Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Anawin Jujeen

2020-10-03T07:57:10Z

110.169.30.147:

{{short description|Thai footballer}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Anawin Jujeen
| image =
| fullname = Anawin Jujeen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|03|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nakhon Sawan]], Thailand
| height = {{height|meters=1.71}}
| currentclub = [[Petaling Jaya City FC|Petaling Jaya City]]
| clubnumber = 16
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|Right back]] / [[Winger (association football)|Winger]]
| youthyears1 = 2003–2005
| youthyears2 = 2006
| youthclubs1 = Angthong Sports School
| youthclubs2 = [[Bangkok Glass F.C.|Krung Thai Bank]]
| years1 = 2007–2012 | clubs1 = [[Bangkok Glass FC|Bangkok Glass]] | caps1 = 108 | goals1 = 14
| years2 = 2013–2016 | clubs2 = [[Buriram United F.C.|Buriram United]] | caps2 = 110 | goals2 = 12
| years3 = 2017–2018 | clubs3 = [[Suphanburi F.C.|Suphanburi]] | caps3 =33 | goals3= 3
| years4 = 2018–2019 | clubs4 = [[PTT Rayong F.C.|PTT Rayong]] | caps4 =21 | goals4= 1
| years5 = 2020– | clubs5 = [[Petaling Jaya City FC|Petaling Jaya City]] | caps5 = 6 | goals5= 1
| nationalyears1 = 2006–2007
| nationalteam1 = [[Thailand national under-20 football team|Thailand U20]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2009–2010
| nationalteam2 = [[Thailand national under-23 football team|Thailand U23]]
| nationalcaps2 = 8
| nationalgoals2 = 3
| nationalyears3 = 2010–2014
| nationalteam3 = [[Thailand national football team|Thailand]]
| nationalcaps3 = 5
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| pcupdate = 24 November 2017
| ntupdate = 24 November 2017
}}

'''Anawin Jujeen''' ({{lang-th|อนาวิน จูจีน}}, born March 13, 1987), simply known as '''M''' ({{lang-th|เอ็ม}}), is a Thai professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|Right back]]. He was the runner-up of Pepsi World Challenge 2006 with [[Wisoot Bunpeng]].

He played for [[Krung Thai Bank FC]] in the [[2008 AFC Champions League]] group stages.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=AFC Champions League|title=AFC Champions League 2008 MATCH SUMMARY|url=http://www.the-afc.com/en/component/joomleague/?view=report&compID=218&matchId=1253|date=2008-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=the-afc.com|title=Official ACL Media Guide 2008|url=http://www.the-afc.com/uploads/Documents/common/cms/afc/ACLMediaGuide2008_web.pdf|accessdate=2010-02-18}}</ref>

==Club career==

Anawin played for [[Krung Thai Bank FC]] until the club changed to [[Bangkok Glass FC]]. He was a regular starter in [[Bangkok Glass FC]], playing as an attacking midfielder or a right midfielder.
In 2013, he moved to [[Buriram United FC]] for an undisclosed fee. Transfer fee believe around ฿ 2.5 to 5 million. He normally plays as a right back and sometimes as a right midfielder in Buriram United.

Anawin played in the [[2013 AFC Champions League]]. He was a starter for playing for Buriram in the [[2013 AFC Champions League]] against [[Vegalta Sendai]], [[FC Seoul]]. He came in as a substitute against [[Jiangsu Sainty F.C.|Jiangsu Sainty]] and received a red card after getting two yellow cards in the game. After advancing to the knockout phase Anawin scored a header against [[Bunyodkor PFK|Bunyodkor]] at Buriram. He came in as a substitute for the remaining games against [[Bunyodkor PFK|Bunyodkor]] and [[Esteghlal F.C.|Esteghlal]].

==International career==

On December 4, 2009, Anawin debuted for [[Thailand national under-23 football team|Thailand U23]] at the [[2009 Southeast Asian Games]] at [[Laos]] against [[Vietnam national under-23 football team|Vietnam U23]]. He also scored his first and second goal for [[Thailand national under-23 football team|Thailand U23]] against [[Timor-Leste national under-23 football team|Timor-Leste U23]] at the [[2009 Southeast Asian Games]]. Anawin played for [[Thailand national under-23 football team|Thailand U23]] in the [[2010 Asian Games]] at [[Guangzhou, China]], and scored a goal against Pakistan U23.

In 2014, he was called up to the national team by [[Kiatisuk Senamuang]] to play in the [[2015 AFC Asian Cup qualification]].

===International===
{{updated|12 November 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/35614.html |title=Anawin Jujeen |website=National-Football-Teams.com |access-date=17 February 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="3" valign="center"|[[Thailand national football team|Thailand]]
|2010||4||0
|-
|2014||1||0
|-
!Total||5||0
|}

===International goals===

====under-23====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
!colspan="8"|'''Anawin Jujeen – goals for Thailand U23'''
|-
|1. || 8 December 2009 || [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]] || {{fb|Timor-Leste}} || 0–9 || Won || [[2009 Southeast Asian Games]]
|-
|2. || 8 December 2009 || [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]] || {{fb|Timor-Leste}} || 0–9 || Won || [[2009 Southeast Asian Games]]
|-
|3. || 7 November 2010 || [[Guangzhou]], [[China]] || {{fb|Pakistan}} || 6–0 || Won || [[2010 Asian Games]]
|}

==Honours==

===Clubs===
;Bangkok Glass
* [[Queen's Cup]]: [[2010 Queen's Cup|2010]]
* [[Singapore Cup]]: [[2010 Singapore Cup|2010]]

'''Buriram United'''
* [[Thai Premier League]]: [[2013 Thai Premier League|2013]], [[2014 Thai Premier League|2014]], [[2015 Thai Premier League|2015]]
* [[Thai FA Cup]]: [[2013 Thai FA Cup|2013]], [[2015 Thai FA Cup|2015]]
* [[Thai League Cup]]: [[2013 Thai League Cup|2013]], [[2015 Thai League Cup|2015]]
* [[Toyota Premier Cup]]: [[2014 Toyota Premier Cup|2014]], [[2016 Toyota Premier Cup|2016]]
* [[Kor Royal Cup]]: [[2013 Kor Royal Cup|2013]], [[2014 Kor Royal Cup|2014]], [[2015 Kor Royal Cup|2015]], [[2016 Kor Royal Cup|2016]]
* [[Mekong Club Championship]]: [[2015 Mekong Club Championship|2015]], [[2016 Mekong Club Championship|2016]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.goal.com/th/people/thailand/42606/anawin-jujeen Profile] at Goal
*https://ie.soccerway.com/players/anawin-jujeen/26556/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jujeen, Anawin}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nakhon Sawan Province]]
[[Category:Thai footballers]]
[[Category:Association football defenders]]
[[Category:Association football wingers]]
[[Category:Buriram United F.C. players]]
[[Category:BG Pathum United F.C. players]]
[[Category:Thai League 1 players]]
[[Category:Thailand international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for Thailand]]
[[Category:Thai expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia]]

{{Thailand-footy-defender-stub}}
{{Thailand-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Royal Thai Marine Corps

2018-06-21T22:05:06Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name = Royal Thai Marine Corps (ราชนาวิกโยธินแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย)
|image = Insignia of Royal Thai Marine Corps.svg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = Royal Thai Marine Corps insignia
|start_date={{Start date and age|1959}}
|dissolution =
|country = {{flag|Thailand}}
|allegeance =
|branch= {{flagicon image|Flag of the Royal Thai Navy.svg|23px}} [[Royal Thai Navy]]
|type = [[Marine (military)|Marine corps]]
|role = Amphibious warfare
|size = 20,000<ref>http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/thailand/marines.htm</ref>
|command_structure1 = [[Image:Royal Thai Navy Flag.svg|border|23px]] [[Royal Thai Navy]]
|command_structure2 =
|garrison = RTMC headquarters, [[Sattahip District|Sattahip]], [[Chonburi Province|Chonburi]]
|old_name =
|nickname =
|colors =
|honneur =
|motto =
|march = "มาร์ชราชนาวิกโยธิน ([[Royal Thai Marine Corps march]])''
|mascot =
|identification_symbol=[[Image:Flag Commander of the Royal Thai Marine Corps.svg|125px]]
|identification_symbol_label=[[Flags of the Royal Thai Armed Forces|Flag of the Commander of the Marine Corps]]
|inscriptions =
|anniversaries = July 30
|battles = [[Franco–Thai War]] [[Pacific War]] [[South Thailand insurgency|Southern Insurgency]]
|decorations =
|equipement =
|commander =
|commander_label =
|notable_commanders =
}}
[[Image:Unit colours of the 1st Marine Battalion, King's Guard.jpg|thumb|250px|Thai marine royal guards (full dress) in the procession in the royal cremation of HRH Princess [[Galyani Vadhana]]]]
The '''Royal Thai Marine Corps''' ({{lang-th|ราชนาวิกโยธินแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทย)}} are the [[Marines (military)|marines]] of the [[Royal Thai Navy]]. The Royal Thai Marine Corps was founded in 1932, when the first battalion was formed with the assistance of the [[United States Marine Corps]]. It was expanded to a regiment in 1940 and was in action against [[communist]] [[guerrilla]]s throughout the 1950s and 1960s. During the 1960s the United States Marine Corps assisted in its expansion into a brigade. The Royal Thai Marine Corps saw action on the [[Malaysia]]n border in the 1970s, and has now been increased to two brigades.

==History==

Historically, there was no distinction in [[Siam]] between soldiers and marines, with the army performing both functions. The first "Thahan Ma-Rine", meaning "Marine Soldiers", were formed in 1833, during the reign of [[King Rama III]]. "Ma-Rine" was simply a transliteration of the English word. The development of the modern Thai Marine Corps can be divided into three periods:

===Early years===

The Marine Soldiers of the 19th and early 20th centuries were few in number and served mainly as a royal honor guard that provided security for the King whenever he traveled around the country.

On March 2, 1913, however, the Ministry of the Navy reorganized the Marine Soldiers. The Marine artillery platoon was attached to the Operation Command Department of Ships and Fortresses, while the Marine infantry platoon in [[Bangkok]] was attached to the Vehicle Division of the Department of the Navy Amphibious Assault Group.

[[Politics of Thailand|The Revolution in 1932]] transformed Thailand from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. Shortly after, the Royal Thai Navy was reorganized, and the vehicle battalion became the Marine Corps Battalion of the Bangkok Navy Station. This is considered the first Marine Corps Battalion in Thailand.

===Post 1932 Revolution (1932–1955)===

The 2nd Marine Corps Battalion was established at [[Sattahip]] in 1937. Two years later, the 2nd Battalion was expanded into the Marine Corps Department. Shortly after that, a border dispute with [[French Indo-China]] turned violent, and the Marine Corps Department's "[[Chanthaburi]] Division" was engaged in action with the [[French Foreign Legion]] several times. During [[World War II]], the Marine Corps sent troops to defend the southern border with [[British Malaya|Malaya]] and also guarded [[Phuket Province]] from possible attack.

After Imperial Japan's surrender in September 1945, Thai Marines helped disarm the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]] at Baan Pong District in [[Ratchaburi Province]]. In 1950, when violence in [[Malaysia]] spilled over into Thailand, Marine Corps Troop 6 was sent to help restore the peace in [[Narathiwat Province]].

Surprisingly, on June 29, 1951, the Thai government disbanded the Marine Corps Bureau, and the Marines were distributed into naval units. However, this was during the [[Korean War]], and both the [[United States Military]] and the [[Royal Thai Navy]] urged Thailand to reconsider.

===New Age (1955 – present)===
[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 110211-M-VX252-046 - Royal Thai and U.S. Marines discuss how to eliminate hostile forces firing on them from a building during a mock mechanized raid on Feb. 11 2011.jpg|thumb|250px|Royal Thai Marine Corps and [[U.S. Marines]] discuss how to eliminate hostile forces firing on them from a building during a mock mechanized raid on Feb. 11 2011]]

Four years later, the Thai Government acknowledged that a Marine Corps could perform a useful role in national defense. On July 30, 1955, the government created the Marine Corps Department. In 1961, tensions flared over the disputed [[Preah Vihear Temple]], situated on the Thai side of a high cliff on the [[Cambodia|Cambodian border]] but shown on French maps as being in the Cambodia. The [[Chanthaburi]] and [[Trat]] borders with Cambodia gave the Marine Corps Department its first assignment, safeguarding the coastline and southeastern border. Since 1970 the Marine Corps' Chanthaburi-Trat Task Force has been officially assigned the defense of this area.

During 1972 and 1973, Thai Marines were involved in the "Sam-Chai" anti-communist operations in [[Phetchabun Province]] and the "Pha-Phum" anti-communist operations in [[Chiang Rai Province]]. In 1973 and 1974, they took part in anti-communist operations in the southern provinces of [[Pattani]], [[Yala Province|Yala]] and Narathiwat.

Since 1975, Thai Marines have been assigned to Narathiwat as Marine Corps [[special forces]]. In 1977, they captured the communist camp at Krung-Ching in [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province]], and remaining there until 1981.

Thai Marines today are responsible for border security in Chanthaburi and Trat provinces. They have fought communist insurgents in engagements at Baan Hard Lek, Baan Koat Sai, Baan Nhong Kok, Baan Kradook Chang, Baan Chumrark, and in the battle of Hard Don Nai in [[Nakhon Phanom Province]].

Many Thai Marines have lost their lives serving their country, and they continue to do so today, especially in the southern border provinces now facing an Islamist insurgency. A monument to their valor stands at the Royal Thai Navy base at [[Sattahip]].

==Organization==
*RTMC division headquarters;
*3 Marine infantry regiments with 9 Marine battalions (4 Marine battalions designated King's Guards),
*1 Marine artillery regiment with 3 Marine artillery battalions and 1 antiaircraft artillery battalion,
*1 assault battalion,
*1 reconnaissance battalion (formed in 1965, including [[wardog]]s and [[Cadillac Gage Commando|V-150]] armored vehicles).

== Miscellaneous ==
* The Royal Thai Marine Corps uses the [[Subskimmer]] [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Fast+on+water.-a0173229618].

==Equipment==

===Small arms===

{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" width="90%"
|-bgcolor=#E6E6FA
! width="15%"| Name
! width="15%"| Type
! width="5%"| Caliber
! width="15%"| Origin
! Notes
|-
| [[M16 rifle|M16A1/A2/A3]] || [[Assault rifle]] || [[5.56mm]] || {{USA}} || Standard marine rifle.
|-
| [[M4 carbine|M4A1/A3]] || [[Assault rifle]] || [[5.56mm]] || {{USA}} || Standard marine rifle.
|-
| [[G36C]] || [[Assault rifle]] || [[5.56mm]] || {{Flagu|Germany}} || Used by recon.
|-
| [[G36KV]] || [[Assault rifle]] || [[5.56mm]] || {{Flagu|Germany}} || Used by Seal.
|-
| [[Norinco CQ|CQ M-311]] || [[Assault rifle]] || [[5.56mm]] || {{CHN}} ||
|-
| [[Sago Defence Tikka]] || [[Sniper rifle]] || [[.223inch/.338inch]] || {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[M249]] || [[Light machine gun]] || [[5.56mm]] || {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[M60 machine gun|M60]] || [[General-purpose machine gun]] || [[7.62mm]] || {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[M2 Browning]] || [[Heavy machine gun]] || [[12.7mm]] || {{USA}} ||
|}

===Rocket, grenade, and missile systems===

{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" width="90%"
|-bgcolor=#E6E6FA
! width="15%"| Name
! width="15%"| Type
! width="5%"| Quantity
! width="15%"| Origin
! Notes
|-
| [[M203]] || [[Grenade launcher]] || ? || {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[Armbrust]] || [[Anti-tank weapon]] || ? || {{Flagu|Germany}} ||
|-
| [[M47 Dragon]] || [[Anti-Tank Guided Missile]] || ? || {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[BGM-71 TOW]] || [[Anti-Tank Guided Missile]] || ? || {{USA}} || Use in Humvee.
|-
| [[M40 recoilless rifle|M40A2]] || [[Recoilless rifle]] || ? || {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[QW-1 Vanguard|QW-18]] || [[Man-portable air defense system|MANPAD]] || ? || {{CHN}} ||
|-
|}

===Utility vehicles and prime movers===

{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" width="90%"
|-bgcolor=#E6E6FA
! width="15%"| Name
! width="15%"| Type
! width="5%"| Quantity
! width="15%"| Origin
! Notes
|-
| [[Humvee]] || [[Utility vehicle]] || ? || {{USA}} || RTMC use M998,M1097A2,M997,M1025,M1045A2,M966.
|-
| [[M151]] || [[Utility vehicle]] || ? || {{USA}} || RTMC use M151A2, M151A2 mounting TOW,M718A1,M825.
|-
| [[M54 (truck)|M813]] || [[Tractor unit|Prime Mover]] || ? || {{USA}} || RTMC use M54A2,M543A2.
|-
| [[M35 2-1/2 ton cargo truck]] || [[Tractor unit|Prime Mover]] || ? || {{USA}} || RTMC use M35A2,M50A2,M49A2,M109A2.
|-
| [[Isuzu]] || [[Tractor unit|Prime Mover]] || ? || {{JPN}}/{{THA}} || RTMC use SBR,TXD 4x2,TSD 4x4,TWD 6x6,HTW,FTR 4x4.
|-
|}

===Armoured fighting vehicles===

{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" width="90%"
|-bgcolor=#E6E6FA
! width="15%"| Name
! width="15%"| Type
! width="5%"| Quantity
! width="15%"| Origin
! Notes
|-
| [[Amphibious Assault Vehicle|AAV-7A1]] || [[Armoured personnel carrier]] || 36 || {{USA}} || Variants include: AAVP-7A1, AAVC-7A1, AAVR-7A1.
|-
| [[BTR-3|BTR-3E1]] || Armoured personnel carrier || 12 || {{UKR}}/{{THA}} ||
|-
| [[Cadillac Gage Commando|V-150 Commando]] || [[Armoured car (military)|Armoured car]] || 24 || {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[Type 69/79|Type 69-ll]] || [[Main battle tank]] || 5 || {{CHN}} ||
|}

===Field artillery===

{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" width="90%"
|-bgcolor=#E6E6FA
! width="15%"| Name
! width="15%"| Type
! width="5%"| Quantity
! width="15%"| Origin
! Notes
|-
| [[M101 howitzer|M101A1 mod]] || 105 mm towed howitzer ||6 || {{USA}} || Improve the Nexter LG1 caliber.
|-
| [[M101 howitzer|M101A1]] || 105 mm towed howitzer ||30|| {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[GC-45 howitzer]] || 155 mm towed howitzer || 12 || {{AUT}} ||
|-
| [[GC-45 howitzer|GHN-45 A1 APU howitzer]] || 155 mm towed howitzer || 6 || {{AUT}} ||
|-
| [[M19 mortar]] || 60 mm mortar ||?|| {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[M224 mortar]] || 60 mm mortar ||?|| {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[M29 mortar|M29A1 mortar]] || 81 mm mortar ||?|| {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[M120 mortar]] || 120 mm mortar ||?|| {{Flagu|Israel}} ||
|-
|}

==History equipment==

===Armoured fighting vehicles===

{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" width="90%"
|-bgcolor=#E6E6FA
! width="15%"| Name
! width="15%"| Type
! width="5%"| Quantity
! width="15%"| Origin
! Notes
|-
| [[Landing Vehicle Tracked|LVT]] || [[Amphibious vehicle]] || 16 || {{USA}} ||
|-
| [[M3 Half-track]] || Half-track armored personnel carrier || 12+ || {{USA}} ||
|}

===Field artillery===

{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse;" width="90%"
|-bgcolor=#E6E6FA
! width="15%"| Name
! width="15%"| Type
! width="5%"| Quantity
! width="15%"| Origin
! Notes
|-
| [[M116 howitzer|M1A1]] || [[75mm Pack Howitzer]] || 16+ || {{USA}} ||
|}

==See also==
*[[United States Marine Corps]]
*[[Marine Force Recon]]

===Royal Thai Marine Corps rank===

===Officers===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#FFFFFF; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!'''NATO Code'''||OF-10||OF-9||OF-8||OF-7||OF-6||OF-5||OF-4||OF-3||OF-2||colspan=2|OF-1||Student Officer
|-
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OF-10 (Admiral of the Fleet).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OF-9 (Admiral).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OF-8 (Vice Admiral).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OF-7 (Rear Admiral).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OF-6 (Commodore).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OF-5 (Captain).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OF-4 (Commander).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OF-3 (Lieutenant Commander).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OF-2 (Lieutenant).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OF-1b (Lieutenant Junior Grade).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OF-1a (Sub-Lieutenant).svg|50px]]
|align="center"|
|- align = center|-
|-
|align="center"| [[Thai language|Thai title]]
|align="center"| <big>จอมพลเรือ</big>
|align="center"| <big>พลเรือเอก</big>
|align="center"| <big>พลเรือโท</big>
|align="center"| <big>พลเรือตรี</big>
|align="center"| <big>พลเรือจัตวา</big>
|align="center"| <big>นาวาเอก</big>
|align="center"| <big>นาวาโท</big>
|align="center"| <big>นาวาตรี</big>
|align="center"| <big>เรือเอก</big>
|align="center"| <big>เรือโท</big>
|align="center"| <big>เรือตรี</big>
|align="center"| <big>นักเรียนนายเรือ</big>
|- align = center
|align="center"| [[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS]]
|align="center"| [[Chom Phon Ruea]]
|align="center"| Phon Ruea Ek
|align="center"| Phon Ruea Tho
|align="center"| Phon Ruea Tri
|align="center"| Phon Ruea Jattawa
|align="center"| Nawa Ek
|align="center"| Nawa Tho
|align="center"| Nawa Tri
|align="center"| Ruea Ek
|align="center"| Ruea Tho
|align="center"| Ruea Tri
|align="center"| Nak Rian Nai Ruea
|- align = center
|align="center"| [[Anglicisation|Anglicised]] version
|align="center"| Admiral of the Fleet
|align="center"| Admiral
|align="center"| Vice Admiral
|align="center"| Rear Admiral
|align="center"| Commodore (no longer used) ([[Senior Captain]])<ref name="Senior">The Senior Colonel or Special Colonel is equivalent to a one star General. This is not an actual rank in the Royal Thai Army, but special recognition given to officers of equivalent rank in other countries and on paper. The Senior Colonel will wear the rank-slides of a Colonel, but with a collar insignia showing a crossed baton and sword with wreath below (similar to Chom Phon rank slide). In the same way, the Royal Thai Navy has a "Senior Captain" or a "Special Captain in the Royal Thai Navy" and the RTAF has a "Senior Group Captain" or a "Special Group Captain in The Royal Thai Airforce", with similar collar insignia of both services.</ref>
|align="center"| Captain
|align="center"| Commander
|align="center"| Lieutenant Commander
|align="center"| Lieutenant
|align="center"| Lieutenant Junior Grade
|align="center"| Sub Lieutenant
|align="center"| Midshipman
|- align = center
|align="center"| Abbreviation<ref>[http://www.nmd.go.th/new/document/pdf/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A59.pdf], คำสั่งกระทรวงกลาโหมที่ ๓๑๐/๒๕๕๗ เรื่องการใช้คำภาษาอังกฤษยศทหารของกระทรวงกลาโหม.</ref>
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| <big>พล.ร.อ.</big> ADM
|align="center"| <big>พล.ร.ท.</big> VADM
|align="center"| <big>พล.ร.ต.</big> RADM
|align="center"| <big>พล.ร.จ.</big> CMD
|align="center"| <big>น.อ.</big> CAPT
|align="center"| <big>น.ท.</big> CDR
|align="center"| <big>น.ต.</big> LCDR
|align="center"| <big>ร.อ.</big> LT
|align="center"| <big>ร.ท.</big> LT JG
|align="center"| <big>ร.ต.</big> SUB LT
|align="center"| <big>นนร.</big> -
|- align = center
|align="center"|[[Ranks and insignia of officers of NATO navies|UK equivalent]]
|align="center"|[[Admiral of the Fleet (Royal Navy)|Admiral of the Fleet]]
|align="center"|[[Admiral (United Kingdom)|Admiral]]
|align="center"|[[Vice Admiral#United Kingdom|Vice Admiral]]
|align="center"|[[Rear Admiral#United Kingdom|Rear Admiral]]
|align="center"|[[Commodore (Royal Navy)|Commodore]]
|align="center"|[[Captain (naval)|Captain]]
|align="center"|[[Commander#Royal Navy|Commander]]
|align="center"|[[Lieutenant Commander]]
|align="center"|[[Lieutenant]]
|align="center"|[[Sub-Lieutenant]]
|align="center"|[[Acting Sub-Lieutenant#Acting sub-lieutenant|Acting Sub-Lieutenant]]
|align="center"|[[Midshipman#Royal Navy|Midshipman]]
|-
|colspan = 5|
|}

Naval Officers will additionally add the [[post-nominal]] <big>ร.น.</big> as an abbreviation for <big>ราชนาวี</big> (''râat-chá-naa-wee'', literally "the Royal Navy").

Royal Thai Marine Corps use navy ranks.

===NCO===
{| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#FFFFFF; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
!'''NATO Code'''||colspan=1|OR-9||OR-8||OR-7||OR-6||OR-5||OR-4||OR-3||OR-1
|-
|-
|align="center"|
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OR-9 (Chief Petty Officer 1st Class).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OR-9 (Chief Petty Officer 1st Class).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OR-8 (Chief Petty Officer 2nd Class).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OR-7 (Chief Petty Officer 3rd Class).svg|50px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OR-5 (Petty Officer 1st Class).svg|65px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OR-4 (Petty Officer 2nd Class).svg|65px]]
|align="center"| [[File:RTN OR-3 (Petty Officer 3rd Class).svg|65px]]
|align="center"| ''No insignia''
|- align = center
|align="center"| [[Thai language|Thai title]]
|align="center"| <big>พันจ่าเอกพิเศษ</big>
|align="center"| <big>พันจ่าเอก</big>
|align="center"| <big>พันจ่าโท</big>
|align="center"| <big>พันจ่าตรี</big>
|align="center"| <big>จ่าเอก</big>
|align="center"| <big>จ่าโท</big>
|align="center"| <big>จ่าตรี</big>
|align="center"| <big>พลทหาร</big>
|- align = center
|align="center"| [[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|RTGS]]
|align="center"| Phan Cha Ek Phiset<ref name="SeniorNCO">The "Special Master Sergeant 1st Class" is an honorary rank given to senior enlisted members who are deserving of recognition above and beyond that of the highest enlisted rank. There is no difference in the rank insignia worn, and they do not 'outrank' the normal Master Sergeant 1st Class, although in a group situation they will normally be assign control. They receive a higher salary. In the same way, the RTN has a "Special Chief Petty Officer 1st Class" and the RTAF has a "Special Flight Sergeant 1st Class".</ref>
|align="center"| Phan Cha Ek
|align="center"| Phan Cha Tho
|align="center"| Phan Cha Tri
|align="center"| Cha Ek
|align="center"| Cha Tho
|align="center"| Cha Tri
|align="center"| Phon Thahan
|- align = center
|align="center"| [[Anglicisation|Anglicised]] version
|align="center"| Master Chief Petty Officer
|align="center"| Senior Chief Petty Officer
|align="center"| Chief Petty Officer
|align="center"| Petty Officer 1st Class
|align="center"| Petty Officer 2nd Class
|align="center"| Petty Officer 3rd Class
|align="center"| Seaman
|align="center"| Seaman apprentice
|- align = center
|align="center"| Abbreviation<ref>[http://www.nmd.go.th/new/document/pdf/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A59.pdf], คำสั่งกระทรวงกลาโหมที่ ๓๑๐/๒๕๕๗ เรื่องการใช้คำภาษาอังกฤษยศทหารของกระทรวงกลาโหม.</ref>
|align="center"| <big>พ.จ.อ.(พ.)</big> MCPO
|align="center"| <big>พ.จ.อ.</big> SCPO
|align="center"| <big>พ.จ.ท.</big> CPO
|align="center"| <big>พ.จ.ต.</big> PO1
|align="center"| <big>จ.อ.</big> PO2
|align="center"| <big>จ.ท.</big> PO3
|align="center"| <big>จ.ต.</big> SN
|align="center"| <big>พลฯ</big> SA
|- align = center
|align="center"|[[Ranks and insignia of NATO Navies Enlisted|UK equivalent]]
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| [[Warrant Officer#Royal Navy|Warrant Officer Class One]]
|align="center"| [[Warrant Officer#Royal Navy|Warrant Officer Class Two]]
|align="center"| [[Chief Petty Officer]]
|align="center"| [[Petty Officer]]
|align="center"| [[Leading Rating|Leading Rate]]
|align="center"| [[Able Seaman (rank)|Able Rate]]
|align="center"| [[Ordinary Seaman (rank)|Ordinary Rate]]
|-
|colspan = 5|
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://www.marines.navy.mi.th/}}
*[http://www.nationreligionking.com English Information on the Royal Thai Marine Corps]

{{Military of Thailand}}
{{Special forces of Thailand}}

[[Category:Marines|Thai]]
[[Category:Military of Thailand]]
[[Category:Royal Thai Navy]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1932]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in Siam]]

Somchai Wongsawat

2018-06-21T10:23:51Z

110.169.30.147:

{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Somchai Wongsawat
|native_name = สมชาย วงศ์สวัสดิ์
|image = Somchai Wongsawat 15112008.jpg
|office = [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|26th]] [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]
|monarch = [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]
|term_start = 8 September 2008
|term_end = 2 December 2008 {{age in years and days|2008|9|8|2008|12|2}}
|predecessor1 = [[Samak Sundaravej]]
|successor1 = [[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]] (Acting)
|office2 = [[List of Defence Ministers of Thailand|Minister of Defence]]
|primeminister2 = himself
|term_start2 = 18 September 2008
|term_end2 = 2 December 2008 {{age in years and days|2008|9|18|2008|12|2}}
|predecessor2 = [[Samak Sundaravej]]
|successor2 = [[Prawit Wongsuwan]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|8|31|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Chawang District|Chawang]], [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province|Nakhon Si Thammarat]], [[Thailand]]
|death_date =

|party = [[Pheu Thai Party]]
|spouse = [[Yaowapha Wongsawat]]
|alma_mater = [[Faculty of Law, Thammasat University|Thammasat University]] [[National Institute of Development Administration]]
|signature = Thai-PM-somchai signature.png
|position = Prime Minister of Thailand
}}

'''Somchai Wongsawat''' ({{lang-th|สมชาย วงศ์สวัสดิ์}}, {{IPA-th|sǒm.t͡ɕʰāːj wōŋ.sā.wàt|pron}}; born 31 August 1947) is a [[Thailand|Thai]] politician, a Prime Minister of Thailand 26th in 2008 and a former executive member of the [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power Party]] (PPP) whose political rights have been disenfranchised by [[Constitutional Court of Thailand|the Constitutional Court]] (ConCourt) for five years.

Prior to entering electoral politics, he had served civil service and judicial service, having been appointed Permanent Secretary of Justice (the highest non-elected position in the civil service) in 2000 by the government of [[Chuan Leekpai]]. Following his retirement from office in 2006 owing to the pensionable age, he entered politics after the [[2006 Thailand coup|2006 coup]] unseating the government of his [[brother-in-law]], [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]. He joined the PPP which won the [[2007 Thailand general election|December 2007 parliamentary elections]], becoming Minister of Education and Senior Deputy Prime Minister. After the premiership of [[Samak Sundaravej]] had been terminated by the ConCourt for contravening the [[conflict of interests]] law, Somchai was successfully nominated Prime Minister. His government had to deal with the [[2008 Thailand political crisis]] as well as the [[global financial crisis of 2008]], and the PPP was eventually dissolved by the ConCourt and its executive members, including Somchai, were prohibited from politics for five years for [[Electoral fraud|vote-buying]] committed by [[Yongyuth Tiyapairat]].

==Family life==
Somchai was born at [[Amphoe Chawang]], [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province]], a son of Mr. Choem and Mrs. Dap (Sutsai) Wongsawat. He is a brother-in-law of former prime minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] and former prime minister [[Yingluck Shinawatra]], having married their sister Yaowapha.<ref name="AP/Google">{{cite news|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[Google News]]|date=9 September 2008|accessdate=10 September 2008|first=Ambika|last=Ahuja|archivedate=17 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917220729/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The couple have three children, Mr. Yotchanan Wongsawat, Ms. Chinnicha Wongsawat and Mrs. Chayapha Nam.

Somchai's wife Yaowapha previously served as an [[Member of Parliament|MP]] in the [[Thai Rak Thai]] Party led by her older brother, Thaksin Shinawatra. Like one hundred and ten other members of the party, she was banned from participating in politics for a five-year period by the order of the Constitutional Tribunal because of the party's violation of election laws.

==Education==
Somchai completed his [[primary education]] in [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province|his home town]], and his [[secondary education]] at [[Amnuay Silpa School]] in [[Bangkok]]. He received a bachelor of law from [[Faculty of Law, Thammasat University]] in 1970, becoming a [[barrister|barrister-at-law]] of the Thai [[Bar Association]] in the next three year. He achieved his [[master's degree|master]] of [[Public Administration]] from the [[National Institute of Development Administration]] in 2002.

==Career==

===Public service===
Somchai has been appointed to various offices in the juridical service and the civil service, including ''inter alia'': assistant judge of the Ministry of Justice in 1974, ministerial justice in the next year, justice of [[Chiang Mai Province|Chiang Mai]]'s Provincial Court in 1976, justice of Chiang Mai in 1978, justice of [[Chiang Rai Province|Chiang Rai]] in 1983, chief of the Bench of [[Phang Nga Province|Phang Nga]]'s Provincial Court in 1986, chief of the Children and Juvenile Court of [[Rayong Province|Rayong]] in 1987, chief of [[Chon Buri Province|Chon Buri]]'s Provincial Court in 1988 and of [[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]]'s Provincial Court in the next year, and chief of the Bench of Thon Buri's Criminal Court in 1990, respectively. Somchai held office as judge of the 3rd Region's Appealate Court in 1993 and chief of the Bench of the 2nd Region's Appealate Court in 1997.

In 1998 Somchai was appointed as the Deputy [[Permanent Secretary]] of Justice for Academic Affairs, and later for Administrative Affairs. He became the Permanent Secretary of Justice on 11 November 2000, and was transferred to become the Permanent Secretary of Labor from 8 March to 30 September 2006, the date he retired from the public service after reaching [[pension|pensionable age]].

Somchai has been since appointed ''inter alia'' chairperson of the law committee of the National Research Council of Thailand, member of the Thai Bar Association's committee, member of the Board of Thailand's Electricity Generation Authority, member of the Board of the Narcotics Prevention and Suppression Board, member of the [[Money Laundering]] Prevention and Suppression Board, member of the committee of the Council of State of Thailand, member of the Board of Policy of the National Thai Police, member of the Civil Service Board of Thailand, member of the Juridical Service Board of Thailand, and member of the National Official Information Board of Thailand.<ref name="TVNZ_2077106">{{cite news|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2077106|title=FACTBOX - Somchai Wongsawat|date=15 September 2008|agency=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[Television New Zealand]]|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926153803/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2077106|archivedate=26 September 2008|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Premiership===
A member of the [[People Power Party (Thailand)|People Power Party]], he was the deputy leader of the Party in 2007 and held office as the Minister of Education in the Next Year<ref name="moe">{{cite web
|url=http://www.moe.go.th/English/admin_MOE/somchai.pdf|title=Mr. Somchai Wongsawat|publisher=Thai Ministry of Education|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> and Senior Deputy Prime Minister.<ref name="AP/Google"/>

Somchai became the Prime Minister on 9 September 2008, upon [[Samak Sundaravej#Court decision|the Constitutional Court's decision]] that the premiership of [[Samak Sundaravej]] had been terminated for his having worked as the emcee of two cooking shows while in office, in violation of the law forbidden government ministers from holding any other paid employment.

On 17 September 2008, Somchai was elected Prime Minister of the Country by [[National Assembly of Thailand|the National Assembly]], receiving 298 favourable votes, more than the 163 votes for [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200809171023.htm|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Thaksin's in-law elected new Thailand PM|date=17 September 2008|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205234831/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200809171023.htm|archivedate=5 December 2008|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7615950.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title=Thai party names nominee for PM|date=15 September 2008|accessdate=15 September 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064929/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7615950.stm|archivedate=15 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]] |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30083655 |title=Somchai elected new prime minister |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223235544/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30083655 |archivedate=23 December 2008 }}</ref>

King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] issued a Royal Proclamation appointing Somchai as the 26th Prime Minister on 18 September 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/His-Majesty-signs-royal-command-to-appoint-new-PM-30083831.html|title=His Majesty signs royal command to appoint new PM|newspaper=The Nation|date=18 September 2008|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/His-Majesty-signs-royal-command-to-appoint-new-PM-30083831.html|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Siege====
On 7 October 2008, anti-government protesters attempted to hold 320 parliamentarians and senators hostage inside the Parliament building, cutting off power. Somchai Wongsawat escaped by climbing a rear fence after his policy address. Other legislators were trapped inside. The 6-week sit-in and [[siege]] on the area next to the prime minister’s office led the government to transfer its activities temporarily to Don Muang. Eventually, Somchai authorised the police to use force against the demonstrations. Thousands were injured, some seriously, and two protestors died, one a young woman; both were killed by exploding police gas grenades, which also maimed a number who lost limbs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/world/asia/07iht-08thai.16744393.html?_r=0|title=Thai protesters trap legislators|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 October 2008|accessdate=7 October 2008|author1=Seth Mydans|author2=Thomas Fuller|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/world/asia/07iht-08thai.16744393.html?_r=0|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/thai-pm-jumps-fence-to-flee-protesters-20081007-4vsn.html|title=Thai PM jumps fence to flee protesters|date=7 October 2008|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|work=[[The Age]]|accessdate=12 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.theage.com.au/world/thai-pm-jumps-fence-to-flee-protesters-20081007-4vsn.html|archivedate=12 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Investigation====
On 29 September, Thailand's Election Commission spokesman Ruangrote Jomsueb said a subcommittee would investigate Somchai (30 days probe, to the Constitutional Court) per [[Senate of Thailand|Senator]] Ruangkrai Leekijwattanaon's complaint on "whether Somchai violated the constitution by holding shares in Thailand's CS LoxInfo PCL, an Internet service provider that is a contract partner of [[CAT Telecom]], a state-owned telecommunications service provider." The Thai constitution bars parliament members from holding shares in companies that do business with state enterprises, and if found guilty, Somchai would be disqualified as parliament member and ousted as prime minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20080929-163566/New-Thai-premier-probed-for-possible-Charter-violation|title=New Thai premier probed for possible Charter violation|website=[[Inquirer.net]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=29 September 2008|archivedate=30 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930083704/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20080929-163566/New-Thai-premier-probed-for-possible-Charter-violation|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-29-1591690935_x.htm|title=New Thai prime minister faces investigation|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/new-thai-pm-somchai-faces-legal-challenge-1.133386|title=New Thai PM Somchai faces legal challenge|newspaper=[[Gulf News]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=19 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://gulfnews.com/new-thai-pm-somchai-faces-legal-challenge-1.133386|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Neglected duty and removal===
{{incomplete|section|date=December 2011}}
On 17 October, Thailand's anti-corruption body found Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat guilty of neglecting his duties while working in the justice department eight years ago. Members of the National Counter Corruption Commission said Somchai was wrong to suspend a corruption investigation into two senior officials while he was a permanent secretary at the justice ministry in 2000. The NCCC's investigation followed a complaint lodged by senior judge Chamnan Rawiwanpong after he petitioned for an investigation into alleged corruption involving a land sale in Pathum Thani province in 2000.

After the petition, Somchai set up a disciplinary panel, accusing Chamnan of serious wrongdoing and recommending he be fired, prompting Chamnan to make the counter-complaint.

==Somchai Cabinet==
The Cabinet was active from 18 September 2008 – 2 December 2008.
{|
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Position
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Name
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Party
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] and [[Defense minister]]
| Somchai Wongsawat
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| [[Sompong Amornwiwat]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Olarn Chaiprawat]]
| ?
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Major General]] [[Sanan Kachornprasart]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)|Minister for Office of the Prime Minister]]
| [[Sukhumpong Ngonkham]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)|Minister for Office of the Prime Minister]]
| [[Suphol Fongngam]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Minister of Finance]]
| [[Suchart Thadathamrongvej]]
| [[Pheu Thai Party|PTP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Finance]]
| [[Pradit Pattaraprasit]]
| [[Thais United National Development Party|RJTCP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Finance]]
| Second Lieutenant [[Ranongrak Suwanchawi]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Tourism and Sports (Thailand)|Minister of Tourism and Sports]]
| [[Weerasak Kowsurat]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Minister for Social Development and Human Security]]
| [[Udomdej Rattanasathien]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Somsak Prissanananthakul]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Sompat Kaewpichit]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Teerachai Saenkaew]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Minister of Transport]]
| [[Santi Promphat]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Transport]]
| Sopon Saram
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Transport]]
| [[Warawut Silpa-archa]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand)|Minister for Natural resource and Environment]]
| [[Anongwan Thepsuthin]]
| [[Neutral Democratic Party|MCMP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (Thailand)|Minister of Information and Communication Technology]]
| [[Man Pattanotai]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Energy (Thailand)|Minister for Energy]]
| [[Wannarat Channukul]]
| [[Thais United National Development Party|RJCPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Minister of Commerce]]
| [[Chaiya Sasomsap]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Commerce]]
| Police Lieutenant Colonel [[Banyin Tangphakorn]]
| [[Neutral Democratic Party|MCMP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Commerce]]
| [[Songkram Kitlertpairot]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Minister of Interior]]
| Police General [[Kowit Wattana]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Interior]]
| [[Pricha Rengsomboonsuk]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Interior]]
| [[Prasong Kositanon]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Justice (Thailand)|Minister of Justice]]
| [[Somsak Kiatsuranond]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Minister of Labour (Thailand)|Minister of Labour]]
| [[Uraiwan Thienthong]]
| [[Royal People Party|PRP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Culture (Thailand)|Minister of Culture]]
| [[Worawat Eua-apinyakul]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry for Science and Technology (Thailand)|Minister for Science and Technology]]
| [[Wutthipong Chaisang]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Education (Thailand)|Minister of Education]]
| [[Srimuang Charoensiri]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)|Minister of Public Health]]
| Police Captain [[Chalerm Yubamrung]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Public Health]]
| [[Wicharn Meenchainan]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Industry (Thailand)|Minister of Industry]]
| Police General [[Pracha Promnok]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Samak Sundaravej]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Thailand]]|years=2008}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]]}} Acting}}
{{s-end}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Prime Ministers of Thailand}}
{{Cabinets of Thailand}}
{{Thaksin Shinawatra}}
}}
{{History of Thailand since 1973}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wongsawat, Somchai}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Thailand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nakhon Si Thammarat Province]]
[[Category:People's Power Party (Thailand) politicians]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Ministers of Thailand]]
[[Category:Shinawatra family]]
[[Category:Thai judges]]
[[Category:Thai lawyers]]
[[Category:Ministers of Defence of Thailand]]
[[Category:Thammasat University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru]]
[[Category:Ministers of Education of Thailand]]

Somchai Wongsawat

2018-06-21T10:23:02Z

110.169.30.147:

{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Somchai Wongsawat
|native_name = สมชาย วงศ์สวัสดิ์
|image = Somchai Wongsawat 15112008.jpg
|office = [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|26th]] [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]
|monarch = [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]
|term_start = 8 September 2008
|term_end = 2 December 2008 {{age in years and days|2008|9|18|2008|12|2}}
|predecessor1 = [[Samak Sundaravej]]
|successor1 = [[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]] (Acting)
|office2 = [[List of Defence Ministers of Thailand|Minister of Defence]]
|primeminister2 = himself
|term_start2 = 18 September 2008
|term_end2 = 2 December 2008 {{age in years and days|2008|9|18|2008|12|2}}
|predecessor2 = [[Samak Sundaravej]]
|successor2 = [[Prawit Wongsuwan]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|8|31|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Chawang District|Chawang]], [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province|Nakhon Si Thammarat]], [[Thailand]]
|death_date =

|party = [[Pheu Thai Party]]
|spouse = [[Yaowapha Wongsawat]]
|alma_mater = [[Faculty of Law, Thammasat University|Thammasat University]] [[National Institute of Development Administration]]
|signature = Thai-PM-somchai signature.png
|position = Prime Minister of Thailand
}}

'''Somchai Wongsawat''' ({{lang-th|สมชาย วงศ์สวัสดิ์}}, {{IPA-th|sǒm.t͡ɕʰāːj wōŋ.sā.wàt|pron}}; born 31 August 1947) is a [[Thailand|Thai]] politician, a Prime Minister of Thailand 26th in 2008 and a former executive member of the [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power Party]] (PPP) whose political rights have been disenfranchised by [[Constitutional Court of Thailand|the Constitutional Court]] (ConCourt) for five years.

Prior to entering electoral politics, he had served civil service and judicial service, having been appointed Permanent Secretary of Justice (the highest non-elected position in the civil service) in 2000 by the government of [[Chuan Leekpai]]. Following his retirement from office in 2006 owing to the pensionable age, he entered politics after the [[2006 Thailand coup|2006 coup]] unseating the government of his [[brother-in-law]], [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]. He joined the PPP which won the [[2007 Thailand general election|December 2007 parliamentary elections]], becoming Minister of Education and Senior Deputy Prime Minister. After the premiership of [[Samak Sundaravej]] had been terminated by the ConCourt for contravening the [[conflict of interests]] law, Somchai was successfully nominated Prime Minister. His government had to deal with the [[2008 Thailand political crisis]] as well as the [[global financial crisis of 2008]], and the PPP was eventually dissolved by the ConCourt and its executive members, including Somchai, were prohibited from politics for five years for [[Electoral fraud|vote-buying]] committed by [[Yongyuth Tiyapairat]].

==Family life==
Somchai was born at [[Amphoe Chawang]], [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province]], a son of Mr. Choem and Mrs. Dap (Sutsai) Wongsawat. He is a brother-in-law of former prime minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] and former prime minister [[Yingluck Shinawatra]], having married their sister Yaowapha.<ref name="AP/Google">{{cite news|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[Google News]]|date=9 September 2008|accessdate=10 September 2008|first=Ambika|last=Ahuja|archivedate=17 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917220729/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The couple have three children, Mr. Yotchanan Wongsawat, Ms. Chinnicha Wongsawat and Mrs. Chayapha Nam.

Somchai's wife Yaowapha previously served as an [[Member of Parliament|MP]] in the [[Thai Rak Thai]] Party led by her older brother, Thaksin Shinawatra. Like one hundred and ten other members of the party, she was banned from participating in politics for a five-year period by the order of the Constitutional Tribunal because of the party's violation of election laws.

==Education==
Somchai completed his [[primary education]] in [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province|his home town]], and his [[secondary education]] at [[Amnuay Silpa School]] in [[Bangkok]]. He received a bachelor of law from [[Faculty of Law, Thammasat University]] in 1970, becoming a [[barrister|barrister-at-law]] of the Thai [[Bar Association]] in the next three year. He achieved his [[master's degree|master]] of [[Public Administration]] from the [[National Institute of Development Administration]] in 2002.

==Career==

===Public service===
Somchai has been appointed to various offices in the juridical service and the civil service, including ''inter alia'': assistant judge of the Ministry of Justice in 1974, ministerial justice in the next year, justice of [[Chiang Mai Province|Chiang Mai]]'s Provincial Court in 1976, justice of Chiang Mai in 1978, justice of [[Chiang Rai Province|Chiang Rai]] in 1983, chief of the Bench of [[Phang Nga Province|Phang Nga]]'s Provincial Court in 1986, chief of the Children and Juvenile Court of [[Rayong Province|Rayong]] in 1987, chief of [[Chon Buri Province|Chon Buri]]'s Provincial Court in 1988 and of [[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]]'s Provincial Court in the next year, and chief of the Bench of Thon Buri's Criminal Court in 1990, respectively. Somchai held office as judge of the 3rd Region's Appealate Court in 1993 and chief of the Bench of the 2nd Region's Appealate Court in 1997.

In 1998 Somchai was appointed as the Deputy [[Permanent Secretary]] of Justice for Academic Affairs, and later for Administrative Affairs. He became the Permanent Secretary of Justice on 11 November 2000, and was transferred to become the Permanent Secretary of Labor from 8 March to 30 September 2006, the date he retired from the public service after reaching [[pension|pensionable age]].

Somchai has been since appointed ''inter alia'' chairperson of the law committee of the National Research Council of Thailand, member of the Thai Bar Association's committee, member of the Board of Thailand's Electricity Generation Authority, member of the Board of the Narcotics Prevention and Suppression Board, member of the [[Money Laundering]] Prevention and Suppression Board, member of the committee of the Council of State of Thailand, member of the Board of Policy of the National Thai Police, member of the Civil Service Board of Thailand, member of the Juridical Service Board of Thailand, and member of the National Official Information Board of Thailand.<ref name="TVNZ_2077106">{{cite news|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2077106|title=FACTBOX - Somchai Wongsawat|date=15 September 2008|agency=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[Television New Zealand]]|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926153803/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2077106|archivedate=26 September 2008|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Premiership===
A member of the [[People Power Party (Thailand)|People Power Party]], he was the deputy leader of the Party in 2007 and held office as the Minister of Education in the Next Year<ref name="moe">{{cite web
|url=http://www.moe.go.th/English/admin_MOE/somchai.pdf|title=Mr. Somchai Wongsawat|publisher=Thai Ministry of Education|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> and Senior Deputy Prime Minister.<ref name="AP/Google"/>

Somchai became the Prime Minister on 9 September 2008, upon [[Samak Sundaravej#Court decision|the Constitutional Court's decision]] that the premiership of [[Samak Sundaravej]] had been terminated for his having worked as the emcee of two cooking shows while in office, in violation of the law forbidden government ministers from holding any other paid employment.

On 17 September 2008, Somchai was elected Prime Minister of the Country by [[National Assembly of Thailand|the National Assembly]], receiving 298 favourable votes, more than the 163 votes for [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200809171023.htm|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Thaksin's in-law elected new Thailand PM|date=17 September 2008|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205234831/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200809171023.htm|archivedate=5 December 2008|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7615950.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title=Thai party names nominee for PM|date=15 September 2008|accessdate=15 September 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064929/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7615950.stm|archivedate=15 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]] |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30083655 |title=Somchai elected new prime minister |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223235544/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30083655 |archivedate=23 December 2008 }}</ref>

King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] issued a Royal Proclamation appointing Somchai as the 26th Prime Minister on 18 September 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/His-Majesty-signs-royal-command-to-appoint-new-PM-30083831.html|title=His Majesty signs royal command to appoint new PM|newspaper=The Nation|date=18 September 2008|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/His-Majesty-signs-royal-command-to-appoint-new-PM-30083831.html|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Siege====
On 7 October 2008, anti-government protesters attempted to hold 320 parliamentarians and senators hostage inside the Parliament building, cutting off power. Somchai Wongsawat escaped by climbing a rear fence after his policy address. Other legislators were trapped inside. The 6-week sit-in and [[siege]] on the area next to the prime minister’s office led the government to transfer its activities temporarily to Don Muang. Eventually, Somchai authorised the police to use force against the demonstrations. Thousands were injured, some seriously, and two protestors died, one a young woman; both were killed by exploding police gas grenades, which also maimed a number who lost limbs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/world/asia/07iht-08thai.16744393.html?_r=0|title=Thai protesters trap legislators|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 October 2008|accessdate=7 October 2008|author1=Seth Mydans|author2=Thomas Fuller|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/world/asia/07iht-08thai.16744393.html?_r=0|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/thai-pm-jumps-fence-to-flee-protesters-20081007-4vsn.html|title=Thai PM jumps fence to flee protesters|date=7 October 2008|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|work=[[The Age]]|accessdate=12 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.theage.com.au/world/thai-pm-jumps-fence-to-flee-protesters-20081007-4vsn.html|archivedate=12 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Investigation====
On 29 September, Thailand's Election Commission spokesman Ruangrote Jomsueb said a subcommittee would investigate Somchai (30 days probe, to the Constitutional Court) per [[Senate of Thailand|Senator]] Ruangkrai Leekijwattanaon's complaint on "whether Somchai violated the constitution by holding shares in Thailand's CS LoxInfo PCL, an Internet service provider that is a contract partner of [[CAT Telecom]], a state-owned telecommunications service provider." The Thai constitution bars parliament members from holding shares in companies that do business with state enterprises, and if found guilty, Somchai would be disqualified as parliament member and ousted as prime minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20080929-163566/New-Thai-premier-probed-for-possible-Charter-violation|title=New Thai premier probed for possible Charter violation|website=[[Inquirer.net]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=29 September 2008|archivedate=30 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930083704/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20080929-163566/New-Thai-premier-probed-for-possible-Charter-violation|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-29-1591690935_x.htm|title=New Thai prime minister faces investigation|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/new-thai-pm-somchai-faces-legal-challenge-1.133386|title=New Thai PM Somchai faces legal challenge|newspaper=[[Gulf News]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=19 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://gulfnews.com/new-thai-pm-somchai-faces-legal-challenge-1.133386|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Neglected duty and removal===
{{incomplete|section|date=December 2011}}
On 17 October, Thailand's anti-corruption body found Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat guilty of neglecting his duties while working in the justice department eight years ago. Members of the National Counter Corruption Commission said Somchai was wrong to suspend a corruption investigation into two senior officials while he was a permanent secretary at the justice ministry in 2000. The NCCC's investigation followed a complaint lodged by senior judge Chamnan Rawiwanpong after he petitioned for an investigation into alleged corruption involving a land sale in Pathum Thani province in 2000.

After the petition, Somchai set up a disciplinary panel, accusing Chamnan of serious wrongdoing and recommending he be fired, prompting Chamnan to make the counter-complaint.

==Somchai Cabinet==
The Cabinet was active from 18 September 2008 – 2 December 2008.
{|
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Position
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Name
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Party
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] and [[Defense minister]]
| Somchai Wongsawat
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| [[Sompong Amornwiwat]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Olarn Chaiprawat]]
| ?
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Major General]] [[Sanan Kachornprasart]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)|Minister for Office of the Prime Minister]]
| [[Sukhumpong Ngonkham]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)|Minister for Office of the Prime Minister]]
| [[Suphol Fongngam]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Minister of Finance]]
| [[Suchart Thadathamrongvej]]
| [[Pheu Thai Party|PTP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Finance]]
| [[Pradit Pattaraprasit]]
| [[Thais United National Development Party|RJTCP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Finance]]
| Second Lieutenant [[Ranongrak Suwanchawi]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Tourism and Sports (Thailand)|Minister of Tourism and Sports]]
| [[Weerasak Kowsurat]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Minister for Social Development and Human Security]]
| [[Udomdej Rattanasathien]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Somsak Prissanananthakul]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Sompat Kaewpichit]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Teerachai Saenkaew]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Minister of Transport]]
| [[Santi Promphat]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Transport]]
| Sopon Saram
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Transport]]
| [[Warawut Silpa-archa]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand)|Minister for Natural resource and Environment]]
| [[Anongwan Thepsuthin]]
| [[Neutral Democratic Party|MCMP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (Thailand)|Minister of Information and Communication Technology]]
| [[Man Pattanotai]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Energy (Thailand)|Minister for Energy]]
| [[Wannarat Channukul]]
| [[Thais United National Development Party|RJCPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Minister of Commerce]]
| [[Chaiya Sasomsap]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Commerce]]
| Police Lieutenant Colonel [[Banyin Tangphakorn]]
| [[Neutral Democratic Party|MCMP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Commerce]]
| [[Songkram Kitlertpairot]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Minister of Interior]]
| Police General [[Kowit Wattana]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Interior]]
| [[Pricha Rengsomboonsuk]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Interior]]
| [[Prasong Kositanon]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Justice (Thailand)|Minister of Justice]]
| [[Somsak Kiatsuranond]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Minister of Labour (Thailand)|Minister of Labour]]
| [[Uraiwan Thienthong]]
| [[Royal People Party|PRP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Culture (Thailand)|Minister of Culture]]
| [[Worawat Eua-apinyakul]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry for Science and Technology (Thailand)|Minister for Science and Technology]]
| [[Wutthipong Chaisang]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Education (Thailand)|Minister of Education]]
| [[Srimuang Charoensiri]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)|Minister of Public Health]]
| Police Captain [[Chalerm Yubamrung]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Public Health]]
| [[Wicharn Meenchainan]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Industry (Thailand)|Minister of Industry]]
| Police General [[Pracha Promnok]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Samak Sundaravej]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Thailand]]|years=2008}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]]}} Acting}}
{{s-end}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Prime Ministers of Thailand}}
{{Cabinets of Thailand}}
{{Thaksin Shinawatra}}
}}
{{History of Thailand since 1973}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wongsawat, Somchai}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Thailand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nakhon Si Thammarat Province]]
[[Category:People's Power Party (Thailand) politicians]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Ministers of Thailand]]
[[Category:Shinawatra family]]
[[Category:Thai judges]]
[[Category:Thai lawyers]]
[[Category:Ministers of Defence of Thailand]]
[[Category:Thammasat University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru]]
[[Category:Ministers of Education of Thailand]]

Somchai Wongsawat

2018-06-21T10:19:28Z

110.169.30.147:

{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Somchai Wongsawat
|native_name = สมชาย วงศ์สวัสดิ์
|image = Somchai Wongsawat 15112008.jpg
|office = [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|26th]] [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]
|monarch = [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]
|term_start = 8 September 2008
|term_end = 2 December 2008
|predecessor1 = [[Samak Sundaravej]]
|successor1 = [[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]] (Acting)
|office2 = [[List of Defence Ministers of Thailand|Minister of Defence]]
|primeminister2 = himself
|term_start2 = 18 September 2008
|term_end2 = 2 December 2008 {{age in years and days|2008|9|18|2008|12|2}}
|predecessor2 = [[Samak Sundaravej]]
|successor2 = [[Prawit Wongsuwan]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|8|31|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Chawang District|Chawang]], [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province|Nakhon Si Thammarat]], [[Thailand]]
|death_date =

|party = [[Pheu Thai Party]]
|spouse = [[Yaowapha Wongsawat]]
|alma_mater = [[Faculty of Law, Thammasat University|Thammasat University]] [[National Institute of Development Administration]]
|signature = Thai-PM-somchai signature.png
|position = Prime Minister of Thailand
}}

'''Somchai Wongsawat''' ({{lang-th|สมชาย วงศ์สวัสดิ์}}, {{IPA-th|sǒm.t͡ɕʰāːj wōŋ.sā.wàt|pron}}; born 31 August 1947) is a [[Thailand|Thai]] politician, a Prime Minister of Thailand 26th in 2008 and a former executive member of the [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power Party]] (PPP) whose political rights have been disenfranchised by [[Constitutional Court of Thailand|the Constitutional Court]] (ConCourt) for five years.

Prior to entering electoral politics, he had served civil service and judicial service, having been appointed Permanent Secretary of Justice (the highest non-elected position in the civil service) in 2000 by the government of [[Chuan Leekpai]]. Following his retirement from office in 2006 owing to the pensionable age, he entered politics after the [[2006 Thailand coup|2006 coup]] unseating the government of his [[brother-in-law]], [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]. He joined the PPP which won the [[2007 Thailand general election|December 2007 parliamentary elections]], becoming Minister of Education and Senior Deputy Prime Minister. After the premiership of [[Samak Sundaravej]] had been terminated by the ConCourt for contravening the [[conflict of interests]] law, Somchai was successfully nominated Prime Minister. His government had to deal with the [[2008 Thailand political crisis]] as well as the [[global financial crisis of 2008]], and the PPP was eventually dissolved by the ConCourt and its executive members, including Somchai, were prohibited from politics for five years for [[Electoral fraud|vote-buying]] committed by [[Yongyuth Tiyapairat]].

==Family life==
Somchai was born at [[Amphoe Chawang]], [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province]], a son of Mr. Choem and Mrs. Dap (Sutsai) Wongsawat. He is a brother-in-law of former prime minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] and former prime minister [[Yingluck Shinawatra]], having married their sister Yaowapha.<ref name="AP/Google">{{cite news|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[Google News]]|date=9 September 2008|accessdate=10 September 2008|first=Ambika|last=Ahuja|archivedate=17 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917220729/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The couple have three children, Mr. Yotchanan Wongsawat, Ms. Chinnicha Wongsawat and Mrs. Chayapha Nam.

Somchai's wife Yaowapha previously served as an [[Member of Parliament|MP]] in the [[Thai Rak Thai]] Party led by her older brother, Thaksin Shinawatra. Like one hundred and ten other members of the party, she was banned from participating in politics for a five-year period by the order of the Constitutional Tribunal because of the party's violation of election laws.

==Education==
Somchai completed his [[primary education]] in [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province|his home town]], and his [[secondary education]] at [[Amnuay Silpa School]] in [[Bangkok]]. He received a bachelor of law from [[Faculty of Law, Thammasat University]] in 1970, becoming a [[barrister|barrister-at-law]] of the Thai [[Bar Association]] in the next three year. He achieved his [[master's degree|master]] of [[Public Administration]] from the [[National Institute of Development Administration]] in 2002.

==Career==

===Public service===
Somchai has been appointed to various offices in the juridical service and the civil service, including ''inter alia'': assistant judge of the Ministry of Justice in 1974, ministerial justice in the next year, justice of [[Chiang Mai Province|Chiang Mai]]'s Provincial Court in 1976, justice of Chiang Mai in 1978, justice of [[Chiang Rai Province|Chiang Rai]] in 1983, chief of the Bench of [[Phang Nga Province|Phang Nga]]'s Provincial Court in 1986, chief of the Children and Juvenile Court of [[Rayong Province|Rayong]] in 1987, chief of [[Chon Buri Province|Chon Buri]]'s Provincial Court in 1988 and of [[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]]'s Provincial Court in the next year, and chief of the Bench of Thon Buri's Criminal Court in 1990, respectively. Somchai held office as judge of the 3rd Region's Appealate Court in 1993 and chief of the Bench of the 2nd Region's Appealate Court in 1997.

In 1998 Somchai was appointed as the Deputy [[Permanent Secretary]] of Justice for Academic Affairs, and later for Administrative Affairs. He became the Permanent Secretary of Justice on 11 November 2000, and was transferred to become the Permanent Secretary of Labor from 8 March to 30 September 2006, the date he retired from the public service after reaching [[pension|pensionable age]].

Somchai has been since appointed ''inter alia'' chairperson of the law committee of the National Research Council of Thailand, member of the Thai Bar Association's committee, member of the Board of Thailand's Electricity Generation Authority, member of the Board of the Narcotics Prevention and Suppression Board, member of the [[Money Laundering]] Prevention and Suppression Board, member of the committee of the Council of State of Thailand, member of the Board of Policy of the National Thai Police, member of the Civil Service Board of Thailand, member of the Juridical Service Board of Thailand, and member of the National Official Information Board of Thailand.<ref name="TVNZ_2077106">{{cite news|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2077106|title=FACTBOX - Somchai Wongsawat|date=15 September 2008|agency=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[Television New Zealand]]|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926153803/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2077106|archivedate=26 September 2008|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Premiership===
A member of the [[People Power Party (Thailand)|People Power Party]], he was the deputy leader of the Party in 2007 and held office as the Minister of Education in the Next Year<ref name="moe">{{cite web
|url=http://www.moe.go.th/English/admin_MOE/somchai.pdf|title=Mr. Somchai Wongsawat|publisher=Thai Ministry of Education|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> and Senior Deputy Prime Minister.<ref name="AP/Google"/>

Somchai became the Prime Minister on 9 September 2008, upon [[Samak Sundaravej#Court decision|the Constitutional Court's decision]] that the premiership of [[Samak Sundaravej]] had been terminated for his having worked as the emcee of two cooking shows while in office, in violation of the law forbidden government ministers from holding any other paid employment.

On 17 September 2008, Somchai was elected Prime Minister of the Country by [[National Assembly of Thailand|the National Assembly]], receiving 298 favourable votes, more than the 163 votes for [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200809171023.htm|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Thaksin's in-law elected new Thailand PM|date=17 September 2008|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205234831/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200809171023.htm|archivedate=5 December 2008|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7615950.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title=Thai party names nominee for PM|date=15 September 2008|accessdate=15 September 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064929/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7615950.stm|archivedate=15 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]] |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30083655 |title=Somchai elected new prime minister |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223235544/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30083655 |archivedate=23 December 2008 }}</ref>

King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] issued a Royal Proclamation appointing Somchai as the 26th Prime Minister on 18 September 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/His-Majesty-signs-royal-command-to-appoint-new-PM-30083831.html|title=His Majesty signs royal command to appoint new PM|newspaper=The Nation|date=18 September 2008|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/His-Majesty-signs-royal-command-to-appoint-new-PM-30083831.html|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Siege====
On 7 October 2008, anti-government protesters attempted to hold 320 parliamentarians and senators hostage inside the Parliament building, cutting off power. Somchai Wongsawat escaped by climbing a rear fence after his policy address. Other legislators were trapped inside. The 6-week sit-in and [[siege]] on the area next to the prime minister’s office led the government to transfer its activities temporarily to Don Muang. Eventually, Somchai authorised the police to use force against the demonstrations. Thousands were injured, some seriously, and two protestors died, one a young woman; both were killed by exploding police gas grenades, which also maimed a number who lost limbs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/world/asia/07iht-08thai.16744393.html?_r=0|title=Thai protesters trap legislators|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 October 2008|accessdate=7 October 2008|author1=Seth Mydans|author2=Thomas Fuller|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/world/asia/07iht-08thai.16744393.html?_r=0|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/thai-pm-jumps-fence-to-flee-protesters-20081007-4vsn.html|title=Thai PM jumps fence to flee protesters|date=7 October 2008|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|work=[[The Age]]|accessdate=12 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.theage.com.au/world/thai-pm-jumps-fence-to-flee-protesters-20081007-4vsn.html|archivedate=12 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Investigation====
On 29 September, Thailand's Election Commission spokesman Ruangrote Jomsueb said a subcommittee would investigate Somchai (30 days probe, to the Constitutional Court) per [[Senate of Thailand|Senator]] Ruangkrai Leekijwattanaon's complaint on "whether Somchai violated the constitution by holding shares in Thailand's CS LoxInfo PCL, an Internet service provider that is a contract partner of [[CAT Telecom]], a state-owned telecommunications service provider." The Thai constitution bars parliament members from holding shares in companies that do business with state enterprises, and if found guilty, Somchai would be disqualified as parliament member and ousted as prime minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20080929-163566/New-Thai-premier-probed-for-possible-Charter-violation|title=New Thai premier probed for possible Charter violation|website=[[Inquirer.net]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=29 September 2008|archivedate=30 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930083704/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20080929-163566/New-Thai-premier-probed-for-possible-Charter-violation|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-29-1591690935_x.htm|title=New Thai prime minister faces investigation|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/new-thai-pm-somchai-faces-legal-challenge-1.133386|title=New Thai PM Somchai faces legal challenge|newspaper=[[Gulf News]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=19 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://gulfnews.com/new-thai-pm-somchai-faces-legal-challenge-1.133386|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Neglected duty and removal===
{{incomplete|section|date=December 2011}}
On 17 October, Thailand's anti-corruption body found Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat guilty of neglecting his duties while working in the justice department eight years ago. Members of the National Counter Corruption Commission said Somchai was wrong to suspend a corruption investigation into two senior officials while he was a permanent secretary at the justice ministry in 2000. The NCCC's investigation followed a complaint lodged by senior judge Chamnan Rawiwanpong after he petitioned for an investigation into alleged corruption involving a land sale in Pathum Thani province in 2000.

After the petition, Somchai set up a disciplinary panel, accusing Chamnan of serious wrongdoing and recommending he be fired, prompting Chamnan to make the counter-complaint.

==Somchai Cabinet==
The Cabinet was active from 18 September 2008 – 2 December 2008.
{|
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Position
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Name
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Party
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] and [[Defense minister]]
| Somchai Wongsawat
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| [[Sompong Amornwiwat]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Olarn Chaiprawat]]
| ?
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Major General]] [[Sanan Kachornprasart]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)|Minister for Office of the Prime Minister]]
| [[Sukhumpong Ngonkham]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)|Minister for Office of the Prime Minister]]
| [[Suphol Fongngam]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Minister of Finance]]
| [[Suchart Thadathamrongvej]]
| [[Pheu Thai Party|PTP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Finance]]
| [[Pradit Pattaraprasit]]
| [[Thais United National Development Party|RJTCP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Finance]]
| Second Lieutenant [[Ranongrak Suwanchawi]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Tourism and Sports (Thailand)|Minister of Tourism and Sports]]
| [[Weerasak Kowsurat]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Minister for Social Development and Human Security]]
| [[Udomdej Rattanasathien]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Somsak Prissanananthakul]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Sompat Kaewpichit]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Teerachai Saenkaew]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Minister of Transport]]
| [[Santi Promphat]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Transport]]
| Sopon Saram
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Transport]]
| [[Warawut Silpa-archa]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand)|Minister for Natural resource and Environment]]
| [[Anongwan Thepsuthin]]
| [[Neutral Democratic Party|MCMP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (Thailand)|Minister of Information and Communication Technology]]
| [[Man Pattanotai]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Energy (Thailand)|Minister for Energy]]
| [[Wannarat Channukul]]
| [[Thais United National Development Party|RJCPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Minister of Commerce]]
| [[Chaiya Sasomsap]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Commerce]]
| Police Lieutenant Colonel [[Banyin Tangphakorn]]
| [[Neutral Democratic Party|MCMP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Commerce]]
| [[Songkram Kitlertpairot]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Minister of Interior]]
| Police General [[Kowit Wattana]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Interior]]
| [[Pricha Rengsomboonsuk]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Interior]]
| [[Prasong Kositanon]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Justice (Thailand)|Minister of Justice]]
| [[Somsak Kiatsuranond]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Minister of Labour (Thailand)|Minister of Labour]]
| [[Uraiwan Thienthong]]
| [[Royal People Party|PRP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Culture (Thailand)|Minister of Culture]]
| [[Worawat Eua-apinyakul]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry for Science and Technology (Thailand)|Minister for Science and Technology]]
| [[Wutthipong Chaisang]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Education (Thailand)|Minister of Education]]
| [[Srimuang Charoensiri]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)|Minister of Public Health]]
| Police Captain [[Chalerm Yubamrung]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Public Health]]
| [[Wicharn Meenchainan]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Industry (Thailand)|Minister of Industry]]
| Police General [[Pracha Promnok]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Samak Sundaravej]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Thailand]]|years=2008}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]]}} Acting}}
{{s-end}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
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{{Cabinets of Thailand}}
{{Thaksin Shinawatra}}
}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wongsawat, Somchai}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Thailand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nakhon Si Thammarat Province]]
[[Category:People's Power Party (Thailand) politicians]]
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[[Category:Shinawatra family]]
[[Category:Thai judges]]
[[Category:Thai lawyers]]
[[Category:Ministers of Defence of Thailand]]
[[Category:Thammasat University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru]]
[[Category:Ministers of Education of Thailand]]

Somchai Wongsawat

2018-06-21T10:19:00Z

110.169.30.147:

{{EngvarB|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Somchai Wongsawat
|native_name = สมชาย วงศ์สวัสดิ์
|image = Somchai Wongsawat 15112008.jpg
|office = [[List of Prime Ministers of Thailand|26th]] [[Prime Minister of Thailand]]
|monarch = [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]
|term_start = 8 September 2008
|term_end = 2 December 2008
|predecessor1 = [[Samak Sundaravej]]
|successor1 = [[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]]
|office2 = [[List of Defence Ministers of Thailand|Minister of Defence]]
|primeminister2 = himself
|term_start2 = 18 September 2008
|term_end2 = 2 December 2008 {{age in years and days|2008|9|18|2008|12|2}}
|predecessor2 = [[Samak Sundaravej]]
|successor2 = [[Prawit Wongsuwan]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|8|31|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Chawang District|Chawang]], [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province|Nakhon Si Thammarat]], [[Thailand]]
|death_date =

|party = [[Pheu Thai Party]]
|spouse = [[Yaowapha Wongsawat]]
|alma_mater = [[Faculty of Law, Thammasat University|Thammasat University]] [[National Institute of Development Administration]]
|signature = Thai-PM-somchai signature.png
|position = Prime Minister of Thailand
}}

'''Somchai Wongsawat''' ({{lang-th|สมชาย วงศ์สวัสดิ์}}, {{IPA-th|sǒm.t͡ɕʰāːj wōŋ.sā.wàt|pron}}; born 31 August 1947) is a [[Thailand|Thai]] politician, a Prime Minister of Thailand 26th in 2008 and a former executive member of the [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|People's Power Party]] (PPP) whose political rights have been disenfranchised by [[Constitutional Court of Thailand|the Constitutional Court]] (ConCourt) for five years.

Prior to entering electoral politics, he had served civil service and judicial service, having been appointed Permanent Secretary of Justice (the highest non-elected position in the civil service) in 2000 by the government of [[Chuan Leekpai]]. Following his retirement from office in 2006 owing to the pensionable age, he entered politics after the [[2006 Thailand coup|2006 coup]] unseating the government of his [[brother-in-law]], [[Thaksin Shinawatra]]. He joined the PPP which won the [[2007 Thailand general election|December 2007 parliamentary elections]], becoming Minister of Education and Senior Deputy Prime Minister. After the premiership of [[Samak Sundaravej]] had been terminated by the ConCourt for contravening the [[conflict of interests]] law, Somchai was successfully nominated Prime Minister. His government had to deal with the [[2008 Thailand political crisis]] as well as the [[global financial crisis of 2008]], and the PPP was eventually dissolved by the ConCourt and its executive members, including Somchai, were prohibited from politics for five years for [[Electoral fraud|vote-buying]] committed by [[Yongyuth Tiyapairat]].

==Family life==
Somchai was born at [[Amphoe Chawang]], [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province]], a son of Mr. Choem and Mrs. Dap (Sutsai) Wongsawat. He is a brother-in-law of former prime minister [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] and former prime minister [[Yingluck Shinawatra]], having married their sister Yaowapha.<ref name="AP/Google">{{cite news|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|title=Cooking show stint derails Thai prime minister|agency=[[Associated Press]]|publisher=[[Google News]]|date=9 September 2008|accessdate=10 September 2008|first=Ambika|last=Ahuja|archivedate=17 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917220729/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5hG71oGl1LokvZphtDQZzL44nzc3QD933CQI80|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The couple have three children, Mr. Yotchanan Wongsawat, Ms. Chinnicha Wongsawat and Mrs. Chayapha Nam.

Somchai's wife Yaowapha previously served as an [[Member of Parliament|MP]] in the [[Thai Rak Thai]] Party led by her older brother, Thaksin Shinawatra. Like one hundred and ten other members of the party, she was banned from participating in politics for a five-year period by the order of the Constitutional Tribunal because of the party's violation of election laws.

==Education==
Somchai completed his [[primary education]] in [[Nakhon Si Thammarat Province|his home town]], and his [[secondary education]] at [[Amnuay Silpa School]] in [[Bangkok]]. He received a bachelor of law from [[Faculty of Law, Thammasat University]] in 1970, becoming a [[barrister|barrister-at-law]] of the Thai [[Bar Association]] in the next three year. He achieved his [[master's degree|master]] of [[Public Administration]] from the [[National Institute of Development Administration]] in 2002.

==Career==

===Public service===
Somchai has been appointed to various offices in the juridical service and the civil service, including ''inter alia'': assistant judge of the Ministry of Justice in 1974, ministerial justice in the next year, justice of [[Chiang Mai Province|Chiang Mai]]'s Provincial Court in 1976, justice of Chiang Mai in 1978, justice of [[Chiang Rai Province|Chiang Rai]] in 1983, chief of the Bench of [[Phang Nga Province|Phang Nga]]'s Provincial Court in 1986, chief of the Children and Juvenile Court of [[Rayong Province|Rayong]] in 1987, chief of [[Chon Buri Province|Chon Buri]]'s Provincial Court in 1988 and of [[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]]'s Provincial Court in the next year, and chief of the Bench of Thon Buri's Criminal Court in 1990, respectively. Somchai held office as judge of the 3rd Region's Appealate Court in 1993 and chief of the Bench of the 2nd Region's Appealate Court in 1997.

In 1998 Somchai was appointed as the Deputy [[Permanent Secretary]] of Justice for Academic Affairs, and later for Administrative Affairs. He became the Permanent Secretary of Justice on 11 November 2000, and was transferred to become the Permanent Secretary of Labor from 8 March to 30 September 2006, the date he retired from the public service after reaching [[pension|pensionable age]].

Somchai has been since appointed ''inter alia'' chairperson of the law committee of the National Research Council of Thailand, member of the Thai Bar Association's committee, member of the Board of Thailand's Electricity Generation Authority, member of the Board of the Narcotics Prevention and Suppression Board, member of the [[Money Laundering]] Prevention and Suppression Board, member of the committee of the Council of State of Thailand, member of the Board of Policy of the National Thai Police, member of the Civil Service Board of Thailand, member of the Juridical Service Board of Thailand, and member of the National Official Information Board of Thailand.<ref name="TVNZ_2077106">{{cite news|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2077106|title=FACTBOX - Somchai Wongsawat|date=15 September 2008|agency=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[Television New Zealand]]|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926153803/http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/536641/2077106|archivedate=26 September 2008|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Premiership===
A member of the [[People Power Party (Thailand)|People Power Party]], he was the deputy leader of the Party in 2007 and held office as the Minister of Education in the Next Year<ref name="moe">{{cite web
|url=http://www.moe.go.th/English/admin_MOE/somchai.pdf|title=Mr. Somchai Wongsawat|publisher=Thai Ministry of Education|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> and Senior Deputy Prime Minister.<ref name="AP/Google"/>

Somchai became the Prime Minister on 9 September 2008, upon [[Samak Sundaravej#Court decision|the Constitutional Court's decision]] that the premiership of [[Samak Sundaravej]] had been terminated for his having worked as the emcee of two cooking shows while in office, in violation of the law forbidden government ministers from holding any other paid employment.

On 17 September 2008, Somchai was elected Prime Minister of the Country by [[National Assembly of Thailand|the National Assembly]], receiving 298 favourable votes, more than the 163 votes for [[Abhisit Vejjajiva]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200809171023.htm|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Thaksin's in-law elected new Thailand PM|date=17 September 2008|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205234831/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/003200809171023.htm|archivedate=5 December 2008|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7615950.stm|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title=Thai party names nominee for PM|date=15 September 2008|accessdate=15 September 2008|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915064929/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7615950.stm|archivedate=15 September 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Nation (Thailand)|The Nation]] |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30083655 |title=Somchai elected new prime minister |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223235544/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30083655 |archivedate=23 December 2008 }}</ref>

King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] issued a Royal Proclamation appointing Somchai as the 26th Prime Minister on 18 September 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/His-Majesty-signs-royal-command-to-appoint-new-PM-30083831.html|title=His Majesty signs royal command to appoint new PM|newspaper=The Nation|date=18 September 2008|accessdate=19 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/His-Majesty-signs-royal-command-to-appoint-new-PM-30083831.html|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Siege====
On 7 October 2008, anti-government protesters attempted to hold 320 parliamentarians and senators hostage inside the Parliament building, cutting off power. Somchai Wongsawat escaped by climbing a rear fence after his policy address. Other legislators were trapped inside. The 6-week sit-in and [[siege]] on the area next to the prime minister’s office led the government to transfer its activities temporarily to Don Muang. Eventually, Somchai authorised the police to use force against the demonstrations. Thousands were injured, some seriously, and two protestors died, one a young woman; both were killed by exploding police gas grenades, which also maimed a number who lost limbs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/world/asia/07iht-08thai.16744393.html?_r=0|title=Thai protesters trap legislators|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 October 2008|accessdate=7 October 2008|author1=Seth Mydans|author2=Thomas Fuller|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/07/world/asia/07iht-08thai.16744393.html?_r=0|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/world/thai-pm-jumps-fence-to-flee-protesters-20081007-4vsn.html|title=Thai PM jumps fence to flee protesters|date=7 October 2008|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|work=[[The Age]]|accessdate=12 November 2011|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://www.theage.com.au/world/thai-pm-jumps-fence-to-flee-protesters-20081007-4vsn.html|archivedate=12 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

====Investigation====
On 29 September, Thailand's Election Commission spokesman Ruangrote Jomsueb said a subcommittee would investigate Somchai (30 days probe, to the Constitutional Court) per [[Senate of Thailand|Senator]] Ruangkrai Leekijwattanaon's complaint on "whether Somchai violated the constitution by holding shares in Thailand's CS LoxInfo PCL, an Internet service provider that is a contract partner of [[CAT Telecom]], a state-owned telecommunications service provider." The Thai constitution bars parliament members from holding shares in companies that do business with state enterprises, and if found guilty, Somchai would be disqualified as parliament member and ousted as prime minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20080929-163566/New-Thai-premier-probed-for-possible-Charter-violation|title=New Thai premier probed for possible Charter violation|website=[[Inquirer.net]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=29 September 2008|archivedate=30 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930083704/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20080929-163566/New-Thai-premier-probed-for-possible-Charter-violation|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-09-29-1591690935_x.htm|title=New Thai prime minister faces investigation|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/new-thai-pm-somchai-faces-legal-challenge-1.133386|title=New Thai PM Somchai faces legal challenge|newspaper=[[Gulf News]]|date=29 September 2008|accessdate=19 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812002026/http://gulfnews.com/new-thai-pm-somchai-faces-legal-challenge-1.133386|archivedate=12 August 2011|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Neglected duty and removal===
{{incomplete|section|date=December 2011}}
On 17 October, Thailand's anti-corruption body found Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawat guilty of neglecting his duties while working in the justice department eight years ago. Members of the National Counter Corruption Commission said Somchai was wrong to suspend a corruption investigation into two senior officials while he was a permanent secretary at the justice ministry in 2000. The NCCC's investigation followed a complaint lodged by senior judge Chamnan Rawiwanpong after he petitioned for an investigation into alleged corruption involving a land sale in Pathum Thani province in 2000.

After the petition, Somchai set up a disciplinary panel, accusing Chamnan of serious wrongdoing and recommending he be fired, prompting Chamnan to make the counter-complaint.

==Somchai Cabinet==
The Cabinet was active from 18 September 2008 – 2 December 2008.
{|
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Position
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Name
! colspan="1" bgcolor="#CCCCCC" | Party
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Prime Minister of Thailand|Prime Minister]] and [[Defense minister]]
| Somchai Wongsawat
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| [[Sompong Amornwiwat]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Olarn Chaiprawat]]
| ?
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
|-
| [[Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand|Deputy Prime Minister]]
| [[Major General]] [[Sanan Kachornprasart]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)|Minister for Office of the Prime Minister]]
| [[Sukhumpong Ngonkham]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Office of the Prime Minister (Thailand)|Minister for Office of the Prime Minister]]
| [[Suphol Fongngam]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Minister of Finance]]
| [[Suchart Thadathamrongvej]]
| [[Pheu Thai Party|PTP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Finance]]
| [[Pradit Pattaraprasit]]
| [[Thais United National Development Party|RJTCP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Finance (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Finance]]
| Second Lieutenant [[Ranongrak Suwanchawi]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Tourism and Sports (Thailand)|Minister of Tourism and Sports]]
| [[Weerasak Kowsurat]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Minister for Social Development and Human Security]]
| [[Udomdej Rattanasathien]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Somsak Prissanananthakul]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Sompat Kaewpichit]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives]]
| [[Teerachai Saenkaew]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Minister of Transport]]
| [[Santi Promphat]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Transport]]
| Sopon Saram
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Transport (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Transport]]
| [[Warawut Silpa-archa]]
| [[Thai Nation Party|CTP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand)|Minister for Natural resource and Environment]]
| [[Anongwan Thepsuthin]]
| [[Neutral Democratic Party|MCMP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (Thailand)|Minister of Information and Communication Technology]]
| [[Man Pattanotai]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Energy (Thailand)|Minister for Energy]]
| [[Wannarat Channukul]]
| [[Thais United National Development Party|RJCPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Minister of Commerce]]
| [[Chaiya Sasomsap]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Commerce]]
| Police Lieutenant Colonel [[Banyin Tangphakorn]]
| [[Neutral Democratic Party|MCMP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Commerce (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Commerce]]
| [[Songkram Kitlertpairot]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Minister of Interior]]
| Police General [[Kowit Wattana]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Interior]]
| [[Pricha Rengsomboonsuk]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Interior]]
| [[Prasong Kositanon]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Justice (Thailand)|Minister of Justice]]
| [[Somsak Kiatsuranond]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Minister of Labour (Thailand)|Minister of Labour]]
| [[Uraiwan Thienthong]]
| [[Royal People Party|PRP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Culture (Thailand)|Minister of Culture]]
| [[Worawat Eua-apinyakul]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry for Science and Technology (Thailand)|Minister for Science and Technology]]
| [[Wutthipong Chaisang]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Education (Thailand)|Minister of Education]]
| [[Srimuang Charoensiri]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|-
| [[Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)|Minister of Public Health]]
| Police Captain [[Chalerm Yubamrung]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Public Health (Thailand)|Deputy Minister of Public Health]]
| [[Wicharn Meenchainan]]
| [[People's Power Party (Thailand)|PPP]]
|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE"
| [[Ministry of Industry (Thailand)|Minister of Industry]]
| Police General [[Pracha Promnok]]
| [[For the Motherland|PPD]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Samak Sundaravej]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Thailand]]|years=2008}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[Chaovarat Chanweerakul]]}} Acting}}
{{s-end}}

{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Prime Ministers of Thailand}}
{{Cabinets of Thailand}}
{{Thaksin Shinawatra}}
}}
{{History of Thailand since 1973}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wongsawat, Somchai}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Thailand]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nakhon Si Thammarat Province]]
[[Category:People's Power Party (Thailand) politicians]]
[[Category:Prime Ministers of Thailand|Prime Ministers of Thailand]]
[[Category:Shinawatra family]]
[[Category:Thai judges]]
[[Category:Thai lawyers]]
[[Category:Ministers of Defence of Thailand]]
[[Category:Thammasat University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sun of Peru]]
[[Category:Ministers of Education of Thailand]]

2018 Lao Premier League

2018-06-21T10:13:03Z

110.169.30.147: Undid revision 846863385 by 110.169.30.147 (talk)

{{Infobox football league season
| season = 2018
| competition = [[Lao Premier League]]
| winners =
| relegated =
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| league topscorer =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| matches =
| total goals =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2017 Lao Premier League|2017]]
| nextseason = [[2019 Lao Premier League|2019]]
}}
The '''2018 Lao Premier League''' is the 29th season of the [[Lao Premier League]]. The season started on 24 February 2018.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/laos2018.html#lao Laos 2018], RSSSF.com</ref>

== Teams ==
A total of 8 teams participated in the 2017 Lao League season, 1 promoted from the previous season of [[Lao Division 1 League]]. 6 teams withdrew from the league, including defending champions, [[Lanexang United F.C.|Lanexang United]] after winning the [[2016 Lao Premier League|2016]] season due to Laos match fixing scandal.

<section begin=map />{{location map+ |Laos |float=right |width=250 |caption=Locations of the 2017 Lao Premier League teams |places=

{{location map~ |Laos |marksize=7 |lat=16.587361 |long=104.765472 |label= <div style="font-size:60%;">Savan United [[Savannakhet F.C.|Savannakhet]]</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Laos |marksize=7 |lat=15.118333 |long=105.816389 |label= <div style="font-size:60%;">[[Champasak United F.C.|Champasak United]]</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{Location map~ |Laos |mark=black pog.svg|marksize=11|lat=18.061944 |long=102.703889 |label=<div style="font-size:60%;">{{nobreak|'''Vientiane'''}}</div> |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |Laos |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=2 |lat=22.680839 |long=104.752496|label=<div style="font-size:60%;">{{nowrap|'''Vientiane teams''' 
DK FC 
[[Lao Police Club|Lao Police]] 
[[Lao Toyota F.C.|Lao Toyota]] 
[[National University of Laos F.C.|National University of Laos]] 
Vientiane United}}
</div>|position=right}}
}}<section end=map />

===Stadia===
:''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Stadium
! Capacity
|-
| [[Champasak United F.C.|Champasak United]]
|[[Champasak Stadium]]
|12,000
|-
| DK FC
| [[ Laos National Stadium]]
|15,000
|-
| [[Lao Police Club|Lao Police]]
| [[New Laos National Stadium]]
|25,000
|-
| [[Lao Toyota F.C.|Lao Toyota]]
| [[New Laos National Stadium]]
|25,000
|-
| [[National University of Laos F.C.|National University of Laos]]
| National University of Laos Stadium
|5,000
|-
| Savan United
| [[Savannakhet Stadium]]
|15,000
|-
| [[Savannakhet F.C.|Savannakhet]]
| [[Savannakhet Stadium]]
|15,000
|-
| Vientiane United
| [[ Laos National Stadium]]
|15,000
|-
|}

==League table==
{{Fb_cl_header |champion=y }}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=1 |t=[[Lao Toyota F.C.|Lao Toyota]] |w=6 |d=1 |l=1 |gf=23|ga=7 |bc=#ACE1AF|champion=}}
{{Fb cl3 qr|rows=1}}Qualification for the [[2019 AFC Cup#Group stage|2019 AFC Cup Group Stage]] '''and''' [[Mekong Club Championship|2018 Mekong Club Championship]]
{{Fb cl2 team |p=2 |t=[[Lao Police Club|Lao Police]] |w=4 |d=1 |l=3 |gf=13|ga=10|bc=#D0F0C0}}
{{Fb cl3 qr|rows=1}}Qualification for the [[2019 AFC Cup#Play-off_round|2019 AFC Cup Play-off Round]]
{{Fb cl2 team |p=3 |t=[[Young Elephant F.C.|Young Elephant]] |w=3 |d=2 |l=3 |gf=9 |ga=9 }}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=4 |t=[[Luang Prabang United F.C.|Luang Prabang United]] |w=2 |d=4 |l=2 |gf=12|ga=10}}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=5 |t=[[Lao Army F.C.|Lao Army]] |w=2 |d=4 |l=2 |gf=10|ga=13}}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=6 |t=[[Master 7 F.C.|Master 7]] |w=2 |d=3 |l=3 |gf=12|ga=15}}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=7 |t=[[Savan United F.C.|Savan United]] |w=2 |d=2 |l=4 |gf=7 |ga=14}}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=8 |t=[[DK F.C.|DK]] |w=1 |d=3 |l=4 |gf=7 |ga=15}}

{{Fb cl footer |u=3 June 2018
|s=[https://www.fifa.com/live-scores/nationalleagues/nationalleague=lao-premier-league-2000001048/standings/index.html FIFA] [http://www.laoleague.com/leaderboard.html Lao League]}}

==External links==
*[http://www.laoleague.com/ Lao Premier League website]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{2018 in Asian football (AFC)}}

[[Category:2017–18 in Asian association football leagues|Laos]]
[[Category:Lao League seasons]]

{{footy-competition-stub}}

2018 Lao Premier League

2018-06-21T10:12:37Z

110.169.30.147: Undid revision 844328334 by Chanheigeorge (talk)

{{Infobox football league season
| season = 2018
| competition = [[Lao Premier League]]
| winners =
| relegated =
| continentalcup1 =
| continentalcup1 qualifiers =
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| league topscorer =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| matches =
| total goals =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2017 Lao Premier League|2017]]
| nextseason = [[2019 Lao Premier League|2019]]
}}
The '''2018 Lao Premier League''' is the 29th season of the [[Lao Premier League]]. The season started on 24 February 2018.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/laos2018.html#lao Laos 2018], RSSSF.com</ref>

== Teams ==
A total of 8 teams participated in the 2017 Lao League season, 1 promoted from the previous season of [[Lao Division 1 League]]. 6 teams withdrew from the league, including defending champions, [[Lanexang United F.C.|Lanexang United]] after winning the [[2016 Lao Premier League|2016]] season due to Laos match fixing scandal.

<section begin=map />{{location map+ |Laos |float=right |width=250 |caption=Locations of the 2017 Lao Premier League teams |places=

{{location map~ |Laos |marksize=7 |lat=16.587361 |long=104.765472 |label= <div style="font-size:60%;">Savan United [[Savannakhet F.C.|Savannakhet]]</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Laos |marksize=7 |lat=15.118333 |long=105.816389 |label= <div style="font-size:60%;">[[Champasak United F.C.|Champasak United]]</div>|position=right|mark=Red pog.svg}}
{{Location map~ |Laos |mark=black pog.svg|marksize=11|lat=18.061944 |long=102.703889 |label=<div style="font-size:60%;">{{nobreak|'''Vientiane'''}}</div> |position=right}}


{{Location map~ |Laos |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=2 |lat=22.680839 |long=104.752496|label=<div style="font-size:60%;">{{nowrap|'''Vientiane teams''' 
DK FC 
[[Lao Police Club|Lao Police]] 
[[Lao Toyota F.C.|Lao Toyota]] 
[[National University of Laos F.C.|National University of Laos]] 
Vientiane United}}
</div>|position=right}}
}}<section end=map />

===Stadia===
:''Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Stadium
! Capacity
|-
| [[Champasak United F.C.|Champasak United]]
|[[Champasak Stadium]]
|12,000
|-
| DK FC
| [[ Laos National Stadium]]
|15,000
|-
| [[Lao Police Club|Lao Police]]
| [[New Laos National Stadium]]
|25,000
|-
| [[Lao Toyota F.C.|Lao Toyota]]
| [[New Laos National Stadium]]
|25,000
|-
| [[National University of Laos F.C.|National University of Laos]]
| National University of Laos Stadium
|5,000
|-
| Savan United
| [[Savannakhet Stadium]]
|15,000
|-
| [[Savannakhet F.C.|Savannakhet]]
| [[Savannakhet Stadium]]
|15,000
|-
| Vientiane United
| [[ Laos National Stadium]]
|15,000
|-
|}

==League table==
{{Fb_cl_header |champion=y }}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=1 |t=[[Lao Toyota F.C.|Lao Toyota]] |w=4 |d=1 |l=1 |gf=15|ga=5|bc=#ACE1AF|champion=}}
{{Fb cl3 qr|rows=1}}Qualification for the [[2019 AFC Cup#Group stage|2019 AFC Cup Group Stage]] '''and''' [[Mekong Club Championship|2018 Mekong Club Championship]]
{{Fb cl2 team |p=2 |t=[[Vientiane Prefecture|Young Elephant]] |w=2 |d=2 |l=1 |gf=5 |ga=4|bc=#D0F0C0}}
{{Fb cl3 qr|rows=1}}Qualification for the [[2019 AFC Cup#Play-off_round|2019 AFC Cup Play-off Round]]
{{Fb cl2 team |p=3 |t=[[Lao Police Club|Lao Police]] |w=2 |d=0 |l=1 |gf=5 |ga=4}}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=4 |t=[[Vientiane Province|Master 7]] |w=1 |d=3 |l=2 |gf=9 |ga=9}}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=5 |t=[[Luang Prabang Province|Luang Prabang United]] |w=1 |d=3 |l=1 |gf=5 |ga=6}}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=6 |t=[[Dragon Prince|DK FC]] |w=1 |d=2 |l=1 |gf=5 |ga=7}}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=7 |t=[[Savannakhet Province|Savan United]] |w=1 |d=2 |l=3 |gf=6 |ga=10}}
{{Fb cl2 team |p=8 |t=[[Lao Army F.C.|Lao Army]] |w=0 |d=3 |l=2 |gf=5 |ga=10}}
{{Fb cl3 qr|rows=1}} Relegation to the [[Lao Premier League|2019 Lao Division 1 League]]
{{Fb cl footer |u=29 April 2018
|s=[https://www.fifa.com/live-scores/nationalleagues/nationalleague=lao-premier-league-2000001048/standings/index.html FIFA] [http://www.laoleague.com/leaderboard.html Lao League]}}

==External links==
*[http://www.laoleague.com/ Lao Premier League website]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{2018 in Asian football (AFC)}}

[[Category:2017–18 in Asian association football leagues|Laos]]
[[Category:Lao League seasons]]

{{footy-competition-stub}}

Soukaphone Vongchiengkham

2018-06-21T10:09:47Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Soukaphone Vongchiengkham
| image =
| fullname = Soukaphone Vongchiengkham
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|03|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Champasak (town)|Champasak]], [[Laos]]
| height = {{convert|1.56|m|ftin}}
| currentclub = [[Sisaket F.C.|Sisaket]]
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder (association football)|Attacking Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2009–2011
| youthclubs1 = [[BEC Tero Sasana]]
| years1 = 2012
| clubs1 = [[Ezra FC]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2012–2013
| clubs2 =[[Krabi F.C.|Krabi]]
| caps2 = 26
| goals2 = 9
| years3 = 2014
| clubs3 = [[Phitsanulok F.C.|Phitsanulok]]
| caps3 = 2
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2014
| clubs4 = [[Saraburi F.C.|Saraburi]]
| caps4 =
| goals4 =
| years5= 2015
| clubs5 = [[Lanexang United F.C.|Lanexang United]]
| caps5 =
| goals5 =
| years6= 2016
| clubs6 = [[Ezra FC]]
| caps6 =
| goals6 =
| years7=
2016
| clubs7 = [[Lanexang United F.C.|Lanexang United]]
| caps7 =
| goals7 =
| years8=2017
| clubs8 = [[Vientiane United F.C.|Vientiane United ]]
| caps8 =
| goals8 =
| years9=2018–
| clubs9 = [[Sisaket F.C.|Sisaket]]
| caps9 =
| goals9 =
| nationalyears1 = 2010–
| nationalteam1 = [[Laos national football team|Laos]]
| nationalcaps1 = 41
| nationalgoals1 = 12
| club-update = June 07, 2014
| nationalteam-update = June 07, 2014
}}
'''Soukaphone Vongchiengkham''' ([[Lao language|Lao]]: ສຸກອາພອນ ວົງຈຽງຄໍາ; born 9 March 1992) is a [[Laos|Lao]] [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder (association football)|midfielder]] for [[Sisaket F.C.|Sisaket]].

==International goals==
:''Scores and results list Laos's goal tally first.''<ref>{{soccerway|soukaphone-vongchiengkham/159309}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/vongchiengkham-intlg.html Soukaphone Vongchiengkham - International Goals]</ref>
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
|1. || 24 October 2010 || [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]] || {{fb|PHI}} || '''1'''–0 || 2–2 || [[2010 AFF Championship qualification]]
|-
|2. || 26 October 2010 || [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]] || {{fb|TLS}} || '''2'''–1 || 6–1 || [[2010 AFF Championship qualification]]
|-
|3. || 16 February 2011 || [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]] || {{fb|TPE}} || '''1'''–1 || 1–1 || [[2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualification]]
|-
|4. || 23 July 2011 || [[Kunming]], [[China]] || {{fb|CHN}} || '''1'''–0 || 2–7 || [[2014 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
|5. || 4 March 2013 || [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]] || {{fb|SRI}} || '''1'''–0 || 4–2 || [[2014 AFC Challenge Cup qualification]]
|-
|6. || 16 November 2013 || [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]] || {{fb|GUM}} || '''1'''–0 || 1–1 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|-
|7. || 14 October 2014 || [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]] || {{fb|BRU}} || '''1'''–0 || 4–2 || [[2014 AFF Championship qualification]]
|-
|8. || 14 October 2014 || [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]] || {{fb|BRU}} || '''2'''–0 || 4–2 || [[2014 AFF Championship qualification]]
|-
|9. || 14 October 2014 || [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]] || {{fb|BRU}} || '''4'''–1 || 4–2 || [[2014 AFF Championship qualification]]
|-
|10. || 18 October 2014 || [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]] || {{fb|TLS}} || '''2'''–0 || 2–0 || [[2014 AFF Championship qualification]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.goal.com/en/people/laos/46406/soukaphone-vongchiengkham/national Goal.com] profile

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vongchiengkham, Soukaphone}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Laotian footballers]]
[[Category:Laos international footballers]]
[[Category:Laotian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Laotian expatriates in Thailand]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Thailand]]
[[Category:Krabi F.C. players]]
[[Category:Laotian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:People from Champasak Province]]

{{Laos-footy-bio-stub}}

Sisaket F.C.

2018-06-21T09:53:47Z

110.169.30.147: /* First team squad */

{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2014}}
{{Original research|date=November 2014}}
}}

{{Infobox football club |
| clubname = Sisaket ศรีสะเกษ เอฟซี
| image = Sisaket FC.png
| fullname = Sisaket Football Club สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ
| nickname = ''[[Kouprey|The Dangerous Koupreys]] (กูปรีอันตราย)''
| short name= SSKFC
| founded = {{Start date and age|1999}}
| ground = [[Sri Nakhon Lamduan Stadium]] [[Sisaket Province|Sisaket]], [[Thailand]]
| capacity = 10,000
| chairman = Taneth Kuerat
| mgrtitle = Head Coach
| manager = [[Somchai Chuayboonchum]]
| league = [[Thai League 2]]
| season = [[2017 Thai League|2017]]
| position = [[Thai League 1]], [[2017 Thai League|17th]] (Relegated)
|pattern_la1=_orange_border |pattern_b1=_collarblack
|pattern_ra1=_orange_border| |leftarm1=fb5503|body1=fb5503|rightarm1=fb5503|shorts1=fb5503|socks1=fb5503
|pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=_collarwhite
|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=191970|body2=191970|rightarm2=191970|shorts2=191970|socks2=191970
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =_collarblack
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 = 6EFFDD
| body3 = 6EFFDD
| rightarm3 =6EFFDD
| shorts3 = 6EFFDD
| socks3 = 6EFFDD
}}

'''Sisaket Football Club''' ({{lang-th|สโมสรฟุตบอลจังหวัดศรีสะเกษ}}) is a Thai [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Sisaket Province]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Si Sa Ket are now Isan United|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/sports/284087/si-sa-ket-are-now-isan-united|publisher=Bangkok Post|author=Tor Chittinand|date=2012-03-13|quote=TheThai Premier League has given the green light for Si Sa Ket FC to change their name to Isan United and move to Ubon Ratchathani}}</ref> The club won the [[1999–2000 Thailand Provincial League]] and currently compete in the [[Thai League 1]].

==History==
[[File:Sisaket FC 2017.jpg|thumb|Sisaket FC in 2017]]

===The early years===
The club was founded as Sisaket F.C. in 1999 and won the [[1999–2000 Thailand Provincial League|Thai Provincial League]]. The team was founded by the Sports Authority of Thailand in collaboration with the Football Association of Thailand.

In 2008 they were promoted from the [[Regional League Division 2]] to take them back to the [[Thai Division 1 League|Thai First Division]].

===Promotion to the Thai Premier League===
Sisaket were promoted to the Premier league in 2010 after finishing third in the [[2009 Thai Division 1 League]].

===Name change and relocation===
In 2012 the club relocated to [[Ubon Ratchathani Province|Ubon Ratchathani]] after the local Sisaket government decided to back the newly formed [[Sisaket United F.C.]]. The club also changed their name to '''Esan United'''. Esan United finished the season in 6th, a record for the club.

===Return to Sisaket===
In 2013 the [[Football Association of Thailand]] found Esan United guilty of forging documents, causing the club return to Sisaket. Due to legal conflicts, Sisaket were suspended for the rest of the [[2013 Thai Premier League|season]] but were not relegated.

The club returned to the Thai Premier League in 2014, returning to their old name of '''Sisaket F.C''' and used [[Sri Nakhon Lamduan Stadium]] as their home ground.

==Stadium and locations by season records==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Coordinates
! Location
! Stadium
! Capacity
! Year
|-
| {{coord|15.100519|104.340696|format=dms|type:landmark_scale:3000}}
| [[Sisaket Province|Sisaket]]
| [[Sri Nakhon Lamduan Stadium]]
| 10,000
| 2007-2011
|-
| {{coord|15.304772|104.783922|format=dms|type:landmark_scale:3000}}
| [[Ubon Ratchathani Province|Ubon Ratchathani]]
| [[Tung Burapha Stadium]]
| 7,500
| 2012
|-
| {{coord|15.100519|104.340696|format=dms|type:landmark_scale:3000}}
| [[Sisaket Province|Sisaket]]
| [[Sri Nakhon Lamduan Stadium]]
| 10,000
| 2013-present
|-
|}

==Seasons==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Season
!colspan=9|League<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablest/thaichamp.html |title=Thailand – List of Champions |first1=Ian |last1=King |first2=Hans |last2=Schöggl |first3=Karel |last3=Stokkermans |lastauthoramp=y |publisher=RSSSF |date=20 March 2014 |accessdate=29 October 2014}} Select link to season required from chronological list.</ref>
!rowspan=2|[[Thailand FA Cup|FA Cup]]
!rowspan=2|[[Thai League Cup]]
!rowspan=2|[[Queen's Cup|Queen's Cup]]
!rowspan=2|[[Kor Royal Cup|Kor Royal Cup]]
!rowspan=2|[[AFC Champions League|AFC Champions League]]
!colspan=2|Top scorer
|-
!Division
!P
!W
!D
!L
!F
!A
!Pts
!Pos
!Name
!Goals
|-
!2007
|bgcolor="#FFCCCC"|[[Thailand Division 1 League|DIV 1]]
| 22
| 7
| 6
| 9
| 36
| 38
| 27
|bgcolor="#FFCCCC"|10th
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
!2008
|bgcolor="#DDFFDD"|[[Regional League Division 2|DIV 2]]
|20
|10
|7
|3
|41
|21
|37
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
![[Thai Division 1 League 2009|2009]]
|bgcolor="#DDFFDD"|[[Thai Division 1 League 2009|DIV 1]]
|30
|15
|13
|2
|53
|26
|58
|bgcolor=#deb678|3rd
|[[Thailand FA Cup 2009#Third round|R3]]
| –
| –
| –
| –
|Piroj Anantanarong
|16
|-
!2010
|[[2010 Thai Premier League|TPL]]
|30
|6
|8
|16
|36
|54
|26
|14th
|QF
|QF
| –
| –
| –
|[[Piyawat Thongman]]
|8
|-
!2011
|[[2011 Thai Premier League|TPL]]
|34
|9
|12
|13
|33
|39
|39
|12th
|[[2011 Thai FA Cup|R5]]
|R3
| –
| –
| –
|[[Wuttichai Tathong]] Victor Amaro
|5
|-
!2012
|[[2012 Thai Premier League|TPL]]
|34
|11
|14
|9
|41
|42
|47
|6th
|[[2012 Thai FA Cup|R4]]
|R1
| –
| –
| –
|[[Tana Chanabut]]
|15 ''(9 goals to Esan United) +(6 goals to Police United)''
|-bgcolor=red
!2013
|[[2013 Thai Premier League|TPL]]
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
|suspended
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
| –
|-
!2014
|[[2014 Thai Premier League|TPL]]
|38
|12
|10
|16
|48
|59
|46
|12th
|[[2014 Thai FA Cup|R3]]
| –
| –
| –
| –
|[[Sarayuth Chaikamdee]]
|9
|-
!2015
|[[2015 Thai Premier League|TPL]]
|34
|9
|9
|16
|30
|47
|36
|13th
|[[2015 Thai FA Cup|R4]]
|bgcolor=silver|[[2015 Thai League Cup|RU]]
| –
| –
| –
|[[Adefolarin Durosinmi]]
|13
|-
!2016
|[[2016 Thai Premier League|TL]]
|31
|8
|9
|14
|41
|52
|33
|13th
|[[2016 Thai FA Cup|R3]]
|[[2016 Thai League Cup|QF]]
| –
| –
| –
| [[Anton Zemlianukhin]]
|8
|-
!2017
|bgcolor="#FFCCCC"|[[2017 Thai League|T1]]
|34
|6
|5
|23
|43
|90
|23
|bgcolor="#FFCCCC"|17th
|[[2017 Thai FA Cup|R2]]
|[[2017 Thai League Cup|R1]]
| –
| –
| –
|[[Mariano Berriex]]
|7
|-
!2018
|[[2018 Thai League 2|T2]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|[[2018 Thai League Cup|R1]]
| –
| –
| –
|
|
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|bgcolor=gold|Champions
|bgcolor=silver|Runners-up
|bgcolor=#deb678|Third Place
|bgcolor="#DDFFDD"|[[Promotion and relegation|Promoted]]
|bgcolor="#FFCCCC"|[[Promotion and relegation|Relegated]]
|}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-4}}
*P = Played
*W = Games won
*D = Games drawn
*L = Games lost
*F = Goals for
*A = Goals against
*Pts = Points
*Pos = Final position
*N/A = No answer
{{Col-4}}
*TPL = [[Thai Premier League]]
*TL = [[Thai League 1]]
{{Col-4}}
*QR1 = First Qualifying Round
*QR2 = Second Qualifying Round
*QR3 = Third Qualifying Round
*QR4 = Fourth Qualifying Round
*RInt = Intermediate Round
*R1 = Round 1
*R2 = Round 2
*R3 = Round 3
{{Col-4}}
*R4 = Round 4
*R5 = Round 5
*R6 = Round 6
*GR = Group Stage
*QF = Quarter-finals
*SF = Semi-finals
*RU = Runners-up
*S = Shared
*W = Winners
{{Col-end}}

===First team squad===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=Thailand|pos=GK|name= Pornchai Kasikonudompaisan}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=Thailand|pos=DF|name=Suchart Chaiyai}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=Thailand|pos=MF|name=Somyot Pongsuwan}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=South Korea|pos=DF|name=Kim Seong-sik}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=Thailand|pos=DF|name=Nattaphol Sukchai|other=on loan from [[Bangkok Glass F.C.|Bangkok Glass]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=Brazil|pos=FW|name=Igor Carneiro Luiz}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Montenegro|pos=FW|name=[[Žarko Korać (footballer)|Žarko Korać]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=Thailand|pos=DF|name=Natthakit Insao}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=THA|pos=GK|name=[[Teerapong Puttasukha]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[José Almir Barros Neto|Almir Barros]]}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=Thailand|pos=MF|name=Thanakit Norramart}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat= Thailand|pos=MF|name=Rattasak Weing-in}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=Thailand|pos=MF|name=Comsan Muendee}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=Thailand|pos=FW|name=[[Tatree Seeha]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat= Thailand|pos=FW|name=Chatri Rattanawong}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat= Thailand|pos=DF|name=Watcharapon Changkleungmoh}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=Thailand|pos=GK|name=Natchanon Jothavorn}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=Thailand|pos=MF|name=Wongsaphat Silahirunrath}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=Thailand|pos=MF|name=[[Surat Sukha]]}}
{{Fs player|no=38|nat=Thailand|pos=DF|name=Heman Kittiampaiplurk|other=on loan from [[Chonburi F.C.|Chonburi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=40|nat=Thailand|pos=DF|name=Methanon Sutthasen}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=Thailand|pos=MF|name=Pongsak Boonthot}}
{{Fs player|no=90|nat=Thailand|pos=FW|name=Somsak Musikaphan|other=on loan from [[Ratchaburi Mitr Phol F.C.|Ratchaburi Mitr Phol]]}}
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=Thailand|pos=MF|name=Jakkapong Somboon|other=[[Captain (association football)|Captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Laos|pos=MF|name=[[Serisay Barthélémy]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Thailand|pos=MF|name=[[Pornsak Pongthong]]}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Laos|pos=MF|name=[[Soukaphone Vongchiengkham]]}}
{{Fs end}}

===Out on loan===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs end}}

==Coaches==

*{{flagicon|Thailand}} Chartkla Subsongpol {{small|2006 –2009}}
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} Somchart Yimsiri {{small|2009 –2010}}
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} Freddy Marinho {{small| 2010}}
*{{flagicon|South Korea}} Kim Kyung-Ju {{small|2010}}
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Wisoot Wichaya]] {{small| 2010}}
*{{flagicon|England}} [[Dave Booth]] {{small|2010 – 2011}}
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} Reuther Moreira {{small|2011 – 2012}}
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Narong Suwannachot]] {{small|2013}}
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Paniphon Kerdyam]] {{small| 2013 –2014}}
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Chalermwoot Sa-ngapol]] {{small| 2014 – 2016}}
*{{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Božidar Bandović]] {{small| 2016 }}
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Masahiro Wada]] {{small| 2016 }}
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Dusit Chalermsan]] {{small| 2016 –2017}}
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Velizar Popov]] {{small| 2017}}
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Chalermwoot Sa-ngapol]] {{small| 2017 }}
*{{flagicon|Brazil}} Robert Jose da Silva {{small|2017 –2018 }}
*{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Somchai Chuayboonchum]] {{small| 2018 – }}

==Honours==
===Domestic competitions===
[[Provincial League]]
*Winners (1): [[1999–2000 Thailand Provincial League|1999-00]]
[[Thai Division 2 League]]
*Runners Up (1): [[2008 Thailand League Division 2 (Group B)|2008]]
[[Thai League Cup|League Cup]]
*Runners Up (1): [[2015 Thai League Cup|2015]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.sisaketfc.net/ Official Website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/sisaketfc2013/ Official Facebook]
{{Sisaket F.C.}}

{{Thai League 2}}
{{Thai League T1}}
{{Football in Thailand}}

[[Category:Thai League 1 clubs]]
[[Category:Sisaket F.C.| ]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Thailand]]
[[Category:Sport in Sisaket Province]]
[[Category:Ubon Ratchathani Province]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Thailand]]

J. Paul Getty

2018-06-21T03:21:03Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Distinguish|John Paul Getty Jr.|John Paul Getty III}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| image = J Paul Getty crop.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Getty in 1944
|birth_name=Jean Paul Getty
| birth_date = {{birth date|1892|12|15|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1976|6|6|1892|12|15|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]] near [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|Jeanette Demont|1923|1926|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Allene Ashby|1927|1928|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Adolphine Helmle|1928|1932|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Ann Rork Light|Ann Rork]]|1932|1936|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Louise Dudley Lynch|1939|1958|end=div}}
}}
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* [[George Getty|George Franklin Getty]]
* Sarah Catherine McPherson Risher
}}
| children = {{Plainlist|
* 5, including:
* [[John Paul Getty Jr.|Eugene Paul Getty, later John Paul Getty Jr.]]
* [[Gordon Getty|Gordon Peter Getty]]
}}
| net_worth = US$6 billion at the time of his death (approximately ${{Inflation|US|6.0|1976|r=1}} billion inflation adjusted, equivalent to 1/893rd of US [[Gross national product|GNP]] in 1976)<ref name=Wealthy100>{{Citation | first=Michael | last=Klepper | first2=Michael | last2=Gunther | title=The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present | publisher=Carol Publishing Group | location=[[Secaucus, New Jersey]] | date=1996| page=xiii | isbn=978-0-8065-1800-8 | oclc=33818143}}</ref>
}}

'''Jean Paul Getty''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|ɛ|t|i}}; December 15, 1892 – June 6, 1976) was an American-British industrialist.<ref name=NYTobit>{{cite web|first=Alden|last=Whitman|author-link=Alden Whitman|title=J. Paul Getty Dead at 83; Amassed Billions From Oil|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1215.html|department=On This Day|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221174120/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1215.html|archivedate=December 21, 2016|date=June 6, 1976|dead-url=no}}</ref> He founded the [[Getty Oil|Getty Oil Company]], and in 1957 ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine named him the [[Wealthiest Americans (1957)|richest living American]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Lubar|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/03/17/67242/index.htm|title=The Odd Mr. Getty: The possibly richest man in the world was mean, miserly, sexy, fearful of travel and detergents|work=''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|location=New York City|date=March 17, 1986|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> while the 1966 [[Guinness Book of Records]] named him as the world's richest private citizen, worth an estimated $1.2 billion (approximately ${{Inflation|US|1.2|1966|r=2}} billion in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Norris|last1=McWhirter|first2=Ross|last2=McWhirter|title=Guinness Book of Records|publisher=Jim Pattison Group|location=London, England|year=1966|page=229}}</ref> At his death, he was worth more than $6 billion (approximately ${{Inflation|US|6|1976|r=2}} billion in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}).<ref name=Lenzner>Lenzner, Robert. ''The great Getty: the life and loves of J. Paul Getty, richest man in the world''. New York: Crown Publishers, 1985. {{ISBN|0-517-56222-7}}</ref> A book published in 1996 ranked him as the 67th richest American who ever lived, based on his wealth as a percentage of the [[Measures of national income and output|gross national product]].<ref>{{cite book
|first1=Michael M.|last1=Klepper|first2=Robert E.|last2=Gunther|title = The wealthy 100: from Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates: a ranking of the richest Americans, past and present|publisher = Carol Publishing Group|place = Secaucus, New Jersey|year = 1996|isbn = 0-8065-1800-6}}</ref>

Despite his vast wealth, Getty was infamously [[Frugality|frugal]], notably [[John Paul Getty III#Kidnapping|negotiating his grandson's ransom]] in 1973.

Getty was an avid collector of [[art]] and [[antiquities]]; his collection formed the basis of the [[J. Paul Getty Museum]] in [[Los Angeles, California]], and over $661 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|0.661|1976|r=1}} billion in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) of his estate was left to the museum after his death.<ref name=Lenzner/> He established the [[J. Paul Getty Trust]] in 1953. The trust is the world's wealthiest art institution, and operates the J. Paul Getty Museum Complexes: The [[Getty Center]], The [[Getty Villa]] and the [[Getty Foundation]], the [[Getty Research Institute]], and the [[Getty Conservation Institute]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Edward|last=Wyatt|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/30/arts/design/30gett.html|title=Getty Fees and Budget Reassessed|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=April 30, 2009|accessdate=March 30, 2018|page=C1}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Getty was born in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], to Sarah Catherine McPherson (Risher) and [[George Getty]], who was an attorney in the [[insurance]] industry. Paul was raised to be a [[Methodist]] by his parents, his father was a devout [[Christian Scientist]] and both were strict [[teetotalers]]. In 1903, when Paul was 10 years old, George Getty travelled to [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]] and bought the [[mineral rights]] for 1,100 acres of land. Within a few years Getty had established wells on the land which were producing 100,000 barrels of crude oil a month.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=20}}</ref>

As newly-minted millionaires, the family moved to [[Los Angeles]] to escape the harsh Minnesota winters. At age 14 Paul attended [[Harvard Military School]] for a year, followed by [[John H. Francis Polytechnic High School|Polytechnic High School]], where he was given the nickname "Dictionary Getty" because of his love of reading.<ref name="nytimes1976">{{cite article| url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1215.html| title=J. Paul Getty Dead at 83; Amassed Billions from Oil| author=Alden Whitman| publisher=New York Times| date=1976-06-06| access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref> He became fluent in [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] - over the course of his business life he would also become conversational in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]. A love of the [[Classics]] also led him to acquire reading proficiency in [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Latin]].<ref name="nytimes1976"/> He enrolled at the [[University of Southern California]], then at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], but left both before obtaining a degree. Enamored with Europe after travelling abroad with his parents in 1910, on November 28, 1912, Paul enrolled at the [[University of Oxford]]. A [[letter of introduction]] by then-[[President of the United States]] [[William Howard Taft]] enabled him to gain independent instruction from tutors at [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]. Although he did not belong to Magdalen, he claimed that the aristocratic students "accepted me as one of their own," and he would fondly boast of the friends he made, including [[Edward VIII]], the future King of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson|title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=29}}</ref> He obtained his degree in Economics and Political Science in 1914, then spent months travelling throughout Europe and [[Egypt]], before meeting his parents in [[Paris, France|Paris]] and returning with them to America in June 1914.

==Career==
In the autumn of 1914, George Getty gave his son $10,000 to invest in expanding the family's oil field holdings in Oklahoma. The first lot he bought, the Nancy Taylor No. 1 Oil Well Site near [[Haskell, Oklahoma]], was crucial to his early financial success. It struck oil in August 1915 and by the next summer the 40% commission he accrued from it had made him a millionaire.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=34}}</ref>

In 1919, Getty returned to business in Oklahoma. During the 1920s, he added about $3 million to his already sizable estate. His succession of marriages and divorces (three during the 1920s, five throughout his life) so distressed his father, however, that J. Paul inherited a mere $500,000 (approximately [[United States dollar|$]]{{Inflation|US|.5|1930|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) of the $10 million fortune (approximately ${{Inflation|US|10|1930|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) his father George had left at the time of his death in 1930. He was left with one-third of the stock from George Getty Inc., while his mother received the other two thirds, giving her a controlling interest.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=47}}</ref>

In 1936, his mother convinced him to contribute to the establishment of a $3.368 million (about $62.5 million in 2018) [[investment trust]], called the Sarah C. Getty Trust, to ensure that the family's ever-growing wealth could be channeled into a tax-free, secure income for future generations of the Getty family. The trust enabled J. Paul to have easy access to ready capital, which at the time he was funneling into the purchase of [[Tidewater Petroleum]] stock.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=63–5}}</ref>

Shrewdly investing his resources during the [[Great Depression]], Getty acquired [[Pacific Western Oil|Pacific Western Oil Corporation]], and he began the acquisition (completed in 1953) of the Mission Corporation, which included [[Tidewater Petroleum|Tidewater Oil]] and [[Skelly Oil]]. In 1967 the billionaire merged these holdings into Getty Oil.

Beginning in 1949, Getty paid [[Ibn Saud]] $9.5 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|9.5|1949|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) in cash and $1 million a year for a 60-year concession to a tract of barren land near the border of [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Kuwait]]. No oil had ever been discovered there, and none appeared until four years had passed, and $30 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|30|1953|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) had been spent. From 1953 onward, Getty's gamble produced {{convert|16000000|oilbbl}} a year, which contributed greatly to the fortune responsible for making him one of the richest people in the world.

{|class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:25em; max-width: |25%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"|"The meek shall inherit the earth, but not its mineral rights."
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|— dictum attributed to Jean Paul Getty<ref name="Manser2007">{{cite book|last=Manser|first=Martin H.|title=The Facts on File dictionary of proverbs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgaUQc8NbTYC&pg=PA186|accessdate=May 26, 2011|date=April 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6673-5|page=186}}</ref>
|}
Getty increased the family wealth, learning to speak Arabic, which enabled his unparalleled expansion into the [[Middle East]]. Getty owned the controlling interest in nearly 200 businesses, including Getty Oil. Associates identified his overall wealth at between $2 billion and $4 billion. It didn't come easily, perhaps inspiring Getty's widely quoted remark—"The meek shall inherit the earth, but not its mineral rights."<ref>[http://thoughts.forbes.com/thoughts/business-j-paul-getty-the-meek-shall?partner=toprated "Thoughts On The Business Of Life"] at [[Forbes magazine|''Forbes'']]</ref> J. Paul Getty was an owner of [[Getty Oil]], Getty Inc., George F. Getty Inc., Pacific Western Oil Corporation, Mission Corporation, Mission Development Company, [[Tidewater Oil]], [[Skelly Oil]], Mexican Seaboard Oil, Petroleum Corporation of America, [[Spartan Aircraft Company]], Spartan Cafeteria Company, Minnehoma Insurance Company, Minnehoma Financial Company, [[Pierre Hotel]] at Fifth Avenue and East 61st Street (NYC), Pierre Marques Hotel at Revolcadero Beach near Acapulco, Mexico, a 15th-century palace and nearby castle at Ladispoli on the coast northwest of Rome, a Malibu ranch home and [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]], a 72-room mansion near [[Guildford, Surrey]], 35 miles from London.<ref>{{cite news|first=Clyde H.|last=Farnsworth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/30/surrey-estate-seat-of-getty-empire.html|title=Surrey Estate Seat of Getty Empire|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=July 30, 1964|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref>

He moved to [[the United Kingdom|Britain]] in the 1950s and became a prominent [[Anglophile|admirer]] of England, its people, and its culture. He lived and worked at his 16th-century [[Tudor period|Tudor]] estate, [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]]; the traditional country house became the centre of Getty Oil and his associated companies and he used the estate to entertain his British and Arabian friends (including the [[Rothschild banking family of England|British Rothschild family]] and numerous rulers of Middle Eastern countries). Getty lived the rest of his life in England, dying of [[heart failure]] at the age of 83 on June 6, 1976.

===Art collection===
Getty's first forays into collecting began in the late 1930s, when he took inspiration from the collection of 18th century French paintings and furniture owned by the landlord of his New York City penthouse, Mrs. Amy Guest, a relation of [[Sir Winston Churchill]].<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=72}}</ref> He fell in love with 18th century France and began buying furniture from the period at knock-down prices because of the still-depressed art market. He wrote several books on collecting: "Europe and the 18th Century" (1949), "Collector's Choice: The Chronicle of an Artistic Odyssey through Europe" (1955) and "The Joys of Collecting" (1965). The overwhelming goal in his collecting was to buy items at a bargain which would offer a sure return on his investment. His stinginess limited the range of his collecting because he refused to pay full-price: his companion in later life, Penelope Kitson, would comment that "Paul was really too mean ever to allow himself to buy a great painting."<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=84}}</ref> Nonetheless, at the time of his death he owned more than 600 items valued at over $4 million (approximately $17.5 million in 2018 USD), including paintings by [[Rubens]], [[Titian]], [[Thomas Gainsborough|Gainsborough]], [[Renoir]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Degas]], and [[Monet]].<ref name="nytimes1976"/> During the 1950s, Getty's interests shifted to [[Greco-Roman]] sculpture, which led to the building of the [[Getty Villa]] in the 1970s to house the collection.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=86–7}}</ref> These items were transferred to the [[Getty Museum]] and the Getty Villa in Los Angeles after his death.

==Marriages, divorces and children==
Getty was a notorious womanizer from the time of his youth, something which horrified his conservative Christian parents. His lawyer Robin Lund once said that “Paul could hardly ever say ‘no’ to a woman, or ‘yes’ to a man.” <ref name="vanityfair.com">{{cite news|first=Julie|last=Miller|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/03/fx-trust-john-paul-getty-girlfriends|title= Yes, J. Paul Getty Reportedly Had as Many Live-In Girlfriends as FX’s ''Trust'' Claims|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=
[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|date=March 25, 2018|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> [[Lord Beaverbrook]] had called him "[[Priapus|Priapic]]" and "ever-ready" in his sexual habits.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/>

In 1917, when he was 25, a [[paternity suit]] was filed against Getty in Los Angeles by Elsie Eckstrom, who claimed he was the father of her newborn daughter Paula.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson|title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=36–7}}</ref> Eckstrom claimed that Getty had taken her virginity and fathered the child, while his legal team tried to undermine her credibility by claiming that she had a history of [[promiscuity]]. In late 1917 he agreed to a settlement of $10,000, upon which she left town with the baby and was never heard of again.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson| title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City|p=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite article| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-03-23/books/bk-5461_1_j-paul-getty| title=The Great Getty : THE LIFE AND LOVES OF J. PAUL GETTY--RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD by Robert Lenzner (Crown: $18.95; 304 pp.) : THE HOUSE OF GETTY by Russell Miller (Henry Holt: $17.65; 362 pp.)| author=Bevis Hillier| publisher=Los Angeles Times| date=1986-03-26| access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>

Getty was married and divorced five times. He had five sons with four of his wives:<ref name=Lenzner/><ref name=Vallely>{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Vallely|url=http://www.kin.co.uk/news/41.html|title=Don't keep it in the family|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226081524/http://www.kin.co.uk/news/41.html |work=The Independent|publisher=Independent Print Ltd.|location=London, England|date=July 19, 2007|via=[[Wayback Machine|The Wayback Machine]]|archive-date=December 26, 2010}}</ref>
# Jeanette Demont (married 1923 – divorced 1926); one son [[George F. Getty II|George Franklin Getty II]] (1924–1973)
# Allene Ashby (1926–1928) no children<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jean Paul|last=Getty|title=As I see it: the autobiography of J. Paul Getty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-_hLLdVhCwC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Getty Publications|location=Los Angeles, California|year=1976|page=91|accessdate= September 13, 2011}}</ref> Getty met 17-year-old Ashby, the daughter of a [[Texas]] rancher, in [[Mexico City]] while he was studying [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and overseeing his family's business interests. They eloped to [[Cuernavaca, Mexico]], but the marriage was [[bigamy|bigamous]] as he was not yet divorced from Jeanette. The two quickly decided to dissolve the union while still in Mexico.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson| title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=42}}</ref>
# Adolphine Helmle (1928–1932); one son Jean Ronald Getty (1929–2009), whose son, Christopher Ronald Getty, married [[Pia Getty|Pia Miller]], sister of [[Marie-Chantal, Crown Princess of Greece]]. Like his first and second wives, Adolphine was 17 years-old when Getty met her on holiday in [[Vienna, Austria|Vienna]]. Helmle was the daughter of a prominent German doctor, who was strongly opposed to her marrying the twice-divorced, 36-year-old Getty.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson| title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=45}}</ref> The two eloped to Cuernavaca, where he had married Allene Ashby, then settled in Los Angeles. Following the birth of their son, Getty lost interest in her and her father convinced her to return to Germany with their child in 1929. After a protracted and contentious battle, the divorce was finalized in August 1932, with Adolphine receiving a huge sum for [[punitive damage]]s and full custody of Ronald.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=48,59–60}}</ref>
# [[Ann Rork Light|Ann Rork]] (1932–1936); two sons [[John Paul Getty Jr.|Eugene Paul Getty]], later John Paul Getty Jr (1932–2003) and [[Gordon Getty|Gordon Peter Getty]] (born 1934). Getty was introduced to Rork when she was 14 years old, but she didn't become his romantic partner until she was 21 in 1930. Because he was in the midst of his divorce from Adolphine, the couple had to wait two years before they married. He was largely absent during their marriage, staying for long stretches of time in Europe. In 1936 she sued him for divorce, alleging emotional abuse and neglect. She also described an incident while the two were abroad in [[Italy]], in which she claimed Getty had forced her to climb to view the crater of [[Mount Vesuvius]] while she was heavily pregnant with their first son.<ref name="autogenerated71">{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=71}}</ref> The court decided in her favor and she was awarded $2,500 per month [[alimony]] plus $1,000 each in [[child support]] for her sons.<ref name="autogenerated71"/>
# [[Teddy Getty Gaston|Louise Dudley "Teddy" Lynch]] (1939–1958); one son Timothy Ware Getty (1946–1958)

At age 99, in 2013, Getty's fifth wife, Louise—now known as Teddy Getty Gaston—published a memoir reporting how Getty had scolded her for spending money too freely in the 1950s on the treatment of their six-year-old son, Timmy, who had become blind from a [[brain tumor]]. Timmy died at age 12, and Getty, living in England apart from his wife and son back in the U.S., did not attend the funeral. Teddy divorced him that year.<ref name=Newman>{{cite news|first=Judith|last=Newman|title=His Favorite Wife: 'Alone Together,' by Teddy Getty Gaston|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/books/review/alone-together-by-teddy-getty-gaston.html |work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=August 30, 2013|accessdate=August 31, 2013}}</ref> Teddy Gaston died in April 2017 at the age of 103.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Miller|url=http://people.com/celebrity/teddy-getty-gaston-dies-j-paul-getty-ex-wife/|title=J. Paul Getty’s Ex-Wife Teddy Getty Gaston Dies at 103|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|location=New York City|date=April 10, 2017|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref>

Getty was quoted as saying "A lasting relationship with a woman is only possible if you are a business failure",<ref name=Vallely/> and "I hate to be a failure. I hate and regret the failure of my marriages. I would gladly give all my millions for just one lasting marital success."<ref>{{cite web|first1=Linda|last1=Bloom|first2=Charlie|last2=Bloom|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/stronger-the-broken-places/201204/the-price-success|title=The Price of Success|work=[[Psychology Today]]|publisher=Sussex Publishers|location=New York City|date=April 24, 2012|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref>

==Kidnapping of grandson John Paul Getty III==
{{Main|John Paul Getty III}}

On July 10, 1973, in Rome, [['Ndrangheta]] kidnappers abducted Getty's 16-year-old grandson, [[John Paul Getty III]], and demanded by telephone a $17 million payment (approximately [[United States dollar|$]]{{Inflation|US|17|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) for the young man's safe return. However, "the family suspected a ploy by the rebellious teenager to extract money from his miserly grandfather."<ref name=TelegraphPaulObit>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1427781/Sir-Paul-Getty.html|title=Sir Paul Getty (obituary)|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|location=London, England|date=April 17, 2003|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> [[John Paul Getty Jr.]] asked his father for the money, but was refused.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1386478.stm|title=Profile: Sir John Paul Getty II|publisher=BBC News|location=London, England|date=13 June 2001|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref>

In November 1973, an envelope containing a lock of hair and a human ear arrived at a daily newspaper. The second demand had been delayed three weeks by an Italian postal strike.<ref name=TelegraphPaulObit/> The demand threatened that Paul would be further mutilated unless the victims paid $3.2 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|3.2|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}): "This is Paul’s ear. If we don’t get some money within 10 days, then the other ear will arrive. In other words, he will arrive in little bits."<ref name=TelegraphPaulObit/>

When the kidnappers finally reduced their demands to $3 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|3|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}), Getty senior agreed to pay no more than $2.2 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|2.2|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) – the maximum that would be tax-deductible. He lent his son the remaining $800,000 (approximately ${{Inflation|US|.8|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) at 4% interest. Paul III was found alive in a [[Lauria]] filling station, in the [[province of Potenza]], shortly after the ransom was paid.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.ilpost.it/2013/07/10/paul-getty/2/|work=[[Il Post]]|title=Il rapimento di Paul Getty|language= it|date= July 10, 2013}}</ref> After his release Paul III called his grandfather to thank him for paying the ransom but, it is claimed, Getty refused to come to the phone.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|first=Bruce|last=Weber|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/world/europe/08gettyobit.html |title=J. Paul Getty III, 54, Dies; Had Ear Cut Off by Captors|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=February 7, 2011|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> Nine people associated with 'Ndrangheta were later arrested for the kidnapping, but only two were convicted.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Paul III was permanently affected by the trauma and became a drug addict. After a stroke brought on by a cocktail of drugs and alcohol in 1981, Paul III was rendered speechless, nearly blind and partially paralyzed for the rest of his life. He died 30 years later on February 5, 2011, at the age of 54.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

Getty defended his initial refusal to pay the ransom on two points. First, he argued that to submit to the kidnappers' demands would immediately place his other fourteen grandchildren at the risk of copy-cat kidnappers. He added:

{{quote|The second reason for my refusal was much broader-based. I contend that acceding to the demands of criminals and terrorists merely guarantees the continuing increase and spread of lawlessness, violence and such outrages as terror-bombings, "skyjackings" and the slaughter of hostages that plague our present-day world. (Getty, 1976, p. 139).}}

==Reputation for frugality==
Many anecdotal stories exist of Getty's reputed thriftiness, which struck observers as comical, even perverse, because of his extreme wealth.<ref name="Refinery29.com">{{cite article| first=Elana| last=Nicolaou| url=//www.refinery29.com/2018/03/194296/was-jp-getty-cheap-refused-paying-ransom-trust-drama?bucketed=true| title=Was J Paul Getty Really THAT Cheap?| publisher=[[Refinery29|Refinery29.com]]|location=New York City| date=March 25, 2018| access-date=March 29, 2018}}</ref> The two most famous examples are his refusal to pay his grandson's ransom, and the notorious pay-phone which he had installed at Sutton Place. A darker incident was his fifth wife's claim that Getty had scolded her for spending too much on their terminally ill sons' medical treatment, though he was worth tens of millions of dollars at the time.<ref name="Refinery29.com"/> He was well known for bargaining on almost everything to obtain a rock-bottom price, including for suites at luxury hotels and virtually all purchases like art work and real estate. Sutton Place, for instance, a 72-room mansion, was purchased from [[George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 5th Duke of Sutherland]] in 1959 for the extremely low price of ₤60,000 (about ₤1.338 million in 2018 GBP), about half of what the Duke had paid when he bought it 40 years earlier.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=113}}</ref>

*His secretary claimed that Getty did his own laundry by hand, because he didn't want to pay for his clothes to be laundered, and when his shirts would become frayed at the cuffs, he would simply trim off the frayed part instead of purchasing new shirts.<ref>{{cite article|first=Debbie|last=Jackson|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/homepagelatest/throwback-tulsa-billionaire-j-paul-getty-got-his-start-in/article_52fe4523-5205-5022-b612-c053c31312b4.html| title=Throwback Tulsa: Billionaire J. Paul Getty got his start in Tulsa | work=[[Tulsa World]]|publisher=BH Media|location=Tulsa, Oklahoma|date=December 10, 2017| access-date=March 29, 2018}}</ref>
*Re-using stationery was another obsession of Getty's. He had a habit of writing responses to letters on the margins and mailing them back, rather than use a new sheet of paper. He also carefully saved and re-used [[manila envelope]]s, rubber bands, and other office supplies.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=69, 121}}</ref>
*When Getty took a group of friends to a dog show in London, he made them walk around the block for 10 minutes until the tickets became half-priced at 5 pm, because he didn't want to pay the full 5 [[Shilling (British coin)|shillings]] per head (about ₤12/$17 in 2018).<ref name="Refinery29.com"/>
*His decision to move to Sutton Place was made in part because the [[cost of living]] was cheaper than in [[London]], where he had resided at the [[The Ritz Hotel, London|Ritz]]. He boasted to [[Art Buchwald]] that it cost 10 cents for a [[rum and coke]] at Sutton Place, whereas at the Ritz it was over a dollar.<ref name="Refinery29.com"/>

Author [[John Pearson (author)|John Pearson]] attributed part of this extreme penny-pinching to the [[Methodist]] sensibility of Getty's upbringing, which emphasized modest living and personal economy. His business-like attention to the bottom-line was also a major factor: "He would allow himself no self-indulgence in the purchase of a place to live, a work of art, even a piece of furniture, unless he could convince himself that it would appreciate in value."
<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=42}}</ref> Getty himself claimed that his frugality towards others was a response to people taking advantage of him and not paying their fair share: "It's not the money I object to, it's the principle of the thing that bothers me..."<ref name="nytimes1976"/>

===Coin-box telephone===
Getty famously had a pay phone installed at Sutton Place, helping to seal his reputation as a miser.<ref>{{cite news|first=Julie|last=Miller|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/12/all-the-money-in-the-world-j-paul-getty|title=The Enigma of J. Paul Getty, the One-Time Richest Man in the World|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|date=December 22, 2017|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> Getty placed dial-locks on all the regular telephones, limiting their use to authorized staff, and the coin-box telephone was installed for others. In his autobiography, he described his reasons:

{{quote|Now, for months after [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]] was purchased, great numbers of people came in and out of the house. Some were visiting businessmen. Others were artisans or workmen engaged in renovation and refurbishing. Still others were tradesmen making deliveries of merchandise. Suddenly, the Sutton Place telephone bills began to soar. The reason was obvious. Each of the regular telephones in the house has direct access to outside lines and thus to long-distance and even overseas operators. All sorts of people were making the best of a rare opportunity. They were picking up Sutton Place phones and placing calls to girlfriends in [[Geneva]] or [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and to aunts, uncles and third cousins twice-removed in [[Caracas]] and [[Cape Town]]. The costs of their friendly chats were, of course, charged to the Sutton Place bill.<ref>Getty, 1976, pg.319</ref>}}

When speaking in a televised interview with [[Alan Whicker]] in February 1963,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Solitary Billionaire J. Paul Getty|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00nw1t5 |work=Talk at the BBC|publisher=BBC |accessdate=April 6, 2012}}</ref> Getty said that he thought guests would want to use a payphone.<ref>''Talk at the BBC'', BBC Four, April 5, 2012</ref> After 18 months, Getty explained, "The in-and-out traffic flow at Sutton subsided. Management and operation of the house settled into a reasonable routine. With that, the pay-telephone [was] removed, and the dial-locks were taken off the telephones in the house."<ref>Getty, 1976, p. 320</ref>

==Later years & death==
On June 30, 1960, Getty threw a 21st birthday party for a relation of his friend, the [[Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk|16th Duke of Norfolk]], which served as a housewarming party for the newly-purchased Sutton Place.<ref name="autogenerated119">{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=119}}</ref> 1,200 guests consisting of the cream of British society were invited. Party goers were irritated by Getty's stinginess, such as not providing cigarettes and relegating everyone to using [[creosote]] [[portable toilet]]s outside. At about 10pm the party descended into pandemonium as [[party crasher]]s arrived from London, swelling the already overcrowded halls, causing an estimated ₤20,000 in damages.<ref name="autogenerated119"/> A valuable silver [[ewer]] by the 18th century [[silversmith]] [[Paul de Lamerie]] was stolen, but returned anonymously when the London newspapers began covering the theft.<ref>{{cite article| url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-wild-was-j-paul-gettys-notorious-british-party| title=How Wild Was J. Paul Getty's Notorious British Party?| author=Anthony Haden-Guest| publisher=The Daily Beast| date=2015-09-27| access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref> The failure of the event made the newly-arrived Getty the object of ridicule, and he never threw another large party again.

Getty remained an inveterate hard worker, boasting at age 74 that he often worked 16 to 18 hours per day overseeing his operations across the world.<ref name="nytimes1976"/> The Arab-Israeli [[Yom Kippur War]] of October 1973 caused a worldwide oil shortage for years to come. In this period, the value of Getty Oil shares quadrupled, with Getty enjoying personal earnings of $25.8 million in 1975 (appr. $120 million in 2018 USD).<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=199}}</ref>

His insatiable appetite for women and sex also continued well into his 80s. He used an experimental drug, "H3", to maintain his potency.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/> Getty met the English interior designer Penelope Kitson in the 1950s and entrusted her with decorating his homes and the public rooms of the [[oil tanker]]s he was launching. From 1960 she resided in a cottage on the grounds of Sutton Place, and, though she did not have a sexual relationship with him, Getty held her in high respect and trust. Other mistresses who resided at Sutton Place included the married Mary Teissier, a distant cousin of the last [[Tsar of Russia]], [[Lady Ursula d'Abo]], who had close connections to the British Royal Family, and [[Nicaragua]]n-born Rosabella Burch.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/>

''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote of Getty's domestic arrangement that: “[Getty] ended his life with a collection of desperately hopeful women, all living together in his Tudor mansion in England, none of them aware that his favorite pastime was rewriting his will, changing his insultingly small bequests: $209 a month to one, $1,167 to another.”<ref>{{cite article|first=Jane|last=O'Reilly|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/30/books/isn-t-it-funny-what-money-can-do.html| title=Isn't It Funny What Money Can Do?| work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=March 30, 1986|accessdate=March 29, 2018}}</ref> Only Penelope Kitson received a handsome bequest upon Getty's death: 5,000 Getty Oil shares (appr. $826,500 in 1976), which doubled in value during the 1980s, and a $1,167 monthly income.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/>

Getty died June 6, 1976, in [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]] near [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]], [[England]].<ref name=NYTobit/> He was buried in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles County, California at the [[Getty Villa]]. The gravesite is not open to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=getty&GSfn=j&GSmn=paul&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=6730&df=all&|title=J. Paul Getty (1892 - 1976) |publisher=[[Find a Grave]]}}</ref>

== Media portrayals ==
The 2017 film ''[[All the Money in the World]]''{{spaced ndash}}directed by [[Ridley Scott]] and adapted from the book ''Painfully Rich: The Outrageous Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Heirs of J. Paul Getty'' by [[John Pearson (author)|John Pearson]]{{spaced ndash}}is a dramatisation of the abduction of Getty's grandson. [[Kevin Spacey]] originally portrayed Getty. However, after multiple sexual assault allegations against the actor, his scenes were cut and re-shot with [[Christopher Plummer]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/ridley-scott-reveals-how-kevin-spacey-was-erased-all-money-world-1068755|title= Ridley Scott Reveals How Kevin Spacey Was Erased From 'All the Money in the World'|last= Giardina|first=Carolyn|date=December 18, 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=December 26, 2017}}</ref> Plummer was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-nominations-2018-complete-list-nominees-1067893 |title=Oscars: 'Shape of Water' Leads With 13 Noms |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 23, 2018|accessdate=January 23, 2018}}</ref>

The kidnapping is also dramatized in first season of the American anthology drama series ''[[Trust (U.S. TV series)|Trust]]'', in which Getty is portrayed by [[Donald Sutherland]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Petski|first1=Denise|title=FX Sets 'Atlanta' & 'The Americans' Return Dates, 'Trust' Premiere – TCA|url=http://deadline.com/2018/01/fx-atlanta-the-americans-trust-premiere-dates-1202236211/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation|Penske Business Media, LLC]]|accessdate=January 5, 2018|date=January 5, 2018}}</ref>

==Published works==
* Getty, J. Paul. ''The history of the bigger oil business of George F.S. F. and J. Paul Getty from 1903 to 1939''. Los Angeles?, 1941.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''Europe in the Eighteenth Century''. [Santa Monica, Calif.]: privately printed, 1949.
* Le Vane, Ethel, and J. Paul Getty. ''Collector's Choice: The Chronicle of an Artistic Odyssey through Europe''. London: W.H. Allen, 1955.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''My Life and Fortunes''. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1963.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''The Joys of Collecting''. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1965.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''How to be Rich''. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1965.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''The Golden Age''. New York: Trident Press, 1968.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''How to be a Successful Executive''. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1971.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''As I See It: The Autobiography of J. Paul Getty''. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1976. {{ISBN|0-13-049593-X}}.
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[List of wealthiest historical figures]]
* [[List of richest Americans in history]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Hewins, Ralph. ''The Richest American: J. Paul Getty''. New York: Dutton, 1960.
* Lund, Robina. ''The Getty I Knew''. Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1977. {{ISBN|0-8362-6601-3}}.
* Miller, Russell. ''The House of Getty''. New York: Henry Holt, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8050-0023-2}}.
* [[Somerset de Chair|de Chair, Somerset Struben]]. ''Getty on Getty: a man in a billion''. London: Cassell, 1989. {{ISBN|0-304-31807-8}}.
* Pearson, John. ''Painfully Rich: J. Paul Getty and His Heirs''. London: Macmillan, 1995. {{ISBN|0-333-59033-3}}.
* Wooster, Martin Morse. ''Philanthropy Hall of Fame, J. Paul Getty''. [http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/j._paul_getty philanthropyroundtable.org.]

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=J. Paul Getty |commonscat=yes |n=no |q=J._Paul_Getty |d=Q318591 |s=no |b=no |v=no}}
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cifaia40009 J. Paul Getty diaries, 1938–1946, 1948–1976] finding aid, Getty Research Institute.
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cifaia20009 J. Paul Getty family collected papers, 1880s–1989, undated (bulk 1911–1977)] finding aid, Getty Research Institute.

{{Getty Trust}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Getty, J. Paul}}
[[Category:Getty family|J. Paul]]
[[Category:American art collectors]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American business writers]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in the oil industry]]
[[Category:American billionaires]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:Museum founders]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:J. Paul Getty Trust|J]]
[[Category:People associated with the J. Paul Getty Museum| ]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from California]]
[[Category:American emigrants to England]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Minneapolis]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:English people of American descent]]

J. Paul Getty

2018-06-21T03:20:03Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Distinguish|John Paul Getty Jr.|John Paul Getty III}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| image = J Paul Getty crop.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Getty in 1944
|birth_name=Jean Paul Getty
| birth_date = {{birth date|1892|12|15|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], [[United States]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1976|6|6|1892|12|15|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]] near [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|Jeanette Demont|1923|1926|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Allene Ashby|1927|1928|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Adolphine Helmle|1928|1932|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Ann Rork Light|Ann Rork]]|1932|1936|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Louise Dudley Lynch|1939|1958|end=div}}
}}
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* [[George Getty|George Franklin Getty]]
* Sarah Catherine McPherson Risher
}}
| children = {{Plainlist|
* 5, including:
* [[John Paul Getty Jr.|Eugene Paul Getty, later John Paul Getty Jr.]]
* [[Gordon Getty|Gordon Peter Getty]]
}}
| net_worth = US$6 billion at the time of his death (approximately ${{Inflation|US|6.0|1976|r=1}} billion inflation adjusted, equivalent to 1/893rd of US [[Gross national product|GNP]] in 1976)<ref name=Wealthy100>{{Citation | first=Michael | last=Klepper | first2=Michael | last2=Gunther | title=The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present | publisher=Carol Publishing Group | location=[[Secaucus, New Jersey]] | date=1996| page=xiii | isbn=978-0-8065-1800-8 | oclc=33818143}}</ref>
}}

'''Jean Paul Getty''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|ɛ|t|i}}; December 15, 1892 – June 6, 1976) was an American-British industrialist.<ref name=NYTobit>{{cite web|first=Alden|last=Whitman|author-link=Alden Whitman|title=J. Paul Getty Dead at 83; Amassed Billions From Oil|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1215.html|department=On This Day|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221174120/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1215.html|archivedate=December 21, 2016|date=June 6, 1976|dead-url=no}}</ref> He founded the [[Getty Oil|Getty Oil Company]], and in 1957 ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine named him the [[Wealthiest Americans (1957)|richest living American]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Lubar|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/03/17/67242/index.htm|title=The Odd Mr. Getty: The possibly richest man in the world was mean, miserly, sexy, fearful of travel and detergents|work=''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|location=New York City|date=March 17, 1986|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> while the 1966 [[Guinness Book of Records]] named him as the world's richest private citizen, worth an estimated $1.2 billion (approximately ${{Inflation|US|1.2|1966|r=2}} billion in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Norris|last1=McWhirter|first2=Ross|last2=McWhirter|title=Guinness Book of Records|publisher=Jim Pattison Group|location=London, England|year=1966|page=229}}</ref> At his death, he was worth more than $6 billion (approximately ${{Inflation|US|6|1976|r=2}} billion in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}).<ref name=Lenzner>Lenzner, Robert. ''The great Getty: the life and loves of J. Paul Getty, richest man in the world''. New York: Crown Publishers, 1985. {{ISBN|0-517-56222-7}}</ref> A book published in 1996 ranked him as the 67th richest American who ever lived, based on his wealth as a percentage of the [[Measures of national income and output|gross national product]].<ref>{{cite book
|first1=Michael M.|last1=Klepper|first2=Robert E.|last2=Gunther|title = The wealthy 100: from Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates: a ranking of the richest Americans, past and present|publisher = Carol Publishing Group|place = Secaucus, New Jersey|year = 1996|isbn = 0-8065-1800-6}}</ref>

Despite his vast wealth, Getty was infamously [[Frugality|frugal]], notably [[John Paul Getty III#Kidnapping|negotiating his grandson's ransom]] in 1973.

Getty was an avid collector of [[art]] and [[antiquities]]; his collection formed the basis of the [[J. Paul Getty Museum]] in [[Los Angeles, California]], and over $661 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|0.661|1976|r=1}} billion in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) of his estate was left to the museum after his death.<ref name=Lenzner/> He established the [[J. Paul Getty Trust]] in 1953. The trust is the world's wealthiest art institution, and operates the J. Paul Getty Museum Complexes: The [[Getty Center]], The [[Getty Villa]] and the [[Getty Foundation]], the [[Getty Research Institute]], and the [[Getty Conservation Institute]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Edward|last=Wyatt|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/30/arts/design/30gett.html|title=Getty Fees and Budget Reassessed|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=April 30, 2009|accessdate=March 30, 2018|page=C1}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Getty was born in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], to Sarah Catherine McPherson (Risher) and [[George Getty]], who was an attorney in the [[insurance]] industry. Paul was raised to be a [[Methodist]] by his parents, his father was a devout [[Christian Scientist]] and both were strict [[teetotalers]]. In 1903, when Paul was 10 years old, George Getty travelled to [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]] and bought the [[mineral rights]] for 1,100 acres of land. Within a few years Getty had established wells on the land which were producing 100,000 barrels of crude oil a month.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=20}}</ref>

As newly-minted millionaires, the family moved to [[Los Angeles]] to escape the harsh Minnesota winters. At age 14 Paul attended [[Harvard Military School]] for a year, followed by [[John H. Francis Polytechnic High School|Polytechnic High School]], where he was given the nickname "Dictionary Getty" because of his love of reading.<ref name="nytimes1976">{{cite article| url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1215.html| title=J. Paul Getty Dead at 83; Amassed Billions from Oil| author=Alden Whitman| publisher=New York Times| date=1976-06-06| access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref> He became fluent in [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] - over the course of his business life he would also become conversational in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]. A love of the [[Classics]] also led him to acquire reading proficiency in [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Latin]].<ref name="nytimes1976"/> He enrolled at the [[University of Southern California]], then at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], but left both before obtaining a degree. Enamored with Europe after travelling abroad with his parents in 1910, on November 28, 1912, Paul enrolled at the [[University of Oxford]]. A [[letter of introduction]] by then-[[President of the United States]] [[William Howard Taft]] enabled him to gain independent instruction from tutors at [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]. Although he did not belong to Magdalen, he claimed that the aristocratic students "accepted me as one of their own," and he would fondly boast of the friends he made, including [[Edward VIII]], the future King of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson|title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=29}}</ref> He obtained his degree in Economics and Political Science in 1914, then spent months travelling throughout Europe and [[Egypt]], before meeting his parents in [[Paris, France|Paris]] and returning with them to America in June 1914.

==Career==
In the autumn of 1914, George Getty gave his son $10,000 to invest in expanding the family's oil field holdings in Oklahoma. The first lot he bought, the Nancy Taylor No. 1 Oil Well Site near [[Haskell, Oklahoma]], was crucial to his early financial success. It struck oil in August 1915 and by the next summer the 40% commission he accrued from it had made him a millionaire.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=34}}</ref>

In 1919, Getty returned to business in Oklahoma. During the 1920s, he added about $3 million to his already sizable estate. His succession of marriages and divorces (three during the 1920s, five throughout his life) so distressed his father, however, that J. Paul inherited a mere $500,000 (approximately [[United States dollar|$]]{{Inflation|US|.5|1930|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) of the $10 million fortune (approximately ${{Inflation|US|10|1930|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) his father George had left at the time of his death in 1930. He was left with one-third of the stock from George Getty Inc., while his mother received the other two thirds, giving her a controlling interest.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=47}}</ref>

In 1936, his mother convinced him to contribute to the establishment of a $3.368 million (about $62.5 million in 2018) [[investment trust]], called the Sarah C. Getty Trust, to ensure that the family's ever-growing wealth could be channeled into a tax-free, secure income for future generations of the Getty family. The trust enabled J. Paul to have easy access to ready capital, which at the time he was funneling into the purchase of [[Tidewater Petroleum]] stock.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=63–5}}</ref>

Shrewdly investing his resources during the [[Great Depression]], Getty acquired [[Pacific Western Oil|Pacific Western Oil Corporation]], and he began the acquisition (completed in 1953) of the Mission Corporation, which included [[Tidewater Petroleum|Tidewater Oil]] and [[Skelly Oil]]. In 1967 the billionaire merged these holdings into Getty Oil.

Beginning in 1949, Getty paid [[Ibn Saud]] $9.5 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|9.5|1949|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) in cash and $1 million a year for a 60-year concession to a tract of barren land near the border of [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Kuwait]]. No oil had ever been discovered there, and none appeared until four years had passed, and $30 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|30|1953|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) had been spent. From 1953 onward, Getty's gamble produced {{convert|16000000|oilbbl}} a year, which contributed greatly to the fortune responsible for making him one of the richest people in the world.

{|class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:25em; max-width: |25%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"|"The meek shall inherit the earth, but not its mineral rights."
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|— dictum attributed to Jean Paul Getty<ref name="Manser2007">{{cite book|last=Manser|first=Martin H.|title=The Facts on File dictionary of proverbs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgaUQc8NbTYC&pg=PA186|accessdate=May 26, 2011|date=April 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6673-5|page=186}}</ref>
|}
Getty increased the family wealth, learning to speak Arabic, which enabled his unparalleled expansion into the [[Middle East]]. Getty owned the controlling interest in nearly 200 businesses, including Getty Oil. Associates identified his overall wealth at between $2 billion and $4 billion. It didn't come easily, perhaps inspiring Getty's widely quoted remark—"The meek shall inherit the earth, but not its mineral rights."<ref>[http://thoughts.forbes.com/thoughts/business-j-paul-getty-the-meek-shall?partner=toprated "Thoughts On The Business Of Life"] at [[Forbes magazine|''Forbes'']]</ref> J. Paul Getty was an owner of [[Getty Oil]], Getty Inc., George F. Getty Inc., Pacific Western Oil Corporation, Mission Corporation, Mission Development Company, [[Tidewater Oil]], [[Skelly Oil]], Mexican Seaboard Oil, Petroleum Corporation of America, [[Spartan Aircraft Company]], Spartan Cafeteria Company, Minnehoma Insurance Company, Minnehoma Financial Company, [[Pierre Hotel]] at Fifth Avenue and East 61st Street (NYC), Pierre Marques Hotel at Revolcadero Beach near Acapulco, Mexico, a 15th-century palace and nearby castle at Ladispoli on the coast northwest of Rome, a Malibu ranch home and [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]], a 72-room mansion near [[Guildford, Surrey]], 35 miles from London.<ref>{{cite news|first=Clyde H.|last=Farnsworth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/30/surrey-estate-seat-of-getty-empire.html|title=Surrey Estate Seat of Getty Empire|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=July 30, 1964|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref>

He moved to [[the United Kingdom|Britain]] in the 1950s and became a prominent [[Anglophile|admirer]] of England, its people, and its culture. He lived and worked at his 16th-century [[Tudor period|Tudor]] estate, [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]]; the traditional country house became the centre of Getty Oil and his associated companies and he used the estate to entertain his British and Arabian friends (including the [[Rothschild banking family of England|British Rothschild family]] and numerous rulers of Middle Eastern countries). Getty lived the rest of his life in England, dying of [[heart failure]] at the age of 83 on June 6, 1976.

===Art collection===
Getty's first forays into collecting began in the late 1930s, when he took inspiration from the collection of 18th century French paintings and furniture owned by the landlord of his New York City penthouse, Mrs. Amy Guest, a relation of [[Sir Winston Churchill]].<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=72}}</ref> He fell in love with 18th century France and began buying furniture from the period at knock-down prices because of the still-depressed art market. He wrote several books on collecting: "Europe and the 18th Century" (1949), "Collector's Choice: The Chronicle of an Artistic Odyssey through Europe" (1955) and "The Joys of Collecting" (1965). The overwhelming goal in his collecting was to buy items at a bargain which would offer a sure return on his investment. His stinginess limited the range of his collecting because he refused to pay full-price: his companion in later life, Penelope Kitson, would comment that "Paul was really too mean ever to allow himself to buy a great painting."<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=84}}</ref> Nonetheless, at the time of his death he owned more than 600 items valued at over $4 million (approximately $17.5 million in 2018 USD), including paintings by [[Rubens]], [[Titian]], [[Thomas Gainsborough|Gainsborough]], [[Renoir]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Degas]], and [[Monet]].<ref name="nytimes1976"/> During the 1950s, Getty's interests shifted to [[Greco-Roman]] sculpture, which led to the building of the [[Getty Villa]] in the 1970s to house the collection.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=86–7}}</ref> These items were transferred to the [[Getty Museum]] and the Getty Villa in Los Angeles after his death.

==Marriages, divorces and children==
Getty was a notorious womanizer from the time of his youth, something which horrified his conservative Christian parents. His lawyer Robin Lund once said that “Paul could hardly ever say ‘no’ to a woman, or ‘yes’ to a man.” <ref name="vanityfair.com">{{cite news|first=Julie|last=Miller|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/03/fx-trust-john-paul-getty-girlfriends|title= Yes, J. Paul Getty Reportedly Had as Many Live-In Girlfriends as FX’s ''Trust'' Claims|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=
[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|date=March 25, 2018|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> [[Lord Beaverbrook]] had called him "[[Priapus|Priapic]]" and "ever-ready" in his sexual habits.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/>

In 1917, when he was 25, a [[paternity suit]] was filed against Getty in Los Angeles by Elsie Eckstrom, who claimed he was the father of her newborn daughter Paula.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson|title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=36–7}}</ref> Eckstrom claimed that Getty had taken her virginity and fathered the child, while his legal team tried to undermine her credibility by claiming that she had a history of [[promiscuity]]. In late 1917 he agreed to a settlement of $10,000, upon which she left town with the baby and was never heard of again.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson| title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City|p=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite article| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-03-23/books/bk-5461_1_j-paul-getty| title=The Great Getty : THE LIFE AND LOVES OF J. PAUL GETTY--RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD by Robert Lenzner (Crown: $18.95; 304 pp.) : THE HOUSE OF GETTY by Russell Miller (Henry Holt: $17.65; 362 pp.)| author=Bevis Hillier| publisher=Los Angeles Times| date=1986-03-26| access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>

Getty was married and divorced five times. He had five sons with four of his wives:<ref name=Lenzner/><ref name=Vallely>{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Vallely|url=http://www.kin.co.uk/news/41.html|title=Don't keep it in the family|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226081524/http://www.kin.co.uk/news/41.html |work=The Independent|publisher=Independent Print Ltd.|location=London, England|date=July 19, 2007|via=[[Wayback Machine|The Wayback Machine]]|archive-date=December 26, 2010}}</ref>
# Jeanette Demont (married 1923 – divorced 1926); one son [[George F. Getty II|George Franklin Getty II]] (1924–1973)
# Allene Ashby (1926–1928) no children<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jean Paul|last=Getty|title=As I see it: the autobiography of J. Paul Getty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-_hLLdVhCwC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Getty Publications|location=Los Angeles, California|year=1976|page=91|accessdate= September 13, 2011}}</ref> Getty met 17-year-old Ashby, the daughter of a [[Texas]] rancher, in [[Mexico City]] while he was studying [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and overseeing his family's business interests. They eloped to [[Cuernavaca, Mexico]], but the marriage was [[bigamy|bigamous]] as he was not yet divorced from Jeanette. The two quickly decided to dissolve the union while still in Mexico.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson| title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=42}}</ref>
# Adolphine Helmle (1928–1932); one son Jean Ronald Getty (1929–2009), whose son, Christopher Ronald Getty, married [[Pia Getty|Pia Miller]], sister of [[Marie-Chantal, Crown Princess of Greece]]. Like his first and second wives, Adolphine was 17 years-old when Getty met her on holiday in [[Vienna, Austria|Vienna]]. Helmle was the daughter of a prominent German doctor, who was strongly opposed to her marrying the twice-divorced, 36-year-old Getty.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson| title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=45}}</ref> The two eloped to Cuernavaca, where he had married Allene Ashby, then settled in Los Angeles. Following the birth of their son, Getty lost interest in her and her father convinced her to return to Germany with their child in 1929. After a protracted and contentious battle, the divorce was finalized in August 1932, with Adolphine receiving a huge sum for [[punitive damage]]s and full custody of Ronald.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=48,59–60}}</ref>
# [[Ann Rork Light|Ann Rork]] (1932–1936); two sons [[John Paul Getty Jr.|Eugene Paul Getty]], later John Paul Getty Jr (1932–2003) and [[Gordon Getty|Gordon Peter Getty]] (born 1934). Getty was introduced to Rork when she was 14 years old, but she didn't become his romantic partner until she was 21 in 1930. Because he was in the midst of his divorce from Adolphine, the couple had to wait two years before they married. He was largely absent during their marriage, staying for long stretches of time in Europe. In 1936 she sued him for divorce, alleging emotional abuse and neglect. She also described an incident while the two were abroad in [[Italy]], in which she claimed Getty had forced her to climb to view the crater of [[Mount Vesuvius]] while she was heavily pregnant with their first son.<ref name="autogenerated71">{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=71}}</ref> The court decided in her favor and she was awarded $2,500 per month [[alimony]] plus $1,000 each in [[child support]] for her sons.<ref name="autogenerated71"/>
# [[Teddy Getty Gaston|Louise Dudley "Teddy" Lynch]] (1939–1958); one son Timothy Ware Getty (1946–1958)

At age 99, in 2013, Getty's fifth wife, Louise—now known as Teddy Getty Gaston—published a memoir reporting how Getty had scolded her for spending money too freely in the 1950s on the treatment of their six-year-old son, Timmy, who had become blind from a [[brain tumor]]. Timmy died at age 12, and Getty, living in England apart from his wife and son back in the U.S., did not attend the funeral. Teddy divorced him that year.<ref name=Newman>{{cite news|first=Judith|last=Newman|title=His Favorite Wife: 'Alone Together,' by Teddy Getty Gaston|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/books/review/alone-together-by-teddy-getty-gaston.html |work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=August 30, 2013|accessdate=August 31, 2013}}</ref> Teddy Gaston died in April 2017 at the age of 103.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Miller|url=http://people.com/celebrity/teddy-getty-gaston-dies-j-paul-getty-ex-wife/|title=J. Paul Getty’s Ex-Wife Teddy Getty Gaston Dies at 103|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|location=New York City|date=April 10, 2017|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref>

Getty was quoted as saying "A lasting relationship with a woman is only possible if you are a business failure",<ref name=Vallely/> and "I hate to be a failure. I hate and regret the failure of my marriages. I would gladly give all my millions for just one lasting marital success."<ref>{{cite web|first1=Linda|last1=Bloom|first2=Charlie|last2=Bloom|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/stronger-the-broken-places/201204/the-price-success|title=The Price of Success|work=[[Psychology Today]]|publisher=Sussex Publishers|location=New York City|date=April 24, 2012|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref>

==Kidnapping of grandson John Paul Getty III==
{{Main|John Paul Getty III}}

On July 10, 1973, in Rome, [['Ndrangheta]] kidnappers abducted Getty's 16-year-old grandson, [[John Paul Getty III]], and demanded by telephone a $17 million payment (approximately [[United States dollar|$]]{{Inflation|US|17|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) for the young man's safe return. However, "the family suspected a ploy by the rebellious teenager to extract money from his miserly grandfather."<ref name=TelegraphPaulObit>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1427781/Sir-Paul-Getty.html|title=Sir Paul Getty (obituary)|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|location=London, England|date=April 17, 2003|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> [[John Paul Getty Jr.]] asked his father for the money, but was refused.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1386478.stm|title=Profile: Sir John Paul Getty II|publisher=BBC News|location=London, England|date=13 June 2001|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref>

In November 1973, an envelope containing a lock of hair and a human ear arrived at a daily newspaper. The second demand had been delayed three weeks by an Italian postal strike.<ref name=TelegraphPaulObit/> The demand threatened that Paul would be further mutilated unless the victims paid $3.2 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|3.2|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}): "This is Paul’s ear. If we don’t get some money within 10 days, then the other ear will arrive. In other words, he will arrive in little bits."<ref name=TelegraphPaulObit/>

When the kidnappers finally reduced their demands to $3 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|3|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}), Getty senior agreed to pay no more than $2.2 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|2.2|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) – the maximum that would be tax-deductible. He lent his son the remaining $800,000 (approximately ${{Inflation|US|.8|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) at 4% interest. Paul III was found alive in a [[Lauria]] filling station, in the [[province of Potenza]], shortly after the ransom was paid.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.ilpost.it/2013/07/10/paul-getty/2/|work=[[Il Post]]|title=Il rapimento di Paul Getty|language= it|date= July 10, 2013}}</ref> After his release Paul III called his grandfather to thank him for paying the ransom but, it is claimed, Getty refused to come to the phone.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|first=Bruce|last=Weber|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/world/europe/08gettyobit.html |title=J. Paul Getty III, 54, Dies; Had Ear Cut Off by Captors|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=February 7, 2011|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> Nine people associated with 'Ndrangheta were later arrested for the kidnapping, but only two were convicted.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Paul III was permanently affected by the trauma and became a drug addict. After a stroke brought on by a cocktail of drugs and alcohol in 1981, Paul III was rendered speechless, nearly blind and partially paralyzed for the rest of his life. He died 30 years later on February 5, 2011, at the age of 54.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

Getty defended his initial refusal to pay the ransom on two points. First, he argued that to submit to the kidnappers' demands would immediately place his other fourteen grandchildren at the risk of copy-cat kidnappers. He added:

{{quote|The second reason for my refusal was much broader-based. I contend that acceding to the demands of criminals and terrorists merely guarantees the continuing increase and spread of lawlessness, violence and such outrages as terror-bombings, "skyjackings" and the slaughter of hostages that plague our present-day world. (Getty, 1976, p. 139).}}

==Reputation for frugality==
Many anecdotal stories exist of Getty's reputed thriftiness, which struck observers as comical, even perverse, because of his extreme wealth.<ref name="Refinery29.com">{{cite article| first=Elana| last=Nicolaou| url=//www.refinery29.com/2018/03/194296/was-jp-getty-cheap-refused-paying-ransom-trust-drama?bucketed=true| title=Was J Paul Getty Really THAT Cheap?| publisher=[[Refinery29|Refinery29.com]]|location=New York City| date=March 25, 2018| access-date=March 29, 2018}}</ref> The two most famous examples are his refusal to pay his grandson's ransom, and the notorious pay-phone which he had installed at Sutton Place. A darker incident was his fifth wife's claim that Getty had scolded her for spending too much on their terminally ill sons' medical treatment, though he was worth tens of millions of dollars at the time.<ref name="Refinery29.com"/> He was well known for bargaining on almost everything to obtain a rock-bottom price, including for suites at luxury hotels and virtually all purchases like art work and real estate. Sutton Place, for instance, a 72-room mansion, was purchased from [[George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 5th Duke of Sutherland]] in 1959 for the extremely low price of ₤60,000 (about ₤1.338 million in 2018 GBP), about half of what the Duke had paid when he bought it 40 years earlier.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=113}}</ref>

*His secretary claimed that Getty did his own laundry by hand, because he didn't want to pay for his clothes to be laundered, and when his shirts would become frayed at the cuffs, he would simply trim off the frayed part instead of purchasing new shirts.<ref>{{cite article|first=Debbie|last=Jackson|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/homepagelatest/throwback-tulsa-billionaire-j-paul-getty-got-his-start-in/article_52fe4523-5205-5022-b612-c053c31312b4.html| title=Throwback Tulsa: Billionaire J. Paul Getty got his start in Tulsa | work=[[Tulsa World]]|publisher=BH Media|location=Tulsa, Oklahoma|date=December 10, 2017| access-date=March 29, 2018}}</ref>
*Re-using stationery was another obsession of Getty's. He had a habit of writing responses to letters on the margins and mailing them back, rather than use a new sheet of paper. He also carefully saved and re-used [[manila envelope]]s, rubber bands, and other office supplies.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=69, 121}}</ref>
*When Getty took a group of friends to a dog show in London, he made them walk around the block for 10 minutes until the tickets became half-priced at 5 pm, because he didn't want to pay the full 5 [[Shilling (British coin)|shillings]] per head (about ₤12/$17 in 2018).<ref name="Refinery29.com"/>
*His decision to move to Sutton Place was made in part because the [[cost of living]] was cheaper than in [[London]], where he had resided at the [[The Ritz Hotel, London|Ritz]]. He boasted to [[Art Buchwald]] that it cost 10 cents for a [[rum and coke]] at Sutton Place, whereas at the Ritz it was over a dollar.<ref name="Refinery29.com"/>

Author [[John Pearson (author)|John Pearson]] attributed part of this extreme penny-pinching to the [[Methodist]] sensibility of Getty's upbringing, which emphasized modest living and personal economy. His business-like attention to the bottom-line was also a major factor: "He would allow himself no self-indulgence in the purchase of a place to live, a work of art, even a piece of furniture, unless he could convince himself that it would appreciate in value."
<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=42}}</ref> Getty himself claimed that his frugality towards others was a response to people taking advantage of him and not paying their fair share: "It's not the money I object to, it's the principle of the thing that bothers me..."<ref name="nytimes1976"/>

===Coin-box telephone===
Getty famously had a pay phone installed at Sutton Place, helping to seal his reputation as a miser.<ref>{{cite news|first=Julie|last=Miller|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/12/all-the-money-in-the-world-j-paul-getty|title=The Enigma of J. Paul Getty, the One-Time Richest Man in the World|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|date=December 22, 2017|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> Getty placed dial-locks on all the regular telephones, limiting their use to authorized staff, and the coin-box telephone was installed for others. In his autobiography, he described his reasons:

{{quote|Now, for months after [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]] was purchased, great numbers of people came in and out of the house. Some were visiting businessmen. Others were artisans or workmen engaged in renovation and refurbishing. Still others were tradesmen making deliveries of merchandise. Suddenly, the Sutton Place telephone bills began to soar. The reason was obvious. Each of the regular telephones in the house has direct access to outside lines and thus to long-distance and even overseas operators. All sorts of people were making the best of a rare opportunity. They were picking up Sutton Place phones and placing calls to girlfriends in [[Geneva]] or [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and to aunts, uncles and third cousins twice-removed in [[Caracas]] and [[Cape Town]]. The costs of their friendly chats were, of course, charged to the Sutton Place bill.<ref>Getty, 1976, pg.319</ref>}}

When speaking in a televised interview with [[Alan Whicker]] in February 1963,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Solitary Billionaire J. Paul Getty|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00nw1t5 |work=Talk at the BBC|publisher=BBC |accessdate=April 6, 2012}}</ref> Getty said that he thought guests would want to use a payphone.<ref>''Talk at the BBC'', BBC Four, April 5, 2012</ref> After 18 months, Getty explained, "The in-and-out traffic flow at Sutton subsided. Management and operation of the house settled into a reasonable routine. With that, the pay-telephone [was] removed, and the dial-locks were taken off the telephones in the house."<ref>Getty, 1976, p. 320</ref>

==Later years & death==
On June 30, 1960, Getty threw a 21st birthday party for a relation of his friend, the [[Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk|16th Duke of Norfolk]], which served as a housewarming party for the newly-purchased Sutton Place.<ref name="autogenerated119">{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=119}}</ref> 1,200 guests consisting of the cream of British society were invited. Party goers were irritated by Getty's stinginess, such as not providing cigarettes and relegating everyone to using [[creosote]] [[portable toilet]]s outside. At about 10pm the party descended into pandemonium as [[party crasher]]s arrived from London, swelling the already overcrowded halls, causing an estimated ₤20,000 in damages.<ref name="autogenerated119"/> A valuable silver [[ewer]] by the 18th century [[silversmith]] [[Paul de Lamerie]] was stolen, but returned anonymously when the London newspapers began covering the theft.<ref>{{cite article| url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-wild-was-j-paul-gettys-notorious-british-party| title=How Wild Was J. Paul Getty's Notorious British Party?| author=Anthony Haden-Guest| publisher=The Daily Beast| date=2015-09-27| access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref> The failure of the event made the newly-arrived Getty the object of ridicule, and he never threw another large party again.

Getty remained an inveterate hard worker, boasting at age 74 that he often worked 16 to 18 hours per day overseeing his operations across the world.<ref name="nytimes1976"/> The Arab-Israeli [[Yom Kippur War]] of October 1973 caused a worldwide oil shortage for years to come. In this period, the value of Getty Oil shares quadrupled, with Getty enjoying personal earnings of $25.8 million in 1975 (appr. $120 million in 2018 USD).<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=199}}</ref>

His insatiable appetite for women and sex also continued well into his 80s. He used an experimental drug, "H3", to maintain his potency.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/> Getty met the English interior designer Penelope Kitson in the 1950s and entrusted her with decorating his homes and the public rooms of the [[oil tanker]]s he was launching. From 1960 she resided in a cottage on the grounds of Sutton Place, and, though she did not have a sexual relationship with him, Getty held her in high respect and trust. Other mistresses who resided at Sutton Place included the married Mary Teissier, a distant cousin of the last [[Tsar of Russia]], [[Lady Ursula d'Abo]], who had close connections to the British Royal Family, and [[Nicaragua]]n-born Rosabella Burch.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/>

''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote of Getty's domestic arrangement that: “[Getty] ended his life with a collection of desperately hopeful women, all living together in his Tudor mansion in England, none of them aware that his favorite pastime was rewriting his will, changing his insultingly small bequests: $209 a month to one, $1,167 to another.”<ref>{{cite article|first=Jane|last=O'Reilly|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/30/books/isn-t-it-funny-what-money-can-do.html| title=Isn't It Funny What Money Can Do?| work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=March 30, 1986|accessdate=March 29, 2018}}</ref> Only Penelope Kitson received a handsome bequest upon Getty's death: 5,000 Getty Oil shares (appr. $826,500 in 1976), which doubled in value during the 1980s, and a $1,167 monthly income.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/>

Getty died June 6, 1976, in [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]] near [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]], [[England]].<ref name=NYTobit/> He was buried in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles County, California at the [[Getty Villa]]. The gravesite is not open to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=getty&GSfn=j&GSmn=paul&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=6730&df=all&|title=J. Paul Getty (1892 - 1976) |publisher=[[Find a Grave]]}}</ref>

== Media portrayals ==
The 2017 film ''[[All the Money in the World]]''{{spaced ndash}}directed by [[Ridley Scott]] and adapted from the book ''Painfully Rich: The Outrageous Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Heirs of J. Paul Getty'' by [[John Pearson (author)|John Pearson]]{{spaced ndash}}is a dramatisation of the abduction of Getty's grandson. [[Kevin Spacey]] originally portrayed Getty. However, after multiple sexual assault allegations against the actor, his scenes were cut and re-shot with [[Christopher Plummer]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/ridley-scott-reveals-how-kevin-spacey-was-erased-all-money-world-1068755|title= Ridley Scott Reveals How Kevin Spacey Was Erased From 'All the Money in the World'|last= Giardina|first=Carolyn|date=December 18, 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=December 26, 2017}}</ref> Plummer was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-nominations-2018-complete-list-nominees-1067893 |title=Oscars: 'Shape of Water' Leads With 13 Noms |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 23, 2018|accessdate=January 23, 2018}}</ref>

The kidnapping is also dramatized in first season of the American anthology drama series ''[[Trust (U.S. TV series)|Trust]]'', in which Getty is portrayed by [[Donald Sutherland]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Petski|first1=Denise|title=FX Sets 'Atlanta' & 'The Americans' Return Dates, 'Trust' Premiere – TCA|url=http://deadline.com/2018/01/fx-atlanta-the-americans-trust-premiere-dates-1202236211/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation|Penske Business Media, LLC]]|accessdate=January 5, 2018|date=January 5, 2018}}</ref>

==Published works==
* Getty, J. Paul. ''The history of the bigger oil business of George F.S. F. and J. Paul Getty from 1903 to 1939''. Los Angeles?, 1941.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''Europe in the Eighteenth Century''. [Santa Monica, Calif.]: privately printed, 1949.
* Le Vane, Ethel, and J. Paul Getty. ''Collector's Choice: The Chronicle of an Artistic Odyssey through Europe''. London: W.H. Allen, 1955.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''My Life and Fortunes''. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1963.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''The Joys of Collecting''. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1965.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''How to be Rich''. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1965.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''The Golden Age''. New York: Trident Press, 1968.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''How to be a Successful Executive''. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1971.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''As I See It: The Autobiography of J. Paul Getty''. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1976. {{ISBN|0-13-049593-X}}.
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[List of wealthiest historical figures]]
* [[List of richest Americans in history]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Hewins, Ralph. ''The Richest American: J. Paul Getty''. New York: Dutton, 1960.
* Lund, Robina. ''The Getty I Knew''. Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1977. {{ISBN|0-8362-6601-3}}.
* Miller, Russell. ''The House of Getty''. New York: Henry Holt, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8050-0023-2}}.
* [[Somerset de Chair|de Chair, Somerset Struben]]. ''Getty on Getty: a man in a billion''. London: Cassell, 1989. {{ISBN|0-304-31807-8}}.
* Pearson, John. ''Painfully Rich: J. Paul Getty and His Heirs''. London: Macmillan, 1995. {{ISBN|0-333-59033-3}}.
* Wooster, Martin Morse. ''Philanthropy Hall of Fame, J. Paul Getty''. [http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/j._paul_getty philanthropyroundtable.org.]

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=J. Paul Getty |commonscat=yes |n=no |q=J._Paul_Getty |d=Q318591 |s=no |b=no |v=no}}
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cifaia40009 J. Paul Getty diaries, 1938–1946, 1948–1976] finding aid, Getty Research Institute.
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cifaia20009 J. Paul Getty family collected papers, 1880s–1989, undated (bulk 1911–1977)] finding aid, Getty Research Institute.

{{Getty Trust}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Getty, J. Paul}}
[[Category:Getty family|J. Paul]]
[[Category:American art collectors]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American business writers]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in the oil industry]]
[[Category:American billionaires]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:Museum founders]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:J. Paul Getty Trust|J]]
[[Category:People associated with the J. Paul Getty Museum| ]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from California]]
[[Category:American emigrants to England]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Minneapolis]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:English people of American descent]]

J. Paul Getty

2018-06-21T03:19:35Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Distinguish|John Paul Getty Jr.|John Paul Getty III}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| image = J Paul Getty crop.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Getty in 1944
|birth_name=Jean Paul Getty
| birth_date = {{birth date|1892|12|15|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], [[USA]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1976|6|6|1892|12|15|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]] near [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]], [[England]]
| occupation = [[Businessman]]
| spouse = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|Jeanette Demont|1923|1926|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Allene Ashby|1927|1928|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Adolphine Helmle|1928|1932|end=div}}
* {{marriage|[[Ann Rork Light|Ann Rork]]|1932|1936|end=div}}
* {{marriage|Louise Dudley Lynch|1939|1958|end=div}}
}}
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* [[George Getty|George Franklin Getty]]
* Sarah Catherine McPherson Risher
}}
| children = {{Plainlist|
* 5, including:
* [[John Paul Getty Jr.|Eugene Paul Getty, later John Paul Getty Jr.]]
* [[Gordon Getty|Gordon Peter Getty]]
}}
| net_worth = US$6 billion at the time of his death (approximately ${{Inflation|US|6.0|1976|r=1}} billion inflation adjusted, equivalent to 1/893rd of US [[Gross national product|GNP]] in 1976)<ref name=Wealthy100>{{Citation | first=Michael | last=Klepper | first2=Michael | last2=Gunther | title=The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates—A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present | publisher=Carol Publishing Group | location=[[Secaucus, New Jersey]] | date=1996| page=xiii | isbn=978-0-8065-1800-8 | oclc=33818143}}</ref>
}}

'''Jean Paul Getty''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|ɛ|t|i}}; December 15, 1892 – June 6, 1976) was an American-British industrialist.<ref name=NYTobit>{{cite web|first=Alden|last=Whitman|author-link=Alden Whitman|title=J. Paul Getty Dead at 83; Amassed Billions From Oil|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1215.html|department=On This Day|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221174120/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1215.html|archivedate=December 21, 2016|date=June 6, 1976|dead-url=no}}</ref> He founded the [[Getty Oil|Getty Oil Company]], and in 1957 ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' magazine named him the [[Wealthiest Americans (1957)|richest living American]],<ref>{{cite news|first=Robert|last=Lubar|url=http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/03/17/67242/index.htm|title=The Odd Mr. Getty: The possibly richest man in the world was mean, miserly, sexy, fearful of travel and detergents|work=''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|location=New York City|date=March 17, 1986|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> while the 1966 [[Guinness Book of Records]] named him as the world's richest private citizen, worth an estimated $1.2 billion (approximately ${{Inflation|US|1.2|1966|r=2}} billion in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Norris|last1=McWhirter|first2=Ross|last2=McWhirter|title=Guinness Book of Records|publisher=Jim Pattison Group|location=London, England|year=1966|page=229}}</ref> At his death, he was worth more than $6 billion (approximately ${{Inflation|US|6|1976|r=2}} billion in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}).<ref name=Lenzner>Lenzner, Robert. ''The great Getty: the life and loves of J. Paul Getty, richest man in the world''. New York: Crown Publishers, 1985. {{ISBN|0-517-56222-7}}</ref> A book published in 1996 ranked him as the 67th richest American who ever lived, based on his wealth as a percentage of the [[Measures of national income and output|gross national product]].<ref>{{cite book
|first1=Michael M.|last1=Klepper|first2=Robert E.|last2=Gunther|title = The wealthy 100: from Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates: a ranking of the richest Americans, past and present|publisher = Carol Publishing Group|place = Secaucus, New Jersey|year = 1996|isbn = 0-8065-1800-6}}</ref>

Despite his vast wealth, Getty was infamously [[Frugality|frugal]], notably [[John Paul Getty III#Kidnapping|negotiating his grandson's ransom]] in 1973.

Getty was an avid collector of [[art]] and [[antiquities]]; his collection formed the basis of the [[J. Paul Getty Museum]] in [[Los Angeles, California]], and over $661 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|0.661|1976|r=1}} billion in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) of his estate was left to the museum after his death.<ref name=Lenzner/> He established the [[J. Paul Getty Trust]] in 1953. The trust is the world's wealthiest art institution, and operates the J. Paul Getty Museum Complexes: The [[Getty Center]], The [[Getty Villa]] and the [[Getty Foundation]], the [[Getty Research Institute]], and the [[Getty Conservation Institute]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Edward|last=Wyatt|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/30/arts/design/30gett.html|title=Getty Fees and Budget Reassessed|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=April 30, 2009|accessdate=March 30, 2018|page=C1}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Getty was born in [[Minneapolis]], [[Minnesota]], to Sarah Catherine McPherson (Risher) and [[George Getty]], who was an attorney in the [[insurance]] industry. Paul was raised to be a [[Methodist]] by his parents, his father was a devout [[Christian Scientist]] and both were strict [[teetotalers]]. In 1903, when Paul was 10 years old, George Getty travelled to [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]] and bought the [[mineral rights]] for 1,100 acres of land. Within a few years Getty had established wells on the land which were producing 100,000 barrels of crude oil a month.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=20}}</ref>

As newly-minted millionaires, the family moved to [[Los Angeles]] to escape the harsh Minnesota winters. At age 14 Paul attended [[Harvard Military School]] for a year, followed by [[John H. Francis Polytechnic High School|Polytechnic High School]], where he was given the nickname "Dictionary Getty" because of his love of reading.<ref name="nytimes1976">{{cite article| url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1215.html| title=J. Paul Getty Dead at 83; Amassed Billions from Oil| author=Alden Whitman| publisher=New York Times| date=1976-06-06| access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref> He became fluent in [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] - over the course of his business life he would also become conversational in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]. A love of the [[Classics]] also led him to acquire reading proficiency in [[Ancient Greek]] and [[Latin]].<ref name="nytimes1976"/> He enrolled at the [[University of Southern California]], then at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], but left both before obtaining a degree. Enamored with Europe after travelling abroad with his parents in 1910, on November 28, 1912, Paul enrolled at the [[University of Oxford]]. A [[letter of introduction]] by then-[[President of the United States]] [[William Howard Taft]] enabled him to gain independent instruction from tutors at [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]. Although he did not belong to Magdalen, he claimed that the aristocratic students "accepted me as one of their own," and he would fondly boast of the friends he made, including [[Edward VIII]], the future King of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson|title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=29}}</ref> He obtained his degree in Economics and Political Science in 1914, then spent months travelling throughout Europe and [[Egypt]], before meeting his parents in [[Paris, France|Paris]] and returning with them to America in June 1914.

==Career==
In the autumn of 1914, George Getty gave his son $10,000 to invest in expanding the family's oil field holdings in Oklahoma. The first lot he bought, the Nancy Taylor No. 1 Oil Well Site near [[Haskell, Oklahoma]], was crucial to his early financial success. It struck oil in August 1915 and by the next summer the 40% commission he accrued from it had made him a millionaire.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=34}}</ref>

In 1919, Getty returned to business in Oklahoma. During the 1920s, he added about $3 million to his already sizable estate. His succession of marriages and divorces (three during the 1920s, five throughout his life) so distressed his father, however, that J. Paul inherited a mere $500,000 (approximately [[United States dollar|$]]{{Inflation|US|.5|1930|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) of the $10 million fortune (approximately ${{Inflation|US|10|1930|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) his father George had left at the time of his death in 1930. He was left with one-third of the stock from George Getty Inc., while his mother received the other two thirds, giving her a controlling interest.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=47}}</ref>

In 1936, his mother convinced him to contribute to the establishment of a $3.368 million (about $62.5 million in 2018) [[investment trust]], called the Sarah C. Getty Trust, to ensure that the family's ever-growing wealth could be channeled into a tax-free, secure income for future generations of the Getty family. The trust enabled J. Paul to have easy access to ready capital, which at the time he was funneling into the purchase of [[Tidewater Petroleum]] stock.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=63–5}}</ref>

Shrewdly investing his resources during the [[Great Depression]], Getty acquired [[Pacific Western Oil|Pacific Western Oil Corporation]], and he began the acquisition (completed in 1953) of the Mission Corporation, which included [[Tidewater Petroleum|Tidewater Oil]] and [[Skelly Oil]]. In 1967 the billionaire merged these holdings into Getty Oil.

Beginning in 1949, Getty paid [[Ibn Saud]] $9.5 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|9.5|1949|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) in cash and $1 million a year for a 60-year concession to a tract of barren land near the border of [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Kuwait]]. No oil had ever been discovered there, and none appeared until four years had passed, and $30 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|30|1953|r=2}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) had been spent. From 1953 onward, Getty's gamble produced {{convert|16000000|oilbbl}} a year, which contributed greatly to the fortune responsible for making him one of the richest people in the world.

{|class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:25em; max-width: |25%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"|"The meek shall inherit the earth, but not its mineral rights."
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|— dictum attributed to Jean Paul Getty<ref name="Manser2007">{{cite book|last=Manser|first=Martin H.|title=The Facts on File dictionary of proverbs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgaUQc8NbTYC&pg=PA186|accessdate=May 26, 2011|date=April 2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6673-5|page=186}}</ref>
|}
Getty increased the family wealth, learning to speak Arabic, which enabled his unparalleled expansion into the [[Middle East]]. Getty owned the controlling interest in nearly 200 businesses, including Getty Oil. Associates identified his overall wealth at between $2 billion and $4 billion. It didn't come easily, perhaps inspiring Getty's widely quoted remark—"The meek shall inherit the earth, but not its mineral rights."<ref>[http://thoughts.forbes.com/thoughts/business-j-paul-getty-the-meek-shall?partner=toprated "Thoughts On The Business Of Life"] at [[Forbes magazine|''Forbes'']]</ref> J. Paul Getty was an owner of [[Getty Oil]], Getty Inc., George F. Getty Inc., Pacific Western Oil Corporation, Mission Corporation, Mission Development Company, [[Tidewater Oil]], [[Skelly Oil]], Mexican Seaboard Oil, Petroleum Corporation of America, [[Spartan Aircraft Company]], Spartan Cafeteria Company, Minnehoma Insurance Company, Minnehoma Financial Company, [[Pierre Hotel]] at Fifth Avenue and East 61st Street (NYC), Pierre Marques Hotel at Revolcadero Beach near Acapulco, Mexico, a 15th-century palace and nearby castle at Ladispoli on the coast northwest of Rome, a Malibu ranch home and [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]], a 72-room mansion near [[Guildford, Surrey]], 35 miles from London.<ref>{{cite news|first=Clyde H.|last=Farnsworth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/30/surrey-estate-seat-of-getty-empire.html|title=Surrey Estate Seat of Getty Empire|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=July 30, 1964|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref>

He moved to [[the United Kingdom|Britain]] in the 1950s and became a prominent [[Anglophile|admirer]] of England, its people, and its culture. He lived and worked at his 16th-century [[Tudor period|Tudor]] estate, [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]]; the traditional country house became the centre of Getty Oil and his associated companies and he used the estate to entertain his British and Arabian friends (including the [[Rothschild banking family of England|British Rothschild family]] and numerous rulers of Middle Eastern countries). Getty lived the rest of his life in England, dying of [[heart failure]] at the age of 83 on June 6, 1976.

===Art collection===
Getty's first forays into collecting began in the late 1930s, when he took inspiration from the collection of 18th century French paintings and furniture owned by the landlord of his New York City penthouse, Mrs. Amy Guest, a relation of [[Sir Winston Churchill]].<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=72}}</ref> He fell in love with 18th century France and began buying furniture from the period at knock-down prices because of the still-depressed art market. He wrote several books on collecting: "Europe and the 18th Century" (1949), "Collector's Choice: The Chronicle of an Artistic Odyssey through Europe" (1955) and "The Joys of Collecting" (1965). The overwhelming goal in his collecting was to buy items at a bargain which would offer a sure return on his investment. His stinginess limited the range of his collecting because he refused to pay full-price: his companion in later life, Penelope Kitson, would comment that "Paul was really too mean ever to allow himself to buy a great painting."<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=84}}</ref> Nonetheless, at the time of his death he owned more than 600 items valued at over $4 million (approximately $17.5 million in 2018 USD), including paintings by [[Rubens]], [[Titian]], [[Thomas Gainsborough|Gainsborough]], [[Renoir]], [[Tintoretto]], [[Degas]], and [[Monet]].<ref name="nytimes1976"/> During the 1950s, Getty's interests shifted to [[Greco-Roman]] sculpture, which led to the building of the [[Getty Villa]] in the 1970s to house the collection.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=86–7}}</ref> These items were transferred to the [[Getty Museum]] and the Getty Villa in Los Angeles after his death.

==Marriages, divorces and children==
Getty was a notorious womanizer from the time of his youth, something which horrified his conservative Christian parents. His lawyer Robin Lund once said that “Paul could hardly ever say ‘no’ to a woman, or ‘yes’ to a man.” <ref name="vanityfair.com">{{cite news|first=Julie|last=Miller|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/03/fx-trust-john-paul-getty-girlfriends|title= Yes, J. Paul Getty Reportedly Had as Many Live-In Girlfriends as FX’s ''Trust'' Claims|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=
[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|date=March 25, 2018|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> [[Lord Beaverbrook]] had called him "[[Priapus|Priapic]]" and "ever-ready" in his sexual habits.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/>

In 1917, when he was 25, a [[paternity suit]] was filed against Getty in Los Angeles by Elsie Eckstrom, who claimed he was the father of her newborn daughter Paula.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson|title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=36–7}}</ref> Eckstrom claimed that Getty had taken her virginity and fathered the child, while his legal team tried to undermine her credibility by claiming that she had a history of [[promiscuity]]. In late 1917 he agreed to a settlement of $10,000, upon which she left town with the baby and was never heard of again.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson| title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City|p=37}}</ref><ref>{{cite article| url=http://articles.latimes.com/1986-03-23/books/bk-5461_1_j-paul-getty| title=The Great Getty : THE LIFE AND LOVES OF J. PAUL GETTY--RICHEST MAN IN THE WORLD by Robert Lenzner (Crown: $18.95; 304 pp.) : THE HOUSE OF GETTY by Russell Miller (Henry Holt: $17.65; 362 pp.)| author=Bevis Hillier| publisher=Los Angeles Times| date=1986-03-26| access-date=2018-04-05}}</ref>

Getty was married and divorced five times. He had five sons with four of his wives:<ref name=Lenzner/><ref name=Vallely>{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Vallely|url=http://www.kin.co.uk/news/41.html|title=Don't keep it in the family|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226081524/http://www.kin.co.uk/news/41.html |work=The Independent|publisher=Independent Print Ltd.|location=London, England|date=July 19, 2007|via=[[Wayback Machine|The Wayback Machine]]|archive-date=December 26, 2010}}</ref>
# Jeanette Demont (married 1923 – divorced 1926); one son [[George F. Getty II|George Franklin Getty II]] (1924–1973)
# Allene Ashby (1926–1928) no children<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jean Paul|last=Getty|title=As I see it: the autobiography of J. Paul Getty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-_hLLdVhCwC&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false|publisher=Getty Publications|location=Los Angeles, California|year=1976|page=91|accessdate= September 13, 2011}}</ref> Getty met 17-year-old Ashby, the daughter of a [[Texas]] rancher, in [[Mexico City]] while he was studying [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and overseeing his family's business interests. They eloped to [[Cuernavaca, Mexico]], but the marriage was [[bigamy|bigamous]] as he was not yet divorced from Jeanette. The two quickly decided to dissolve the union while still in Mexico.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson| title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=42}}</ref>
# Adolphine Helmle (1928–1932); one son Jean Ronald Getty (1929–2009), whose son, Christopher Ronald Getty, married [[Pia Getty|Pia Miller]], sister of [[Marie-Chantal, Crown Princess of Greece]]. Like his first and second wives, Adolphine was 17 years-old when Getty met her on holiday in [[Vienna, Austria|Vienna]]. Helmle was the daughter of a prominent German doctor, who was strongly opposed to her marrying the twice-divorced, 36-year-old Getty.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last=Pearson| title=Painfully Rich| year=1995| publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|location=New York City| p=45}}</ref> The two eloped to Cuernavaca, where he had married Allene Ashby, then settled in Los Angeles. Following the birth of their son, Getty lost interest in her and her father convinced her to return to Germany with their child in 1929. After a protracted and contentious battle, the divorce was finalized in August 1932, with Adolphine receiving a huge sum for [[punitive damage]]s and full custody of Ronald.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=48,59–60}}</ref>
# [[Ann Rork Light|Ann Rork]] (1932–1936); two sons [[John Paul Getty Jr.|Eugene Paul Getty]], later John Paul Getty Jr (1932–2003) and [[Gordon Getty|Gordon Peter Getty]] (born 1934). Getty was introduced to Rork when she was 14 years old, but she didn't become his romantic partner until she was 21 in 1930. Because he was in the midst of his divorce from Adolphine, the couple had to wait two years before they married. He was largely absent during their marriage, staying for long stretches of time in Europe. In 1936 she sued him for divorce, alleging emotional abuse and neglect. She also described an incident while the two were abroad in [[Italy]], in which she claimed Getty had forced her to climb to view the crater of [[Mount Vesuvius]] while she was heavily pregnant with their first son.<ref name="autogenerated71">{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=71}}</ref> The court decided in her favor and she was awarded $2,500 per month [[alimony]] plus $1,000 each in [[child support]] for her sons.<ref name="autogenerated71"/>
# [[Teddy Getty Gaston|Louise Dudley "Teddy" Lynch]] (1939–1958); one son Timothy Ware Getty (1946–1958)

At age 99, in 2013, Getty's fifth wife, Louise—now known as Teddy Getty Gaston—published a memoir reporting how Getty had scolded her for spending money too freely in the 1950s on the treatment of their six-year-old son, Timmy, who had become blind from a [[brain tumor]]. Timmy died at age 12, and Getty, living in England apart from his wife and son back in the U.S., did not attend the funeral. Teddy divorced him that year.<ref name=Newman>{{cite news|first=Judith|last=Newman|title=His Favorite Wife: 'Alone Together,' by Teddy Getty Gaston|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/01/books/review/alone-together-by-teddy-getty-gaston.html |work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=August 30, 2013|accessdate=August 31, 2013}}</ref> Teddy Gaston died in April 2017 at the age of 103.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Miller|url=http://people.com/celebrity/teddy-getty-gaston-dies-j-paul-getty-ex-wife/|title=J. Paul Getty’s Ex-Wife Teddy Getty Gaston Dies at 103|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|location=New York City|date=April 10, 2017|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref>

Getty was quoted as saying "A lasting relationship with a woman is only possible if you are a business failure",<ref name=Vallely/> and "I hate to be a failure. I hate and regret the failure of my marriages. I would gladly give all my millions for just one lasting marital success."<ref>{{cite web|first1=Linda|last1=Bloom|first2=Charlie|last2=Bloom|url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/stronger-the-broken-places/201204/the-price-success|title=The Price of Success|work=[[Psychology Today]]|publisher=Sussex Publishers|location=New York City|date=April 24, 2012|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref>

==Kidnapping of grandson John Paul Getty III==
{{Main|John Paul Getty III}}

On July 10, 1973, in Rome, [['Ndrangheta]] kidnappers abducted Getty's 16-year-old grandson, [[John Paul Getty III]], and demanded by telephone a $17 million payment (approximately [[United States dollar|$]]{{Inflation|US|17|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) for the young man's safe return. However, "the family suspected a ploy by the rebellious teenager to extract money from his miserly grandfather."<ref name=TelegraphPaulObit>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1427781/Sir-Paul-Getty.html|title=Sir Paul Getty (obituary)|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|location=London, England|date=April 17, 2003|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> [[John Paul Getty Jr.]] asked his father for the money, but was refused.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1386478.stm|title=Profile: Sir John Paul Getty II|publisher=BBC News|location=London, England|date=13 June 2001|accessdate=30 March 2018}}</ref>

In November 1973, an envelope containing a lock of hair and a human ear arrived at a daily newspaper. The second demand had been delayed three weeks by an Italian postal strike.<ref name=TelegraphPaulObit/> The demand threatened that Paul would be further mutilated unless the victims paid $3.2 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|3.2|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}): "This is Paul’s ear. If we don’t get some money within 10 days, then the other ear will arrive. In other words, he will arrive in little bits."<ref name=TelegraphPaulObit/>

When the kidnappers finally reduced their demands to $3 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|3|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}), Getty senior agreed to pay no more than $2.2 million (approximately ${{Inflation|US|2.2|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) – the maximum that would be tax-deductible. He lent his son the remaining $800,000 (approximately ${{Inflation|US|.8|1973|r=1}} million in {{#expr:{{CURRENTYEAR}}-1}}) at 4% interest. Paul III was found alive in a [[Lauria]] filling station, in the [[province of Potenza]], shortly after the ransom was paid.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.ilpost.it/2013/07/10/paul-getty/2/|work=[[Il Post]]|title=Il rapimento di Paul Getty|language= it|date= July 10, 2013}}</ref> After his release Paul III called his grandfather to thank him for paying the ransom but, it is claimed, Getty refused to come to the phone.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|first=Bruce|last=Weber|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/world/europe/08gettyobit.html |title=J. Paul Getty III, 54, Dies; Had Ear Cut Off by Captors|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=February 7, 2011|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> Nine people associated with 'Ndrangheta were later arrested for the kidnapping, but only two were convicted.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Paul III was permanently affected by the trauma and became a drug addict. After a stroke brought on by a cocktail of drugs and alcohol in 1981, Paul III was rendered speechless, nearly blind and partially paralyzed for the rest of his life. He died 30 years later on February 5, 2011, at the age of 54.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

Getty defended his initial refusal to pay the ransom on two points. First, he argued that to submit to the kidnappers' demands would immediately place his other fourteen grandchildren at the risk of copy-cat kidnappers. He added:

{{quote|The second reason for my refusal was much broader-based. I contend that acceding to the demands of criminals and terrorists merely guarantees the continuing increase and spread of lawlessness, violence and such outrages as terror-bombings, "skyjackings" and the slaughter of hostages that plague our present-day world. (Getty, 1976, p. 139).}}

==Reputation for frugality==
Many anecdotal stories exist of Getty's reputed thriftiness, which struck observers as comical, even perverse, because of his extreme wealth.<ref name="Refinery29.com">{{cite article| first=Elana| last=Nicolaou| url=//www.refinery29.com/2018/03/194296/was-jp-getty-cheap-refused-paying-ransom-trust-drama?bucketed=true| title=Was J Paul Getty Really THAT Cheap?| publisher=[[Refinery29|Refinery29.com]]|location=New York City| date=March 25, 2018| access-date=March 29, 2018}}</ref> The two most famous examples are his refusal to pay his grandson's ransom, and the notorious pay-phone which he had installed at Sutton Place. A darker incident was his fifth wife's claim that Getty had scolded her for spending too much on their terminally ill sons' medical treatment, though he was worth tens of millions of dollars at the time.<ref name="Refinery29.com"/> He was well known for bargaining on almost everything to obtain a rock-bottom price, including for suites at luxury hotels and virtually all purchases like art work and real estate. Sutton Place, for instance, a 72-room mansion, was purchased from [[George Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 5th Duke of Sutherland]] in 1959 for the extremely low price of ₤60,000 (about ₤1.338 million in 2018 GBP), about half of what the Duke had paid when he bought it 40 years earlier.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=113}}</ref>

*His secretary claimed that Getty did his own laundry by hand, because he didn't want to pay for his clothes to be laundered, and when his shirts would become frayed at the cuffs, he would simply trim off the frayed part instead of purchasing new shirts.<ref>{{cite article|first=Debbie|last=Jackson|url=http://www.tulsaworld.com/homepagelatest/throwback-tulsa-billionaire-j-paul-getty-got-his-start-in/article_52fe4523-5205-5022-b612-c053c31312b4.html| title=Throwback Tulsa: Billionaire J. Paul Getty got his start in Tulsa | work=[[Tulsa World]]|publisher=BH Media|location=Tulsa, Oklahoma|date=December 10, 2017| access-date=March 29, 2018}}</ref>
*Re-using stationery was another obsession of Getty's. He had a habit of writing responses to letters on the margins and mailing them back, rather than use a new sheet of paper. He also carefully saved and re-used [[manila envelope]]s, rubber bands, and other office supplies.<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=69, 121}}</ref>
*When Getty took a group of friends to a dog show in London, he made them walk around the block for 10 minutes until the tickets became half-priced at 5 pm, because he didn't want to pay the full 5 [[Shilling (British coin)|shillings]] per head (about ₤12/$17 in 2018).<ref name="Refinery29.com"/>
*His decision to move to Sutton Place was made in part because the [[cost of living]] was cheaper than in [[London]], where he had resided at the [[The Ritz Hotel, London|Ritz]]. He boasted to [[Art Buchwald]] that it cost 10 cents for a [[rum and coke]] at Sutton Place, whereas at the Ritz it was over a dollar.<ref name="Refinery29.com"/>

Author [[John Pearson (author)|John Pearson]] attributed part of this extreme penny-pinching to the [[Methodist]] sensibility of Getty's upbringing, which emphasized modest living and personal economy. His business-like attention to the bottom-line was also a major factor: "He would allow himself no self-indulgence in the purchase of a place to live, a work of art, even a piece of furniture, unless he could convince himself that it would appreciate in value."
<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=42}}</ref> Getty himself claimed that his frugality towards others was a response to people taking advantage of him and not paying their fair share: "It's not the money I object to, it's the principle of the thing that bothers me..."<ref name="nytimes1976"/>

===Coin-box telephone===
Getty famously had a pay phone installed at Sutton Place, helping to seal his reputation as a miser.<ref>{{cite news|first=Julie|last=Miller|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/12/all-the-money-in-the-world-j-paul-getty|title=The Enigma of J. Paul Getty, the One-Time Richest Man in the World|work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|location=New York City|date=December 22, 2017|accessdate=March 30, 2018}}</ref> Getty placed dial-locks on all the regular telephones, limiting their use to authorized staff, and the coin-box telephone was installed for others. In his autobiography, he described his reasons:

{{quote|Now, for months after [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]] was purchased, great numbers of people came in and out of the house. Some were visiting businessmen. Others were artisans or workmen engaged in renovation and refurbishing. Still others were tradesmen making deliveries of merchandise. Suddenly, the Sutton Place telephone bills began to soar. The reason was obvious. Each of the regular telephones in the house has direct access to outside lines and thus to long-distance and even overseas operators. All sorts of people were making the best of a rare opportunity. They were picking up Sutton Place phones and placing calls to girlfriends in [[Geneva]] or [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and to aunts, uncles and third cousins twice-removed in [[Caracas]] and [[Cape Town]]. The costs of their friendly chats were, of course, charged to the Sutton Place bill.<ref>Getty, 1976, pg.319</ref>}}

When speaking in a televised interview with [[Alan Whicker]] in February 1963,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Solitary Billionaire J. Paul Getty|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00nw1t5 |work=Talk at the BBC|publisher=BBC |accessdate=April 6, 2012}}</ref> Getty said that he thought guests would want to use a payphone.<ref>''Talk at the BBC'', BBC Four, April 5, 2012</ref> After 18 months, Getty explained, "The in-and-out traffic flow at Sutton subsided. Management and operation of the house settled into a reasonable routine. With that, the pay-telephone [was] removed, and the dial-locks were taken off the telephones in the house."<ref>Getty, 1976, p. 320</ref>

==Later years & death==
On June 30, 1960, Getty threw a 21st birthday party for a relation of his friend, the [[Bernard Fitzalan-Howard, 16th Duke of Norfolk|16th Duke of Norfolk]], which served as a housewarming party for the newly-purchased Sutton Place.<ref name="autogenerated119">{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=119}}</ref> 1,200 guests consisting of the cream of British society were invited. Party goers were irritated by Getty's stinginess, such as not providing cigarettes and relegating everyone to using [[creosote]] [[portable toilet]]s outside. At about 10pm the party descended into pandemonium as [[party crasher]]s arrived from London, swelling the already overcrowded halls, causing an estimated ₤20,000 in damages.<ref name="autogenerated119"/> A valuable silver [[ewer]] by the 18th century [[silversmith]] [[Paul de Lamerie]] was stolen, but returned anonymously when the London newspapers began covering the theft.<ref>{{cite article| url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-wild-was-j-paul-gettys-notorious-british-party| title=How Wild Was J. Paul Getty's Notorious British Party?| author=Anthony Haden-Guest| publisher=The Daily Beast| date=2015-09-27| access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref> The failure of the event made the newly-arrived Getty the object of ridicule, and he never threw another large party again.

Getty remained an inveterate hard worker, boasting at age 74 that he often worked 16 to 18 hours per day overseeing his operations across the world.<ref name="nytimes1976"/> The Arab-Israeli [[Yom Kippur War]] of October 1973 caused a worldwide oil shortage for years to come. In this period, the value of Getty Oil shares quadrupled, with Getty enjoying personal earnings of $25.8 million in 1975 (appr. $120 million in 2018 USD).<ref>{{cite book| title=Painfully Rich| author=John Pearson| year=1995| publisher=Harper Collins| p=199}}</ref>

His insatiable appetite for women and sex also continued well into his 80s. He used an experimental drug, "H3", to maintain his potency.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/> Getty met the English interior designer Penelope Kitson in the 1950s and entrusted her with decorating his homes and the public rooms of the [[oil tanker]]s he was launching. From 1960 she resided in a cottage on the grounds of Sutton Place, and, though she did not have a sexual relationship with him, Getty held her in high respect and trust. Other mistresses who resided at Sutton Place included the married Mary Teissier, a distant cousin of the last [[Tsar of Russia]], [[Lady Ursula d'Abo]], who had close connections to the British Royal Family, and [[Nicaragua]]n-born Rosabella Burch.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/>

''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote of Getty's domestic arrangement that: “[Getty] ended his life with a collection of desperately hopeful women, all living together in his Tudor mansion in England, none of them aware that his favorite pastime was rewriting his will, changing his insultingly small bequests: $209 a month to one, $1,167 to another.”<ref>{{cite article|first=Jane|last=O'Reilly|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/30/books/isn-t-it-funny-what-money-can-do.html| title=Isn't It Funny What Money Can Do?| work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=New York Times Company|location=New York City|date=March 30, 1986|accessdate=March 29, 2018}}</ref> Only Penelope Kitson received a handsome bequest upon Getty's death: 5,000 Getty Oil shares (appr. $826,500 in 1976), which doubled in value during the 1980s, and a $1,167 monthly income.<ref name="vanityfair.com"/>

Getty died June 6, 1976, in [[Sutton Place, Surrey|Sutton Place]] near [[Guildford]], [[Surrey]], [[England]].<ref name=NYTobit/> He was buried in Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles County, California at the [[Getty Villa]]. The gravesite is not open to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=getty&GSfn=j&GSmn=paul&GSbyrel=all&GSdyrel=all&GSob=n&GRid=6730&df=all&|title=J. Paul Getty (1892 - 1976) |publisher=[[Find a Grave]]}}</ref>

== Media portrayals ==
The 2017 film ''[[All the Money in the World]]''{{spaced ndash}}directed by [[Ridley Scott]] and adapted from the book ''Painfully Rich: The Outrageous Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Heirs of J. Paul Getty'' by [[John Pearson (author)|John Pearson]]{{spaced ndash}}is a dramatisation of the abduction of Getty's grandson. [[Kevin Spacey]] originally portrayed Getty. However, after multiple sexual assault allegations against the actor, his scenes were cut and re-shot with [[Christopher Plummer]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/ridley-scott-reveals-how-kevin-spacey-was-erased-all-money-world-1068755|title= Ridley Scott Reveals How Kevin Spacey Was Erased From 'All the Money in the World'|last= Giardina|first=Carolyn|date=December 18, 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|accessdate=December 26, 2017}}</ref> Plummer was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]] for his performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/oscar-nominations-2018-complete-list-nominees-1067893 |title=Oscars: 'Shape of Water' Leads With 13 Noms |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 23, 2018|accessdate=January 23, 2018}}</ref>

The kidnapping is also dramatized in first season of the American anthology drama series ''[[Trust (U.S. TV series)|Trust]]'', in which Getty is portrayed by [[Donald Sutherland]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Petski|first1=Denise|title=FX Sets 'Atlanta' & 'The Americans' Return Dates, 'Trust' Premiere – TCA|url=http://deadline.com/2018/01/fx-atlanta-the-americans-trust-premiere-dates-1202236211/|work=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation|Penske Business Media, LLC]]|accessdate=January 5, 2018|date=January 5, 2018}}</ref>

==Published works==
* Getty, J. Paul. ''The history of the bigger oil business of George F.S. F. and J. Paul Getty from 1903 to 1939''. Los Angeles?, 1941.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''Europe in the Eighteenth Century''. [Santa Monica, Calif.]: privately printed, 1949.
* Le Vane, Ethel, and J. Paul Getty. ''Collector's Choice: The Chronicle of an Artistic Odyssey through Europe''. London: W.H. Allen, 1955.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''My Life and Fortunes''. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1963.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''The Joys of Collecting''. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1965.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''How to be Rich''. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1965.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''The Golden Age''. New York: Trident Press, 1968.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''How to be a Successful Executive''. Chicago: Playboy Press, 1971.
* Getty, J. Paul. ''As I See It: The Autobiography of J. Paul Getty''. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall, 1976. {{ISBN|0-13-049593-X}}.
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[List of wealthiest historical figures]]
* [[List of richest Americans in history]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Hewins, Ralph. ''The Richest American: J. Paul Getty''. New York: Dutton, 1960.
* Lund, Robina. ''The Getty I Knew''. Kansas City: Sheed Andrews and McMeel, 1977. {{ISBN|0-8362-6601-3}}.
* Miller, Russell. ''The House of Getty''. New York: Henry Holt, 1985. {{ISBN|0-8050-0023-2}}.
* [[Somerset de Chair|de Chair, Somerset Struben]]. ''Getty on Getty: a man in a billion''. London: Cassell, 1989. {{ISBN|0-304-31807-8}}.
* Pearson, John. ''Painfully Rich: J. Paul Getty and His Heirs''. London: Macmillan, 1995. {{ISBN|0-333-59033-3}}.
* Wooster, Martin Morse. ''Philanthropy Hall of Fame, J. Paul Getty''. [http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/almanac/hall_of_fame/j._paul_getty philanthropyroundtable.org.]

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=J. Paul Getty |commonscat=yes |n=no |q=J._Paul_Getty |d=Q318591 |s=no |b=no |v=no}}
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cifaia40009 J. Paul Getty diaries, 1938–1946, 1948–1976] finding aid, Getty Research Institute.
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10020/cifaia20009 J. Paul Getty family collected papers, 1880s–1989, undated (bulk 1911–1977)] finding aid, Getty Research Institute.

{{Getty Trust}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Getty, J. Paul}}
[[Category:Getty family|J. Paul]]
[[Category:American art collectors]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American business writers]]
[[Category:American businesspeople in the oil industry]]
[[Category:American billionaires]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:Museum founders]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]
[[Category:J. Paul Getty Trust|J]]
[[Category:People associated with the J. Paul Getty Museum| ]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from California]]
[[Category:American emigrants to England]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Minneapolis]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tulsa, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:English people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:English people of American descent]]

Setthathirath II

2018-06-21T01:37:35Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox monarch
| name =Sai Ong Hue; Trieu Phuc; Ong Lo
| title =Setthathirath II
| succession1 = [[Lan Xang|Kingdom of Lan Xang]]
| image =
| caption =
| reign1 = 1700-1707
| coronation =
| full name = Setthathirath II
| predecessor1 = [[Nan Tharat]]
| successor1 = As First King of [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]
| succession2 = [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]
| reign2 = 1707-1735
| coronation2 =
| predecessor2 = As Last King of [[Lan Xang|Kingdom of Lan Xang]]
| successor2 = [[Ong Long]]
| spouse =
| issue = [[Ong Long]] [[Ong Bun]] [[Khuang-Na]] [[Phra Chao Sarasak]]
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =1685
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1735
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}

'''Setthathirath II''' (died 1735), also called '''Ong Lo''' and '''Sai Ong Hue''', grandson of the great ruler Suliyavongsa, was the king of the [[Lao people|Lao]] Kingdom of [[Lān Xāng]]

He spent most of his early years as a prince of the royal house in exile at [[Huế]] (now in Vietnam). His father Prince [[Som Phou]] fled to [[Vietnam]] upon the placement by the nobles of his younger brother (Setthathirath II's uncle) [[Sourigna Vongsa|Suliyavongsa]] was king of [[Lan Xang]]. Upon the 1694 death of King Suliyavongsa, a noble named [[Tian Thala]] ascended to the throne. Within six months, Tian Thala was deposed by [[Ong Lo]].

In 1698 Setthathirath II attacked [[Vientiane]], the capital of Lan Xang. In 1699, [[Nan Tharat]] became ruler and with the aid of Vietnamese forces, Setthathirath II ousted King Nan Tharat and secured the city. In 1700 he declared himself king under the name Sethathirat II, and in 1705 he moved the [[Prabang Buddha]], the sacred religious statue and symbol of royalty, from [[Luang Prabang]] to Vientiane.

Setthathirath II then sent his brother to take the northern city of [[Loung Prabang]] from his cousin Prince [[Kitsarat]] (or Kitsarath), a grandson of King Suliyavongsa, who refused to recognize his authority. Kitsarat asks for assistance from the Siamese King and was granted independence from Lan Xang, creating the [[Kingdom of Luang Phrabang]] and converting Lan Xang into the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]].

In 1713, another grandson of Suliyavongsa, Prince [[Nokasat Song]] or [[Nokasad]], saw the opportunity to break away from Lan Xang to the South, and was also granted independence from Siam to form the [[Kingdom of Champasak]], which further divided the Lao Kingdom.

King Sethathirat II had issue: three sons and one daughter.
# Prince (''Sadet Chao Fa Anga'') Lankaya [Ong-Long], who succeeded as H.M. ''Samdach Brhat Chao Dharma Adi Varman Maha Sri Ungalankaya Chandrapuri Sri Sadhana Kanayudha'', King of Lang-Xang Vientiane.
# Prince (''Sadet Chao Fa Anga'') Bunya [Ong-Bun], who succeeded as H.M. ''Samdach Brhat Chao Maha Sri Bunyasena Jaya Setha Adiraja Chandrapuri Sri Sadhana Kanayudha'' [Bunsan], King of Lang-Xang Vientiane.
# Prince (''Sadet Chao Fa Jaya'') Guangnaya [Khuang-Na]. Appointed as Viceroy with the title of ''Samdach Brhat Chao Maha Uparaja'' 1730.
# A daughter. m. 1699, Phra Chao Sarasak, ''Upayuvaraja'' of Ayudhya, son of Phra Phetraja, King of Ayudhya 1684–1698.

==References==
* http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064762/Sai-Ong-Hue
* http://www.royalark.net/Laos/vientian.htm

==Further reading==
* Peter Simms & Sanda Simms. ''The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History''. Routledge (1999), [https://books.google.com/books?id=KUL62x3qWvUC&pg=PA107&sig=ttWMRsfhmEURF2g6LuThghz9cjY pp 107–16]. {{ISBN|0-7007-1531-2}}.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Setthathirath 02}}
[[Category:Kings of Lan Xang]]
[[Category:Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:17th-century births]]
[[Category:1735 deaths]]
[[Category:18th century in Lan Xang]]
[[Category:18th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:18th-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Laotian Theravada Buddhists]]
[[Category:1700s in Lan Xang]]
[[Category:1700s in Asia]]

{{clr}}
{{laos-royal-stub}}

Anouvong

2018-06-21T01:37:01Z

110.169.30.147: /* The Reign of King Anouvong */

{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name =Chao Anouvong ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌
| title =Chao Anouvong
| succession = [[Kingdom of Vientiane|King of Vientiane]]
| image = [[File:Vientiane, Chao Anouvong Park (6031888461).jpg|200px]]
| caption =Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]].
| reign = 7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828
| coronation =
| full name = Xaiya-Setthathirath V
| predecessor = [[Chao Inthavong|Inthavong]]
| successor = ''annexed by Siam''
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = [[Ong Bun]]
| mother = [[Phranang Kamphong]]
| birth_date ={{birth-date|1767}}
| birth_place =[[Vientiane]], [[Lan Xang]]
| death_date = {{death-date|12 November 1828}}
| death_place =[[Bangkok]], [[Siam]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
[[File:Laos (8087443082).jpg|thumb|Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]].]]
'''Chao Anouvong''' ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌}}; {{lang-th|เจ้าอนุวงศ์}}; {{RTGS|Chao Anuwong}}), or [[regnal name]] '''Xaiya Setthathirath V''' ({{lang-lo|ໄຊຍະເສດຖາທິຣາຊທີ່ຫ້າ}}; {{lang-th|ไชยเชษฐาธิราชที่ห้า}}; {{RTGS|Chaiya Chetthathirat Thi Ha}}), (1767 – 1829), led the [[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]] as the last monarch of the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]. Anouvong succeeded to the throne in 1805 upon the death his brother, [[Chao Inthavong]] ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອິນທະວົງສ໌}}; {{lang|th|เจ้าอินทวงศ์}}), ''Xaiya Setthathirath IV'', who had succeeded their father, [[Ong Bun]] or Phrachao Siribounyasan ({{Lang-lo|ພຣະເຈົ້າສິຣິບຸນຍະສາຣ}}; {{lang|th|พระเจ้าสิริบุญสาร}}) ''Xaiya Setthathirath III''.<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ncqj2QWkFQMC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Chao+Inthavong&source=bl&ots=_NJ5wUhj-e&sig=nP0CQrMV8ikLQK1z7r_GOqREEuk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig0Pjsss3ZAhVR7mMKHVlHBDsQ6AEwD3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Chao%20Inthavong&f=false</ref> Anou was known by his father's regal number until recently discovered records disclosed that his father and brother had the same regal name.

==The Reign of King Anouvong==
[[File:Le sanctuaire du Vat Sisaket (Vientiane) (4342112152).jpg|thumbnail|[[Wat Si Saket]], [[Vientiane]]. Completed by King Anouvong in 1824.]]
In 1779, following the fall of [[Vientiane]] to the army of [[Taksin]] of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], the city was looted but was spared destruction. However, the [[Emerald Buddha]] and several other important [[buddharupa|Buddha images]] were taken to Thonburi, and the sons and daughter of Ong Bun or King Siribounyasan were taken as hostages, along with several thousand [[Lao people|Lao families]], who were resettled in [[Saraburi]], north of the Thai capital. Siribounyasan had three sons, who were all to succeed him as king of Vientiane – Nanthasen, Inthavong, and Anouvong.

On the death of King Siribounyasan in 1781, Siam allowed his eldest son, Nathasen, to return to [[Vientiane]] as king. He was permitted to take with him the [[Phra Bang]], a gold [[Buddharupa]] that had, according to legend had been originally brought from [[Angkor]] by [[Fa Ngum]], the first king of [[Lan Xang]], and was taken to Thonburi in 1779. In 1791, Nanthasan convinced [[Rama I]] that King Anourouth of Luang Phrabang was secretly meeting with the [[Bamar people|Bamar]]-ruled [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung Kingdom]] and plotting a rebellion against Thonburi. Nathasan was allowed to attack [[Luang Prabang]] and capture the city in 1792. The Luang Phrabang royal family were sent to Bangkok as prisoners and remained there for four years. Two years later, Nanthasan was himself accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of [[Nakhon Phanom]], allegedly having made diplomatic overtures to [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn Vietnam]]. Nanthasen was arrested and possibly executed in 1794.

In 1795, Inthavong was installed as King of Vientiane, with his brother Anouvong assuming the traditional post of [[uparaja|oupahat]] ({{lang-lo|ອຸປຮາດ}}, "vice-king"). Burmese armies invaded Siam in both 1797 and 1802, and Inthavong dispatched several Lao armies under Anouvong to assist in the defense. Anouvong gained recognition for his bravery and won several major victories at [[Sipsong Chao Thai]].

Inthavong died in 1804, and Anouvong succeeded him as the ruler of Vientiane. However, by 1813 he had begun a series of religious and symbolic acts which remain highly controversial. Anouvong called a great council of the [[sangha]], only the third ever held in Laotian history, and it was decided that a new Emerald Buddha would be carved. Anouvong ordered repairs on the Ho Phra Kèo, and also ordered several new temples to be established and dedicated to the Emerald Buddha. Bizarrely, he ordered a major bridge to be built across the wide [[Mekong]].

In 1819 Anouvong rushed to suppress a rebellion in the [[Kingdom of Champasak]], led by a charismatic [[bhikkhu|monk]], who had caused the ruler to flee to [[Bangkok]]. Anouvong’s son Nyô led an army south from Vientiane and easily suppressed the uprising. As the king of Champasak had died, [[Rama II of Siam]] appointed Nyô the new ruler of Champasak. Anouvong had succeeded in uniting two of the three Lao kingdoms under his control. Also that year, Anouwong ordered the construction of [[Wat Si Saket]], which was completed in 1824. The temple was a major statement of his authority, since it was oriented so that when Anouvong’s vassals came to pledge their annual allegiance, they physically turned their backs on Bangkok.

===The Funeral of Rama II===
Rama II died in 1824, and it was unclear who would succeed him. The likely successors were young [[Mongkut]], who was the son of Queen [[Sri Suriyendra]], and Mongkut's elder and more experienced half-brother Jessadabodindra, who was only the son of a court concubine. A crisis was avoided when Prince Mongkut chose to become a [[bhikkhu]] (Buddhist monk) and Jessadabodindra ascended as [[Rama III]].

The potential crisis had caused the military to be on high alert, and the [[British Empire]], who had recently begun the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], closely monitored the situation.

In the midst of these events, the Lao kings of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak made their way to Bangkok for the royal funeral ceremonies to be held the following year in accordance with custom. Rama III had already begun implementing the census and forced tattooing policies in the [[Khorat Plateau]]. Anouvong's retinue and one of his sons were impressed into [[corvee]] projects, including digging canals, felling sugar palms, harvesting bamboo, and constructing the [[Phra Samut Chedi]]. At one of the projects, Anouvong's son allegedly had been mocked and possibly even beaten. Anouvong was furious and cut short the traditional obeisance at the [[Chakri dynasty|Chakri court]].

It is not clear if Anouvong had decided to rebel during his stay in Bangkok, or if he had planned it earlier and was just awaiting an excuse. Nevertheless, he made demands before he left. He wanted the return of the [[Emerald Buddha]] (which had originally been brought to Vientiane from [[Chiang Mai]]), the release of his sister (taken hostage forty-five years earlier), and the return of the Lao families who had been relocated in [[Saraburi]]. Thai historians write that Anouvong rebelled over a personal slight, since each of his requests was denied and he was told he could return with only one dancer from his retinue. However, the intensity of the his rebellion suggests the his motivations were more complex.

==Rebellion==
{{Main|Laotian Rebellion}}
[[File:Yasothon General Singh 24.JPG|thumbnail|Shrine to General Bodindecha, Thailand]]
By 1826 Anouvong was actively making military preparations for rebellion. His strategy involved three key points: 1) respond to the immediate crisis caused by the popular discontent over the forced tattooing; 2) remove the ethnic Lao on the Khorat Plateau to the Kingdom of Vientiane, conducting a [[Scorched earth policy|scorched Earth policy]] as he did so to slow the inevitable Siamese pursuit; 3) seek a diplomatic victory by gaining support from Vietnam, China, or Britain.

Anouvong may have believed the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in [[Southeast Asia]] was turning away from Siam. The [[Political faction|factionalism]] at the Siamese court, the presence of the British in nearby Burma, the growing influence of Vietnam in the Cambodian provinces, and the regional dissatisfaction in the Lao areas suggested that Siamese power was waning. In 1827 the British had arrived to finalize the [[Burney Treaty]] between Siam and the British Empire, and the presence of the British fleet may have led Anouvong to believe that an invasion was imminent. However, his most serious miscalculation was in the disparity of military power between Siam and Laos. From at least 1822, Siam had been purchasing large quantities of modern firearms and ammunition from Britain, which had a military surplus from the then ended [[Napoleonic Wars]] in [[Europe]].

In December 1826, Anouvong's rebellion began with an army of 10,000 men making its way toward [[Kalasin]], following the path of the Siamese tattooing officials. In January, Anouvong led a second larger force towards [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] and was able to take the city by a ruse. A contingent of Anouvong's army was sent to [[Lomsak]] and [[Chaiyaphum]], before making its way to [[Saraburi]] to bring the Lao families there back to Vientiane. A fourth army led by Anouvong’s son Nyô, the King of Champasak, was dispatched to take [[Ubon Ratchathani|Ubon]]. All of these armies moved under a web of misinformation and false dispatches that warned of impending attacks on Siam by neighboring powers.

Anouvong's planned retreats were slowed by the civilians who occupied the roads and passes. Lao commanders also delayed to search for the Thai officials responsible for tattooing, forcing those captured to march north as prisoners. Anouvong foolishly wasted over a month searching for the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima, who had been a key figure in the tattooing and population transfers.
[[File:Yasothon Victory Wat Chedi 30.JPG|thumbnail|Victory Chedi, Wat Tung Sawang Chaiyaphum]]

To Anouvong's surprise, Siam quickly organized a massive counter strike and dispatched two armies, one by way of Saraburi to retake Nakhon Ratchasima, and the other through the Pasak Valley towards Lomsak. Anouvong's forces withdrew to Nong Bua Lamphu, the strongest fortress on the Khorat Plateau and traditionally held by the crown prince of Vientiane. After a three-day battle, Nong Bua Lamphu finally fell, and Anouvong's men fell back to a second line of defense. Siamese strength and modern arms were greater than Anouvong had imagined, and his armies continued to march towards Vientiane. They defended the city for five days, as Anouvong for fled his life towards the border with Vietnam.

The Siamese general, [[Chao Phraya]] [[Bodindecha]] (เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา), at last took Anouvong's capital city. He sacked the palaces and leveled the city’s defenses, but he left the monasteries and much of the city intact. Following the sacking of Vientiane, the rulers of [[Chiang Mai]], [[Lampang]], [[Lamphun]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], [[Phrae]], and the kingdom of Luang Phrabang all pledged their renewed allegiance to Siam, although Phraya Bodindecha noted they had “waited to see the turn of events, and their actions greatly depended on the outcome of the war.”

Bodindecha spent several months organizing the removal of the remaining people from around Vientiane and confiscating all arms and ammunition. He then left a small garrison across the river opposite the empty city and returned to the Khorat Plateau.

Anouvong eventually returned with about 1,000 soldiers and 100 Vietnamese observers. This small force was only meant to negotiate a settlement with Siam. However, he learned that a nine spire stupa had been erected as a victory monument at Wat Thung Sawang Chaiyaphum (วัดทุ่งสว่างชัยภูมิ) in the town of [[Yasothon]]. This enraged him, and he crossed the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] and attacked the 300 Thai defenders, killing all but about 40. The now furious Rama III ordered Chao Phraya Bodindecha to return and completely destroy Vientiane, and to capture Anouvong at all costs.

Chao Phraya Bondindecha pursued Anouvong to [[Xiangkhoang Plateau|Xieng Khouang]], where according to some accounts he was betrayed and handed over to the Siamese. Anouvong and his family were placed under heavy guard and marched to Bangkok. A British observer recalled:

{{quotation|[The king] was confined in a large iron cage exposed to a burning sun, and obliged to proclaim to everyone that the King of Siam was great and merciful, that he himself had committed a great error and deserved his present punishment. In this cage were placed with the prisoner, a large mortar to pound him in, a large boiler to boil him in, a hook to hang him by, and a sword to decapitate him; also a sharp-pointed spike for him to sit on. His children were sometimes put in along with him. He was a mild, respectable-looking, old grey-haired man, and did not live long to gratify his tormentors, death having put an end to his sufferings. His body was taken and hung in chains on the bank of the river, about two or three miles below Bangkok.}}

==Aftermath==
The city of Vientiane was totally destroyed and its population completely relocated. The destruction was so thorough that the first French explorers more than 30 years later found only ruins in a jungle to show where the city had once been. The remaining Lao kingdoms of Champasak and Luang Phrabang understandably came under stricter control and arms limitations, while the Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. Regional rivals Siam and Vietnam would come into increasing conflict over control of the inland trade and Lao territory, leading to the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)|Siamese-Vietnamese Wars]] of the 1830s. Vietnam annexed the Lao principality of Xieng Khouang, and Chinese bandits after the [[Taiping rebellion]] were able to force their way down the Mekong River to fight what became known as the [[Haw Wars]] of the 1860s. The first French explorers navigating the Mekong River used the political vacuum as a convenient excuse to create their own colony of [[French Indochina]].

==Legacy==
The most significant legacy of Anouvong's Lao Rebellion was the impact of the forced population transfers throughout the region. As a consequence of the warfare and population transfers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there are now over 19 million ethnic Lao living in the [[Isan]] region of [[Thailand]], while less than 6 million live in the independent country of Laos.

During the [[French Indochina|French]] colonial period, Vientiane was rebuilt as the Laotian capital in a deliberate attempt win favor and to demonstrate French authority.

Several accounts of the Siamese-Lao conflict have been written by historians and authorities, many in direct conflict with one another. In particular, the accounts of the Siamese heroines [[Thao Suranari]] (or “Lady Mo”) and Khunying Bunleu have been popularized and possibly exaggerated. During the 1930s, Field Marshall [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]] promoted Siamese legends as part of a political and military campaign to unify all of the [[Tai peoples]].

The Siamese government also named [[Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School|schools]] and a [[:th:พิพิธภัณฑ์เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี)|museum]] after the victorious general. However, modern Lao nationalist movements have turned Anouvong into a hero, even though his rebellion caused the end of the kingdom of Lan Xang, the destruction of Vientiane, and a permanent division of the Lao people between the country of Laos and the Lao-speaking provinces of northeastern Thailand. Nevertheless, his rebellion is regarded as the point at which Lao nationality and identity solidified. He has been credited with the existence of the modern country of Laos, which might have otherwise have been completely incorporated into Thailand, as was the neighboring Tai Yuan kingdom of [[Lanna]].

==Memorials==
Anouvong had ordered [[Wat Si Saket]] to be built in Vientiane, and his name will always be connected with it. An elephant [[howdah]] he once owned and used is on display in the [[Lao National Museum]] in Vientiane.

In 2010, to coincide with the 450th Anniversary celebrations of Vientiane, the [[Laos]] government created Chao Anouvong Park, complete with a large bronze statue of the locally revered ruler.

==See also==
*[[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]]
*[[Military history of Thailand]]
*[[Laos–Thailand relations]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Chao Anouvong}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|title=Activist couple claiming Lao royal blood killed
|accessdate=May 10, 2013
|author=Supalak Ganjanakhundee
|date=January 19, 2006
|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GVfBPN8G?url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|archivedate=2013-05-10
|quote=A man in his 50s, identified as Prince Anouvong Sethathirath IV, and his wife Princess Oulayvanh Sethathirath, were killed by two unidentified gunmen....
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
* [http://www.sethathirath.com/ Report on murder of couple claiming Lao royal descent] presented by Alan Potkin, Ph. D. Adjunct Consultant, Center for [[Northern Illinois University#Other programs|the NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091710/http://laovoices.com/2010/08/24/chao-anouvong-park-honours-kingly-deeds/ Chao Anouvong Park honours kingly deeds]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/sub-new/Art_Culture/Art_A.htm Effigies of the former kings Chao Fangum and Chao Anouvong]
*[http://www.laos-travel-guide.com/king-anouvong.html King Anouvong or Chao Anou]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Site_SeaGames/News/News_Archive/News_Chao.htm Chao Anouvong stadium]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Monarchs of Laos|Kingdom of Vientiane]]|1767|12 November|1828}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Laos]]|before=[[Inthavong]] |after=Kingdom annexed|years='''7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828'''}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anouvong}}
[[Category:Laotian royalty]]
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:19th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Anouvong

2018-06-21T01:36:27Z

110.169.30.147: /* The Reign of King Anouvong */

{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name =Chao Anouvong ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌
| title =Chao Anouvong
| succession = [[Kingdom of Vientiane|King of Vientiane]]
| image = [[File:Vientiane, Chao Anouvong Park (6031888461).jpg|200px]]
| caption =Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]].
| reign = 7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828
| coronation =
| full name = Xaiya-Setthathirath V
| predecessor = [[Chao Inthavong|Inthavong]]
| successor = ''annexed by Siam''
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = [[Ong Bun]]
| mother = [[Phranang Kamphong]]
| birth_date ={{birth-date|1767}}
| birth_place =[[Vientiane]], [[Lan Xang]]
| death_date = {{death-date|12 November 1828}}
| death_place =[[Bangkok]], [[Siam]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
[[File:Laos (8087443082).jpg|thumb|Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]].]]
'''Chao Anouvong''' ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌}}; {{lang-th|เจ้าอนุวงศ์}}; {{RTGS|Chao Anuwong}}), or [[regnal name]] '''Xaiya Setthathirath V''' ({{lang-lo|ໄຊຍະເສດຖາທິຣາຊທີ່ຫ້າ}}; {{lang-th|ไชยเชษฐาธิราชที่ห้า}}; {{RTGS|Chaiya Chetthathirat Thi Ha}}), (1767 – 1829), led the [[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]] as the last monarch of the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]. Anouvong succeeded to the throne in 1805 upon the death his brother, [[Chao Inthavong]] ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອິນທະວົງສ໌}}; {{lang|th|เจ้าอินทวงศ์}}), ''Xaiya Setthathirath IV'', who had succeeded their father, [[Ong Bun]] or Phrachao Siribounyasan ({{Lang-lo|ພຣະເຈົ້າສິຣິບຸນຍະສາຣ}}; {{lang|th|พระเจ้าสิริบุญสาร}}) ''Xaiya Setthathirath III''.<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ncqj2QWkFQMC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Chao+Inthavong&source=bl&ots=_NJ5wUhj-e&sig=nP0CQrMV8ikLQK1z7r_GOqREEuk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig0Pjsss3ZAhVR7mMKHVlHBDsQ6AEwD3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Chao%20Inthavong&f=false</ref> Anou was known by his father's regal number until recently discovered records disclosed that his father and brother had the same regal name.

==The Reign of King Anouvong==
[[File:Le sanctuaire du Vat Sisaket (Vientiane) (4342112152).jpg|thumbnail|[[Wat Si Saket]], [[Vientiane]]. Completed by King Anouvong in 1824.]]
In 1779, following the fall of [[Vientiane]] to the army of [[Taksin]] of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], the city was looted but was spared destruction. However, the [[Emerald Buddha]] and several other important [[buddharupa|Buddha images]] were taken to Thonburi, and the sons and daughter of Ong Bun or King Siribunyasan were taken as hostages, along with several thousand [[Lao people|Lao families]], who were resettled in [[Saraburi]], north of the Thai capital. Siribunyasan had three sons, who were all to succeed him as king of Vientiane – Nanthasen, Inthavong, and Anouvong.

On the death of King Siribunyasan in 1781, Siam allowed his eldest son, Nathasen, to return to [[Vientiane]] as king. He was permitted to take with him the [[Phra Bang]], a gold [[Buddharupa]] that had, according to legend had been originally brought from [[Angkor]] by [[Fa Ngum]], the first king of [[Lan Xang]], and was taken to Thonburi in 1779. In 1791, Nanthasan convinced [[Rama I]] that King Anourouth of Luang Phrabang was secretly meeting with the [[Bamar people|Bamar]]-ruled [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung Kingdom]] and plotting a rebellion against Thonburi. Nathasan was allowed to attack [[Luang Prabang]] and capture the city in 1792. The Luang Phrabang royal family were sent to Bangkok as prisoners and remained there for four years. Two years later, Nanthasan was himself accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of [[Nakhon Phanom]], allegedly having made diplomatic overtures to [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn Vietnam]]. Nanthasen was arrested and possibly executed in 1794.

In 1795, Inthavong was installed as King of Vientiane, with his brother Anouvong assuming the traditional post of [[uparaja|oupahat]] ({{lang-lo|ອຸປຮາດ}}, "vice-king"). Burmese armies invaded Siam in both 1797 and 1802, and Inthavong dispatched several Lao armies under Anouvong to assist in the defense. Anouvong gained recognition for his bravery and won several major victories at [[Sipsong Chao Thai]].

Inthavong died in 1804, and Anouvong succeeded him as the ruler of Vientiane. However, by 1813 he had begun a series of religious and symbolic acts which remain highly controversial. Anouvong called a great council of the [[sangha]], only the third ever held in Laotian history, and it was decided that a new Emerald Buddha would be carved. Anouvong ordered repairs on the Ho Phra Kèo, and also ordered several new temples to be established and dedicated to the Emerald Buddha. Bizarrely, he ordered a major bridge to be built across the wide [[Mekong]].

In 1819 Anouvong rushed to suppress a rebellion in the [[Kingdom of Champasak]], led by a charismatic [[bhikkhu|monk]], who had caused the ruler to flee to [[Bangkok]]. Anouvong’s son Nyô led an army south from Vientiane and easily suppressed the uprising. As the king of Champasak had died, [[Rama II of Siam]] appointed Nyô the new ruler of Champasak. Anouvong had succeeded in uniting two of the three Lao kingdoms under his control. Also that year, Anouwong ordered the construction of [[Wat Si Saket]], which was completed in 1824. The temple was a major statement of his authority, since it was oriented so that when Anouvong’s vassals came to pledge their annual allegiance, they physically turned their backs on Bangkok.

===The Funeral of Rama II===
Rama II died in 1824, and it was unclear who would succeed him. The likely successors were young [[Mongkut]], who was the son of Queen [[Sri Suriyendra]], and Mongkut's elder and more experienced half-brother Jessadabodindra, who was only the son of a court concubine. A crisis was avoided when Prince Mongkut chose to become a [[bhikkhu]] (Buddhist monk) and Jessadabodindra ascended as [[Rama III]].

The potential crisis had caused the military to be on high alert, and the [[British Empire]], who had recently begun the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], closely monitored the situation.

In the midst of these events, the Lao kings of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak made their way to Bangkok for the royal funeral ceremonies to be held the following year in accordance with custom. Rama III had already begun implementing the census and forced tattooing policies in the [[Khorat Plateau]]. Anouvong's retinue and one of his sons were impressed into [[corvee]] projects, including digging canals, felling sugar palms, harvesting bamboo, and constructing the [[Phra Samut Chedi]]. At one of the projects, Anouvong's son allegedly had been mocked and possibly even beaten. Anouvong was furious and cut short the traditional obeisance at the [[Chakri dynasty|Chakri court]].

It is not clear if Anouvong had decided to rebel during his stay in Bangkok, or if he had planned it earlier and was just awaiting an excuse. Nevertheless, he made demands before he left. He wanted the return of the [[Emerald Buddha]] (which had originally been brought to Vientiane from [[Chiang Mai]]), the release of his sister (taken hostage forty-five years earlier), and the return of the Lao families who had been relocated in [[Saraburi]]. Thai historians write that Anouvong rebelled over a personal slight, since each of his requests was denied and he was told he could return with only one dancer from his retinue. However, the intensity of the his rebellion suggests the his motivations were more complex.

==Rebellion==
{{Main|Laotian Rebellion}}
[[File:Yasothon General Singh 24.JPG|thumbnail|Shrine to General Bodindecha, Thailand]]
By 1826 Anouvong was actively making military preparations for rebellion. His strategy involved three key points: 1) respond to the immediate crisis caused by the popular discontent over the forced tattooing; 2) remove the ethnic Lao on the Khorat Plateau to the Kingdom of Vientiane, conducting a [[Scorched earth policy|scorched Earth policy]] as he did so to slow the inevitable Siamese pursuit; 3) seek a diplomatic victory by gaining support from Vietnam, China, or Britain.

Anouvong may have believed the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in [[Southeast Asia]] was turning away from Siam. The [[Political faction|factionalism]] at the Siamese court, the presence of the British in nearby Burma, the growing influence of Vietnam in the Cambodian provinces, and the regional dissatisfaction in the Lao areas suggested that Siamese power was waning. In 1827 the British had arrived to finalize the [[Burney Treaty]] between Siam and the British Empire, and the presence of the British fleet may have led Anouvong to believe that an invasion was imminent. However, his most serious miscalculation was in the disparity of military power between Siam and Laos. From at least 1822, Siam had been purchasing large quantities of modern firearms and ammunition from Britain, which had a military surplus from the then ended [[Napoleonic Wars]] in [[Europe]].

In December 1826, Anouvong's rebellion began with an army of 10,000 men making its way toward [[Kalasin]], following the path of the Siamese tattooing officials. In January, Anouvong led a second larger force towards [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] and was able to take the city by a ruse. A contingent of Anouvong's army was sent to [[Lomsak]] and [[Chaiyaphum]], before making its way to [[Saraburi]] to bring the Lao families there back to Vientiane. A fourth army led by Anouvong’s son Nyô, the King of Champasak, was dispatched to take [[Ubon Ratchathani|Ubon]]. All of these armies moved under a web of misinformation and false dispatches that warned of impending attacks on Siam by neighboring powers.

Anouvong's planned retreats were slowed by the civilians who occupied the roads and passes. Lao commanders also delayed to search for the Thai officials responsible for tattooing, forcing those captured to march north as prisoners. Anouvong foolishly wasted over a month searching for the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima, who had been a key figure in the tattooing and population transfers.
[[File:Yasothon Victory Wat Chedi 30.JPG|thumbnail|Victory Chedi, Wat Tung Sawang Chaiyaphum]]

To Anouvong's surprise, Siam quickly organized a massive counter strike and dispatched two armies, one by way of Saraburi to retake Nakhon Ratchasima, and the other through the Pasak Valley towards Lomsak. Anouvong's forces withdrew to Nong Bua Lamphu, the strongest fortress on the Khorat Plateau and traditionally held by the crown prince of Vientiane. After a three-day battle, Nong Bua Lamphu finally fell, and Anouvong's men fell back to a second line of defense. Siamese strength and modern arms were greater than Anouvong had imagined, and his armies continued to march towards Vientiane. They defended the city for five days, as Anouvong for fled his life towards the border with Vietnam.

The Siamese general, [[Chao Phraya]] [[Bodindecha]] (เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา), at last took Anouvong's capital city. He sacked the palaces and leveled the city’s defenses, but he left the monasteries and much of the city intact. Following the sacking of Vientiane, the rulers of [[Chiang Mai]], [[Lampang]], [[Lamphun]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], [[Phrae]], and the kingdom of Luang Phrabang all pledged their renewed allegiance to Siam, although Phraya Bodindecha noted they had “waited to see the turn of events, and their actions greatly depended on the outcome of the war.”

Bodindecha spent several months organizing the removal of the remaining people from around Vientiane and confiscating all arms and ammunition. He then left a small garrison across the river opposite the empty city and returned to the Khorat Plateau.

Anouvong eventually returned with about 1,000 soldiers and 100 Vietnamese observers. This small force was only meant to negotiate a settlement with Siam. However, he learned that a nine spire stupa had been erected as a victory monument at Wat Thung Sawang Chaiyaphum (วัดทุ่งสว่างชัยภูมิ) in the town of [[Yasothon]]. This enraged him, and he crossed the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] and attacked the 300 Thai defenders, killing all but about 40. The now furious Rama III ordered Chao Phraya Bodindecha to return and completely destroy Vientiane, and to capture Anouvong at all costs.

Chao Phraya Bondindecha pursued Anouvong to [[Xiangkhoang Plateau|Xieng Khouang]], where according to some accounts he was betrayed and handed over to the Siamese. Anouvong and his family were placed under heavy guard and marched to Bangkok. A British observer recalled:

{{quotation|[The king] was confined in a large iron cage exposed to a burning sun, and obliged to proclaim to everyone that the King of Siam was great and merciful, that he himself had committed a great error and deserved his present punishment. In this cage were placed with the prisoner, a large mortar to pound him in, a large boiler to boil him in, a hook to hang him by, and a sword to decapitate him; also a sharp-pointed spike for him to sit on. His children were sometimes put in along with him. He was a mild, respectable-looking, old grey-haired man, and did not live long to gratify his tormentors, death having put an end to his sufferings. His body was taken and hung in chains on the bank of the river, about two or three miles below Bangkok.}}

==Aftermath==
The city of Vientiane was totally destroyed and its population completely relocated. The destruction was so thorough that the first French explorers more than 30 years later found only ruins in a jungle to show where the city had once been. The remaining Lao kingdoms of Champasak and Luang Phrabang understandably came under stricter control and arms limitations, while the Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. Regional rivals Siam and Vietnam would come into increasing conflict over control of the inland trade and Lao territory, leading to the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)|Siamese-Vietnamese Wars]] of the 1830s. Vietnam annexed the Lao principality of Xieng Khouang, and Chinese bandits after the [[Taiping rebellion]] were able to force their way down the Mekong River to fight what became known as the [[Haw Wars]] of the 1860s. The first French explorers navigating the Mekong River used the political vacuum as a convenient excuse to create their own colony of [[French Indochina]].

==Legacy==
The most significant legacy of Anouvong's Lao Rebellion was the impact of the forced population transfers throughout the region. As a consequence of the warfare and population transfers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there are now over 19 million ethnic Lao living in the [[Isan]] region of [[Thailand]], while less than 6 million live in the independent country of Laos.

During the [[French Indochina|French]] colonial period, Vientiane was rebuilt as the Laotian capital in a deliberate attempt win favor and to demonstrate French authority.

Several accounts of the Siamese-Lao conflict have been written by historians and authorities, many in direct conflict with one another. In particular, the accounts of the Siamese heroines [[Thao Suranari]] (or “Lady Mo”) and Khunying Bunleu have been popularized and possibly exaggerated. During the 1930s, Field Marshall [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]] promoted Siamese legends as part of a political and military campaign to unify all of the [[Tai peoples]].

The Siamese government also named [[Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School|schools]] and a [[:th:พิพิธภัณฑ์เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี)|museum]] after the victorious general. However, modern Lao nationalist movements have turned Anouvong into a hero, even though his rebellion caused the end of the kingdom of Lan Xang, the destruction of Vientiane, and a permanent division of the Lao people between the country of Laos and the Lao-speaking provinces of northeastern Thailand. Nevertheless, his rebellion is regarded as the point at which Lao nationality and identity solidified. He has been credited with the existence of the modern country of Laos, which might have otherwise have been completely incorporated into Thailand, as was the neighboring Tai Yuan kingdom of [[Lanna]].

==Memorials==
Anouvong had ordered [[Wat Si Saket]] to be built in Vientiane, and his name will always be connected with it. An elephant [[howdah]] he once owned and used is on display in the [[Lao National Museum]] in Vientiane.

In 2010, to coincide with the 450th Anniversary celebrations of Vientiane, the [[Laos]] government created Chao Anouvong Park, complete with a large bronze statue of the locally revered ruler.

==See also==
*[[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]]
*[[Military history of Thailand]]
*[[Laos–Thailand relations]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Chao Anouvong}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|title=Activist couple claiming Lao royal blood killed
|accessdate=May 10, 2013
|author=Supalak Ganjanakhundee
|date=January 19, 2006
|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GVfBPN8G?url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|archivedate=2013-05-10
|quote=A man in his 50s, identified as Prince Anouvong Sethathirath IV, and his wife Princess Oulayvanh Sethathirath, were killed by two unidentified gunmen....
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
* [http://www.sethathirath.com/ Report on murder of couple claiming Lao royal descent] presented by Alan Potkin, Ph. D. Adjunct Consultant, Center for [[Northern Illinois University#Other programs|the NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091710/http://laovoices.com/2010/08/24/chao-anouvong-park-honours-kingly-deeds/ Chao Anouvong Park honours kingly deeds]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/sub-new/Art_Culture/Art_A.htm Effigies of the former kings Chao Fangum and Chao Anouvong]
*[http://www.laos-travel-guide.com/king-anouvong.html King Anouvong or Chao Anou]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Site_SeaGames/News/News_Archive/News_Chao.htm Chao Anouvong stadium]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Monarchs of Laos|Kingdom of Vientiane]]|1767|12 November|1828}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Laos]]|before=[[Inthavong]] |after=Kingdom annexed|years='''7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828'''}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anouvong}}
[[Category:Laotian royalty]]
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:19th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Anouvong

2018-06-21T01:34:38Z

110.169.30.147: /* The Reign of King Anouvong */

{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name =Chao Anouvong ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌
| title =Chao Anouvong
| succession = [[Kingdom of Vientiane|King of Vientiane]]
| image = [[File:Vientiane, Chao Anouvong Park (6031888461).jpg|200px]]
| caption =Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]].
| reign = 7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828
| coronation =
| full name = Xaiya-Setthathirath V
| predecessor = [[Chao Inthavong|Inthavong]]
| successor = ''annexed by Siam''
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = [[Ong Bun]]
| mother = [[Phranang Kamphong]]
| birth_date ={{birth-date|1767}}
| birth_place =[[Vientiane]], [[Lan Xang]]
| death_date = {{death-date|12 November 1828}}
| death_place =[[Bangkok]], [[Siam]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
[[File:Laos (8087443082).jpg|thumb|Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]].]]
'''Chao Anouvong''' ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌}}; {{lang-th|เจ้าอนุวงศ์}}; {{RTGS|Chao Anuwong}}), or [[regnal name]] '''Xaiya Setthathirath V''' ({{lang-lo|ໄຊຍະເສດຖາທິຣາຊທີ່ຫ້າ}}; {{lang-th|ไชยเชษฐาธิราชที่ห้า}}; {{RTGS|Chaiya Chetthathirat Thi Ha}}), (1767 – 1829), led the [[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]] as the last monarch of the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]. Anouvong succeeded to the throne in 1805 upon the death his brother, [[Chao Inthavong]] ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອິນທະວົງສ໌}}; {{lang|th|เจ้าอินทวงศ์}}), ''Xaiya Setthathirath IV'', who had succeeded their father, [[Ong Bun]] or Phrachao Siribounyasan ({{Lang-lo|ພຣະເຈົ້າສິຣິບຸນຍະສາຣ}}; {{lang|th|พระเจ้าสิริบุญสาร}}) ''Xaiya Setthathirath III''.<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ncqj2QWkFQMC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Chao+Inthavong&source=bl&ots=_NJ5wUhj-e&sig=nP0CQrMV8ikLQK1z7r_GOqREEuk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig0Pjsss3ZAhVR7mMKHVlHBDsQ6AEwD3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Chao%20Inthavong&f=false</ref> Anou was known by his father's regal number until recently discovered records disclosed that his father and brother had the same regal name.

==The Reign of King Anouvong==
[[File:Le sanctuaire du Vat Sisaket (Vientiane) (4342112152).jpg|thumbnail|[[Wat Si Saket]], [[Vientiane]]. Completed by King Anouvong in 1824.]]
In 1779, following the fall of [[Vientiane]] to the army of [[Taksin]] of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], the city was looted but was spared destruction. However, the [[Emerald Buddha]] and several other important [[buddharupa|Buddha images]] were taken to Thonburi, and the sons and daughter of King Siribunyasan or Ong Bun were taken as hostages, along with several thousand [[Lao people|Lao families]], who were resettled in [[Saraburi]], north of the Thai capital. Siribunyasan had three sons, who were all to succeed him as king of Vientiane – Nanthasen, Inthavong, and Anouvong.

On the death of Siribunyasan in 1781, Siam allowed his eldest son, Nathasen, to return to [[Vientiane]] as king. He was permitted to take with him the [[Phra Bang]], a gold [[Buddharupa]] that had, according to legend had been originally brought from [[Angkor]] by [[Fa Ngum]], the first king of [[Lan Xang]], and was taken to Thonburi in 1779. In 1791, Nanthasan convinced [[Rama I]] that King Anourouth of Luang Phrabang was secretly meeting with the [[Bamar people|Bamar]]-ruled [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung Kingdom]] and plotting a rebellion against Thonburi. Nathasan was allowed to attack [[Luang Prabang]] and capture the city in 1792. The Luang Phrabang royal family were sent to Bangkok as prisoners and remained there for four years. Two years later, Nanthasan was himself accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of [[Nakhon Phanom]], allegedly having made diplomatic overtures to [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn Vietnam]]. Nanthasen was arrested and possibly executed in 1794.

In 1795, Inthavong was installed as King of Vientiane, with his brother Anouvong assuming the traditional post of [[uparaja|oupahat]] ({{lang-lo|ອຸປຮາດ}}, "vice-king"). Burmese armies invaded Siam in both 1797 and 1802, and Inthavong dispatched several Lao armies under Anouvong to assist in the defense. Anouvong gained recognition for his bravery and won several major victories at [[Sipsong Chao Thai]].

Inthavong died in 1804, and Anouvong succeeded him as the ruler of Vientiane. However, by 1813 he had begun a series of religious and symbolic acts which remain highly controversial. Anouvong called a great council of the [[sangha]], only the third ever held in Laotian history, and it was decided that a new Emerald Buddha would be carved. Anouvong ordered repairs on the Ho Phra Kèo, and also ordered several new temples to be established and dedicated to the Emerald Buddha. Bizarrely, he ordered a major bridge to be built across the wide [[Mekong]].

In 1819 Anouvong rushed to suppress a rebellion in the [[Kingdom of Champasak]], led by a charismatic [[bhikkhu|monk]], who had caused the ruler to flee to [[Bangkok]]. Anouvong’s son Nyô led an army south from Vientiane and easily suppressed the uprising. As the king of Champasak had died, [[Rama II of Siam]] appointed Nyô the new ruler of Champasak. Anouvong had succeeded in uniting two of the three Lao kingdoms under his control. Also that year, Anouwong ordered the construction of [[Wat Si Saket]], which was completed in 1824. The temple was a major statement of his authority, since it was oriented so that when Anouvong’s vassals came to pledge their annual allegiance, they physically turned their backs on Bangkok.

===The Funeral of Rama II===
Rama II died in 1824, and it was unclear who would succeed him. The likely successors were young [[Mongkut]], who was the son of Queen [[Sri Suriyendra]], and Mongkut's elder and more experienced half-brother Jessadabodindra, who was only the son of a court concubine. A crisis was avoided when Prince Mongkut chose to become a [[bhikkhu]] (Buddhist monk) and Jessadabodindra ascended as [[Rama III]].

The potential crisis had caused the military to be on high alert, and the [[British Empire]], who had recently begun the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], closely monitored the situation.

In the midst of these events, the Lao kings of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak made their way to Bangkok for the royal funeral ceremonies to be held the following year in accordance with custom. Rama III had already begun implementing the census and forced tattooing policies in the [[Khorat Plateau]]. Anouvong's retinue and one of his sons were impressed into [[corvee]] projects, including digging canals, felling sugar palms, harvesting bamboo, and constructing the [[Phra Samut Chedi]]. At one of the projects, Anouvong's son allegedly had been mocked and possibly even beaten. Anouvong was furious and cut short the traditional obeisance at the [[Chakri dynasty|Chakri court]].

It is not clear if Anouvong had decided to rebel during his stay in Bangkok, or if he had planned it earlier and was just awaiting an excuse. Nevertheless, he made demands before he left. He wanted the return of the [[Emerald Buddha]] (which had originally been brought to Vientiane from [[Chiang Mai]]), the release of his sister (taken hostage forty-five years earlier), and the return of the Lao families who had been relocated in [[Saraburi]]. Thai historians write that Anouvong rebelled over a personal slight, since each of his requests was denied and he was told he could return with only one dancer from his retinue. However, the intensity of the his rebellion suggests the his motivations were more complex.

==Rebellion==
{{Main|Laotian Rebellion}}
[[File:Yasothon General Singh 24.JPG|thumbnail|Shrine to General Bodindecha, Thailand]]
By 1826 Anouvong was actively making military preparations for rebellion. His strategy involved three key points: 1) respond to the immediate crisis caused by the popular discontent over the forced tattooing; 2) remove the ethnic Lao on the Khorat Plateau to the Kingdom of Vientiane, conducting a [[Scorched earth policy|scorched Earth policy]] as he did so to slow the inevitable Siamese pursuit; 3) seek a diplomatic victory by gaining support from Vietnam, China, or Britain.

Anouvong may have believed the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in [[Southeast Asia]] was turning away from Siam. The [[Political faction|factionalism]] at the Siamese court, the presence of the British in nearby Burma, the growing influence of Vietnam in the Cambodian provinces, and the regional dissatisfaction in the Lao areas suggested that Siamese power was waning. In 1827 the British had arrived to finalize the [[Burney Treaty]] between Siam and the British Empire, and the presence of the British fleet may have led Anouvong to believe that an invasion was imminent. However, his most serious miscalculation was in the disparity of military power between Siam and Laos. From at least 1822, Siam had been purchasing large quantities of modern firearms and ammunition from Britain, which had a military surplus from the then ended [[Napoleonic Wars]] in [[Europe]].

In December 1826, Anouvong's rebellion began with an army of 10,000 men making its way toward [[Kalasin]], following the path of the Siamese tattooing officials. In January, Anouvong led a second larger force towards [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] and was able to take the city by a ruse. A contingent of Anouvong's army was sent to [[Lomsak]] and [[Chaiyaphum]], before making its way to [[Saraburi]] to bring the Lao families there back to Vientiane. A fourth army led by Anouvong’s son Nyô, the King of Champasak, was dispatched to take [[Ubon Ratchathani|Ubon]]. All of these armies moved under a web of misinformation and false dispatches that warned of impending attacks on Siam by neighboring powers.

Anouvong's planned retreats were slowed by the civilians who occupied the roads and passes. Lao commanders also delayed to search for the Thai officials responsible for tattooing, forcing those captured to march north as prisoners. Anouvong foolishly wasted over a month searching for the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima, who had been a key figure in the tattooing and population transfers.
[[File:Yasothon Victory Wat Chedi 30.JPG|thumbnail|Victory Chedi, Wat Tung Sawang Chaiyaphum]]

To Anouvong's surprise, Siam quickly organized a massive counter strike and dispatched two armies, one by way of Saraburi to retake Nakhon Ratchasima, and the other through the Pasak Valley towards Lomsak. Anouvong's forces withdrew to Nong Bua Lamphu, the strongest fortress on the Khorat Plateau and traditionally held by the crown prince of Vientiane. After a three-day battle, Nong Bua Lamphu finally fell, and Anouvong's men fell back to a second line of defense. Siamese strength and modern arms were greater than Anouvong had imagined, and his armies continued to march towards Vientiane. They defended the city for five days, as Anouvong for fled his life towards the border with Vietnam.

The Siamese general, [[Chao Phraya]] [[Bodindecha]] (เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา), at last took Anouvong's capital city. He sacked the palaces and leveled the city’s defenses, but he left the monasteries and much of the city intact. Following the sacking of Vientiane, the rulers of [[Chiang Mai]], [[Lampang]], [[Lamphun]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], [[Phrae]], and the kingdom of Luang Phrabang all pledged their renewed allegiance to Siam, although Phraya Bodindecha noted they had “waited to see the turn of events, and their actions greatly depended on the outcome of the war.”

Bodindecha spent several months organizing the removal of the remaining people from around Vientiane and confiscating all arms and ammunition. He then left a small garrison across the river opposite the empty city and returned to the Khorat Plateau.

Anouvong eventually returned with about 1,000 soldiers and 100 Vietnamese observers. This small force was only meant to negotiate a settlement with Siam. However, he learned that a nine spire stupa had been erected as a victory monument at Wat Thung Sawang Chaiyaphum (วัดทุ่งสว่างชัยภูมิ) in the town of [[Yasothon]]. This enraged him, and he crossed the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] and attacked the 300 Thai defenders, killing all but about 40. The now furious Rama III ordered Chao Phraya Bodindecha to return and completely destroy Vientiane, and to capture Anouvong at all costs.

Chao Phraya Bondindecha pursued Anouvong to [[Xiangkhoang Plateau|Xieng Khouang]], where according to some accounts he was betrayed and handed over to the Siamese. Anouvong and his family were placed under heavy guard and marched to Bangkok. A British observer recalled:

{{quotation|[The king] was confined in a large iron cage exposed to a burning sun, and obliged to proclaim to everyone that the King of Siam was great and merciful, that he himself had committed a great error and deserved his present punishment. In this cage were placed with the prisoner, a large mortar to pound him in, a large boiler to boil him in, a hook to hang him by, and a sword to decapitate him; also a sharp-pointed spike for him to sit on. His children were sometimes put in along with him. He was a mild, respectable-looking, old grey-haired man, and did not live long to gratify his tormentors, death having put an end to his sufferings. His body was taken and hung in chains on the bank of the river, about two or three miles below Bangkok.}}

==Aftermath==
The city of Vientiane was totally destroyed and its population completely relocated. The destruction was so thorough that the first French explorers more than 30 years later found only ruins in a jungle to show where the city had once been. The remaining Lao kingdoms of Champasak and Luang Phrabang understandably came under stricter control and arms limitations, while the Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. Regional rivals Siam and Vietnam would come into increasing conflict over control of the inland trade and Lao territory, leading to the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)|Siamese-Vietnamese Wars]] of the 1830s. Vietnam annexed the Lao principality of Xieng Khouang, and Chinese bandits after the [[Taiping rebellion]] were able to force their way down the Mekong River to fight what became known as the [[Haw Wars]] of the 1860s. The first French explorers navigating the Mekong River used the political vacuum as a convenient excuse to create their own colony of [[French Indochina]].

==Legacy==
The most significant legacy of Anouvong's Lao Rebellion was the impact of the forced population transfers throughout the region. As a consequence of the warfare and population transfers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there are now over 19 million ethnic Lao living in the [[Isan]] region of [[Thailand]], while less than 6 million live in the independent country of Laos.

During the [[French Indochina|French]] colonial period, Vientiane was rebuilt as the Laotian capital in a deliberate attempt win favor and to demonstrate French authority.

Several accounts of the Siamese-Lao conflict have been written by historians and authorities, many in direct conflict with one another. In particular, the accounts of the Siamese heroines [[Thao Suranari]] (or “Lady Mo”) and Khunying Bunleu have been popularized and possibly exaggerated. During the 1930s, Field Marshall [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]] promoted Siamese legends as part of a political and military campaign to unify all of the [[Tai peoples]].

The Siamese government also named [[Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School|schools]] and a [[:th:พิพิธภัณฑ์เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี)|museum]] after the victorious general. However, modern Lao nationalist movements have turned Anouvong into a hero, even though his rebellion caused the end of the kingdom of Lan Xang, the destruction of Vientiane, and a permanent division of the Lao people between the country of Laos and the Lao-speaking provinces of northeastern Thailand. Nevertheless, his rebellion is regarded as the point at which Lao nationality and identity solidified. He has been credited with the existence of the modern country of Laos, which might have otherwise have been completely incorporated into Thailand, as was the neighboring Tai Yuan kingdom of [[Lanna]].

==Memorials==
Anouvong had ordered [[Wat Si Saket]] to be built in Vientiane, and his name will always be connected with it. An elephant [[howdah]] he once owned and used is on display in the [[Lao National Museum]] in Vientiane.

In 2010, to coincide with the 450th Anniversary celebrations of Vientiane, the [[Laos]] government created Chao Anouvong Park, complete with a large bronze statue of the locally revered ruler.

==See also==
*[[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]]
*[[Military history of Thailand]]
*[[Laos–Thailand relations]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Chao Anouvong}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|title=Activist couple claiming Lao royal blood killed
|accessdate=May 10, 2013
|author=Supalak Ganjanakhundee
|date=January 19, 2006
|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GVfBPN8G?url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|archivedate=2013-05-10
|quote=A man in his 50s, identified as Prince Anouvong Sethathirath IV, and his wife Princess Oulayvanh Sethathirath, were killed by two unidentified gunmen....
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
* [http://www.sethathirath.com/ Report on murder of couple claiming Lao royal descent] presented by Alan Potkin, Ph. D. Adjunct Consultant, Center for [[Northern Illinois University#Other programs|the NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091710/http://laovoices.com/2010/08/24/chao-anouvong-park-honours-kingly-deeds/ Chao Anouvong Park honours kingly deeds]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/sub-new/Art_Culture/Art_A.htm Effigies of the former kings Chao Fangum and Chao Anouvong]
*[http://www.laos-travel-guide.com/king-anouvong.html King Anouvong or Chao Anou]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Site_SeaGames/News/News_Archive/News_Chao.htm Chao Anouvong stadium]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Monarchs of Laos|Kingdom of Vientiane]]|1767|12 November|1828}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Laos]]|before=[[Inthavong]] |after=Kingdom annexed|years='''7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828'''}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anouvong}}
[[Category:Laotian royalty]]
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:19th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Anouvong

2018-06-21T01:34:01Z

110.169.30.147:

{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name =Chao Anouvong ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌
| title =Chao Anouvong
| succession = [[Kingdom of Vientiane|King of Vientiane]]
| image = [[File:Vientiane, Chao Anouvong Park (6031888461).jpg|200px]]
| caption =Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]].
| reign = 7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828
| coronation =
| full name = Xaiya-Setthathirath V
| predecessor = [[Chao Inthavong|Inthavong]]
| successor = ''annexed by Siam''
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = [[Ong Bun]]
| mother = [[Phranang Kamphong]]
| birth_date ={{birth-date|1767}}
| birth_place =[[Vientiane]], [[Lan Xang]]
| death_date = {{death-date|12 November 1828}}
| death_place =[[Bangkok]], [[Siam]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
[[File:Laos (8087443082).jpg|thumb|Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]].]]
'''Chao Anouvong''' ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌}}; {{lang-th|เจ้าอนุวงศ์}}; {{RTGS|Chao Anuwong}}), or [[regnal name]] '''Xaiya Setthathirath V''' ({{lang-lo|ໄຊຍະເສດຖາທິຣາຊທີ່ຫ້າ}}; {{lang-th|ไชยเชษฐาธิราชที่ห้า}}; {{RTGS|Chaiya Chetthathirat Thi Ha}}), (1767 – 1829), led the [[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]] as the last monarch of the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]. Anouvong succeeded to the throne in 1805 upon the death his brother, [[Chao Inthavong]] ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອິນທະວົງສ໌}}; {{lang|th|เจ้าอินทวงศ์}}), ''Xaiya Setthathirath IV'', who had succeeded their father, [[Ong Bun]] or Phrachao Siribounyasan ({{Lang-lo|ພຣະເຈົ້າສິຣິບຸນຍະສາຣ}}; {{lang|th|พระเจ้าสิริบุญสาร}}) ''Xaiya Setthathirath III''.<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ncqj2QWkFQMC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Chao+Inthavong&source=bl&ots=_NJ5wUhj-e&sig=nP0CQrMV8ikLQK1z7r_GOqREEuk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig0Pjsss3ZAhVR7mMKHVlHBDsQ6AEwD3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Chao%20Inthavong&f=false</ref> Anou was known by his father's regal number until recently discovered records disclosed that his father and brother had the same regal name.

==The Reign of King Anouvong==
[[File:Le sanctuaire du Vat Sisaket (Vientiane) (4342112152).jpg|thumbnail|[[Wat Si Saket]], [[Vientiane]]. Completed by King Anouvong in 1824.]]
In 1779, following the fall of [[Vientiane]] to the army of [[Taksin]] of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], the city was looted but was spared destruction. However, the [[Emerald Buddha]] and several other important [[buddharupa|Buddha images]] were taken to Thonburi, and the sons and daughter of King Siribunyasan were taken as hostages, along with several thousand [[Lao people|Lao families]], who were resettled in [[Saraburi]], north of the Thai capital. Siribunyasan had three sons, who were all to succeed him as king of Vientiane – Nanthasen, Inthavong, and Anouvong.

On the death of Siribunyasan in 1781, Siam allowed his eldest son, Nathasen, to return to [[Vientiane]] as king. He was permitted to take with him the [[Phra Bang]], a gold [[Buddharupa]] that had, according to legend had been originally brought from [[Angkor]] by [[Fa Ngum]], the first king of [[Lan Xang]], and was taken to Thonburi in 1779. In 1791, Nanthasan convinced [[Rama I]] that King Anourouth of Luang Phrabang was secretly meeting with the [[Bamar people|Bamar]]-ruled [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung Kingdom]] and plotting a rebellion against Thonburi. Nathasan was allowed to attack [[Luang Prabang]] and capture the city in 1792. The Luang Phrabang royal family were sent to Bangkok as prisoners and remained there for four years. Two years later, Nanthasan was himself accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of [[Nakhon Phanom]], allegedly having made diplomatic overtures to [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn Vietnam]]. Nanthasen was arrested and possibly executed in 1794.

In 1795, Inthavong was installed as King of Vientiane, with his brother Anouvong assuming the traditional post of [[uparaja|oupahat]] ({{lang-lo|ອຸປຮາດ}}, "vice-king"). Burmese armies invaded Siam in both 1797 and 1802, and Inthavong dispatched several Lao armies under Anouvong to assist in the defense. Anouvong gained recognition for his bravery and won several major victories at [[Sipsong Chao Thai]].

Inthavong died in 1804, and Anouvong succeeded him as the ruler of Vientiane. However, by 1813 he had begun a series of religious and symbolic acts which remain highly controversial. Anouvong called a great council of the [[sangha]], only the third ever held in Laotian history, and it was decided that a new Emerald Buddha would be carved. Anouvong ordered repairs on the Ho Phra Kèo, and also ordered several new temples to be established and dedicated to the Emerald Buddha. Bizarrely, he ordered a major bridge to be built across the wide [[Mekong]].

In 1819 Anouvong rushed to suppress a rebellion in the [[Kingdom of Champasak]], led by a charismatic [[bhikkhu|monk]], who had caused the ruler to flee to [[Bangkok]]. Anouvong’s son Nyô led an army south from Vientiane and easily suppressed the uprising. As the king of Champasak had died, [[Rama II of Siam]] appointed Nyô the new ruler of Champasak. Anouvong had succeeded in uniting two of the three Lao kingdoms under his control. Also that year, Anouwong ordered the construction of [[Wat Si Saket]], which was completed in 1824. The temple was a major statement of his authority, since it was oriented so that when Anouvong’s vassals came to pledge their annual allegiance, they physically turned their backs on Bangkok.

===The Funeral of Rama II===
Rama II died in 1824, and it was unclear who would succeed him. The likely successors were young [[Mongkut]], who was the son of Queen [[Sri Suriyendra]], and Mongkut's elder and more experienced half-brother Jessadabodindra, who was only the son of a court concubine. A crisis was avoided when Prince Mongkut chose to become a [[bhikkhu]] (Buddhist monk) and Jessadabodindra ascended as [[Rama III]].

The potential crisis had caused the military to be on high alert, and the [[British Empire]], who had recently begun the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], closely monitored the situation.

In the midst of these events, the Lao kings of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak made their way to Bangkok for the royal funeral ceremonies to be held the following year in accordance with custom. Rama III had already begun implementing the census and forced tattooing policies in the [[Khorat Plateau]]. Anouvong's retinue and one of his sons were impressed into [[corvee]] projects, including digging canals, felling sugar palms, harvesting bamboo, and constructing the [[Phra Samut Chedi]]. At one of the projects, Anouvong's son allegedly had been mocked and possibly even beaten. Anouvong was furious and cut short the traditional obeisance at the [[Chakri dynasty|Chakri court]].

It is not clear if Anouvong had decided to rebel during his stay in Bangkok, or if he had planned it earlier and was just awaiting an excuse. Nevertheless, he made demands before he left. He wanted the return of the [[Emerald Buddha]] (which had originally been brought to Vientiane from [[Chiang Mai]]), the release of his sister (taken hostage forty-five years earlier), and the return of the Lao families who had been relocated in [[Saraburi]]. Thai historians write that Anouvong rebelled over a personal slight, since each of his requests was denied and he was told he could return with only one dancer from his retinue. However, the intensity of the his rebellion suggests the his motivations were more complex.

==Rebellion==
{{Main|Laotian Rebellion}}
[[File:Yasothon General Singh 24.JPG|thumbnail|Shrine to General Bodindecha, Thailand]]
By 1826 Anouvong was actively making military preparations for rebellion. His strategy involved three key points: 1) respond to the immediate crisis caused by the popular discontent over the forced tattooing; 2) remove the ethnic Lao on the Khorat Plateau to the Kingdom of Vientiane, conducting a [[Scorched earth policy|scorched Earth policy]] as he did so to slow the inevitable Siamese pursuit; 3) seek a diplomatic victory by gaining support from Vietnam, China, or Britain.

Anouvong may have believed the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in [[Southeast Asia]] was turning away from Siam. The [[Political faction|factionalism]] at the Siamese court, the presence of the British in nearby Burma, the growing influence of Vietnam in the Cambodian provinces, and the regional dissatisfaction in the Lao areas suggested that Siamese power was waning. In 1827 the British had arrived to finalize the [[Burney Treaty]] between Siam and the British Empire, and the presence of the British fleet may have led Anouvong to believe that an invasion was imminent. However, his most serious miscalculation was in the disparity of military power between Siam and Laos. From at least 1822, Siam had been purchasing large quantities of modern firearms and ammunition from Britain, which had a military surplus from the then ended [[Napoleonic Wars]] in [[Europe]].

In December 1826, Anouvong's rebellion began with an army of 10,000 men making its way toward [[Kalasin]], following the path of the Siamese tattooing officials. In January, Anouvong led a second larger force towards [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] and was able to take the city by a ruse. A contingent of Anouvong's army was sent to [[Lomsak]] and [[Chaiyaphum]], before making its way to [[Saraburi]] to bring the Lao families there back to Vientiane. A fourth army led by Anouvong’s son Nyô, the King of Champasak, was dispatched to take [[Ubon Ratchathani|Ubon]]. All of these armies moved under a web of misinformation and false dispatches that warned of impending attacks on Siam by neighboring powers.

Anouvong's planned retreats were slowed by the civilians who occupied the roads and passes. Lao commanders also delayed to search for the Thai officials responsible for tattooing, forcing those captured to march north as prisoners. Anouvong foolishly wasted over a month searching for the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima, who had been a key figure in the tattooing and population transfers.
[[File:Yasothon Victory Wat Chedi 30.JPG|thumbnail|Victory Chedi, Wat Tung Sawang Chaiyaphum]]

To Anouvong's surprise, Siam quickly organized a massive counter strike and dispatched two armies, one by way of Saraburi to retake Nakhon Ratchasima, and the other through the Pasak Valley towards Lomsak. Anouvong's forces withdrew to Nong Bua Lamphu, the strongest fortress on the Khorat Plateau and traditionally held by the crown prince of Vientiane. After a three-day battle, Nong Bua Lamphu finally fell, and Anouvong's men fell back to a second line of defense. Siamese strength and modern arms were greater than Anouvong had imagined, and his armies continued to march towards Vientiane. They defended the city for five days, as Anouvong for fled his life towards the border with Vietnam.

The Siamese general, [[Chao Phraya]] [[Bodindecha]] (เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา), at last took Anouvong's capital city. He sacked the palaces and leveled the city’s defenses, but he left the monasteries and much of the city intact. Following the sacking of Vientiane, the rulers of [[Chiang Mai]], [[Lampang]], [[Lamphun]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], [[Phrae]], and the kingdom of Luang Phrabang all pledged their renewed allegiance to Siam, although Phraya Bodindecha noted they had “waited to see the turn of events, and their actions greatly depended on the outcome of the war.”

Bodindecha spent several months organizing the removal of the remaining people from around Vientiane and confiscating all arms and ammunition. He then left a small garrison across the river opposite the empty city and returned to the Khorat Plateau.

Anouvong eventually returned with about 1,000 soldiers and 100 Vietnamese observers. This small force was only meant to negotiate a settlement with Siam. However, he learned that a nine spire stupa had been erected as a victory monument at Wat Thung Sawang Chaiyaphum (วัดทุ่งสว่างชัยภูมิ) in the town of [[Yasothon]]. This enraged him, and he crossed the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] and attacked the 300 Thai defenders, killing all but about 40. The now furious Rama III ordered Chao Phraya Bodindecha to return and completely destroy Vientiane, and to capture Anouvong at all costs.

Chao Phraya Bondindecha pursued Anouvong to [[Xiangkhoang Plateau|Xieng Khouang]], where according to some accounts he was betrayed and handed over to the Siamese. Anouvong and his family were placed under heavy guard and marched to Bangkok. A British observer recalled:

{{quotation|[The king] was confined in a large iron cage exposed to a burning sun, and obliged to proclaim to everyone that the King of Siam was great and merciful, that he himself had committed a great error and deserved his present punishment. In this cage were placed with the prisoner, a large mortar to pound him in, a large boiler to boil him in, a hook to hang him by, and a sword to decapitate him; also a sharp-pointed spike for him to sit on. His children were sometimes put in along with him. He was a mild, respectable-looking, old grey-haired man, and did not live long to gratify his tormentors, death having put an end to his sufferings. His body was taken and hung in chains on the bank of the river, about two or three miles below Bangkok.}}

==Aftermath==
The city of Vientiane was totally destroyed and its population completely relocated. The destruction was so thorough that the first French explorers more than 30 years later found only ruins in a jungle to show where the city had once been. The remaining Lao kingdoms of Champasak and Luang Phrabang understandably came under stricter control and arms limitations, while the Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. Regional rivals Siam and Vietnam would come into increasing conflict over control of the inland trade and Lao territory, leading to the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)|Siamese-Vietnamese Wars]] of the 1830s. Vietnam annexed the Lao principality of Xieng Khouang, and Chinese bandits after the [[Taiping rebellion]] were able to force their way down the Mekong River to fight what became known as the [[Haw Wars]] of the 1860s. The first French explorers navigating the Mekong River used the political vacuum as a convenient excuse to create their own colony of [[French Indochina]].

==Legacy==
The most significant legacy of Anouvong's Lao Rebellion was the impact of the forced population transfers throughout the region. As a consequence of the warfare and population transfers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there are now over 19 million ethnic Lao living in the [[Isan]] region of [[Thailand]], while less than 6 million live in the independent country of Laos.

During the [[French Indochina|French]] colonial period, Vientiane was rebuilt as the Laotian capital in a deliberate attempt win favor and to demonstrate French authority.

Several accounts of the Siamese-Lao conflict have been written by historians and authorities, many in direct conflict with one another. In particular, the accounts of the Siamese heroines [[Thao Suranari]] (or “Lady Mo”) and Khunying Bunleu have been popularized and possibly exaggerated. During the 1930s, Field Marshall [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]] promoted Siamese legends as part of a political and military campaign to unify all of the [[Tai peoples]].

The Siamese government also named [[Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School|schools]] and a [[:th:พิพิธภัณฑ์เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี)|museum]] after the victorious general. However, modern Lao nationalist movements have turned Anouvong into a hero, even though his rebellion caused the end of the kingdom of Lan Xang, the destruction of Vientiane, and a permanent division of the Lao people between the country of Laos and the Lao-speaking provinces of northeastern Thailand. Nevertheless, his rebellion is regarded as the point at which Lao nationality and identity solidified. He has been credited with the existence of the modern country of Laos, which might have otherwise have been completely incorporated into Thailand, as was the neighboring Tai Yuan kingdom of [[Lanna]].

==Memorials==
Anouvong had ordered [[Wat Si Saket]] to be built in Vientiane, and his name will always be connected with it. An elephant [[howdah]] he once owned and used is on display in the [[Lao National Museum]] in Vientiane.

In 2010, to coincide with the 450th Anniversary celebrations of Vientiane, the [[Laos]] government created Chao Anouvong Park, complete with a large bronze statue of the locally revered ruler.

==See also==
*[[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]]
*[[Military history of Thailand]]
*[[Laos–Thailand relations]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Chao Anouvong}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|title=Activist couple claiming Lao royal blood killed
|accessdate=May 10, 2013
|author=Supalak Ganjanakhundee
|date=January 19, 2006
|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GVfBPN8G?url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|archivedate=2013-05-10
|quote=A man in his 50s, identified as Prince Anouvong Sethathirath IV, and his wife Princess Oulayvanh Sethathirath, were killed by two unidentified gunmen....
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
* [http://www.sethathirath.com/ Report on murder of couple claiming Lao royal descent] presented by Alan Potkin, Ph. D. Adjunct Consultant, Center for [[Northern Illinois University#Other programs|the NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091710/http://laovoices.com/2010/08/24/chao-anouvong-park-honours-kingly-deeds/ Chao Anouvong Park honours kingly deeds]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/sub-new/Art_Culture/Art_A.htm Effigies of the former kings Chao Fangum and Chao Anouvong]
*[http://www.laos-travel-guide.com/king-anouvong.html King Anouvong or Chao Anou]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Site_SeaGames/News/News_Archive/News_Chao.htm Chao Anouvong stadium]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Monarchs of Laos|Kingdom of Vientiane]]|1767|12 November|1828}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Laos]]|before=[[Inthavong]] |after=Kingdom annexed|years='''7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828'''}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anouvong}}
[[Category:Laotian royalty]]
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:19th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Anouvong

2018-06-21T01:33:27Z

110.169.30.147:

{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name =Chao Anouvong ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌
| title =Chao Anouvong
| succession = [[Kingdom of Vientiane|King of Vientiane]]
| image = [[File:Vientiane, Chao Anouvong Park (6031888461).jpg|200px]]
| caption =Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]].
| reign = 7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828
| coronation =
| full name = Xaiya-Setthathirath V
| predecessor = [[Chao Inthavong|Inthavong]]
| successor = ''annexed by Siam''
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = [[Ong Bun|Phrachao Siribounyasan]]
| mother = [[Phranang Kamphong]]
| birth_date ={{birth-date|1767}}
| birth_place =[[Vientiane]], [[Lan Xang]]
| death_date = {{death-date|12 November 1828}}
| death_place =[[Bangkok]], [[Siam]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
[[File:Laos (8087443082).jpg|thumb|Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]].]]
'''Chao Anouvong''' ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌}}; {{lang-th|เจ้าอนุวงศ์}}; {{RTGS|Chao Anuwong}}), or [[regnal name]] '''Xaiya Setthathirath V''' ({{lang-lo|ໄຊຍະເສດຖາທິຣາຊທີ່ຫ້າ}}; {{lang-th|ไชยเชษฐาธิราชที่ห้า}}; {{RTGS|Chaiya Chetthathirat Thi Ha}}), (1767 – 1829), led the [[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]] as the last monarch of the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]. Anouvong succeeded to the throne in 1805 upon the death his brother, [[Chao Inthavong]] ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອິນທະວົງສ໌}}; {{lang|th|เจ้าอินทวงศ์}}), ''Xaiya Setthathirath IV'', who had succeeded their father, [[Ong Bun|Phrachao Siribounyasan]] ({{Lang-lo|ພຣະເຈົ້າສິຣິບຸນຍະສາຣ}}; {{lang|th|พระเจ้าสิริบุญสาร}}) ''Xaiya Setthathirath III''.<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ncqj2QWkFQMC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Chao+Inthavong&source=bl&ots=_NJ5wUhj-e&sig=nP0CQrMV8ikLQK1z7r_GOqREEuk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig0Pjsss3ZAhVR7mMKHVlHBDsQ6AEwD3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Chao%20Inthavong&f=false</ref> Anou was known by his father's regal number until recently discovered records disclosed that his father and brother had the same regal name.

==The Reign of King Anouvong==
[[File:Le sanctuaire du Vat Sisaket (Vientiane) (4342112152).jpg|thumbnail|[[Wat Si Saket]], [[Vientiane]]. Completed by King Anouvong in 1824.]]
In 1779, following the fall of [[Vientiane]] to the army of [[Taksin]] of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], the city was looted but was spared destruction. However, the [[Emerald Buddha]] and several other important [[buddharupa|Buddha images]] were taken to Thonburi, and the sons and daughter of King Siribunyasan were taken as hostages, along with several thousand [[Lao people|Lao families]], who were resettled in [[Saraburi]], north of the Thai capital. Siribunyasan had three sons, who were all to succeed him as king of Vientiane – Nanthasen, Inthavong, and Anouvong.

On the death of Siribunyasan in 1781, Siam allowed his eldest son, Nathasen, to return to [[Vientiane]] as king. He was permitted to take with him the [[Phra Bang]], a gold [[Buddharupa]] that had, according to legend had been originally brought from [[Angkor]] by [[Fa Ngum]], the first king of [[Lan Xang]], and was taken to Thonburi in 1779. In 1791, Nanthasan convinced [[Rama I]] that King Anourouth of Luang Phrabang was secretly meeting with the [[Bamar people|Bamar]]-ruled [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung Kingdom]] and plotting a rebellion against Thonburi. Nathasan was allowed to attack [[Luang Prabang]] and capture the city in 1792. The Luang Phrabang royal family were sent to Bangkok as prisoners and remained there for four years. Two years later, Nanthasan was himself accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of [[Nakhon Phanom]], allegedly having made diplomatic overtures to [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn Vietnam]]. Nanthasen was arrested and possibly executed in 1794.

In 1795, Inthavong was installed as King of Vientiane, with his brother Anouvong assuming the traditional post of [[uparaja|oupahat]] ({{lang-lo|ອຸປຮາດ}}, "vice-king"). Burmese armies invaded Siam in both 1797 and 1802, and Inthavong dispatched several Lao armies under Anouvong to assist in the defense. Anouvong gained recognition for his bravery and won several major victories at [[Sipsong Chao Thai]].

Inthavong died in 1804, and Anouvong succeeded him as the ruler of Vientiane. However, by 1813 he had begun a series of religious and symbolic acts which remain highly controversial. Anouvong called a great council of the [[sangha]], only the third ever held in Laotian history, and it was decided that a new Emerald Buddha would be carved. Anouvong ordered repairs on the Ho Phra Kèo, and also ordered several new temples to be established and dedicated to the Emerald Buddha. Bizarrely, he ordered a major bridge to be built across the wide [[Mekong]].

In 1819 Anouvong rushed to suppress a rebellion in the [[Kingdom of Champasak]], led by a charismatic [[bhikkhu|monk]], who had caused the ruler to flee to [[Bangkok]]. Anouvong’s son Nyô led an army south from Vientiane and easily suppressed the uprising. As the king of Champasak had died, [[Rama II of Siam]] appointed Nyô the new ruler of Champasak. Anouvong had succeeded in uniting two of the three Lao kingdoms under his control. Also that year, Anouwong ordered the construction of [[Wat Si Saket]], which was completed in 1824. The temple was a major statement of his authority, since it was oriented so that when Anouvong’s vassals came to pledge their annual allegiance, they physically turned their backs on Bangkok.

===The Funeral of Rama II===
Rama II died in 1824, and it was unclear who would succeed him. The likely successors were young [[Mongkut]], who was the son of Queen [[Sri Suriyendra]], and Mongkut's elder and more experienced half-brother Jessadabodindra, who was only the son of a court concubine. A crisis was avoided when Prince Mongkut chose to become a [[bhikkhu]] (Buddhist monk) and Jessadabodindra ascended as [[Rama III]].

The potential crisis had caused the military to be on high alert, and the [[British Empire]], who had recently begun the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], closely monitored the situation.

In the midst of these events, the Lao kings of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak made their way to Bangkok for the royal funeral ceremonies to be held the following year in accordance with custom. Rama III had already begun implementing the census and forced tattooing policies in the [[Khorat Plateau]]. Anouvong's retinue and one of his sons were impressed into [[corvee]] projects, including digging canals, felling sugar palms, harvesting bamboo, and constructing the [[Phra Samut Chedi]]. At one of the projects, Anouvong's son allegedly had been mocked and possibly even beaten. Anouvong was furious and cut short the traditional obeisance at the [[Chakri dynasty|Chakri court]].

It is not clear if Anouvong had decided to rebel during his stay in Bangkok, or if he had planned it earlier and was just awaiting an excuse. Nevertheless, he made demands before he left. He wanted the return of the [[Emerald Buddha]] (which had originally been brought to Vientiane from [[Chiang Mai]]), the release of his sister (taken hostage forty-five years earlier), and the return of the Lao families who had been relocated in [[Saraburi]]. Thai historians write that Anouvong rebelled over a personal slight, since each of his requests was denied and he was told he could return with only one dancer from his retinue. However, the intensity of the his rebellion suggests the his motivations were more complex.

==Rebellion==
{{Main|Laotian Rebellion}}
[[File:Yasothon General Singh 24.JPG|thumbnail|Shrine to General Bodindecha, Thailand]]
By 1826 Anouvong was actively making military preparations for rebellion. His strategy involved three key points: 1) respond to the immediate crisis caused by the popular discontent over the forced tattooing; 2) remove the ethnic Lao on the Khorat Plateau to the Kingdom of Vientiane, conducting a [[Scorched earth policy|scorched Earth policy]] as he did so to slow the inevitable Siamese pursuit; 3) seek a diplomatic victory by gaining support from Vietnam, China, or Britain.

Anouvong may have believed the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in [[Southeast Asia]] was turning away from Siam. The [[Political faction|factionalism]] at the Siamese court, the presence of the British in nearby Burma, the growing influence of Vietnam in the Cambodian provinces, and the regional dissatisfaction in the Lao areas suggested that Siamese power was waning. In 1827 the British had arrived to finalize the [[Burney Treaty]] between Siam and the British Empire, and the presence of the British fleet may have led Anouvong to believe that an invasion was imminent. However, his most serious miscalculation was in the disparity of military power between Siam and Laos. From at least 1822, Siam had been purchasing large quantities of modern firearms and ammunition from Britain, which had a military surplus from the then ended [[Napoleonic Wars]] in [[Europe]].

In December 1826, Anouvong's rebellion began with an army of 10,000 men making its way toward [[Kalasin]], following the path of the Siamese tattooing officials. In January, Anouvong led a second larger force towards [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] and was able to take the city by a ruse. A contingent of Anouvong's army was sent to [[Lomsak]] and [[Chaiyaphum]], before making its way to [[Saraburi]] to bring the Lao families there back to Vientiane. A fourth army led by Anouvong’s son Nyô, the King of Champasak, was dispatched to take [[Ubon Ratchathani|Ubon]]. All of these armies moved under a web of misinformation and false dispatches that warned of impending attacks on Siam by neighboring powers.

Anouvong's planned retreats were slowed by the civilians who occupied the roads and passes. Lao commanders also delayed to search for the Thai officials responsible for tattooing, forcing those captured to march north as prisoners. Anouvong foolishly wasted over a month searching for the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima, who had been a key figure in the tattooing and population transfers.
[[File:Yasothon Victory Wat Chedi 30.JPG|thumbnail|Victory Chedi, Wat Tung Sawang Chaiyaphum]]

To Anouvong's surprise, Siam quickly organized a massive counter strike and dispatched two armies, one by way of Saraburi to retake Nakhon Ratchasima, and the other through the Pasak Valley towards Lomsak. Anouvong's forces withdrew to Nong Bua Lamphu, the strongest fortress on the Khorat Plateau and traditionally held by the crown prince of Vientiane. After a three-day battle, Nong Bua Lamphu finally fell, and Anouvong's men fell back to a second line of defense. Siamese strength and modern arms were greater than Anouvong had imagined, and his armies continued to march towards Vientiane. They defended the city for five days, as Anouvong for fled his life towards the border with Vietnam.

The Siamese general, [[Chao Phraya]] [[Bodindecha]] (เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา), at last took Anouvong's capital city. He sacked the palaces and leveled the city’s defenses, but he left the monasteries and much of the city intact. Following the sacking of Vientiane, the rulers of [[Chiang Mai]], [[Lampang]], [[Lamphun]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], [[Phrae]], and the kingdom of Luang Phrabang all pledged their renewed allegiance to Siam, although Phraya Bodindecha noted they had “waited to see the turn of events, and their actions greatly depended on the outcome of the war.”

Bodindecha spent several months organizing the removal of the remaining people from around Vientiane and confiscating all arms and ammunition. He then left a small garrison across the river opposite the empty city and returned to the Khorat Plateau.

Anouvong eventually returned with about 1,000 soldiers and 100 Vietnamese observers. This small force was only meant to negotiate a settlement with Siam. However, he learned that a nine spire stupa had been erected as a victory monument at Wat Thung Sawang Chaiyaphum (วัดทุ่งสว่างชัยภูมิ) in the town of [[Yasothon]]. This enraged him, and he crossed the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] and attacked the 300 Thai defenders, killing all but about 40. The now furious Rama III ordered Chao Phraya Bodindecha to return and completely destroy Vientiane, and to capture Anouvong at all costs.

Chao Phraya Bondindecha pursued Anouvong to [[Xiangkhoang Plateau|Xieng Khouang]], where according to some accounts he was betrayed and handed over to the Siamese. Anouvong and his family were placed under heavy guard and marched to Bangkok. A British observer recalled:

{{quotation|[The king] was confined in a large iron cage exposed to a burning sun, and obliged to proclaim to everyone that the King of Siam was great and merciful, that he himself had committed a great error and deserved his present punishment. In this cage were placed with the prisoner, a large mortar to pound him in, a large boiler to boil him in, a hook to hang him by, and a sword to decapitate him; also a sharp-pointed spike for him to sit on. His children were sometimes put in along with him. He was a mild, respectable-looking, old grey-haired man, and did not live long to gratify his tormentors, death having put an end to his sufferings. His body was taken and hung in chains on the bank of the river, about two or three miles below Bangkok.}}

==Aftermath==
The city of Vientiane was totally destroyed and its population completely relocated. The destruction was so thorough that the first French explorers more than 30 years later found only ruins in a jungle to show where the city had once been. The remaining Lao kingdoms of Champasak and Luang Phrabang understandably came under stricter control and arms limitations, while the Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. Regional rivals Siam and Vietnam would come into increasing conflict over control of the inland trade and Lao territory, leading to the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)|Siamese-Vietnamese Wars]] of the 1830s. Vietnam annexed the Lao principality of Xieng Khouang, and Chinese bandits after the [[Taiping rebellion]] were able to force their way down the Mekong River to fight what became known as the [[Haw Wars]] of the 1860s. The first French explorers navigating the Mekong River used the political vacuum as a convenient excuse to create their own colony of [[French Indochina]].

==Legacy==
The most significant legacy of Anouvong's Lao Rebellion was the impact of the forced population transfers throughout the region. As a consequence of the warfare and population transfers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there are now over 19 million ethnic Lao living in the [[Isan]] region of [[Thailand]], while less than 6 million live in the independent country of Laos.

During the [[French Indochina|French]] colonial period, Vientiane was rebuilt as the Laotian capital in a deliberate attempt win favor and to demonstrate French authority.

Several accounts of the Siamese-Lao conflict have been written by historians and authorities, many in direct conflict with one another. In particular, the accounts of the Siamese heroines [[Thao Suranari]] (or “Lady Mo”) and Khunying Bunleu have been popularized and possibly exaggerated. During the 1930s, Field Marshall [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]] promoted Siamese legends as part of a political and military campaign to unify all of the [[Tai peoples]].

The Siamese government also named [[Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School|schools]] and a [[:th:พิพิธภัณฑ์เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี)|museum]] after the victorious general. However, modern Lao nationalist movements have turned Anouvong into a hero, even though his rebellion caused the end of the kingdom of Lan Xang, the destruction of Vientiane, and a permanent division of the Lao people between the country of Laos and the Lao-speaking provinces of northeastern Thailand. Nevertheless, his rebellion is regarded as the point at which Lao nationality and identity solidified. He has been credited with the existence of the modern country of Laos, which might have otherwise have been completely incorporated into Thailand, as was the neighboring Tai Yuan kingdom of [[Lanna]].

==Memorials==
Anouvong had ordered [[Wat Si Saket]] to be built in Vientiane, and his name will always be connected with it. An elephant [[howdah]] he once owned and used is on display in the [[Lao National Museum]] in Vientiane.

In 2010, to coincide with the 450th Anniversary celebrations of Vientiane, the [[Laos]] government created Chao Anouvong Park, complete with a large bronze statue of the locally revered ruler.

==See also==
*[[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]]
*[[Military history of Thailand]]
*[[Laos–Thailand relations]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Chao Anouvong}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|title=Activist couple claiming Lao royal blood killed
|accessdate=May 10, 2013
|author=Supalak Ganjanakhundee
|date=January 19, 2006
|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GVfBPN8G?url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|archivedate=2013-05-10
|quote=A man in his 50s, identified as Prince Anouvong Sethathirath IV, and his wife Princess Oulayvanh Sethathirath, were killed by two unidentified gunmen....
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
* [http://www.sethathirath.com/ Report on murder of couple claiming Lao royal descent] presented by Alan Potkin, Ph. D. Adjunct Consultant, Center for [[Northern Illinois University#Other programs|the NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091710/http://laovoices.com/2010/08/24/chao-anouvong-park-honours-kingly-deeds/ Chao Anouvong Park honours kingly deeds]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/sub-new/Art_Culture/Art_A.htm Effigies of the former kings Chao Fangum and Chao Anouvong]
*[http://www.laos-travel-guide.com/king-anouvong.html King Anouvong or Chao Anou]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Site_SeaGames/News/News_Archive/News_Chao.htm Chao Anouvong stadium]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Monarchs of Laos|Kingdom of Vientiane]]|1767|12 November|1828}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Laos]]|before=[[Inthavong]] |after=Kingdom annexed|years='''7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828'''}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anouvong}}
[[Category:Laotian royalty]]
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:19th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Anouvong

2018-06-21T01:30:19Z

110.169.30.147:

{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name =Chao Anouvong ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌
| title =Chao Anouvong
| succession = [[Kingdom of Vientiane|King of Vientiane]]
| image = [[File:Vientiane, Chao Anouvong Park (6031888461).jpg|200px]]
| caption =Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]].
| reign = 7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828
| coronation =
| full name = Xaiya-Setthathirath V
| predecessor = [[Chao Inthavong|Inthavong]]
| successor = ''annexed by Siam''
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = [[Phrachao Siribounyasan]]
| mother = [[Phranang Kamphong]]
| birth_date ={{birth-date|1767}}
| birth_place =[[Vientiane]], [[Lan Xang]]
| death_date = {{death-date|12 November 1828}}
| death_place =[[Bangkok]], [[Siam]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
[[File:Laos (8087443082).jpg|thumb|Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]].]]
'''Chao Anouvong''' ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌}}; {{lang-th|เจ้าอนุวงศ์}}; {{RTGS|Chao Anuwong}}), or [[regnal name]] '''Xaiya Setthathirath V''' ({{lang-lo|ໄຊຍະເສດຖາທິຣາຊທີ່ຫ້າ}}; {{lang-th|ไชยเชษฐาธิราชที่ห้า}}; {{RTGS|Chaiya Chetthathirat Thi Ha}}), (1767 – 1829), led the [[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]] as the last monarch of the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]. Anouvong succeeded to the throne in 1805 upon the death his brother, [[Chao Inthavong]] ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອິນທະວົງສ໌}}; {{lang|th|เจ้าอินทวงศ์}}), ''Xaiya Setthathirath IV'', who had succeeded their father, [[Phrachao Siribounyasan]] ({{Lang-lo|ພຣະເຈົ້າສິຣິບຸນຍະສາຣ}}; {{lang|th|พระเจ้าสิริบุญสาร}}) ''Xaiya Setthathirath III''.<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ncqj2QWkFQMC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Chao+Inthavong&source=bl&ots=_NJ5wUhj-e&sig=nP0CQrMV8ikLQK1z7r_GOqREEuk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig0Pjsss3ZAhVR7mMKHVlHBDsQ6AEwD3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Chao%20Inthavong&f=false</ref> Anou was known by his father's regal number until recently discovered records disclosed that his father and brother had the same regal name.

==The Reign of King Anouvong==
[[File:Le sanctuaire du Vat Sisaket (Vientiane) (4342112152).jpg|thumbnail|[[Wat Si Saket]], [[Vientiane]]. Completed by King Anouvong in 1824.]]
In 1779, following the fall of [[Vientiane]] to the army of [[Taksin]] of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], the city was looted but was spared destruction. However, the [[Emerald Buddha]] and several other important [[buddharupa|Buddha images]] were taken to Thonburi, and the sons and daughter of King Siribunyasan were taken as hostages, along with several thousand [[Lao people|Lao families]], who were resettled in [[Saraburi]], north of the Thai capital. Siribunyasan had three sons, who were all to succeed him as king of Vientiane – Nanthasen, Inthavong, and Anouvong.

On the death of Siribunyasan in 1781, Siam allowed his eldest son, Nathasen, to return to [[Vientiane]] as king. He was permitted to take with him the [[Phra Bang]], a gold [[Buddharupa]] that had, according to legend had been originally brought from [[Angkor]] by [[Fa Ngum]], the first king of [[Lan Xang]], and was taken to Thonburi in 1779. In 1791, Nanthasan convinced [[Rama I]] that King Anourouth of Luang Phrabang was secretly meeting with the [[Bamar people|Bamar]]-ruled [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung Kingdom]] and plotting a rebellion against Thonburi. Nathasan was allowed to attack [[Luang Prabang]] and capture the city in 1792. The Luang Phrabang royal family were sent to Bangkok as prisoners and remained there for four years. Two years later, Nanthasan was himself accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of [[Nakhon Phanom]], allegedly having made diplomatic overtures to [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn Vietnam]]. Nanthasen was arrested and possibly executed in 1794.

In 1795, Inthavong was installed as King of Vientiane, with his brother Anouvong assuming the traditional post of [[uparaja|oupahat]] ({{lang-lo|ອຸປຮາດ}}, "vice-king"). Burmese armies invaded Siam in both 1797 and 1802, and Inthavong dispatched several Lao armies under Anouvong to assist in the defense. Anouvong gained recognition for his bravery and won several major victories at [[Sipsong Chao Thai]].

Inthavong died in 1804, and Anouvong succeeded him as the ruler of Vientiane. However, by 1813 he had begun a series of religious and symbolic acts which remain highly controversial. Anouvong called a great council of the [[sangha]], only the third ever held in Laotian history, and it was decided that a new Emerald Buddha would be carved. Anouvong ordered repairs on the Ho Phra Kèo, and also ordered several new temples to be established and dedicated to the Emerald Buddha. Bizarrely, he ordered a major bridge to be built across the wide [[Mekong]].

In 1819 Anouvong rushed to suppress a rebellion in the [[Kingdom of Champasak]], led by a charismatic [[bhikkhu|monk]], who had caused the ruler to flee to [[Bangkok]]. Anouvong’s son Nyô led an army south from Vientiane and easily suppressed the uprising. As the king of Champasak had died, [[Rama II of Siam]] appointed Nyô the new ruler of Champasak. Anouvong had succeeded in uniting two of the three Lao kingdoms under his control. Also that year, Anouwong ordered the construction of [[Wat Si Saket]], which was completed in 1824. The temple was a major statement of his authority, since it was oriented so that when Anouvong’s vassals came to pledge their annual allegiance, they physically turned their backs on Bangkok.

===The Funeral of Rama II===
Rama II died in 1824, and it was unclear who would succeed him. The likely successors were young [[Mongkut]], who was the son of Queen [[Sri Suriyendra]], and Mongkut's elder and more experienced half-brother Jessadabodindra, who was only the son of a court concubine. A crisis was avoided when Prince Mongkut chose to become a [[bhikkhu]] (Buddhist monk) and Jessadabodindra ascended as [[Rama III]].

The potential crisis had caused the military to be on high alert, and the [[British Empire]], who had recently begun the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], closely monitored the situation.

In the midst of these events, the Lao kings of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak made their way to Bangkok for the royal funeral ceremonies to be held the following year in accordance with custom. Rama III had already begun implementing the census and forced tattooing policies in the [[Khorat Plateau]]. Anouvong's retinue and one of his sons were impressed into [[corvee]] projects, including digging canals, felling sugar palms, harvesting bamboo, and constructing the [[Phra Samut Chedi]]. At one of the projects, Anouvong's son allegedly had been mocked and possibly even beaten. Anouvong was furious and cut short the traditional obeisance at the [[Chakri dynasty|Chakri court]].

It is not clear if Anouvong had decided to rebel during his stay in Bangkok, or if he had planned it earlier and was just awaiting an excuse. Nevertheless, he made demands before he left. He wanted the return of the [[Emerald Buddha]] (which had originally been brought to Vientiane from [[Chiang Mai]]), the release of his sister (taken hostage forty-five years earlier), and the return of the Lao families who had been relocated in [[Saraburi]]. Thai historians write that Anouvong rebelled over a personal slight, since each of his requests was denied and he was told he could return with only one dancer from his retinue. However, the intensity of the his rebellion suggests the his motivations were more complex.

==Rebellion==
{{Main|Laotian Rebellion}}
[[File:Yasothon General Singh 24.JPG|thumbnail|Shrine to General Bodindecha, Thailand]]
By 1826 Anouvong was actively making military preparations for rebellion. His strategy involved three key points: 1) respond to the immediate crisis caused by the popular discontent over the forced tattooing; 2) remove the ethnic Lao on the Khorat Plateau to the Kingdom of Vientiane, conducting a [[Scorched earth policy|scorched Earth policy]] as he did so to slow the inevitable Siamese pursuit; 3) seek a diplomatic victory by gaining support from Vietnam, China, or Britain.

Anouvong may have believed the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in [[Southeast Asia]] was turning away from Siam. The [[Political faction|factionalism]] at the Siamese court, the presence of the British in nearby Burma, the growing influence of Vietnam in the Cambodian provinces, and the regional dissatisfaction in the Lao areas suggested that Siamese power was waning. In 1827 the British had arrived to finalize the [[Burney Treaty]] between Siam and the British Empire, and the presence of the British fleet may have led Anouvong to believe that an invasion was imminent. However, his most serious miscalculation was in the disparity of military power between Siam and Laos. From at least 1822, Siam had been purchasing large quantities of modern firearms and ammunition from Britain, which had a military surplus from the then ended [[Napoleonic Wars]] in [[Europe]].

In December 1826, Anouvong's rebellion began with an army of 10,000 men making its way toward [[Kalasin]], following the path of the Siamese tattooing officials. In January, Anouvong led a second larger force towards [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] and was able to take the city by a ruse. A contingent of Anouvong's army was sent to [[Lomsak]] and [[Chaiyaphum]], before making its way to [[Saraburi]] to bring the Lao families there back to Vientiane. A fourth army led by Anouvong’s son Nyô, the King of Champasak, was dispatched to take [[Ubon Ratchathani|Ubon]]. All of these armies moved under a web of misinformation and false dispatches that warned of impending attacks on Siam by neighboring powers.

Anouvong's planned retreats were slowed by the civilians who occupied the roads and passes. Lao commanders also delayed to search for the Thai officials responsible for tattooing, forcing those captured to march north as prisoners. Anouvong foolishly wasted over a month searching for the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima, who had been a key figure in the tattooing and population transfers.
[[File:Yasothon Victory Wat Chedi 30.JPG|thumbnail|Victory Chedi, Wat Tung Sawang Chaiyaphum]]

To Anouvong's surprise, Siam quickly organized a massive counter strike and dispatched two armies, one by way of Saraburi to retake Nakhon Ratchasima, and the other through the Pasak Valley towards Lomsak. Anouvong's forces withdrew to Nong Bua Lamphu, the strongest fortress on the Khorat Plateau and traditionally held by the crown prince of Vientiane. After a three-day battle, Nong Bua Lamphu finally fell, and Anouvong's men fell back to a second line of defense. Siamese strength and modern arms were greater than Anouvong had imagined, and his armies continued to march towards Vientiane. They defended the city for five days, as Anouvong for fled his life towards the border with Vietnam.

The Siamese general, [[Chao Phraya]] [[Bodindecha]] (เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา), at last took Anouvong's capital city. He sacked the palaces and leveled the city’s defenses, but he left the monasteries and much of the city intact. Following the sacking of Vientiane, the rulers of [[Chiang Mai]], [[Lampang]], [[Lamphun]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], [[Phrae]], and the kingdom of Luang Phrabang all pledged their renewed allegiance to Siam, although Phraya Bodindecha noted they had “waited to see the turn of events, and their actions greatly depended on the outcome of the war.”

Bodindecha spent several months organizing the removal of the remaining people from around Vientiane and confiscating all arms and ammunition. He then left a small garrison across the river opposite the empty city and returned to the Khorat Plateau.

Anouvong eventually returned with about 1,000 soldiers and 100 Vietnamese observers. This small force was only meant to negotiate a settlement with Siam. However, he learned that a nine spire stupa had been erected as a victory monument at Wat Thung Sawang Chaiyaphum (วัดทุ่งสว่างชัยภูมิ) in the town of [[Yasothon]]. This enraged him, and he crossed the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] and attacked the 300 Thai defenders, killing all but about 40. The now furious Rama III ordered Chao Phraya Bodindecha to return and completely destroy Vientiane, and to capture Anouvong at all costs.

Chao Phraya Bondindecha pursued Anouvong to [[Xiangkhoang Plateau|Xieng Khouang]], where according to some accounts he was betrayed and handed over to the Siamese. Anouvong and his family were placed under heavy guard and marched to Bangkok. A British observer recalled:

{{quotation|[The king] was confined in a large iron cage exposed to a burning sun, and obliged to proclaim to everyone that the King of Siam was great and merciful, that he himself had committed a great error and deserved his present punishment. In this cage were placed with the prisoner, a large mortar to pound him in, a large boiler to boil him in, a hook to hang him by, and a sword to decapitate him; also a sharp-pointed spike for him to sit on. His children were sometimes put in along with him. He was a mild, respectable-looking, old grey-haired man, and did not live long to gratify his tormentors, death having put an end to his sufferings. His body was taken and hung in chains on the bank of the river, about two or three miles below Bangkok.}}

==Aftermath==
The city of Vientiane was totally destroyed and its population completely relocated. The destruction was so thorough that the first French explorers more than 30 years later found only ruins in a jungle to show where the city had once been. The remaining Lao kingdoms of Champasak and Luang Phrabang understandably came under stricter control and arms limitations, while the Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. Regional rivals Siam and Vietnam would come into increasing conflict over control of the inland trade and Lao territory, leading to the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)|Siamese-Vietnamese Wars]] of the 1830s. Vietnam annexed the Lao principality of Xieng Khouang, and Chinese bandits after the [[Taiping rebellion]] were able to force their way down the Mekong River to fight what became known as the [[Haw Wars]] of the 1860s. The first French explorers navigating the Mekong River used the political vacuum as a convenient excuse to create their own colony of [[French Indochina]].

==Legacy==
The most significant legacy of Anouvong's Lao Rebellion was the impact of the forced population transfers throughout the region. As a consequence of the warfare and population transfers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there are now over 19 million ethnic Lao living in the [[Isan]] region of [[Thailand]], while less than 6 million live in the independent country of Laos.

During the [[French Indochina|French]] colonial period, Vientiane was rebuilt as the Laotian capital in a deliberate attempt win favor and to demonstrate French authority.

Several accounts of the Siamese-Lao conflict have been written by historians and authorities, many in direct conflict with one another. In particular, the accounts of the Siamese heroines [[Thao Suranari]] (or “Lady Mo”) and Khunying Bunleu have been popularized and possibly exaggerated. During the 1930s, Field Marshall [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]] promoted Siamese legends as part of a political and military campaign to unify all of the [[Tai peoples]].

The Siamese government also named [[Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School|schools]] and a [[:th:พิพิธภัณฑ์เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี)|museum]] after the victorious general. However, modern Lao nationalist movements have turned Anouvong into a hero, even though his rebellion caused the end of the kingdom of Lan Xang, the destruction of Vientiane, and a permanent division of the Lao people between the country of Laos and the Lao-speaking provinces of northeastern Thailand. Nevertheless, his rebellion is regarded as the point at which Lao nationality and identity solidified. He has been credited with the existence of the modern country of Laos, which might have otherwise have been completely incorporated into Thailand, as was the neighboring Tai Yuan kingdom of [[Lanna]].

==Memorials==
Anouvong had ordered [[Wat Si Saket]] to be built in Vientiane, and his name will always be connected with it. An elephant [[howdah]] he once owned and used is on display in the [[Lao National Museum]] in Vientiane.

In 2010, to coincide with the 450th Anniversary celebrations of Vientiane, the [[Laos]] government created Chao Anouvong Park, complete with a large bronze statue of the locally revered ruler.

==See also==
*[[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]]
*[[Military history of Thailand]]
*[[Laos–Thailand relations]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Chao Anouvong}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|title=Activist couple claiming Lao royal blood killed
|accessdate=May 10, 2013
|author=Supalak Ganjanakhundee
|date=January 19, 2006
|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GVfBPN8G?url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|archivedate=2013-05-10
|quote=A man in his 50s, identified as Prince Anouvong Sethathirath IV, and his wife Princess Oulayvanh Sethathirath, were killed by two unidentified gunmen....
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
* [http://www.sethathirath.com/ Report on murder of couple claiming Lao royal descent] presented by Alan Potkin, Ph. D. Adjunct Consultant, Center for [[Northern Illinois University#Other programs|the NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091710/http://laovoices.com/2010/08/24/chao-anouvong-park-honours-kingly-deeds/ Chao Anouvong Park honours kingly deeds]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/sub-new/Art_Culture/Art_A.htm Effigies of the former kings Chao Fangum and Chao Anouvong]
*[http://www.laos-travel-guide.com/king-anouvong.html King Anouvong or Chao Anou]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Site_SeaGames/News/News_Archive/News_Chao.htm Chao Anouvong stadium]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Monarchs of Laos|Kingdom of Vientiane]]|1767|12 November|1828}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Laos]]|before=[[Inthavong]] |after=Kingdom annexed|years='''7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828'''}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anouvong}}
[[Category:Laotian royalty]]
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:19th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Anouvong

2018-06-21T01:28:17Z

110.169.30.147:

{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name =Chao Anouvong ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌
| title =Chao Anouvong
| succession = [[Kingdom of Vientiane|King of Vientiane]]
| image = [[File:Vientiane, Chao Anouvong Park (6031888461).jpg|200px]]
| caption =Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]].
| reign = 7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828
| coronation =
| full name = Xaiya-Setthathirath V
| predecessor = [[Chao Inthavong|Inthavong]]
| successor = ''annexed by Siam''
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = [[Phrachao Siribounyasan]]
| mother =
| birth_date ={{birth-date|1767}}
| birth_place =[[Vientiane]], [[Lan Xang]]
| death_date = {{death-date|12 November 1828}}
| death_place =[[Bangkok]], [[Siam]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
[[File:Laos (8087443082).jpg|thumb|Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]].]]
'''Chao Anouvong''' ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌}}; {{lang-th|เจ้าอนุวงศ์}}; {{RTGS|Chao Anuwong}}), or [[regnal name]] '''Xaiya Setthathirath V''' ({{lang-lo|ໄຊຍະເສດຖາທິຣາຊທີ່ຫ້າ}}; {{lang-th|ไชยเชษฐาธิราชที่ห้า}}; {{RTGS|Chaiya Chetthathirat Thi Ha}}), (1767 – 1829), led the [[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]] as the last monarch of the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]. Anouvong succeeded to the throne in 1805 upon the death his brother, [[Chao Inthavong]] ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອິນທະວົງສ໌}}; {{lang|th|เจ้าอินทวงศ์}}), ''Xaiya Setthathirath IV'', who had succeeded their father, [[Phrachao Siribounyasan]] ({{Lang-lo|ພຣະເຈົ້າສິຣິບຸນຍະສາຣ}}; {{lang|th|พระเจ้าสิริบุญสาร}}) ''Xaiya Setthathirath III''.<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ncqj2QWkFQMC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Chao+Inthavong&source=bl&ots=_NJ5wUhj-e&sig=nP0CQrMV8ikLQK1z7r_GOqREEuk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig0Pjsss3ZAhVR7mMKHVlHBDsQ6AEwD3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Chao%20Inthavong&f=false</ref> Anou was known by his father's regal number until recently discovered records disclosed that his father and brother had the same regal name.

==The Reign of King Anouvong==
[[File:Le sanctuaire du Vat Sisaket (Vientiane) (4342112152).jpg|thumbnail|[[Wat Si Saket]], [[Vientiane]]. Completed by King Anouvong in 1824.]]
In 1779, following the fall of [[Vientiane]] to the army of [[Taksin]] of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], the city was looted but was spared destruction. However, the [[Emerald Buddha]] and several other important [[buddharupa|Buddha images]] were taken to Thonburi, and the sons and daughter of King Siribunyasan were taken as hostages, along with several thousand [[Lao people|Lao families]], who were resettled in [[Saraburi]], north of the Thai capital. Siribunyasan had three sons, who were all to succeed him as king of Vientiane – Nanthasen, Inthavong, and Anouvong.

On the death of Siribunyasan in 1781, Siam allowed his eldest son, Nathasen, to return to [[Vientiane]] as king. He was permitted to take with him the [[Phra Bang]], a gold [[Buddharupa]] that had, according to legend had been originally brought from [[Angkor]] by [[Fa Ngum]], the first king of [[Lan Xang]], and was taken to Thonburi in 1779. In 1791, Nanthasan convinced [[Rama I]] that King Anourouth of Luang Phrabang was secretly meeting with the [[Bamar people|Bamar]]-ruled [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung Kingdom]] and plotting a rebellion against Thonburi. Nathasan was allowed to attack [[Luang Prabang]] and capture the city in 1792. The Luang Phrabang royal family were sent to Bangkok as prisoners and remained there for four years. Two years later, Nanthasan was himself accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of [[Nakhon Phanom]], allegedly having made diplomatic overtures to [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn Vietnam]]. Nanthasen was arrested and possibly executed in 1794.

In 1795, Inthavong was installed as King of Vientiane, with his brother Anouvong assuming the traditional post of [[uparaja|oupahat]] ({{lang-lo|ອຸປຮາດ}}, "vice-king"). Burmese armies invaded Siam in both 1797 and 1802, and Inthavong dispatched several Lao armies under Anouvong to assist in the defense. Anouvong gained recognition for his bravery and won several major victories at [[Sipsong Chao Thai]].

Inthavong died in 1804, and Anouvong succeeded him as the ruler of Vientiane. However, by 1813 he had begun a series of religious and symbolic acts which remain highly controversial. Anouvong called a great council of the [[sangha]], only the third ever held in Laotian history, and it was decided that a new Emerald Buddha would be carved. Anouvong ordered repairs on the Ho Phra Kèo, and also ordered several new temples to be established and dedicated to the Emerald Buddha. Bizarrely, he ordered a major bridge to be built across the wide [[Mekong]].

In 1819 Anouvong rushed to suppress a rebellion in the [[Kingdom of Champasak]], led by a charismatic [[bhikkhu|monk]], who had caused the ruler to flee to [[Bangkok]]. Anouvong’s son Nyô led an army south from Vientiane and easily suppressed the uprising. As the king of Champasak had died, [[Rama II of Siam]] appointed Nyô the new ruler of Champasak. Anouvong had succeeded in uniting two of the three Lao kingdoms under his control. Also that year, Anouwong ordered the construction of [[Wat Si Saket]], which was completed in 1824. The temple was a major statement of his authority, since it was oriented so that when Anouvong’s vassals came to pledge their annual allegiance, they physically turned their backs on Bangkok.

===The Funeral of Rama II===
Rama II died in 1824, and it was unclear who would succeed him. The likely successors were young [[Mongkut]], who was the son of Queen [[Sri Suriyendra]], and Mongkut's elder and more experienced half-brother Jessadabodindra, who was only the son of a court concubine. A crisis was avoided when Prince Mongkut chose to become a [[bhikkhu]] (Buddhist monk) and Jessadabodindra ascended as [[Rama III]].

The potential crisis had caused the military to be on high alert, and the [[British Empire]], who had recently begun the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], closely monitored the situation.

In the midst of these events, the Lao kings of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak made their way to Bangkok for the royal funeral ceremonies to be held the following year in accordance with custom. Rama III had already begun implementing the census and forced tattooing policies in the [[Khorat Plateau]]. Anouvong's retinue and one of his sons were impressed into [[corvee]] projects, including digging canals, felling sugar palms, harvesting bamboo, and constructing the [[Phra Samut Chedi]]. At one of the projects, Anouvong's son allegedly had been mocked and possibly even beaten. Anouvong was furious and cut short the traditional obeisance at the [[Chakri dynasty|Chakri court]].

It is not clear if Anouvong had decided to rebel during his stay in Bangkok, or if he had planned it earlier and was just awaiting an excuse. Nevertheless, he made demands before he left. He wanted the return of the [[Emerald Buddha]] (which had originally been brought to Vientiane from [[Chiang Mai]]), the release of his sister (taken hostage forty-five years earlier), and the return of the Lao families who had been relocated in [[Saraburi]]. Thai historians write that Anouvong rebelled over a personal slight, since each of his requests was denied and he was told he could return with only one dancer from his retinue. However, the intensity of the his rebellion suggests the his motivations were more complex.

==Rebellion==
{{Main|Laotian Rebellion}}
[[File:Yasothon General Singh 24.JPG|thumbnail|Shrine to General Bodindecha, Thailand]]
By 1826 Anouvong was actively making military preparations for rebellion. His strategy involved three key points: 1) respond to the immediate crisis caused by the popular discontent over the forced tattooing; 2) remove the ethnic Lao on the Khorat Plateau to the Kingdom of Vientiane, conducting a [[Scorched earth policy|scorched Earth policy]] as he did so to slow the inevitable Siamese pursuit; 3) seek a diplomatic victory by gaining support from Vietnam, China, or Britain.

Anouvong may have believed the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in [[Southeast Asia]] was turning away from Siam. The [[Political faction|factionalism]] at the Siamese court, the presence of the British in nearby Burma, the growing influence of Vietnam in the Cambodian provinces, and the regional dissatisfaction in the Lao areas suggested that Siamese power was waning. In 1827 the British had arrived to finalize the [[Burney Treaty]] between Siam and the British Empire, and the presence of the British fleet may have led Anouvong to believe that an invasion was imminent. However, his most serious miscalculation was in the disparity of military power between Siam and Laos. From at least 1822, Siam had been purchasing large quantities of modern firearms and ammunition from Britain, which had a military surplus from the then ended [[Napoleonic Wars]] in [[Europe]].

In December 1826, Anouvong's rebellion began with an army of 10,000 men making its way toward [[Kalasin]], following the path of the Siamese tattooing officials. In January, Anouvong led a second larger force towards [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] and was able to take the city by a ruse. A contingent of Anouvong's army was sent to [[Lomsak]] and [[Chaiyaphum]], before making its way to [[Saraburi]] to bring the Lao families there back to Vientiane. A fourth army led by Anouvong’s son Nyô, the King of Champasak, was dispatched to take [[Ubon Ratchathani|Ubon]]. All of these armies moved under a web of misinformation and false dispatches that warned of impending attacks on Siam by neighboring powers.

Anouvong's planned retreats were slowed by the civilians who occupied the roads and passes. Lao commanders also delayed to search for the Thai officials responsible for tattooing, forcing those captured to march north as prisoners. Anouvong foolishly wasted over a month searching for the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima, who had been a key figure in the tattooing and population transfers.
[[File:Yasothon Victory Wat Chedi 30.JPG|thumbnail|Victory Chedi, Wat Tung Sawang Chaiyaphum]]

To Anouvong's surprise, Siam quickly organized a massive counter strike and dispatched two armies, one by way of Saraburi to retake Nakhon Ratchasima, and the other through the Pasak Valley towards Lomsak. Anouvong's forces withdrew to Nong Bua Lamphu, the strongest fortress on the Khorat Plateau and traditionally held by the crown prince of Vientiane. After a three-day battle, Nong Bua Lamphu finally fell, and Anouvong's men fell back to a second line of defense. Siamese strength and modern arms were greater than Anouvong had imagined, and his armies continued to march towards Vientiane. They defended the city for five days, as Anouvong for fled his life towards the border with Vietnam.

The Siamese general, [[Chao Phraya]] [[Bodindecha]] (เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา), at last took Anouvong's capital city. He sacked the palaces and leveled the city’s defenses, but he left the monasteries and much of the city intact. Following the sacking of Vientiane, the rulers of [[Chiang Mai]], [[Lampang]], [[Lamphun]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], [[Phrae]], and the kingdom of Luang Phrabang all pledged their renewed allegiance to Siam, although Phraya Bodindecha noted they had “waited to see the turn of events, and their actions greatly depended on the outcome of the war.”

Bodindecha spent several months organizing the removal of the remaining people from around Vientiane and confiscating all arms and ammunition. He then left a small garrison across the river opposite the empty city and returned to the Khorat Plateau.

Anouvong eventually returned with about 1,000 soldiers and 100 Vietnamese observers. This small force was only meant to negotiate a settlement with Siam. However, he learned that a nine spire stupa had been erected as a victory monument at Wat Thung Sawang Chaiyaphum (วัดทุ่งสว่างชัยภูมิ) in the town of [[Yasothon]]. This enraged him, and he crossed the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] and attacked the 300 Thai defenders, killing all but about 40. The now furious Rama III ordered Chao Phraya Bodindecha to return and completely destroy Vientiane, and to capture Anouvong at all costs.

Chao Phraya Bondindecha pursued Anouvong to [[Xiangkhoang Plateau|Xieng Khouang]], where according to some accounts he was betrayed and handed over to the Siamese. Anouvong and his family were placed under heavy guard and marched to Bangkok. A British observer recalled:

{{quotation|[The king] was confined in a large iron cage exposed to a burning sun, and obliged to proclaim to everyone that the King of Siam was great and merciful, that he himself had committed a great error and deserved his present punishment. In this cage were placed with the prisoner, a large mortar to pound him in, a large boiler to boil him in, a hook to hang him by, and a sword to decapitate him; also a sharp-pointed spike for him to sit on. His children were sometimes put in along with him. He was a mild, respectable-looking, old grey-haired man, and did not live long to gratify his tormentors, death having put an end to his sufferings. His body was taken and hung in chains on the bank of the river, about two or three miles below Bangkok.}}

==Aftermath==
The city of Vientiane was totally destroyed and its population completely relocated. The destruction was so thorough that the first French explorers more than 30 years later found only ruins in a jungle to show where the city had once been. The remaining Lao kingdoms of Champasak and Luang Phrabang understandably came under stricter control and arms limitations, while the Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. Regional rivals Siam and Vietnam would come into increasing conflict over control of the inland trade and Lao territory, leading to the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)|Siamese-Vietnamese Wars]] of the 1830s. Vietnam annexed the Lao principality of Xieng Khouang, and Chinese bandits after the [[Taiping rebellion]] were able to force their way down the Mekong River to fight what became known as the [[Haw Wars]] of the 1860s. The first French explorers navigating the Mekong River used the political vacuum as a convenient excuse to create their own colony of [[French Indochina]].

==Legacy==
The most significant legacy of Anouvong's Lao Rebellion was the impact of the forced population transfers throughout the region. As a consequence of the warfare and population transfers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there are now over 19 million ethnic Lao living in the [[Isan]] region of [[Thailand]], while less than 6 million live in the independent country of Laos.

During the [[French Indochina|French]] colonial period, Vientiane was rebuilt as the Laotian capital in a deliberate attempt win favor and to demonstrate French authority.

Several accounts of the Siamese-Lao conflict have been written by historians and authorities, many in direct conflict with one another. In particular, the accounts of the Siamese heroines [[Thao Suranari]] (or “Lady Mo”) and Khunying Bunleu have been popularized and possibly exaggerated. During the 1930s, Field Marshall [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]] promoted Siamese legends as part of a political and military campaign to unify all of the [[Tai peoples]].

The Siamese government also named [[Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School|schools]] and a [[:th:พิพิธภัณฑ์เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี)|museum]] after the victorious general. However, modern Lao nationalist movements have turned Anouvong into a hero, even though his rebellion caused the end of the kingdom of Lan Xang, the destruction of Vientiane, and a permanent division of the Lao people between the country of Laos and the Lao-speaking provinces of northeastern Thailand. Nevertheless, his rebellion is regarded as the point at which Lao nationality and identity solidified. He has been credited with the existence of the modern country of Laos, which might have otherwise have been completely incorporated into Thailand, as was the neighboring Tai Yuan kingdom of [[Lanna]].

==Memorials==
Anouvong had ordered [[Wat Si Saket]] to be built in Vientiane, and his name will always be connected with it. An elephant [[howdah]] he once owned and used is on display in the [[Lao National Museum]] in Vientiane.

In 2010, to coincide with the 450th Anniversary celebrations of Vientiane, the [[Laos]] government created Chao Anouvong Park, complete with a large bronze statue of the locally revered ruler.

==See also==
*[[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]]
*[[Military history of Thailand]]
*[[Laos–Thailand relations]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Chao Anouvong}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|title=Activist couple claiming Lao royal blood killed
|accessdate=May 10, 2013
|author=Supalak Ganjanakhundee
|date=January 19, 2006
|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GVfBPN8G?url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|archivedate=2013-05-10
|quote=A man in his 50s, identified as Prince Anouvong Sethathirath IV, and his wife Princess Oulayvanh Sethathirath, were killed by two unidentified gunmen....
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
* [http://www.sethathirath.com/ Report on murder of couple claiming Lao royal descent] presented by Alan Potkin, Ph. D. Adjunct Consultant, Center for [[Northern Illinois University#Other programs|the NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091710/http://laovoices.com/2010/08/24/chao-anouvong-park-honours-kingly-deeds/ Chao Anouvong Park honours kingly deeds]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/sub-new/Art_Culture/Art_A.htm Effigies of the former kings Chao Fangum and Chao Anouvong]
*[http://www.laos-travel-guide.com/king-anouvong.html King Anouvong or Chao Anou]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Site_SeaGames/News/News_Archive/News_Chao.htm Chao Anouvong stadium]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Monarchs of Laos|Kingdom of Vientiane]]|1767|12 November|1828}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Laos]]|before=[[Inthavong]] |after=Kingdom annexed|years='''7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828'''}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anouvong}}
[[Category:Laotian royalty]]
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:19th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Anouvong

2018-06-21T01:25:57Z

110.169.30.147:

{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name =Chao Anouvong ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌
| title =Chao Anouvong
| succession = [[Kingdom of Vientiane|King of Vientiane]]
| image = [[File:Vientiane, Chao Anouvong Park (6031888461).jpg|200px]]
| caption =Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]].
| reign = 7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828
| coronation =
| full name = Xaiya-Setthathirath V
| predecessor = [[Chao Inthavong|Inthavong]]
| successor = ''annexed by Siam''
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date ={{birth-date|1767}}
| birth_place =[[Vientiane]], [[Lan Xang]]
| death_date = {{death-date|12 November 1828}}
| death_place =[[Bangkok]], [[Siam]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
[[File:Laos (8087443082).jpg|thumb|Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]].]]
'''Chao Anouvong''' ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌}}; {{lang-th|เจ้าอนุวงศ์}}; {{RTGS|Chao Anuwong}}), or [[regnal name]] '''Xaiya Setthathirath V''' ({{lang-lo|ໄຊຍະເສດຖາທິຣາຊທີ່ຫ້າ}}; {{lang-th|ไชยเชษฐาธิราชที่ห้า}}; {{RTGS|Chaiya Chetthathirat Thi Ha}}), (1767 – 1829), led the [[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]] as the last monarch of the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]. Anouvong succeeded to the throne in 1805 upon the death his brother, [[Chao Inthavong]] ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອິນທະວົງສ໌}}; {{lang|th|เจ้าอินทวงศ์}}), ''Xaiya Setthathirath IV'', who had succeeded their father, [[Phrachao Siribounyasan]] ({{Lang-lo|ພຣະເຈົ້າສິຣິບຸນຍະສາຣ}}; {{lang|th|พระเจ้าสิริบุญสาร}}) ''Xaiya Setthathirath III''.<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ncqj2QWkFQMC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Chao+Inthavong&source=bl&ots=_NJ5wUhj-e&sig=nP0CQrMV8ikLQK1z7r_GOqREEuk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig0Pjsss3ZAhVR7mMKHVlHBDsQ6AEwD3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Chao%20Inthavong&f=false</ref> Anou was known by his father's regal number until recently discovered records disclosed that his father and brother had the same regal name.

==The Reign of King Anouvong==
[[File:Le sanctuaire du Vat Sisaket (Vientiane) (4342112152).jpg|thumbnail|[[Wat Si Saket]], [[Vientiane]]. Completed by King Anouvong in 1824.]]
In 1779, following the fall of [[Vientiane]] to the army of [[Taksin]] of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], the city was looted but was spared destruction. However, the [[Emerald Buddha]] and several other important [[buddharupa|Buddha images]] were taken to Thonburi, and the sons and daughter of King Siribunyasan were taken as hostages, along with several thousand [[Lao people|Lao families]], who were resettled in [[Saraburi]], north of the Thai capital. Siribunyasan had three sons, who were all to succeed him as king of Vientiane – Nanthasen, Inthavong, and Anouvong.

On the death of Siribunyasan in 1781, Siam allowed his eldest son, Nathasen, to return to [[Vientiane]] as king. He was permitted to take with him the [[Phra Bang]], a gold [[Buddharupa]] that had, according to legend had been originally brought from [[Angkor]] by [[Fa Ngum]], the first king of [[Lan Xang]], and was taken to Thonburi in 1779. In 1791, Nanthasan convinced [[Rama I]] that King Anourouth of Luang Phrabang was secretly meeting with the [[Bamar people|Bamar]]-ruled [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung Kingdom]] and plotting a rebellion against Thonburi. Nathasan was allowed to attack [[Luang Prabang]] and capture the city in 1792. The Luang Phrabang royal family were sent to Bangkok as prisoners and remained there for four years. Two years later, Nanthasan was himself accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of [[Nakhon Phanom]], allegedly having made diplomatic overtures to [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn Vietnam]]. Nanthasen was arrested and possibly executed in 1794.

In 1795, Inthavong was installed as King of Vientiane, with his brother Anouvong assuming the traditional post of [[uparaja|oupahat]] ({{lang-lo|ອຸປຮາດ}}, "vice-king"). Burmese armies invaded Siam in both 1797 and 1802, and Inthavong dispatched several Lao armies under Anouvong to assist in the defense. Anouvong gained recognition for his bravery and won several major victories at [[Sipsong Chao Thai]].

Inthavong died in 1804, and Anouvong succeeded him as the ruler of Vientiane. However, by 1813 he had begun a series of religious and symbolic acts which remain highly controversial. Anouvong called a great council of the [[sangha]], only the third ever held in Laotian history, and it was decided that a new Emerald Buddha would be carved. Anouvong ordered repairs on the Ho Phra Kèo, and also ordered several new temples to be established and dedicated to the Emerald Buddha. Bizarrely, he ordered a major bridge to be built across the wide [[Mekong]].

In 1819 Anouvong rushed to suppress a rebellion in the [[Kingdom of Champasak]], led by a charismatic [[bhikkhu|monk]], who had caused the ruler to flee to [[Bangkok]]. Anouvong’s son Nyô led an army south from Vientiane and easily suppressed the uprising. As the king of Champasak had died, [[Rama II of Siam]] appointed Nyô the new ruler of Champasak. Anouvong had succeeded in uniting two of the three Lao kingdoms under his control. Also that year, Anouwong ordered the construction of [[Wat Si Saket]], which was completed in 1824. The temple was a major statement of his authority, since it was oriented so that when Anouvong’s vassals came to pledge their annual allegiance, they physically turned their backs on Bangkok.

===The Funeral of Rama II===
Rama II died in 1824, and it was unclear who would succeed him. The likely successors were young [[Mongkut]], who was the son of Queen [[Sri Suriyendra]], and Mongkut's elder and more experienced half-brother Jessadabodindra, who was only the son of a court concubine. A crisis was avoided when Prince Mongkut chose to become a [[bhikkhu]] (Buddhist monk) and Jessadabodindra ascended as [[Rama III]].

The potential crisis had caused the military to be on high alert, and the [[British Empire]], who had recently begun the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], closely monitored the situation.

In the midst of these events, the Lao kings of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak made their way to Bangkok for the royal funeral ceremonies to be held the following year in accordance with custom. Rama III had already begun implementing the census and forced tattooing policies in the [[Khorat Plateau]]. Anouvong's retinue and one of his sons were impressed into [[corvee]] projects, including digging canals, felling sugar palms, harvesting bamboo, and constructing the [[Phra Samut Chedi]]. At one of the projects, Anouvong's son allegedly had been mocked and possibly even beaten. Anouvong was furious and cut short the traditional obeisance at the [[Chakri dynasty|Chakri court]].

It is not clear if Anouvong had decided to rebel during his stay in Bangkok, or if he had planned it earlier and was just awaiting an excuse. Nevertheless, he made demands before he left. He wanted the return of the [[Emerald Buddha]] (which had originally been brought to Vientiane from [[Chiang Mai]]), the release of his sister (taken hostage forty-five years earlier), and the return of the Lao families who had been relocated in [[Saraburi]]. Thai historians write that Anouvong rebelled over a personal slight, since each of his requests was denied and he was told he could return with only one dancer from his retinue. However, the intensity of the his rebellion suggests the his motivations were more complex.

==Rebellion==
{{Main|Laotian Rebellion}}
[[File:Yasothon General Singh 24.JPG|thumbnail|Shrine to General Bodindecha, Thailand]]
By 1826 Anouvong was actively making military preparations for rebellion. His strategy involved three key points: 1) respond to the immediate crisis caused by the popular discontent over the forced tattooing; 2) remove the ethnic Lao on the Khorat Plateau to the Kingdom of Vientiane, conducting a [[Scorched earth policy|scorched Earth policy]] as he did so to slow the inevitable Siamese pursuit; 3) seek a diplomatic victory by gaining support from Vietnam, China, or Britain.

Anouvong may have believed the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in [[Southeast Asia]] was turning away from Siam. The [[Political faction|factionalism]] at the Siamese court, the presence of the British in nearby Burma, the growing influence of Vietnam in the Cambodian provinces, and the regional dissatisfaction in the Lao areas suggested that Siamese power was waning. In 1827 the British had arrived to finalize the [[Burney Treaty]] between Siam and the British Empire, and the presence of the British fleet may have led Anouvong to believe that an invasion was imminent. However, his most serious miscalculation was in the disparity of military power between Siam and Laos. From at least 1822, Siam had been purchasing large quantities of modern firearms and ammunition from Britain, which had a military surplus from the then ended [[Napoleonic Wars]] in [[Europe]].

In December 1826, Anouvong's rebellion began with an army of 10,000 men making its way toward [[Kalasin]], following the path of the Siamese tattooing officials. In January, Anouvong led a second larger force towards [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] and was able to take the city by a ruse. A contingent of Anouvong's army was sent to [[Lomsak]] and [[Chaiyaphum]], before making its way to [[Saraburi]] to bring the Lao families there back to Vientiane. A fourth army led by Anouvong’s son Nyô, the King of Champasak, was dispatched to take [[Ubon Ratchathani|Ubon]]. All of these armies moved under a web of misinformation and false dispatches that warned of impending attacks on Siam by neighboring powers.

Anouvong's planned retreats were slowed by the civilians who occupied the roads and passes. Lao commanders also delayed to search for the Thai officials responsible for tattooing, forcing those captured to march north as prisoners. Anouvong foolishly wasted over a month searching for the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima, who had been a key figure in the tattooing and population transfers.
[[File:Yasothon Victory Wat Chedi 30.JPG|thumbnail|Victory Chedi, Wat Tung Sawang Chaiyaphum]]

To Anouvong's surprise, Siam quickly organized a massive counter strike and dispatched two armies, one by way of Saraburi to retake Nakhon Ratchasima, and the other through the Pasak Valley towards Lomsak. Anouvong's forces withdrew to Nong Bua Lamphu, the strongest fortress on the Khorat Plateau and traditionally held by the crown prince of Vientiane. After a three-day battle, Nong Bua Lamphu finally fell, and Anouvong's men fell back to a second line of defense. Siamese strength and modern arms were greater than Anouvong had imagined, and his armies continued to march towards Vientiane. They defended the city for five days, as Anouvong for fled his life towards the border with Vietnam.

The Siamese general, [[Chao Phraya]] [[Bodindecha]] (เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา), at last took Anouvong's capital city. He sacked the palaces and leveled the city’s defenses, but he left the monasteries and much of the city intact. Following the sacking of Vientiane, the rulers of [[Chiang Mai]], [[Lampang]], [[Lamphun]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], [[Phrae]], and the kingdom of Luang Phrabang all pledged their renewed allegiance to Siam, although Phraya Bodindecha noted they had “waited to see the turn of events, and their actions greatly depended on the outcome of the war.”

Bodindecha spent several months organizing the removal of the remaining people from around Vientiane and confiscating all arms and ammunition. He then left a small garrison across the river opposite the empty city and returned to the Khorat Plateau.

Anouvong eventually returned with about 1,000 soldiers and 100 Vietnamese observers. This small force was only meant to negotiate a settlement with Siam. However, he learned that a nine spire stupa had been erected as a victory monument at Wat Thung Sawang Chaiyaphum (วัดทุ่งสว่างชัยภูมิ) in the town of [[Yasothon]]. This enraged him, and he crossed the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] and attacked the 300 Thai defenders, killing all but about 40. The now furious Rama III ordered Chao Phraya Bodindecha to return and completely destroy Vientiane, and to capture Anouvong at all costs.

Chao Phraya Bondindecha pursued Anouvong to [[Xiangkhoang Plateau|Xieng Khouang]], where according to some accounts he was betrayed and handed over to the Siamese. Anouvong and his family were placed under heavy guard and marched to Bangkok. A British observer recalled:

{{quotation|[The king] was confined in a large iron cage exposed to a burning sun, and obliged to proclaim to everyone that the King of Siam was great and merciful, that he himself had committed a great error and deserved his present punishment. In this cage were placed with the prisoner, a large mortar to pound him in, a large boiler to boil him in, a hook to hang him by, and a sword to decapitate him; also a sharp-pointed spike for him to sit on. His children were sometimes put in along with him. He was a mild, respectable-looking, old grey-haired man, and did not live long to gratify his tormentors, death having put an end to his sufferings. His body was taken and hung in chains on the bank of the river, about two or three miles below Bangkok.}}

==Aftermath==
The city of Vientiane was totally destroyed and its population completely relocated. The destruction was so thorough that the first French explorers more than 30 years later found only ruins in a jungle to show where the city had once been. The remaining Lao kingdoms of Champasak and Luang Phrabang understandably came under stricter control and arms limitations, while the Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. Regional rivals Siam and Vietnam would come into increasing conflict over control of the inland trade and Lao territory, leading to the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)|Siamese-Vietnamese Wars]] of the 1830s. Vietnam annexed the Lao principality of Xieng Khouang, and Chinese bandits after the [[Taiping rebellion]] were able to force their way down the Mekong River to fight what became known as the [[Haw Wars]] of the 1860s. The first French explorers navigating the Mekong River used the political vacuum as a convenient excuse to create their own colony of [[French Indochina]].

==Legacy==
The most significant legacy of Anouvong's Lao Rebellion was the impact of the forced population transfers throughout the region. As a consequence of the warfare and population transfers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there are now over 19 million ethnic Lao living in the [[Isan]] region of [[Thailand]], while less than 6 million live in the independent country of Laos.

During the [[French Indochina|French]] colonial period, Vientiane was rebuilt as the Laotian capital in a deliberate attempt win favor and to demonstrate French authority.

Several accounts of the Siamese-Lao conflict have been written by historians and authorities, many in direct conflict with one another. In particular, the accounts of the Siamese heroines [[Thao Suranari]] (or “Lady Mo”) and Khunying Bunleu have been popularized and possibly exaggerated. During the 1930s, Field Marshall [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]] promoted Siamese legends as part of a political and military campaign to unify all of the [[Tai peoples]].

The Siamese government also named [[Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School|schools]] and a [[:th:พิพิธภัณฑ์เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี)|museum]] after the victorious general. However, modern Lao nationalist movements have turned Anouvong into a hero, even though his rebellion caused the end of the kingdom of Lan Xang, the destruction of Vientiane, and a permanent division of the Lao people between the country of Laos and the Lao-speaking provinces of northeastern Thailand. Nevertheless, his rebellion is regarded as the point at which Lao nationality and identity solidified. He has been credited with the existence of the modern country of Laos, which might have otherwise have been completely incorporated into Thailand, as was the neighboring Tai Yuan kingdom of [[Lanna]].

==Memorials==
Anouvong had ordered [[Wat Si Saket]] to be built in Vientiane, and his name will always be connected with it. An elephant [[howdah]] he once owned and used is on display in the [[Lao National Museum]] in Vientiane.

In 2010, to coincide with the 450th Anniversary celebrations of Vientiane, the [[Laos]] government created Chao Anouvong Park, complete with a large bronze statue of the locally revered ruler.

==See also==
*[[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]]
*[[Military history of Thailand]]
*[[Laos–Thailand relations]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Chao Anouvong}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|title=Activist couple claiming Lao royal blood killed
|accessdate=May 10, 2013
|author=Supalak Ganjanakhundee
|date=January 19, 2006
|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GVfBPN8G?url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|archivedate=2013-05-10
|quote=A man in his 50s, identified as Prince Anouvong Sethathirath IV, and his wife Princess Oulayvanh Sethathirath, were killed by two unidentified gunmen....
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
* [http://www.sethathirath.com/ Report on murder of couple claiming Lao royal descent] presented by Alan Potkin, Ph. D. Adjunct Consultant, Center for [[Northern Illinois University#Other programs|the NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091710/http://laovoices.com/2010/08/24/chao-anouvong-park-honours-kingly-deeds/ Chao Anouvong Park honours kingly deeds]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/sub-new/Art_Culture/Art_A.htm Effigies of the former kings Chao Fangum and Chao Anouvong]
*[http://www.laos-travel-guide.com/king-anouvong.html King Anouvong or Chao Anou]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Site_SeaGames/News/News_Archive/News_Chao.htm Chao Anouvong stadium]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Monarchs of Laos|Kingdom of Vientiane]]|1767|12 November|1828}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Laos]]|before=[[Inthavong]] |after=Kingdom annexed|years='''7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828'''}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anouvong}}
[[Category:Laotian royalty]]
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:19th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Anouvong

2018-06-21T01:25:49Z

110.169.30.147:

{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name =Chao Anouvong ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌
| title =Chao Anouvong
| succession = [[Kingdom of Vientiane|King of Vientiane]]
| image = [[File:Vientiane, Chao Anouvong Park (6031888461).jpg|200px]]
| caption =Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]].
| reign = 7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828
| coronation =
| full name = Xaiya-Setthathirath V
| predecessor = [[Chao Inthavong|Inthavong]]
| successor = ''annexed by Siam''
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date ={{birth-date|1767}}
| birth_place =[[Vientiane]], [Lan Xang]]
| death_date = {{death-date|12 November 1828}}
| death_place =[[Bangkok]], [[Siam]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
[[File:Laos (8087443082).jpg|thumb|Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]].]]
'''Chao Anouvong''' ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌}}; {{lang-th|เจ้าอนุวงศ์}}; {{RTGS|Chao Anuwong}}), or [[regnal name]] '''Xaiya Setthathirath V''' ({{lang-lo|ໄຊຍະເສດຖາທິຣາຊທີ່ຫ້າ}}; {{lang-th|ไชยเชษฐาธิราชที่ห้า}}; {{RTGS|Chaiya Chetthathirat Thi Ha}}), (1767 – 1829), led the [[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]] as the last monarch of the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]. Anouvong succeeded to the throne in 1805 upon the death his brother, [[Chao Inthavong]] ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອິນທະວົງສ໌}}; {{lang|th|เจ้าอินทวงศ์}}), ''Xaiya Setthathirath IV'', who had succeeded their father, [[Phrachao Siribounyasan]] ({{Lang-lo|ພຣະເຈົ້າສິຣິບຸນຍະສາຣ}}; {{lang|th|พระเจ้าสิริบุญสาร}}) ''Xaiya Setthathirath III''.<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ncqj2QWkFQMC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Chao+Inthavong&source=bl&ots=_NJ5wUhj-e&sig=nP0CQrMV8ikLQK1z7r_GOqREEuk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig0Pjsss3ZAhVR7mMKHVlHBDsQ6AEwD3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Chao%20Inthavong&f=false</ref> Anou was known by his father's regal number until recently discovered records disclosed that his father and brother had the same regal name.

==The Reign of King Anouvong==
[[File:Le sanctuaire du Vat Sisaket (Vientiane) (4342112152).jpg|thumbnail|[[Wat Si Saket]], [[Vientiane]]. Completed by King Anouvong in 1824.]]
In 1779, following the fall of [[Vientiane]] to the army of [[Taksin]] of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], the city was looted but was spared destruction. However, the [[Emerald Buddha]] and several other important [[buddharupa|Buddha images]] were taken to Thonburi, and the sons and daughter of King Siribunyasan were taken as hostages, along with several thousand [[Lao people|Lao families]], who were resettled in [[Saraburi]], north of the Thai capital. Siribunyasan had three sons, who were all to succeed him as king of Vientiane – Nanthasen, Inthavong, and Anouvong.

On the death of Siribunyasan in 1781, Siam allowed his eldest son, Nathasen, to return to [[Vientiane]] as king. He was permitted to take with him the [[Phra Bang]], a gold [[Buddharupa]] that had, according to legend had been originally brought from [[Angkor]] by [[Fa Ngum]], the first king of [[Lan Xang]], and was taken to Thonburi in 1779. In 1791, Nanthasan convinced [[Rama I]] that King Anourouth of Luang Phrabang was secretly meeting with the [[Bamar people|Bamar]]-ruled [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung Kingdom]] and plotting a rebellion against Thonburi. Nathasan was allowed to attack [[Luang Prabang]] and capture the city in 1792. The Luang Phrabang royal family were sent to Bangkok as prisoners and remained there for four years. Two years later, Nanthasan was himself accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of [[Nakhon Phanom]], allegedly having made diplomatic overtures to [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn Vietnam]]. Nanthasen was arrested and possibly executed in 1794.

In 1795, Inthavong was installed as King of Vientiane, with his brother Anouvong assuming the traditional post of [[uparaja|oupahat]] ({{lang-lo|ອຸປຮາດ}}, "vice-king"). Burmese armies invaded Siam in both 1797 and 1802, and Inthavong dispatched several Lao armies under Anouvong to assist in the defense. Anouvong gained recognition for his bravery and won several major victories at [[Sipsong Chao Thai]].

Inthavong died in 1804, and Anouvong succeeded him as the ruler of Vientiane. However, by 1813 he had begun a series of religious and symbolic acts which remain highly controversial. Anouvong called a great council of the [[sangha]], only the third ever held in Laotian history, and it was decided that a new Emerald Buddha would be carved. Anouvong ordered repairs on the Ho Phra Kèo, and also ordered several new temples to be established and dedicated to the Emerald Buddha. Bizarrely, he ordered a major bridge to be built across the wide [[Mekong]].

In 1819 Anouvong rushed to suppress a rebellion in the [[Kingdom of Champasak]], led by a charismatic [[bhikkhu|monk]], who had caused the ruler to flee to [[Bangkok]]. Anouvong’s son Nyô led an army south from Vientiane and easily suppressed the uprising. As the king of Champasak had died, [[Rama II of Siam]] appointed Nyô the new ruler of Champasak. Anouvong had succeeded in uniting two of the three Lao kingdoms under his control. Also that year, Anouwong ordered the construction of [[Wat Si Saket]], which was completed in 1824. The temple was a major statement of his authority, since it was oriented so that when Anouvong’s vassals came to pledge their annual allegiance, they physically turned their backs on Bangkok.

===The Funeral of Rama II===
Rama II died in 1824, and it was unclear who would succeed him. The likely successors were young [[Mongkut]], who was the son of Queen [[Sri Suriyendra]], and Mongkut's elder and more experienced half-brother Jessadabodindra, who was only the son of a court concubine. A crisis was avoided when Prince Mongkut chose to become a [[bhikkhu]] (Buddhist monk) and Jessadabodindra ascended as [[Rama III]].

The potential crisis had caused the military to be on high alert, and the [[British Empire]], who had recently begun the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], closely monitored the situation.

In the midst of these events, the Lao kings of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak made their way to Bangkok for the royal funeral ceremonies to be held the following year in accordance with custom. Rama III had already begun implementing the census and forced tattooing policies in the [[Khorat Plateau]]. Anouvong's retinue and one of his sons were impressed into [[corvee]] projects, including digging canals, felling sugar palms, harvesting bamboo, and constructing the [[Phra Samut Chedi]]. At one of the projects, Anouvong's son allegedly had been mocked and possibly even beaten. Anouvong was furious and cut short the traditional obeisance at the [[Chakri dynasty|Chakri court]].

It is not clear if Anouvong had decided to rebel during his stay in Bangkok, or if he had planned it earlier and was just awaiting an excuse. Nevertheless, he made demands before he left. He wanted the return of the [[Emerald Buddha]] (which had originally been brought to Vientiane from [[Chiang Mai]]), the release of his sister (taken hostage forty-five years earlier), and the return of the Lao families who had been relocated in [[Saraburi]]. Thai historians write that Anouvong rebelled over a personal slight, since each of his requests was denied and he was told he could return with only one dancer from his retinue. However, the intensity of the his rebellion suggests the his motivations were more complex.

==Rebellion==
{{Main|Laotian Rebellion}}
[[File:Yasothon General Singh 24.JPG|thumbnail|Shrine to General Bodindecha, Thailand]]
By 1826 Anouvong was actively making military preparations for rebellion. His strategy involved three key points: 1) respond to the immediate crisis caused by the popular discontent over the forced tattooing; 2) remove the ethnic Lao on the Khorat Plateau to the Kingdom of Vientiane, conducting a [[Scorched earth policy|scorched Earth policy]] as he did so to slow the inevitable Siamese pursuit; 3) seek a diplomatic victory by gaining support from Vietnam, China, or Britain.

Anouvong may have believed the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in [[Southeast Asia]] was turning away from Siam. The [[Political faction|factionalism]] at the Siamese court, the presence of the British in nearby Burma, the growing influence of Vietnam in the Cambodian provinces, and the regional dissatisfaction in the Lao areas suggested that Siamese power was waning. In 1827 the British had arrived to finalize the [[Burney Treaty]] between Siam and the British Empire, and the presence of the British fleet may have led Anouvong to believe that an invasion was imminent. However, his most serious miscalculation was in the disparity of military power between Siam and Laos. From at least 1822, Siam had been purchasing large quantities of modern firearms and ammunition from Britain, which had a military surplus from the then ended [[Napoleonic Wars]] in [[Europe]].

In December 1826, Anouvong's rebellion began with an army of 10,000 men making its way toward [[Kalasin]], following the path of the Siamese tattooing officials. In January, Anouvong led a second larger force towards [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] and was able to take the city by a ruse. A contingent of Anouvong's army was sent to [[Lomsak]] and [[Chaiyaphum]], before making its way to [[Saraburi]] to bring the Lao families there back to Vientiane. A fourth army led by Anouvong’s son Nyô, the King of Champasak, was dispatched to take [[Ubon Ratchathani|Ubon]]. All of these armies moved under a web of misinformation and false dispatches that warned of impending attacks on Siam by neighboring powers.

Anouvong's planned retreats were slowed by the civilians who occupied the roads and passes. Lao commanders also delayed to search for the Thai officials responsible for tattooing, forcing those captured to march north as prisoners. Anouvong foolishly wasted over a month searching for the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima, who had been a key figure in the tattooing and population transfers.
[[File:Yasothon Victory Wat Chedi 30.JPG|thumbnail|Victory Chedi, Wat Tung Sawang Chaiyaphum]]

To Anouvong's surprise, Siam quickly organized a massive counter strike and dispatched two armies, one by way of Saraburi to retake Nakhon Ratchasima, and the other through the Pasak Valley towards Lomsak. Anouvong's forces withdrew to Nong Bua Lamphu, the strongest fortress on the Khorat Plateau and traditionally held by the crown prince of Vientiane. After a three-day battle, Nong Bua Lamphu finally fell, and Anouvong's men fell back to a second line of defense. Siamese strength and modern arms were greater than Anouvong had imagined, and his armies continued to march towards Vientiane. They defended the city for five days, as Anouvong for fled his life towards the border with Vietnam.

The Siamese general, [[Chao Phraya]] [[Bodindecha]] (เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา), at last took Anouvong's capital city. He sacked the palaces and leveled the city’s defenses, but he left the monasteries and much of the city intact. Following the sacking of Vientiane, the rulers of [[Chiang Mai]], [[Lampang]], [[Lamphun]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], [[Phrae]], and the kingdom of Luang Phrabang all pledged their renewed allegiance to Siam, although Phraya Bodindecha noted they had “waited to see the turn of events, and their actions greatly depended on the outcome of the war.”

Bodindecha spent several months organizing the removal of the remaining people from around Vientiane and confiscating all arms and ammunition. He then left a small garrison across the river opposite the empty city and returned to the Khorat Plateau.

Anouvong eventually returned with about 1,000 soldiers and 100 Vietnamese observers. This small force was only meant to negotiate a settlement with Siam. However, he learned that a nine spire stupa had been erected as a victory monument at Wat Thung Sawang Chaiyaphum (วัดทุ่งสว่างชัยภูมิ) in the town of [[Yasothon]]. This enraged him, and he crossed the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] and attacked the 300 Thai defenders, killing all but about 40. The now furious Rama III ordered Chao Phraya Bodindecha to return and completely destroy Vientiane, and to capture Anouvong at all costs.

Chao Phraya Bondindecha pursued Anouvong to [[Xiangkhoang Plateau|Xieng Khouang]], where according to some accounts he was betrayed and handed over to the Siamese. Anouvong and his family were placed under heavy guard and marched to Bangkok. A British observer recalled:

{{quotation|[The king] was confined in a large iron cage exposed to a burning sun, and obliged to proclaim to everyone that the King of Siam was great and merciful, that he himself had committed a great error and deserved his present punishment. In this cage were placed with the prisoner, a large mortar to pound him in, a large boiler to boil him in, a hook to hang him by, and a sword to decapitate him; also a sharp-pointed spike for him to sit on. His children were sometimes put in along with him. He was a mild, respectable-looking, old grey-haired man, and did not live long to gratify his tormentors, death having put an end to his sufferings. His body was taken and hung in chains on the bank of the river, about two or three miles below Bangkok.}}

==Aftermath==
The city of Vientiane was totally destroyed and its population completely relocated. The destruction was so thorough that the first French explorers more than 30 years later found only ruins in a jungle to show where the city had once been. The remaining Lao kingdoms of Champasak and Luang Phrabang understandably came under stricter control and arms limitations, while the Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. Regional rivals Siam and Vietnam would come into increasing conflict over control of the inland trade and Lao territory, leading to the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)|Siamese-Vietnamese Wars]] of the 1830s. Vietnam annexed the Lao principality of Xieng Khouang, and Chinese bandits after the [[Taiping rebellion]] were able to force their way down the Mekong River to fight what became known as the [[Haw Wars]] of the 1860s. The first French explorers navigating the Mekong River used the political vacuum as a convenient excuse to create their own colony of [[French Indochina]].

==Legacy==
The most significant legacy of Anouvong's Lao Rebellion was the impact of the forced population transfers throughout the region. As a consequence of the warfare and population transfers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there are now over 19 million ethnic Lao living in the [[Isan]] region of [[Thailand]], while less than 6 million live in the independent country of Laos.

During the [[French Indochina|French]] colonial period, Vientiane was rebuilt as the Laotian capital in a deliberate attempt win favor and to demonstrate French authority.

Several accounts of the Siamese-Lao conflict have been written by historians and authorities, many in direct conflict with one another. In particular, the accounts of the Siamese heroines [[Thao Suranari]] (or “Lady Mo”) and Khunying Bunleu have been popularized and possibly exaggerated. During the 1930s, Field Marshall [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]] promoted Siamese legends as part of a political and military campaign to unify all of the [[Tai peoples]].

The Siamese government also named [[Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School|schools]] and a [[:th:พิพิธภัณฑ์เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี)|museum]] after the victorious general. However, modern Lao nationalist movements have turned Anouvong into a hero, even though his rebellion caused the end of the kingdom of Lan Xang, the destruction of Vientiane, and a permanent division of the Lao people between the country of Laos and the Lao-speaking provinces of northeastern Thailand. Nevertheless, his rebellion is regarded as the point at which Lao nationality and identity solidified. He has been credited with the existence of the modern country of Laos, which might have otherwise have been completely incorporated into Thailand, as was the neighboring Tai Yuan kingdom of [[Lanna]].

==Memorials==
Anouvong had ordered [[Wat Si Saket]] to be built in Vientiane, and his name will always be connected with it. An elephant [[howdah]] he once owned and used is on display in the [[Lao National Museum]] in Vientiane.

In 2010, to coincide with the 450th Anniversary celebrations of Vientiane, the [[Laos]] government created Chao Anouvong Park, complete with a large bronze statue of the locally revered ruler.

==See also==
*[[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]]
*[[Military history of Thailand]]
*[[Laos–Thailand relations]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Chao Anouvong}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|title=Activist couple claiming Lao royal blood killed
|accessdate=May 10, 2013
|author=Supalak Ganjanakhundee
|date=January 19, 2006
|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GVfBPN8G?url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|archivedate=2013-05-10
|quote=A man in his 50s, identified as Prince Anouvong Sethathirath IV, and his wife Princess Oulayvanh Sethathirath, were killed by two unidentified gunmen....
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
* [http://www.sethathirath.com/ Report on murder of couple claiming Lao royal descent] presented by Alan Potkin, Ph. D. Adjunct Consultant, Center for [[Northern Illinois University#Other programs|the NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091710/http://laovoices.com/2010/08/24/chao-anouvong-park-honours-kingly-deeds/ Chao Anouvong Park honours kingly deeds]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/sub-new/Art_Culture/Art_A.htm Effigies of the former kings Chao Fangum and Chao Anouvong]
*[http://www.laos-travel-guide.com/king-anouvong.html King Anouvong or Chao Anou]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Site_SeaGames/News/News_Archive/News_Chao.htm Chao Anouvong stadium]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Monarchs of Laos|Kingdom of Vientiane]]|1767|12 November|1828}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Laos]]|before=[[Inthavong]] |after=Kingdom annexed|years='''7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828'''}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anouvong}}
[[Category:Laotian royalty]]
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:19th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Laos National Stadium

2018-06-21T01:24:33Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Refimprove|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox venue
| stadium_name = Anouvong Stadium
| nickname =
| image = StadAnouvong.jpg
| location = [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| opened =
| renovated = March 2008
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner =
| operator =
| surface = Grass
| Constructor =
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| former_names =
| nicknames =
| tenants = Matches [[Lao League]] [[Laos national football team|Laos]]
| seating_capacity = 20,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Laos National Stadium|accessdate=18 August 2017|publisher=soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/venues/laos/laos-national-stadium/v14821/}}</ref>
| dimensions = 95 x 60 m
}}

The '''Laos National Stadium''' or formally '''Anouvong Stadium''' (official name), also known as '''Vientiane Provincial stadium''', is a multi-purpose stadium in [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]. Its named after [[Anouvong|Chao Anouvong]], King of Vientiane. It is used mostly for [[Association football|football]] matches. The stadium holds 20,000 people. Since 2008, some matches of the [[Lao League]] have been played there.

{{coord|17|58|07|N|102|36|29|E|region:LA-VT_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Football venues in Laos]]
[[Category:Athletics (track and field) venues in Laos]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vientiane]]

{{Laos-sports-venue-stub}}

Anouvong

2018-06-21T01:23:24Z

110.169.30.147:

{{refimprove|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox monarch
| name =Chao Anouvong ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌
| title =Chao Anouvong
| succession = [[Kingdom of Vientiane|King of Vientiane]]
| image = [[File:Vientiane, Chao Anouvong Park (6031888461).jpg|200px]]
| caption =Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]].
| reign = 7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828
| coronation =
| full name = Xaiya-Setthathirath V
| predecessor = [[Chao Inthavong|Inthavong]]
| successor = ''annexed by Siam''
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date ={{birth-date|1767}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death-date|12 November 1828}}
| death_place =[[Bangkok]], [[Siam]]
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
[[File:Laos (8087443082).jpg|thumb|Royal statue of Chao Anouvong in Chao Anouvong Park, [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]].]]
'''Chao Anouvong''' ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອານຸວົງສ໌}}; {{lang-th|เจ้าอนุวงศ์}}; {{RTGS|Chao Anuwong}}), or [[regnal name]] '''Xaiya Setthathirath V''' ({{lang-lo|ໄຊຍະເສດຖາທິຣາຊທີ່ຫ້າ}}; {{lang-th|ไชยเชษฐาธิราชที่ห้า}}; {{RTGS|Chaiya Chetthathirat Thi Ha}}), (1767 – 1829), led the [[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]] as the last monarch of the [[Kingdom of Vientiane]]. Anouvong succeeded to the throne in 1805 upon the death his brother, [[Chao Inthavong]] ({{lang-lo|ເຈົ້າອິນທະວົງສ໌}}; {{lang|th|เจ้าอินทวงศ์}}), ''Xaiya Setthathirath IV'', who had succeeded their father, [[Phrachao Siribounyasan]] ({{Lang-lo|ພຣະເຈົ້າສິຣິບຸນຍະສາຣ}}; {{lang|th|พระเจ้าสิริบุญสาร}}) ''Xaiya Setthathirath III''.<ref>https://books.google.ca/books?id=Ncqj2QWkFQMC&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Chao+Inthavong&source=bl&ots=_NJ5wUhj-e&sig=nP0CQrMV8ikLQK1z7r_GOqREEuk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwig0Pjsss3ZAhVR7mMKHVlHBDsQ6AEwD3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Chao%20Inthavong&f=false</ref> Anou was known by his father's regal number until recently discovered records disclosed that his father and brother had the same regal name.

==The Reign of King Anouvong==
[[File:Le sanctuaire du Vat Sisaket (Vientiane) (4342112152).jpg|thumbnail|[[Wat Si Saket]], [[Vientiane]]. Completed by King Anouvong in 1824.]]
In 1779, following the fall of [[Vientiane]] to the army of [[Taksin]] of the [[Thonburi Kingdom]], the city was looted but was spared destruction. However, the [[Emerald Buddha]] and several other important [[buddharupa|Buddha images]] were taken to Thonburi, and the sons and daughter of King Siribunyasan were taken as hostages, along with several thousand [[Lao people|Lao families]], who were resettled in [[Saraburi]], north of the Thai capital. Siribunyasan had three sons, who were all to succeed him as king of Vientiane – Nanthasen, Inthavong, and Anouvong.

On the death of Siribunyasan in 1781, Siam allowed his eldest son, Nathasen, to return to [[Vientiane]] as king. He was permitted to take with him the [[Phra Bang]], a gold [[Buddharupa]] that had, according to legend had been originally brought from [[Angkor]] by [[Fa Ngum]], the first king of [[Lan Xang]], and was taken to Thonburi in 1779. In 1791, Nanthasan convinced [[Rama I]] that King Anourouth of Luang Phrabang was secretly meeting with the [[Bamar people|Bamar]]-ruled [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung Kingdom]] and plotting a rebellion against Thonburi. Nathasan was allowed to attack [[Luang Prabang]] and capture the city in 1792. The Luang Phrabang royal family were sent to Bangkok as prisoners and remained there for four years. Two years later, Nanthasan was himself accused of plotting a rebellion with the Lao governor of [[Nakhon Phanom]], allegedly having made diplomatic overtures to [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn Vietnam]]. Nanthasen was arrested and possibly executed in 1794.

In 1795, Inthavong was installed as King of Vientiane, with his brother Anouvong assuming the traditional post of [[uparaja|oupahat]] ({{lang-lo|ອຸປຮາດ}}, "vice-king"). Burmese armies invaded Siam in both 1797 and 1802, and Inthavong dispatched several Lao armies under Anouvong to assist in the defense. Anouvong gained recognition for his bravery and won several major victories at [[Sipsong Chao Thai]].

Inthavong died in 1804, and Anouvong succeeded him as the ruler of Vientiane. However, by 1813 he had begun a series of religious and symbolic acts which remain highly controversial. Anouvong called a great council of the [[sangha]], only the third ever held in Laotian history, and it was decided that a new Emerald Buddha would be carved. Anouvong ordered repairs on the Ho Phra Kèo, and also ordered several new temples to be established and dedicated to the Emerald Buddha. Bizarrely, he ordered a major bridge to be built across the wide [[Mekong]].

In 1819 Anouvong rushed to suppress a rebellion in the [[Kingdom of Champasak]], led by a charismatic [[bhikkhu|monk]], who had caused the ruler to flee to [[Bangkok]]. Anouvong’s son Nyô led an army south from Vientiane and easily suppressed the uprising. As the king of Champasak had died, [[Rama II of Siam]] appointed Nyô the new ruler of Champasak. Anouvong had succeeded in uniting two of the three Lao kingdoms under his control. Also that year, Anouwong ordered the construction of [[Wat Si Saket]], which was completed in 1824. The temple was a major statement of his authority, since it was oriented so that when Anouvong’s vassals came to pledge their annual allegiance, they physically turned their backs on Bangkok.

===The Funeral of Rama II===
Rama II died in 1824, and it was unclear who would succeed him. The likely successors were young [[Mongkut]], who was the son of Queen [[Sri Suriyendra]], and Mongkut's elder and more experienced half-brother Jessadabodindra, who was only the son of a court concubine. A crisis was avoided when Prince Mongkut chose to become a [[bhikkhu]] (Buddhist monk) and Jessadabodindra ascended as [[Rama III]].

The potential crisis had caused the military to be on high alert, and the [[British Empire]], who had recently begun the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], closely monitored the situation.

In the midst of these events, the Lao kings of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, and Champasak made their way to Bangkok for the royal funeral ceremonies to be held the following year in accordance with custom. Rama III had already begun implementing the census and forced tattooing policies in the [[Khorat Plateau]]. Anouvong's retinue and one of his sons were impressed into [[corvee]] projects, including digging canals, felling sugar palms, harvesting bamboo, and constructing the [[Phra Samut Chedi]]. At one of the projects, Anouvong's son allegedly had been mocked and possibly even beaten. Anouvong was furious and cut short the traditional obeisance at the [[Chakri dynasty|Chakri court]].

It is not clear if Anouvong had decided to rebel during his stay in Bangkok, or if he had planned it earlier and was just awaiting an excuse. Nevertheless, he made demands before he left. He wanted the return of the [[Emerald Buddha]] (which had originally been brought to Vientiane from [[Chiang Mai]]), the release of his sister (taken hostage forty-five years earlier), and the return of the Lao families who had been relocated in [[Saraburi]]. Thai historians write that Anouvong rebelled over a personal slight, since each of his requests was denied and he was told he could return with only one dancer from his retinue. However, the intensity of the his rebellion suggests the his motivations were more complex.

==Rebellion==
{{Main|Laotian Rebellion}}
[[File:Yasothon General Singh 24.JPG|thumbnail|Shrine to General Bodindecha, Thailand]]
By 1826 Anouvong was actively making military preparations for rebellion. His strategy involved three key points: 1) respond to the immediate crisis caused by the popular discontent over the forced tattooing; 2) remove the ethnic Lao on the Khorat Plateau to the Kingdom of Vientiane, conducting a [[Scorched earth policy|scorched Earth policy]] as he did so to slow the inevitable Siamese pursuit; 3) seek a diplomatic victory by gaining support from Vietnam, China, or Britain.

Anouvong may have believed the [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance of power]] in [[Southeast Asia]] was turning away from Siam. The [[Political faction|factionalism]] at the Siamese court, the presence of the British in nearby Burma, the growing influence of Vietnam in the Cambodian provinces, and the regional dissatisfaction in the Lao areas suggested that Siamese power was waning. In 1827 the British had arrived to finalize the [[Burney Treaty]] between Siam and the British Empire, and the presence of the British fleet may have led Anouvong to believe that an invasion was imminent. However, his most serious miscalculation was in the disparity of military power between Siam and Laos. From at least 1822, Siam had been purchasing large quantities of modern firearms and ammunition from Britain, which had a military surplus from the then ended [[Napoleonic Wars]] in [[Europe]].

In December 1826, Anouvong's rebellion began with an army of 10,000 men making its way toward [[Kalasin]], following the path of the Siamese tattooing officials. In January, Anouvong led a second larger force towards [[Nakhon Ratchasima]] and was able to take the city by a ruse. A contingent of Anouvong's army was sent to [[Lomsak]] and [[Chaiyaphum]], before making its way to [[Saraburi]] to bring the Lao families there back to Vientiane. A fourth army led by Anouvong’s son Nyô, the King of Champasak, was dispatched to take [[Ubon Ratchathani|Ubon]]. All of these armies moved under a web of misinformation and false dispatches that warned of impending attacks on Siam by neighboring powers.

Anouvong's planned retreats were slowed by the civilians who occupied the roads and passes. Lao commanders also delayed to search for the Thai officials responsible for tattooing, forcing those captured to march north as prisoners. Anouvong foolishly wasted over a month searching for the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima, who had been a key figure in the tattooing and population transfers.
[[File:Yasothon Victory Wat Chedi 30.JPG|thumbnail|Victory Chedi, Wat Tung Sawang Chaiyaphum]]

To Anouvong's surprise, Siam quickly organized a massive counter strike and dispatched two armies, one by way of Saraburi to retake Nakhon Ratchasima, and the other through the Pasak Valley towards Lomsak. Anouvong's forces withdrew to Nong Bua Lamphu, the strongest fortress on the Khorat Plateau and traditionally held by the crown prince of Vientiane. After a three-day battle, Nong Bua Lamphu finally fell, and Anouvong's men fell back to a second line of defense. Siamese strength and modern arms were greater than Anouvong had imagined, and his armies continued to march towards Vientiane. They defended the city for five days, as Anouvong for fled his life towards the border with Vietnam.

The Siamese general, [[Chao Phraya]] [[Bodindecha]] (เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา), at last took Anouvong's capital city. He sacked the palaces and leveled the city’s defenses, but he left the monasteries and much of the city intact. Following the sacking of Vientiane, the rulers of [[Chiang Mai]], [[Lampang]], [[Lamphun]], [[Nan, Thailand|Nan]], [[Phrae]], and the kingdom of Luang Phrabang all pledged their renewed allegiance to Siam, although Phraya Bodindecha noted they had “waited to see the turn of events, and their actions greatly depended on the outcome of the war.”

Bodindecha spent several months organizing the removal of the remaining people from around Vientiane and confiscating all arms and ammunition. He then left a small garrison across the river opposite the empty city and returned to the Khorat Plateau.

Anouvong eventually returned with about 1,000 soldiers and 100 Vietnamese observers. This small force was only meant to negotiate a settlement with Siam. However, he learned that a nine spire stupa had been erected as a victory monument at Wat Thung Sawang Chaiyaphum (วัดทุ่งสว่างชัยภูมิ) in the town of [[Yasothon]]. This enraged him, and he crossed the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] and attacked the 300 Thai defenders, killing all but about 40. The now furious Rama III ordered Chao Phraya Bodindecha to return and completely destroy Vientiane, and to capture Anouvong at all costs.

Chao Phraya Bondindecha pursued Anouvong to [[Xiangkhoang Plateau|Xieng Khouang]], where according to some accounts he was betrayed and handed over to the Siamese. Anouvong and his family were placed under heavy guard and marched to Bangkok. A British observer recalled:

{{quotation|[The king] was confined in a large iron cage exposed to a burning sun, and obliged to proclaim to everyone that the King of Siam was great and merciful, that he himself had committed a great error and deserved his present punishment. In this cage were placed with the prisoner, a large mortar to pound him in, a large boiler to boil him in, a hook to hang him by, and a sword to decapitate him; also a sharp-pointed spike for him to sit on. His children were sometimes put in along with him. He was a mild, respectable-looking, old grey-haired man, and did not live long to gratify his tormentors, death having put an end to his sufferings. His body was taken and hung in chains on the bank of the river, about two or three miles below Bangkok.}}

==Aftermath==
The city of Vientiane was totally destroyed and its population completely relocated. The destruction was so thorough that the first French explorers more than 30 years later found only ruins in a jungle to show where the city had once been. The remaining Lao kingdoms of Champasak and Luang Phrabang understandably came under stricter control and arms limitations, while the Khorat Plateau was formally annexed by Siam. Regional rivals Siam and Vietnam would come into increasing conflict over control of the inland trade and Lao territory, leading to the [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–34)|Siamese-Vietnamese Wars]] of the 1830s. Vietnam annexed the Lao principality of Xieng Khouang, and Chinese bandits after the [[Taiping rebellion]] were able to force their way down the Mekong River to fight what became known as the [[Haw Wars]] of the 1860s. The first French explorers navigating the Mekong River used the political vacuum as a convenient excuse to create their own colony of [[French Indochina]].

==Legacy==
The most significant legacy of Anouvong's Lao Rebellion was the impact of the forced population transfers throughout the region. As a consequence of the warfare and population transfers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there are now over 19 million ethnic Lao living in the [[Isan]] region of [[Thailand]], while less than 6 million live in the independent country of Laos.

During the [[French Indochina|French]] colonial period, Vientiane was rebuilt as the Laotian capital in a deliberate attempt win favor and to demonstrate French authority.

Several accounts of the Siamese-Lao conflict have been written by historians and authorities, many in direct conflict with one another. In particular, the accounts of the Siamese heroines [[Thao Suranari]] (or “Lady Mo”) and Khunying Bunleu have been popularized and possibly exaggerated. During the 1930s, Field Marshall [[Plaek Phibunsongkhram|Phibun]] promoted Siamese legends as part of a political and military campaign to unify all of the [[Tai peoples]].

The Siamese government also named [[Bodindecha (Sing Singhaseni) School|schools]] and a [[:th:พิพิธภัณฑ์เจ้าพระยาบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี)|museum]] after the victorious general. However, modern Lao nationalist movements have turned Anouvong into a hero, even though his rebellion caused the end of the kingdom of Lan Xang, the destruction of Vientiane, and a permanent division of the Lao people between the country of Laos and the Lao-speaking provinces of northeastern Thailand. Nevertheless, his rebellion is regarded as the point at which Lao nationality and identity solidified. He has been credited with the existence of the modern country of Laos, which might have otherwise have been completely incorporated into Thailand, as was the neighboring Tai Yuan kingdom of [[Lanna]].

==Memorials==
Anouvong had ordered [[Wat Si Saket]] to be built in Vientiane, and his name will always be connected with it. An elephant [[howdah]] he once owned and used is on display in the [[Lao National Museum]] in Vientiane.

In 2010, to coincide with the 450th Anniversary celebrations of Vientiane, the [[Laos]] government created Chao Anouvong Park, complete with a large bronze statue of the locally revered ruler.

==See also==
*[[Lao rebellion (1826–28)]]
*[[Military history of Thailand]]
*[[Laos–Thailand relations]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{Commonscat-inline|Chao Anouvong}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|title=Activist couple claiming Lao royal blood killed
|accessdate=May 10, 2013
|author=Supalak Ganjanakhundee
|date=January 19, 2006
|publisher=[[The Nation (Thailand)]]
|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GVfBPN8G?url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/01/19/national/data/national_19693378.html
|archivedate=2013-05-10
|quote=A man in his 50s, identified as Prince Anouvong Sethathirath IV, and his wife Princess Oulayvanh Sethathirath, were killed by two unidentified gunmen....
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}
* [http://www.sethathirath.com/ Report on murder of couple claiming Lao royal descent] presented by Alan Potkin, Ph. D. Adjunct Consultant, Center for [[Northern Illinois University#Other programs|the NIU Center for Southeast Asian Studies]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101124091710/http://laovoices.com/2010/08/24/chao-anouvong-park-honours-kingly-deeds/ Chao Anouvong Park honours kingly deeds]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/sub-new/Art_Culture/Art_A.htm Effigies of the former kings Chao Fangum and Chao Anouvong]
*[http://www.laos-travel-guide.com/king-anouvong.html King Anouvong or Chao Anou]
*[http://www.vientianetimes.org.la/Site_SeaGames/News/News_Archive/News_Chao.htm Chao Anouvong stadium]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Monarchs of Laos|Kingdom of Vientiane]]|1767|12 November|1828}}
{{succession box|title=[[King of Laos]]|before=[[Inthavong]] |after=Kingdom annexed|years='''7 February 1805 – 12 November 1828'''}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anouvong}}
[[Category:Laotian royalty]]
[[Category:1767 births]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:19th century in Vientiane]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Asia]]

Laos National Stadium

2018-06-21T01:22:26Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Refimprove|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox venue
| stadium_name = Anouvong Stadium
| nickname =
| image = StadAnouvong.jpg
| location = [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| opened =
| renovated = March 2008
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner =
| operator =
| surface = Grass
| Constructor =
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| former_names =
| nicknames =
| tenants = Matches [[Lao League]] [[Laos national football team|Laos]]
| seating_capacity = 20,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Laos National Stadium|accessdate=18 August 2017|publisher=soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/venues/laos/laos-national-stadium/v14821/}}</ref>
| dimensions = 95 x 60 m
}}

The '''Laos National Stadium''' or formally '''Anouvong Stadium''' (official name), also known as '''Vientiane Provincial stadium''', is a multi-purpose stadium in [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]. It named after [[Anouvong|Chao Anouvong]], King of Vientiane. It is used mostly for [[Association football|football]] matches. The stadium holds 20,000 people. Since 2008, some matches of the [[Lao League]] have been played there.

{{coord|17|58|07|N|102|36|29|E|region:LA-VT_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Football venues in Laos]]
[[Category:Athletics (track and field) venues in Laos]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vientiane]]

{{Laos-sports-venue-stub}}

Laos National Stadium

2018-06-21T01:21:34Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Refimprove|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox venue
| stadium_name = Anouvong Stadium
| nickname =
| image = StadAnouvong.jpg
| location = [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| opened =
| renovated = March 2008
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner =
| operator =
| surface = Grass
| Constructor =
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| former_names =
| nicknames =
| tenants = Matches [[Lao League]] [[Laos national football team|Laos]]
| seating_capacity = 20,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Laos National Stadium|accessdate=18 August 2017|publisher=soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/venues/laos/laos-national-stadium/v14821/}}</ref>
| dimensions = 95 x 60 m
}}

The '''Laos National Stadium''' or formally '''Anouvong Stadium''' (official name), also known as '''Vientiane Provincial stadium''', is a multi-purpose stadium in [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]. It is used mostly for [[Association football|football]] matches. The stadium holds 20,000 people. Since 2008, some matches of the [[Lao League]] have been played there.

{{coord|17|58|07|N|102|36|29|E|region:LA-VT_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Football venues in Laos]]
[[Category:Athletics (track and field) venues in Laos]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vientiane]]

{{Laos-sports-venue-stub}}

Laos National Stadium

2018-06-21T01:20:56Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Refimprove|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox venue
| stadium_name = Anouvong Stadium
| nickname =
| image = StadAnouvong.jpg
| location = [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| opened =
| renovated = March 2008
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner =
| operator =
| surface = Grass
| Constructor =
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| former_names =
| nicknames =
| tenants = Matches [[Lao League]] [[Laos national football team|Laos]]
| seating_capacity = 20,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Laos National Stadium|accessdate=18 August 2017|publisher=soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/venues/laos/laos-national-stadium/v14821/}}</ref>
| dimensions = 95 x 60 m
}}

The '''Laos National Stadium''' or formally '''Anouvong Stadium''' (official name), is a multi-purpose stadium in [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]. It is used mostly for [[Association football|football]] matches. The stadium holds 20,000 people. Since 2008, some matches of the [[Lao League]] have been played there.

{{coord|17|58|07|N|102|36|29|E|region:LA-VT_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Football venues in Laos]]
[[Category:Athletics (track and field) venues in Laos]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vientiane]]

{{Laos-sports-venue-stub}}

Laos National Stadium

2018-06-21T01:20:49Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Refimprove|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox venue
| stadium_name = Anouvong Stadium
| nickname =
| image = StadAnouvong.jpg
| location = {{flagicon|Laos}} [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| opened =
| renovated = March 2008
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner =
| operator =
| surface = Grass
| Constructor =
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| former_names =
| nicknames =
| tenants = Matches [[Lao League]] [[Laos national football team|Laos]]
| seating_capacity = 20,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Laos National Stadium|accessdate=18 August 2017|publisher=soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/venues/laos/laos-national-stadium/v14821/}}</ref>
| dimensions = 95 x 60 m
}}

The '''Laos National Stadium''' or formally '''Anouvong Stadium''' (official name), is a multi-purpose stadium in [[Vientiane]], [[Laos]]. It is used mostly for [[Association football|football]] matches. The stadium holds 20,000 people. Since 2008, some matches of the [[Lao League]] have been played there.

{{coord|17|58|07|N|102|36|29|E|region:LA-VT_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Football venues in Laos]]
[[Category:Athletics (track and field) venues in Laos]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vientiane]]

{{Laos-sports-venue-stub}}

Yan Wal Yun

2018-06-21T00:32:18Z

110.169.30.147:

{{multiple issues|{{notability|Companies|date=August 2014}}{{primarysources|date=August 2014}}}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Yan Wal Yun Company Ltd.
| logo =
| type =
| industry =
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = 1947 in Bangkok, Thailand
| founder = Wichian Tangsombatvisit
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = [[Bangkok]]
| hq_location_country = Thailand
| area_served = 
| key_people = Somchain Tangsombat Wisit, {{small|President}}
| products = Culinary condiments and sauces
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| website = {{URL|www.healthyboy.com}}
}}

'''Yan Wal Yun''' ({{lang-th|หยั่น หว่อ หยุ่น}}; {{zh|c=仁和園}}) is one of the largest sauce companies in [[Thailand]]. Its products are largely sold under the "Healthy Boy" brand. (In Thailand, the Healthy Boy brand is also known as ({{lang-th|เด็กสมบูรณ์}}, {{rtgs|''Dek Sombun''}}, 'perfect child') It was founded in 1947 by the Tangsombatvisit family. In 1954 the factory expanded for the first time moving to [[Sathon]], [[Bangkok]], which was ten times larger than the previous factory.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} A few decades later the company registered as a [[limited company]].

Once again in 1980 the factory was expanded, and was moved to Tha Chin, [[Mueang Samut Sakhon]], [[Samut Sakhon]].

The Islamic Council of Thailand then gave Yan Wal Yun the [[Halal food|Halal Seal]], giving them permission to display the seal on all of their products. This happened right before the company expanded once again, this time overseas.

Yan Wal Yun was the first company to be granted the Thai Industrial Standards in the [[soy sauce]] category, which ensures quality and consistency worldwide. Besides Health Boy, the company's brands also include i-Chef<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://i-chef.co.th/|website=i-Chef|publisher=Yan Wal Yun Corporation Group Co., Ltd.|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref> and Maxchup<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.maxchup.com/|website=Maxchup|publisher=Yan Wal Yun Corporation Group Co., Ltd.|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref>. The company claims a condiments market share of 82 percent in the Thai market.<ref name="YWY-About">{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.healthyboy.com/about.html?p=1|website=Yan Wal Yun Company, Ltd.|accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref>

In 1980, Yan Wal Yun, originally a family business, moved to a more professional management system and began to expand its product range. In 1985, the company began exporting outside Thailand for the first time.<ref name="YWY-About"/>

==See also==
[[List of Thai ingredients#Pastes.2C_sauces_and_condiments|List of Thai ingredients]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.deksomboon.com/ Dek Sombun website]

[[Category:Food and drink companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1947]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in Thailand]]

Strudyna

2018-06-21T00:31:13Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox company
| name = STRUDYNA
| logo = strudyna Logo.gif
| full_name = Structural Dynamics Co.,Ltd.
| founded = [[Thailand]] (2006)
| area_served = Worldwide
| location = [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
| industry = [[Facade]] design, [[Engineering]], [[Stainless steel]] tension components.
| subsid =
<div>
* Strudyna Europe co., Ltd.
* Structural Dynamics (Australia) Pty, Ltd.
* Strudyna Thailand Co., Ltd.

</div>
| homepage = [http://www.strudyna.com/ Strudyna]
}}
'''Strudyna''', also known as '''Structural Dynamics Co., Ltd''', is a renowned engineering and manufacturer of Stainless Steel Tensile Components for facade structures,<ref>British Stainless steel Association, [http://www.bssa.org.uk/view_profile.php?id=2198 Strudyna], June 2010</ref> with offices and fabrication facilities in the UK, Australia and [[Thailand]], and manufacturing facilities in Thailand.<ref>PRlog.org, [http://www.prlog.org/11599809-strudyna-structural-dynamics-australia-arcus-wire-success-at-sydneys-acaspa-trad.html Strudyna], July 2011</ref>

With engineering and development practices of high tensile components for glass façade structures, building envelop and seismic induced structures, Strudyna focused on solutions aimed for full stress cycle loading structures. The tensile façade engineering leg of Strudyna and parent company Kinzi (Thailand) Co Ltd developed several pioneering solutions for well known façades, including the [[New Bangkok International Airport]], [[Suntec city]] façade renovation Singapore and [[New Doha International Airport]] Grid H façade Qatar. Other recognizable façade structures include [[Shilin District|Shilin]] [[Sogo]] department store MPG façade in Taiwan, [[Marina Bay Sands]] Casino [[Ned Kahn]] Wind Arbor in Singapore, [[LA Live]] Ritz Carlton hotel Los Angeles USA and People's leasing bank HQ in Colombo Sri Lanka.

The founders developed the trade name Stru-dyna from a shorthand description of the company name Stru-ctural and Dyna-mics, and choose this name as it represented the unique dynamics forces that the stainless steel products are subjected too.

==History==
After working in several International façade projects, Kinzi (Thailand) Co Ltd in Thailand and Arcus Wire Group Pty Ltd in Australia, the parent companies of Strudyna, found major flaws in the availability of Stainless Steel components available for the Structural market. Up until then, stainless steel tensile components were primarily designed for the marine industry, in particular yacht standing rigging which were hastily adapted for architecture applications, where by doing this in many cases compromised the aesthetic of the support system. Coupled with shortage of reliable tensile fabrication source, Strudyna was created in 2006 to fill this gap. Since then Strudyna's engineers have dedicated to developing commercial tensile architectural systems for glass facades, curtain walling, and fabric structures. This enabled the original Kinzi engineers to pursue R&D of new tensile technology for major projects.<ref>Strudyna.com, [http://www.strudyna.com/en/main.php History], 2011</ref>

== Production and processes ==

Strudyna’s tensile components are manufactured primarily in stainless steel grade AISI 316, A4-80, [[Duplex stainless steel|Duplex]] and [[Duplex stainless steel|Super Duplex]]. It is widely considered that the maximum weight of an investment casting (also known as Lost Wax Casting) is 10 kg.<ref>The Steel Construction Institute, [http://www.bssa.org.uk/view_profile.php?id=2198 Casting in construction], 04 Feb 2008</ref> Strudyna's largest tensile casting is the SRS Structural Tie Rod Fork at 66.9 kg.

Strudyna’s tensile castings are known for the high standards of '[[Passivation (chemistry)|Passivation]]’ process.

===Certification and certificates===

Most Strudyna components are manufactured in Parent company Kinzi’s production plant at [[Ratchaburi]], Thailand, with Thai Industrial Standards Institute accredited [[ISO/IEC 17025]] & [[ISO 9001:2000]] for calibration laboratories; mechanical properties testing and chemical composition testing. The production plant maintains an active twenty-four-hour (24-hour) three-shift (3-shift) production cycle and as of 2011 a production level of 900 tons of tensile stainless steel production per year.<ref>Kinzi manufacturing [http://www.kinzi.co.th/index.php?stainless=our_stainless&sub=0&topic=&new_lang=en www.kinzi.co.th]</ref>

===Products===

Strudyna’s products are available through its subsidiary offices: Structural Dynamics Co., Ltd in Thailand for [[Asia]], Structural Dynamics Europe Ltd., in England covering [[Europe]], and Structural Dynamics Australia covering Oceania, with a planned Structural Dynamics Inc., opening in 2012 in United States covering the Americas.<ref>FP Release, [http://www.free-press-release.com/news-strudyna-structural-dynamics-australia-and-arcus-wire-group-pty-ltd-success-at-sydney-s-acaspa-trade-expo-2011-1311666652.html Strudyna], July 2011</ref>

Strudyna main ranges of products are:

Stainless Steel Tie-Rod systems.<ref>SRS Series, [http://www.strudyna.com/en/product_catalog01.php?page_view=product&product_view=SRS&PID=13&CID=8&Level2=Yes&Level3=Yes Tensile Rod], 2011</ref>

Stainless Steel Tensile Cable Systems.<ref>SCS Series, [http://www.strudyna.com/en/product_catalog01.php?page_view=product&product_view=Pa-Adjuster&PID=12&CID=145&Level2=Yes&Level3=Yes Tensile Cables], 2011</ref>

Stainless Steel Spiders and Rotules Series.<ref>Facade Series, [http://www.strudyna.com/en/product_catalog01.php?page_view=product&product_view=Spyder&PID=15&CID=120&Level2=Yes&Level3=Yes Spider and Rotules], 2011</ref>

Stainless Steel Tensile Cable - Hamma Pro-Strand (Compacted), Hamma X-Strand (Spiral), and Hamma Mega-Strand (spiral up to dia.42mm)<ref>Hamma cables, [http://www.strudyna.com/en/hot_news.php?ID=145 Hamma Cables]</ref>

==Major projects==
Strudyna and Kinzi have developed and supplied the stainless steel castings in one or the other companies names, and in some instances, Kinzi’s Division, ‘Kinzi Café’, provided integrated solutions for the completion of large-scale glass facade projects:

=== NBIA (Suvarnabhumi International Airport, Bangkok)===
Stainless Steel Castings for Façade of Main Terminal Building Location: Bangkok, Thailand Owner: [[New Bangkok International Airport]] Co., Ltd (NBIA) Architect: Murphy/Jahn Inc., Chicago Year of construction: 2004 The main terminal façade envelope of Bangkok’s [[Suvarnabhumi Airport]] is 1140 meters in length and seven stories high, making it currently the largest glass wall structure in the World today. 37,000 kg of stainless steel wire strand and 19,000 kg of stainless fittings were supplied to this project, many design and manufacturing innovations were made that have now become next generation fittings and standard practices for manufacture and documentation.

=== Nortel Networks Building===
[[Nortel Networks]] Australian Head Office Location: Macquarie University Research Park Australia Owner: SAS Trustee Corporation Architect: Bligh Voller Nield Year of construction: 2005 Within Macquarie University Research Park in Sydney, it features Structural Dynamic’s ‘Strudyna’ RDS 1.0 structural rod system in 316 grade stainless steel as the supporting feature of the environmental façade screens that encapsulate the building, providing protection from the environment for the occupants without being internal fitted. This project was awarded a 4 star SEDA rating for environmental efficiency.

===Taronga Zoo Male Elephant Holding Facility===
Project Title: Male [[Elephant]] Building Location: Sydney, Australia Owner: [[Taronga Zoo]] Architect: Jackson Teece Year of construction: 2009 Taronga Zoo features Structural Dynamic’s ‘Strudyna’ 16.0mm 1 X 19 stainless wire strand together with AM swage toggles and PBI rigging screws. The PBI range of rigging screws were selected because of their bronze inserts and large surface area locking nuts, giving the maintenance staff the ability to adjust the tensions when needed. A very simple but effective system customised to match the required breaking strength of the compound design with the redesigned swage studs for the rigging screw bodies.

===Suntec City Façade upgrading, Singapore===

Stainless Spider, dead load roads, tensile cable assemblies, P2H tensile adjusters, spiders and rotules for Façade. Project Title : Upgrading of [[Suntec City]] Location : Suntec city, [[Singapore]] Owner : The Management Corporation Strata Title Plan No. 2197 Architect : Liu & Wo Architects Pte Ltd Year of construction : 2006 . In 2006, the old curtain wall was deemed to dark and the owners of requested for an upgrade into a more transparent and bright façade. The renovation was in conjunction to host the 2006 OPEC ministers meeting.<ref>OPEC.org, [http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/publications/OB01_022006.pdf OPEC Finance Minister Meeting Singapore], 2006</ref> To accommodate this new requirement an upgraded design with point-fixed glass facade system of fish-bone mild steel layout truss was called for. Strudyna’s 1x19 tensile cable assembly was used to reinforce the vertical trusses and kept the truss design small and transparent. The new design of facade will provide more natural light inside the building and a more spacious look.<ref>kinzi.com, [http://www.kinzi.com/index.php?p=content&cat_id=4&id=15 Suntec city facade], 2006</ref>

==External links==
*[http://www.strudyna.co.uk/ Strudyna UK website]
*[http://www.strudyna.com.au/ Strudyna Australian website]
*[http://www.strudyna.co.th/ Strudyna Thailand website]
*[http://www.strudyna.com/ Strudyna global website]
*[http://www.prlog.org/11572466-structural-dynamics-australia-appoint-darren-wills-as-strudynas-managing-director-for-australia.html/ PRLOG news]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Engineering consulting firms]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bangkok]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Thailand]]

Sahaviriya Steel Industries

2018-06-21T00:30:54Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox company
| name = Sahaviriya Steel Industries
| logo = Sahaviriya Steel Industries logo.png
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{SET|SSI}}
| genre =
| foundation = 1990
| founder =
| location = [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
| area_served =
| key_people = Wit Viriyaprapaikit, Chief Executive Officer & President
| industry = [[Steel]]
| products = Steel, hot-rolled steel sheet
| services =
| revenue = {{decrease}} $1.8 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2014)<ref name="Financial Data">[http://www.set.or.th/set/companyhighlight.do?symbol=SSI&ssoPageId=5 SSI Financial Data], then using the December 31, 2014 exchange rate of 1 baht = 0.02812 US dollar</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets = {{decrease}} $2.1 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2014)<ref name="Financial Data" />
| equity = {{decrease}} $131 million [[United States dollar|USD]] (2014)<ref name="Financial Data" />
| parent =
| num_employees =
| divisions =
| subsid = SSI UK
| caption =
| homepage = {{URL|http://ssi-steel.com/index.php/en/}}
| footnotes =
| intl = yes
}}

'''Sahaviriya Steel Industries PCL''' or simply '''SSI''' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: บริษัท สหวิริยาสตีลอินดัสตรี จำกัด (มหาชน)) is a [[Thailand|Thai]] [[Multinational corporation|Multinational]] [[Steel]]-making company headquartered in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]. It was the largest steel sheet producer in Southeast Asia with annual capacity of 4 million tonnes of [[Rolling (metalworking)|hot rolled coil]], and the largest steel company in Thailand.

Sahaviriya Steel Industries has manufacturing operations in Thailand.

==SSI UK==
{{Main|Teesside Steelworks}}
Following a period of difficult trading conditions the parent company was granted an application to wind up its UK business on 2 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-34425017|title=Redcar steelworks: Owners SSI go into liquidation|date=2 October 2015|work=BBC News Online|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ssi-steel.com/index.php/en/ Official website]
* [http://www.ssi-steel.co.uk/ SSI UK Official website]

{{Thailand-stub}}
{{manufacturing-company-stub}}
[[Category:Thai brands]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand]]

Priceza

2018-06-21T00:30:33Z

110.169.30.147: /* Investments */

[[File:Priceza logo.jpg|thumb|right]]

'''Priceza''' is a [http://app.priceza.com/th/home/ shopping search engine] and [[price comparison tool]], with local websites in six [[Southeast Asia]]n countries: [[Thailand]] (since 2010), [[Indonesia]] (since 2013),<ref>{{cite web|title=Priceza comparing prices from Thailand to Indonesia |url=https://www.techinasia.com/priceza-comparing-prices-thailand-indonesia/ |accessdate=1 September 2013|publisher=TechinAsia}}</ref> [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], the [[Philippines]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Thailand-based Priceza to enter Philippine Market and other Southeast Asian Countries|url=http://kabayantech.com/2014/09/thailand-based-priceza-enter-philippine-market-southeast-asian-countries/|accessdate=8 September 2014|publisher=Kabayantech}}</ref> and [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Priceza taps Southeast Asia|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/business/marketing/429104/priceza-taps-southeast-asia|accessdate=1 August 2014|publisher=[[Bangkok Post]]}}</ref> The company was started in January 2010 in [[Bangkok]], Thailand, by three computer science engineers: Thanawat Malabuppa, Vachara Nicatatphand, and Wirod Supadul.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team|url=http://pricezagroup.com/team/|website=Priceza Group}}</ref><ref name=e27/><ref>{{cite web|title=Thai Price Comparison Startup Priceza.com Hits Over 1.2 Million Unique Visitors|url=https://www.techinasia.com/thai-price-comparison-startup-priceza/|accessdate=13 August 2012|publisher=TechinAsia}}</ref> It is Thailand’s first, and currently ranked at number one with 85% market share in the [[e-commerce]] business.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cunningham|first1=Susan|title=Priceza, PricePrice, PricePanda - Who's Winning And Losing SE Asia's Price Comparison Races?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/susancunningham/2015/04/15/priceza-priceprice-pricepanda-whos-winning-and-losing-se-asias-price-comparison-races/?ss=business|website=Forbes|accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref>

==Operations==
The company runs 6 local websites as follows:

[https://www.Priceza.com Priceza Thailand] - www.Priceza.com 
[https://www.Priceza.co.id Priceza Indonesia] - www.Priceza.co.id 
[https://www.Priceza.com.my Priceza Malaysia] - www.Priceza.com.my 
[https://www.Priceza.com.sg Priceza Singapore] - www.Priceza.com.sg 
[https://www.Priceza.com.ph Priceza Philippines] - www.Priceza.com.ph 
[https://www.Priceza.com.vn Priceza Vietnam] - www.Priceza.com.vn 

[http://www.priceza.com/ Priceza] operates in its markets by establishing business partnerships with merchants and retailers to provide information and price lists on a wide range of products. The company is partnered with companies like [[Lazada Group|Lazada]], [[Zalora Group|Zalora]], [[Central Group]], [[Groupon]], [[Rakuten]], which has products in their price comparison database.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Huang|first1=Elaine|title=Thailand's Priceza wants more of that Southeast Asia pie|url=http://e27.co/priceza-wants-more-of-that-southeast-asia-pie-20140902/|website=E27}}</ref> As of 2014, the website has 5,000 stores on Priceza Thailand and another 5,000 stores on Priceza Indonesia, with a total amount of 1.6 million products in Thailand and two million products in Indonesia.[9] In 2017, Priceza has launched the new service called “[http://money.priceza.com/ Priceza Money]” accessible at money.priceza.com. The new service is a comparison platform of financial products such as [https://money.priceza.com/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C car insurance], [https://money.priceza.com/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95 credit cards] and [https://money.priceza.com/personal-loan personal loan]. The service is available only in Thailand at the present. In the near future, Priceza Money expects to expand its platform on other financial products and services in order to meet user’s need and enhance their financial management.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Huang|first1=Elaine|title=Thailand's Priceza wants more of that Southeast Asia pie|url=http://e27.co/priceza-wants-more-of-that-southeast-asia-pie-20140902/|website=e27}}</ref>

== Investments ==
In 2013 [[CyberAgent Ventures]], a Japanese [[venture capital]] company, invested in Priceza.<ref name=e27>{{cite web |title=Meet Priceza, CyberAgent Ventures’ first investment in Thailand|url=http://e27.co/meet-priceza-cyberagent-ventures-first-investment-in-thailand/|accessdate=1 September 2013|publisher=E27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CyberAgent Ventures, Inc. invests in Priceza Co., Ltd. Thailand’s leading price comparison service|url=http://www.cyberagentventures.com/en/news_event/20130917190600.html|accessdate=17 September 2013|publisher=CyberAgent Venture}}</ref> 

In 2016 the venture arm of [[Hubert Burda Media]], [[Burda Principal Investments]] invested in Priceza.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Online companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Comparison shopping websites]]

Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)

2018-06-21T00:30:11Z

110.169.30.147:

{{update|inaccurate=y|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand)
| logo = [[Image:Mitsubishi Motors logo.png|150px|Mitsubishi Motors Logo]]
| type = Subsidiary
| foundation = 1987
| location = 88 Moo 11 [[Phahonyothin Road]], Tambon Klong Nueng, [[Khlong Luang District|Khlong Luang]], [[Pathum Thani Province|Pathum Thani]] 12120, Thailand
| key_people = Morikagu Chokki ''(President)''
| industry =
| products = [[Automobile]] manufacturing
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees = [[circa|c.]] 4,000 ''(2004)''
| parent = [[Mitsubishi Motors]] (99.9%)
| subsid = MMC Engine Co., Ltd. (MEC)
| homepage = [https://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.th/ Mitsubishi-Motors.co.th]
| footnotes =
}}
[[Image:Mitsubishi L200 2006 base.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Akinori Nakanishi]]-styled [[Mitsubishi Triton]], Thailand's most successful automotive export.]]

'''Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd. (MMTh)''' is the [[Thailand|Thai]] operation of [[Mitsubishi Motors Corporation]]. It became the first Thai automobile manufacturer to export vehicles overseas in 1988, and has remained the country's largest exporter every year since.<ref name="exporter">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail1239.html "Mitsubishi Grandis and Strada win Car of the Year Awards at Bangkok International Motor Show"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, March 29, 2005</ref>

MMTh is currently the most productive of Mitsubishi's four manufacturing facilities outside [[Japan]], with 133,109 vehicles produced in 2006. It exported its one millionth [[pickup truck]] in October 2007.<ref name="million">[http://media.mitsubishi-motors.com/pressrelease/e/corporate/detail1684.html "Mitsubishi Motors sets new record: 1,000,000 pick up trucks exported from Thailand"], Mitsubishi Motors press release, October 11, 2007</ref> In anticipation of a growth in the market for [[pickup truck]]s, Mitsubishi is investing 21 billion baht([[Japanese yen|¥]]1 billion) to increase local capacity to 200,000 units.<ref name="invest">[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/premium/0286/0286-7084234.html "Mitsubishi Vows to Continue with Expansion in Thailand"], Santan Santivimolnat, ''[[Bangkok Post]]'', June 4, 2004</ref>In November 2015, MMTh celebrated production of its four millionth vehicle.<ref name=NW-20151118>{{cite news|title=Mitsubishi Motors Thailand Celebrates Major Production Milestone|url=https://thenewswheel.com/mitsubishi-motors-thailand-celebrates-major-production-milestone/|accessdate=19 November 2015|work=The Newswheel|date=2015-11-18}}</ref>

==History==
Mitsubishi has had a presence in Thailand since 1961.<ref name="TPBS-20180605">{{cite news |title=Somkid urges investors to make Thailand regional automobile hub |url=http://englishnews.thaipbs.or.th/somkid-urges-investors-make-thailand-regional-automobile-hub/ |accessdate=6 June 2018 |work=Thai PBS |date=5 June 2018}}</ref> Mitsubishi began building trucks in Thailand in 1966, by a company called United Development Motor Industry Co (UDMI) (established 1964). In 1965, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) became the majority shareholder (60%) of UDMI.<ref name="History">{{cite web|title=History of Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.|url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/content/dam/com/ir_en/pdf/irtop/2015/presentation_20150306.pdf|publisher=Mitsubishi Motors|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref>
The [[Mitsubishi Galant|Galant]] sedan followed in 1972 and the [[Mitsubishi Triton|L200]] pickup truck in 1981.<ref name=WOC>{{cite book | title = World of Cars 2006·2007 | editor-first = Eligiusz | editor-last = Mazur | publisher = Media Connection Sp. z o.o. | location = Warsaw, Poland | page = 272 | year = 2006 | issn = 1734-2945 }}</ref> MMC acquired 40% of Sittipol Motor Co (SMC), the distributor of Mitsubishi vehicles in Thailand, in late 1973.<ref name="History"/> In 1987, SMC and UDMI merged to become MMC Sittipol Co., Ltd. (MSC) with MMC holding 48%.<ref name="History"/> In 1988, [[Mitsubishi_Mirage#Second_generation_.281983.E2.80.931987.29|Mitsubishi Mirage]] was exported to supply Chrysler Canada.<ref>{{cite book|title=MMC Sittipol Co., Ltd.|publisher=MMC Sittipol|accessdate=19 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="History"/> In 1992, local production at Laem Chabang, Thailand ( Laemchabang #1 Factory) was started.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maikaew|first1=Piyachart|title=Mitsubishi upbeat on sales outlook|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/1026909/|date=Jul 4, 2016|accessdate=19 October 2016|work=The Bangkok Post}}</ref><ref name="History"/> In 1996, local production at Laemchabang #2 Factory was started.<ref name="History"/> In August 1997, MMC became the majority owner of MSC.<ref name="History"/> In 2003, MSC changed its name to Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.<ref name="History"/> In January 2004, Fuso trucks business was split to form Mitsubishi Fuso Truck (Thailand).<ref name="History"/>

In 2001 Mitsubishi increased their stake from 46.2 to 99.9 percent{{fact|date=October 2016}}, followed by a name change to "Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd." in November 2003.<ref name=WOC/> A Thai-only [[SUV]] on a L200 [[chassis]], called the Strada G-Wagon, was built in 2001-2005.

==Current models==
The [[Mitsubishi Mirage#Sixth generation (2012–present)|Mirage]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/publish/pressrelease_en/corporate/2012/news/detail0839.html |title=Mitsubishi Motors Started Production of the Mirage Line-off Ceremony for the Mirage held in Thailand |publisher=Mitsubishi-motors.com |date=2012-04-19 |accessdate=2012-08-03}}</ref> and [[Mitsubishi Triton|Triton]] models are all produced locally.<ref name="gfinance">[http://finance.google.com/finance?cid=13041496 Mitsubishi Motors (Thailand) Co., Ltd.], Google Finance entry</ref> In addition, MMTh owns a subsidiary, MMC Engine Co., Ltd. (MEC), located at [[Laem Chabang]] Industrial Estates, Tambon Thung Sukhla, [[Si Racha District]], [[Chonburi Province]], which produces auto components.<ref name="subsidiary">[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/about_us/profile/e/subsidiary.html "Subsidiaries and Affiliates"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603084244/http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/about_us/profile/e/subsidiary.html |date=2007-06-03 }}, Mitsubishi Motors website</ref>

==Former models==
*[[Mitsubishi Grandis|Grandis]] (2003-2011)
*[[Mitsubishi Lancer|Lancer]] (2000-2017)

==Production and sales==
The company surpassed a cumulative five million production units by 2018.<ref name="TPBS-20180605" />

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:5em" rowspan=2 | Year
! colspan=6 | Production
! style="width:8em" rowspan=2 | Domestic sales
|-
! style="width:8em" | [[Mitsubishi Strada|L200 Strada]]
! style="width:8em" | [[Mitsubishi Lancer|Lancer]]
! style="width:8em" | [[Mitsubishi Grandis|Grandis]]
! style="width:8em" | [[Mitsubishi Triton|Triton]]
! style="width:8em" | [[Mitsubishi Outlander|Outlander]]1
! style="width:8em" | Total
|-
| 1994
| rowspan=6 colspan=2 | figures unavailable
| -
| -
| -
! 70,197
! 76,557
|-
| 1995
| -
| -
| -
! 71,426
! 78,151
|-
| 1996
| -
| -
| -
! 74,760
! 87,672
|-
| 1997
| -
| -
| -
! 78,413
! 35,191
|-
| 1998
| -
| -
| -
! 65,341
! 15,840
|-
| 1999
| -
| -
| -
! 77,857
! 19,172
|-
| 2000
| 84,813
| 5,401
| -
| -
| -
! 90,214
! 28,266
|-
| 2001
| 78,845
| 5,302
| -
| -
| -
! 84,147
! 23,665
|-
| 2002
| 97,589
| 12,076
| -
| -
| -
! 109,665
! 32,010
|-
| 2003
| 95,680
| 7,381
| -
| -
| -
! 103,511
! 33,799
|-
| 2004
| 120,572
| 6,310
| 3,306
| -
| -
! 130,188
! 39,564
|-
| 2005
| 90,080
| 6,725
| 3,350
| 43,769
| -
! 143,924
! 43,722
|-
| 2006
| 26,901
| 3,165
| 1,089
| 121,687
| -
! 152,842
! 26,003
|-
| 2007
| 6,257
| 2,693
| 1,865
| 155,027
| 111
! 165,853
! 26,887
|-
| colspan=8 style="font-size:85%; background:#EEEEEE;" | '''Notes:'''
<ol start=1><li>The [[Mitsubishi Outlander|Outlander]] is only import to [[Singapore]]an markets, not sold in [[Thailand]].</ol>
|}
{{refbegin}}
''(sources: [https://web.archive.org/web/20061022130131/http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/ir/share/pdf/e/fact0009.pdf Facts & Figures 2000], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070305232559/http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/ir/share/pdf/e/fact2005.pdf Facts & Figures 2005], [https://web.archive.org/web/20090320113933/http://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/corporate/ir/share/pdf/e/fact_2008.pdf Facts & Figures 2008], Mitsubishi Motors website)''
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.th/ Official website]

{{Mitsubishi Motors companies}}

[[Category:Mitsubishi Motors factories]]
[[Category:Mitsubishi Motors subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle assembly plants in Thailand]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Thailand]]

Minor Hotels

2018-06-21T00:29:35Z

110.169.30.147:

{{see also|Minor International}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{lead missing|date=May 2016}}
{{Underlinked|date=May 2016}}
}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Minor Hotel Group
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =File:Minor Hotel Group Corporate Logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| type =
| founded =
| founder = William (Bill) E. Heinecke
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Bangkok]]
| hq_location_country = Thailand
| num_locations = 146 Hotels and Serviced Suites
| area_served = 24 countries across Asia Pacific, the Middle East, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Europe, and South America
| key_people = William Heinecke, Chairman & CEO, Minor Corporation; Dillip Rajakarier, CEO, Minor Hotel Group
| industry = Hospitality
| products =
| brands = Anantara, AVANI, Per AQUUM, Tivoli, Oaks, Elewana, Marriott, Four Seasons, St. Regis and Minor International
| services =
| owner = William (Bill) E. Heinecke
| num_employees = 45,000 +
| parent = [[Minor International]] (MINT)
| ratio = 
| rating = 
| former_name =
| website = http://www.minorhotels.com/en/
}}

'''Minor Hotel Group''' '''(MHG)''' is a hotel owner, operator, and investor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hospitalitynet.org/organization/17014819.html|title=Minor Hotel Group|last=|first=|date=|website=Hospitality Net}}</ref> It currently has 154 hotels,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minorhotels.com/en/|title=Minor Hotels -> Section EXPANDING POSSIBILITIES|last=|first=|date=|website=Minor Hotels}}</ref> resorts, and serviced suites in 22 countries across Asia Pacific, the Middle East, Europe, South America, Africa, and the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.minorhotels.com/en/about-us|website=Minor Hotels|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref> The hotel group operates as a subsidiary of [[Minor International]] PCL,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=111319310|title=Company Overview of Minor Hotel Group Limited|last=|first=|date=|website=Bloomberg|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> one of the largest hospitality and leisure companies in the Asia Pacific region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austrade.gov.au/invest/investor-updates/2015/thai-hotel-group-invests-in-australias-north|title=Thai Hotel Group Invests in Australias North|last=|first=|date=|website=Austrade}}</ref> The group operates hotels under the brands of Anantara Hotels Resorts, and Spas, [[AVANI Hotels & Resorts]], PER AQUUM Hotels & Resorts, Tivoli Hotels & Resorts, Oaks Hotels & Resorts, Elewana Collection, Marriott Hotels & Resorts, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts, St. Regis, and Minor International.

US-born businessman William Heinecke<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/william-heinecke/|title=William Heinecke|last=|first=|date=|website=Forbes|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> founded the group in 1978 with opening of the Royal Garden Resort in [[Pattaya]] (later rebranded as the Pattaya Marriott Resort & Spa). Royal Garden Resorts was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand in 1988.

The first property of the group's brand, Anantara Hotels, Resorts, & Spas, opened in the Thai seaside town of [[Hua Hin]] in 2001.

In 2018, allegations of animal cruelty surfaced in Thailand during the 2018 King’s Cup Polo held at the resort. It was a prestigious event with sponsors including [[Johnnie Walker]], [[PricewaterhouseCoopers|PwC]], [[Peroni Brewery|Peroni]] and [[IBM]]. PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) Asia released a video <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themercury.com.au/news/world/the-animal-activist-group-peta-has-condemned-an-elephant-polo-tournament-in-thailand-following-the-emergence-of-footage-showing-inhumane-treatment-of-the-intelligent-animals/video/bb39263afa23d64c551f30fb1fca245d|title=PETA condemns cruel elephant polo tournament in Thailand|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dpa-international.com/topic/elephants-beaten-competing-bangkok-polo-matches-180309-99-408646|title=Elephants beaten before competing in Bangkok polo matches|work=dpa International|access-date=2018-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref> that shows handlers allegedly beating elephants with bullhooks and jabbing animals with the instrument’s sharp metal. The video shows one elephant being beaten on the head 15 times by a handler. PETA’s investigation stirred public outrage and [[Anantara Hua Hin Resort & Spa|Anantara Hotels, Resorts and Spas]] released a statement condemning the video <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/news/bangkok/2018/03/12/elephant-polo-to-continue-despite-abuse/|title=Elephant Polo to Continue Despite Abuse|date=2018-03-12|work=Khaosod English|access-date=2018-03-15|language=en-US}}</ref> released on the second day of the event. PETA continued to document that elephants were still being beaten by handlers<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/PETAAsia/status/971961464733843457|title=BREAKING INVESTIGATION: Elephants are beaten with bullhooks for Thailand's annual King's Cup Elephant Polo Tournament TAKE ACTION NOW: http://bit.ly/2HioA9s pic.twitter.com/B8m90HfmPF|last=Asia|first=PETA|date=8 March 2018|website=@PETAAsia|language=en|access-date=2018-03-15}}</ref> during the tournament in the days following, despite the statement<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/opinion/30340944|title=An open letter to PETA on elephant welfare in Thailand - The Nation|work=The Nation|access-date=2018-03-15|language=en}}</ref> from the event’s organizers.

When the brand celebrated its 15th anniversary on 4 March 2016, it had 35 hotels and resorts across Asia, the Middle East, the Indian Ocean, and Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hoteliermiddleeast.com/26370-anantara-marks-15-years-and-its-pipeline-for-2020/|title=Anantara marks 15 years and its pipeline for 2020|last=|first=|date=|website=Hotelier Middle East|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> (22)

Launched in 2010 under the Anantara brand, Anantara Vacation Club is a collection of luxurious shared-ownership villas and apartments located in a variety of resort destinations for the use of its owners. Current properties include Koh Samui, Phuket, Chiang Mai, Bangkok, Bali, Queenstown - New Zealand, Sanya and Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anantaravacationclub.com/sites/default/files/as_seen_in/01-13-17-HospitalityNet.org_.pdf|title=Anantara Vacation Club Enters Dubai|last=|first=|date=|website=RCI|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> (22)

The sister brand of Anantara, [[AVANI Hotels & Resorts]], was launched in 2012, and owns 14 hotels in Botswana, Lesotho, Malaysia, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, and Zambia.

In 2003, Minor Hotels launched PER AQUUM Hotels & Resorts in the Maldives. The brand has three properties: Huvafen Fushi and Niyama in the Maldives and Desert Palm in Dubai. The Huvafen Fushi Hotel by PER AQUUM is home to the world's first underwater spa, LIME.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Travel/worlds-underwater-spa/story?id=18854477|title=World's Underwater Spa|last=|first=|date=|website=ABC News|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> In 2014, Minor Hotel Group announced that in 2017 it will be adding a new resort on the Indian Ocean island of Zanzibar in Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hsyndicate.org/news/4068377.html|title=Minor Hotel Group Announces Addition of Boutique Hotel in Zanzibar|last=|first=|date=|website=Hsyndicate|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

In July 2011, Minor Hotels acquired a stake of 34.4 percent of Oaks Hotels and Resorts, Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/thai-group-minor-international-takes-oaks-hotels/story-e6frg8zx-1226049433335|title=Minor International Takes Oaks Hotels|last=|first=|date=|website=The Australian|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Oaks is one of Australia's largest self-contained accommodation providers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hospitalitynet.org/brand/23000550.html|title=Oaks Hotels & Resorts|last=|first=|date=|website=Hospitality Net|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Minor Hotels controls 54 percent of the Australian-based chain.

In 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rciventures.com/news/europe/mhg-completes-portugals-largest-ever-hospitality-deal/|title=MHG Completes Portugals Largest Ever Hospitality Deal|last=|first=|date=|website=RCI Ventures|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> Portugal saw its largest ever hotel deal when Minor Hotel Group acquired Tivoli Hotels & Resorts<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/minor-hotel-group-completes-largest-ever-hospitality-deal-in-portugal-with-acquisition-of-tivoli-hotels--resorts-300213612.html|title=Minor Hotel Group Completes Largest-Ever Hospitality Deal in Portugal with Acquisition of Tivoli Hotels & Resorts|last=|first=|date=|website=PR News Wire|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> a hotel chain that owns 14 properties across Portugal and Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/thailands-minor-international-to-buys-portugals-tivoli-hotels-and-resorts-1454320984|title=Thailand's Minor International Buys Portugal's Tivoli Hotels and Resorts|last=|first=|date=|website=WSJ|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> The acquisition, which marked MHG's entry into Europe and Latin America, totalled €294.2 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rciventures.com/news/europe/mhg-completes-portugals-largest-ever-hospitality-deal/|title=MHG Completes Portugal's Largest Ever Hospitality Deal|last=|first=|date=|website=RCI Ventures|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

In 2015, Minor Hotels joined with African luxury lodge and camp chain, Elewana Collection, to add six camps in Kenya to its portfolio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4070049.html|title=Minor Hotel Group Continues Strategic Expansion in Africa With Cheli & Peacock's Kenya Portfolio Joining Elewana Collection|last=|first=|date=|website=Hospitality Net}}</ref>. The additions are the result of the acquisition of the Cheli and Peacock group of companies by the Elewana Collection.

== Properties==
Minor Hotels' portfolio includes six in-house hotels<ref>{{cite web|title=MINOR HOTELS BRANDS|url=http://www.minorhotels.com/en/brands|website=Minor Hotels|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref> and partnerships with other leading hotel brands.<ref>{{cite web|title=Other Hotels|url=http://www.minorhotels.com/en/brands#other-hotels|website=Minor Hotels|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>

== Awards==
Minor Hotels has won numerous awards for excellence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards|url=http://www.minorhotels.com/en/media/awards|website=Minor Hotels|accessdate=21 May 2016}}</ref>

== CSR Activities ==
* The Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anantara.com/golden-triangle-asian-elephant-foundation/|title=The Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation|last=|first=|date=|website=Anantara Hotels, Resorts & Spas|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* The Heinecke Foundation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anantara.com/the-heinecke-foundation/|title=The Heinecke Foundation|last=|first=|date=|website=The Heinecke Foundation|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* The Mai Khao Turtle Foundation<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maikhaomarineturtlefoundation.org/about.html|title=Mai Khao Marine Turtle Foundation|last=|first=|date=|website=Mai Khao Marine Turtle Foundation|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Green Growth 2050 Global Standard<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.greengrowth2050.travel/standard/|title=Green Growth 2050|last=|first=|date=|website=GREEN GROWTH 2050 GLOBAL STANDARD|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Anantara's 365 Days of Good Deeds<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greenglobe.com/latest-news/anantara-hua-hin-resort-spa-a-365-days-of-good-deeds-property/|title=Anantara Hua Hin Resort & Spa – a ‘365 Days of Good Deeds’ property|last=|first=|date=|website=Green Globe|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* The [[King's Cup Elephant Polo]] Tournament
* Dollars For Deeds<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.billionaire.com/wildlife-conservation/social-responsibility/1596/anantara-hotels-launches-dollar-for-deed-for-worthy-causes|title=Anantara Hotels Launches ‘Dollar For Deed’ For Worthy Causes|last=|first=|date=|website=Billionaire|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Adopt-a-Coral, Coral reef rehabilitation projects at PER AQUUM Huvafen Fushi and PER AQUUM Niyama<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g2104645-d320990-i90492141-PER_AQUUM_Huvafen_Fushi-Huvafen_Fushi_Island.html|title=Adopt a Coral - Coral Reef Rehabilitation|last=|first=|date=|website=Tripadvisor|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Latest projects ==
* Thai hotel group Minor extends overseas diversification<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/AC/Thai-hotel-group-Minor-extends-overseas-diversification|title=Thai hotel group Minor extends overseas diversification|last=|first=|date=|website=Asian Review|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Hemas and Minor Hotel Group introduce luxury brand, Anantara, to Sri Lanka<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.lk/article/498733/Hemas-and-Minor-Hotel-Group-introduce-luxury-brand-%E2%80%98Anantara--to-Sri-Lanka|title=Hemas and Minor Hotel Group introduce luxury brand ‘Anantara’ to Sri Lanka|last=|first=|date=|website=Daily FT|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Thai Minor International to invest more than $1 bln in hotels, fast food over 5 yrs<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-minor-internat-outlook-idUSKCN0WB0XO|title=Thai Minor International to invest more than $1 bln in hotels, fast food over 5 yrs|last=|first=|date=|website=Reuters|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Minor signs twin Anantara and Avani hotels in Abu Dhabi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.traveldailymedia.com/234699/minor-signs-twin-anantara-and-avani-hotels-in-abu-dhabi/|title=Minor signs twin Anantara and Avani hotels in Abu Dhabi|last=|first=|date=|website=Travel Daily Media|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Minor Hotel Group cements green credentials with new green growth 2050 standards{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}}

== Future projects ==
* Minor Hotel Group Readies For A Major Push In North America.{{Citation needed|date=May 2016}}
* Dubai's Nakheel books another hotel for Ibn Battuta Mall through further collaboration with Minor Hotel Group<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nakheel.com/en/media/news/dubais-nakheel-books-another-hotel-for-ibn-battuta-mall-through-further-collaboration-with-minor-hotel-group|title=Dubai's Nakheel books another hotel for Ibn Battuta Mall through further collaboration with Minor Hotel Group|last=|first=|date=|website=Nakheel Books|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Partnerships ==
* Minor International and Sun International Announce Strategic Partnership<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4066666.html|title=Minor International and Sun International Announce Strategic Partnership|website=Hospitality Net|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Minor Hotel Group Forms Strategic African Partnership With UAE's Rani Investment<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aujan.com/media-centre/press-releases/minor-hotel-group-forms-strategic-african-partnership-with-uaes-rani-investment/|title=Minor Hotel Group Forms Strategic African Partnership With UAE's Rani Investment|last=|first=|date=|website=Aujan|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Global giant Minor renews commitment to Sri Lanka tourism<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.lk/2015/05/05/global-giant-minor-renews-commitment-to-sri-lanka-tourism/|title=Global giant Minor renews commitment to Sri Lanka tourism|last=|first=|date=|website=Daily FT|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Minor Hotel Group announces partnership with Emirates Skywards<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ttgmena.com/minor-hotel-group-partnership-emirates-skywards/|title=Minor Hotel Group announces partnership with Emirates Skywards|last=|first=|date=|website=TTG Mena|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Minor International partners with Hemas to acquire Kani Lanka Resort & Spa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=9314|title=Minor International partners with Hemas to acquire Kani Lanka Resort & Spa|last=|first=|date=|website=Ada Derana|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Hospitality companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Hotel chains]]
[[Category:Hotels in Thailand]]
[[Category:Timeshare]]

Indorama Ventures

2018-06-21T00:27:50Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=April 2017}}
{{advert|date=April 2017}}
}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Indorama Ventures
| logo = [[File:IVL.png]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{SET|IVL}}<ref name="Indorama Ventures on SET">{{cite news|title=Indorama Ventures|publisher=The Stock Exchange of Thailand|year=2015|url=http://www.set.or.th/set/companyprofile.do?symbol=IVL&ssoPageId=4&language=en&country=US}}</ref>
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founder = [[Aloke Lohia]]
| defunct =
| fate =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Aloke Lohia]] (Founder, [[Vice Chairman]] and [[Group CEO]])
| industry = [[Petrochemicals]]
| products = [[polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET), [[polyester]] fibers and yarns, [[wool]] yarns, [[purified terephthalic acid]] (PTA), [[ethylene oxide]] (EO), [[ethylene glycol]] (EG)
| services =
| revenue = {{profit}} [[USD]] 8.4 Billion (''2017'')<ref name="Financial Highlights">{{cite news|title=Indorama Ventures Financial Highlights|publisher=Indorama Ventures|year=2015|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/investorRelations/IR_FinancialHighlights.php}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 14,000<ref name="Indorama Ventures Overview">{{cite news|title=Overview|publisher=Indorama Ventures|year=2015|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourCompany/ourCompany.php}}</ref>
| parent =
| divisions = Feedstock, PET, Fibers
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| intl = yes
| caption = To be a world-class company making great products for society.
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1994}}<ref name="Indorama Ventures Background">{{cite news|title=Background of the Company|publisher=Indorama Ventures|year=2015|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourCompany/ourCompany_Background.php}}</ref>
| location_city = [[Bangkok]]
| location_country = [[Thailand]]
| locations = 77 <ref>http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourCompany/ourCompany.php</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.indoramaventures.com/}}
}}

'''Indorama Ventures Public Company Limited''', founded by Indian businessman [[Aloke Lohia]], is one of the world's leading producers in the intermediate [[petrochemical]]s industry and a leading global manufacturer of [[wool]] [[yarn]]s. The company is headquartered in [[Bangkok]] and started its operations in 1994.<ref name="Indorama Ventures Background" /> The Company products are divided into three categories: [[feedstock]], [[polyethylene terephthalate]] (PET) and [[fiber]]s. As of 2017, the Company has 77 manufacturing sites in 27 countries crossing four continents: [[Asia]], [[Europe]], [[North America]] and [[Africa]],<ref name="Indorama Ventures Overview" /> and is listed on the [[Stock Exchange of Thailand]] (SET).<ref name="Indorama Ventures on SET" />

==Background of the business==
===Beginning of Business in Thailand===
====Entry into the PET business====
Indorama Ventures commenced business operations in 1994 with the incorporation of Indorama Holdings Ltd., which was the first [[worsted wool]] yarn producer in [[Thailand]].

The Group’s PET business segment comprises primarily the manufacture and sale of [[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]], a plastic [[polymer]] resin primarily used for beverage containers and food packaging, as well as for the packaging of [[pharmaceuticals]] and household products as well as in industrial packaging applications. Moreover, the Group also manufactures High Value Added (HVA) products such as packaging for oxygen-sensitive foods and beverages.

In 1995, IVL entered the [[petrochemical industry]] focusing on the [[polyester]] value chain business with the establishment of a [[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]] resin facility in [[Thailand]]. Since then, each successive growth and addition has been committed to the polyester value chain. It has become a major global polyester value chain producer with a presence in three key business segments, [[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]] resin, polyester fibers and Feedstock comprising [[Purified terephthalic acid|PTA]], MEG and various [[Ethylene oxide|EO]] derivatives. The PET business has been achieved through greenfield investments, strategic acquisitions, and brownfield expansions.

From 1995 to 2002, PET business has grown after engaging in the downstream production of PET preforms, bottles and closures through a joint venture with [[Est Cola|Serm Suk Pcl]], as well as through various expansion projects leading to increased capacities

====Entry into the Fibers business====
The Group’s fiber business segment comprises the manufacture and sale of a variety of polyester and other types of fibers and yarns (which are also used in the Group’s HVA products, particularly in personal care, automotive and industrial applications). Polyester is one of the most widely used synthetic fibers in the world and is a versatile material with wide-ranging textile and industrial applications. The development in the polyester business has been achieved through the acquisition of distressed assets and organic growth through debottlenecking and asset optimization.
IVL entered into the polyester business in 1997 through the acquisition of Indo Poly, a polyester fiber plant in [[Thailand]].
In 2008, the company acquired Tuntex Thailand, the largest polyester fiber producer in Thailand. Both of the polyester facilities were acquired as distressed assets at a discount to their replacement cost and have been successfully turned around.
In 2009, Indo Poly transferred all of its assets to, and all of its liabilities were assumed by Tuntex Thailand, which was subsequently re-named Indorama Polyester Industries.<ref>IVL Annual Report 2015 pp. 59</ref>

====Background integration into Feedstock====
The Group's feedstock business segment comprises the manufacture, production and sale of [[Purified terephthalic acid|PTA]], MEG, [[Ethylene oxide|EO derivatives]] and by-products, which are raw materials used in the production of the Group's polyester products. The Group's feedstock business segment supports its [[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]] and polyester business segments and forms part of its strategy to vertically integrate its operations.

===Becoming global leader===
====Expansion of PET business in US and Europe====
The PET production footprint internationally expanded into [[North America]] in 2003, with the acquisition of the StarPet facility, and into Europe in 2006, with the commencement of Orion Global PET facility. The expansion made us the only PET resin producer with operations in the three largest consuming regions of [[Asia]], [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. The further expansion of manufacturing presence with the acquisition of two PET resin facilities from Eastman Chemical Company in Europe in 2008, and a Greenfield investment in the PET business with AlphaPet in [[North America]] in 2009.
In the first half of 2011, IVL had completed major acquisitions of PET plants in China, [[Indonesia]], Mexico, [[Poland]] and United States, leading the company to become the world’s largest PET producer and the largest player in Europe.<ref>http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/766456/</ref> PET production footprint was expanded to Africa by implementing the new solid state polymerization SSP plant in [[Nigeria]], which started commercial operations in 2012.
In 2012, PT Polypet Karyapersada which is located at Cilegon, [[Indonesia]], was acquired as IVL's PET production asset.
In 2015, IVL has expanded its business into the [[Middle East]] following the acquisition of two PET plants in [[Turkey]], one in the southern region and one in northern region of [[Turkey]]. In May 2015, the Group also acquired a stake in Bangkok Polyester Public Company Limited, a PET producer in Thailand which further consolidated PET production in the local market. Recently, IVL acquired PET business of Micro Polypet Private Limited (MicroPet) and its two subsidiaries Sanchit Polymers Private Limited and Eternity Infrabuild Private Limited in India.

====Expansion of Polyester business====
In the first half of 2011, polyester production footprint expanded internationally into [[Indonesia]] and USA.
Later in November 2011, there was an acquisition of the PET and Polyester fibers recycling businesses of Wellman International in [[Europe]], which consisted of three production facilities in the [[Republic of Ireland]], [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]], and [[France]].
In January 2012, IVL acquired 100% of FiberVisions Holdings LLC, a global manufacturer of specialty mono and bi-component fibers based in [[Duluth, Georgia|Duluth]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[United States|USA]].

====Backward Integration into MEG====
In 2012, IVL took another step upward to feedstock integration by the acquisition of Old World Industries I, Ltd. and Old World Transportation, Ltd. in the USA, which is the largest single EO/EG production facility in the U.S. Mono Ethylene Glycol (MEG) is one of the company’s key feedstocks together with [[Purified terephthalic acid|Purified Terephthalic Acid]] (PTA) in the manufacture of [[Polyethylene terephthalate|Polyethylene Terephthalate]] (PET) and Polyester Fibers and Yarns, both downstream products of IVL. Recently, the acquisition from Compañía Española de Petróleos (CEPSA) which is PTA business in Canada and IVL also acquired 100% of Indorama Ventures Olefins Holding LLC, an old ethylene cracker in USA in September 2015 (under refurbishment).

===Business Differentation===
====High Value Added (HVA) Segments====
IVL has invested laterally into high value added products in PET, Polyester fibers and yarns, Polypropylene fibers and yarns, Nylon fibers and yarns and Purified Ethylene Oxide PEO. The expansion into HVA products has helped mitigate the weakness that the commodity sector has seen over the past two years allowing us to maintain healthy margins. The company has made significant headway on the HVA front as a market leader and innovator of numerous products. IVL's specialty range has enhanced the brand value of IVL making the company a total global solutions provider. In 2015, HVA portfolio represented 21% of production and 48% of consolidated core EBITDA. Core EBITDA is calculated as book EBITDA less inventory gains or losses less extraordinary items if any.

====Recycling Business====
In 2011, IVL acquired Wellman International in Europe. At the beginning of 2014, the company extended the know-how obtained from Wellman International and commenced production of the recycled PET and fiber facility in [[Nakhon Pathom]], Thailand. IVL expected to further leverage on Wellman’s bottle to flake technology on a global scale. The company have also integrated three production sites in USA and Mexico with recycled PET and objective is to continue to increase the use of recycled PET in the operations.

===Raising Capital===
====Initial Public Offering====
Indorama Ventures Public Company Limited became a public company on September 25, 2009. As of December 31, 2014, the Company has registered capital of Bt 5,666,010,499 with paid-up capital of Bt 4,814,257,245 totaling 4,814,257,245 ordinary shares at par value of Bt 1 per share. The major shareholder of the Company is Indorama Resources Limited, owned 99.99% by Canopus International. (Canopus International is owned by Mr. [[Aloke Lohia]] and his immediate family and Mr. Sri Prakash Lohia and his immediate family). Mr. [[Aloke Lohia]] and his immediate family hold 49% with voting rights over 76% of total votes of Canopus International while Mr. Sri Prakash Lohia and his immediate family hold 51% with voting rights over 24.0% of total votes of Canopus International. In January, 2010, Indorama Ventures Public Company Limited completed initial public offering of 400,000,000 ordinary shares at an offering price of Baht 10.20 per ordinary share. The total amount raised in cash from initial public offering of shares Baht 4,080 million. Simultaneously, the minority shareholders of Indorama Polymers Public Company Limited, subsidiary of IVL listed on the [[Stock Exchange of Thailand]] were offered under an exchange offer 582,727,137 ordinary shares of Indorama Ventures Public Company Limited. The ordinary shares of Indorama Ventures Public Company Limited were listed and commenced trading on the Stock Exchange of Thailand (the SET) on February 5, 2010. The ticker symbol is IVL. Indorama Ventures, during the course of 2010 became a member of the major indices, SET 50 Index, FTSE SET Large Cap Index and MSCI.

====Rights Offering====
In November, 2010, the Board of Directors passed a resolution to increase the authorized share capital from Baht 4,334,271,047 to Baht 4,815,856,719 and reserve the increase in authorized share capital of Baht 481,585,672 for the exercise of Transferable Subscription Rights (TSR). The Board approved a rights issue of TSRs to existing shareholders at the ratio of one TSR for every nine existing ordinary shares held of IVL. The conversion ratio was 1:1. One TSR to one ordinary share and the exercise price of the TSR to ordinary shares is Baht 36 per ordinary share. On December 17, 2010, at the extraordinary general meeting of shareholders (EGM) the shareholders approved the issue, allocation and the terms and conditions of the TSR. On February 24, 2011 the subscription of TSRs was completed with 99.67% of TSRs being exercised into shares. A total of 479,986,198 new shares started trading on the SET on March 3, 2011. The total amount raised in cash from this rights issue is Baht 17,280 million.

====Tender Offer====
IVL's PET business was listed on the SET as Indorama Polymers Public Company Limited (IRP) in 2005. On December 24, 2009, IVL offered to purchase up to 100% of IRP through a tender offer whereby IRP shareholders (other than IVL and its subsidiaries) were offered IVL shares in exchange for IRP shares. The said tender offer was completed on February 1, 2010 which resulted in IVL holding directly and indirectly (through its subsidiary Indorama Holdings (Thailand) Limited) around 99.08% of the issued and paid-up capital of IRP. IRP shares were delisted from the SET on February 5, 2010 onwards.

===Market Position===
The PET market in North America is consolidated with the top three companies accounting for nearly 90% of the market with one third of the market each. Globally, Indorama Ventures is the market leader.<ref>‘Global PET (Resin) Market Report- 2012 Edition’ (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/7s3hzt/global_pet)</ref>
The largest polyester fiber producer in Thailand.<ref>‘Indorama agrees to acquire 94.91% stake in Bangkok Polyester’ 19 March 2015 (http://www.packaging-gateway.com/news/newsindorama-agrees-to-acquire-9491-stake-in-bangkok-polyester-4536200 )</ref>
A world scale manufacturer of PTA, a key raw material for the production of polyester.

==List of Subsidiaries==

Indorama Ventures is headquartered in Bangkok, Thailand. As of September 2016, it has 70 operating sites in 24 countries in four major regions of the world - [[Europe]], [[America]], [[Africa]] and [[Asia]]. The company’s portfolio consists of what it calls Necessities (products vital for life) and High Value-Added (HVA) products.

'''Operating Sites'''
{| class="wikitable"
!Region
!Country
!Subsidiaries
|-
| rowspan="14" |Europe
|Ireland
|[http://www.wellman-intl.com/ Wellman International (Fibers)]
|-
|Germany
|[http://www.trevira.com/en/startseite.html Trevira (Fibers)]

[http://www.php-fibers.com/home/ PHP Fibers (Fibers)]
|-
|UK
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de18.php Beverage Plastics (Packaging)]
|-
|The Netherlands
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PTA_Facilities_de.php Indorama Ventures Europe B.V (PTA & PET)]

[http://www.wellman-intl.com/index.aspx Wellman International (Bottle Flakes)]
|-
|Denmark
|[http://www.fibervisions.com/ FiberVisions (Fibers)]
|-
|Lithuania
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de04.php Orion Global PET (PET)]
|-
|Poland
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de12.php Indorama Ventures Poland (PET)]
|-
|France
|[http://www.wellman-intl.com/why-wellman.aspx Wellman International (Bottle Flakes)]
DuraFiber Longlaville<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/mediaCenter/mediaCenter_PressReleases_De.php?id=217|title=Indorama Ventures Acquires DuraFiber Technologies Accelerating Growth in IVL’s Automotive and Industrial Sectors|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|Spain
|[http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PTA_Facilities_de08.php Indorama Ventures Quimica (PET, IPA and PTA facilities)]
|-
|Turkey
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de21.php Indorama Ventures AdanaPET (PET)]
[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de24.php Indorama Ventures Corlu (PET)]
|-
|Luxembourg
|Glanzstoff Industries - Textilcord Steinfort S.A.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/upload/presentations/file_17042017150402.pdf|title=IVL Acquires Glanzstoff: Accelerating Growth in Automotive and Strengthening Leadership in HVA|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|Italy
|Glanzstoff Industries - Sicrem S.p.A.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/upload/presentations/file_17042017150402.pdf|title=IVL Acquires Glanzstoff: Accelerating Growth in Automotive and Strengthening Leadership in HVA|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|Czech Republic
|Glanzstoff Bohemia s.r.o.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/upload/presentations/file_17042017150402.pdf|title=|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|Austria
|Glanzstoff Management GmbH<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/upload/presentations/file_17042017150402.pdf|title=IVL Acquires Glanzstoff: Accelerating Growth in Automotive and Strengthening Leadership in HVA|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |America
|USA
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de05.php StarPet (PET)]
[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de08.php AlphaPet (PET)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de13.php Auriga Polymers (Fibers & Yarns) (PET)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_EOEG_Facilities_de.php Indorama Ventures (Oxide & Glycols) (EO/EG)]

[http://www.fibervisions.com/ FiberVisions (2 sites of Fibers)]

[http://www.php-fibers.com/home/ PHP Fibers (Fibers)]

Indorama Ventures Olefins (Ethylene)

[http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PTA_Facilities_de07.php Indorama Ventures Xylenes & PTA (NDC, PTA, Paraxylene)]
|-
|Canada
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PTA_Facilities_de06_french.php Indorama PTA Montreal (PTA)]
|-
|Mexico
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_FibersAndYarns_Facilities_de06.php Indorama Ventures Polymers Mexico (Fibers)]
[http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_Recycling_Facilities_de2.php Indorama Ventures EcoMex (Bottle Flakes)]

DuraFiber Technologies<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/upload/presentations/file_15082017083915.pdf|title=IVL Acquires Durafiber Mexico: Accelerates IVL Automotive Fiber Business Global Expansion and Reach|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|Portugal
|Artlant PTA, S.A., (old name) (PTA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/upload/presentations/file_09112017122607.pdf|title=IVL Acquires Artlant PTA in Portugal:Strong PTA Position in Europe Enhanced|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Africa
|Ghana
|[http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de25.php Indorama Ventures Packaging (Ghana) (Packaging)]
|-
|Nigeria
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de19.php Indorama PET Nigeria (PET)])
[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de20.php Indorama Ventures Packaging (Nigeria) (Packaging)]
|-
| rowspan="6" |Asia
|China
|[http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de10.php Guangdong IVL Kaiping]
[http://www.fibervisions.com/ FiberVisions (Fibers)]

[http://www.php-fibers.com/home/ PHP Fibers (Fibers)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_FibersAndYarns_Facilities_de17.php Performance Fibers Asia(2 sites of Fibers)]

Glanzstoff Industires (Qingdao) Co.,Ltd<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/upload/presentations/file_17042017150402.pdf|title=IVL Acquires Glanzstoff: Accelerating Growth in Automotive and Strengthening Leadership in HVA|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|India
|[http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de27.php Micro Polypet PET]
Dhunseri Petglobal Ltd (Joint Ventures for PET)
|-
|Philippines
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de22.php Indorama Ventures Packaging (Philippines) (3 sites of packaging)]
|-
|Thailand
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de03.php IPI Rayong (Fibers) (PET)]
[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PTA_Facilities_de03.php Indorama Petrochem (PTA)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PTA_Facilities_de02.php TPT Petrochemicals (PTA)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_FibersAndYarns_Facilities_de.php IPI Nakhon Pathom (Fibers) (Bottle Flakes)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de.php AsiaPet/ Indorama Polymers (PET)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de02.php Petform(4 sties of Packaging)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_Wool_Facilities_de.php Indorama Holdings (Fibers)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_FibersAndYarns_Facilities_de02.php Indorama Ventures Polymers (Rayong) PCL]
|-
|Indonesia
|[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de17.php PT Indorama Polypet (PET)]
[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PTA_Facilities_de05.php PT Indorama Petrochemicals (PTA)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_FibersAndYarns_Facilities_de03.php PT Indorama Ventures Indonesia (Fibers)(PET)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_FibersAndYarns_Facilities_de04.php PT Indorama Polyester Industries Indonesia (Fibers)]

[http://www.indorama.net/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_FibersAndYarns_Facilities_de16.php PT Indorama Polychem Indonesia (Fibers)]
|-
|Myanmar
|[http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourBusinesses/ourBusiness_PET_Facilities_de26.php Indorama Ventures Packaging (Myanmar) (Packaging)]
|}

==Board of directors==
As of 2017,<ref name="Board of Directors">{{cite news|title=Indorama Ventures’ Board of Directors|publisher=Indorama Ventures|year=2015|url= http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/ourCompany/ourCompany_board.php}}</ref> board members of Indorama Ventures are:

* Mr. Aloke Lohia, [[Group CEO]]
* Mr. [[Sri Prakash Lohia]], [[Chairman]]
* Mrs. Suchitra Lohia, Director and Chairperson of [[Corporate Social Responsibility]] Committee
* Mr. Dilip Kumar Agarwal, Director, Member of [[Sustainability]] Committee and CEO of PET and Feedstock Business
* Mr. Udey Paul Singh Gill, Director, Member of Sustainability Committee and CEO of Fibers Business
* Mr. [[William Heinecke]], Independent Director and Chairman of Nomination, Compensation and [[Corporate Governance]] Committee
* Mr. Rathian Srimongkol, Independent Director, Vice Chairman of the Board, Chairman of the [[Audit Committee]] and Member of Sustainability Committee
* Mr. Amit Lohia, Director
* Dr. Siri Ganjarerndee Independent Director, Member of the Audit Committee and Member of the Nomination, Compensation and Corporate Governance Committee
* Mr. Kanit Si, Independent Director and Member of Nomination, Compensation and Corporate Governance Committee
* Mr. Russell Leighton Kekuewa, Independent Director and Member of Sustainability Committee
* Mr. Chakramon Phasukavanich Independent Director
* Mr. Maris Samaram Independent Director, Member of the Audit Committee and Member of the Sustainability and Risk Management Committee
* Mr. Sanjay Ahuja Director and Senior Vice President Finance

==Shareholding==
The total numbers of shares in IVL are 4,814,257,245 shares.<ref name="Indorama Ventures Shareholding">{{cite news|title=IVL Major Shareholders|publisher=Indorama Ventures|year=2015|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/investorRelations/IR_ShareholdingStructure.php}}</ref> Indorama Resources Limited, Canopus International Limited and Mr. Aloke Lohia hold approximately 66.39% of the total shares (as included in the Section 258 of the [[Securities Exchange Act]] of related persons’ shareholding) while 33.61% are held by institutional and retail shareholders.

==Listing==
Indorama Ventures has been listed in the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) since February 5, 2010.<ref name="SET New Listed Securities: IVL">{{cite news|title= SET added new listed securities: IVL|publisher=Indorama Ventures|year=2015|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/upload/set_announ/2010-02-03_IVL02_EN.pdf}}</ref> The Company once listed its subsidiary, Indorama Polymers (IRP), in SET in 2005 and delisted it in 2010.<ref name="Indorama Ventures Background" />

==Awards & Recognition==
In November 2013, the Company received Board of the Year Award and Audit Committee of the Year Award<ref name="Board of the Year and Audit Committee of the Year Award">{{cite news|title= Board of the Year and Audit Committee of the Year Award 2013|publisher=Indorama Ventures|year=2015|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/mediaCenter/mediaCenter_PressReleases_De.php?id=108}}</ref> from the Thai Institute of Directors Association (IOD)<ref name="Thai Institute of Directors">{{cite news|title=Thai Institute of Directors Association|publisher=Thai Institute of Directors Association|year=2015|url=http://www.thai-iod.com/en/index.asp}}</ref> for outstanding implementation of good corporate governance.

In September 2014, the Company has been recognized as [[Forbes Asia]] Fab 50 Companies<ref name="Forbes Asia Fab 50">{{cite news|title=Forbes Asia Fab 50 Year 2014|publisher=Forbes Asia|year=2015|url=https://www.forbes.com/fab50/#page:3_sort:0_direction:asc_search:}}</ref> and ranked 47th in [[C&EN]] (Chemical and Engineering News)’s Global Top 50 of the world’s largest [[chemical]] producers.<ref name="C&EN’s Global Top 50">{{cite news|title= C&EN’s Global Top 50 Year 2014|publisher=C&EN|year=2015|url=http://cen.acs.org/articles/92/i30/CENs-Global-Top-50-Chemical.html}}</ref>

In October 2014, the Company received Certification from Thailand’s Private Sector Collective Action Coalition against Corruption (CAC).<ref name="CAC Certified Companies">{{cite news|title=CAC Certified Companies|publisher=Thai Institute of Directors Association|year=2015|url=http://www.thai-iod.com/imgUpload/file/Project_%20Anti-Corruption/R_8%20Certified%20companies%20name%20list-ENG%20109.pdf}}</ref> It is a project organized by the Thai Institute of Directors Association, the Thai [[Chamber of Commerce]] (TCC),<ref name="Thai Chamber of Commerce">{{cite news|title=Thai Chamber of Commerce|publisher=Thai Chamber of Commerce|year=2015|url=http://www.thaichamber.org}}</ref> the Joint Foreign Chambers of Commerce (JFCCT),<ref name="The Joint Foreign Chambers of Commerce">{{cite news|title= The Joint Foreign Chambers of Commerce|publisher=The Joint Foreign Chambers of Commerce|year=2015|url=http://www.jfcct.org}}</ref> the Thai Listed Companies Association,<ref name="The Thai Listed Companies Association">{{cite news|title= The Thai Listed Companies Association|publisher= The Thai Listed Companies Association|year=2015|url=http://www.thailca.com}}</ref> the Thai Bankers’ Association,<ref name="The Thai Bankers’ Association">{{cite news|title= The Thai Bankers’ Association|publisher= The Thai Bankers’ Association|year=2015|url=http://www.tba.or.th}}</ref> the Federation of Thai [[Capital Market]] Organizations,<ref name="The Federation of Thai Capital Market Organizations">{{cite news|title= The Federation of Thai Capital Market Organizations|publisher= The Federation of Thai Capital Market Organizations|year=2015|url=http://www.fetco.or.th/index.php/en}}</ref> the Federation of Thai Industries<ref name="The Federation of Thai Industries">{{cite news|title= The Federation of Thai Industries|publisher= The Federation of Thai Industries|year=2015|url=http://www.fti.or.th/2011/eng/index.aspx}}</ref> and the Tourism Council of Thailand<ref name="The Tourism Council of Thailand">{{cite news|title=The Tourism Council of Thailand|publisher= The Tourism Council of Thailand|year=2015|url=http://www.thailandtourismcouncil.org/en/index.php}}</ref> to award to companies who demonstrate their commitment to fighting against corruption.

In November 2014, the Company received the Outstanding Sustainability Report Award 2014,<ref name="The Beacon Vol. 11">{{cite news|title= The Beacon Vol. 11|publisher= Indorama Ventures|year=2015|url=http://www.indoramaventures.com/upload/magazine/AW-Beacon11_Eng_OK_Final.pdf}}</ref> organized by the Thai Listed Companies Association, the Securities and Exchange Commission<ref name="The Securities and Exchange Commission Thailand">{{cite news|title= The Securities and Exchange Commission Thailand|publisher= The Securities and Exchange Commission Thailand|year=2015|url=http://www.sec.or.th/EN/Pages/Home.aspx}}</ref> and Thaipat Institution,<ref name=" Thaipat Institution">{{cite news|title= Thaipat Institution|publisher= Thaipat Institution|year=2015|url= http://www.thaipat.org}}</ref> as well as the CSR Recognition Award 2014<ref name="The Beacon Vol. 11" /> and the Top Corporate Governance Award 2014<ref name="The Beacon Vol. 11" /> organized by the Stock Exchange of Thailand.

In June 2016, Indorama Ventures received the Best Polymer Producers Awards for Europe 2016 in the category of PET during the main conference of the European Plastics Converters (EuPC) Annual Meeting.

In 2016, Indorama Ventures is in the top 25 companies with good level of transparency in Transparency International's research on transparency in corporate reporting.<ref>https://issuu.com/transparencyinternational/docs/2016_transparencyincorporatereporti?e=2496456/37122985</ref>

==Charity/CSR activities==
In August 2014, the Company signed the [[memorandum of understanding]] (MOU) with [[Operation Smile]] Thailand,<ref name="MOU Operation Smile Thailand">{{cite news|title=MOU Operation Smile|publisher=Indorama Ventures|year=2015|url= http://www.indoramaventures.com/EN/CSResponsibility/CSR_CSRNews_De.php?id=152}}</ref><ref name=" Operation Smile Thailand Supporters">{{cite news|title= Supporters|publisher=Operation Smile Thailand|year=2015|url=http://english.operationsmile.or.th/aboutus/supporters/index.phtml}}</ref> to provide support for [[surgery]] on children with cleft lips and palates in the country.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Asia topic|List of companies of}}

[[Category:Chemical companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Thailand]]

Index Living Mall

2018-06-21T00:27:13Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox company
| name = Index Living Mall Co., Ltd.
| logo = Index Living Mall Logo.png
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| industry = Retail
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|2002|12}}
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| hq_location_city = [[Bangkok]]
| hq_location_country = Thailand
| area_served = 
| key_people =
| products = Furniture
| owner = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| num_locations = 31
| num_locations_year = 2017
| parent = Index Interfurn Group
| website = {{URL|indexlivingmall.com}}
}}

[[Image:Index Living Mall.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Index Living Mall Pahonyonthin Branch, on the back the [[Supalai Park Towers]] [[Bangkok]]]]
'''Index Living Mall Co. Ltd.''' is a [[Thailand]]-based furniture retailer owned by [[Index Interfurn Group]]. With a concept of a "special mall" entirely devoted to displaying and selling the company's furniture, the company opened its first branch in December 2002 at Future Park Rangsit in suburban [[Bangkok]]. {{Asof|2017}}, the company has 31 branches throughout Thailand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Store Locator|url=https://shoponline.indexlivingmall.com/index-locator/|website=Index Living Mall|accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref>

Apart from Thailand, future locations include seven new malls in [[India]] in five years, six outlets in [[Indonesia]], [[Dubai]], [[UAE]] and [[Russia]] [[Barnaul]].<ref>Jitpleecheep, Pitsinee (August 8, 2006) [http://www.bangkokpost.com/Business/08Aug2006_biz31.php India franchise for Index malls], ''Bangkok Post'' (retrieved August 8, 2006).</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of shopping malls in Thailand]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indexlivingmall.com Official site]

[[Category:Companies based in Bangkok]]

Deestone

2018-06-21T00:26:32Z

110.169.30.147: /* History */

{{Infobox company
|logo = Logo Deestone Move The World.jpg
|logo_size =
|name = Deestone
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = 1977
| founder = Suvit Vongsariyavanich
| location = [[Samut Sakhon Province|Samut Sakhon]], [[Thailand]]
| key_people = [[Suvit Vongsariyavanich]] (Founder)
| industry = Tires Manufacturing
| num_employees = 10,000 +
| revenue =
| net_income =
| homepage ={{URL|www.deestone.com}}
}}

'''Deestone''' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: ดีสโตน) is a Thai tyre manufacturer based in [[Om Noi]], [[Samut Sakhon Province|Samut Sakhon]] in the central of Thailand. It is the country’s largest Thai-owned tyres production facility. The company running five plants and subsidiaries in [[Samut Sakhon Province|Samut Sakhon]] and [[Nakhon Pathom Province|Nakhon Pathom]] with total investment of 6.5 billion baht. It has 10,000 employees and 600 dealers nationwide. More importantly, the company exporting for more than 120 countries worldwide.
Deestone has numerous of products such as, Motorcycle tyres, Truck tyres, Bicycle tyres, Agricultural tyres, Radial tyres etc. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-news-philippines/fuel-autotek-ph-brings-in-momo-deestone-tires |title=Fuel Autotek PH brings in MOMO, Deestone tires |publisher=[[Auto Deal]] |date=3 March 2017 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/print/1105185/ |title=Deestone affirms B7bn blueprint |publisher=[[Bangkok Post]] |date=8 October 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Suvit Vong.jpg|thumb|Suvit Vongsariyavanich (left), Founder of Deestone Group]]
Deestone was established by Suvit Vongsariyavanich in 1977. The first and second factory are called Deestone Co., Ltd and Deerubber Co., Ltd as following, which producing truck tyres, Industrial tyres and motorcycle tyres.

In 1994, with the establishment of third factory, Deestone International Co., Ltd. The company diversified into bicycle, scooter and special industrial tyres and inner tube manufacturing for export.

Deestone announced the first radial tyres factory called, Svizz-One Corporation Co., Ltd (Fourth Factory) in 2007. With the fourth plant, it leads to support both domestic and international radial markets.

In 2014, Deestone commenced operation of its fifth plant called Siam Truck Radial Co., Ltd, making truck radial tyres in [[Kamphaeng Saen]], [[Nakhon Pathom Province|Nakhon Pathom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-news-philippines/fuel-autotek-ph-brings-in-momo-deestone-tires |title=Fuel Autotek PH brings in MOMO, Deestone tires |publisher=[[Auto Deal]] |date=3 March 2017 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/print/1105185/ |title=Deestone affirms B7bn blueprint |publisher=[[Bangkok Post]] |date=8 October 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== Products ==
[[File:Deestone tyres 1.jpg|thumb|Deestone tyres in Thailand Industry Expo 2017]]
* Motorcycle Tyres
* Bicycle Tyres
* Commercial vehicle Tyres (Radial)
* Truck bias Tyres
* Agricultural Tyres
* Radial Tyres
* Forklift Tyres
* OTR Tyres
* Tube and Flaps

== Brands ==
* 1. Deestone
* 2. Thunderer
== Sponsorship==
In 2016, Deestone was the sponsorship of [[Thai League 1]] club, [[Nakhon Ratchasima F.C.]] and [[Thai League 2]] club, [[Nakhon Pathom United F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/pr/detail/13478 |title=โคราช ทีมสวาทแคท เข้าพบ ขอบคุณผู้บริหาร Deestone |publisher=[[Bangkokbiznews]] |date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deestone.com/News-Promotion/News/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2-Sport-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99!-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A.aspx#.WrIKUsNubIU |publisher=Deestone |date=17 March 2016 |accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== Promotion partner==
[[File:Fast 8 Deestone.jpg|thumb|Deestone Proud Promotional Partner of Fast & Furious 8]]
In 2015 and 2017, Deestone was the promotion partner of [[Furious 7]] and [[Furious 8]] , the seventh and eighth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise as following.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deestone.com/News-Promotion/News/Deestone-Promotional-Partner-Of-FastandFurious7.aspx#.WgkKwVuCzIU |title=Deestone Promotional Partner Of Fast&Furious7 |publisher=Deestone |date=26 March 2015 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== List of Deestone Factories ==
* 1. Deestone Co., Ltd
* 2. Deerubber Co., Ltd
* 3. Deestone International Co., Ltd
* 4. Svizz-one Corporation Co., Ltd
* 5. Siam Truck Radial Co., Ltd
==See also==
* [[List of companies of Thailand]]
* [[List of tire companies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite news|author1=นรินทร โชติภิรมย์กุล|title=ดีสโตน ยางรถสัญชาติไทย เสริมทัพแกร่ง เตรียมเข้าตลาดหลักทรัพย์ปี 62|url=http://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/2736|accessdate=6 March 2018|work=Thai Post|date=9 February 2018|language=th}}
*{{cite news|title="วัลยา" เจน 2 Deestone ยางล้อคนไทยรุกกลุ่มคนรุ่นใหม่ใช้ยางไทย|url=https://www.prachachat.net/local-economy/news-22317|accessdate=6 March 2018|work=ประชาชาติ|date=15 August 2017|language=th-TH}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.deestone.com}}
* [http://тракшина.укр/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DEESTONE.pdf Product list]

[[Category:Manufacturing companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Tire manufacturers]]
[[Category:Thai brands]]

Deestone

2018-06-21T00:25:57Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox company
|logo = Logo Deestone Move The World.jpg
|logo_size =
|name = Deestone
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = 1977
| founder = Suvit Vongsariyavanich
| location = [[Samut Sakhon Province|Samut Sakhon]], [[Thailand]]
| key_people = [[Suvit Vongsariyavanich]] (Founder)
| industry = Tires Manufacturing
| num_employees = 10,000 +
| revenue =
| net_income =
| homepage ={{URL|www.deestone.com}}
}}

'''Deestone''' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: ดีสโตน) is a Thai tyre manufacturer based in [[Om Noi]], [[Samut Sakhon Province|Samut Sakhon]] in the central of Thailand. It is the country’s largest Thai-owned tyres production facility. The company running five plants and subsidiaries in [[Samut Sakhon Province|Samut Sakhon]] and [[Nakhon Pathom Province|Nakhon Pathom]] with total investment of 6.5 billion baht. It has 10,000 employees and 600 dealers nationwide. More importantly, the company exporting for more than 120 countries worldwide.
Deestone has numerous of products such as, Motorcycle tyres, Truck tyres, Bicycle tyres, Agricultural tyres, Radial tyres etc. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-news-philippines/fuel-autotek-ph-brings-in-momo-deestone-tires |title=Fuel Autotek PH brings in MOMO, Deestone tires |publisher=[[Auto Deal]] |date=3 March 2017 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/print/1105185/ |title=Deestone affirms B7bn blueprint |publisher=[[Bangkok Post]] |date=8 October 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Suvit Vong.jpg|thumb|Suvit Vongsariyavanich (left), Founder of Deestone Group]]
Deestone was established by Suvit Vongsariyavanich in 1977. The first and second factory are called Deestone Co., Ltd and Deerubber Co., Ltd as following, which producing truck tyres, Industrial tyres and motorcycle tyres.

In 1994, with the establishment of third factory, Deestone International Co., Ltd. The company diversified into bicycle, scooter and special industrial tyres and inner tube manufacturing for export.

Deestone announced the first radial tyres factory called, Svizz-One Corporation Co., Ltd (Fourth Factory) in 2007. With the fourth plant, it leads to support both domestic and international radial markets.

In 2014, Deestone commenced operation of its fifth plant called Siam Truck Radial Co., Ltd, making truck radial tyres in [[Kamphaeng Saen]], [[Nakhon Pathom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-news-philippines/fuel-autotek-ph-brings-in-momo-deestone-tires |title=Fuel Autotek PH brings in MOMO, Deestone tires |publisher=[[Auto Deal]] |date=3 March 2017 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/print/1105185/ |title=Deestone affirms B7bn blueprint |publisher=[[Bangkok Post]] |date=8 October 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== Products ==
[[File:Deestone tyres 1.jpg|thumb|Deestone tyres in Thailand Industry Expo 2017]]
* Motorcycle Tyres
* Bicycle Tyres
* Commercial vehicle Tyres (Radial)
* Truck bias Tyres
* Agricultural Tyres
* Radial Tyres
* Forklift Tyres
* OTR Tyres
* Tube and Flaps

== Brands ==
* 1. Deestone
* 2. Thunderer
== Sponsorship==
In 2016, Deestone was the sponsorship of [[Thai League 1]] club, [[Nakhon Ratchasima F.C.]] and [[Thai League 2]] club, [[Nakhon Pathom United F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/pr/detail/13478 |title=โคราช ทีมสวาทแคท เข้าพบ ขอบคุณผู้บริหาร Deestone |publisher=[[Bangkokbiznews]] |date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deestone.com/News-Promotion/News/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2-Sport-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99!-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A.aspx#.WrIKUsNubIU |publisher=Deestone |date=17 March 2016 |accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== Promotion partner==
[[File:Fast 8 Deestone.jpg|thumb|Deestone Proud Promotional Partner of Fast & Furious 8]]
In 2015 and 2017, Deestone was the promotion partner of [[Furious 7]] and [[Furious 8]] , the seventh and eighth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise as following.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deestone.com/News-Promotion/News/Deestone-Promotional-Partner-Of-FastandFurious7.aspx#.WgkKwVuCzIU |title=Deestone Promotional Partner Of Fast&Furious7 |publisher=Deestone |date=26 March 2015 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== List of Deestone Factories ==
* 1. Deestone Co., Ltd
* 2. Deerubber Co., Ltd
* 3. Deestone International Co., Ltd
* 4. Svizz-one Corporation Co., Ltd
* 5. Siam Truck Radial Co., Ltd
==See also==
* [[List of companies of Thailand]]
* [[List of tire companies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite news|author1=นรินทร โชติภิรมย์กุล|title=ดีสโตน ยางรถสัญชาติไทย เสริมทัพแกร่ง เตรียมเข้าตลาดหลักทรัพย์ปี 62|url=http://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/2736|accessdate=6 March 2018|work=Thai Post|date=9 February 2018|language=th}}
*{{cite news|title="วัลยา" เจน 2 Deestone ยางล้อคนไทยรุกกลุ่มคนรุ่นใหม่ใช้ยางไทย|url=https://www.prachachat.net/local-economy/news-22317|accessdate=6 March 2018|work=ประชาชาติ|date=15 August 2017|language=th-TH}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.deestone.com}}
* [http://тракшина.укр/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DEESTONE.pdf Product list]

[[Category:Manufacturing companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Tire manufacturers]]
[[Category:Thai brands]]

Deestone

2018-06-21T00:25:37Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox company
|logo = Logo Deestone Move The World.jpg
|logo_size =
|name = Deestone
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = 1977
| founder = Suvit Vongsariyavanich
| location = [[Samut Sakhon Province|Samut Sakhon]], [[Thailand]]
| key_people = [[Suvit Vongsariyavanich]] (Founder)
| industry = Tires Manufacturing
| num_employees = 10,000 +
| revenue =
| net_income =
| homepage ={{URL|www.deestone.com}}
}}

'''Deestone''' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: ดีสโตน) is a Thai tyre manufacturer based in [[Om Noi]], [[Samut Sakhon]] in the central of Thailand. It is the country’s largest Thai-owned tyres production facility. The company running five plants and subsidiaries in [[Samut Sakhon Province|Samut Sakhon]] and [[Nakhon Pathom]] with total investment of 6.5 billion baht. It has 10,000 employees and 600 dealers nationwide. More importantly, the company exporting for more than 120 countries worldwide.
Deestone has numerous of products such as, Motorcycle tyres, Truck tyres, Bicycle tyres, Agricultural tyres, Radial tyres etc. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-news-philippines/fuel-autotek-ph-brings-in-momo-deestone-tires |title=Fuel Autotek PH brings in MOMO, Deestone tires |publisher=[[Auto Deal]] |date=3 March 2017 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/print/1105185/ |title=Deestone affirms B7bn blueprint |publisher=[[Bangkok Post]] |date=8 October 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Suvit Vong.jpg|thumb|Suvit Vongsariyavanich (left), Founder of Deestone Group]]
Deestone was established by Suvit Vongsariyavanich in 1977. The first and second factory are called Deestone Co., Ltd and Deerubber Co., Ltd as following, which producing truck tyres, Industrial tyres and motorcycle tyres.

In 1994, with the establishment of third factory, Deestone International Co., Ltd. The company diversified into bicycle, scooter and special industrial tyres and inner tube manufacturing for export.

Deestone announced the first radial tyres factory called, Svizz-One Corporation Co., Ltd (Fourth Factory) in 2007. With the fourth plant, it leads to support both domestic and international radial markets.

In 2014, Deestone commenced operation of its fifth plant called Siam Truck Radial Co., Ltd, making truck radial tyres in [[Kamphaeng Saen]], [[Nakhon Pathom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-news-philippines/fuel-autotek-ph-brings-in-momo-deestone-tires |title=Fuel Autotek PH brings in MOMO, Deestone tires |publisher=[[Auto Deal]] |date=3 March 2017 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/print/1105185/ |title=Deestone affirms B7bn blueprint |publisher=[[Bangkok Post]] |date=8 October 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== Products ==
[[File:Deestone tyres 1.jpg|thumb|Deestone tyres in Thailand Industry Expo 2017]]
* Motorcycle Tyres
* Bicycle Tyres
* Commercial vehicle Tyres (Radial)
* Truck bias Tyres
* Agricultural Tyres
* Radial Tyres
* Forklift Tyres
* OTR Tyres
* Tube and Flaps

== Brands ==
* 1. Deestone
* 2. Thunderer
== Sponsorship==
In 2016, Deestone was the sponsorship of [[Thai League 1]] club, [[Nakhon Ratchasima F.C.]] and [[Thai League 2]] club, [[Nakhon Pathom United F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/pr/detail/13478 |title=โคราช ทีมสวาทแคท เข้าพบ ขอบคุณผู้บริหาร Deestone |publisher=[[Bangkokbiznews]] |date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deestone.com/News-Promotion/News/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2-Sport-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99!-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A.aspx#.WrIKUsNubIU |publisher=Deestone |date=17 March 2016 |accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== Promotion partner==
[[File:Fast 8 Deestone.jpg|thumb|Deestone Proud Promotional Partner of Fast & Furious 8]]
In 2015 and 2017, Deestone was the promotion partner of [[Furious 7]] and [[Furious 8]] , the seventh and eighth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise as following.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deestone.com/News-Promotion/News/Deestone-Promotional-Partner-Of-FastandFurious7.aspx#.WgkKwVuCzIU |title=Deestone Promotional Partner Of Fast&Furious7 |publisher=Deestone |date=26 March 2015 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== List of Deestone Factories ==
* 1. Deestone Co., Ltd
* 2. Deerubber Co., Ltd
* 3. Deestone International Co., Ltd
* 4. Svizz-one Corporation Co., Ltd
* 5. Siam Truck Radial Co., Ltd
==See also==
* [[List of companies of Thailand]]
* [[List of tire companies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite news|author1=นรินทร โชติภิรมย์กุล|title=ดีสโตน ยางรถสัญชาติไทย เสริมทัพแกร่ง เตรียมเข้าตลาดหลักทรัพย์ปี 62|url=http://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/2736|accessdate=6 March 2018|work=Thai Post|date=9 February 2018|language=th}}
*{{cite news|title="วัลยา" เจน 2 Deestone ยางล้อคนไทยรุกกลุ่มคนรุ่นใหม่ใช้ยางไทย|url=https://www.prachachat.net/local-economy/news-22317|accessdate=6 March 2018|work=ประชาชาติ|date=15 August 2017|language=th-TH}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.deestone.com}}
* [http://тракшина.укр/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DEESTONE.pdf Product list]

[[Category:Manufacturing companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Tire manufacturers]]
[[Category:Thai brands]]

Deestone

2018-06-21T00:25:23Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox company
|logo = Logo Deestone Move The World.jpg
|logo_size =
|name = Deestone
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = 1977
| founder = Suvit Vongsariyavanich
| location = [[Samut Sakhon Province|Samut Sakhon]], [[Thailand]]
| key_people = [[Suvit Vongsariyavanich]] (Founder)
| industry = Tires Manufacturing
| num_employees = 10,000 +
| revenue =
| net_income =
| homepage ={{URL|www.deestone.com}}
}}

'''Deestone''' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: ดีสโตน) is a Thai tyre manufacturer based in [[Om Noi]], [[Samut Sakhon]] in the central of Thailand. It is the country’s largest Thai-owned tyres production facility. The company running five plants and subsidiaries in [[Samut Sakhon]] and [[Nakhon Pathom]] with total investment of 6.5 billion baht. It has 10,000 employees and 600 dealers nationwide. More importantly, the company exporting for more than 120 countries worldwide.
Deestone has numerous of products such as, Motorcycle tyres, Truck tyres, Bicycle tyres, Agricultural tyres, Radial tyres etc. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-news-philippines/fuel-autotek-ph-brings-in-momo-deestone-tires |title=Fuel Autotek PH brings in MOMO, Deestone tires |publisher=[[Auto Deal]] |date=3 March 2017 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/print/1105185/ |title=Deestone affirms B7bn blueprint |publisher=[[Bangkok Post]] |date=8 October 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Suvit Vong.jpg|thumb|Suvit Vongsariyavanich (left), Founder of Deestone Group]]
Deestone was established by Suvit Vongsariyavanich in 1977. The first and second factory are called Deestone Co., Ltd and Deerubber Co., Ltd as following, which producing truck tyres, Industrial tyres and motorcycle tyres.

In 1994, with the establishment of third factory, Deestone International Co., Ltd. The company diversified into bicycle, scooter and special industrial tyres and inner tube manufacturing for export.

Deestone announced the first radial tyres factory called, Svizz-One Corporation Co., Ltd (Fourth Factory) in 2007. With the fourth plant, it leads to support both domestic and international radial markets.

In 2014, Deestone commenced operation of its fifth plant called Siam Truck Radial Co., Ltd, making truck radial tyres in [[Kamphaeng Saen]], [[Nakhon Pathom]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-news-philippines/fuel-autotek-ph-brings-in-momo-deestone-tires |title=Fuel Autotek PH brings in MOMO, Deestone tires |publisher=[[Auto Deal]] |date=3 March 2017 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/print/1105185/ |title=Deestone affirms B7bn blueprint |publisher=[[Bangkok Post]] |date=8 October 2016 |accessdate=10 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirereview.com/deestone-a-successful-entry-into-radial-production/ |title=Deestone: A Successful Entry into Radial Production |publisher=[[Tire Review]] |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== Products ==
[[File:Deestone tyres 1.jpg|thumb|Deestone tyres in Thailand Industry Expo 2017]]
* Motorcycle Tyres
* Bicycle Tyres
* Commercial vehicle Tyres (Radial)
* Truck bias Tyres
* Agricultural Tyres
* Radial Tyres
* Forklift Tyres
* OTR Tyres
* Tube and Flaps

== Brands ==
* 1. Deestone
* 2. Thunderer
== Sponsorship==
In 2016, Deestone was the sponsorship of [[Thai League 1]] club, [[Nakhon Ratchasima F.C.]] and [[Thai League 2]] club, [[Nakhon Pathom United F.C.]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/pr/detail/13478 |title=โคราช ทีมสวาทแคท เข้าพบ ขอบคุณผู้บริหาร Deestone |publisher=[[Bangkokbiznews]] |date=31 May 2016 |accessdate=4 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deestone.com/News-Promotion/News/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2-Sport-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87-%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99!-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A.aspx#.WrIKUsNubIU |publisher=Deestone |date=17 March 2016 |accessdate=21 March 2018}}</ref>

== Promotion partner==
[[File:Fast 8 Deestone.jpg|thumb|Deestone Proud Promotional Partner of Fast & Furious 8]]
In 2015 and 2017, Deestone was the promotion partner of [[Furious 7]] and [[Furious 8]] , the seventh and eighth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise as following.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deestone.com/News-Promotion/News/Deestone-Promotional-Partner-Of-FastandFurious7.aspx#.WgkKwVuCzIU |title=Deestone Promotional Partner Of Fast&Furious7 |publisher=Deestone |date=26 March 2015 |accessdate=13 November 2017}}</ref>

== List of Deestone Factories ==
* 1. Deestone Co., Ltd
* 2. Deerubber Co., Ltd
* 3. Deestone International Co., Ltd
* 4. Svizz-one Corporation Co., Ltd
* 5. Siam Truck Radial Co., Ltd
==See also==
* [[List of companies of Thailand]]
* [[List of tire companies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite news|author1=นรินทร โชติภิรมย์กุล|title=ดีสโตน ยางรถสัญชาติไทย เสริมทัพแกร่ง เตรียมเข้าตลาดหลักทรัพย์ปี 62|url=http://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/2736|accessdate=6 March 2018|work=Thai Post|date=9 February 2018|language=th}}
*{{cite news|title="วัลยา" เจน 2 Deestone ยางล้อคนไทยรุกกลุ่มคนรุ่นใหม่ใช้ยางไทย|url=https://www.prachachat.net/local-economy/news-22317|accessdate=6 March 2018|work=ประชาชาติ|date=15 August 2017|language=th-TH}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|www.deestone.com}}
* [http://тракшина.укр/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/DEESTONE.pdf Product list]

[[Category:Manufacturing companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Tire manufacturers]]
[[Category:Thai brands]]

Chaiseri

2018-06-21T00:24:20Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox company
| name = Chaiseri Metal and Rubber Co., Ltd.
| logo = Chaiseri-logo.png
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| native_name = {{lang-th|บริษัท ชัยเสรีเม็ททอลแอนด์รับเบอร์ จำกัด}}
| type = [[Limited company]]
| industry = [[Arms Industry|Defence]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|1939}}<ref name="Chaiseri-About">{{cite web|url=http://chaiseri-defense.com/index.php/about_us/index/expetise|title=About Us|publisher=Chaiseri|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref>
| founder =
| defunct =
| hq_location_city = [[Pathum Thani Province|Pathum Thani]]
| hq_location_country = [[Thailand]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Hiran Koolhiran]] ([[Managing Director]])<ref name="T-Mark">{{cite web|url=http://www.thailandtrustmark.com/en/success-story/22-chaiseri-metal-and-rubber-story|title=Chaiseri: Thai Armaments for International Security|website=Thailand Trust Mark|publisher=Department of International Trade Promotion|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref> [[Nopparat Kulhiran]] ([[Vice-President]])<ref name="BK-20170811">{{cite news||url=http://bk.asia-city.com/city-living/news/madame-tank|accessdate=13 August 2017|title=Meet the woman who runs a Thai tank-making empire|last1=Tun-Atiru|first1=Choltanutkun|work=BK|date=2017-08-11}}</ref>
| products = [[Armoured fighting vehicle]]
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| operating_income =
| income_year =
| net_income =
| net_income_year =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year =
| subsid =
| homepage = [http://chaiseri-defense.com chaiseri-defense.com]
| footnotes =
| intl = yes
}}

'''Chaiseri Metal and Rubber Co., Ltd.''' also known as just '''Chaiseri''' is a Thai [[arms manufacturing]] company. Describing itself as a "defense land system specialist", Chaiseri designs, manufactures, and upgrades armoured vehicles, their subsystems, and track systems.<ref name="Chaiseri-Main">{{cite web|title=About Chaiseri|url=http://chaiseri-defense.com/index.php/main|website=Chaiseri Metal and Rubber Co., Ltd.|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref>

Besides being a supplier to the [[Royal Thai Army]], the company exports to 37 countries including several Arab states, Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, Denmark, Malaysia, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Sweden, Russia, Singapore, Ukraine.<ref name="T-Mark" />

==History==
Chaiseri got its start as a specialist in rubber and rubber-to-metal bonded parts such as torque rods and rubber bumpers for commercial cargo trucks. They then moved to producing track shoes and road wheels for [[Royal Thai Army]] tracked armoured vehicles.

Chaiseri then established a vehicle rebuild plant where they repaired and upgraded both wheeled and tracked vehicles, from small vehicles like the [[M151 1/4-ton 4x4 utility truck|M151]] to assault amphibious vehicles such as the [[AAVP7A1]].

Chaiseri's business revolves around three product lines: its armoured defense vehicle, "[[First Win]] 4x4" (FW4x4).<ref>{{cite web|title=Defense Vehicle|url=http://chaiseri-defense.com/index.php/product/view/defense_vehicle|website=Chaiseri|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref> Chaiseri Run-Flat System permits wheeled vehicles with damaged tires to run 150 kilometres while flat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Run-Flat System|url=http://chaiseri-defense.com/index.php/product/view/runflat|website=Chaiseri|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref> Chaiseri is a specialist in track systems and has aided in the design of many current track systems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thailand’s Chaiseri For Tank Tracks|url=http://defense-studies.blogspot.com/2012/03/thailands-chaiseri-for-tank-tracks.html|website=Defense Studies|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref> Chaiseri Track System C108 enables track upgrades for tracked vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Track System C108|url=http://chaiseri-defense.com/index.php/product/view/track_system|website=Chaiseri|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Track shoe assembly for tracked vehicle US 7703863 B2|url=https://www.google.com/patents/US7703863|website=Google Patents|publisher=US Patent and Trademark Office|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref>

==Awards==
* Demark Design Excellence Award, 2011 for Chaiseri FW 4x4 armoured car.<ref>{{cite web|title=Product Name: รถเกราะล้อยาง FW 4x4|url=http://demarkaward.net/th/demark_winner/detail/229-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%20FW%204x4|website=Design Excellence Award|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref>
* Prime Minister's Export Award, 2015 to Chaiseri for "Best Thai brand"<ref>{{cite web|title=Prime Minister's Export Award, 2015|url=http://www.pm-award.com/news/pm-award-2015-winners|website=Prime Minister's Export Award|publisher=Department of International Trade Promotion, Ministry of Commerce, Royal Thai Government|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref>
* Thailand Trust Mark<ref name="T-Mark" />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Military vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Defence companies of Thailand]]

CDG Group

2018-06-21T00:24:06Z

110.169.30.147:

{{multiple issues|
{{notability|Companies|date=March 2013}}
{{orphan|date=March 2013}}
{{COI|date=March 2013}}
}}

{{Infobox company
|name = CDG Group
|logo = CDG_logo.png
|image = Cdghouse.jpg
|caption = CDG House Building
|type = [[Public company|Public]]
|traded_as =
|founder =
|foundation = 1968 (Yingyong Lieuchareon)
|location_city = [[Bangkok]]
|location_country = Thailand
|area_served =
|key_people = Nart Lieuchareon
|industry = Computer hardware and software IT services & consulting
|products =
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|num_employees =
|homepage = {{URL|http://www.cdg.co.th/}}
}}
The '''CDG Group''' is group of [[Information technology]] companies in [[Thailand]]. Their first affiliate, Control Data (Thailand) Ltd., was initially a subsidiary of [[Control Data]] (USA), which had been established during the [[Vietnam War]] to serve the [[US army]] <ref>{{ISBN|978-974-496-201-0}}</ref> as the data backup center in Thailand. After the war, Yingyong Lieuchareon acquired the business and registered it as a local Thai company in 1968.

CDG Group consists of five affiliates: Control Data (Thailand) Ltd., CDGS System Ltd., Computer Peripherals & Supplies Ltd., ESRI (Thailand) Co., Ltd., GlobeTech Co. Ltd., employing over 1,000 employees and handling 8 key fields.

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} 

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/cdg.co.th www.facebook.com/cdg.co.th]
* [http://www.thairath.co.th/content/tech/234735]
* [http://www.bangkokbiznews.com/home/detail/it/it/20120131/433144/ซีดีจีปรับแบรนด์ใหม่บุกตลาดอาเซียน.html]
* [http://www.itpc.or.th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=183:2012-03-01-08-22-26&catid=45:2012-03-01-08-05-58&Itemid=58]
* [http://www.manager.co.th/Cyberbiz/ViewNews.aspx?NewsID=9550000013653]

[[Category:Companies of Thailand]]

Bangkok Land

2018-06-21T00:22:10Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox company
| name = Bangkok Land
| logo =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{SET|BLAND}}
| genre =
| foundation = April 19, 1973
| founder =
| location = [[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]], [[Thailand]]
| area_served = Southeast Asia
| key_people = Anant Kanjanapas, CEO
| industry = [[Real estate]]
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets = {{increase}} [[United States dollar|US$]] 1.8 billion (2015)<ref name="Financial Data">[https://www.cbre.co.th/en][http://www.set.or.th/set/companyhighlight.do?symbol=BLAND&ssoPageId=5&language=en&country=US Bangkok Land Financial Data], then using the December 31, 2014 exchange rate of 1 baht = 0.02812 US dollar </ref>
| equity =
| parent =
| num_employees =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| caption =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.bangkokland.co.th/}}
| footnotes =
| intl = yes
}}
'''Bangkok Land''' ({{SET|BLAND}}) is a large property holding company in [[Thailand]]. It is involved in city projects which consist of the creation of entire cities in the area upcountry from [[Bangkok]]. These projects include city government and maintenance facilities in addition to commercial, residential and infrastructure installations. Typically, Bangkok Land will be involved in establishing the first [[city government]], providing ballot boxes and organizing political committees to do so.

Along with its competitor [[Land and Houses]] of Bangkok, Bangkok Land is considered to have a very good [[land banking|land bank]], or real estate collection. It is listed on the [[Stock Exchange of Thailand]].

Bangkok Land Public Company Limited, together with its subsidiaries, engages in the development and sale of residential housings and commercial buildings in Thailand. It develops single houses, townhouses, condominiums, shop-houses, and high rise commercial buildings, as well as projects from small sizes to very large self-contained communities. The company also offers exhibition and convention facilities and services for government, corporations, and individuals to hold exhibitions, conventions, concerts, entertainment shows, parties, receptions, and examinations. In addition, it provides building maintenance, project management, and property rental services. Further, the company operates restaurants, hotels, food courts, small retails shops, and a fresh food market. It primarily owns and manages approximately 140,000 square meters of exhibition and convention space with other related supporting facilities in south-east Asia. Bangkok Land Public Company Limited is based in [[Nonthaburi Province|Nonthaburi]], Thailand.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://finance.google.com/finance?q=Bangkok+Land Bangkok Land at Google finance]

[[Category:Bangkok Land|*]]
[[Category:Real estate companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Real estate companies established in 1973]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Thailand]]

{{Asia-company-stub}}
{{Thailand-stub}}

AutoAlliance Thailand

2018-06-21T00:20:44Z

110.169.30.147:

{{For|other uses of the name AutoAlliance|AutoAlliance (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox company
| name = AutoAlliance Thailand
| logo = File:AutoAlliance Thailand logo.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_padding =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| trading_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| romanized_name =
| former_name =
| type = Joint venture
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = Automotive
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = 
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = [[Bangkok]]
| hq_location_country = [[Thailand]]
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = Southeast Asia Europe United States
| key_people =
| products =
| brands =
| production =
| production_year = 
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| aum = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| ratio = 
| rating = 
| website = 
| footnotes =
| intl = 
}}

'''AutoAlliance Thailand''' ('''AAT''') is the name of a [[joint venture]] automobile assembly firm co-owned by [[Ford Motor Company]] and [[Mazda|Mazda Motor Corporation]] in [[Rayong province]], [[Thailand]]. Modeled after the Ford-Mazda [[AutoAlliance International]] joint venture in the United States, AAT builds compact [[pickup truck]]s and [[sport utility vehicle|SUV]]s primarily for the South-East Asian market, with exports to other developing markets, and Europe as well.

The factory in Thailand is designed to be similar to Mazda's [[Hofu]] plant, and is arranged as four squares.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

==History==
Ford's sales in Thailand began in 1913<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9729 |title=Highlights of Ford Thailand |work=Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Media.ford.com |date=1998-07-01 |accessdate=2012-05-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320093757/http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=9729 |archivedate=2012-03-20 |df= }}</ref> with the [[Ford Model T|Model T]], but it was only in 1961 that Ford began construction there. '''Anglo-Thai Motors Company''', Ford’s distributor (which sold [[Ford of Europe]] and [[Ford Motor Company of Australia|Ford of Australia]] products), announced in 1960 that it would build a factory in the country, with '''Thai Motor Company''' the result. This was the first time automobiles had been built in Thailand - [[Ford Cortina]]s were assembled locally using components shipped in from the UK. Mazda first began exporting utility vehicles to Thailand in 1950. In 1974 '''Sukosol & Mazda Motor Industry''' was founded, opening Mazda's first knock-down assembly plant in 1975.<ref name=MZ33>{{citation | title = Mazda News No. 33 | publisher = Toyo Kogyo Co. | location = Hiroshima, Japan | page = 5 |date=April 1975 | editor-first = Yasuhisa | editor-last = Minagawa }}</ref>

Ford brought Thai Motor under the corporate umbrella in 1973, but closed the factory just three years later. Company presence returned in 1985 with the formation of '''New Era Company''' to push cars and trucks in the country.

Construction on the new AutoAlliance plant began on November 28, 1995, and the plant began mass production on May 29, 1998. The grand opening ceremony on July 1, 1998, included [[Chuan Leekpai]], the then-prime minister of Thailand.

==Current production==
[[File:98-00 Ford Ranger.jpg|thumb|right|1998-00 model year Ford Ranger.]]
* [[Ford Ranger (international)|Ford Ranger]] (1998–present)<ref name="Current">{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/plant_display.cfm?plant_id=49 |title=Facilities | Ford Motor Company Newsroom |publisher=Media.ford.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617135309/http://media.ford.com/plant_display.cfm?plant_id=49 |archivedate=2012-06-17 |df= }}</ref>
* [[Ford Everest]] (March 2003–present)<ref name="Current"/>
* [[Ford Fiesta]] (2010–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=29708 |title=Ford Fiesta Marks Latest Global Milestone With Start Of Production At State-Of-The-Art Facility In China |publisher=Media.ford.com |date=2009-01-15 |accessdate=2012-05-29}}</ref>
* [[Ford EcoSport]] (2013–present)<ref name="TopGearPH">{{cite web |url=http://www.topgear.com.ph/news/ford-presents-ecosport-at-bangkok-motor-show-is-mum-on-pricing |title=Ford Presents EcoSport at Bangkok Motor Show, Is Mum on Pricing |author=Tabamo Dinzo |publisher=''[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear Philippines]]'' |date=2013-03-25 |accessdate=2013-06-14}}</ref>
* [[Mazda Demio|Mazda2]] (2009–present)
* [[Mazda3]] (2010–present)

==Former production==
* [[Mazda B-Series]] (1998–2006)<ref name="Current"/>
* [[Ford Laser]] (January 2000 – 2002)
* [[Mazda Familia|Mazda 323 Protégé]] (January 2000 – 2002)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website | http://www.autoalliance.co.th/en/index.php }}

{{Ford Motor Company}}

[[Category:Ford factories]]
[[Category:Mazda factories]]
[[Category:Mazda]]
[[Category:Ford Motor Company]]
[[Category:Joint ventures]]
[[Category:Motor vehicle assembly plants in Thailand]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Thailand]]
[[Category:Companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1998]]
[[Category:Automotive industry in Thailand]]

Areeya Property

2018-06-21T00:19:44Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=May 2016}}{{orphan|date=October 2015}}{{POV|date=October 2015}}}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Areeya Property
| logo =
| caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{SET|A}}
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date|2000}}
| founder = Mr Wisit Laohapoonrungsee
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Bangkok]]
| location_country = [[Thailand]]
| locations = 999 Praditmanutham Road, Saphan Song, Wang Thonglang, Bangkok 10310 <ref name="Company Profile">[http://www.settrade.com/C04_03_stock_companyhighlight_p1.jsp?txtSymbol=A&am… รายละเอียดบริษัท/หลักทรัพย์] เซ็ทเทรดดอตคอม</ref>
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry = Real estate
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.areeya.co.th}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''Areeya Property (PCL.)''' was founded in 2000 as a company limited to develop the real estate projects by all project operated in the name of ‘Areeya’..

== History ==
In year 2003, the company registered as a public company and then its security was listed in the Stock Exchange of Thailand in year 2004.
Areeya Property (PCL.) currently develops a full range of residential projects with 3 product lines
• Single Detached House project
• Townhome project
• Condominium project
Moreover, Areeya Prpperty (PCL.) has initialed to develop the community mall, wholesale building and retail building. In order to build component of residential as well for responding to meet the need of customers who want comprehensive project.

==Milestone==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Events
|-
|2000
|[http://www.areeya.co.th/index.php], Areeya Property (PCL.) started off in a property development business in Thailand.
|-
|2002-2004
|Areeya Property (PCL.) quickly grew and succeeded in developing single detached house projects, such as “AREEYA CHABA”, “AREEYA SAWANA”, “AREEYA CASA”, “AREEYA BUSSABA” and “AREEYA METRO”.
|-
|2004
|Areeya Property (PCL.) was registered on the Stock Exchange of Thailand and ranked as the fastest company to go public. At present, Areeya’s registered capital is 949 million baht.
|-
|2005
|Areeya Property (PCL.) developed the following town home projects, such as “Areeya Mova”, “Areeya Mandarina”, “Wondara Mova”.
|-
|2006
|Areeya Property (PCL.) launched “A SPACE” premiere condominium project that successfully reached 3,000 million baht in sales in 4 months. The sales then rocketed to 5,000 million baht in just 9 months.
|-
|2007-2008
|Areeya Property (PCL.) continued a successes with the launch of new projects, such as “THE COLORS” town home and “ASPACE PLAY” condominium.
|-
|2009-2011
|Areeya Property (PCL.) launched in succession with “THE COLORS PREMIUM” town home, “AREEYA TOBE” loft town home and “A SPACE ID” condominium.
|-
|2012-2013
|Areeya Property (PCL.) developed many new projects to meet the consumer’s need, such as “THE VILLAGE” single detached & twin house, “AREEYA DAILY” town home and [http://www.areeya.co.th/Condominium/index.php “A SPACE ME” condominium].
|-
|2014-2015
|Areeya Property (PCL.) has never stopped to develop new projects, such as “AREEYA COMO” single detached house and “PICKADAILY BANGKOK” community mall to strengthen the positioning of lifestyle brand in the real estate industry.
|}

==3 Business Groups==
Areeya Property (PCL.) and its subsidiaries is summarized as the 5 core businesses as follows;
*1. Development of real estate project
*2. Development of real estate projects and property management
*3. After sales service for property
*4. Construction service
*5. Retail business

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[[Stock Exchange of Thailand]]
*http://www.microsoft.com/thailand/casestudy/property/areeya/
*http://www.trisrating.com/en/areeya-property-plc/3523-areeya130115.html
*http://www.settrade.com/C04_03_stock_companyhighlight_p1.jsp?txtSymbol=A&ssoPageId=12&selectPage=3

==External links==
#[http://www.areeya.co.th/Company_Profile.php]
#[http://www.areeya.co.th/Condominium/index.php]
#[https://www.facebook.com/areeyahome]

[[Category:Real estate companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bangkok]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Thailand]]

2Spot Communications

2018-06-21T00:18:13Z

110.169.30.147:

{{Infobox company
| name = 2Spot Communications Co., Ltd.
| logo =
| type =
| genre =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation =
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = Bangkok
| location_country = Thailand
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = Kris Nalamlieng (CEO and Managing Director)
| industry =
| products = Fashion Accessories Gifts Entertainment
| services =
| market cap =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = [http://www.2-spot.com www.2-spot.com]
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
[[File:2Spot Siam Shop.jpg|thumb|240px|2Spot store at Siam Square in Bangkok, Thailand]]
'''2Spot Communications''' is a character-design company based in [[Thailand]]. 2Spot was founded in 2004 and is the first character studio in Thailand that combines character design, licensing, mobile applications, merchandising, and retail.{{Citation needed|date=August 2016}} Kris Nalamlieng, son of former [[Siam Cement]] CEO [[Chumpol NaLamlieng]], is the managing director of 2Spot.<ref name="nationmultimedia2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2005/11/29/business/data/business_19280843.html|title=Bloody Bunny and Co prove popular|publisher=www.nationmultimedia.com|date=November 29, 2005|accessdate=September 21, 2015}}</ref> As of 2010, 2Spot has developed more than 20 characters sets, 1,000+ products, and 3,000+ digital content materials (i.e. mobile wallpapers and screensavers).

2Spot Communications has been featured on numerous television programs including ''[[Bangkok Post]]'''s PostScript<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoRAMzNRBng|title=YouTube - 2:Spot - CEO Interview 1/3 (Bangkok Post, in Thai)|publisher=2spotstudio via [[YouTube]]|date=Mar 23, 2010|accessdate=September 21, 2015}}</ref> and Thailand's Morning Talk TV.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dffB1Gm5Puc|title=YouTube - 2:Spot - CEO Interview (Morning TV, in Thai)|publisher=2spotstudio via [[YouTube]]|date=Jul 20, 2010|accessdate=September 21, 2015}}</ref>

==History==
'''2005'''
* First release of 2Spot mobile products with Thailand’s major mobile operators
'''2006'''
* Public opening at Thailand Animation Fair
'''2007'''
* Opening of 2Spot Shop at [[Siam Square]] in Bangkok
* Exhibit at [[Tokyo International Anime Fair]]
* Exhibit at Hong Kong International Licensing Show
* Exhibit at [[Hong Kong International Stationery Fair]]
'''2008'''
* Attendance at Hong Kong International Licensing Show<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711172149/http://form.hktdc.com/UI_VisitorIntranet/Public/ExhibitorDetailPublic.aspx?EVENTID=db162635-36f5-4746-ad6c-12c533d4eafc&EXHIBITORID=50952d3e-91d5-44be-a460-b924a13a4545&LANGID=1|archivedate=July 11, 2011|url=http://form.hktdc.com/UI_VisitorIntranet/Public/ExhibitorDetailPublic.aspx?EVENTID=db162635-36f5-4746-ad6c-12c533d4eafc&EXHIBITORID=50952d3e-91d5-44be-a460-b924a13a4545&LANGID=1|title=Exhibitor Detail|publisher=hktdc.com|accessdate=September 21, 2015}}</ref>
* Opening of 2Spot Shop at Central Rama 3
* Stationary product launch with [[7-Eleven]]
[[File:2Spot P4 7-Eleven Milk.jpg|thumb|240px|2Spot's P4 characters on 7-Eleven milk cartons]]

'''2009'''
* Launch of Bloody Bunny Foremost milk at [[7-Eleven]]
* Release of Bloody Bunny, Biscuit and Unsleep Sheep applications for iPhone and Blackberry
* Awarded runner-up prize at SIPA Game Contest 2009 & SIPA Animation Contest 2009<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074506/http://www.sipacontest2010.com/?p=627|archivedate=July 16, 2011|url=http://www.sipacontest2010.com/?p=627|title=คลิปวีดีโอตัวอย่างการพรีเซนต์งาน sipa animation contest 2009|publisher=TBS|accessdate=September 21, 2015}}</ref>

'''2010'''
* Exhibit at Toy & Comic Expo Asia 2010 (Thailand)
* Exhibit at Singapore Toy Games & Comic Convention (STGCC) 2010<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101034438/http://www.singaporetgcc.com/whats-newstgcc|archivedate=November 1, 2010|url=http://www.singaporetgcc.com/whats-newstgcc|title=What's New@STGCC|publisher=www.singaporetgcc.com|accessdate=September 21, 2015}}</ref>
* Launch of P4 Panda Foremost milk at [[7-Eleven]] Thailand<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407085320/http://www.ryt9.com/s/prg/1028296|archivedate=April 7, 2014|url=http://www.ryt9.com/s/prg/1028296|title=P4 Panda Sparkling in Thailand Licensing Market น้องเหมาP4 บุกนมโฟรโมสต์ ที่7|publisher=www.ryt9.com|date=2009|accessdate=September 21, 2015}}</ref>

==Characters==
2Spot has created over 200 characters,.<ref name="nationmultimedia2005"/> The four most popular ones are Biscuit, Bloody Bunny, P4, and Unsleep Sheep.

2Spot offers a full line of service for licensing partners, including product design, sourcing, packaging design and short animation development. 2Spot is currently exporting digital and promotional licenses in Asia, Europe, and America.

2Spot clients include FlyCell (USA), Kaga Electronics (Japan), ACE Communications (France), Zoobe (Germany), Moffy (HK), and [[Sony Ericsson]] (Thailand).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://2-spot.com/ 2Spot website]

{{Animation industry in Thailand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2spot Communications}}
[[Category:Companies based in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Design companies of Thailand]]
[[Category:Thai brands]]
[[Category:Thai companies established in 2004]]
[[Category:Design companies established in 2004]]

Sunthorn Phu Memorial

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110.169.30.147: /* History */

{{Orphan|date=February 2015}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
The '''Sunthorn Phu Memorial''' was built to commemorate poet [[Sunthorn Phu]] of the [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Rattanakosin]] era. He was Sunthorn Wohan, known as Sunthorn Phu. The Sunthorn Phu Memorial is a park in [[Klaeng District]], [[Rayong Province]], [[Thailand]]. It is believed to be his father's birthplace.

==History==
Sunthorn Phu Memorial Park is a 33.15 acre facility. The foundation stone was set on 30 December 1955 by Prime Minister [[Pibulsongkram]], but construction stopped for 10 years, until 1968. The Rayong Governor at that time was Vithya Kasetsaowapak who donated 962,766.10 baht to purchase the land. It was completed on 5 March 1970 and had its official opening on 25 May 1970.

==Events==

* Fruit festival
* Clothing pagoda in the middle of water
* Sunthorn Phu's birthday
* Taksin the Great's birthday

==Memorial==
The memorial is on a hillside. Three sculptures surround the statue of Sunthorn Phu. The other sculptures represent the main characters in his literary works, including [[Phra Aphai Mani|Prince Aphai Mani]], the ocean butterfly, and the mermaid. Sukij Laidej created the Sunthorn Phu statue. Gaisorn Srisuwan sculpted Aphai Mani. Saroj Jaruc carved the mermaid, and Thana Laohathaikul executed the ocean butterfly.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

<ref>[http://www.annaontour.com/province/rayong/suntornphoo.php]</ref> April 10, 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2014.

<ref>[http://thai.tourismthailand.org]</ref> July 23, 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2014.

{{coord|12.6751|N|101.6345|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Thailand]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rayong Province]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Rayong Province]]

Sanam Chai Road

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[[File:The 1st Marine Battalion, King's Guard in the procession of Princess Galyani Vadhana's royal urn.jpg|thumb|Troops of the King's Guard marching along Sanam Chai Road during the funeral of Princess Galyani Vadhana]]
'''Sanam Chai Road''' ({{lang-th|ถนนสนามไชย}}) is a historic street in [[Bangkok]]'s [[Phra Nakhon District]]. It continues from [[Ratchadamnoen Nai Road]] at the northeastern corner of the [[Grand Palace]], and runs south to meet Rachini and Maharat roads near the mouth of the old city moat, a short distance of {{convert|1.1|km}}. The Grand Palace, [[Wat Pho]], [[Museum Siam]], and [[Phra Ratchawang Police Station]] are located on the west side of the road, while on the east side are the [[Ministry of Defence (Thailand)|Ministry of Defence headquarters]], [[Saranrom Palace]], [[Saranrom Park]], the [[Territorial Defense Command headquarters]] and [[Wat Rajabopit School]]. [[Sanam Chai Station]] of the underground [[MRT (Bangkok)|MRT]]'s under-construction{{update after|2019}} [[MRT Blue Line|Blue Line]] is located beneath the road's final stretch.

The road is named after Sanam Chai ("field of prosperity"), a field formerly located in front of Saranrom Palace and used for military training. The field, together with [[Sanam Luang]], was named by King [[Mongkut]] (Rama IV) in 1855, in order to follow the naming previously used in [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]]. Sanam Chai is overlooked by the Grand Palace's [[Sutthaisawan Prasat]] Hall, which is used by the king for public appearances.<ref name="Oranee">{{cite book|last1=Naenna|first1=Oranee|title=นามนี้มีที่มา|trans-title=These names have origins |date=2002|publisher=Praphansan|location=Bangkok|isbn=9789742308483|pages=42–43 |language=Thai}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|13|44|52|N|100|29|39|E|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Streets in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Phra Nakhon District]]

Santiphap Park

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'''Santiphap Park''' ({{lang-th|สวนสันติภาพ}}, {{RTGS|''Suan Santiphap''}}, literally "Peace Park") is an {{convert|8|acre|km2|sing=on}} park in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]. It is located between [[Ratchawithi Road]] and [[Rang Nam Road]] in [[Ratchathewi]] district.
[[Image:Map Ratchathewi.png|thumb|right|Location in green]]

The land on which Santiphap Park is built is leased from the [[Crown Property Bureau]] by the [[Bangkok Metropolitan Administration]] (BMA). It was previously the site of subsidized housing overseen by the [[National Housing Authority (Thailand)|National Housing Authority]]. The BMA obtained a 30-year lease, beginning in October 1990. Construction on the park began in 1997.<ref name="PPO">[http://203.155.220.217/office/ppdd/publicpark/thai/mainpark/T_Santiphap.html Suan Santiphap], Public Park Office, Department of Environment (in Thai). Retrieved on February 26, 2009.</ref>

Santiphap Park was opened to the public on August 18, 1998. The name ''Santiphap'', meaning "peace", as well as the date of the park's opening, commemorate the end of [[World War II]], which took place 53 years earlier.<ref name="PPO"/>

The [[dove]] is the symbol of Santiphap Park. A [[black oxide|blackened]] bronze sculpture situated in the park's central pond depicts a dove carrying in its beak an olive branch with five blossoms, representing the spread of peace throughout the world. The sculpture is based on a drawing by [[Pablo Picasso]].<ref name="PPO"/>

The entrance signs to Santiphap Park are a facsimile of the handwriting of [[Buddhadasa|Buddhadasa Bhikkhu]], a renowned [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monk]], philosopher and pacifist.<ref name="PPO"/>

Over 30 species of birds have been recorded in the park since its creation. Birds most often seen or heard there: [[rock dove|rock pigeon]], [[spotted dove]], [[zebra dove]], [[plaintive cuckoo]], [[Asian koel|common koel]], [[coppersmith barbet]], [[Asian palm-swift]], [[streak-eared bulbul]], [[black-naped oriole]], [[large-billed crow]], [[oriental magpie-robin]], [[Malaysian pied fantail|pied fantail]], [[black-collared starling]], [[Asian pied starling]], [[common myna]], [[great myna|white-vented myna]], [[olive-backed sunbird]], [[scarlet-backed flowerpecker]], [[Eurasian tree sparrow]]. Common winter (October-March) visitors: [[barn swallow]], [[red-breasted flycatcher]], [[inornate warbler]]. Species which are seen there less often (but all year round): [[Chinese pond-heron]], [[little egret]], [[striated heron]], [[painted stork]], [[house swift]], [[common iora]], [[common tailorbird]], [[yellow-vented bulbul]], [[red-whiskered bulbul]], [[house sparrow]]. Less common winter visitors: [[ashy drongo]], [[brown shrike]]. In the wasteland on which the park was later constructed, [[white-breasted waterhen]], [[black-capped kingfisher]], and [[verditer flycatcher]] were also recorded. Much more unusually for central Bangkok,
[[orange-headed thrush]] and [[laced woodpecker]] have been recorded in a quieter condominium garden 50 m from the park.

The park contains a public address system which is used to broadcast a numbered list of park rules at 07:00, 08:00, 15:00, and 18:00; the national anthem at 08:00 and 18:00; and Thai music 07:00-10:00 and 15:00-18:00 most days. The rules and anthem are often audible from over a block away. Complaints by local residents have been ignored by the park management. The central circular paved area in the park is used for aerobics 18:00-18:45, weather permitting.

Santiphap Park is open from 05:00 until 21:00, and is used by 2-3,000 people on working days, and 3-4,000 on holidays.<ref name="PPO"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|13.763151|N|100.541489|E|source:thwiki_region:TH_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Parks in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Ratchathewi District]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Thailand]]

{{Bangkok-stub}}