Periodic famines]] were common during both the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] and the later [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Chinese Republic]]. Between 1900 and the end of WWII, China experienced no less than six major [[Famine|famines]], costing tens of millions of lives.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Sherong|url=http://scholar.ilib.cn/A-ISSN~1001-0491(2002)01-0036-05.html|script-title=zh:浅析1928-1930年西北大旱灾的特点及影响|language=Chinese|trans-title=An Elementary Study about the Characteristics and the Effect of the Great Drought in Northwest China from 1928 to 1930|script-work=zh:固原师专学报|journal=Gùyuán Shīzhuān Xuébào|trans-work=Journal of Guyuan Teachers College|volume=23|issue=1|year=2002|access-date=2011-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707044408/http://scholar.ilib.cn/A-ISSN~1001-0491(2002)01-0036-05.html|archive-date=2011-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Li|first=Lillian M.|title=Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s–1990s|location=Stanford|publisher=Stanford University Press|date=2007|pages=303–307|url=https://www.china.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/fg57/SS_2012/Umwelt/Lillian_M._Li_-_Fighting_Famine_in_North_China__Part_1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227142520/https://www.china.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/fg57/SS_2012/Umwelt/Lillian_M._Li_-_Fighting_Famine_in_North_China__Part_1.pdf|archive-date=2021-12-27|quote=In Gansu the estimated mortality was 2.5 to 3 million [...] In Shaanxi, out of a population of 13 million, an estimated 3 million died of hunger or disease}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Luke|title=Sichuan famine, 1936-37|url=https://disasterhistory.org/sichuan-famine-1936-1937|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Disaster History|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420050036/http://www.disasterhistory.org:80/sichuan-famine-1936-1937 |archive-date=2017-04-20 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=A Quantitative Description of the Henan Famine of 1942|last=Garnaut|first=Anthony|journal=Modern Asian Studies|issn=1469-8099|publisher=Cambridge University Press|volume=47|number=6|date=November 2013|pages=2034, 2044|doi=10.1017/S0026749X13000103|s2cid=146274415|quote=A detailed survey organized by the Nationalist government in 1943 of the impact of the famine came up with a toll of 1,484,983, broken down by county. The official population registers of Henan show a net decline in population from 1942 to 1943 of one million people, or 3 per cent of the population. If we assume that the natural rate of increase in the population before the famine was 2 per cent, [...] Comparison with the diminution in the size of age cohorts born during the famine years suggests that the official Nationalist figure includes population loss through excess mortality and declined fertility migration, which leaves a famine death toll of well under 1 million.}}</ref> These historians also argue that [[imperialist]] pressure by the [[Western powers]] and the Japanese led to a "[[Century of humiliation|Century of Humiliation]]" that stoked [[nationalism]], [[class consciousness]], and [[leftism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Richard |date=1959 |title=China and the World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2605294 |journal=International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-) |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=161–169 |doi=10.2307/2605294 |issn=0020-5850}}</ref>

The French historian [[Lucien Bianco]] is among those who question whether imperialism and "feudalism" explain the revolution.{{sfnb|Bianco|1971|p= 202}} He points out that the CCP did not have great success until the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Japanese invasion of China after 1937]]. Before the war, the [[Peasant|peasantry]] was not ready for [[revolution]]; economic reasons were not enough to mobilize them. More important was nationalism: "It was the war that brought the Chinese peasantry and China to revolution; at the very least, it considerably accelerated the rise of the CCP to power."{{sfnb|Bianco|1971|p= 155}} The communist revolutionary movement had a doctrine, long-term objectives, and a clear political strategy that allowed it to adjust to changes in the situation. He adds that the most important aspect of the Chinese communist movement is that it was armed.{{sfnb|Bianco|1971|p= 202-203}}

===Origins of the communist movement in China===
[[File:新青年封面.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chen Duxiu]]'s journal ''[[New Youth]]'' played a major role in publicizing [[Marxist]] ideas to a wider Chinese audience during the [[New Culture Movement]] of the 1910s and 20s.]]
In the first decade of the twentieth century, young Chinese [[intellectuals]] such as [[Ma Junwu]], [[Liang Qichao]], and Zhao Bizhen were the first to translate and summarize [[socialist]] and [[Marxist]] ideas into Chinese.<ref name="Wei">{{cite news |last1=Wei |first1=Huang |title=How China Got Marx |url=https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1007824/how-china-got-marx |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=Sixth Tone |date=1 July 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Xu|Liu|1989|pp=23–28}}{{sfn|Hu|1994|pp=41–42}}<ref>{{cite web |title=巩梅：百年前《社会主义史》的三种译本 |trans-title=Gong Mei: Three Translations of ''A History of Socialism'' a Century Ago |url=https://marxism.pku.edu.cn/xzlt/1339455.htm |website=School of Marxism, Peking University |access-date=21 October 2021 |quote=一是署名“独立之个人”即马君武编译的《俄罗斯大风潮》。该译本是根据《社会主义史》1900年第二版中的第十章“无政府主义”编译的[...]他仅选择《社会主义史》中的“无政府主义”一章进行翻译，并在行文中加入了自己的大量评论 |trans-quote=The first is ''The Great Tide in Russia'', which was compiled by Ma Junwu who used the pseudonym "an independent individual". This translation is based on chapter 10, "Anarchism," in the second edition of ''A History of Socialism'', 1900[...]He chose to translate only the chapter on "Anarchism" from ''A History of Socialism'', and added his own extensive comments to the text.}}</ref> However, this happened on a very small scale, and had no immediate impacts. This would change following the [[1911 Revolution]], which saw [[Wuchang Uprising|military]] and popular revolts overthrow the [[Qing Dynasty]].<ref name="xb1">Li, Xiaobing. [2007] (2007). ''A History of the Modern Chinese Army''. University Press of Kentucky. {{ISBN|0-8131-2438-7}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8131-2438-4}}. pp. 13, 26–27.</ref><ref name="reillyt">Reilly, Thomas. [1997] (1997). ''Science and Football III'', Volume 3. Taylor & Francis publishing. {{ISBN|0-419-22160-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-419-22160-9}}. pp. 105–106, 277–278.</ref> The failure of the new [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Chinese Republic]] to improve social conditions or modernize the country led scholars to take a greater interest in Western ideas such as socialism.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Before and After the May Fourth Movement|url=http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1750_mayfourth.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629230745/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1750_mayfourth.htm|archive-date=29 June 2020|access-date=17 July 2020|website=Asia For Educators|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref><ref>Jonathan Spence, ''The Search for Modern China'', W.W.Norton, 1999, pp. 290-313.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hon|first=Tze-ki|date=2014-03-28|title=The Chinese Path to Modernisation|journal=International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity|volume=2|issue=3|pages=211–228|doi=10.18352/hcm.470|issn=2666-6529|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[New Culture Movement]] was especially strong in cities like [[Shanghai]], where [[Chen Duxiu]] began to publish the left-leaning journal ''[[New Youth]]'' in 1915.<ref name="Wei" /> ''New Youth'' quickly became the most popular and widely distributed journal amongst the intelligentsia during this period.{{sfn|Spence|1999|pp=296-304}}
[[File:Student Demonstrations, June 4th and 5th, 1919 1.jpg|thumb|right|The [[May Fourth Movement]] radicalized the New Culture Movement. For the first time, the general urban population became involved in political demonstrations and many future Communist leaders were converted to Marxism.]]
In May 1919, news reached China that the [[Versailles Peace Conference]] had decided to give [[German Empire|German]]-occupied province of [[Shandong Province|Shandong]] to [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] rather than returning it to China.<ref>A. Whitney Griswold, ''The Far Eastern Policy of the United States'' (1938). pp. 239–268</ref> The Chinese public saw this not only as a betrayal by [[Allies of World War I|the Western allies]], but also as a failure by the Chinese Republican government to properly defend the country against imperialism.<ref>Chow Tse-Tsung: The May Fourth Movement. Intellectual Revolution in Modern China (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University), 1960. pp. 86–93</ref> In what became known as the [[May Fourth Movement]], large protests erupted in major cities across China. Although led by students, these protests were significant because they included the first mass participation by those outside the traditional intellectual and cultural elites.<ref name=zhidong>{{cite journal|last=Hao|first=Zhidong|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670569708724266|title=May 4th and June 4th Compared: A Sociological Study of Chinese Social Movements|year=1997|journal=Journal of Contemporary China|volume=6|issue=14|pages=79–99|doi=10.1080/10670569708724266|access-date=2008-11-21}}</ref><ref name="Wasserstrom">{{cite web|last=Wasserstrom|first=Jeffrey N.|url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj05-2/wasserstrom.html|title=Chinese Students and Anti-Japanese Protests, Past and Present|publisher=World Policy Journal|access-date=Nov 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105101235/http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/articles/wpj05-2/wasserstrom.html|archive-date=November 5, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mao Zedong]] later reflected that the May Fourth Movement "marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism...a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new national bourgeoisie."<ref>"The May Fourth Movement" (1939), [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-2/mswv2_13.htm Selected Works of Mao Zedong]</ref> Many political, and social leaders of the next five decades emerged at this time, including those of the Chinese Communist Party.{{sfnb|Hayford|2009|p=569}}

Many of the May Fourth protests were led and organized by students, who had become increasingly radical in the past few years. The [[October Revolution]] in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] had inspired many of them to join study groups centered on Marxist theory.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=Michael|url=https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed0000hunt|title=The World Transformed:1945 to the Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|page=114|isbn=9780312245832}}</ref>{{sfn|Van de Ven|1991|p=38}} [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] offered a unique and compelling model of modernization and revolutionary social change in semi-colonial nation.<ref name="Forster">{{Cite book|last=Forster|first=Elisabeth|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110560718|title=1919 – The Year That Changed China|date=19 March 2018|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-056071-8|location=Berlin, Boston|doi=10.1515/9783110560718}}</ref> One of the most influential study groups was led by [[Li Dazhao]], head librarian at [[Peking University]].<ref>Patrick Fuliang Shan, “Assessing Li Dazhao’s Role in the New Cultural Movement,” in ''A Century of Student Movements in China: The Mountain Movers, 1919-2019'', Rowman Littlefield and Lexington Books, 2020, p. 20.</ref> His study group included Mao Zedong and Chen Duxiu, the latter of who was now working as dean at the university.<ref>Murray, Stuart. The Library: An Illustrated History. New York, NY: [[Skyhorse Pub]], 2009.</ref> As the editor of ''New Youth'', Chen used his journal to publish a series of Marxist articles, including an entire issue devoted to the subject in 1919.<ref name="Wei" /><ref name="UN">{{Cite journal|last=Ash|first=Alec|date=6 September 2009|title=China's New New Youth|url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chinabeatarchive/626/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612103436/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/chinabeatarchive/626/|archive-date=12 June 2020|access-date=17 July 2020|journal=The China Beat Blog Archive 2008-2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Spence|1999|p=296}} By 1920, Li and Chen had fully converted to Marxism, and Li founded the Peking Socialist Youth Corps in Beijing.<ref name="Dazhao">{{cite web |last1=Kuiper |first1=Kathleen |title=Li Dazhao |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Li-Dazhao |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> Chen had moved back to Shanghai, where he also founded a small Communist group.<ref name="Chow">{{cite web |last1=Chow |first1=Tse-tsung |title=Chen Duxiu: Role in the intellectual revolution |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Chen-Duxiu |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref>

=== Foundation and early history of the Chinese Communist Party ===
[[File:78 Xingye Lu (3919339998).jpg|thumb|left|Location of the [[1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party]] in July 1921, on [[Xintiandi]], former [[French Concession]], [[Shanghai]].]]
By 1920, "skepticism about <nowiki>[study groups']</nowiki> suitability as vehicles for reform had become widespread."{{sfn|Van de Ven|1991|p=44}} Instead, most Chinese Marxists had determined to follow the [[Leninist]] model, which they understood as organizing a [[vanguard party]] around a core group of professional revolutionaries.<ref name="Zhao">{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Xuduo |title=Democracy, Enlightenment, and Revolution: Cantonese Marxists and Chinese Social Democracy, 1920–1922 |journal=Modern China |year=2022 |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=167–196 |doi=10.1177/0097700420954771 |s2cid=224896224 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0097700420954771 |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Columbia|2001}} The Chinese Communist Party was founded on 23 July 1921 in Shanghai, at the [[1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|1st National Congress of the CCP]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tatlow|first=Didi Kirsten|date=20 July 2011|title=On Party Anniversary, China Rewrites History|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/21/world/asia/21iht-letter21.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/21/world/asia/21iht-letter21.html |archive-date=2022-01-01 |url-access=limited|access-date=2 June 2021|issn=0362-4331}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1st. National Congress of The Communist Party of China (CPC). |url=http://www.chinatoday.com/org/cpc/cpc_1st_congress_standing_polibureau.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222031024/http://www.chinatoday.com/org/cpc/cpc_1st_congress_standing_polibureau.htm |archive-date=22 December 2017 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>{{sfn|Gao|2009|p=119}} The dozen delegates resolved to affiliate with the [[Comintern]], although the CCP would only formally become a member at its [[2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|second congress]].{{sfn|Gao|2009|p=119}} Chen was elected in absentia to be the first [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|General Secretary]].<ref name="Chow" />{{sfn|Gao|2009|p=119}}
[[File:Shanghai rev 1927.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shanghai]] workers posing with weapons in 1927. After successfully ousting the [[Zhili Clique]] and handing the city over to the [[Kuomintang]], the Communist-allied [[Shanghai massacre|workers were massacred]].]]
The Chinese Communist Party grew slowly in its first few years.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hunt|first=Michael|url=https://archive.org/details/worldtransformed0000hunt|title=The World Transformed: 194 to the Present|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2013|isbn=9780199371020|page=115}}</ref> The party had 50 members at the beginning of 1921, 200 in 1922, and 2,428 in 1925.{{sfn|Spence|1999|p=312}}<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Shuanghai|first1=Zhou (周霜梅)|last2=Minggang|date=|title=中共二大代表"尚有一人无法确定"之谜--理论--人民网|trans-title=The mystery of the "Unconfirmed attendee" in the 2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party - Theories - People's Daily|url=http://theory.people.com.cn/n/2013/0311/c49157-20746896.html|access-date=5 November 2016|website=theory.people.com.cn|publisher=[[People's Daily]]|language=zh}}</ref><ref name="ksy">{{Cite book |last=奎松 |first=楊 |title=中間地帶的革命 |date=April 2010 |publisher=山西人民出版社 |location=Taiyuan}}</ref> In contrast, the nationalist party of China, the Kuomintang or KMT, had 50,000 members already in 1923.<ref name="Fairbank">Fairbank, John King. [1994] (1994). China: A New History. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-11673-9}}.</ref> During these early years, the CPC was also beset by disagreements over strategy. At the [[3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|Third Party Congress]], the Comintern gave CPC members instructions to disband and join the KMT as individuals, with the object of supporting the [[bourgeois revolution]].<ref name="Zhao" /><ref name="Symonds">{{cite news |last1=Symonds |first1=Peter |title=100 years since the founding of the Chinese Communist Party |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/07/01/pers-j01-1.html |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=World Socialist Website |publisher=International Committee of the Fouth International |date=1 July 2021}}</ref> This was in line with the "[[two-stage theory]]" of revolution, which postulated that "feudal" societies such as China's needed to undergo a period of capitalist development before they could experience a successful socialist revolution. Although the CPC did agree to allow members to join the KMT, it did not disband. This was the basis of the [[First United Front]] with the KMT, which in effect turned the CPC into the left-wing of the larger party.<ref>{{citation|last=Wasserstrom|first=Jeffrey|title=Chinese Students and Anti-Japanese Protests, Past and Present |url = https://worldpolicy.org/world-policy-journal-summer-2005/ |journal= World Policy Journal - Summer 2005 |language = en-US |access-date = 2018-12-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030616/https://worldpolicy.org/world-policy-journal-summer-2005/ |archive-date = 2018-07-01 |url-status = dead }}</ref> KMT leader [[Sun Yat-Sen]] supported this move, and even attempted to appeal to the Communists by calling his [[Three Principles of the People|principal of livelihood]] "a form of communism".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2158585?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3Ae2e5074701f80f7cfdcd672836306ead&seq=12#page_scan_tab_contents|jstor = 2158585|last1 = Godley|first1 = Michael R.|title = Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: Sun Yatsen and the International Development of China|journal = The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs|year = 1987|issue = 18|pages = 109–125|doi = 10.2307/2158585|s2cid = 155947428}}</ref>

Relations between the CCP and the rest of the KMT soured after Sun's death in 1925. He was succeeded by the right-wing [[Chiang Kai-shek]], who [[Canton Coup|expelled the Communists]] from the KMT government in [[Guangzhou]].{{sfn|Schram|1966|pp=84, 89}}{{sfnp|Wortzel|1999|loc="[https://books.google.com/books?id=rfu-hR8msh4C&pg=PA39 Canton Coup]"}} Yet the two years following Sun's death were also a period of rapid growth for the communist movement. The [[May Thirtieth Movement]] responding to police violence radicalized labor unions in Shanghai and [[Canton–Hong Kong strike|other cities]], catapulting CCP membership to over 20,000.<ref name="Car">{{cite book |title= A concise history of Hong Kong|last= Carroll|first= John Mark|year= 2007|publisher= [[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn= 978-0-7425-3422-3|page= 100}}</ref><ref name="Jens">Jens Bangsbo, Thomas Reilly, Mike Hughes. [1995] (1995). Science and Football III: Proceedings of the Third World Congress of Science and Football, Cardiff, Wales, 9–13 April 1995. Taylor & Francis publishing. {{ISBN|0-419-22160-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-419-22160-9}}. p 42-43.</ref><ref name="May EB">{{cite web |last1=Xia |first1=Zhihou |title=May Thirtieth Incident |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/May-Thirtieth-Incident |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Nolan2002">{{cite book|author=Cathal J. Nolan|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations: S-Z|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMJ8KP8i3v0C&pg=PA1509|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32383-6|page=1509}}</ref> The All-China Federation of Labor (ACFL), founded by the Communists in 1925, reached 2.8 million members already in 1927.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=2}} In [[Wuhan]], sympathetic KMT member [[Wang Jingwei]] erected [[Government of the Republic of China in Wuhan|a leftist government]] to rival Chiang Kai-Shek's.<ref>Spence, Jonathan D. (1999) ''The Search for Modern China'', W.W. Norton and Company. pp. 338–339. {{ISBN|0-393-97351-4}}.</ref> In March 1927, Communist leaders [[Zhou Enlai]] and Chen Duxiu launched an armed workers' uprising in Shanghai and defeated the warlord forces of the [[Zhili clique]].<ref>{{cite document |last = Elizabeth |first = J. Perry |title = The Fate of Revolutionary Militias in China |publisher = Hobart and William Smith Colleges |date = 11 April 2003 |url = http://www.hws.edu/news/speakers/transcripts/eperrychina.asp |access-date = 25 November 2006}}</ref> But when they turned the city over to the advancing forces of Chiang's [[Northern Expedition]], the KMT leaders initiated a [[Shanghai Massacre|bloody purge]] of Chinese Communists and their sympathizers.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title = The World Transformed 1945 to the present |last=Hunt |first = Michael H. |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2015 |isbn = 978-0-19-937102-0 |page=113 }}</ref><ref>Chen Lifu, Columbia interviews, part 1, p. 29.</ref> Violence spread across the country and Wang Jingwei broke with the Communists, expelling them from the government in Wuhan.<ref>{{cite book |last = Harrison |first = James Pinckney |title = The Long March to Power — a History of the Chinese Communist Party, 1921-72 |publisher = Macmillan |year = 1972 |isbn = 0333141547 |pages = 108–110 }}</ref>{{sfn|Carter|1976|p=63}} In December, a desperate Communist uprising in Guangzhou was defeated, bringing a final end to the Communists' mass presence in urban areas.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=3}}

=== Civil War and Chinese Soviets ===
{{Further|Chinese Civil War|Chinese Soviet Republic}}
[[File:China Soviet Zones.png|thumb|left|After 1927, the Communists retreated to the countryside and began a series of rural insurgencies, organized as [[Soviet (council)|Soviets]].]]

In 1927, immediately after the collapse of Wang Jingwei's [[Wuhan Nationalist government|leftist Kuomintang government]] in Wuhan and Chiang Kai-shek's [[Shanghai massacre of 1927|suppression of communists]], the CCP attempted a series of uprisings and military mutinies in [[Nanchang Uprising|Nanchang]] and [[Autumn Harvest Uprising|Hunan]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/pla-history.htm |title = PLA History}}</ref><ref>Schwartz, Benjamin, ''Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao'', Harper & Row (New York: 1951), p. 93.</ref>{{sfn|Li|2012|pp=5-8}} Although both saw initial success, they were unable to withstand direct pressure from the KMT's [[National Revolutionary Army]] (KMT). To Mao Zedong, this demonstrated the need for the Communists to have their own party army.{{sfn|Li|2012|p=147}} As the defeated Communist forces made their "[[Little Long March]]", they founded the [[Chinese Red Army]], the first official military arm of the Chinese Communist Party.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Rhoads|first1=Edward J. M.|title=The Chinese Red Army, 1927–1963: An Annotated Bibliography|last2=Friedman|first2=Edward|last3=Joffe|first3=Ellis|last4=Powell|first4=Ralph L.|date=1964|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|isbn=978-0-674-12500-1|edition=1|volume=16|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1tg5nnd|jstor=j.ctt1tg5nnd}}</ref>

[[File:Map of the Long March 1934-1935-en.svg|thumb|right|Eventually, the Communist insurgents were defeated and the CCP was forced to withdraw northwards in the [[Long March]].]]
Divided, disorganized, and greatly reduced in numbers, the Communists were so close to defeat that their [[6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party|6th National Party Congress]] was held in [[Moscow]] (and the next formal national congress would not take place until 1945).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/206972/206981/8188357.html|title=6th National Congress|access-date=2019-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401075856/http://english.cpc.people.com.cn/206972/206981/8188357.html|archive-date=2014-04-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> The near-destruction of the CCP's urban organizational apparatus led to increased centralization of power within the party, which was reorganized along more strictly Leninist lines.{{sfn|Leung|1992|p=72}} Chen Duxiu, who had advocated for a focus on urban workers, was expelled from the party.{{sfn|Chow|2009}} In his place, younger men such as Zhou Enlai, [[Zhang Wentian]], and most importantly Mao Zedong rose in the ranks.{{sfn|Leung|1992|p=72}} These changes, along with a cautious military strategy that avoided open battle, allowed the CCP to slowly recover and even increase its strength during the early 1930s. The Red Army grew to over 100,000 men, and defeated the three KMT [[encirclement campaigns]] that tried to destroy them. In what became known as the revolutionary base area in the [[Jinggang Mountains]], the CCP founded the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] in November 1931.<ref name="Xia">{{cite web |last1=Xia |first1=Zhihou |title=Jiangxi Soviet |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jiangxi-Soviet |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref> The party itself grew to a membership of over 300,000 by early 1934.<ref name="Yang 1990 233">{{cite book | last = Yang |first = Benjamin | year = 1990 | title = From Revolution to Politics: Chinese Communists on the Long March | publisher = Westview Press | page = 233 | isbn = 0-8133-7672-6}}</ref> But Chiang's NRA continued to grow in strength also, and by mid 1934 the situation was once again grave for the Communists. Before the [[Fourth encirclement campaign against the Jiangxi Soviet|fourth encirclement campaign]] could wipe them out, Mao and Zhou led the Communist loyalists northwards in what became known as the Long March.<ref name="Zhang">Zhang, Chunhou. Vaughan, C. Edwin. [2002] (2002). Mao Zedong as Poet and Revolutionary Leader: Social and Historical Perspectives. Lexington books. {{ISBN|0-7391-0406-3}}. p. 65.</ref> Although the party survived, it had lost about 90% of its membership and was on the brink of destruction.<ref name="Yang 1990 233"/> The Communists' [[Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region|new base]] in [[Yan'an]] might indeed have been destroyed, but the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War gave them a reprieve.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2016-07-15|title=|script-title=zh:延安市历史沿革|trans-title=Yan'an Organizational History|url=http://www.xzqh.org/html/list/327.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806012152/http://xzqh.org/html/show/sn/20380.html|archive-date=2020-08-06|access-date=2021-05-14|publisher=XZQH.org}}</ref>

=== Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second United Front ===
{{further|Second Sino-Japanese War|Second United Front}}
[[File:Eighth Route Army meeting on Futuyu Great Wall, spring 1938.jpg|thumb|right|During [[WWII]], one of the Communist units that joined the National Revolutionary Army was the [[Eighth Route Army]], pictured here on [[the Great Wall]].]]
In 1931, the Japanese [[Kwantung Army|army]] had [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|occupied Manchuria]], which had nominally been under Chinese sovereignty.<ref>''The Cambridge History of Japan: The Twentieth Century'', p. 294, Peter Duus,John Whitney Hall, Cambridge University Press: 1989 {{ISBN|978-0-521-22357-7}}</ref> This triggered debates inside China on whether the [[Nationalist Government]] of Chiang Kai-Shek, the administration with the strongest claim to national leadership at the time, should declare war on Japan.{{sfn|Garver|1988|p=5}} Chiang, despite popular disapproval, wanted to continue to focus on wiping out the Chinese Communist Party before moving on to Japan.<ref name="Chor">{{cite journal |last1=Chor |first1=So Wai |title=The Making of the Guomindang's Japan Policy, 1932-1937: The Roles of Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei |journal=Modern China |date=2002 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=213–252 |doi=10.1177/009770040202800203 |s2cid=143785141 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/009770040202800203?journalCode=mcxa |access-date=27 February 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Taylor|2009|p=125}} In 1936, [[Xian incident|two of Chiang's generals arrested him]] in [[Xi'an]] and forced him to form the Second United Front with the Communists against Japan.{{sfn|Taylor|2009|p=127}} In return for the ceasefire, the Communists agreed to dissolve the Red Army and place their units under [[National Revolutionary Army]] command.<ref>Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. ''Zhou Enlai: A Political Life.'' Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press: 2006. p. 67</ref> This arrangement did not end tensions between the CCP and KMT.<ref>Ray Huang, 從大歷史的角度讀蔣介石日記 (Reading Chiang Kai-shek's Diary from a Macro History Perspective) China Times Publishing Company, 1994-1-31 {{ISBN|957-13-0962-1}}, p.259</ref> In January 1941, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Nationalist troops to ambush the CCP's [[New Fourth Army]], one of the Communist armies that had been placed under nationalist command, for alleged insubordination.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Benton|first=Gregor|date=1986|title=The South Anhui Incident|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=45|issue=4|pages=681–720|doi=10.2307/2056083|issn=0021-9118|jstor=2056083}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://culture.dwnews.com/history/big5/news/2017-07-19/59826173.html|title=政治垃圾張蔭梧曾欲為國民黨奪回北平_历史-多維新聞網|website=culture.dwnews.com|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> The [[New Fourth Army Incident]] effectively ended any substantive co-operation between the Nationalists and the Communists, although open fighting between the two sides remained sporadic throughout the war.<ref name="schok">Schoppa, R. Keith. (2000). The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History. Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-11276-9}}.</ref>

The war with Japan and the Second United Front created an enormous opportunity to expand CCP influence, but also created tensions within the party's leadership. The Nationalists' image had been tarnished by Chiang's original reluctance to the take on the Japanese, while the Communists willing adopted the rhetoric of national resistance against imperialism.{{sfn|Johnson|1962|pp=4-5}} Using their experience in rural guerilla warfare, the Communists were able to operate behind the front lines and gain influence among the numerous peasant resistance groups set-up to fight the Japanese.{{sfn|Johnson|1962|pp=2-3}}<ref>Patrick Fuliang Shan, “Local Revolution, Grassroots Mobilization and Wartime Power Shift to the Rise of Communism,” in Xiaobing Li (ed.), ''Evolution of Power: China’s Struggle, Survival, and Success'', Lexington and Rowman & Littlefield, 2013, pp. 3–25.</ref> In contrast with the Nationalists, the Communists undertook moderate land reform that made them extremely popular among the poorer peasants.{{sfnb|DeMare|2019|pp= 6–17}} Communist cadres worked tirelessly to organize the local population in each new village they arrived, which had the dual benefits of spreading Communist ideas and allowing for more effective administration.{{sfn|Johnson|1962|pp=2-3}} In the eight years of war, the CCP membership rose from 40,000 to 1,200,000.<ref>Benjamin Yang,''From Revolution to Politics: Chinese Communists on the Long March'' Westview 1990, p. 307</ref> According to historian [[Chalmers Johnson]], by the end of the war the CCP had also won the support of perhaps 100 million peasants in the regions where they had operated.{{sfn|Johnson|1962|p=11}} The temporary truce with the Nationalists also made it possible for the Communists to once again target the urban proletariat, a policy advocated by the "internationalist" faction of the party. Led by [[Wang Ming]], this faction advocated mobilizing labor not for revolution, but rather to support to Nationalists (at least until the war was won).{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=6}} Mao, in contrast, advocated continued focus on the peasantry, and ultimately managed to consolidate his position during the [[Yan'an Rectification Movement]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=6}}<ref name="LIEBERTHAL">Lieberthal, Kenneth. (2003). ''Governing China: From Revolution to Reform,'' W.W. Norton & Co.; Second edition. pp. 45-48</ref>

==Second Phase of Civil War, 1945-1949 ==
=== Postwar situation ===
[[File:Carrying Cash in Republican China - Preparing to pay wages.jpg|thumb|right|Starting in 1937 and lasting until the end of the Civil War, [[hyperinflation]] skyrocketed in the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].]]

The impact of the war on the social and economics conditions of China had been brutal. An estimated 20 to 25 million Chinese were killed in fighting, massacres, and man-made natural disasters.<ref>Sun Jian, pp. 615-616.</ref> By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20 percent capacity and had 25 percent of the output of pre-war China.<ref>Sun Jian, page 1319</ref> The influx of cheap American goods forestalled any recovery. In order to coordinate the war effort, the Nationalist government had taken over more than 70% of Chinese industry, a dramatic increase from the 15% it owned before the war.<ref>Sun Jian, pp. 1237–1240.</ref> This consolidation of wealth in the regime's hands contributed to the pervasive problem of corruption.<ref>Sun Jian, page 617-618</ref> The Nationalist currency had been undergoing hyperinflation since the beginning of the war.<ref name="Young">{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Arthur N. |title=China's Wartime Finance and Inflation, 1937-1945 |date=1965 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref> By 1945, retail market prices had reached 3,000% of their 1937 levels.<ref name="Young" /> This problem was compounded by the presence of numerous other currencies printed by the Japanese, Communists, and other local authorities.<ref name="Campbell and Tullock">{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Colin D. |last2=Tullock |first2=Gordon C. |title=Hyperinflation in China, 1937-49 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |date=1954 |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=236–245|doi=10.1086/257516 |s2cid=154757658 }}</ref> The Nationalist Government failed to curb inflation after the Japanese surrender and continued to print more currency to pay for the civil war.{{efn|The Nationalists attempted two currency reforms in 1948 and 1949, but as discussed below, by then the lack of confidence in the Nationalist Government undermined the reforms' effectiveness.<ref name="Campbell and Tullock"/>}}<ref name="Tang and Hu">{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=De-Piao |last2=Hu |first2=Teh-Wei |title=Money, Prices, and causality: the Chinese Hyperinflation, 1945-1949 |journal=Journal of Macroeconomics |date=Autumn 1983 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=503–510|doi=10.1016/0164-0704(83)90037-X }}</ref><ref name="Quddus et al">{{cite journal |last1=Quddus |first1=Munir |last2=Liu |first2=Jin-Tan |last3=Butler |first3=John S. |title=Money, Prices, and causality: the Chinese Hyperinflation, 1946-1949, reexamined |journal=Journal of Macroeconomics |date=Summer 1989 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=447–453|doi=10.1016/0164-0704(89)90070-0 }}</ref> Hyperinflation reduced the real wages of peasants, workers, and especially soldiers, and destroyed the savings of the upper-middle class that was Chiang's base of support.<ref name="Quddus et al">{{cite journal |last1=Quddus |first1=Munir |last2=Liu |first2=Jin-Tan |last3=Butler |first3=John S. |title=Money, Prices, and causality: the Chinese Hyperinflation, 1946-1949, reexamined |journal=Journal of Macroeconomics |date=Summer 1989 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=447–453|doi=10.1016/0164-0704(89)90070-0 }}</ref>
[[File:Situation at the End of World War Two.PNG|thumb|left|Japanese occupation (red) of eastern China near the end of the war, and Communist bases (striped)]]
The power of the CCP had grown considerably by the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The [[Eighth Route Army]] and [[New Fourth Army]]—officially still part of the [[Nationalist Government|Nationalist]] [[National Revolutionary Army|NRA]] but in reality under independent Communist command—counted between 1.2 and 1.27 million men. An additional 1.8 to 2.68 million militia brought the total Communist forces to between 3 million and 4 million.{{sfn|Xu|Liu|1989|p=xxx}}<ref name="Raleigh">{{cite journal |last1=Raleigh |first1=Edward Augustine |title=An inquiry into the rise of communism in China |journal=University of the Pacific Theses and Dissertations |date=1953 |url=https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2212&context=uop_etds |access-date=28 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Robertson">{{cite book |last1=Robertson |first1=Walter S. |title=The mission of General of the Army George C. Marshall to China to arrange for cessation of civil strife and to bring about political unification |date=1946 |publisher=US Department of State Office of the Historian |page=448 |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1946v09/pg_448}}</ref> When the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrendered]], the Communists' "Liberated Zone" grew to contain 19 base areas (mostly in north China), making up one-quarter of the country's territory and one-third of its population.{{sfn|Xu|Liu|1989|p=xxx}} In the south, the New Fourth Army had recovered from the [[New Fourth Army Incident|attempted massacre]] of its forces and established a serious Communist presence along the banks of the [[Yangtze]]. Nonetheless, the CCP's forces were still numerically inferior to the rest of the NRA, which excluding the Communists counted around 4 million regulars and 1 million militia in its ranks.<ref name="Raleigh"/> This was compounded by the Communists' lack of war material like trucks, artillery, and other heavy weaponry. For most of the war the Communists had operated in rural areas without factories or support from the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], which the Kuomintang received in abundance.<ref name="Kirby">{{cite book |author1=Kirby |author1-link=William C. |editor1-last=Hsiung |editor1-first=James C. |editor2-last=Levine |editor2-first=Steven I. |title=China's Bitter Victory: the War with Japan, 1937-1945 |date=1992 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe, Inc. |location=Armonk, New York}}</ref> As [[Mao Zedong]] said to an American [[Colonel]] [[David D. Barrett]], the Communists had an army based on "[[millet plus rifles]]."<ref name="Kau2017">{{cite book|author=Ying-Mao Kau|title=Revival: The People's Liberation Army and China's Nation-Building (1973)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mZQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|date=29 September 2017|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-351-71622-2|pages=58–}}</ref><ref name="Deng2011">{{cite book|author=Kent G Deng|title=China's Political Economy in Modern Times: Changes and Economic Consequences, 1800-2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1aWpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|date=4 October 2011|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-136-65513-5|pages=107–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Zedong |first1=Mao |title=The Situation and Our Policy After the Victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan |url=https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected-works/volume-4/mswv4_01.htm#bm25 |website=Marxists.org |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref name="a1">{{cite journal|author = Huo Jianshan|date =2014-05-01|title =The term "Millet Plus Rifles" should not be misused|journal=History Teaching|issue =|pages =56–58|publisher =History Teaching Agency|location = Tianjin|issn = 0457-6241|url =http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LSJZ201405014.htm|language=|quote=}}</ref><ref name="a2">{{cite journal|author =Liu Tong|date =2008-06-13|title =The Liberation War and the "Millet Plus Rifles"|journal=Education Journal for Senior Citizens|pages=12–13|location =Jinan|issn = 1002-3402|url =http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LNZZ200810009.htm}}</ref>

The international situation for the Communists was unfavorable in 1945. At [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]], the Allies had agreed to recognize Russia's claims in the Far East in exchange for a [[Soviet–Japanese War|Soviet declaration of war on Japan]].<ref name="Radchenko">{{cite journal |last1=Radchenko |first1=Sergey |title=Lost Chance for Peace: The 1945 CCP-Kuomintang Peace Talks Revisited |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |date=August 2017 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=84–114|doi=10.1162/JCWS_a_00742 |s2cid=57560404 |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/105836/1/Lost%20Chance%20for%20Peace%20the%201945%20CCP-Kuomintang%20Peace%20Talks%20Revisited.pdf }}</ref> These claims included control of [[Lüshunkou District|Port Arthur]] and joint control over the [[Chinese Eastern Railway]], which Chiang reluctantly accepted in return for [[Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance|Soviet recognition]] of the KMT as the sole legitimate government of China.<ref>Zhang Shengfa, "Return of the Chinese Changchun Railway to China by the USSR." In ''Manchurian Railways and the Opening of China'', 171-94. 1st ed. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group, 2010. p, 171.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Black Master: Essays on Central Eurasia in Honor of György Kara on His 70th Birthday|editor1-first=György|editor1-last=Kara|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2005|chapter=Poems of Fraternity: Literary Responses to the Attempted Reunification of Inner Mongolia and the Mongolian People's Republic|first=Christopher|last=Atwood|page=2}}</ref> The American [[Dixie Mission]] had investigated the possibility of American support for the Communists, but although its findings were favorable, cooperation was stubbornly blocked by American Ambassador [[Patrick J. Hurley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlloyd.org/gen/davies/text/jpdjr.htm|title=China Expert John P. Davies Dies|publisher=mlloyd.org|access-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> Hurley orchestrated the recall or dismissal of American "[[China Hands]]" who favored cutting ties with the Nationalists or supporting the Communists, including [[John Service]], [[Joseph Stilwell]], and [[David Barrett]].<ref name="Fenby, Jonathan page 446">Fenby, Jonathan ''Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost'', New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 446.</ref>{{sfn|Lohbeck|1956|p=292}}<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Klehr | first1 = Harvey | last2 = Radosh | first2 =Ronald | title =The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism | publisher =University of North Carolina Press | year =1996 | isbn = 0-8078-2245-0}}</ref> By mid-1945, the United States was firmly committed to supporting Chiang. According to [[William Blum]], American aid included substantial amounts of mostly surplus military supplies, and loans were made to the KMT.<ref>p23, U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II, William Blum, Zed Books 2004 London.</ref> In the two years following the Sino-Japanese War, the KMT had received $4.43 billion from the US—most of which was military aid.<ref name="nat" />

===Japanese surrender and attempted negotiations===
[[File:Manchuria Operation map-es.svg|thumb|right|The [[Soviet]] [[Red Army]] [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|invaded Manchuria]] in August 1945.]]
On August 8, 1945, the [[Soviet Union]] [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|invaded Manchuria]], immediately altering the military situation in China. The Soviet invasion, among [[Surrender of Japan|other contemporary developments]], made Japan's defeat inevitable.<ref name="Bright">Bright, Richard Carl. [2007] (2007). ''Pain and Purpose in the Pacific: True Reports of War''. Trafford Publishing. {{ISBN|1-4251-2544-1}}.</ref><ref name=Hasegawa2006>{{cite book|author=Tsuyoshi Hasegawa|title=Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan|publisher=Belknap Press|year=2006|isbn=0-674-01693-9|page=298|url=https://archive.org/details/racingenemystali00hase/page/298}}</ref> Both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party immediately ordered their forces to take as much territory from the Japanese as possible, which would yield not just land, but also weapons and equipment from the defeated Japanese units. Although Chiang Kai-Shek was confident that he was in a strong position to win a civil war against the CCP, he also knew that if the Communists gained control of Japanese war material, the balance of power would change.<ref name="ReferenceA">Lilley, James. ''China hands: nine decades of adventure, espionage, and diplomacy in Asia''. PublicAffairs, New York, 2004</ref> In order to buy time, and under American pressure to negotiate, Chiang Kai-shek reached out to Mao Zedong with a request that the latter fly to [[Chongqing]] to negotiate.<ref name="Radchenko"/> At first, Mao demanded that Chiang grant the CCP certain conditions, but sustained pressure from [[Joseph Stalin]] made him realize the extent of the CCP's international isolation.<ref name="Radchenko"/> On August 23, Mao told the [[Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo]] that without Soviet backing, the CCP would have to make concessions to Chiang.<ref name="Radchenko"/>

[[File:Chinese Communist troops marched north(1945) 03.jpg|thumb|left|Chinese Communist soldiers march north to occupy rural [[Manchuria]], 1945.]]
Meanwhile, military forces on all sides continued their maneuvers. On the 20th, the last Japanese units in Manchuria surrendered to the Soviet Red Army.<ref> {{cite book | last = Hastings | first = Max | title = Nemesis: The Battle for Japan 1944-45 | publisher = William Collins | date = 2007 | location = London | page = 543}} </ref> On the 26th, the CCP authorized army units and cadres to begin infiltrating the Manchurian countryside (a move tolerated by the Soviets).<ref name="Radchenko"/> CCP dominance in northern China seriously concerned Chiang, who was not in a position to stop the CCP from taking [[Beijing|Beiping]] or [[Tianjin]]. Chiang Kai-shek ordered the Japanese troops to remain at their post to receive the Kuomintang and not surrender their arms to the Communists.<ref name="Zarrow">Zarrow, Peter Gue. (2005). ''China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-36447-7}}. p. 338.</ref> Chiang called on the Americans for assistance, and the [[United States]] [[Operation Beleaguer|landed more than 50,000 marines]] in northern China to occupy the major cities until the Nationalists could arrive.<ref name="Millett, pg. 448-451">{{cite book | last=Millett| first=Allan R.| title=Semper fidelis: the history of the United States Marine Corps| publisher=Simon and Schuster| year=1991| isbn=002921596X}}</ref><ref name="mca-marines.org">{{Cite web| title=Operation BELEAGUER: The Marine III Amphibious Corps in North China, 1945-1949: Marine Corps Gazette| url=http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/operation-beleaguer-marine-iii-amphibious-corps-north-china-1945-49| access-date=April 6, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312161729/http://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/operation-beleaguer-marine-iii-amphibious-corps-north-china-1945-49| archive-date=March 12, 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="www.au.af.mil">{{Cite web| title=af.mil| url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usmchist/nochina.txt| access-date=April 6, 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213052335/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/usmchist/nochina.txt| archive-date=February 13, 2013| url-status=live}}</ref> Although greeted with enthusiasm, incidents such as the [[Shen Chong case|rape of a Chinese student]] quickly turned the population against the Americans and contributed to growing support for the Communists.<ref>A Rape in Beijing, December 1946: GIs, Nationalist Protests, and U.S. Foreign Policy by Robert Shaffer, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 69, No. 1 (Feb., 2000), pp. 31-64</ref> The Americans were anxious to have the Nationalists take over their duties, and so [[Albert Coady Wedemeyer|General Wedemeyer]] further ordered the airlifting of 100,000 Nationalist troops into Northern China.{{sfn|Alexander|1992|p=39}} As Nationalist troops moved in to formerly occupied territories, looting and large-scale corruption were common. Under the pretext of "receiving the Japanese surrender," business interests within the KMT government occupied most of the banks, factories and commercial properties, which had previously been seized by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]].<ref name="nat">{{cite book |last1=Nguyễn |first1=Anh Thái |last2=Nguyễn |first2=Quốc Hùng |last3=Vũ |first3=Ngọc Oanh |last4=Trần |first4=Thị Vinh |last5=Đặng |first5=Thanh Toán |last6= Đỗ |first6=Thanh Bình |title=Lịch sử thế giới hiện đại |date=2002 |publisher=Giáo Dục |location=Ho Chi Minh City |pages=320–322 |language=vi}}</ref> They also conscripted troops at an accelerated pace from the civilian population and hoarded supplies, preparing for a resumption of war with the Communists. These harsh and unpopular measures caused great hardship for the residents of cities such as Shanghai, where the unemployment rate rose dramatically to 37.5%.<ref name="nat" /> The Communists abstained from trying to take and hold any major cities (with the exception of [[Jinzhou|Chinchow]]), focusing instead on gaining control over the countryside.<ref name="Radchenko"/> Nevertheless, as Mao left for negotiations he simultaneously ordered the [[Shangdang Campaign]] to defeat as many KMT units in [[Shanxi]] as possible and thereby gain a stronger hand at the negotiating table.<ref name="Zhu and Wang">{{cite book |last1=Zhu |first1=Zongzhen |last2=Wang |first2=Chaoguang |title=Liberation War History |date=2000 |publisher=Social Scientific Publishing House |location=Beijing |edition=1st}}</ref>

[[File:1945 Mao and Chiang.jpg|thumb|right|Mao and Chiang Kai-Shek toast to victory over Japan in [[Chongqing]], during negotiations.]]
During negotiations, Chiang's main offer was to move from the second stage of Sun Yat-Sen's stages of unification (KMT tutelage) to the third stage (constitutional government). Mao and Zhou Enlai, on the other hand, were willing to recognize Chiang as ''de jure'' President of China in return for ''de facto'' autonomy in the provinces of Shanxi, [[Shandong]], [[Hebei]], [[Rehe]], and [[Chahar Province|Chahar]]. They would be willing to join and support a KMT-led coalition government, but wanted to maintain separate armed forces in their provinces.<ref name="Radchenko"/> Both sides criticized the other as unreasonable. Chiang viewed the degree of local autonomy requested by the Communists as a regression to the [[Warlord Era]], and was not willing to sacrifice his goal of reunification.<ref name="Radchenko"/> The Communists, on the other hand, suspected they would be massacred if they laid down their arms.<ref name="Radchenko"/> Both sides eventually signed the [[Double Tenth Agreement]], but this was mostly for show and the major issues were left unresolved.<ref>{{cite book|title=Selected Works of Liu Shaoqi, Vol. I|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|date=1991|isbn=0835111806|last=Liu|first=Shaoqi|author-link=Liu Shaoqi|pages=456}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/test/2007-08/30/content_731603.htm|publisher=The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China|date=30 August 2007|access-date=9 January 2008|title=中国共产党大事记 1945年 (Record of major events of the Communist Party of China)|language=zh}}</ref><ref name="Xu">Xu, Guangqiu. [2001] (2001). ''War Wings: The United States and Chinese Military Aviation, 1929–1949''. Greenwood Publishing Group. {{ISBN|0-313-32004-7}}. p. 201.</ref> Negotiations between Chiang and Zhou would continue in [[Nanking]], but Mao returned to [[Yunnan]].<ref name="Xu" />

The outbreak of fighting in Manchuria (see next section) proved to Ambassador [[Patrick J. Hurley|Hurley]] that negotiations had failed, and he resigned in disgust.<ref>Fenby, Jonathan ''Chiang Kai-shek China's Generalissimo and the Nation He Lost'', New York: Carrol & Graf, 2004 page 459</ref> He was replaced by General [[George Marshall]], who arrived in China on 20 December 1945. The goal of the [[Marshall Mission]] was to bring both parties into a coalition government, with the hope that a strong, non-Communist China would act as a bulwark against the encroachment of the Soviet Union. Marshall drew both sides into negotiations which would drag on for more than a year. No significant agreements were reached, as both sides used the time to further prepare themselves for the ensuing conflict.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1948v07/d373 | title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, the Far East: China, Volume VII – Office of the Historian}}</ref>

=== Manchurian Campaigns, 1946-1948 ===
[[File:Battle of Siping01.jpg|thumb|right|Communist soldiers wait in trenches during the [[Campaign to Defend Siping]], 1946.]]
By the time that Nationalist units had been able to arrive in the major cities of [[Manchuria]], Communist forces commanded by [[Lin Biao]] were already in firm control of most of the countryside and surrounding areas, including the city of [[Jinzhou|Chinchow]].<ref>Leung 70–71</ref> On 15 November 1945, the Nationalists began a campaign to roll back these gains.<ref name=Jessup>{{cite book |last = Jessup |first = John E. |title=A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985 |year=1989 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |isbn=0-313-24308-5 }}</ref> Chiang Kai-shek's forces pushed as far as Chinchow by 26 November 1945, meeting with little resistance. Rather than confront the advancing Nationalists head on, Lin Biao avoided decisive confrontations was able to preserve the strength of his army.<ref>Lew 32–36</ref> The Nationalist advance also prompted Stalin, who did not want the CCP entirely crushed, to command Marshal [[Rodion Malinovsky]] to give most captured Japanese weapons to the CCP.<ref>{{cite web |author=Yang Kuisong |url = http://book.sina.com.cn/excerpt/sz/rw/2011-11-24/0951293044_2.shtml |script-title = zh:杨奎松《读史求实》：苏联给了林彪东北野战军多少现代武器 |website = [[Sina Corp|Sina]] Books |date = 24 November 2011 |access-date = 17 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926184147/http://book.sina.com.cn/excerpt/sz/rw/2011-11-24/0951293044_2.shtml |archive-date = 26 September 2013 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name = "nat"/> This was decisive; from this point onwards the Communist forces were no longer just an army of "millet plus rifles".

In March 1946, despite repeated requests from Chiang Kai-Shek, the [[Soviet Red Army]] under the command of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union|Marshal]] [[Rodion Malinovsky]] continued to delay pulling out of Manchuria, while Malinovsky secretly told the CCP forces to move in behind them. Mao quickly seized the opportunity, ordering Lin Biao and [[Zhu De]] to begin taking key cities, including [[Battle of Siping|Siping]] and [[Harbin]].<ref>Lew 36</ref><ref name="Historical Evolution">{{cite web |url=http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Historical_Evolution.htm |title=Historical Evolution |publisher=Harbin Municipal Government |access-date=2017-01-17 |quote=At the end of the 19th century, there were over ten villages and about 30,000 people in Harbin, and the economic elements such as transportation, trade and population began to develop, which laid the foundation for formation and development of the city. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130223146/http://www.harbin.gov.cn/english/Harbin_Overview/Historical_Evolution.htm |archive-date=2013-01-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> These favorable conditions also facilitated many changes inside the Communist leadership: the more radical faction who wanted a complete military take-over of China finally gained the upper hand and defeated the careful opportunists.<ref>Michael M Sheng, ''Battling Western Imperialism'', Princeton University Press, 1997, pp. 132–135</ref> By May 3, all Soviet troops had withdrawn, and fighting between local Communist and Nationalist forces had broken out in earnest.<ref>Lew 36</ref> The conflict would escalate to the scale of a nation-wide civil war over the summer, as Chiang Kai-shek launched a large-scale assault on Communist territory in [[North China]] with 113 brigades (a total of 1.6 million troops).<ref name="Hu">Hu, Jubin. (2003). ''Projecting a Nation: Chinese National Cinema Before 1949''. Hong Kong University Press. {{ISBN|962-209-610-7}}.</ref><ref name="nat" />

Knowing their disadvantages in manpower and equipment, the CCP adopted a "passive defense" strategy. It avoided the strong points of the KMT army and was prepared to abandon territory in order to preserve its forces. In most cases the surrounding countryside and small towns had come under Communist influence long before the cities. The CCP also attempted to wear out the KMT forces as much as possible. This tactic seemed to be successful; after a year, the power balance became more favorable to the CCP. They wiped out 1.12 million KMT troops, while their strength grew to about two million men.<ref name="nat" /> In March 1947 the KMT achieved a symbolic victory by seizing the CCP capital of [[Yan'an]].<ref>Lilley, James R. China Hands: Nine Decades of Adventure, Espionage, and Diplomacy in Asia. {{ISBN|1-58648-136-3}}.</ref> The Communists counterattacked soon afterwards; on 30 June 1947 CCP troops crossed the Yellow River and moved to the [[Dabie Mountains]] area, restored and developed the [[Central Plain (China)|Central Plain]]. At the same time, Communist forces also began to counterattack in Northeastern China, [[North China]] and [[East China]].<ref name="nat" />

[[File:Renault FT-17 in ROC.jpg|thumb|right|Chinese FT tanks]]
In late 1948, the CCP and the newly rechristened "[[People's Liberation Army]]" (PLA) launched the decisive [[Liaoshen Campaign]]. The PLA finally captured for good the northern cities of [[Shenyang]] and [[Changchun]] and consolidated control of the Northeast.<ref name="Westad">Westad, Odd Arne. [2003] (2003). Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950. Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-8047-4484-X}}. pp. 192–193.</ref> The [[New 1st Army]], regarded as the best KMT army, was forced to surrender after the CCP conducted a brutal six-month [[siege of Changchun]] that resulted in more than 150,000 civilian deaths from starvation.<ref name="AP">Pomfret, John. "Red Army Starved 150,000 Chinese Civilians, Books Says" [http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19901122&slug=1105487 Seattle Times 2 October 2009] Accessed: 2009-10-02. Archived [https://www.webcitation.org/5kEN5bTlE?url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date%3D19901122%26slug%3D1105487 WebSite]</ref>

The conscripted peasants who filled the Nationalist ranks were beginning to defect to the PLA in larger and larger numbers, drawn by the promise of land and much better treatment by Communist officers.<ref>[[Ray Huang]], ''cong dalishi jiaodu du Jiang Jieshi riji'' (Reading Chiang Kai-shek's diary from a macro-history perspective), China Times Publishing Press, Taipei, 1994, pp. 441–443</ref> The defection and capture of large numbers of well-trained KMT troops finally gave the PLA material superiority over the Nationalist army.<ref>''The New York Times'', 12 January 1947, p. 44.</ref><ref>Zeng Kelin, ''Zeng Kelin jianjun zishu'' (General Zeng Kelin Tells His Story), Liaoning renmin chubanshe, Shenyang, 1997. pp. 112–113</ref> Manpower continued to grow as well; during the [[Huaihai Campaign]] alone the CCP was able to mobilize 5,430,000 peasants to fight against the KMT forces.<ref>[[Lung Ying-tai]], ''dajiang dahai 1949'', Commonwealth Publishing Press, Taipei, 2009, p. 184</ref>

===The Huaihai and Pingjin Campaigns, 1948-1949===
[[File:CCP expand 1934 - 1949.PNG|thumb|left|After defeating the Kuomintang in Manchuria, the PLA (shown in color) launched a series of campaigns that conquered southern China.]]
Now with tanks, heavy artillery, and other combined-arms assets, the PLA was prepared to execute offensive operations south of the Great Wall. In April 1948 the city of [[Luoyang]] fell, cutting the KMT army off from [[Xi'an]].<ref name="Elleman">Elleman, Bruce A. Modern Chinese Warfare, 1795–1989. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-21473-4}}.</ref> Following a fierce battle, the CCP captured [[Jinan]] and [[Shandong]] province on 24 September 1948. The [[Huaihai Campaign]] of late 1948 and early 1949 secured east-central China for the CCP.<ref name="Westad" /> The outcome of these encounters were decisive for the military outcome of the civil war.<ref name="Westad" /> The [[Pingjin Campaign]] resulted in the Communist conquest of northern China. It lasted 64 days, from 21 November 1948 to 31 January 1949.<ref name="Finkld">Finkelstein, David Michael. Ryan, Mark A. McDevitt, Michael. [2003] (2003). Chinese Warfighting: The PLA Experience Since 1949. M.E. Sharpe. China. {{ISBN|0-7656-1088-4}}. p. 63.</ref> The PLA suffered heavy casualties while securing [[Zhangjiakou]], [[Tianjin]] along with its port and garrison at [[Taku Forts|Dagu]] and [[Beijing|Beiping]].<ref name="Finkld" /> The CCP brought 890,000 troops from the northeast to oppose some 600,000 KMT troops.<ref name="Elleman" /> There were 40,000 PLA casualties at Zhangjiakou alone. They in turn killed, wounded or captured some 520,000 KMT during the campaign.<ref name="Finkld" />

[[File:Movement KMTretreat.svg|thumb|The Nationalists' retreat to Taipei: after the Nationalists lost [[Nanjing]] (Nanking) they next moved to [[Guangzhou]] (Canton), then to [[Chongqing]] (Chungking), [[Chengdu]] (Chengtu) and finally, [[Xichang]] (Sichang) before arriving in [[Taipei]].]]

After achieving decisive victory at Liaoshen, Huaihai and Pingjin campaigns, the CCP wiped out 144 regular and 29 irregular KMT divisions, including 1.54 million [[veteran]] KMT troops, which significantly reduced the strength of Nationalist forces.<ref name="nat"/> Stalin initially favored a [[coalition government]] in postwar China, and tried to persuade Mao to stop the CCP from crossing the Yangtze and attacking the KMT positions south of the river.<ref>Donggil Kim, "Stalin and the Chinese Civil War." ''Cold War History'' 10.2 (2010): 185–202.</ref> Mao rejected Stalin's position and on 21 April, began the [[Yangtze River Crossing Campaign]]. On 23 April they captured the KMT's capital, Nanjing.<ref name="Zhang" /> The KMT government retreated to Canton (Guangzhou) until 15 October, [[Chongqing]] until 25 November, and then [[Chengdu]] before [[Chinese Nationalist Party retreat to Taiwan|retreating to Taiwan]] on 7 December. By late 1949 the People's Liberation Army was pursuing remnants of KMT forces southwards in southern China, and only [[Tibet]] was left. A Chinese Muslim [[Hui people|Hui]] cavalry regiment, the 14th [[Dungan people|Tungan]] Cavalry, was sent by the Chinese government to attack Mongol and Soviet positions along the border during the [[Pei-ta-shan Incident]].<ref>{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&q=warlords+and+muslims |title = Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 |author = Andrew D. W. Forbes |year=1986 |publisher = CUP Archive |location = Cambridge, England |isbn = 0-521-25514-7 |page = 215 |access-date = 28 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&q=warlords+and+muslims |title = Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949 |author = Andrew D. W. Forbes |year=1986 |publisher = CUP Archive |location = Cambridge, England |isbn = 0-521-25514-7 |page = 225 |access-date = 28 June 2010 }}</ref>

== Aftermath and problems ==
{{see also|Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|Cross-Strait relations|Black Cat Squadron|1960–1961 campaign at the China–Burma border}}
[[File:US MAAG Taiwan Badge.svg|thumb|left|100px|Badge of MAAG ROC in [[Vietnam War]].]]
[[File:Communist_terrorist_remnants_in_RASCOM_area.gif|thumb|250px|Poster of Chinese rebels in Sarawak, Malaysia.]]
On October 1, 1949, [[Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party|Chairman]] Mao Zedong officially proclaimed the founding of the [[People's Republic of China]] at Tiananmen Square. Chiang Kai-shek, 600,000 Nationalist troops and about two million Nationalist-sympathizer refugees retreated to the island of Taiwan. After that, resistance to the Communists on the mainland was substantial but scattered, such as in the far south. An attempt to take the Nationalist-controlled island of [[Kinmen]] was thwarted in the [[Battle of Guningtou|Battle of Kuningtou]].

In December 1949 Chiang proclaimed [[Taipei]], Taiwan the temporary capital of the Republic, and continued to assert his government as the sole legitimate authority of all China, while the PRC government continued to call for the unification of all China. The last direct fighting between Nationalist and Communist forces ended with the Communist capture of [[Hainan Island]] in April 1950, though shelling and guerrilla raids continued for several years. {{sfnb|Westad|2003|p=305}}

Starting from June 1950, the outbreak of the [[Korean War]] led the American government to place the [[United States Seventh Fleet]] in the [[Taiwan Strait]] to prevent either side from attacking the other, the cold war era of Taiwan Strait has begun.<ref>{{cite web |title = Army Department Teletype conference, ca. June 1950 |url = https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/army-department-teletype-conference|website = Harry S. Truman Library and Museum |publisher = US Department of Defense |access-date = 2015-04-14}}</ref> However, CCP and Kuomintang keep [[Cold War in Asia|clash in Southeast Asia during the cold war]].

The Kuomintang also made several last-ditch attempts to use Khampa troops against the Communists in southwest China. The Kuomintang formulated a plan in which three Khampa divisions would be assisted by the [[Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama|Panchen Lama]] to oppose the Communists.<ref>{{cite book |access-date = 27 December 2011 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&q=shen+in+Chongqing+to+render+clandestine+support+to+pro-Nationalist+underground+forces+led+by+a+Khampa+Tibetan&pg=PA95 |title = Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west |author=Hsiao-ting Lin |year=2010 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |edition=illustrated |volume=67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia |page=117 |quote = China's far northwest.23 A simultaneous proposal suggested that, with the support of the new Panchen Lama and his entourage, at least three army divisions of anti-Communist Khampa Tibetans could be mustered in southwest China. |isbn = 978-0-415-58264-3 }}</ref> Kuomintang intelligence reported that some Tibetan tusi chiefs and the Khampa Su Yonghe controlled 80,000 troops in Sichuan, Qinghai and Tibet. They hoped to use them against the Communist army.<ref>{{cite book |access-date = 27 December 2011 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC&q=shen+in+Chongqing+to+render+clandestine+support+to+pro-Nationalist+underground+forces+led+by+a+Khampa+Tibetan&pg=PA95 |title = Modern China's ethnic frontiers: a journey to the west |author = Hsiao-ting Lin |year = 2010 |publisher = Taylor & Francis |edition = illustrated |volume = 67 of Routledge studies in the modern history of Asia |page = xxi |quote = (tusi) from the Sichuan-Qinghai border; and Su Yonghe, a Khampa native-chieftain from Nagchuka on the Qinghai- Tibetan border. According to Nationalist intelligence reports, these leaders altogether commanded about 80000 irregulars. |isbn = 978-0-415-58264-3 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|War|Communism}}
* [[Aftermath of World War II]]
* [[Long March]]
* [[John F. Melby]]
* [[Cultural Revolution]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Alexander |first1=Bevin |title=The Strange Connection: U.S. Intervention in China, 1944-1972 |date=1992 |publisher=Greenwood Press}}
* {{citation|last = Bianco|first= Lucien|author-link = Lucien Bianco |title = Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949| location = Palo Alto, CA|publisher = Stanford University Press|date = 1971}} [http://archives.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/Bianco_Origins_of_the_Chinese_Revolution.pdf Chapter 1, pages 1-26] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6fqH6b5aw?url=http://archives.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/Bianco_Origins_of_the_Chinese_Revolution.pdf Archive]). -- hosted at CÉRIUM (Centre d’études et de recherches internationales) at the [[Université de Montréal]]
* {{Cite book |last=Carter |first=Peter |title=Mao |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1976 |isbn=978-0192731401 }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last =Cheek |editor1-first=Timothy |editor2-first= Klaus |editor2-last=Mühlhahn |editor3-first=Hans J. |editor3-last=Van de Ven |title =Chinese Communist Party : A Century in Ten Lives |publisher =Cambridge University Press |location = |date =2021 |language = |url = https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108904186 |jstor = |issn = |doi = 10.1017/9781108904186|isbn=9781108904186 |s2cid=241952636 |access-date = }}
* {{citation | first= Charles| last =Hayford| chapter = The May Fourth Movement| pages =565–69| title = Encyclopedia of Modern China|volume= II| series = | editor-first = David| editor-last =Pong| location = Detroit| publisher =Scribner's | year =2009 | isbn = |chapter-url= }}
* Lew, Christopher R. ''The Third Chinese Revolutionary War, 1945–1949: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership''. The USA and Canada: Routledge. 2009. {{ISBN|0-415-77730-5}}.
*{{cite book |last1=Lohbeck |first1=Don |title=Patrick J. Hurley |date=1956 |publisher=Henry Regnery Company |location=Chicaho}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |chapter-url = http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/Cominter.html |chapter=Comintern |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041012155059/http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/Cominter.html|archive-date=12 October 2004 |title=The Columbia Encyclopedia|edition=6th|year=2001|ref={{sfnref|Columbia|2001}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gao |first=James |title=Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949) |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0810863088 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Garver|first1=John W.|title=Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism|date=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=0195363744}}
*{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Chalmers A. |title=Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power: The Emergence of Revolutionary China 1937-1945 |date=1962 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, California |url=http://www.tusanaje.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Peasant-nationalism-and-Communist-Power.pdf |access-date=4 March 2022}}
* {{citation|editor-last=Leung |editor-first=Edward Pak-wah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drHgAyJuO_IC&pg=PA49 |title= Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Civil War |place= United States of America |publisher = Scarecrow Press |year= 2002|isbn= 0-8108-4435-4}}.
* {{citation|editor-last=Leung |editor-first=Edward Pak-wah |url=|title= Historical Dictionary Revolutionary China, 1839-1976 |place= Westport, Ct. |publisher = Greenwood Press|year= 1992|isbn= 0-313-26457-0}}.
*{{cite book |last1=Pepper |first1=Suzanne |title=Civil War in China: The Political Struggle 1945-1949 |date=1999 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers}}
* {{Cite book |last=Schram |first=Stuart |url=https://archive.org/details/maotsetung0000schr |title=Mao Tse-Tung |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1966 |isbn=978-0140208405 |author-link=Stuart R. Schram |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=Spence|first=Jonathan D.|title=The Search for Modern China|publisher= W.W. Norton and Company|year=1999|isbn=0-393-97351-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Jay|title=The Generalissimo|date=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0674033382|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl}}
*{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=S. Bernard |title=Labor and the Chinese Revolution, 1928-1948 |date=1983 |publisher=University of Michigan |location=Ann Arbor}}
* {{cite book |last = Westad |first = Odd |title = Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950 |year = 2003 |publisher = Stanford University Press |isbn = 978-0-8047-4484-3 |page = |url = https://archive.org/details/decisiveencounte00west |url-access = registration |access-date = 2019-03-08}}
* [[Wolfgang Franke|Franke, Wolfgang]], ''A Century of Chinese Revolution, 1851–1949'' (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1970).
* {{citation |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rfu-hR8msh4C |title=Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History |publisher=Greenwood Press |last=Wortzel |first=Larry M. |location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport]] |year = 1999 |isbn=9780313293375 }}.
*{{cite book |last1=Perry |first1=Elizabeth |title=Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945 |date=1980 |publisher=Stanford University Press}}
*{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Xiaobing |title=China at War: An Encyclopedia |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC |location=Denver, Colorado |isbn=978-1-59884--416-0 |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57765291/_Xiaobing_Li__China_at_War_An_Encyclopediab-ok.cc-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1646098362&Signature=OS5T~v1BbbhnoRmnw6A3x2ypzrTp5m52SN8E4LLACXAc0AB2O9hFzN3vLjSCAclFmihU-vEBd6PPgDTwhbSDXjo8Tl3Tcyw1YvLUtdUxM6RC3noYcWThxLSlPwJc7h1rnfq-yL-VEt97TE3yxhb163fRn4JEujD1mIywhyXyOZixni-LUJ5~6KVcW5UYtjnxMkcjY9N7feNSyW3TArnxxjddcNUE~H2f0utDwXONKZK-oqck2wlyS5fUXu6IdgadpYxyXErgZUBCvqDvjp8uIsv3Yrc6o67uyXG84zq9bFeUPGDlVy7Tgv6tApbY0st~jUgSYkwmjy~pNA94NSyGrQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=171 |access-date=1 March 2022}}
{{refend}}



{{-}}
{{Chinese Civil War}}
{{Maoism}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:20th-century revolutions]]
[[Category:Chinese Civil War]]
[[Category:Revolutions in China]]
[[Category:Communist revolutions]]
[[Category:Maoism in China]]

The Skills Dat Pay da Bills

2021-11-26T21:32:57Z

107.115.17.21:

{{Infobox album
| name = The Skills Dat Pay da Bills
| type = Album
| artist = [[Positive K]]
| cover = The Skills dat Pay da Bills.jpg
| alt =
| released = November 3, 1992
| recorded = 1991–1992
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| length = 62:58
| label = [[Island Records|Island]]/[[PolyGram Records]] 514 057
| producer = [[Big Daddy Kane]], [[Jazzy Jay]], Silver D., L.G., Laz-E-Laz
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = Back to the Old School
| next_year = 2008
}}
{{Album ratings
| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-skills-dat-pay-da-bills-mw0000088431|title=The Skills Dat Pay da Bills - Positive K | Songs, Reviews, Credits|website=AllMusic}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''
| rev2Score = B−<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ew.com/article/1993/02/12/skills-dat-pay-da-bills/|title=The Skills Dat Pay da Bills|website=EW.com}}</ref>
}}
'''''The Skills Dat Pay da Bills''''' is [[Positive K]]'s debut album, which was released November 3, 1992. With "[[I Got a Man]]" making waves on the radio, he was doing underground compilation appearances, guest spots on other hip-hop artists' albums, and worked with emcee [[Big Daddy Kane]] on the single ("Nightshift"), which led to his album. Despite reviews calling the album more than a fluke hit, it lacked perseverance on the album charts, leading him to become a [[one-hit wonder]]. To date, the album is still beloved in the underground hip-hop community.

This album is the first recorded instance of the phrase "[[Drop It Like It's Hot|drop it like it's hot]]," which appears in the songs "Ain't No Crime" and "Minnie the Moocher."{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

==Track listing==
#"Intro (Pos K Theme)" 0:57
#"Pass the Mic" 4:00
#"One 2 the Head (feat. Jazzy Jay)" 4:08
#"Shakin'" 4:57
#"How the Fuck Would You Know" 5:14
#"Carhoppers" 3:29
#"Nightshift" 4:40
#"Intro (Back the Fuck Up)" 1:07
#"[[I Got a Man]]" 3:52
#"Ain't No Crime" 5:02
#"The Shout-Out" 2:37
#"Friends" 4:50
#"Minnie the Moocher" 4:11
#"Nightshift [Remix]" 4:49
#"A Flower Grows in Brooklyn" 4:07
#"It's All Over" 4:46

==Charts==
'''Album'''
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Chart (1993)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
{{album chart|Billboard200|168|artist=Positive K|rowheader=true|accessdate=March 3, 2017}}
|-
{{album chart|BillboardRandBHipHop|50|artist=Positive K|rowheader=true|accessdate=March 3, 2017}}
|}

'''Singles'''
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"
!align="left"|Year
!align="left"|Single
!align="left"|Chart
!align="left"|Position
|-
|align="left"|1992
|align="left"|"I Got a Man"
|align="left"|Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks
|align="left"|10
|-
|align="left"|1992
|align="left"|"I Got a Man"
|align="left"|Rhythmic Top 40
|align="left"|12
|-
|align="left"|1992
|align="left"|"I Got a Man"
|align="left"|The Billboard Hot 100
|align="left"|14
|-
|align="left"|1992
|align="left"|"Nightshift"
|align="left"|Hot Rap Singles
|align="left"|17
|-
|align="left"|1993
|align="left"|"Ain't No Crime"
|align="left"|Hot Rap Singles
|align="left"|16
|-
|align="left"|1993
|align="left"|"I Got a Man"
|align="left"|Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales
|align="left"|14
|-
|align="left"|1993
|align="left"|"I Got a Man"
|align="left"|Hot Rap Singles
|align="left"|1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Skills Dat Pay da Bills, The}}
[[Category:Island Records albums]]
[[Category:1992 debut albums]]
[[Category:Hip hop albums by American artists]]

{{1990s-hiphop-album-stub}}

Run to You (Whitney Houston song)

2021-11-26T21:30:03Z

107.115.17.21:

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Run to You
| cover = wh_runtoyou.jpg
| alt =
| border = yes
| type = single
| artist = [[Whitney Houston]]
| album = [[The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album]]
| B-side = {{ubl|"After We Make Love"|"For the Love of You"}}
| released = June 21, 1993
| recorded = 1992
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]|[[Pop music|pop]]}}
| length = 4:24
| label = [[Arista Records|Arista]]
| writer = {{hlist|Jud Friedman|Allan Rich}}
| producer = [[David Foster]]
| prev_title = [[I Have Nothing]]
| prev_year = 1993
| next_title = [[Queen of the Night (song)|Queen of the Night]]
| next_year = 1993
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|h9rCobRl-ng|"Run to You"}}}}
}}

"'''Run to You'''" is a song performed by [[Americans|American]] singer [[Whitney Houston]] and is the fourth single released from ''[[The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album]]''. The song was released on June 21, 1993 by [[Arista Records]]. It was written by Jud Friedman and Allan Rich, and produced by [[David Foster]]. Originally intended to be a break-up song, it was approved by the production and stars. However, a month later, the director of ''[[The Bodyguard (1992 film)|The Bodyguard]]'' ([[Mick Jackson (director)|Mick Jackson]]) called, saying he liked the song so much, but he'd rather have it to be a love song so the entire song was rewritten, except for the title.

All of the previous releases from ''The Bodyguard'' had been successes, landing in the top five. "Run to You" became a moderate hit, peaking at number 31 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. In the US, it spent six weeks inside the top 40, five of which were spent at the number 31 peak. Airplay and singles sales topped out at number 26 and 41, respectively. The single sales stalled at number 41 on the [[Hot Singles Sales|Hot 100 Singles Sales]] chart, most likely due to the fact its parent album, ''The Bodyguard'', already was certified 8× platinum and nearing 9× platinum status quickly. Single sales were moderate because most consumers already owned the song by simply owning the album.

On other ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' charts, the song was moderately well received. On the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]], it reached a peak position of number 31. The song cracked the top 10 on the [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks]] chart, peaking at number 10.

Internationally, it was not as well received, except in the UK and Ireland, peaking at number 15 and number 9, respectively.

"Run to You" and its soundtrack-mate "[[I Have Nothing]]" were nominated for a 1993 [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]], but they lost to "[[A Whole New World]]" from ''[[Aladdin (1992 Disney film)|Aladdin]]''.

==Critical reception==
[[AllMusic]] editor [[Stephen Thomas Erlewine]] praised the song as a "first-rate urban pop song that skillfully captures Houston at her best."<ref>{{cite web|first=Stephen Thomas|last=Erlewine|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-bodyguard-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-mw0000180918|title=Whitney Houston — ''The Bodyguard [Original Soundtrack Album]''|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=October 10, 2021|author-link=Stephen Thomas Erlewine}}</ref> [[Larry Flick]] from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' described it as a "sparkling [[ballad]]" with "a plush, shiny arrangement". He also viewed it as a "dramatic fare" and "a truly effective and memorable performance."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Larry|last=Flick|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1993/BB-1993-06-19.pdf|title=Single Reviews|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=June 19, 1993|access-date=February 1, 2020|page=86|author-link=Larry Flick}}</ref> Troy J. Augusto from ''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cashbox]]'' commented, "Loyal, forever-suffering true love is again the theme as Houston uses her flair for the dynamic with impressive (again, par for her course) results. Wonderful arrangement and production from [[David Foster]] point to another smash."<ref>{{cite magazine|first= Troy J. |last= Augusto |title= Pop Singles: Reviews |magazine= [[Cashbox (magazine)|Cashbox]] |date= 1993-06-26 |page= 15 |access-date= 2020-11-03 |url= https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/90s/1993/CB-1993-06-26.pdf}}</ref> Alan Jones from ''[[Music Week]]'' deemed it as "a sweeping, melodic, if predictable, ballad", that "is sure to be lapped up."<ref>{{cite magazine|first= Alan |last= Jones |title= Market Preview: Mainstream - Singles |magazine= [[Music Week]] |date= July 17, 1993 |page= 6 |accessdate= March 30, 2021 |url= https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1993/Music-Week-1993-07-17.pdf}}</ref> Randy Ross from ''The Network Forty'' noted it as "vintage Whitney".<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Randy|last=Ross|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Network-40/93/Network-40-1993-06-04.pdf|title=Mainstream: Music Meeting|magazine=The Network Forty|date=June 4, 1993|page=22|access-date=March 21, 2020}}</ref> Editor [[Stephen Holden]] from ''[[The New York Times]]'' described it as a "booming generic ballad to which Houston applies her typical stentorian delivery."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Stephen|last=Holden|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/20/arts/record-brief-944292.html|title=Record Brief|magazine=[[The New York Times]]|date=December 20, 1992|access-date=October 10, 2021|author-link=Stephen Holden}}</ref> Larry A. from ''[[USA Today]]'' praised the singing, calling it a "thrilling ballad, powered by an operatic coloratura [[alto]]."<ref>{{cite web|first=Larry|last=A.|url=http://www.whitney-fan.com/music/reviews/36/65|title=Archived copy|access-date=September 25, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004042556/http://www.whitney-fan.com/music/reviews/36/65|archive-date=October 4, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

==Chart performance==
[[File:WhitneyHoustonApril2010.jpg|thumb|right|Whitney Houston made "Run to You" become one of her signature songs.]]
Though "Run to You" is one of Houston's most recognized songs worldwide, the chart performance was not as successful as her previous hit singles' at the time of its release because its parent album, ''The Bodyguard'' soundtrack, had already sold 21 million copies globally at that point and most consumers had the song by simply owning the soundtrack.<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | date = July 10, 1993 | access-date = May 29, 2011 | publisher = [[Prometheus Global Media]] | issn = 0006-2510 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CxAEAAAAMBAJ&q=bodyguard&pg=RA1-PA79 | author = Don Jeffrey | title = Product Punch Lifts Arista Sales Sky High | volume = 105 | page = 79 | issue = 28}}</ref> In the United States, "Run to You" debuted at number 83 and 76 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] and [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Hot R&B Singles]] charts, in the issue dated June 26, 1993, respectively.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.billboard.com/charts/1993-06-26/hot-100?order=gainer | title = The ''Billboard'' Hot 100 Singles chart listing for week ending June 26, 1993 | date = June 26, 1993 | access-date = May 29, 2011 | publisher = [[Prometheus Global Media]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.billboard.com/charts/1993-06-26/r-b-hip-hop-songs?order=gainer | title = The ''Billboard'' Hot R&B Singles chart listing for week ending June 26, 1993 | date = June 26, 1993 | access-date = May 29, 2011 | publisher = Prometheus Global Media | work = Billboard.com}}</ref> Three weeks later the single reached its peak position of number 31 on both the charts in the July 17, 1993 issue. On the Hot 100, the song spent six weeks inside the Top 40, five of which were stayed at its number 31 peak from July 17 to August 14, 1993.<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine = Billboard | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6BEEAAAAMBAJ&q=run%20to%20you&pg=PA78 | title = The ''Billboard'' Hot 100 Singles chart listing for week ending August 14, 1993 |date = August 14, 1993| publisher = Prometheus Global Media | issn = 0006-2510 | volume = 105 | issue = 33 | page = 78}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | magazine = Billboard | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6BEEAAAAMBAJ&q=run%20to%20you&pg=PA22 | title = The ''Billboard'' Hot R&B Singles chart listing for week ending August 14, 1993 |date = August 14, 1993| publisher = Prometheus Global Media | issn = 0006-2510 | volume = 105 | issue = 33 | page = 22}}</ref> In addition, it peaked at number 41 and 26 on the component charts of the Hot 100, the [[Hot 100 Singles Sales]] and the [[Hot 100 Airplay (Radio Songs)|Hot 100 Airplay]], respectively.<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine = Billboard | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-BEEAAAAMBAJ&q=whitney%20houston&pg=PA84-IA13 | title = The ''Billboard'' Hot 100 Airplay and Hot 100 Singles Sales charts listing for week ending September 4, 1993 | date = September 4, 1993 | access-date = May 31, 2011 | volume = 105 | issue = 36 | page = 83 | issn = 0006-2510 | publisher = Prometheus Global Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.billboard.com/charts/1993-06-26/radio-songs?order=gainer | title = The ''Billboard'' Hot Airplay chart listing for week ending June 26, 1993 | publisher = Prometheus Global Media | work = Billboard.com | date = June 26, 1993 | access-date = May 31, 2011}}</ref> The song also peaked at number 10 on the [[Adult Contemporary (chart)|Hot Adult Contemporary]] chart, becoming Houston's 17th Top 10 hit of the chart.<ref>{{cite magazine | magazine = Billboard | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6BEEAAAAMBAJ&q=run%20to%20you&pg=PA71 | title = The ''Billboard'' Hot Adult Contemporary chart listing for week ending August 14, 1993 |date = August 14, 1993| publisher = Prometheus Global Media | issn = 0006-2510 | volume = 105 | issue = 33 | page = 71}}</ref> In Canada, the song debuted at number 86 on the [[RPM (magazine)|''RPM'' 100 Hits Tracks]] chart, the issue dated July 10, 1993.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = [[RPM (magazine)|RPM]] | date = July 10, 1993 | access-date = May 26, 2011 | url = http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1007&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=ibnkef41m56704k5js1i6skfv1 | title = The ''RPM'' 100 Hot Tracks chart listing for week ending July 10, 1993 | volume = 57 | issue = 26 | publisher = RPM Music Publications Ltd. | issn = 0315-5994 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023065518/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.1007&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=ibnkef41m56704k5js1i6skfv1 | archive-date = October 23, 2012 | url-status = dead | df = mdy-all }}</ref> The next week it leaped to number 34 on the chart and reached the Top 20 in its fourth week of release.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = RPM | date = July 17, 1993 | access-date = May 26, 2011 | url = http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2179&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=ibnkef41m56704k5js1i6skfv1 | title = The ''RPM'' 100 Hot Tracks chart listing for week ending July 17, 1993 | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | publisher = RPM Music Publications Ltd. | issn = 0315-5994 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023065535/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2179&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=ibnkef41m56704k5js1i6skfv1 | archive-date = October 23, 2012 | url-status = dead | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | journal = RPM | date = July 31, 1993 | access-date = May 26, 2011 | url = http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2192&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=ibnkef41m56704k5js1i6skfv1 | title = The ''RPM'' 100 Hot Tracks chart listing for week ending July 31, 1993 | volume = 58 | issue = 3 | publisher = RPM Music Publications Ltd. | issn = 0315-5994 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023065752/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.2192&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=ibnkef41m56704k5js1i6skfv1 | archive-date = October 23, 2012 | url-status = dead | df = mdy-all }}</ref> On the August 28, 1993 issue, it reached its peak position of number 10 on the chart, becoming her 16th Top 10 hit in the country.<ref name="canada"/>

Internationally, "Run to You" was a moderate hit like in the US. In the United Kingdom, the song entered the [[UK Singles Chart]] at number 20, the week ending dated July 31, 1993.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19930725/7501/ | title = Top 40 Official UK Singles Archive: The week ending dated July 31, 1993 | publisher = [[Official Charts Company]] | date = July 31, 1993 | access-date = May 31, 2011}}</ref> The following week it reached its peak position of number 15 on the chart.<ref name="rtyuk"/> In Belgium, the song debuted at number 19 on the [[VRT Top 30]] chart but the next week dropped to outside Top 30.<ref name="rtybelgium">{{cite web | url = http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/song-info/8557 | title = The VRT Top 30 chart listing for week ending August 7, 1993 | date = August 7, 1993 | access-date = May 27, 2011 | publisher = [[Radio 2 (Belgium)|Radio 2]] | language = nl | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120409063716/http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/song-info/8557 | archive-date = April 9, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> In Ireland, it peaked at number nine on the [[Irish Singles Chart]], spending four weeks in the chart.<ref name="rtyireland">{{cite web | url = http://www.irishcharts.ie/search/placement | title = The Irish Singles Chart searchable database | publisher = [[Irish Recorded Music Association]] | access-date = May 27, 2011}}</ref> In other European countries, it failed to make the Top 40 and stayed only one or two weeks on the charts, peaking at number 33 in the Netherlands, number 47 in France, and 58 in Germany.<ref name="rtyfrance"/><ref name="rtynetherlands"/><ref name="rtygermany"/>

==Music video==
A [[music video]] was produced to promote the single, directed by Mitchell Sinoway.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6662712/|title=Whitney Houston: Run to You|publisher=[[IMDb]]|date= |access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> It features scenes from ''The Bodyguard'' intercut with scenes of an angelic Houston running on clouds. The video was later published on Houston's official [[YouTube]] channel in November 2009. It has amassed more than 182.8 million views as of October 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9rCobRl-ng|title=Whitney Houston - Run To You (Official HD Video)|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=November 14, 2009|access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref>

==Live performances==
*Houston has performed the song on select dates during her [[The Bodyguard World Tour|Bodyguard World Tour]] in 1993–1994. "Run to You" was performed at the November 5 and 7, 1993 shows at the [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre]] in London, England, at the August 14, 1994 show at the San Jose Arena in San Jose, California and at the September 16, 27 and 28, 1994 shows at [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City. In November 2017, [[Legacy Recordings|Legacy]] issued the 25th anniversary album, ''[[I Wish You Love: More from The Bodyguard]]'', a live performance of "Run To You" is included.

==Track listings and formats==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*'''US, CD Single'''
#"Run to You" – 4:22
#"After We Make Love" – 5:07
*;US, 12"Vinyl Single<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Whitney-Houston-Run-To-You/release/6174029 |title=Whitney Houston - Run To You (1993, 12" Vinyl) |publisher=Discogs.com |access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref>
**A1."Run to You" – 4:22
**B1."After We Make Love" – 5:07
**B2."For the Love of You – 5:29
{{col-2}}
*'''UK, CD Maxi-Single #1'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Whitney-Houston-Run-To-You/release/1220283 |title=Whitney Houston - Run To You (1993, UK CD Single) |publisher=Discogs.com |access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref>
#"Run to You" – 4:22
#"After We Make Love" – 5:07
#"For the Love of You – 5:28
*'''UK, CD Maxi-Single #2'''
#"Run to You" – 4:22
#"[[I Belong to You (Whitney Houston song)|I Belong to You]]" – 5:31
#"[[Greatest Love of All]]" – 5:29
{{col-end}}

==Personnel==
*Whitney Houston – vocals
*David Foster – producer, arrangement, string arrangement, bass
*Jud Friedman – arrangement, keyboards
*[[William Ross (composer)|William Ross]] – string arrangement
*[[John Robinson (drummer)|John Robinson]] – drums
*Dean Parks – acoustic guitar
*Simon Franglen – Synclavier and synth programming
*Dave Reitzas – recording engineer
*Mick Guzauski – mixing engineer

==Charts and certifications==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1993–1994)
!Peak position
|-
|Australia ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|title=Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010|year=2011|publisher=Moonlight Publishing|location=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}}</ref>
|align="center"|72
|-
{{singlechart|Flanders|27|artist=Whitney Houston|song=Run to You|access-date=April 17, 2019}}
|-
|Belgium ([[VRT Top 30]])<ref name="rtybelgium"/>
|align="center"|19
|-
{{singlechart|Canadatopsingles|10|chartid=2221|access-date=April 17, 2019|refname="canada"}}
|-
{{singlechart|Canadaadultcontemporary|1|chartid=2194|access-date=April 17, 2019}}
|-
|Europe ([[Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1993/MM-1993-08-14.pdf|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|date=August 14, 1993|access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref>
|align="center"|35
|-
{{singlechart|France|47|artist=Whitney Houston|refname="rtyfrance"|song=Run to You|access-date May 26, 2011}}
|-
{{singlechart|Germany|58|artist=Whitney Houston|song=Run to You|songid=46915|access-date=April 17, 2019|refname="rtygermany"}}
|-
{{singlechart|Ireland2|9|song=Run to You|access-date=April 17, 2019}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|33|year=1993|week=33|access-date=April 17, 2019|refname="rtynetherlands"}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch100|47|artist=Whitney Houston|song=Run to You}}
|-
|Poland ([[Lista Przebojów Programu Trzeciego|LP3]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lp3.polskieradio.pl/notowania/?numer=604|title=Notowanie nr604|publisher=[[Lista Przebojów Programu Trzeciego|LP3]]|language=pl|date=September 10, 1993|access-date=April 17, 2019}}</ref>
|align="center"|24
|-
|Portugal ([[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|AFP]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1993/MM-1993-09-11.pdf|title=Top 10 Sales in Europe|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|date=September 11, 1993|access-date=March 20, 2018}}</ref>
|align="center"|7
|-
{{singlechart|UK|15|artist=Whitney Houston|song=Run to You|refname="rtyuk"|access-date=May 27, 2011|date=19930807}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardhot100|31|artist=Whitney Houston}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardadultcontemporary|10|artist=Whitney Houston}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardrandbhiphop|31|artist=Whitney Houston}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardpopsongs|32|artist=Whitney Houston|access-date=April 23, 2017}}
|-
|US [[Radio & Records]] [[Contemporary Hit Radio|CHR/Pop]] Airplay Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/whouston.html|title = Whitney Houston}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/Songruns/H/WhitneyHouston/run_to_you.htm|title = Run to you}}</ref>
|align="center"|13
|-
!Chart (2012)
!Peak position
|-
|South Korean International Singles ([[Gaon Music Chart|Gaon]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/online.gaon?serviceGbn=S1020&termGbn=week&hitYear=2012&targetTime=08&nationGbn=E&year_time=|title=South Korean International Singles Chart (Week: February 12, 2012 to February 18, 2012) |publisher=Gaon Chart|access-date=September 25, 2021}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|38
|-
{{singlechart|Spain|44|artist=Whitney Houston|song=Run to You|access-date=April 17, 2019}}
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{|class="wikitable"
!Chart (1993)
!Position
|-
|Canada Top Singles (''RPM'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2339&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2339.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2339|title=The RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1993|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|date=July 17, 2013|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|access-date=April 17, 2019}}</ref>
|align="center"|85
|-
|Canada Adult Contemporary (''RPM'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2334&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2334.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2334|title=The RPM Top 100 A\C Tracks of 1993|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|date=July 17, 2013|publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|access-date=April 17, 2019}}</ref>
|align="center"|10
|-
|Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.top40web.nl/jaarlijsten/jr1993.html|title=Jaarlijsten 1993|language=nl|publisher=Stichting Nederlandse Top 40|access-date=December 1, 2019}}</ref>
|align="center"|286
|-
|US Adult Contemporary Singles (''Billboard'')<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/archivesearch/article_display/854546 Billboard.BIZ]</ref>
|align="center"|39
|}

===Certifications===
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Whitney Houston|title=Run to You|award=Silver|relyear=1993|certyear=2021|id=15417-1531-1|access-date=January 29, 2021}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=single|artist=Whitney Houston|title=Run to You|award=Gold|relyear=1993|certyear=2019|access-date=April 17, 2019}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|noshipments=true|streaming=true}}
{{col-end}}

==Cover versions==
*[[Natalie Cole]] performed a medley of "Run to You" and "I Have Nothing" at the 1993 Academy Awards. Houston was to perform both songs which was nominated for Best Original Song, but unable to attend the ceremony. Cole was joined on stage with producer [[David Foster]] playing piano.
*[[Christina Aguilera]] sang this song live in 2001 as a tribute to Whitney Houston at the 1st Annual [[BET Awards]].
*[[Smokie Norful]] recorded his version on a 2006 album ''Life Changing''.
*[[Leanne Mitchell]], winner of ''[[The Voice UK (series 1)|The Voice UK]]'', released a version of the song in July 2012.<ref>[http://www.lowestoftjournal.co.uk/news/oulton_broad_s_leanne_mitchell_tells_of_her_joy_at_winning_bbc_s_the_voice_1_1403910 Oulton Broad’s Leanne Mitchell tells of her joy at winning BBC’s The Voice – News – Lowestoft Journal]</ref> She performed the song twice on the TV show.
*[[Cass Phang]] covered this song in Cantonese.
*[[Heather Headley]] covered this song on her 2012 album ''Only One in the World'', released just before the opening of the West End production of the musical ''[[The_Bodyguard_(musical)|The Bodyguard]]'', in which Headley sings "Run to You" and plays the equivalent of Houston's role from the film.
*[[Glennis Grace]] sang this song as a tribute to Whitney Houston and became a [[YouTube]] sensation after [[Nicki Minaj]] tweeted about Glennis' performance.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.discogs.com/Whitney-Houston-Run-To-You/master/51741 Run to You] at [[Discogs]]
* [https://www.whitneyhouston.com/track/run-to-you/ Run to You] - Whitney Houston Official site

{{The Bodyguard (soundtrack)}}
{{Whitney Houston}}
{{Whitney Houston Singles}}

[[Category:Whitney Houston songs]]
[[Category:1993 singles]]
[[Category:1990s ballads]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by David Foster]]
[[Category:Pop ballads]]
[[Category:Contemporary R&B ballads]]
[[Category:Songs written for films]]
[[Category:1992 songs]]
[[Category:1991 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Jud Friedman]]
[[Category:Arista Records singles]]

Whip Appeal

2021-11-26T21:28:57Z

107.115.17.21:

{{about|the song by Babyface|the song by Gucci Mane and V-Nasty|BAYTL}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Whip Appeal
| cover =
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]]
| album = [[Tender Lover]]
| released = February 22, 1990
| recorded = 1989
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
| length = 4:31 (radio edit) 5:49 (album version)
| label = [[SOLAR Records|SOLAR]], [[Epic Records|Epic]]
| writer = Babyface, [[Perri "Pebbles" Reid]]
| producer = Babyface, [[L.A. Reid]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]]
| type = single
| prev_title = [[Tender Lover (song)|Tender Lover]]
| prev_year = 1989
| title = Whip Appeal
| year = 1990
| next_title = [[My Kinda Girl (Babyface song)|My Kinda Girl]]
| next_year = 1990
}}
}}

"'''Whip Appeal'''" is a song by American musician [[Babyface (musician)|Babyface]]. It served as the third single from his second album, ''[[Tender Lover]]''. Written by Babyface and [[Perri "Pebbles" Reid]], "Whip Appeal" was released on February 22, 1990 by [[SOLAR Records]] and [[Epic Records]].

==Reception==
"Whip Appeal" peaked at number six on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] singles chart in April 1990.<ref name="Hot100">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=babyface|chart=all}} |title='Whip Appeal' – Babyface |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |accessdate=2012-03-19}}</ref> It also reached number two on the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] chart and number 39 in Canada.<ref name="R&B">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=babyface|chart=all}} |title='Whip Appeal' (12" version) – Babyface |work=Billboard |publisher=Prometheus Global Media |accessdate=2012-03-19}}</ref><ref name="RPM">{{cite web| date=1990-05-12| title=RPM 100 Singles| work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]| publisher=RPM Music Publications Ltd.| volume=51| issue=26| page= | url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.9138&type=1&interval=20&PHPSESSID=j4kt9ctj10p22o35r3438l7jk7| accessdate=2012-03-19| issn=0315-5994}}</ref> The song received a [[Grammy Award]] nomination in the [[Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance|Best R&B Vocal Performance, Male]] category and a [[Soul Train Music Awards|Soul Train Music Award]] nomination in the [[Soul Train Music Award for Best R&B/Soul Single, Male|Best R&B/Soul Single, Male]] category.<ref name="latimes">{{cite news| title=Grammys: Phil Collins' 8 nominations lead the pack and Quincy Jones sets a record with his 74th nod| last1=Cromelin| first1=Richard| last2=Hunt| first2=Dennis| newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]| date=1991-01-11| page=F-1}}</ref><ref name="sanjose">{{cite news| title=M.C. Hammer Hit with More Honors| last=Miller| first=Ron| newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]]| date=1991-03-10| page=TV-8}}</ref> In a 1990 ''[[Newsday]]'' article, journalist [[John Leland (journalist)|John Leland]] described the song as "suggestive but not rude" and called it "the risque love ballad that has eluded [[Prince (musician)|Prince]] the last few years."<ref name="newsday">{{cite news| title=Singles Show the True Legacy of Disco| last=Leland| first=John| newspaper=[[Newsday]]| date=1990-03-11| page=19}}</ref> This version finished at #83 on Billboard's year-end chart for 1990. ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' said that the song had a [[quiet storm]] style.<ref>{{cite magazine|first= David |last= Turner |title= Babyface: Return of the Tender Lover |date= December 22, 2015 |magazine= [[Rolling Stone]] |url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/babyface-return-of-the-tender-lover-20151222 |accessdate= July 28, 2016}}</ref>

==Music video==
Babyface met [[Tracey Edmonds]], his wife from 1992 to 2005, when she auditioned for a role in the "Whip Appeal" music video. "She made it but couldn't be in it because she got the chicken pox. I didn't see her again for a couple months," Babyface said. During casting for his next video, "[[My Kinda Girl (Babyface song)|My Kinda Girl]]", he recalled asking, "'Do you remember the girl who caught the chicken pox? She was real pretty.' The very next day, Tracey, her mom and brother happened to be driving down the street that I was on. It was like a 'meant to be' kind of thing."<ref>{{cite journal| date=1994-03-14| title=Covery Story: Babyface| journal=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]| publisher=[[Johnson Publishing Company]]| volume=85| issue=19| page=61| issn=0021-5996}}</ref> The video features actress [[Holly Robinson Peete]], who introduces herself as 'Holly Robinson', as the sultry radio host at the beginning of the video. The music video was directed by Jim Yukich, who previously directed many videos for [[Phil Collins]] as well as his band [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]].

==Other versions==
* [[Jazz]] musician [[Charles Earland]] recorded a [[cover version]] of "Whip Appeal" which served as the title track from his 1990 album.<ref>{{cite web| url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r137970|pure_url=yes}}| title='Whip Appeal' – Overview| publisher=[[Allmusic]] ([[Rovi Corporation]])| accessdate=2012-03-19}}</ref>
* R&B group [[The Whispers]] performed the song on their 1997 album, ''Songbook, Vol. 1: The Songs of Babyface''.<ref>{{cite web| url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r328922|pure_url=yes}}| title='Songbook, Vol. 1: The Songs of Babyface' – Overview| publisher=[[Allmusic]] ([[Rovi Corporation]])| accessdate=2012-03-19}}</ref>
* [[Vesta Williams]] covered it on her 2007 album ''Distant Lover''.<ref>{{cite journal| date=March 2007| title=Sounding Off| last=Henderson| first=Shirley| journal=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]| publisher=[[Johnson Publishing Company]]| volume=62| issue=5| page=61| issn=0012-9011}}</ref> also was intorplated in an unreleased Frank Ocean single

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1990–91)
!Peak position
|-
|align="left"|Canada Top Singles (''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'')<ref name="RPM" />
|align="center"|39
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardhot100|6|artist=Babyface|accessdate=July 18, 2019}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardadultcontemporary|36|artist=Babyface|accessdate=July 18, 2019}}
|-
{{singlechart|Billboardrandbhiphop|2|artist=Babyface|accessdate=July 18, 2019}}
|-
|}

{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chart (1990)
!Position
|-
|[[Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1990|US Top Pop Singles (''Billboard'')]]<ref>{{cite journal |date=December 22, 1990 |title=1990 The Year in Music & Video: Top Pop Singles |page=YE-14 |journal=Billboard |volume=102 |issue=51 |author1=Nielsen Business Media |first1=Inc }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|83
|-
|US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1990/hot-r-and-and-b-hip-hop-songs|title=Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs – Year-End 1990|work=Billboard|accessdate=January 21, 2021}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|49
|}
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{MetroLyrics song|babyface|whip-appeal}}

{{Babyface}}

[[Category:1989 songs]]
[[Category:1990 singles]]
[[Category:Babyface (musician) songs]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Babyface (musician)]]
[[Category:Songs written by Babyface (musician)]]
[[Category:Contemporary R&B ballads]]
[[Category:SOLAR Records singles]]
[[Category:Epic Records singles]]
[[Category:Quiet storm songs]]

Can't Be Wasting My Time

2021-11-26T21:27:09Z

107.115.17.21:

{{Infobox song
| name = Can't Be Wasting My Time
| cover = MonaLisaCBWMTSingle.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Mona Lisa (singer)|Mona Lisa]]
| album = [[11-20-79]] and [[Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood (soundtrack)|Don't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood: The Soundtrack]]
| released = January 30, 1996
| recorded = 1995
| studio =
| genre = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]], [[hip hop soul]]
| length = 4:34
| label = [[Island Records|Island]]
| writer = B. Antoine, G. Duncan, T. Patterson, [[Johntá Austin|J. Austin]], A. Evans
| producer = Tim Patterson a.k.a. "Buttnaked" Tim Dawg
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[You Said (Mona Lisa song)|You Said]]
| next_year = 1996
}}
"'''Can't Be Wasting My Time'''" is the debut single by American [[contemporary R&B]] singer [[Mona Lisa (singer)|Mona Lisa]]. The song features a [[rapping|rap]] from American [[hip hop music|hip hop]] group [[The Lost Boyz]].

==Music video==
{{Expand section|date=August 2015}}
The official [[music video]] for the song was directed by Brian Luvar.<ref name="mvdbase">{{cite web|url=http://www.mvdbase.com/video.php?id=19185|title=mvdbase.com - Mona Lisa - "Wasting my time"|work=Music Video DataBase|last=Garcia|first=Alex S|accessdate=August 27, 2015}}</ref>

==Track listings==
;12", 33{{fraction|1|3}} RPM, Vinyl
#"Can't Be Wasting My Time" (w/ Rap) - 4:34 (feat. [[Lost Boyz]])
#"Can't Be Wasting My Time" (w/o Rap) - 4:00
#"Can't Be Wasting My Time" (Instrumental) - 5:36
#"Can't Be Wasting My Time" (Video Version w/ Rap) - 4:14 (feat. Lost Boyz)

==Personnel==
Information taken from [[Discogs]].<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://www.discogs.com/Mona-Lisa-Cant-Be-Wasting-My-Time/release/255739|title=Mona Lisa (2) - Can't Be Wasting My Time (12") at Discogs|format=|work=|publisher=[[Discogs]]|accessdate=2010-06-22}}</ref>
*artwork – Edward ODowd
*production – "Buttnaked" Tim Dawg, Mr. Sex

==Chart performance==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!align="left"|Chart (1996)<ref name="BllbrdSingles">{{cite web|last=|first=|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r238555|pure_url=yes}}|title=allmusic ((( 11-20-79 > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles )))|format=|work=|publisher=Allmusic|accessdate=2010-06-14}}</ref>
!align="center"|Peak position
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
|align="center"|65
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Hot Dance Singles Sales|Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales]]
|align="center"|12
|-
|align="left"|U.S. [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles Sales|Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks]]
|align="center"|20
|}
{{col-end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


==External links==
{{YouTube|id=i3CQ13XaBDY|title="Can't Be Wasting My Time" Music video}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1996 songs]]
[[Category:1996 debut singles]]
[[Category:Lost Boyz songs]]
[[Category:Island Records singles]]
[[Category:Mona Lisa (singer) songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Johntá Austin]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Brian Luvar]]