Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Gboard

2024-10-24T06:50:19Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Virtual keyboard app for Android and iOS}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox software
| logo = Gboard logo.svg
| logo size = 150px
| collapsible = yes
| screenshot = Gboard screenshot.png
| screenshot size = 250px
| language = 916 ([[Android (operating system)|Android]]) & 125 ([[iOS]])<ref>https://support.google.com/gboard/answer/6380730?hl=en&co=GENIE.Platform%3DAndroid&sjid=9796940078371010383-AP#zippy=%2Cfind-supported-languages</ref> languages
| caption = A screenshot of Gboard being used on [[Google Keep]].
| developer = [[Google]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2016|05|12}}
| ver layout = stacked
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Android TV]], [[Wear OS]], [[iOS]], [[iPadOS]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
}}

'''Gboard''' is a [[virtual keyboard]] [[Mobile app|app]] developed by [[Google]] for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] devices. It was first released on iOS in May 2016, followed by a release on Android in December 2016, debuting as a major update to the already-established '''Google Keyboard''' app on Android.

Gboard features [[Google Search]], including web results (removed since April 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://9to5google.com/2020/04/09/gboard-google-button-disappears/ |work=[[9to5Google]]|title=Google Search button disappears from Gboard on Android|date=April 29, 2020|access-date=August 29, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> and predictive answers, easy searching and sharing of [[GIF]] and [[emoji]] content, a [[machine learning|predictive typing engine]] suggesting the next word depending on context, and [[Multilingualism|multilingual]] language support. Updates to the keyboard have enabled additional functionality, including GIF suggestions, options for a dark color theme or adding a personal image as the keyboard background, support for [[Dictation machine|voice dictation]], next-phrase prediction, and hand-drawn emoji recognition. At the time of its launch on iOS, the keyboard only offered support for the English language, with more languages being gradually added in the following months, whereas on Android, the keyboard supported more than 100 languages at the time of release.

In August 2018, Gboard passed 1 billion installs on the [[Google Play|Google Play Store]], making it one of the most popular Android apps.<ref name="Android Police">{{Cite news|url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2018/08/22/gboard-passes-one-billion-installs-play-store/|title=Gboard passes one billion installs on the Play Store|date=August 22, 2018|work=Android Police|access-date=August 23, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Gboard introduction">{{cite web |first=Reena |last=Lee |title=Gboard, now available for Android |url=https://blog.google/products/search/gboard-now-on-android/ |work=The Keyword Google Blog |date=December 16, 2016 |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Whitwam |title=[Update: Official] Google Keyboard is now Gboard with v6.0 update—includes integrated search, dedicated number row, multiple active languages, and more [APK Download] |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2016/12/17/google-keyboard-now-gboard-v6-0-update-includes-integrated-search-dedicated-number-row-multiple-active-languages-apk-download/ |website=Android Police |date=December 17, 2016 |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Adi |last=Robertson |title=Google's great iOS keyboard is now on Android |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/12/13922300/gboard-google-ios-keyboard-android-support |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=December 12, 2016 |access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/Google-Gboard-keyboard-app-1-billion-downloads_id108061|title=Google's Gboard keyboard app exceeds 1 billion downloads in the Play Store|last=Vasile|first=Cosmin|work=Phone Arena|access-date=August 23, 2018}}</ref> This is measured by the Google Play Store and includes downloads by users as well as pre-installed instances of the app.<ref name="Android Police"/>

==Features==
Gboard is a [[virtual keyboard]] app. It features [[Google Search]], including web results (removed for Android version of the app) and predictive answers, easy searching and sharing of [[GIF]] and [[emoji]] content, and a [[machine learning|predictive typing engine]] suggesting the next word depending on context.<ref name="iOS launch">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/05/12/google-launches-gboard-an-ios-keyboard-that-lets-you-search-without-a-browser/|title=Google launches Gboard, an iOS keyboard that lets you search without a browser|last=Perez|first=Sarah|date=May 12, 2016|website=[[TechCrunch]]|publisher=[[AOL]]|access-date=January 8, 2017}}</ref> At its May 2016 launch on iOS, Gboard only supported the English language,<ref name="iOS launch"/> while it supported "more than 100 languages" at the time of its launch on the Android platform. Google states that Gboard will add more languages "over the coming months".<ref name="Gboard introduction"/> As of October 2019, 916 languages are supported.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.google.com/gboard/answer/6380730|title=Set up Gboard - Android - Gboard Help|website=support.google.com|access-date=October 8, 2019}}</ref>

Gboard features Floating Keyboard<ref name = "Digicular" >{{cite web | first = Susheel | last = Karam | title = How To Turn-On & Use Resizable And Floating Keyboard Feature In Gboard | url = https://digicular.com/google-keyboard-floating-keyboard/ | website = Digicular | date = December 1, 2018 | access-date = November 15, 2020 | archive-date = August 9, 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220809070147/https://digicular.com/google-keyboard-floating-keyboard/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> and Google Translate in Gboard itself.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://support.google.com/gboard/answer/7421372?co=GENIE.Platform%3DAndroid&hl=en|title = Translate as you type - Android - Gboard Help}}</ref> Gboard supports one-handed mode on Android after its May 2016 update. This functionality was added to the app when it was branded as Google Keyboard.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lifehacker.com/google-keyboard-now-has-a-one-handed-mode-1774293892|title=Google Keyboard Now Has a One-Handed Mode|last=Klosowski|first=Thorin|work=Lifehacker|access-date=August 23, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> Gboard supports a variety of different keyboard layouts including [[QWERTY]], [[QWERTZ]], [[AZERTY]], [[Dvorak keyboard layout|Dvorak]] and [[Colemak]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2018 |title=Gboard, Google's excellent iOS keyboard, picks up Morse code typing in latest update |url=https://www.idownloadblog.com/2018/07/12/board-morse-code-typing/ |access-date=March 15, 2022 |website=iDownloadBlog.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

An update for the iOS app released in August 2016 added French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish languages, as well as offering "smart GIF suggestions", where the keyboard will suggest GIFs relevant to text written. The keyboard also offers new options for a dark theme or adding a personal image from the camera roll as the keyboard's background.<ref>{{cite web |first=Rajan |last=Patel |title=Olá Gboard: new languages, personal keyboards and more |url=https://blog.google/products/search/ola-gboard-new-languages-personal_4/ |website=The Keyword Google Blog |date=August 4, 2016 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> Another new update in March 2018 added Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Polish, Romanian, Balochi, Swedish, Catalan, Hungarian, Malay, Russian, Latin American Spanish, and Turkish languages, along with support for voice dictation, enabling users to "long press the mic button on the space bar and talk".<ref>{{cite web |first=Alan |last=Ni |title=Gboard for iPhone gets an upgrade |url=https://blog.google/products/search/gboard-iphone-gets-upgrade/ |website=The Keyword Google Blog |date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=James |last=Vincent |title=Google upgrades its iPhone keyboard with voice dictation and 15 new languages |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/23/14708578/google-keyboard-gboard-voice-typing-ios |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=February 23, 2017 |access-date=February 23, 2017}}</ref> In April 2017, Google significantly increased the amount of Indian languages supported on Gboard, adding 11 new languages, bringing the total number of supported [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] to 22.<ref>{{cite web |first=Andrew |last=Martonik |title=Google dramatically improves support for Indian languages across Translate, Gboard and more |url=http://www.androidcentral.com/google-dramatically-improving-support-indian-languages |website=Android Central |date=April 25, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Abhishek |last=Baxi |title=Google improves support for Indian languages in Google Translate, Gboard, and more |url=http://www.androidauthority.com/google-improves-support-for-indian-languages-in-google-translate-gboard-and-more-766986/ |website=Android Authority |date=April 25, 2017 |access-date=April 27, 2017}}</ref>

In June 2017, the Android app was updated to support recognition of hand-drawn emoji and the ability to predict whole phrases rather than single words. The functionality is expected to come to the iOS app at a later time.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nick |last=Statt |title=Gboard for Android now recognizes hand-drawn emoji and anticipates your next phrase |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/12/15743130/google-gboard-android-update-keyboard-emoji-ai |website=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=June 12, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Roger |last=Cheng |title=Google's Gboard smart keyboard gets new bells and whistles |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/googles-gboard-smart-keyboard-gets-new-bells-and-whistles/ |website=[[CNET]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=June 12, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2017}}</ref> Offline voice recognition was added in March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ai.googleblog.com/2019/03/an-all-neural-on-device-speech.html|title=An All-Neural On-Device Speech Recognizer|website=Google AI Blog|date=March 12, 2019 |language=en|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2019/03/12/googles-new-voice-recognition-system-works-instantly-and-offline-if-you-have-a-pixel/|title=Google's new voice recognition system works instantly and offline (if you have a Pixel)|website=TechCrunch|date=March 12, 2019|language=en-US|access-date=August 22, 2019}}</ref>

On February 12, 2020, a new feature "Emoji Kitchen<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Jack |title=Emoji Kitchen |url=https://emojikitchen.pro/ |url-status=live}}</ref>" was introduced that allowed users to mash up different emoji and use them as stickers when messaging.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2020/02/12/googles-gboard-introduces-emoji-kitchen-a-tool-to-mash-up-emojis-to-use-as-stickers/|title=Google's Gboard introduces Emoji Kitchen, a tool to mash up emojis to use as stickers|website=TechCrunch|date=February 12, 2020|language=en-US|access-date=February 13, 2020}}</ref> Grammar correction was introduced in October 2021, first on the [[Pixel 6]] series.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 29, 2021|title=Gboard on Pixel 6 series gets a grammar correction feature|url=https://www.xda-developers.com/gboard-grammar-correction-feature-pixel-6/|access-date=October 29, 2021|website=xda-developers|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Update|section|date=July 2022}}
In 2016, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' praised the keyboard, particularly the integrated Google search feature. However, it was noted that the app does not currently support integration with other apps on the device, meaning that queries such as "Buy [[Captain America]] movie tickets" sends users to the web browser rather than an app for movie tickets installed on their phone. ''The Wall Street Journal'' also praised the predictive typing engine, stating that it "blows past most competitors" and "it gets smarter with use". They also discovered that Gboard "cleverly suggests emojis as you type words". It was noted that there was the lack of a one-handed mode (a feature added in May 2016 for Android), as well as a lack of options for changing color or the size of keys, writing that "If you're looking to customize a keyboard, Gboard isn't for you."<ref>{{cite web |first=Nathan |last=Olivarez-Giles |title=Review: Gboard Adds Google's Search Box to iPhone Keyboards |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/review-gboard-adds-googles-search-box-to-iphone-keyboards-1463058321 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company]] |date=May 12, 2016 |access-date=January 8, 2017 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Google Play|com.google.android.inputmethod.latin}}
* {{iTunes Preview App}}
* [https://support.google.com/gboard/answer/6380730#languages&zippy=%2Cfind-supported-languages List of supported languages]

{{Google LLC}}

[[Category:Google software]]
[[Category:2016 software]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Android virtual keyboards]]
[[Category:Input methods for handheld devices]]
[[Category:IOS software]]

CCTV Headquarters

2024-10-22T01:20:29Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Skyscraper in the central business district of Beijing, China}}
{{For|the buildings used by China Central Television|CCTV Building (disambiguation){{!}}CCTV Building}}
{{Distinguish|Beijing TV Centre|China Media Group Headquarters}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}

{{Infobox building
| name = CCTV Headquarters
| native_name = {{lang|zh-cn|中央广播电视总台光华路办公区}}
| image = China Central Television HQ, from China World Trade Centre (Cropped).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = CCTV Headquarters in 2019
| alternate_names = China Central Television Headquarters China Media Group (CMG) Office Block at Guanghua Road Central Chinese Television Tower
| location = East Third Ring Road Guanghua Road Beijing, China
| coordinates = {{coord|39.91347|116.45805|region:CN-11|display=inline,title}}
| start_date = 1 June 2004
| completion_date = 16 May 2012
| roof = {{convert|234|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Turner">[https://www.turnerconstruction.com/projects/china-central-television-headquarters-cctv China Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters], Turner Construction</ref>
| floor_count = 51 3 below ground<ref name="Turner" />
| elevator_count = 75
| cost =
| floor_area = {{convert|389079|m2|abbr=on}}
| architect = [[Office for Metropolitan Architecture]] East China Architectural Design & Research Institute
| structural_engineer= [[Ove Arup & Partners]]
| main_contractor = China State Construction and Engineering Corporation
| developer = [[China Media Group]]
| owner = China Media Group
| management = China Media Group
| references = <ref>{{CTBUH|1068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/172398 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306083239/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/172398 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 March 2016 |title=Emporis building ID 172398 |work=[[Emporis]]}}</ref><ref>{{SkyscraperPage|8094}}</ref><ref>{{Structurae|20013674}}</ref><ref name="Guardian2012">{{cite news | agency=Associated Press| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/10245161 | title=China's distinctive CCTV headquarters is completed | work=The Guardian | date=16 May 2012 | access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>
}}
{{Infobox Chinese|order=st|s=中央广播电视总台光华路办公区|t=中央廣播電視總台光華路辦公區|p=Zhōngyāng Guǎngbō Diànshì Zǒngtái Guānghuá Lù Bàngōng Qū|l=Central Radio and Television Station Guanghua Road Office Area}}

The '''CCTV Headquarters''' is a 51-floor [[skyscraper]] formed out of a pair of [[Twin towers (architecture)|conjoined towers]] that sits on the East [[3rd Ring Road (Beijing)|Third Ring Road]], Guanghua Road in the [[Beijing Central Business District]] (CBD) and serves as the headquarters for [[China Central Television]] (CCTV). [[Rem Koolhaas]] and [[Ole Scheeren]] of [[Office for Metropolitan Architecture|OMA]] were the architects in charge for the building, while [[Cecil Balmond]] at [[Arup Group Limited|Arup]] provided the complex engineering design. The building is among the [[World's largest office building|world's largest office buildings]].

The building's construction began on 1 June 2004 and its façade was completed in January 2008. The structure was feted by some architectural critics as "the greatest work of architecture built in this century"<ref name="NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF">{{cite news | author=NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF | title=Koolhaas, Delirious in Beijing | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/arts/design/koolhaass-cctv-building-fits-beijing-as-city-of-the-future.html | work=The New York Times | date=11 July 2011 | access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> and was named the 2013 Best Tall Building Worldwide by the [[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]].

==Background and critical reception==
Architecture critics claim that "Mr. Koolhaas, of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture, has always been interested in making buildings that expose the conflicting energies at work in society, and the CCTV building is the ultimate expression of that aim," thus giving rise to "the slippery symbolism of its exterior."<ref name="NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF"/>
The main building is not a traditional tower, but a loop of six horizontal and vertical sections covering {{convert|473000|m²|abbr=on}} of floor space, creating an irregular grid on the building's façade with an open center. The construction of the building is considered to be a structural challenge, especially because it is in a [[seismic zone]]. [[Rem Koolhaas]] has said the building "could never have been conceived by the Chinese and could never have been built by Europeans. It is a hybrid by definition".<ref>{{citation|last=Fraioli|first=Paul|date=2012|title=The Invention and Reinvention of the City: An Interview with Rem Koolhaas|journal=Journal of International Affairs|volume=65|issue=2|pages=113–119|issn=0022-197X}}</ref> Because of its radical shape, it is said that a taxi driver first came up with its nickname ''dà kùchǎ'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|大裤衩}}), roughly translated as "big boxer shorts".<ref>{{Cite magazine | author=Paul Goldberger |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/skyline/2008/06/30/080630crsk_skyline_goldberger |title=Forbidden Cities: Beijing's great new architecture is a mixed blessing for the city |magazine=The New Yorker |date=30 June 2008 |access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref> Locals often refer to it as "big pants".

The building was built in three buildings that were joined to become one and a half buildings on 30 May 2007. In order not to lock in structural differentials, this connection was scheduled in the early morning when the steel in the two towers cooled to the same temperature.<ref>Lecture by Ole Scheeren from the OMA, Design Academy Eindhoven, 17 October 2007</ref> The CCTV building was part of a media park intended to form a landscape of public entertainment, outdoor filming areas, and production studios as an extension of the central green axis of the CBD.<ref>{{cite web | title=China Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters | url=http://www.arup.com/Projects/China_Central_Television_Headquarters.aspx | publisher=Arup | access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref>

The [[Office for Metropolitan Architecture]] won the contract from the [[Beijing International Tendering Co.]] to construct the CCTV Headquarters and the [[Television Cultural Center]] by its side on 1 January 2002, after winning an international [[Architectural design competition|design competition]]. The jury included architect [[Arata Isozaki]] and critic [[Charles Jencks]].<ref>[http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/cctv/ designbuild-network], retrieved 18 May 2012</ref> It is among the first of 300 new towers in the new Beijing CBD. Administration, news, [[broadcasting]], and [[Filmmaking#Production|program production]] offices and studios are all contained inside.

CCTV Headquarters was officially opened by the chairman on 1 January 2008. Among the distinguished guests at the opening were [[Hu Jintao]], [[Jiang Zemin]], [[Wen Jiabao]] and [[Guo Jinlong]].{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=November 2011}}

CCTV Headquarters went on to be feted by architecture critics as perhaps "the greatest work of architecture built in this century",<ref name="NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF"/> and was awarded the 2013 Best Tall Building Worldwide from the [[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]].

==2009 fire==
An adjacent building in the complex, the [[Beijing Television Cultural Center|Television Cultural Center]], [[Beijing Television Cultural Center fire|caught on fire]], ignited by fireworks on [[Lantern Festival]] day, 9 February 2009, before the building's scheduled completion in May 2009. It was to have the [[Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group|Beijing Mandarin Oriental Hotel]], a visitor's center, a large public theater, two recording studios with three audio control rooms, a digital cinema and two screening rooms. The {{convert|520|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall|order=flip}} Mandarin Oriental Hotel was badly damaged and one fire fighter was killed.<ref>{{cite news | author=Andrew Jacobs | author-link=Andrew Jacobs (journalist) | title=Fire Ravages Renowned Building in Beijing | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/world/asia/10beijing.html | work=The New York Times | date=10 February 2009 | access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Who set fire to the CCTV tower? | url=http://www.radio86.co.uk/china-insight/from-chinese-media/headlines-in-china/13729/who-set-fire-to-the-cctv-tower | work=GB Times | access-date=18 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213013851/http://www.radio86.co.uk/china-insight/from-chinese-media/headlines-in-china/13729/who-set-fire-to-the-cctv-tower | archive-date=13 December 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The director of the project and 19 others were imprisoned.<ref name="NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF"/> On 25 October 2009, scaffolds were set up in the front gate of CCTV which indicated the renovation of the building had begun. As of 9 February 2010, the main CCTV tower was still unoccupied.<ref>{{cite news | author=Sky Canaves | title=China Prepares to Salvage CCTV Tower | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703615904575053140281687542 | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=9 February 2009 | access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:BeijingCBD CCTV CWT3.jpg|Beijing's CBD with the CCTV tower and China World Trade Center Tower 3 nearing completion (July 2008)
File:CCTV Beijing April 2008.jpg|CCTV headquarters in China, Beijing district nearing completion (April 2008)
File:Cctv 2009.jpg|CCTV Headquarters complete (2009)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Architecture}}
* [[Diagrid]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Beijing]]
'''Media buildings in Beijing'''
* [[China Media Group Headquarters]] (former CCTV headquarters)
* [[Central Radio & TV Tower]]
* [[Beijing Television Cultural Center]]
* [[Beijing TV Centre]]
* [[Phoenix Center]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|CCTV Headquarters (2010)|CCTV Headquarters}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181028201542/http://www.cctv.com/newSiteProgram/en/general_info.htm CCTV Project Site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070821234109/http://www.oma.eu/index.php?option=com_projects&view=portal&id=55&Itemid=10 Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) Project Site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002811/http://www.arup.com/eastasia/project.cfm?pageid=1948 China Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters Building & Cultural Centre, Beijing page] for the engineering firm [[Arup Group Limited|ARUP]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091105015015/http://www.rwdi.com/project/cctv Consulting services] performed by [[RWDI]]
* [http://www.art-days.com/cctv-headquarters-rem-koolhaas/ CCTV Headquarters selected images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824090831/https://www.art-days.com/cctv-headquarters-rem-koolhaas/ |date=24 August 2019 }}

{{CCTV}}
{{Chaoyang District, Beijing}}
{{Buildings and Structures in Beijing}}
{{Works by OMA}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:China Central Television]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chaoyang District, Beijing]]
[[Category:Commercial buildings completed in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in China]]
[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in Beijing]]
[[Category:Twin towers]]
[[Category:Twisted buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Deconstructivism]]
[[Category:Postmodern architecture in China]]
[[Category:Rem Koolhaas buildings]]
[[Category:Ole Scheeren buildings]]
[[Category:Ove Arup buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Mass media company headquarters]]

CCTV Headquarters

2024-10-22T01:19:29Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Skyscraper in the central business district of Beijing, China}}
{{For|the buildings used by China Central Television|CCTV Building (disambiguation){{!}}CCTV Building}}
{{Distinguish|Beijing TV Centre|China Media Group Headquarters}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}

{{Infobox building
| name = CCTV Headquarters
| native_name = {{lang|zh-cn|中央广播电视总台光华路办公区}}
| image = China Central Television HQ, from China World Trade Centre (Cropped).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = CCTV Headquarters in 2019
| alternate_names = China Central Television Headquarters China Media Group (CMG) Office Block at Guanghua Road Central Chinese Television Tower
| location = East Third Ring Road Guanghua Road Beijing, China
| coordinates = {{coord|39.91347|116.45805|region:CN-11|display=inline,title}}
| start_date = 1 June 2004
| completion_date = 16 May 2012
| roof = {{convert|234|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="Turner">[https://www.turnerconstruction.com/projects/china-central-television-headquarters-cctv China Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters], Turner Construction</ref>
| floor_count = 51 3 below ground<ref name="Turner" />
| elevator_count = 75
| cost =
| floor_area = {{convert|389079|m2|abbr=on}}
| architect = [[Office for Metropolitan Architecture]] East China Architectural Design & Research Institute
| structural_engineer= [[Ove Arup & Partners]]
| main_contractor = China State Construction and Engineering Corporation
| developer = [[China Media Group]]
| owner = China Media Group
| management = China Media Group
| references = <ref>{{CTBUH|1068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/172398 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306083239/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/172398 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 March 2016 |title=Emporis building ID 172398 |work=[[Emporis]]}}</ref><ref>{{SkyscraperPage|8094}}</ref><ref>{{Structurae|20013674}}</ref><ref name="Guardian2012">{{cite news | agency=Associated Press| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/10245161 | title=China's distinctive CCTV headquarters is completed | work=The Guardian | date=16 May 2012 | access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>
}}
{{Infobox Chinese|order=st|s=中央广播电视总台光华路办公区|t=中央廣播電視總台光華路辦公區|p=Zhōngyāng Guǎngbō Diànshì Zǒngtái Guānghuá Lù Bàngōng Qū|l=China Central Radio and Television Station Guanghua Road Office Area}}

The '''CCTV Headquarters''' is a 51-floor [[skyscraper]] formed out of a pair of [[Twin towers (architecture)|conjoined towers]] that sits on the East [[3rd Ring Road (Beijing)|Third Ring Road]], Guanghua Road in the [[Beijing Central Business District]] (CBD) and serves as the headquarters for [[China Central Television]] (CCTV). [[Rem Koolhaas]] and [[Ole Scheeren]] of [[Office for Metropolitan Architecture|OMA]] were the architects in charge for the building, while [[Cecil Balmond]] at [[Arup Group Limited|Arup]] provided the complex engineering design. The building is among the [[World's largest office building|world's largest office buildings]].

The building's construction began on 1 June 2004 and its façade was completed in January 2008. The structure was feted by some architectural critics as "the greatest work of architecture built in this century"<ref name="NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF">{{cite news | author=NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF | title=Koolhaas, Delirious in Beijing | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/13/arts/design/koolhaass-cctv-building-fits-beijing-as-city-of-the-future.html | work=The New York Times | date=11 July 2011 | access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> and was named the 2013 Best Tall Building Worldwide by the [[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]].

==Background and critical reception==
Architecture critics claim that "Mr. Koolhaas, of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture, has always been interested in making buildings that expose the conflicting energies at work in society, and the CCTV building is the ultimate expression of that aim," thus giving rise to "the slippery symbolism of its exterior."<ref name="NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF"/>
The main building is not a traditional tower, but a loop of six horizontal and vertical sections covering {{convert|473000|m²|abbr=on}} of floor space, creating an irregular grid on the building's façade with an open center. The construction of the building is considered to be a structural challenge, especially because it is in a [[seismic zone]]. [[Rem Koolhaas]] has said the building "could never have been conceived by the Chinese and could never have been built by Europeans. It is a hybrid by definition".<ref>{{citation|last=Fraioli|first=Paul|date=2012|title=The Invention and Reinvention of the City: An Interview with Rem Koolhaas|journal=Journal of International Affairs|volume=65|issue=2|pages=113–119|issn=0022-197X}}</ref> Because of its radical shape, it is said that a taxi driver first came up with its nickname ''dà kùchǎ'' ({{lang|zh-Hans|大裤衩}}), roughly translated as "big boxer shorts".<ref>{{Cite magazine | author=Paul Goldberger |url=http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/skyline/2008/06/30/080630crsk_skyline_goldberger |title=Forbidden Cities: Beijing's great new architecture is a mixed blessing for the city |magazine=The New Yorker |date=30 June 2008 |access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref> Locals often refer to it as "big pants".

The building was built in three buildings that were joined to become one and a half buildings on 30 May 2007. In order not to lock in structural differentials, this connection was scheduled in the early morning when the steel in the two towers cooled to the same temperature.<ref>Lecture by Ole Scheeren from the OMA, Design Academy Eindhoven, 17 October 2007</ref> The CCTV building was part of a media park intended to form a landscape of public entertainment, outdoor filming areas, and production studios as an extension of the central green axis of the CBD.<ref>{{cite web | title=China Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters | url=http://www.arup.com/Projects/China_Central_Television_Headquarters.aspx | publisher=Arup | access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref>

The [[Office for Metropolitan Architecture]] won the contract from the [[Beijing International Tendering Co.]] to construct the CCTV Headquarters and the [[Television Cultural Center]] by its side on 1 January 2002, after winning an international [[Architectural design competition|design competition]]. The jury included architect [[Arata Isozaki]] and critic [[Charles Jencks]].<ref>[http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/cctv/ designbuild-network], retrieved 18 May 2012</ref> It is among the first of 300 new towers in the new Beijing CBD. Administration, news, [[broadcasting]], and [[Filmmaking#Production|program production]] offices and studios are all contained inside.

CCTV Headquarters was officially opened by the chairman on 1 January 2008. Among the distinguished guests at the opening were [[Hu Jintao]], [[Jiang Zemin]], [[Wen Jiabao]] and [[Guo Jinlong]].{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=November 2011}}

CCTV Headquarters went on to be feted by architecture critics as perhaps "the greatest work of architecture built in this century",<ref name="NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF"/> and was awarded the 2013 Best Tall Building Worldwide from the [[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]].

==2009 fire==
An adjacent building in the complex, the [[Beijing Television Cultural Center|Television Cultural Center]], [[Beijing Television Cultural Center fire|caught on fire]], ignited by fireworks on [[Lantern Festival]] day, 9 February 2009, before the building's scheduled completion in May 2009. It was to have the [[Mandarin Oriental Hotel Group|Beijing Mandarin Oriental Hotel]], a visitor's center, a large public theater, two recording studios with three audio control rooms, a digital cinema and two screening rooms. The {{convert|520|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall|order=flip}} Mandarin Oriental Hotel was badly damaged and one fire fighter was killed.<ref>{{cite news | author=Andrew Jacobs | author-link=Andrew Jacobs (journalist) | title=Fire Ravages Renowned Building in Beijing | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/10/world/asia/10beijing.html | work=The New York Times | date=10 February 2009 | access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Who set fire to the CCTV tower? | url=http://www.radio86.co.uk/china-insight/from-chinese-media/headlines-in-china/13729/who-set-fire-to-the-cctv-tower | work=GB Times | access-date=18 October 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213013851/http://www.radio86.co.uk/china-insight/from-chinese-media/headlines-in-china/13729/who-set-fire-to-the-cctv-tower | archive-date=13 December 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The director of the project and 19 others were imprisoned.<ref name="NICOLAI OUROUSSOFF"/> On 25 October 2009, scaffolds were set up in the front gate of CCTV which indicated the renovation of the building had begun. As of 9 February 2010, the main CCTV tower was still unoccupied.<ref>{{cite news | author=Sky Canaves | title=China Prepares to Salvage CCTV Tower | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703615904575053140281687542 | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=9 February 2009 | access-date=18 October 2010}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:BeijingCBD CCTV CWT3.jpg|Beijing's CBD with the CCTV tower and China World Trade Center Tower 3 nearing completion (July 2008)
File:CCTV Beijing April 2008.jpg|CCTV headquarters in China, Beijing district nearing completion (April 2008)
File:Cctv 2009.jpg|CCTV Headquarters complete (2009)
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Architecture}}
* [[Diagrid]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Beijing]]
'''Media buildings in Beijing'''
* [[China Media Group Headquarters]] (former CCTV headquarters)
* [[Central Radio & TV Tower]]
* [[Beijing Television Cultural Center]]
* [[Beijing TV Centre]]
* [[Phoenix Center]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|CCTV Headquarters (2010)|CCTV Headquarters}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181028201542/http://www.cctv.com/newSiteProgram/en/general_info.htm CCTV Project Site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070821234109/http://www.oma.eu/index.php?option=com_projects&view=portal&id=55&Itemid=10 Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) Project Site]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002811/http://www.arup.com/eastasia/project.cfm?pageid=1948 China Central Television (CCTV) Headquarters Building & Cultural Centre, Beijing page] for the engineering firm [[Arup Group Limited|ARUP]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091105015015/http://www.rwdi.com/project/cctv Consulting services] performed by [[RWDI]]
* [http://www.art-days.com/cctv-headquarters-rem-koolhaas/ CCTV Headquarters selected images] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824090831/https://www.art-days.com/cctv-headquarters-rem-koolhaas/ |date=24 August 2019 }}

{{CCTV}}
{{Chaoyang District, Beijing}}
{{Buildings and Structures in Beijing}}
{{Works by OMA}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:China Central Television]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chaoyang District, Beijing]]
[[Category:Commercial buildings completed in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in China]]
[[Category:Skyscraper office buildings in Beijing]]
[[Category:Twin towers]]
[[Category:Twisted buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Deconstructivism]]
[[Category:Postmodern architecture in China]]
[[Category:Rem Koolhaas buildings]]
[[Category:Ole Scheeren buildings]]
[[Category:Ove Arup buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Mass media company headquarters]]

Human Acts

2024-10-14T00:56:32Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|South Korean novel written by Han Kang}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Cleanup|date=May 2020|reason=The external links and references need to be cleaned up.}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Human Acts
| title_orig = {{Noitalic|소년이 온다}}
| orig_lang_code = ko
| translator = [[Deborah Smith (translator)|Deborah Smith]]
| image =
| caption =
| author = [[Han Kang]]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[South Korea]]
| language = [[Korean language|Korean]]
| series =
| genre = Contemporary fiction, Asian culture, literary fiction
| publisher = Changbi Publishers (S. Korea); Portobello Books (UK)
| release_date = 19 May 2014 (S. Korea)
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| isbn = 978-89-364-3412-0
| oclc=
}}
'''''Human Acts''''' ({{Korean|소년이 온다||Sonyeoni onda}}, lit. The boy is coming) is a South Korean novel written by [[Han Kang]].<ref>{{Citation|title=한강 (소설가)|date=2019-07-28|url=https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%ED%95%9C%EA%B0%95_(%EC%86%8C%EC%84%A4%EA%B0%80)&oldid=24637083|work=위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> The novel draws upon the [[Gwangju Uprising|democratization uprising]] that occurred on May 18, 1980, in [[Gwangju]], [[Korea]]. In the novel, one boy's death provides the impetus for a dimensional look into the Gwangju uprising and the lives of the people in that city. ''Human Acts'' won Korea's [[Manhae Prize]] for Literature and Italy's [[Premio Malaparte]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premiomalaparte.it/han-kang |title=Il Malaparte 2017 a Han Kang |author=Premio Malaparte |date=12 September 2017 |publisher=Premio Malaparte |access-date=26 June 2022 |quote=Ricorre quest’anno – dice Gabriella Buontempo – la ventesima edizione del Premio, che sotto mia zia Graziella negli anni Ottanta aveva festeggiato 14 vincitori. Erano scrittori di fama mondiale; i cinque che si sono aggiunti da quando abbiamo ripreso fino all’anno scorso sono sicuramente alla loro altezza. Con Han Kang, se possibile, siamo perfino saliti di livello. Ne sono davvero orgogliosa.}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Human Acts'' deals with the May 1980 Gwangju uprising and the death of the young boy Kang Dong-ho. The novel is composed of seven chapters including the final epilogue, with each chapter tracing the passage of time from the incident in the 1980s to the present day. At the same time, the narrative expands to describe the impact that this incident had on other people.

The first chapter follows Kang Dong-ho and his circumstances at the time of the May uprising, while introducing the people in his life. The characters that are introduced in this initial chapter later appear as the narrator or central protagonist in the following chapters. The second chapter follows the story of Dong-ho's friend Jeong-dae, who died in the May uprising. The protagonist in the third chapter is Eun-sook, who worked with Dong-ho to collect the dead bodies after the Gwangju uprising. Eun-sook is living in the mid-1980s and works at a publishing agency. The fourth chapter traces the arc of Kim Jin-su, who was jailed for his involvement in the Gwangju uprising. He had spent time with Dong-ho and Jin-su and was the only boy who survived. Unable to bear his guilt, however, Jin-su takes his own life nearly ten years after the May 18 uprising. The narrator of the fifth chapter is Seon-ju, who suffered terrible sexual torture during the uprising and is working as an activist in the present day. The sixth chapter is a current-day soliloquy by Dong-ho's mother, while in the epilogue, the author herself appears as the narrator. In this manner, Kang Dong-ho's death and the confessions and testimonies of the people who remember him compose the framework of the novel.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Seo|first=Yeong-chae|title="Ethics in Literature, Politics in Aesthetics," Guilt and Shame|publisher=Namu Namu|year=2017|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>

== Development and publication ==
''Human Acts'' was serialized in the literary blog ''Window'' (창문) run by Changbi, a Korean publishing house, from November 2013, to January 2014. Later, ''Human Acts'' was published in novel form, as the author's sixth full-length novel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=소년이 온다|url=https://www.aladin.co.kr/shop/wproduct.aspx?ItemId=40869703|last=지음|first=한강|website=aladin|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> The novel is inspired by the Gwangju democratic movement that occurred on May 18, 1980,<ref>{{Citation|title=5·18 광주 민주화 운동|date=2019-10-13|url=https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5%C2%B718_%EA%B4%91%EC%A3%BC_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%ED%99%94_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99&oldid=25043211|work=위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> a major incident in Korea's contemporary history. The author, Han Kang, has once remarked that her life was changed when her father showed her an album of photographs from the Gwangju uprising.<ref>{{Cite web|title="오월 광주는 인간의 폭력과 존엄이 맞붙은 보통명사죠"|url=http://www.womennews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=93432|date=2016-04-27|website=여성신문|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> Han conducted extensive research and reportage before writing a work of fiction based on such an unimaginably violent historical incident.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ch.yes24.com/Article/View/25422|title=한강 "벌 받는 기분으로 책상에 앉았다" {{!}} YES24 문화웹진 채널예스}}</ref> At the time of her writing, the author has said there were times she couldn't write more than three lines a day, due to the emotionally heavy toll of the incident. However, Han herself has said that ''Human Acts'' remains her most cherished work.<ref>{{Cite web|title="가장 맘이 가는 작품은 광주 다룬 ‘소년이 온다’예요"|url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/book/735877.html|date=2016-03-20|website=www.hani.co.kr|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>

The novel's original title was ''You, In the Summer'' to shed light on the fact that spring has passed and summer has come, with the boy no longer alive to welcome the new season. The title was also intended to hint at how cruel summer can be.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ch.yes24.com/Article/View/25422|title=한강 "벌 받는 기분으로 책상에 앉았다" {{!}} YES24 문화웹진 채널예스}}</ref> The ultimate title ''Human Acts'' was decided at the last minute. The young protagonist in the novel is merely referred to as “you” throughout the book, and the novel hauntingly makes it seem as if he is traveling across time from the 1980s to the present day. The boy is dead and can no longer be seen, but his presence can be felt each time the people who knew him calls for him.<ref>{{Cite web|title="오월 광주는 인간의 폭력과 존엄이 맞붙은 보통명사죠"|url=http://www.womennews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=93432|date=2016-04-27|website=여성신문|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Both the author and her critics have hailed ''Human Acts'' as her most representative work. Although the novel describes an incident familiar to most Korean readers, critics pointed out that the book was able to maintain its pace and tension until the end largely thanks to the power of Han's writing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weekly.khan.co.kr/khnm.html?mode=view&code=116&artid=201408111611001&pt=nv|title=[북리뷰]광주의 오월에 대한 곧은 시선|date=2014-08-11|website=[[Weekly Kyunghyang]]|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> According to ''[[Literary Hub|Book Marks]]'', a literary review aggregator, the book received "positive" reviews based on 16 critic reviews with 8 being "rave" and 6 being "positive" and 1 being "mixed" and 1 being "pan".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Acts|url=https://bookmarks.reviews/reviews/human-acts/ |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=[[Literary Hub|Book Marks]]}}</ref> On ''[[Bookmarks (magazine)|Bookmarks Magazine]]'' Mar/Apr 2017 issue, a magazine that aggregates critic reviews of books, the book received a {{rating|4|5}} (4.0 out of 5) based on critic reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Acts |pages=2|url=https://www.bookmarksmagazine.com/uploads/1/2/3/6/123678800/southkoreanfictiontranslated-20180708.pdf|access-date=14 January 2023 |website=[[Bookmarks (magazine)|Bookmarks Magazine]]}}</ref>

Writing in the [[The Korea Times|Korea Times]], scholar and cultural critic David Tizzard compares Han Kang to the poet [[Park Nohae]] and suggests that her work is a symbol of Korean [[democracy]]. A deeply personal voice that "carries the weight of an entire nation."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tizzard |first=David |date=2024-10-12 |title=Han Kang is voice of Korean democracy |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2024/10/715_384092.html |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=koreatimes |language=en}}</ref>

During the Park Geun-hye administration, ''Human Acts'' was excluded from inclusion into the Sejong Library project<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.post.naver.com/viewer/postView.nhn?volumeNo=6132439&memberNo=31875496|title=한강, '그분'이 '등한시'한 원인 알고 보니 … '소폭행보' 충격|website=m.post.naver.com|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> for reasons of ideological bias (books featuring keywords such as May 18, North Korea, Kaesong Industrial Complex, Karl Marx, etc. were largely excluded from the same list), and Han Kang was placed on the {{ill|blacklist of professionals in the culture and the arts|wikidata|Q28698484}}.

== Style and themes ==
''Human Acts'' was written in the author's characteristically poetic, succinct style.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5·18, 인간이 무엇이지 않기 위해 무엇을 해야 하는가|url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/book/638900.html|date=2014-05-25|website=[[The Hankyoreh]]|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> Rather than discussing the heavy, somber ramifications of the Gwangju uprising or using titillating language, Han Kang chose to portray the grief of the individual people in a concise, boiled-down style. To appear authentic, the testimonies are offered individually across different chapters, by different narrators, in different styles, and in different forms. Together, these stories create a nuanced, dimensional look at the Gwangju uprising.<ref>{{Cite web|title=대전일보 :: "여전히 쓰라린 역사적 상처… 진심어린 글로 보듬고파"|url=http://www.daejonilbo.com/news/newsitem.asp?pk_no=1122558|website=대전일보|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> To ensure the readers can appreciate the novel in a more deliberate, measured pace, some of the passages have been italicized to slow the readers down.<ref>{{Cite web|title=그날 그들은 죽으러 도청에 갔다|url=http://www.mediatoday.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=123157|date=2015-05-18|website=[[Media Today]]|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>

The characters in ''Human Acts'' are average citizens. The novel illustrates how these people respond to the sudden tragedy that befell them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=[리뷰]한강 ‘소년이 온다’ 를 읽고-광주드림|url=http://www.gjdream.com/v2/simin/view.html?news_type=105&uid=473421|website=광주드림신문사|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> Rather than reenacting the historical incident, the author chose to place the perspectives squarely on the people who endured the horrific accident and the trauma they have had to carry since.<ref>{{Cite web|title=대전일보 :: "여전히 쓰라린 역사적 상처… 진심어린 글로 보듬고파"|url=http://www.daejonilbo.com/news/newsitem.asp?pk_no=1122558|website=대전일보|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>

''Human Acts'' asks fundamental questions about the still-open wounds inflicted by state violence and human brutality. In the book, it is asked, "What does it mean to be human? What should we do, to make sure humans don't become something?" This question is central to the novel<ref>{{Cite web|title=5·18, 인간이 무엇이지 않기 위해 무엇을 해야 하는가|url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/culture/book/638900.html|date=2014-05-25|website=[[The Hankyoreh]]|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> and leads to the understanding that survivors must discuss the incident, record it, and remember it to make sure the unfortunate event, where the victims were their own neighbors, our friends, and our family members, will not repeat itself. The most fundamental way to make sure a painful historical event does not repeat itself is to remember what happened. The author herself has said she wants this novel not to expose or accuse, but rather to serve as a testimony and a gesture of mourning.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://ch.yes24.com/Article/View/25422|title=한강 "벌 받는 기분으로 책상에 앉았다" {{!}} YES24 문화웹진 채널예스}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
''Human Acts'' was adapted for a theatrical production ''May 18'' in Poland in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/area/honam/901717.html|title=한강 작가의 폴란드 5·18 연극으로 재탄생|date=2019-07-14|website=[[The Hankyoreh]]|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref> This was the first play produced in Europe that deals with the May 18 uprising. The May 18 Memorial Foundation provided material to inform the play. When the production was first staged in June for a limited four-time run, it was well received for having combined a Western production with Asian aesthetics.

The book has been translated to over 14 languages.

== Awards ==

* Manhae Prize for Literature (2014)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.kbs.co.kr/news/NewsView.do?SEARCH_NEWS_CODE=2904396&ref=L|title=제29회 만해문학상에 한강 ‘소년이 온다’|website=[[KBS News]]|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>
* [[Premio Malaparte]] (2017)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20171002048100109|title=소설가 한강, '소년이 온다'로 이탈리아 말라파르테 문학상 수상|last=현 |first=윤경|date=2017-10-02|website=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|language=ko|access-date=2019-10-30}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Han Kang}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 novels]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Han Kang]]
[[Category:South Korean historical novels]]

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2024-10-10T02:02:45Z

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* [[Bugang station|Bugang]]
* [[Maepo station|Maepo]]
* [[Sintanjin station|Sintanjin]]
* [[Hoedeok station|Hoedeok]]
* [[Daejeonjochajang station|Daejeonjochajang]]
* [[Daejeon Station|Daejeon]]
* [[Secheon station|Secheon]]
* [[Okcheon station|Okcheon]]
* [[Iwon station|Iwon]]
* [[Jitan station|Jitan]]
* [[Simcheon station|Simcheon]]
* [[Gakgye station|Gakgye]]
* [[Yeongdong station|Yeongdong]]
* [[Hwanggan station|Hwanggan]]
* [[Chupungnyeong station|Chupungnyeong]]
* [[Sinam station|Sinam]]
* [[Jikjisa station|Jikjisa]]
* [[Gimcheon station|Gimcheon]]
* [[Daesin station|Daesin]]
* [[Apo station|Apo]]
* [[Gumi station|Gumi]]
* [[Sagok station|Sagok]]
* [[Yangmok station|Yangmok]]
* [[Waegwan station|Waegwan]]
* [[Yeonhwa station|Yeonhwa]]
* [[Sindong station|Sindong]]
* [[Jicheon station|Jicheon]]
* [[Seodaegu Station|Seodaegu]]
* [[Daegu station|Daegu]]
* [[Dongdaegu Station|Dongdaegu]]
* [[Gomo station|Gomo]]
* [[Gacheon station|Gacheon]]
* [[Gyeongsan station|Gyeongsan]]
* [[Samseong station (Gyeongsan)|Samseong]]
* [[Namseonghyeon station|Namseonghyeon]]
* [[Cheongdo station|Cheongdo]]
* [[Singeo station|Singeo]]
* [[Sangdong station|Sangdong]]
* [[Miryang station|Miryang]]
* [[Mijeon station|Mijeon]]
* [[Samnangjin station|Samnangjin]]
* [[Wondong station|Wondong]]
* [[Mulgeum station|Mulgeum]]
* [[Hwamyeong station|Hwamyeong]]
* [[Gupo station|Gupo]]
* [[Sasang station (Korail)|Sasang]]
* [[Busanjin station (Korail)|Busanjin]]
* [[Busan station|Busan]]

}}<noinclude>
{{collapsible option}}
[[Category:South Korea rail transport templates]]
</noinclude>

Template:Gyeongbu Line

2024-10-10T02:01:55Z

121.171.233.10:

{{#invoke:navbox|navbox
| name = Gyeongbu Line
| title = [[Gyeongbu line]]
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| listclass = hlist

| list1 =
* [[Seoul Station|Seoul]]
* [[Namyeong station|Namyeong]]
* [[Yongsan station|Yongsan]]
* [[Noryangjin station|Noryangjin]]
* [[Daebang station|Daebang]]
* [[Singil station|Singil]]
* [[Yeongdeungpo station|Yeongdeungpo]]
* [[Sindorim station|Sindorim]]
* [[Guro station|Guro]]
* [[Gasan Digital Complex station|Gasan Digital Complex]]
* [[Doksan station|Doksan]]
* [[Geumcheon-gu Office station|Geumcheon-gu Office]]
* [[Seoksu station|Seoksu]]
* [[Gwanak station|Gwanak]]
* [[Anyang station|Anyang]]
* [[Myeonghak station|Myeonghak]]
* [[Geumjeong station|Geumjeong]]
* [[Gunpo station|Gunpo]]
* [[Dangjeong station|Dangjeong]]
* [[Uiwang station|Uiwang]]
* [[Sungkyunkwan University station|Sungkyunkwan Univ.]]
* [[Hwaseo station|Hwaseo]]
* [[Suwon station|Suwon]]
* [[Seryu station|Seryu]]
* [[Byeongjeom station|Byeongjeom]]
* [[Sema station|Sema]]
* [[Osan University station|Osan Univ.]]
* [[Osan station|Osan]]
* [[Jinwi station|Jinwi]]
* [[Songtan station|Songtan]]
* [[Seojeongni station|Seojeongni]]
* [[PyeongtaekJije station|PyeongtaekJije]]
* [[Pyeongtaek station|Pyeongtaek]]
* [[Seonghwan station|Seonghwan]]
* [[Jiksan station|Jiksan]]
* [[Dujeong station|Dujeong]]
* [[Cheonan station|Cheonan]]
* [[Sojeong-ri station|Sojeong-ri]]
* [[Jeonui station|Jeonui]]
* [[Jeondong station|Jeondong]]
* [[Seochang station|Seochang]]
* [[Jochiwon station|Jochiwon]]
* [[Naepan station|Naepan]]
* [[Bugang station|Bugang]]
* [[Maepo station|Maepo]]
* [[Sintanjin station|Sintanjin]]
* [[Hoedeok station|Hoedeok]]
* [[Daejeonjochajang station|Daejeonjochajang]]
* [[Daejeon Station|Daejeon]]
* [[Secheon station|Secheon]]
* [[Okcheon station|Okcheon]]
* [[Iwon station|Iwon]]
* [[Jitan station|Jitan]]
* [[Simcheon station|Simcheon]]
* [[Gakgye station|Gakgye]]
* [[Yeongdong station|Yeongdong]]
* [[Hwanggan station|Hwanggan]]
* [[Chupungnyeong station|Chupungnyeong]]
* [[Sinam station|Sinam]]
* [[Jikjisa station|Jikjisa]]
* [[Gimcheon station|Gimcheon]]
* [[Daesin station|Daesin]]
* [[Apo station|Apo]]
* [[Gumi station|Gumi]]
* [[Sagok station|Sagok]]
* [[Yangmok station|Yangmok]]
* [[Waegwan station|Waegwan]]
* [[Yeonhwa station|Yeonhwa]]
* [[Sindong station|Sindong]]
* [[Jicheon station|Jicheon]]
* [[Seodaegu station|Seodaegu]]
* [[Daegu station|Daegu]]
* [[Dongdaegu station|Dongdaegu]]
* [[Gomo station|Gomo]]
* [[Gacheon station|Gacheon]]
* [[Gyeongsan station|Gyeongsan]]
* [[Samseong station (Gyeongsan)|Samseong]]
* [[Namseonghyeon station|Namseonghyeon]]
* [[Cheongdo station|Cheongdo]]
* [[Singeo station|Singeo]]
* [[Sangdong station|Sangdong]]
* [[Miryang station|Miryang]]
* [[Mijeon station|Mijeon]]
* [[Samnangjin station|Samnangjin]]
* [[Wondong station|Wondong]]
* [[Mulgeum station|Mulgeum]]
* [[Hwamyeong station|Hwamyeong]]
* [[Gupo station|Gupo]]
* [[Sasang station (Korail)|Sasang]]
* [[Busanjin station (Korail)|Busanjin]]
* [[Busan station|Busan]]

}}<noinclude>
{{collapsible option}}
[[Category:South Korea rail transport templates]]
</noinclude>

Seodaegu Station

2024-10-10T02:00:34Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Railway station}}
{{Infobox station
| name = {{Infobox station/Header Korail
| native_name = 서대구
| name = Seodaegu
}}
| mlanguage = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes
| hangul = 서대구역
| hanja = {{linktext|西|大|邱}}{{linktext|驛}}
| mr = Sŏdaegu-yŏk
| rr = Seodaegu-yeok
}}
| name_lang =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol =
| symbol_location =
| type =
| image = 서대구 고속철도역 건설 현장에서 4.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| other_name =
| address = 527 Waryong-ro, [[Seo District, Daegu|Seo District]], [[Daegu]]
| borough =
| country = [[South Korea]]
| coordinates = {{coord|35.8815|128.5401|type:railwaystation_region:KR|display=inline,title}}
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| elevation =
| owned =
| operator = {{rint|kr|rail}} [[Korail]]
| manager = [[Korail]]
| transit_authority =
| line = [[Gyeongbu high-speed railway]] [[Gyeongbu Line]]
| distance =
| platforms =
| tracks =
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure =
| depth =
| levels =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| code =
| iata =
| zone =
| classification =
| website =
| opened = {{Start date|2022|03|31|df=y}}
| opening =
| closed = 
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| former =
| original =
| pregroup =
| postgroup =
| prenational =
| years = 2022
| events =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Korail|line=Gyeongbu KTX|left=Gimcheon (Gumi)|right=Dongdaegu}}
| other_services =
| other_services_collapsible =
| other_services_header =
| other_services2 =
| other_services2_collapsible =
| other_services2_header =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = 
}}
'''Seodaegu Station''' is a new railway station on the [[Gyeongbu high-speed railway]] newly established in Ihyeon-dong, [[Seo District, Daegu]], South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rail.blue/railroad/logis/stationinfo.aspx?id=4821882&lang=en&v=d|title=Seodaegu station information|author=Rail Blue|website=rail.blue}}</ref> This station was opened on March 31, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |author= 대한민국 정책브리핑|date= |title= 경부선 고속철도 서대구역 31일 개통…연계 교통 허브로 발돋움|url= https://m.korea.kr/news/policyNewsView.do?newsId=148900279#policyNews|work= |location= |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://m.yna.co.kr/amp/view/AKR20220328099400053|title= 대구 서대구역 31일 개통…서남부권 시대 열리나 (Seodaegu Station opens on the 31st...Is the Southwest open?)|author= 연합뉴스|date= 28 March 2022|website= |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high-speed/new-high-speed-station-for-daegu/|title= New high speed station for Daegu|author= Railjournal|date= 15 December 2016|website= www.railjournal.com|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.imaeil.com/page/view/2022022316270794925|title= 내달 31일 개통 서대구역 KTX·SRT 하루 최대 왕복 38회 운행 확정 (KTX and SRT in Seodaegu Station, which will open on the 31st of next month, will be operated up to 38 times a day)|author= 매일신문|date= 23 February 2022|website= news.imaeil.com|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gyeongbu Line}}
{{KTX Lines}}
{{SRT lines and services}}

[[Category:Korea Train Express stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Daegu]]
[[Category:Dong District, Daegu]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South Korea opened in 2022]]

{{SouthKorea-railstation-stub}}

Capital Region First Ring Expressway

2024-09-09T01:20:58Z

121.171.233.10: /* History */

{{Short description|Expressway in South Korea}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox road
| country = KOR
| type = EX
| route = 100
| alternate_name = Capital Region First Ring Expressway 수도권제1순환고속도로
| map = 100 Seoul Ring.svg
| length_mi =
| length_km = 128.02
| length_round =
| length_ref =
| established = 1992
| replaces =
| direction_a = Cycle
| terminus_a = [[Pangyo Junction|Pangyo JC]] in [[Seongnam]], [[Gyeonggi Province]] [[image:Korea Expressway No.1.svg|20px]] [[Gyeongbu Expressway]]
| cities = [[Seongnam]], [[Hanam]], [[Guri]], [[Uijeongbu]], [[Goyang]], [[Gimpo]], [[Incheon]], [[Bucheon]], [[Siheung]], [[Anyang]]
| junction = 33
| direction_b = Cycle
| terminus_b = [[Pangyo Junction|Pangyo JC]] in [[Seongnam]], [[Gyeonggi Province]] [[image:Korea Expressway No.1.svg|20px]] [[Gyeongbu Expressway]]
}}{{Infobox Korean name
|hangul=수도권제1순환고속도로
|hanja={{Linktext|首|都|圈|第|一|循|環|高|速|道|路}}
|rr=Sudogwon je1sunhwan dosokdoro
|mr=Sudokwŏn je1sunhwan' gosoktoro
}}

[[File:Seoul Ring Expressway Seoun JCT Panel.jpg|thumb|300px|Seoun Junction, 2008]]
[[File:Korea Expressway Jonam JCT.JPG|thumb|300px|Jonam Junction, 2009]]
[[File:Seoul Ring Expwy GuriNamyangju TG(Hanam Dir) 3.jpg|thumb|300px|Guri-Namyangju Tollgate, 2017]]

The '''Capital Region First Ring Expressway (Formerly as Seoul Ring Expressway)''' ('''Expressway No.100''') ({{Korean|수도권제1순환고속도로||Sudogwon Je1sunhwan Gosokdoro|mr=}}) is an [[expressway in South Korea|expressway]], circular [[beltway]] or ring road around [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. It connects [[satellite cities]] around Seoul, [[Ilsan]], Namyangju, [[Hanam]], Pyeongchon, Jungdong, [[Bundang]], [[Pangyo, Seongnam|Pangyo]], [[Sanbon]] and [[Gimpo]]. The expressway runs 127.6 km. Seoul Ring Expressway is currently under construction to widen the expressway between Anhyeon Junction to Seongnam which is expected to be finished in 2016.

Since 2010, [[Gyeonggi Loop Bus]] connect the many Satellite town to each other through this Expressway.

== History ==
* '''February 1988''': Construction begins from Pangyo to Toegyewon.
* '''29 November 1991''': Section from Pangyo to Toegyewon opens to traffic.
* '''December 1991''': Construction begins from Sanbon to Pangyo.
* '''May 1992''': Construction begins from Seoun to Jangsu.
* '''December 1992''': Construction begins from Ilsan to Gimpo.
* '''June 1995''': Construction begins from Gimpo to Seoun and from Jangsu to Sanbon.
* '''28 December 1995''': Section from Pangyo to Sanbon opens to traffic.
* '''3 November 1997''': Section from Gimpo to Jayuro opens to traffic.
* '''24 July 1998''': Section from Seoun to Jangsu opens to traffic.
* '''26 November 1999''': Sections from Jangsu to Sanbon and from Gimpo to Seoun open to traffic.
* '''11 September 2001''': Section from Ilsan to Jayuro opens to traffic.
* '''30 June 2006''': Sections from Ilsan to Songchu and from Uijeongbu to Toegyewon open to traffic.
* '''28 December 2007''': Section from Songchu to Uijeongbu opens to traffic.
* '''3 May 2010''': Dori JC opens to traffic.
* '''28 May 2015''': Howon IC opens to traffic.
* '''Winter 2015''': Road expansion construction
* '''September 1, 2020''': The Seoul Ring Expressway is renamed Capital Region First Ring Expressway.

== Composition ==
=== Lanes ===
* '''Hanam JC~Gangil IC, Ilsan IC~Jayuro (Rigid Pavement) IC''': 10
* '''Gangil JC~Ilsan IC, Jayuro IC~Hanam-Jirisan Mountain-Seongsan (Rigid Pavement) (68 km) (42.25 mi) JC''': 8

=== Length ===
* 128.02 km

=== Limited Speed ===
* 100 km/h

=== Tunnel ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;"
|-
! Name
! Korean Name
! Location
! Length
! Date of Completion
! Notes
|-
! [[Gwangam Tunnel|Gwangam Tunnel(Guri)]] || 광암터널(구리)
|rowspan=3| [[Hanam]], [[Gyeonggi-do]] || 726m || 2002 ||rowspan=3|
|-
! [[Gwangam Tunnel|Gwangam Tunnel(Pangyo1)]] || 광암터널(판교1)
| 743m ||rowspan=2| 1991
|-
! [[Gwangam Tunnel|Gwangam Tunnel(Pangyo2)]] || 광암터널(판교2)
| 752m
|-
! [[Buramsan Tunnel|Buramsan Tunnel(Ilsan)]] || 불암산터널(일산)
|rowspan=2| [[Nowon District|Nowon]], [[Seoul]] || 1,685m ||rowspan=2| 2006 ||rowspan=2|
|-
! [[Buramsan Tunnel|Buramsan Tunnel(Guri)]] || 불암산터널(구리)
| 1,665m
|-
! Suraksan Tunnel || 수락산터널
| [[Uijeongbu]], Gyeonggi-do || 2,950m || 2006 ||
|-
! Howon Tunnel|Howon Tunnel(Ilsan) || 호원터널(일산)
|rowspan=2| Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do || 180m ||rowspan=2| 2007 ||rowspan=2|
|-
! Howon Tunnel|Howon Tunnel(Guri) || 호원터널(구리)
| 149m
|-
! Sapaesan Tunnel|Sapaesan Tunnel(Ilsan) || 사패산터널(일산)
|rowspan=2| [[Yangju]], Gyeonggi-do || 3,997m ||rowspan=2| 2007 ||rowspan=2|
|-
! Sapaesan Tunnel|Sapaesan Tunnel(Guri) || 사패산터널(구리)
| 3,993m
|-
! Nogosan 1 Tunnel|Nogosan 1 Tunnel(Ilsan) || 노고산1터널(일산)
|rowspan=2| Yangju, Gyeonggi-do || 2,177m ||rowspan=2| 2006 ||rowspan=2|
|-
! Nogosan 1 Tunnel|Nogosan 1 Tunnel(Guri) || 노고산1터널(구리)
| 2,197m
|-
! Nogosan 2 Tunnel|Nogosan 2 Tunnel(Ilsan) || 노고산2터널(일산)
|rowspan=2| Yangju, Gyeonggi-do || 975m ||rowspan=2| 2006 ||rowspan=2|
|-
! Nogosan 2 Tunnel|Nogosan 2 Tunnel(Guri) || 노고산2터널(구리)
| 995m
|-
! Sorae Tunnel|Sorae Tunnel(Pangyo) || 소래터널(판교)
|rowspan=2| [[Siheung]], Gyeonggi-do || 421m ||rowspan=2| 1999 ||rowspan=2|
|-
! Sorae Tunnel|Sorae Tunnel(Ilsan) || 소래터널(일산)
| 446m
|-
! Suam Tunnel|Suam Tunnel(Pangyo) || 수암터널(판교)
|rowspan=2| [[Anyang]], Gyeonggi-do || 1,254m ||rowspan=2| 1999 ||rowspan=2|
|-
! Suam Tunnel|Suam Tunnel(Ilsan) || 수암터널(일산)
| 1,294m
|-
! Suri Tunnel|Suri Tunnel(Pangyo) || 수리터널(판교)
|rowspan=2| [[Gunpo]], Gyeonggi-do || 1,865m ||rowspan=2| 1999 ||rowspan=2|
|-
! Suri Tunnel|Suri Tunnel(Ilsan) || 수리터널(일산)
| 1,882m
|-
! Anyang Tunnel || 안양터널
| Anyang, Gyeonggi-do || 390m || 1996 ||
|-
! Cheonggye Tunnel|Cheonggye Tunnel(Pangyo) || 청계터널(판교)
|rowspan=2| [[Uiwang]], Gyeonggi-do || 550m ||rowspan=2| 1995 ||rowspan=2|
|-
! Cheonggye Tunnel|Cheonggye Tunnel(Ilsan) || 청계터널(일산)
| 450m
|}

== List of Facilities ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
*'''IC''': Interchange, '''JC''': Junction, '''SA''': Service Area, '''TG''':Tollgate

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;"
|- style="border-bottom:solid 0.25em green;"
! No. !! Name !! Korean Name !! Hanja Name !! Connections !! colspan="2" | Distance !! Notes !! colspan="2" | Location
|-
! 1
|| [[Pangyo Junction|Pangyo JC]] || 판교분기점 || 板橋分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.1.svg|20px]] [[Gyeongbu Expressway]]({{Jct|country=KOR|AH|1}}) || - || 0.00 || Busan-bound Only || rowspan="3" | [[Seongnam]] || rowspan="3" |[[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]]
|-
! 2
|| [[Seongnam Interchange|Seongnam IC]] || 성남나들목 || 城南나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.3.svg|20px]] [[National Route 3 (South Korea)|National Route 3]] [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Moran station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 8.svg|15px]] [[File:Seoul Metro Line Bundang.svg|15px|link=]] [[Seoul Subway Line 8|Line 8]], [[Suin–Bundang Line|Suin–Bundang]]) || 4.16 || 4.16 ||
|-
! TG
|| [[Seongnam Tollgate|Seongnam TG]] || 성남요금소 || 城南料金所 || || || || Main Tollgate
|-
! 3
|| [[Songpa Interchange|Songpa IC]] || 송파나들목 || 松坡나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.3.svg|20px]] [[National Route 3 (South Korea)|National Route 3]] [[Local Route 342 (South Korea)|Local Route 342]] [[Heolleung-ro]](헌릉로) Wiryejungang-ro(위례중앙로) [[File:SR Train logo.png|30px]] [[Suseo station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 3.svg|15px|3|link=]] [[File:Seoul Metro Line Bundang.svg|15px|link=]] [[Seoul Subway Line 3|Line 3]], [[Suin–Bundang Line|Suin–Bundang]]) [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Bokjeong station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 8.svg|15px]] [[File:Seoul Metro Line Bundang.svg|15px|link=]] [[Seoul Subway Line 8|Line 8]], [[Suin–Bundang Line|Suin–Bundang]]) || 5.20 || 9.36 || || [[Songpa]] || [[Seoul]]
|-
! 4
|| [[Seohanam Interchange|W.Hanam IC]] || 서하남나들목 || 西河南나들목 || [[Gangdong-daero]] ([[Seoul City Route 60]]) [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Dunchon Oryun station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 9.svg|15px]] [[Seoul Subway Line 9|Line 9]]) || 5.00 || 14.36 || || rowspan="3" | [[Hanam]] || rowspan="3" |[[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]]
|-
! SA
|| Seohanam SA || 하남휴게소 || 西河南休憩所 || || || || Pangyo-bound Only
|-
! 5
|| [[Hanam Junction|Hanam JC]] || 하남분기점 || 河南分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.35.svg|20px]] [[Jungbu Expressway]] || 4.96 || 19.32 ||
|-
! 6
|| [[Sangil Interchange|Sangil IC]] || 상일나들목 || 上一나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.43.svg|20px]] [[National Route 43 (South Korea)|National Route 43]] ([[Jojeong-daero]]-[[Cheonho-daero]]) [[Seoul City Route 50]] (Cheonho-daero) [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Sangil-dong station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 5.svg|15px|5|link=]] [[Seoul Subway Line 5|Line 5]]) || 2.53 || 21.85 || || rowspan="3" | [[Gangdong District|Gangdong]] || rowspan="3" | [[Seoul]]
|-
! 7
|| [[Gangil Interchange|Gangil IC]] || 강일 나들목 || 江一나들목 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.60.svg|20px]] [[Seoul-Yangyang Expressway]] [[Image:Korea Urbanexpwy 88.png|20px]] [[Olympicdaero]] || 3.04 || 24.89 ||
|-
! BR
|| [[Gangdong Bridge]] || 강동대교 || 江東大橋 || || || ||
|-
! 8
|| [[Topyeong Interchange|Topyeong IC]] || 토평나들목 || 土坪나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.6.svg|20px]] [[South Korea National Route 6|National Route 6]] [[Image:Korea Urbanexpwy 70.png|20px]] [[Gangbyeonbuk-ro]] || 0.99 || 25.88 || || rowspan="2" | [[Guri]] || rowspan="21" | [[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]]
|-
! TG
|| [[Guri·Namyangju Tollgate|Guri·Namyangju TG]] || 구리·남양주요금소 || 九里·南楊州料金所 || || || || Main Tollgate
|-
! 9
|| [[Namyangju Interchange|Namyangju IC]] || 남양주나들목 || 南楊州나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.6.svg|20px]] [[South Korea National Route 6|National Route 6]] [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Guri station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line Gyeongui-Jungang.svg|15px|link=]] [[Gyeongui–Jungang Line|Gyeongui·Jungang]]) || 2.40 || 28.28 || || [[Namyangju]]
|-
! 10
|| [[Guri Interchange|Guri IC]] || 구리나들목 || 九里나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.43.svg|20px]] [[South Korea National Route 43|National Route 43]] [[File:Korea National Route No.46.svg|20px]] [[South Korea National Route 46|National Route 46]] [[Image:KR road sign 301 (obsolete).svg|20px]] [[Bukbu Urban Expressway]] || 1.90 || 30.18 || || rowspan="2" | [[Guri]]
|-
! SA
|| Guri SA || 구리휴게소 || 九里休憩所 || || || || Uijeongbu-bound Only
|-
! 12
|| [[Toegyewon Interchange|Toegyewon IC]] || 퇴계원나들목 || 退溪院나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.43.svg|20px]] [[South Korea National Route 43|National Route 43]] [[File:Korea National Route No.46.svg|20px]] [[South Korea National Route 46|National Route 46]] [[File:Korea National Route No.47.svg|20px]] [[South Korea National Route 47|National Route 47]] [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Byeollae station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line Gyeongchun.svg|15px|link=]] [[Gyeongchun Line|Gyeongchun]]) || 2.73 || 32.91 || || rowspan="3" | [[Namyangju]]
|-
! TG
|| Buramsan TG || 불암산요금소 || 佛巖山料金所 || || || || Main Tollgate
|-
! 13
|| [[Byeollae Interchange|Byeollae IC]] || 별내나들목 || 別內나들목 || Buram-ro(불암로) || 2.39 || 35.30 ||
|-
! 14
|| [[Uijeongbu Interchange|Uijeongbu IC]] || 의정부나들목 || 議政府나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.3.svg|20px]] [[National Route 3 (South Korea)|National Route 3]] [[Image:Korea Urbanexpwy 61.png|20px]] [[Dongbu Urban Expressway]] [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Jangam station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 7.svg|15px|7|link=]] [[Seoul Subway Line 7|Line 7]]) || 7.30 || 42.60 || || rowspan="3" | [[Uijeongbu]]
|-
! 14-1
|| [[Howon Interchange|Howon IC]] || 호원나들목 || 虎院나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.3.svg|20px]] [[National Route 3 (South Korea)|National Route 3]] Seobu-ro(서부로) || 1.60 || 44.20 ||
|-
! TN
|| [[Sapaesan Tunnel|Sapaesan TN]] || 사패산터널 || 賜牌山터널 || || || || World's Largest Double-width Tunnel L=3,997m
|-
! 15
|| [[Songchu Interchange|Songchu IC]] || 송추나들목 || 松楸나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.39.svg|20px]] [[National Route 39 (South Korea)|National Route 39]] Bukhansan-ro(북한산로) || 6.20 || 50.40 || || rowspan="2" | [[Yangju]]
|-
! TG
|| [[Yangju Tollgate|Yangju TG]] || 양주요금소 || 楊州料金所 || || || || Main Tollgate
|-
! 16
|| [[Tongilro Interchange|Tongilro IC]] || 통일로나들목 || 統一路나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.1.svg|20px]] [[National Route 1 (South Korea)|National Route 1]] ([[Tongil-ro]] / 통일로) || 9.20 || 59.60 || || rowspan="5" | [[Goyang]]
|-
! 16-1
|| [[Goyang Junction|Goyang JC]] || 고양분기점 || 高陽分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.17.svg|20px]] [[Pyeongtaek–Paju Expressway]] (Seoul-Munsan) || || ||
|-
! 17
|| [[Goyang Interchange|Goyang IC]] || 고양나들목 || 高陽나들목 || [[Local Route 356 (South Korea)|Local Route 356]] Goyang City Hall [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Wondang station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 3.svg|15px|3|link=]] [[Seoul Subway Line 3|Line 3]]) || 7.40 || 67.00 ||
|-
! 18
|| [[Ilsan Interchange|Ilsan IC]] || 일산나들목 || 一山나들목 || Goyang Jungang-ro(고양 중앙로) [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Daegok station (Goyang)|Daegok station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 3.svg|15px|3|link=]] [[File:Seoul Metro Line Gyeongui-Jungang.svg|15px|link=]] [[Seoul Subway Line 3|Line 3]], [[Gyeongui–Jungang Line|Gyeongui·Jungang]]) || 2.97 || 69.97 ||
|-
! 19
|| [[Jayuro Interchange|Jayuro IC]] || 자유로나들목 || 自由路나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.77.svg|20px]] [[National Route 77 (South Korea)|National Route 77]] ([[Jayu-ro]] / 자유로) || 2.21 || 72.18 ||
|-
! BR
|| [[Gimpo Bridge]] || 김포대교 || 金浦大橋 || || || || || rowspan="3" | [[Gimpo]]
|-
! 20
|| [[Gimpo Interchange|Gimpo IC]] || 김포나들목 || 金浦나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.48.svg|20px]] [[National Route 48 (South Korea)|National Route 48]] || 3.11 || 75.29 ||
|-
! TG
|| [[Gimpo Tollgate|Gimpo TG]] || 김포요금소 || 金浦料金所 || || || || Main Tollgate
|-
! 21
|| [[No-oji Junction|No-oji JC]] || 노오지분기점 || 老梧地分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.130.svg|20px]] [[Incheon International Airport Expressway|Incheon Int'l Airport Expressway]] || 3.75 || 79.04 || Incheon Airport-bound Only || rowspan="3" | [[Gyeyang District|Gyeyang]] || rowspan="3" | [[Incheon]]
|-
! 22
|| [[Gyeyang Interchange|Gyeyang IC]] || 계양나들목 || 桂陽나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.39.svg|20px]] [[National Route 39 (South Korea)|National Route 39]] [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Imhak station]] ({{Color|#8cadcb|●}} [[Incheon Subway Line 1|Incheon Line 1]]) || 3.02 || 82.06 ||
|-
! 23
|| [[Seoun Junction|Seoun JC]] || 서운분기점 || 瑞雲分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.120.svg|20px]] [[Gyeongin Expressway]] || 2.25 || 84.31 ||
|-
! 24
|| [[Jungdong Interchange|Jungdong IC]] || 중동나들목 || 中洞나들목 || Gilju-ro(길주로) [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Sangdong station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 7.svg|15px|7|link=]] [[Seoul Subway Line 7|Line 7]]) Sangdong Lake Park Incheon Samsan World Stadium || 2.08 || 86.39 || || rowspan="2" | [[Bucheon]] || rowspan="2" | [[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]]
|-
! 25
|| [[Songnae Interchange|Songnae IC]] || 송내나들목 || 松內나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.46.svg|20px]] [[National Route 46 (South Korea)|National Route 46]] [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Songnae station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 1.svg|15px|1|link=]] [[Seoul Subway Line 1|Line 1]]) || 2.02 || 88.41 ||
|-
! 26
|| [[Jangsu Interchange|Jangsu IC]] || 장수나들목 || 長壽나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.39.svg|20px]] [[National Route 39 (South Korea)|National Route 39]] [[File:Korea Expressway No.50.svg|20px]] [[Yeongdong Expressway]] [[Incheon Grand Park]] Munemi-ro(무네미로) || 2.41 || 90.82 || || [[Namdong District|Namdong]] || [[Incheon]]
|-
! 27
|| [[Siheung Interchange|Siheung IC]] || 시흥나들목 || 始興나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.39.svg|20px]] [[National Route 39 (South Korea)|National Route 39]] || 4.21 || 95.03 || || rowspan="5" | [[Siheung]] || rowspan="11" | [[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]]
|-
! TG
|| [[Siheung Tollgate|Siheung TG]] || 시흥요금소 || 始興料金所 || || || || Main Tollgate
|-
! 28
|| [[Anhyeon Junction|Anhyeong JC]] || 안현분기점 || 鞍峴分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.110.svg|20px]] [[Second Gyeongin Expressway|2nd Gyeongin Expressway]] || 2.66 || 97.69 ||
|-
! 28-1
|| [[Dori Junction|Dori JC]] || 도리분기점 || 道理分岐點 || [[Image:KR road sign 301 (obsolete).svg|20px]] [[Third Gyeongin Expressway|3rd Gyeongin Highway]] ([[Local Route 330 (South Korea)|Local Route 330]]) || 4.81 || 102.50 ||
|-
! 29
|| [[Jonam Junction|Jonam JC]] || 조남분기점 || 鳥南分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.15.svg|20px]] [[Seohaean Expressway]] || 4.44 || 106.94 ||
|-
! 30
|| [[Sanbon Interchange|Sanbon IC]] || 산본나들목 || 山本나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.47.svg|20px]] [[National Route 47 (South Korea)|National Route 47]] Gunpo City Hall [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Sanbon station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 4.svg|15px|4|link=]] [[Seoul Subway Line 4|Line 4]]) || 5.27 || 112.21 || || [[Gunpo]]
|-
! 31
|| [[Pyeongchon Interchange|Pyeongchon IC]] || 평촌나들목 || 平村나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.1.svg|20px]] [[National Route 1 (South Korea)|National Route 1]] [[File:Korea National Route No.47.svg|20px]] [[National Route 47 (South Korea)|National Route 47]] Anyang City Hall [[File:South Korea subway logo.svg|20px]] [[Beomgye station]] ([[File:Seoul Metro Line 4.svg|15px|4|link=]] [[Seoul Subway Line 4|Line 4]]) || 4.13 || 116.34 || || [[Anyang]]
|-
! 32
|| [[Hagui Junction|Hagui JC]] || 학의분기점 || 鶴儀分岐點 || [[Image:KR road sign 301 (obsolete).svg|20px]] [[Gwacheon-Bongdam Highway]] ([[Local Route 309 (South Korea)|Local Route 309]]) || 2.86 || 119.20 || || rowspan="3" | [[Uiwang]]
|-
! SA
|| Uiwang-Cheonggye SA || 의왕청계휴게소 || 義王淸溪休憩所 || || || ||
|-
! TG
|| [[Cheonggye Tollgate|Cheonggye TG]] || 청계요금소 || 淸溪料金所 || || || || Main Tollgate
|-
! 1
|| [[Pangyo Junction|Pangyo JC]] || 판교분기점 || 板橋分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.1.svg|20px]] [[Gyeongbu Expressway]]({{Jct|country=KOR|AH|1}}) || 8.82 || 128.02 || Busan-bound Only || [[Seongnam]]
|-
! colspan="10" | Connected directly to Seongnam IC(Cycle Line)
|}

== See also ==
* [[Roads and expressways in South Korea]]
* [[Transportation in South Korea]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.seoulbeltway.co.kr/ Seoul Beltway Corporation] (Korean)
* [http://english.molit.go.kr MOLIT] [[Government of South Korea|South Korean Government]] [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Korea)|Transport Department]]

{{Public transport in the Seoul Metropolitan Area}}
{{South Korean expressways}}

{{Coord missing|South Korea}}

[[Category:Seoul Ring Expressway| ]]
[[Category:Expressways in South Korea]]
[[Category:Gyeonggi Province]]
[[Category:Transport in Seoul]]
[[Category:Ring roads]]
[[Category:Roads in Gyeonggi]]
[[Category:Roads in Seoul]]
[[Category:Roads in Incheon]]

Saemangeum–Pohang Expressway

2024-09-05T06:28:48Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Road in South Korea}}
{{Infobox road
|country=KOR
|type=EX
|route=20
|alternate_name=Iksan-Pohang Expressway
|map={{Highway system OSM map
| highway_system_qid = Q47012
| frame-lat =
| frame-long =
| frame-width = 300
| frame-height = 300
| zoom =
| length = yes
| plain = yes
}}
|map_custom = yes
|length_mi=
|length_km=161
|length_round=
|length_ref=
|established=
|replaces=
|direction_a=West
|terminus_a= [[Gimje]], [[Jeollabuk-do]]
|junction=
|direction_b=East
|terminus_b= [[Pohang]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]]
}}

{{Infobox Korean name
|hangul = 새만금포항고속도로
|hanja = {{linktext|새|萬|金|浦|項|高|速|道|路}}
|rr = Saemangeum–Pohang gosokdoro
|mr = Saemangeum–P'ohang kosoktoro
}}

The '''Saemangeum–Pohang Expressway'''({{Korean|새만금포항고속도로}}) is an [[Expressway in South Korea]] connecting [[Gimje]] to [[Pohang]]. Numbered 20, it is in two parts, so a complete journey along this route must make use of other roads.

==List of facilities==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
*'''IC''': Interchange, '''JC''': Junction, '''SA''': Service Area, '''TG''':Tollgate

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;"
|- style="border-bottom:solid 0.25em green;"
! No. !! Name !! Korean Name !! Hanja Name !! Connections !! Notes !! Location
|-
! 1
|| [[Iksan Junction|Iksan JC]] || 익산분기점 || 益山分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.25.svg|20px]] [[Honam Expressway]] || || [[Iksan]], [[Jeollabuk-do]]
|-
! 2
|| [[Wanju Interchange|Wanju IC]] || 완주나들목 || 完州나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.17.svg|20px]] [[National Route 17 (South Korea)|National Route 17]] || || rowspan="3" |[[Wanju]], [[Jeollabuk-do]]
|-
! 2-1
|| [[Wanju Junction|Wanju JC]] || 완주분기점 || 完州分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.27.svg|20px]] [[Suncheon-Wanju Expressway]] ||
|-
! 3
|| [[Soyang Interchange|Soyang IC]] || 소양나들목 || 所陽나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.26.svg|20px]] [[National Route 26 (South Korea)|National Route 26]] ||
|-
! SA
|| Jinan Maisan SA || 진안마이산휴게소 || 鎭安馬耳山休憩所 || || || rowspan="2" |[[Jinan]], [[Jeollabuk-do]]
|-
! 4
|| [[Jinan Interchange|Jinan IC]] || 진안나들목 || 鎭安나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.30.svg|20px]] [[National Route 30 (South Korea)|National Route 30]] ||
|-
! 5
|| [[Jangsu Interchange, North Jeolla Province|Jangsu IC]] || 장수나들목 || 長水나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.19.svg|20px]] [[National Route 19 (South Korea)|National Route 19]] || || rowspan="2" |[[Jangsu]], [[Jeollabuk-do]]
|-
! 6
|| [[Jangsu Junction|Jangsu JC]] || 장수분기점 || 長水分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.35.svg|20px]] [[Tongyeong-Daejeon Expressway]] ||
|-
! colspan="7" | Muju ~ Palgongsan section is on the drawing boards
|-
! TG 20
|| [[Palgongsan Tollgate|Palgongsan IC]] || 팔공산나들목 || 八公山나들목 || Palgong-ro || || rowspan="2" |[[Dong District, Daegu|Dong-gu]], [[Daegu]]
|-
! 21
|| [[Dodong Junction|Dodong JC]] || 도동분기점 || 道洞分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.1.svg|20px]] [[Gyeongbu Expressway]]({{Jct|country=KOR|AH|1}}) ||
|-
! SA
|| Wachon SA || 와촌휴게소 || 瓦村休憩所 || || Pohang-bound Only ||[[Gyeongsan]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]]
|-
! 22
|| [[Cheongtong·Wachon Interchange|Cheongtong·Wachon IC]] || 청통·와촌나들목 || 淸通瓦村나들목 || [[South Korea Provincial Route 919|Provincial Route 919]] || || rowspan="5" |[[Yeongcheon]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]]
|-
! SA
|| Cheongtong SA || 청통휴게소 || 淸通休憩所 || || Iksan-bound Only
|-
!
|| [[Hwasan Junction|Hwasan JC]] || 화산분기점 || 華山分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.301.svg|20px]] [[Sangju-Yeongcheon Expressway]] ||
|-
! 23
|| [[North Yeongcheon Interchange|N. Yeongcheon IC]] || 북영천나들목 || 北永川나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.35.svg|20px]] [[National Route 35 (South Korea)|National Route 35]] ||
|-
! SA
|| Yeongcheon SA || 영천휴게소 || 永川休憩所 || ||
|-
! 24
|| [[West Pohang Interchange|W. Pohang IC]] || 서포항나들목 || 西浦項나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.31.svg|20px]] [[National Route 31 (South Korea)|National Route 31]] || || rowspan="6" |[[Pohang]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]]
|-
! TG
|| [[Pohang Tollgate|Pohang TG]] || 포항요금소 || 浦項料金所 || || Main Tollgate
|-
! 25
|| [[Hakjeon Interchange|Hakjeon IC]] || 학전나들목 || 鶴田나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.31.svg|20px]] [[National Route 31 (South Korea)|National Route 31]] || Former Expressway's Ending Spot until 2009
|-
! 26
|| [[Pohang Interchange|Pohang IC]] || 포항나들목 || 浦項나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.31.svg|20px]] [[National Route 31 (South Korea)|National Route 31]] ||
|-
!
|| Pohang || 포항 종점 || 浦項終點 || Huimang-daero ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[Roads and expressways in South Korea]]
* [[Transportation in South Korea]]

== External links ==
* [http://english.molit.go.kr MOLIT] [[Government of South Korea|South Korean Government]] [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Korea)|Transport Department]]

{{South Korean expressways}}

{{coord missing|South Korea}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iksan-Pohang Expressway}}
[[Category:Expressways in South Korea]]
[[Category:Roads in North Jeolla]]
[[Category:Roads in Daegu]]
[[Category:Roads in North Gyeongsang]]

{{SouthKorea-road-stub}}

North Korea–South Korea relations

2024-08-23T07:42:43Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations|North Korea–South Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea|Republic of Korea
|map=North Korea South Korea Locator.png
|mission1=[[United Front Department]], [[Pyongyang]]
|mission2=[[Ministry of Unification]], [[Seoul]]}}
{{Infobox Korean name|title=South Korean name|hangul=남북관계|hanja={{linktext|南北|關係}}|rr=Nambuk gwangye|mr=Nambuk kwan'gye|othername2=North Korean name|context2=north|hangul2=북남관계|hanja2={{linktext|北南|關係}}|rr2=Bungnam gwangye|mr2=Pungnam kwan'gye}}
Formerly a [[Korean Empire|single nation]] that was [[Korea under Japanese rule|annexed]] by [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] in 1910, the [[Korean Peninsula]] has been [[Division of Korea|divided]] into [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]] since the end of [[World War II]] on 2 September 1945. The two governments were founded in the two regions in 1948, leading to the consolidation of division. The two countries engaged in the [[Korean War]] from 1950 to 1953 which ended in an [[Korean Armistice Agreement|armistice agreement]] but without a [[peace treaty]]. North Korea is a [[one-party state]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019 |title=North Korea: Systematic Repression |work=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/14/north-korea-systematic-repression |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> run by the [[Kim family (North Korea)|Kim family]]. South Korea was formerly governed by a succession of [[military dictatorship]]s, save for a [[Second Korean Republic|brief one-year democratic period]] from 1960 to 1961, until thorough [[democratization]] in 1987, after which [[1987 South Korean presidential election|direct elections]] were held. Both nations claim the entire Korean Peninsula and outlying islands. Both nations joined the [[United Nations]] in 1991 and are recognized by most member states. Since the 1970s, both nations have held informal diplomatic dialogues in order to ease military tensions.

In 2000, President [[Kim Dae-jung]] became the first [[President of South Korea]] to visit [[North Korea]], 55 years after the peninsula was divided. Under President Kim, South Korea adopted the [[Sunshine Policy]] in pursuit of more peaceful relationships with North Korea.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moon |first1=Jong-In |last2=Steinberg |first2=David I. |title=Kim Dae-jung government and sunshine policy: promises and challenges |url=https://archive.org/details/kimdaejunggovern00moon |url-access=registration |date=1999 |publisher=Yonsei University Press |location=Seoul |isbn=8971414936}}</ref> The policy established the [[Kaesong Industrial Region]], among other things. This policy was continued by the next president [[Roh Moo-hyun]] who also visited North Korea in 2007 and met with North Korean leader [[Kim Jong Il]]. Through this meeting both leaders signed a declaration to pursue peace and recover inter-Korean relations. However, faced with growing criticism, the Sunshine Policy was discontinued under the next two governments. During [[Lee Myung-bak]] and [[Park Geun-hye]]'s presidencies, the relationship between North and South Korea became more hostile.

Under President [[Moon Jae-in]], beginning with North Korea's participation in the [[2018 Winter Olympics]], the relationship saw a major diplomatic breakthrough and become significantly warmer. In April 2018, the two countries signed the [[Panmunjom Declaration]].<ref name=april272018>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/27/the-panmmunjom-declaration-full-text-of-agreement-between-north-korea-and-south-korea/|title=The full text of North and South Korea's agreement, annotated|first=Adam|last=Taylor|date=27 April 2018|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612232536/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/27/the-panmmunjom-declaration-full-text-of-agreement-between-north-korea-and-south-korea/|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The summits between North and South Korea also facilitated positive relationships between North Korea and the United States. However, the negotiations stalled in 2020 and relations deteriorated, particularly during the presidency of [[Yoon Suk Yeol]], with an increase in military tensions.

== Division of Korea ==
{{Main|Division of Korea}}
[[File:28.08.1946 Labour Party North Korea.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kim Il Sung]], amongst other Korean communists and Soviet representatives, at a conference in [[Pyongyang]] in 1946, seated under large portraits of Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]] and himself.]]
[[File:Syngman Rhee and Douglas MacArthur.jpg|thumb|left|[[Syngman Rhee]] together with US general [[Douglas MacArthur]] at the grand ceremony inaugurating the government of the [[First Republic of Korea|Republic of Korea]] (South Korea) in 1948.]]
The Korean peninsula had been [[Korea under Japanese rule|occupied by Japan]] from 1910. On 9 August 1945, in the closing days of [[World War II]], the Soviet Union [[Soviet–Japanese War|declared war on Japan]] and advanced into Korea. Though the Soviet declaration of war had been agreed by the Allies at the [[Yalta Conference]], the US government became concerned at the prospect of all of Korea falling under Soviet control. The US government therefore requested Soviet forces halt their advance at the [[38th parallel north]], leaving the south of the peninsula, including the capital, [[Seoul]], to be occupied by the US. This was incorporated into [[General Order No. 1]] to Japanese forces after the [[Surrender of Japan]] on 15 August. On 24 August, the Red Army entered [[Pyongyang]] and established a military government over Korea north of the parallel. American forces landed in the south on 8 September and established the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea]].<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n60 50]}}</ref>

The Allies had originally envisaged a joint trusteeship which would steer Korea towards independence, but most Korean nationalists wanted independence immediately.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n69 59]}}</ref> Meanwhile, the wartime co-operation between the Soviet Union and the US deteriorated as the [[Cold War]] took hold. Both occupying powers began promoting into positions of authority Koreans aligned with their side of politics and marginalizing their opponents. Many of these emerging political leaders were returning exiles with little popular support.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n60 50]–51, 59}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History| last = Cumings| first = Bruce| author-link = Bruce Cumings| year = 2005| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]]| location = New York| isbn = 0-393-32702-7 |pages=194–95}}</ref> In North Korea, the Soviet Union supported Korean Communists. Kim Il Sung, who from 1941 had served in the Soviet Army, became the major political figure.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n66 56]}}</ref> Society was centralized and collectivized, following the Soviet model.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n78 68]}}</ref> Politics in the South was more tumultuous, but the strongly anti-Communist Syngman Rhee emerged as the most prominent politician.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n76 66], 69}}</ref>

The US government took the issue to the United Nations, which led to the formation of the [[United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea]] (UNTCOK) in 1947. The Soviet Union opposed this move and refused to allow UNTCOK to operate in the North. UNTCOK organized a [[1948 South Korean Constitutional Assembly election|general election]] in the South, which was held on 10 May 1948.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |page=13}}</ref> The Republic of Korea was established with [[Syngman Rhee]] as president, and formally replaced the US military occupation on 15 August. In North Korea, the [[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] was declared on 9 September, with [[Kim Il Sung]] as prime minister. Soviet forces left the North on 10 December 1948. US forces left the South the following year, though the US [[Korean Military Advisory Group]] remained to train the [[Republic of Korea Army]].<ref>{{cite book| title = Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History| last = Cumings| first = Bruce| author-link = Bruce Cumings| year = 2005| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]]| location = New York| isbn = 0-393-32702-7 |pages=255–56}}</ref>

Both opposing governments considered themselves to be the government of the whole of Korea, and both saw the division as temporary.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n82 72]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History| last = Cumings| first = Bruce| author-link = Bruce Cumings| year = 2005| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]]| location = New York| isbn = 0-393-32702-7 |pages=505–06}}</ref> The DPRK proclaimed Seoul to be its official capital, a position not changed until 1972.<ref>{{cite book |author= Hyung Gu Lynn |date= 2007 |title= Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989 |url= https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn |url-access= limited |publisher= Zed Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn/page/n172 158]}}</ref>

==Korean War==
{{Main|Korean War}}
[[File:Korean War armistice agreement 1953.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in [[Panmunjom|P'anmunjŏm]].]]
North Korea invaded the South on 25 June 1950, and swiftly overran most of the country. In September 1950 the [[United Nations Command|United Nations force]], led by the United States, intervened to defend the South, and advanced into North Korea. As they neared the border with China, Chinese forces intervened on behalf of North Korea, shifting the balance of the war again. Fighting ended on 27 July 1953, with an [[Korean Armistice Agreement|armistice]] that approximately restored the original boundaries between North and South Korea.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n81 71]}}</ref> Syngman Rhee refused to sign the armistice, but reluctantly agreed to abide by it.<ref name="Bluth 2008">{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |page=20}}</ref> The armistice inaugurated an official ceasefire but did not lead to a peace treaty. It established the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]] (DMZ), a buffer zone between the two sides, that intersected the 38th parallel but did not follow it.<ref name="Bluth 2008"/> North Korea has announced that it will no longer abide by the armistice at least six times, in the years 1994, 1996, 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2009/05/28/46/0401000000AEN20090528004200315F.HTML |title=Chronology of major North Korean statements on the Korean War armistice|agency=Yonhap |date=28 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312170354/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2009/05/28/46/0401000000AEN20090528004200315F.HTML |archive-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21709917 |title=North Korea ends peace pacts with South |work=[[BBC News]] |date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311043455/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21709917 |archive-date=11 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Large numbers of people were displaced as a result of the war, and many families were divided by the reconstituted border. In 2007 it was estimated that around 750,000 people remained separated from immediate family members, and family reunions have long been a diplomatic priority for the South.<ref>{{cite book |author= Hyung Gu Lynn |date= 2007 |title= Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989 |url= https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn |url-access= limited |publisher= Zed Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn/page/n24 10]}}</ref>

==Cold War==

Competition between North and South Korea became key to decision-making on both sides. For example, the construction of the [[Pyongyang Metro]] spurred the construction of one in Seoul.<ref>{{cite book| title = Kim Il-song's North Korea | last = Hunter | first = Helen-Louise | year = 1999 | publisher = Praeger | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 0-275-96296-2 |page=189}}</ref> In the 1980s, the South Korean government built a 98m tall flagpole in its village of [[Daeseong-dong]] in the DMZ. In response, North Korea built a 160m tall flagpole in its nearby village of [[Kijŏng-dong]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43806930|title=North and South Korea: The petty side of diplomacy|first=Yvette|last=Tan|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=25 April 2018|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702144641/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43806930|archive-date=2 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tensions escalated in the late 1960s with a series of low-level armed clashes known as the [[Korean DMZ Conflict]]. During this time North and South Korea conducted covert raids on each other in a series of retaliatory strikes, which included assassination attempts on the South and North leaders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/15/world/south-korean-movie-unlocks-door-on-a-once-secret-past.html|title=South Korean Movie Unlocks Door on a Once-Secret Past|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 February 2004|last1=Onishi|first1=Norimitsu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/02/116_80936.html |title=S. Korea raided North with captured agents in 1967 |work=The Korea Times|author=Lee Tae-hoon |date=7 February 2011 |access-date=12 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001195904/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/02/116_80936.html |archive-date=1 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d286 |title=Minutes of Washington Special Actions Group Meeting, Washington, August 25, 1976, 10:30 a.m. |date=25 August 1976 |access-date=12 May 2012 |publisher=[[Office of the Historian]], U.S. Department of State |quote=Clements: I like it. It doesn't have an overt character. I have been told that there have been 200 other such operations and that none of these have surfaced. Kissinger: It is different for us with the War Powers Act. I don't remember any such operations. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925121535/http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve12/d286 |archive-date=25 September 2012 }}</ref> On 21 January 1968, North Koreans commandos attacked the South Korean [[Blue House Raid|Blue House]]. On 11 December 1969, [[Korean Air Lines YS-11 hijacking|a South Korean airliner was hijacked]].

During preparations for [[1972 Nixon visit to China|US President Nixon's visit to China in 1972]], South Korean President Park Chung Hee initiated covert contact with the North's Kim Il Sung.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |page=48}}</ref> In August 1971, the first [[Red Cross]] talks between North and South Korea were held.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite book |author=김영호 |script-title=ko:사실로 본 한국 근현대사 |edition=2nd |publisher=황금알 |location=Seoul |year=2011}}</ref> Many of the participants were really intelligence or party officials.<ref>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | page = 12 | isbn = 9780465031238}}</ref> In May 1972, [[Lee Hu-rak]], the director of the [[Korean CIA]], secretly met with Kim Il Sung in Pyongyang. Kim apologized for the Blue House Raid, denying he had approved it.<ref>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | pages = 18–19| isbn = 9780465031238}}</ref> In return, North Korea's deputy premier [[Pak Song-chol|Pak Song Chol]] made a secret visit to Seoul.<ref>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | page = 19 | isbn = 9780465031238}}</ref> On 4 July 1972, the North-South Joint Statement was issued. The statement announced the Three Principles of Reunification: first, reunification must be solved independently without interference from or reliance on foreign powers; second, reunification must be realized in a peaceful way without use of armed forces against each other; finally, reunification transcend the differences of ideologies and institutions to promote the unification of Korea as one ethnic group.<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | pages = 19–20 | isbn = 9780465031238}}</ref> It also established the first "hotline" between the two sides.<ref>{{cite book| title = Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey | url = https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi | url-access = registration | last = Robinson | first = Michael E | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location = Honolulu | isbn = 978-0-8248-3174-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/179 179]}}</ref>

North Korea suspended talks in 1973 after the kidnapping of South Korean opposition leader [[Kim Dae-jung]] by the [[Korean CIA]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | page = 35 | isbn = 9780465031238}}</ref> Talks restarted, however, and between 1973 and 1975 there were 10 meetings of the North-South Coordinating Committee at [[Panmunjom]].<ref>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | page = 36 | isbn = 9780465031238}}</ref>

In the late 1970s, US President [[Jimmy Carter]] hoped to achieve peace in Korea. However, his plans were derailed because of the unpopularity of his proposed withdrawal of troops.<ref>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | pages = 83–86 | isbn = 9780465031238}}</ref>

In 1983, a North Korean proposal for three-way talks with the United States and South Korea coincided with the [[Rangoon bombing|Rangoon assassination attempt against the South Korean President]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |page=59}}</ref> This contradictory behavior has never been explained.<ref>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | page = 113 | isbn = 9780465031238}}</ref>

In September 1984, North Korea's Red Cross sent emergency supplies to the South after severe floods.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Talks resumed, resulting in the first reunion of separated families in 1985, as well as a series of cultural exchanges.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Choe 2014"/> Goodwill dissipated with the staging of the US-South Korean military exercise, [[Team Spirit]], in 1986.<ref>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | pages = 118–19 | isbn = 9780465031238}}</ref>

[[File:Unification flag of Korea (pre 2006).svg|thumb|[[Korean Unification Flag]]]]
When Seoul was chosen to host the [[1988 Summer Olympics]], North Korea tried to arrange a boycott by its Communist allies or a joint hosting of the Games.<ref>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | pages = 142–43 | isbn = 9780465031238}}</ref> This failed, and the bombing of [[Korean Air Flight 858]] in 1987 was seen as North Korea's revenge.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n175 165]}}</ref> However, at the same time, amid a global thawing of the Cold War, the newly elected South Korean President [[Roh Tae-woo]] launched a diplomatic initiative known as ''[[Nordpolitik]]''. This proposed the interim development of a "Korean Community", which was similar to a North Korean proposal for a confederation.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |pages=48–49}}</ref> From 4 to 7 September 1990, high-level talks were held in Seoul, at the same time that the North was protesting about the Soviet Union normalizing relations with the South. These talks led in 1991 to the Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression, Exchanges and Cooperation and the [[Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |pages=49, 66–67}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last1= Oberdorfer| first1=Don| last2=Carlin| first2=Robert | title=The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History | publisher = Basic Books| year = 2014 | pages = 165–69, 173–75 | isbn = 9780465031238}}</ref> This coincided with the admission of both North and South Korea into the United Nations.<ref name="BipolarOrdersp160">{{cite book |author= Hyung Gu Lynn |date= 2007 |title= Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989 |url= https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn |url-access= limited |publisher= Zed Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn/page/n174 160]}}</ref> Meanwhile, on 25 March 1991, a unified Korean team first used the [[Korean Unification Flag]] at the World Table Tennis Competition in Japan, and on 6 May 1991, a unified team competed at the World Youth Football Competition in [[Portugal]].

There were limits to the thaw in relations, however. In 1989, [[Lim Su-kyung]], a South Korean student activist who participated in the [[13th World Festival of Youth and Students|World Youth Festival]] in Pyongyang, was jailed on her return.<ref name="BipolarOrdersp160"/>

==Sunshine and shadow==
[[File:Comparison of life expectancy in South and North Koreas.png|thumb|Comparison of [[life expectancy]] in South and North Koreas]]
The end of the Cold War brought [[North Korean famine|economic crisis]] to North Korea and led to expectations that reunification was imminent.<ref>{{cite book| title = Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History| last = Cumings| first = Bruce| author-link = Bruce Cumings| year = 2005| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]]| location = New York| isbn = 0-393-32702-7 |page=509}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n183 173]–76}}</ref> North Koreans began to flee to the South in increasing numbers. According to official statistics there were 561 defectors living in South Korea in 1995, and over 10,000 in 2007.<ref>{{cite book |author= Hyung Gu Lynn |date= 2007 |title= Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989 |url= https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn |url-access= limited |publisher= Zed Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn/page/n178 164]}}</ref>

In December 1991 both states made an accord, the Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression, Exchange and Cooperation, pledging non-aggression and cultural and economic exchanges. They also agreed on prior notification of major military movements and established a military [[hotline]], and working on replacing the [[Korean Armistice Agreement|armistice]] with a "peace regime".<ref name=wp-19911213>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/12/13/two-koreas-pledge-to-end-aggression/d104ab96-1a85-4024-8b61-bf9e43d779eb/ |title=Two Koreas pledge to end aggression |last=Blustein |first=Paul |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=13 December 1991 |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=nyt-19911213>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/13/world/koreas-sign-pact-renouncing-force-in-a-step-to-unity.html |title=Koreas sign Pact renouncing force in a step to unity |author=David E. Sanger |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=13 December 1991 |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref><ref name=state-19911213>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/t/ac/rls/or/2004/31012.htm |title=Agreement on Reconciliation, Nonagression and Exchanges And Cooperation Between the South and the North |publisher=U.S. Department of State |date=13 December 1991 |access-date=19 September 2018}}</ref>

In 1994, concern over [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|North Korea's nuclear program]] led to the [[Agreed Framework]] between the US and North Korea.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |pages=68, 76}}</ref>

In 1998, South Korean President [[Kim Dae-jung]] announced a [[Sunshine Policy]] towards North Korea. Despite [[First Battle of Yeonpyeong|a naval clash in 1999]], this led in June 2000, to the first [[Inter-Korean summits|Inter-Korean summit]], between Kim Dae-jung and Kim Jong Il.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey | url = https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/165 | url-access = registration | last = Robinson | first = Michael E | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location = Honolulu | isbn = 978-0-8248-3174-5 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/165 165, 180] }}</ref> As a result, Kim Dae-jung was awarded the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>{{cite book |author= Hyung Gu Lynn |date= 2007 |title= Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989 |url= https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn |url-access= limited |publisher= Zed Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn/page/n175 161]}}</ref> The summit was followed in August by a family reunion.<ref name="Choe 2014"/> In September, the North and South Korean teams marched together at the [[Sydney Olympics]].<ref>{{cite book| title = The Making of Modern Korea | url = https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo | url-access = limited | last = Buzo | first = Adrian | year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| location = London | isbn = 0-415-23749-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/makingmodernkore00buzo/page/n189 179]}}</ref> Trade increased to the point where South Korea became North Korea's largest trading partner.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |page=107}}</ref> Starting in 1998, the [[Mount Kumgang Tourist Region]] was developed as a joint venture between the North Korean government and [[Hyundai Group|Hyundai]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey | url = https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/179 | url-access = registration | last = Robinson | first = Michael E | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location = Honolulu | isbn = 978-0-8248-3174-5 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/179 179–80] }}</ref> In 2003, the [[Kaesong Industrial Region]] was established to allow South Korean businesses to invest in the North.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |pages=107–08}}</ref> In the early 2000s South Korea ceased infiltrating its agents into the North.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/12709883|title=[현장 속으로] 돌아오지 못한 북파공작원 7726명|date=28 September 2013|website=[[JoongAng Ilbo]]}}</ref>

US President [[George W Bush]], however, did not support the Sunshine Policy and in 2002 branded North Korea as a member of an [[Axis of Evil]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History| last = Cumings| first = Bruce| author-link = Bruce Cumings| year = 2005| publisher = [[W. W. Norton & Company]]| location = New York| isbn = 0-393-32702-7 |page=504}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |page=112}}</ref>

Continuing concerns about North Korea's potential to develop nuclear missiles led in 2003 to the [[six-party talks]] that included North Korea, South Korea, the US, Russia, China, and Japan.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |pages=124–25}}</ref> In 2006, however, North Korea resumed testing missiles and on 9 October conducted its [[2006 North Korean nuclear test|first nuclear test]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea| last = Bluth | first = Christoph | year = 2008| publisher = Polity Press| location = Cambridge| isbn = 978-07456-3357-2 |pages=132–33}}</ref>

The [[June 15th North–South Joint Declaration|15 June 2000 Joint Declaration]] that the two leaders signed during the first [[Inter-Korean summit|South-North summit]] stated that they would hold the second summit at an appropriate time. It was originally envisaged that the second summit would be held in South Korea, but that did not happen. South Korean President [[Roh Moo-hyun]] walked across the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]] on 2 October 2007 and traveled on to Pyongyang for talks with Kim Jong Il.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7023079.stm Korean leaders in historic talks] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016062235/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7023079.stm |date=16 October 2007 }}, BBC, Tuesday, 2 October 2007, 10:14 GMT</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7023270.stm In pictures: Historic crossing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307181107/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/7023270.stm |date=7 March 2008 }}, BBC, 2 October 2007, 10:15 GMT</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7022080.stm Mixed feelings over Koreas summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115122230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7022080.stm |date=15 November 2007 }}, BBC, 2 October 2007, 10:17 GMT</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/10/01/koreas.summit/index.html Kim greets Roh in Pyongyang before historic summit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109070221/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/10/01/koreas.summit/index.html |date=9 November 2007 }}, CNN. Retrieved 2 October 2007.</ref>
The two sides reaffirmed the spirit of 15 June Joint Declaration and had discussions on various issues related to realizing the advancement of south–north relations, peace on the Korean Peninsula, common prosperity of the people and the unification of Korea. On 4 October 2007, South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun and North Korean leader Kim Jong Il signed a peace declaration. The document called for international talks to replace the [[s:Korean Armistice Agreement|Armistice]] which ended the [[Korean War]] with a permanent peace treaty.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7027236.stm Korean leaders issue peace call] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021223107/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7027236.stm |date=21 October 2007 }}, BBC, 4 October 2007.</ref>

During this period political developments were reflected in art. The films ''[[Shiri (film)|Shiri]]'', in 1999, and ''[[Joint Security Area (film)|Joint Security Area]]'', in 2000, gave sympathetic representations of North Koreans.<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey | url = https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/184 | url-access = registration | last = Robinson | first = Michael E | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location = Honolulu | isbn = 978-0-8248-3174-5 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/184 184–85] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Hyung Gu Lynn |date= 2007 |title= Bipolar Orders: The Two Koreas since 1989 |url= https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn |url-access= limited |publisher= Zed Books |page=[https://archive.org/details/bipolarorderstwo00lynn/page/n177 163]}}</ref>

== Sunshine Policy ends ==
=== Lee Myung-bak government ===
[[File:Joint Security Area, Korean DMZ, looking south.jpg|thumb|The Korean DMZ in 2012, viewed from the north.]]
The Sunshine Policy was formally abandoned by the new South Korean President [[Lee Myung-bak]] in 2010.<ref>[http://www.voanews.com/english/news/South-Korea-Formally-Declares-End-to-Sunshine-Policy--108904544.html South Korea Formally Declares End to Sunshine Policy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412215246/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/South-Korea-Formally-Declares-End-to-Sunshine-Policy--108904544.html |date=12 April 2012 }}, [http://www.voanews.com Voice of America] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514131027/http://www.voanews.com/ |date=14 May 2012 }}, 18 November 2010</ref>

On 26 March 2010, the 1,500-ton [[ROKS Cheonan sinking|ROKS ''Cheonan'']] with a crew of 104, sank off [[Baengnyeong Island]] in the [[Yellow Sea]]. Seoul said there was an explosion at the stern, and was investigating whether a torpedo attack was the cause. Out of 104 sailors, 46 died and 58 were rescued. South Korean President [[Lee Myung-bak]] convened an emergency meeting of security officials and ordered the military to focus on rescuing the sailors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://app.response.stratfor.com/e/es.aspx?s=1483&e=3399&elq=05cf8be54ef54e1da76265c30506d3cd |title=Geopolitical Weekly |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610193339/http://app.response.stratfor.com/e/es.aspx?s=1483&e=3399&elq=05cf8be54ef54e1da76265c30506d3cd |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8589507.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |title='Blast' sinks S Korea navy ship |date=26 March 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327065313/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8589507.stm |archive-date=27 March 2010 }}</ref> On 20 May 2010, a team of international researchers published results claiming that the sinking had been caused by a North Korean torpedo; North Korea rejected the findings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/asia_pacific/10131683.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |title=Anger at North Korea over sinking |date=20 May 2010 |access-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523031829/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/asia_pacific/10131683.stm |archive-date=23 May 2010 }}</ref> South Korea agreed with the findings from the research group and President Lee Myung-bak declared afterwards that Seoul would cut all trade with North Korea as part of measures primarily aimed at striking back at North Korea diplomatically and financially.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} North Korea denied all such allegations and responded by severing ties between the countries and announced it abrogated the previous non-aggression agreement.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64O3YU20100525 Text from North Korea statement] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605153427/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64O3YU20100525 |date=5 June 2010 }}, by Jonathan Thatcher, Reuters, 25 May 2010</ref>

On 23 November 2010, [[Bombardment of Yeonpyeong|North Korea's artillery fired]] at South Korea's [[Daeyeonpyeong|Yeonpyeong]] island in the Yellow Sea and South Korea returned fire. Two South Korean marines and two civilians were killed, more than a dozen were wounded, including three civilians. About 10 North Koreans were believed to be killed; however, the North Korean government denies this. The town was evacuated and South Korea warned of stern retaliation, with President [[Lee Myung-bak]] ordering the destruction of a nearby North Korea missile base if further provocation should occur.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2010/11/23/81/0301000000AEN20101123013700315F.HTML |title=(LEAD) S. Korea vows 'stern retaliation' against N. Korea's attacks |language=ko |publisher=English.yonhapnews.co.kr |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=5 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617105614/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2010/11/23/81/0301000000AEN20101123013700315F.HTML |archive-date=17 June 2012 }}</ref> The official North Korean news agency, KCNA, stated that North Korea only fired after the South had "recklessly fired into our sea area".<ref name=nyt-20101123>{{Cite news|last=McDonald |first=Mark |title=North and South Korea Exchange Fire, Killing Two |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/24/world/asia/24korea.html?src=mv |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=23 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125081055/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/24/world/asia/24korea.html?src=mv |archive-date=25 November 2010 }}</ref>

In 2011 it was revealed that North Korea abducted four high-ranking South Korean military officers in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rahn |last=Kim |title=North Korea abducted 4 South Korean military officers' |date=20 May 2011 |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/05/113_87371.html |work=The Korea Times |access-date=31 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522000420/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/05/113_87371.html |archive-date=22 May 2011 }}</ref>

===Park Geun-hye government===
On 12 December 2012, North Korea launched the [[Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2]], a scientific and technological satellite, and it reached orbit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201212/news08/20121208-23ee.html |title=KCST Spokesman on Launching Time of Satellite |publisher=Kcna.co.jp |date=8 December 2012 |access-date=5 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012074854/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201212/news08/20121208-23ee.html |archive-date=12 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201212/news12/20121212-08ee.html |title=DPRK Succeeds in Satellite Launch |publisher=Kcna.co.jp |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=5 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102060136/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201212/news12/20121212-08ee.html |archive-date=2 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201212/news12/20121212-09ee.html |title=KCNA Releases Report on Satellite Launch |publisher=Kcna.co.jp |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=5 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102060142/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2012/201212/news12/20121212-09ee.html |archive-date=2 January 2013 }}</ref> In response, the United States deployed its warships in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20636671 |title=US moves warships to track North Korea rocket launch |publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=7 December 2012 |access-date=5 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319182002/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20636671 |archive-date=19 March 2013 }}</ref> January–September 2013 saw an escalation of tensions between North Korea and South Korea, the United States, and Japan that began because of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 2087]], which condemned North Korea for the launch of [[Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2]]. The crisis was marked by extreme escalation of rhetoric by the new North Korean administration under [[Kim Jong Un]] and actions suggesting imminent nuclear attacks against South Korea, Japan, and the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=In Focus North Korea's Nuclear Threats |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/04/12/world/asia/north-korea-questions.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416011036/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/04/12/world/asia/north-korea-questions.html?_r=0 |archive-date=16 April 2013 }}</ref>

On 24 March 2014, a crashed North Korean drone was found near [[Paju]], the onboard cameras contained pictures of the [[Blue House]] and military installations near the DMZ. On 31 March, following an exchange of artillery fire into the waters of the NLL, a North Korean drone was found crashed on Baengnyeongdo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2987297 |title=Mystery drones found in Baengnyeong, Paju |publisher=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]] |date=2 April 2014 |access-date=16 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916170346/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2987297 |archive-date=16 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27321668 |title=South Korea: Drones 'confirmed as North Korean' |work=[[BBC News]] |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=16 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916170543/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27321668 |archive-date=16 September 2014 }}</ref> On 15 September, wreckage of a suspected North Korean drone was found by a fisherman in the waters near Baengnyeongdo, the drone was reported to be similar to one of the North Korean drones which had crashed in March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-drones-idUSKBN0HA0ZC20140915 |title=South Korea finds wreckage in sea of suspected North Korean drone |work=[[Reuters]]|date=15 September 2014 |access-date=16 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916031615/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/15/us-northkorea-drones-idUSKBN0HA0ZC20140915 |archive-date=16 September 2014 }}</ref>

According to a 2014 [[BBC World Service]] poll, 3% of South Koreans viewed North Korea's influence positively, with 91% expressing a negative view, making South Korea, after Japan, the country with the most negative feelings of North Korea in the world.<ref>[http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2014_country_ratings/2014_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf 2014 World Service Poll] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150305012202/http://www.globescan.com/images/images/pressreleases/bbc2014_country_ratings/2014_country_rating_poll_bbc_globescan.pdf |date=5 March 2015 }} [[BBC]]</ref> However, a 2014 government-funded survey found 13% of South Koreans viewed North Korea as hostile, and 58% of South Koreans believed North Korea was a country they should cooperate with.<ref name=diplomat-20140530>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/05/south-koreans-view-north-korea-as-cooperative-partner/ |title=South Koreans View North Korea as Cooperative Partner |author=Zachary Keck |publisher=The Diplomat |date=30 May 2014 |access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref>

On 1 January 2015, [[Kim Jong Un]], in his New Year's address to the country, stated that he was willing to resume higher-level talks with the South.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/north-korean-leader-open-summit-south-073027307.html |title=Yahoo! News |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305035158/http://news.yahoo.com/north-korean-leader-open-summit-south-073027307.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref>

In the first week of August 2015, a mine went off at the DMZ, wounding two South Korean soldiers. The South Korean government accused the North of planting the mine, which the North denied. After that South Korea restarted propaganda broadcasts to the North.<ref>{{cite news|title=Land Mine Blast South Korea Threatens North with Retaliation |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/land-mine-blast-south-korea-threatens-north-with-retaliation-20150810-givjim.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813021912/http://www.smh.com.au/world/land-mine-blast-south-korea-threatens-north-with-retaliation-20150810-givjim.html |archive-date=13 August 2015 }}</ref>

On 20 August 2015, North Korea fired a shell on the city of [[Yeoncheon]]. South Korea launched several artillery rounds in response. There were no casualties in the South, but some local residents evacuated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34001126 |title=South Korea evacuation after shelling on western border |date=20 August 2015 |publisher=[[BBC News]]|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822205709/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34001126 |archive-date=22 August 2015 }}</ref> The shelling caused both countries to adopt pre-war statuses and a talk that was held by high level officials in the [[Panmunjeom]] to relieve tensions on 22 August 2015, and the talks carried over to the next day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rival Koreas Restart Talks, Pull Back from Brink for Now |url=https://news.yahoo.com/korea-us-brace-n-korea-deadline-tension-mounts-051323500.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305114934/http://news.yahoo.com/korea-us-brace-n-korea-deadline-tension-mounts-051323500.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> Nonetheless, while talks were going on, North Korea deployed over 70 percent of their submarines, which increased the tension once more on 23 August 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea Deploys Submarines while Talks with Seoul Resume |url=https://news.yahoo.com/korea-us-brace-n-korea-deadline-tension-mounts-051323500.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305114934/http://news.yahoo.com/korea-us-brace-n-korea-deadline-tension-mounts-051323500.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> Talks continued into the next day and finally concluded on 25 August when both parties reached an agreement and military tensions were eased.

Despite peace talks between South Korea and North Korea on 9 September 2016 regarding the North's missile test, North Korea continued to progress with its missile testing. North Korea carried out its [[List of North Korean missile tests|fifth nuclear test]] as part of the state's 68th anniversary since its founding.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-nuclear-idUSKCN11F02N |title=South Korea says North's nuclear capability 'speeding up', calls for action |first=Jack |last=Kim |work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=27 September 2016 |date=10 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927020337/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-nuclear-idUSKCN11F02N |archive-date=27 September 2016 }}</ref> In response [[South Korea]] revealed that it had a plan to assassinate [[Kim Jong Un]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/23/asia/south-korea-plan-to-assassinate-kim-jong-un/ |title=South Korea reveals it has a plan to assassinate Kim Jong Un |first=Paula |last=Hancocks |work=[[CNN]]|access-date=27 September 2016 |date=23 September 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926192126/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/23/asia/south-korea-plan-to-assassinate-kim-jong-un |archive-date=26 September 2016 }}</ref>

According to a 2017 Korea Institute for National Unification, 58% of South Korean citizens had responded that unification is necessary. Among the respondents of the 2017 survey, 14% said 'we really need unification' while 44% said 'we kind of need the unification'. Regarding the survey question of 'Do we still need unification even if ROK and DPRK could peacefully coexist?', 46% agreed and 32% disagreed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kinu.or.kr/main/kinu |script-title=ko:통일연구원 |language=ko|publisher=Kinu.or.kr |access-date=12 June 2018}}</ref>

== Thaw in 2017 and 2018 ==
{{See also|2017–2018 North Korea crisis|2018–19 Korean peace process}}[[File:Kim Jong-un meeting with South Korean envoys at the Workers' Party of Korea main building.jpg|thumb|[[Kim Jong Un]] meeting with South Korean envoys at the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] main building, 6 March 2018]]
In May 2017 [[Moon Jae-in]] was elected President of South Korea with a promise to return to the Sunshine Policy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/south-koreas-likely-next-president-warns-the-us-not-to-meddle-in-its-democracy/2017/05/02/2295255e-29c1-11e7-9081-f5405f56d3e4_story.html|title=South Korea's likely next president warns the U.S. not to meddle in its democracy|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502160241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/south-koreas-likely-next-president-warns-the-us-not-to-meddle-in-its-democracy/2017/05/02/2295255e-29c1-11e7-9081-f5405f56d3e4_story.html|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In his New Year address for 2018, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un proposed sending a delegation to the [[North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics|upcoming Winter Olympics]] in South Korea.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/31/asia/kim-jong-un-new-year-address-nuclear/index.html Kim Jong Un offers rare olive branch to South Korea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101031707/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/12/31/asia/kim-jong-un-new-year-address-nuclear/index.html |date=1 January 2018 }} CNN. By Alanne Orjoux and Steve George. 2 January 2018. Downloaded 2 January 2018.</ref> The [[Seoul–Pyongyang hotline]] was reopened after almost two years.<ref>{{cite news | title = North Korea reopens cross-border communication channel with South Korea | last = Kim | first = Hyung-Jin | work = Chicago Tribune | agency = Associated Press | date = 3 January 2018 | access-date = 5 January 2018 | url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-south-korea-talks-north-20180102-story.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180104221341/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-south-korea-talks-north-20180102-story.html | archive-date = 4 January 2018 }}</ref> At the Winter Olympics, North and South Korea marched together in the opening ceremony and fielded a united women's ice hockey team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/5142964/korea-hockey-olympics-winter-2018/|title='Cheer Up!' North Korean Cheerleaders Rally Unified Women's Hockey Team During 8–0 Loss|first1=Sean|last1=Gregory|author2=Gangneug|magazine=Time|date=10 February 2018|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409023358/http://time.com/5142964/korea-hockey-olympics-winter-2018/|archive-date=9 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> As well as the athletes, North Korea sent an unprecedented high-level delegation, headed by [[Kim Yo-jong|Kim Yo Jong]], sister of [[Kim Jong Un]], and President [[Kim Yong-nam|Kim Yong Nam]], and including performers like the [[Samjiyon Orchestra]].<ref name=Delegation>{{cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/02/delegation-visit-shows-n-korea-can-take-drastic-steps-to-improve-relations-mo|title=Delegation visit shows N. Korea can take "drastic" steps to improve relations: MOU|publisher=[[NK News]]|first=Dagyum|last=Ji|date=12 February 2018|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102708/https://www.nknews.org/2018/02/delegation-visit-shows-n-korea-can-take-drastic-steps-to-improve-relations-mo/|archive-date=28 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A North Korean art troupe also performed in two separate South Korean cities, including Seoul, in honor of the Olympic games as well.<ref>{{YouTube|id=fESOnIgvB0A|title=North Korea's art troupe arrives in South Korea via ferry Tuesday}}</ref> The North Korean ship which carried the art troupe, [[Man Gyong Bong 92]], was also the first North Korean ship to arrive in South Korea since 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/02/carrying-art-troupe-north-koreas-mangyongbong-92-arrives-in-south-korea/|title=Carrying art troupe, North Korea's Mangyongbong-92 arrives in South Korea|publisher=[[NK News]]|first=Dagyum|last=Ji|date=6 February 2018}}</ref> The delegation passed on an invitation to President Moon to visit North Korea.<ref name=Delegation/>

Following the Olympics, authorities of the two countries raised the possibility that they could host the [[2021 Asian Winter Games]] together.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/20/north-korea-co-host-2021-asian-games-south|title=North Korea could co-host 2021 Asian Games with South, official says|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 February 2018|access-date=6 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305200646/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/20/north-korea-co-host-2021-asian-games-south|archive-date=5 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 April, South Korean [[K-pop]] stars performed a concert in Pyongyang entitled "[[Spring is Coming]]", which was attended by Kim Jong Un and his wife.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-southkorea-perfor/north-koreas-kim-jong-un-wife-watch-south-korean-k-pop-stars-perform-in-pyongyang-idUSKCN1H81A5|title=North Korea's Kim Jong Un, wife, watch South Korean K-pop stars perform in Pyongyang|first1=Christine|last1=Kim|first2=Heekyong|last2=Yang|work=[[Reuters]]|date=2 April 2018|access-date=27 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427202650/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-missiles-southkorea-perfor/north-koreas-kim-jong-un-wife-watch-south-korean-k-pop-stars-perform-in-pyongyang-idUSKCN1H81A5|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The K-pop stars were part of a 160-member South Korean art troupe which performed in North Korea in early April 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/03/seoul-to-send-160-member-art-troupe-including-k-pop-singers-to-pyongyang/|title=Seoul to send 160-member art troupe, including K-pop singers, to Pyongyang|publisher=[[NK News]]|first=Dagyum|last=Ji|date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=arttroupereturn>{{YouTube|id=XSpQUPDXGco|title=North Korean art troupe returns home after performances in the South}}</ref> It also marked the first time since 2005 that any South Korean artist performed in North Korea.<ref name=arttroupereturn /> Meanwhile, propaganda broadcasts stopped on both sides.<ref name="auto1"/>

[[File:2018 inter-Korean summit square.jpg|thumb|Kim and Moon shake hands in greeting at the demarcation line.]]

On 27 April, a [[April 2018 inter-Korean summit|summit]] took place between Moon and Kim in the South Korean zone of the [[Joint Security Area]]. It was the first time since the [[Korean War]] that a North Korean leader had entered South Korean territory.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/location-of-planned-inter-korean-summit-hints-at-changes-in-north-korea-strategy-say|title=Location of planned inter-Korean summit hints at changes in North Korea strategy, say experts|date=8 March 2018|access-date=24 March 2018|work=[[The Straits Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314170743/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/location-of-planned-inter-korean-summit-hints-at-changes-in-north-korea-strategy-say|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and South Korea's President Moon Jae-in met at the line that divides Korea.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/north-korea-south-korea-summit-intl/ |title=North Korea-South Korea summit: Live updates |work=[[CNN]]|date=5 June 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612212456/https://edition.cnn.com/asia/live-news/north-korea-south-korea-summit-intl/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The summit ended with both countries pledging to work towards complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/world/asia/north-korea-south-kim-jong-un.html|title=North and South Korea Set Bold Goals: A Final Peace and No Nuclear Arms|last=Sang-Hun|first=Choe|date=27 April 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=27 April 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427094734/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/world/asia/north-korea-south-kim-jong-un.html|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-southkorea/korean-leaders-aim-for-end-of-war-complete-denuclearisation-after-historic-summit-idUSKBN1HX2I6|title=Korean leaders aim for end of war, 'complete denuclearisation'...|last=Kim|first=Christine|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=27 April 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427095857/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-southkorea/korean-leaders-aim-for-end-of-war-complete-denuclearisation-after-historic-summit-idUSKBN1HX2I6|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> They also vowed to declare an official end to the Korean War within a year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/world/asia/north-korea-south-kim-jong-un.html |title=North and South Korea Set Bold Goals: A Final Peace and No Nuclear Arms |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 April 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141435/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/world/asia/north-korea-south-kim-jong-un.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live |last1=Sang-Hun |first1=Choe }}</ref> As part of the [[Panmunjom Declaration]] which was signed by leaders of both countries, both sides also called for the end of longstanding military activities in the region of the Korean border and a reunification of Korea.<ref name=april272018 /> Also, the leaders agreed to work together to connect and modernise their railways.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalrailnews.com/2018/04/27/north-korea-and-south-korea-make-pledge-to-connect-border-railways/|title=North Korea and South Korea make pledge to connect border railways – Global Rail News|date=27 April 2018|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608212812/https://www.globalrailnews.com/2018/04/27/north-korea-and-south-korea-make-pledge-to-connect-border-railways/|archive-date=8 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 5 May, North Korea adjusted its time zone to match the South's.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44010705|title=North Korea changes its time zone to match South|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=5 May 2018|access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> In May, South Korea began removing propaganda loudspeakers from the border area in line with the Panmunjom Declaration.<ref>{{Citation|title=South Korea begins dismantling propaganda speakers – CNN Video|date=May 2018 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2018/05/01/south-north-korea-dmz-propaganda-loudspeakers-lon-orig-ejk.cnn|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174613/https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2018/05/01/south-north-korea-dmz-propaganda-loudspeakers-lon-orig-ejk.cnn|archive-date=16 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Moon and Kim met a [[May 2018 inter-Korean summit|second time]] on 26 May to discuss Kim's upcoming summit with Trump.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/south-korean-president-met-north-korea-s-kim-jong-un-saturday-10280606 |title=North and South Korean leaders meet to discuss Kim-Trump summit |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |date=26 May 2018 |access-date=12 June 2018 |archive-date=14 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214233402/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/north-and-south-korean-leaders-meet-to-discuss-kim-trump-summit-10280606 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The summit led to further meetings between North and South Korean officials during June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/full-address-by-south-korean-president-moon-jae-in-on-may-26-inter-korea-summit|title=Full address by South Korean President Moon Jae In on May 26 inter-Korea summit|newspaper=[[The Straits Times]]|date=27 May 2018}}</ref> On 1 June, officials from both countries agreed to move forward with the military and Red Cross talks.<ref name=june1>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/01/rival-koreas-agree-to-military-red-cross-talks-for-peace.html|title=Rival Koreas agree to military, Red Cross talks for peace|date=1 June 2018|publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> They also agreed to reopen an [[Inter-Korean Liaison Office]] in [[Kaesong]] that the South had shut down in February 2016 after a North Korean nuclear test.<ref name=june1 /> The second meeting, involving the Red Cross and military, was held at North Korea's [[Mount Kumgang]] resort on 22 June where it was agreed that family reunions would resume.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/diplomacy/article/2152091/north-and-south-korea-confirm-family-reunions-will-resume-august|title=North and South Korea confirm family reunions will resume in August for the first time since 2015|newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]]|date=22 June 2018|author=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> After the summit in April, a summit between [[2018 North Korea–United States summit|US President Donald Trump and Kim Jong Un]] was held on 12 June 2018 in [[Singapore]]. South Korea hailed it as a success.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

South Korea announced on 23 June 2018 that it would not conduct annual military exercises with the US in September, and would also stop its own drills in the Yellow Sea, in order to not provoke North Korea and to continue a peaceful dialog.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/393752-us-military-indefinitely-suspends-two-training-exercises-with-south-korea/ |title=US military indefinitely suspends two training exercises with South Korea | The Hill |date=23 June 2018 |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628044341/http://thehill.com/policy/defense/393752-us-military-indefinitely-suspends-two-training-exercises-with-south-korea |archive-date=28 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
On 1 July 2018 South and North Korea have resumed ship-to-ship radio communication, which could prevent accidental clashes between South and North Korean military vessels around the [[Northern Limit Line]] (NLL) in the West (Yellow) Sea.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/851559.html|title=South and North Korea resume ship-to-ship radio communications after 10 years|date=2 July 2018|newspaper=[[The Hankyoreh]]|language=en}}</ref> On 17 July 2018, South and North Korea fully restored their military communication line on the western part of the peninsula.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2018/07/17/0200000000AEN20180717003451315.html |title=(LEAD) Two Koreas fully restore western military communication line |access-date=17 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717054746/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2018/07/17/0200000000AEN20180717003451315.html |archive-date=17 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

South Korea and North Korea competed as [[Unified Korean sporting teams|"Korea"]] in some events at the [[2018 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news |title=North & South Korea agree to some combined teams at Asian Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/44517819 |work=BBC Sport |date=18 June 2018 |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719203349/https://www.bbc.com/sport/44517819 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The co-operation extended to the [[film industry]], with South Korea giving their approval to screen North Korean movies at the country's local festival while inviting several moviemakers from the latter.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Korea approves rare screening of North Korea movies at film festival |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-korea-approves-rare-screening-of-north-korea-movies-at-film-festival |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=10 July 2018 |language=en |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710195003/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/south-korea-approves-rare-screening-of-north-korea-movies-at-film-festival |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=North, South Korea agree to joint sports events and create combined teams for Asian Games |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/north-south-korea-agree-to-joint-sports-events-and-create-10443750 |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194529/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/north-south-korea-agree-to-joint-sports-events-and-create-10443750 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=South Korean film industry forges closer ties with North Korea |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/south-korean-film-industry-forges-closer-ties-with-north-korea/5130798.article |work=Screen |language=en |access-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710132851/https://www.screendaily.com/news/south-korean-film-industry-forges-closer-ties-with-north-korea/5130798.article |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In August 2018 reunions of families divided since the Korean War took place at [[Mount Kumgang]] in North Korea.<ref>{{cite news|title=Second group of separated Korean families meet for three-day reunion|url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/08/second-group-of-separated-korean-families-meet-for-three-day-reunion/|first=Dagyum|last=Ji|publisher=[[NK News]]|date=24 August 2018}}</ref> In September, at a [[September 2018 inter-Korean summit|summit with Moon]] in Pyongyang, Kim agreed to dismantle North Korea's nuclear weapons facilities if the United States took reciprocal action. In Pyongyang, an agreement titled the "Pyongyang Joint Declaration of September 2018" was signed by both Korean leaders<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/9/19/17878428/north-south-korea-kim-moon-declaration|title=North and South Korea just signed a major agreement. It may be bad news for Trump.|website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=19 September 2018 }}</ref> The agreement calls for the removal of landmines, guard posts, weapons, and personnel in the [[Joint Security Area|JSA]] from both sides of the North-South Korean border.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1034057/koreas-agreed-to-disarm-border-village|title=Koreas agreed to disarm border village|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/moon-kim-sign-agreement-north-korea-steps-denuclearize/story?id=57925068|title=Moon, Kim sign agreement for North Korea to take further steps to denuclearize|first1=Joohee|last1=Cho|first2=Hakyung|last2=Kate Lee|date=19 September 2018|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=upisource>{{cite news|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/09/19/North-South-Korea-to-halt-military-drills-in-border-area/5211537339644/|title=North, South Korea to halt military drills in border area|first=Wooyoung|last=Lee|date=19 September 2018|work=United Press International|access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> They also agreed that they would establish buffer zones on their borders to prevent clashes.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-19/north-korea-agrees-to-dismanlte-nuclear-test-site/10282040|title=North Korea agrees to dismantle nuclear complex if United States takes reciprocal action, South says|publisher=ABC|date=19 September 2018}}</ref> Moon became the first South Korean leader to give a speech to the North Korean public when he addressed 150,000 spectators at the [[Arirang Festival]] on 19 September.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45578491|title=South Korea's Moon Jae-in makes unprecedented mass games speech|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=20 September 2018}}</ref> Also during the September 2018 summit, military leaders from both countries signed an Agreement on Reconciliation, Non-Aggression, Exchanges and Cooperation" (a.k.a. "the Basic Agreement") to help ensure less military tension between both countries and greater arms control.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/10/north-and-south-koreas-new-military-agreement/|title=North and South Korea's New Military Agreement|first=Sukjoon|last=Yoon|date=2 October 2018|magazine=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/pyongyang-declaration-implications-us-rok-coordination-north-korea|title=The Pyongyang Declaration: Implications for U.S.-ROK Coordination on North Korea|first=Scott A.|last=Snyder|date=24 September 2018|publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/at-fifth-inter-korean-summit-koreas-announce-major-military-to-military-agreements/|title=At Fifth Inter-Korean Summit, Koreas Announce Major Military-to-Military Agreements|date=19 September 2018|first=Ankit|last=Panda|magazine=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref>

On 23 October 2018, Moon ratified the Basic Agreement and Pyongyang Declaration just hours after they were approved by his cabinet.<ref name=oct23>{{Cite web |url=https://www.whig.com/article/20181023/AP/310239955#// |title=SKorea approves NKorea deals amid conservative opposition - Herald-Whig - |access-date=24 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116081302/https://www.whig.com/article/20181023/AP/310239955#// |archive-date=16 November 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 30 November 2018, a South Korean train crossed the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone|DMZ]] border with North Korea and stopped at [[Panmun Station]]. This was the first time a South Korean train had entered North Korean territory since 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-46395408|title=South Korean train crosses DMZ into North Korea|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

== Moon–Kim diplomacy 2019–2022 ==
[[File:President Trump Meets with Chairman Kim Jong Un (48164813552).jpg|thumb|Trump, Kim and Moon at the demilitarized zone.]]

===2019===
On 30 June, Kim and Moon [[2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit|met again]] in the DMZ, joined by US President Trump who initiated the meeting.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/06/30/trumps-press-secretary-bruised-after-jostling-with-north-korea-security-over-media-report-says/|title=Trump's press secretary bruised after jostling with North Korea security over media, report says|first=Hannah|last=Knowles|date=30 June 2019|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> The three held a [[2019 North Korea–United States DMZ Summit|meeting]] at the Inter-Korean House of Freedom.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/> Meanwhile, North Korea conducted a series of short–range missile tests, and the US and South Korea took part in joint military drills in August. On 16 August 2019, North Korea's ruling party made a statement criticizing the South for participating in the drills and for buying US military hardware, calling it a "grave provocation" and saying there would be no more negotiation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/16/north-korea-fires-missiles-coast-says-talks-impudent-south/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/08/16/north-korea-fires-missiles-coast-says-talks-impudent-south/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=North Korea 'fires missiles off coast' and says talks with 'impudent' South are over|first=Nicola|last=Smith|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=16 August 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On 5 August, South Korea's president Moon Jae-in spoke during a meeting with his senior aides at the presidential Blue House in Seoul, discussing Japan's imposed trade restrictions to Korea as a result of historical issues.<ref name="TONG-HYUNG">{{Cite web|last=TONG-HYUNG|first=KIM|date=5 August 2019|title=Moon calls for 'peace economy' with N. Korea, slams Japan|url=https://apnews.com/article/f09bce1130ec432fada58c58dc6e1f74|website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Moon then withdrew South Korea from an intelligence-sharing agreement with Japan, seeking a breakthrough with North Korea in the process, but opted against it at the last minute.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kelly|first=Robert E|date=2 December 2019|title=Moon Jae-in's foreign policy reorientation|url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/moon-jae-s-foreign-policy-reorientation}}</ref> In a meeting at Seoul's presidential Blue House in August 2019, amid an escalating trade row between South Korea and Japan, Moon expressed his willingness to cooperate economically with North Korea to overtake Japan's economy.<ref name="TONG-HYUNG"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Joyce|date=5 August 2019|title=South Korea says can overtake Japan through economic cooperation with North Korea|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-southkorea-japan-labourers-northkorea/south-korea-says-can-overtake-japan-through-economic-cooperation-with-north-korea-idUKKCN1UV0PD|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

On 15 October, North and South Korea played a [[FIFA World Cup]] qualifier in Pyongyang, their first football match in the North in 30 years. The game was played [[behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] with attendance open only to a total of 100 North Korean government personnel; no fans or South Korean media were allowed into the stadium, and the game was not broadcast live. No goals were scored.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/oct/16/north-south-korea-world-cup-qualifier|title=No fans, no media and no goals as Koreas play out World Cup qualifier in empty stadium|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=16 October 2019}}</ref> Meanwhile, Kim and Moon continued to have a close, respectful relationship.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2019/10/kim-jong-un-sends-condolences-to-south-korean-president-over-mothers-passing/|title=Kim Jong Un sends condolences to South Korean President over mother's passing|first=Colin|last=Zwirko|publisher=[[NK News]]|date=31 October 2019}}</ref>

The 2019 South Korea Defense White Paper does not label North Korea as an "enemy" or "threat" for the first time in history. While not explicitly calling North Korea an enemy, the paper mentions that North Korea's weapons of mass destruction threaten peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2021|title=Defense White Paper Avoids Directly Referring to N. Korea as Enemy|url=https://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=159313}}</ref>

===2020===
On 9 June 2020, North Korea began cutting off all of its communication lines with South Korea. This came after Pyongyang had repeatedly warned Seoul regarding matters such as the failure of the South to stop North Korean expatriate activists from sending anti-regime propaganda leaflets across the border. The [[Korean Central News Agency]] described it as "the first step of the determination to completely shut down all contact means with South Korea and get rid of unnecessary things".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5850431/north-korea-cuts-communication-leaflets/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609051842/https://time.com/5850431/north-korea-cuts-communication-leaflets/|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 June 2020|title=North Korea Says It Is Cutting Communication Ties With the South Over Anti-Kim Leaflets|magazine=Time|date=8 June 2020|access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> The sister of Kim Jong Un, Kim Yo Jong, as well as the Vice Chair of the Central Committee of the ruling [[Workers' Party of Korea]], [[Kim Yong-chol|Kim Yong Chol]], stated that North Korea had begun to treat South Korea as its enemy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-southkorea/north-korea-says-it-will-sever-hotlines-with-south-korea-kcna-idUSKBN23F2UG|title=North Korea to sever hotlines with South Korea in first step to cut contact|work=[[Reuters]]|date=8 June 2020|access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref> A week prior to these actions, Kim Yo Jong had called North Korean defectors "human scum" and "mongrel dogs". The severing of communication lines substantially diminished the agreements that were made in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/north-korea-cutting-communication-channels-south-korea/|title=North Korea cuts communication channels with South as tension mounts|work=[[CBS News]]|date=9 June 2020|access-date=13 June 2020}}</ref>

On 13 June, Kim Yo Jong warned that "before long, a tragic scene of the useless North-South joint liaison office completely collapsed would be seen." On 16 June, the North threatened to return troops that had been withdrawn from the border to posts where they had been previously stationed. Later that day, the joint liaison office in [[Kaesong]] was blown up by the North Korean government. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the South Korean delegation had departed from the building in January.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/world/asia/north-korea-explosion-liaison-office.html North Korea Blows Up Liaison Office Shared With South Korea], ''[[The New York Times]]'', Choe Sang-hun, 16 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.</ref> On 5 June 2020, the North Korean foreign minister [[Ri Son-gwon|Ri Son Gwon]] said that prospects for peace between North and South Korea, and the U.S., had "faded away into a dark nightmare".<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/12/world/asia/korea-nuclear-trump-kim.html Two Years After Trump-Kim Meeting, Little to Show for Personal Diplomacy], ''[[The New York Times]]'', David E. Sanger and Choe Sang-hun, 12 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.</ref> On 21 June 2020, [[South Korea]] urged [[North Korea]] to not send propaganda leaflets across the border. The request followed the North's statement that it was ready to send 12 million leaflets, which could potentially become the largest psychological campaign against South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/b0d2d82dbcbe823f49d4e4d8fa5e432a|title= S Korea urges North not to send leaflets amid high tensions |access-date=21 June 2020|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

On 14 December 2020, the South Korean parliament passed a law which criminalized the launching of propaganda leaflets into North Korea.<ref name=propagandaban>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-southkorea/south-korea-bans-anti-north-leaflets-defector-says-he-wont-stop-idUSKBN28O1OI|title=South Korea bans anti-North leaflets; defector says he won't stop|first=Hyonhee|last=Shin|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=14 December 2020|access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref> This ban applies to not only the large amount of balloon propaganda leaflets which have been sent into North Korea over the years, but also leaflets that have been sent in bottles in rivers which run along the Korean border.<ref name=propagandaban /> Violators of the law, which went into effect three months after it was approved,<ref name=propagandaban /> face up to three years in prison or 30 million won ($27,400) in fines.<ref name=propagandaban />

===2021===
In February–March 2021, South Korea continued to omit North Korea's "enemy" status from the South Korean military's White Paper after downgrading the status of Japan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/02/88ee18239cdf-s-korea-downgrades-japans-status-in-defense-white-paper.html|title=South Korea "downgrades" Japan's status in defense white paper|publisher=[[Kyodo News]]|language=en|date=2 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/02/02/south-korea-downgrades-japans-status-in-defense-white-paper.html|title=South Korea "downgrades" Japan's status in defense white paper|newspaper=[[The Jakarta Post]]|date=2 February 2021}}</ref>

In a statement made on 4 October 2021, South Korea's [[Ministry of Unification|Unification Ministry]] announced that communication lines between North and South Korea have been restored. The reopening followed North Korean leader Kim Jong Un's vow to restart communication with South Korea. The two countries' militaries have also restored their hotline along the east and west coasts, according to the South Korean Defense Ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jake Kwon and Maija Ehlinger|title=North Korea reopens communication and military hotline with South|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/03/asia/north-korea-south-korea-intl/index.html|access-date=7 October 2021|website=[[CNN]]|date=3 October 2021 }}</ref>

===Artistic depictions===
''[[Crash Landing on You]]'' ({{Korean|사랑의 불시착||Sarangui Bulsichak|Sarangŭi pulshich'ak|lit="Love's Emergency Landing"}}) was a 2019–2020 [[South Korea]]n [[Korean drama|television series]] directed by Lee Jeong-hyeo and featuring [[Hyun Bin]], [[Son Ye-jin]], [[Kim Jung-hyun (actor, born 1990)|Kim Jung-hyun]], and [[Seo Ji-hye]]. It is about a South Korean woman who accidentally crash-lands in North Korea. It aired on [[TVN (South Korean TV channel)|tvN]] in South Korea and on [[Netflix]] worldwide from 14 December 2019 to 16 February 2020.<ref name=crashes>{{cite web
|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/cross-border-love-story-crash-landing-on-you-crashes-south-korea-tv-ratings
|title=Cross-border love story 'Crash Landing on You' crashes South Korea TV ratings
|access-date=16 February 2020
|date=16 February 2020
|work=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref><ref name=conversation0220>{{cite web
|url=http://theconversation.com/crash-landing-on-you-korean-drama-crosses-the-north-south-divide-132140
|title=Crash Landing on You: Korean drama crosses the north-south divide
|access-date=26 February 2020
|last=Son
|first=Sarah A.
|date=25 February 2020
|publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]
}}</ref>

''[[Ashfall (film)|Ashfall]]'' ({{Ko-hhrm|hangul=백두산|hanja=白頭山|rr=Baekdusan}}), also known as: ''Mount Paektu'', was a 2019 South Korean [[action film]] directed by Lee Hae-jun and Kim Byung-seo, starring [[Lee Byung-hun]], [[Ha Jung-woo]], [[Ma Dong-seok]], [[Bae Suzy]] and [[Jeon Hye-jin (actress, born 1976)|Jeon Hye-jin]]. The film was released in December 2019 in [[South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/609/0000205715|title= 총 겨눈 이병헌vs하정우 '백두산' 폭발급 긴장감 |date=20 November 2019|newspaper=Naver|access-date=22 November 2019|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mengnews.joins.com/view.aspx?aid=3070512|title='Ashfall' brings new threat to Seoul: a volcano: Disaster movie asks what people will do to protect their loved ones|date=20 November 2019|newspaper=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=25 November 2019|language=en}}</ref> In the film, the volcano of Baekdu Mountain suddenly erupts, causing severe earthquakes in both North and South Korea.

==Yoon Suk Yeol government==
During his election campaign in 2021, [[Yoon Suk Yeol]] said that he would ask that the United States to redeploy [[tactical nuclear weapons]] in South Korea if there is a threat from [[North Korea]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Yoon says he will request redeployment of U.S. tactical nukes in case of emergency |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210922005300320 |access-date=24 September 2021 |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]] |date=22 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Japan and Korea Mark Lambert rejected Yoon's call, saying said the proposal was against U.S. policy.<ref name="VOA Yoon Nukes">{{cite news |last1=Gallo |first1=William |title=US Rules Out Redeploying Tactical Nukes to South Korea |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-rules-out-redeploying-tactical-nukes-to-south-korea/6243767.html |access-date=24 September 2021 |work=VOA |date=24 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In November 2022, a US-South Korean air force exercise named ''Vigilant Storm'' was countered by North Korea by missile tests and an air force exercise.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-04/north-south-korea-tensions-military-border/101619542|title=North Korea flies 180 military aircraft near South Korean border as Seoul scrambles warplanes|publisher=ABC|date=4 November 2022}}</ref>

In November 2023, both the Koreas suspended the Comprehensive Agreement Pact - a pact aimed at lowering tensions between the two countries - which was signed at the [[September 2018 inter-Korean summit]], after North Korea launched a satellite into space.<ref>{{cite news |title=North Korea fully suspends military pact with South |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67504866 |agency=BBC}}</ref>

On January 15, 2024, Kim Jong Un announced that peaceful reunification was no longer possible and proposed identifying South Korea as a hostile state in the North Korean constitution. It was also announced that North Korea would dissolve the [[Committee for the Peaceful Reunification of the Fatherland]], the National Economic Cooperation Bureau and the Mount Kumgang International Tourism Administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/16/unification-with-south-korea-no-longer-possible-says-kim-jong-un|title=Unification with South Korea no longer possible, says Kim Jong-un|publisher=Guardian|date=15 January 2024}}</ref> The [[Arch of Reunification]] in [[Pyongyang]] was subsequently demolished in January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Korea Demolishes Monument Symbolising Union With South: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/north-korea-demolishes-monument-symbolising-union-with-south-report-4917750 |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-23 |title=Kim Jong Un: Is North Korea's leader actually considering war?|work=[[BBC News]]|first=Frances|last=Mao |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-68052515 |access-date=2024-01-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On June 4, 2024, South Korea's State Council suspends the 2018 Panmunjom Declaration due to border tensions over balloons sent by North Korea.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=South Korea is suspending a military deal with North Korea after tensions over trash balloons|work=[[AP News]]|first=Hyung|last=Jin Kim|url=https://apnews.com/article/north-korea-south-korea-balloons-military-agreement-e98754a2d25b38cc501eefb46015cb98 |access-date=2024-06-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 9 June 2024, South Korea announced to resume loudspeaker broadcasts of anti-North Korean propaganda after Pyongyang sent over 300 rubbish-filled balloons across the border. Seoul's military detected around 330 balloons since 8 June 2024, with about 80 found in South Korean territory. The president's office stated that the broadcasts aimed to deliver messages of hope to the North Korean military and citizens. This response followed weeks of activists in the South launching balloons carrying K-pop, dollar bills, and anti-Kim Jong-un propaganda, which had infuriated Pyongyang. The loudspeaker broadcasts resumed after South Korea suspended a 2018 tension-easing agreement, allowing for propaganda campaigns and potential military exercises near the border.<ref>{{cite news|title=South Korea to resume propaganda broadcasts after North sends hundreds more rubbish balloons |date=9 June 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/09/south-korea-to-resume-propaganda-broadcasts-after-north-sends-hundreds-more-rubbish-balloons |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609070344/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/09/south-korea-to-resume-propaganda-broadcasts-after-north-sends-hundreds-more-rubbish-balloons |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=9 June 2024}}</ref>

South Korea announced it would deploy laser weapons in 2024 to shoot down North Korean drones, becoming the first country to do so. Developed with [[Hanwha Aerospace]], these inexpensive and invisible lasers enhance defense capabilities by burning down drone engines within seconds. The move follows a December 2023 incident where North Korean drones entered South Korean airspace.<ref>{{cite news|last=Park |first=Ju-min |title=South Korea to deploy 'StarWars' laser weapons targeting North Korean drones |date=11 July 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/south-korea-deploy-starwars-laser-weapons-targeting-north-korean-drones-2024-07-11/ |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|North Korea|South Korea|Politics}}
* [[Korean conflict]]
* [[List of border incidents involving North and South Korea]]
* [[North Korea–South Korea football rivalry]]
* [[Cross-Strait relations]]
* [[Inner German relations]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Choe 2014">{{cite news |title=Amid Hugs and Tears, Korean Families Divided by War Reunite |first= Sang-Hun|last= Choe |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/world/asia/north-and-south-koreans-meet-in-emotional-family-reunions.htmlarch |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 February 2014 |access-date= 12 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221091325/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/21/world/asia/north-and-south-koreans-meet-in-emotional-family-reunions.html |archive-date=21 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Relations of North Korea and South Korea}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060721051800/http://www.cfr.org/publication/4642/interkorean_relations.html Inter-Korean Relations: Past, Present and Future (Introduction) – cfr.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080209000953/http://www.cfr.org/publication/12498/interkorean_relations.html Inter-Korean Relations: Past, Present and Future (Panel 1) – cfr.org]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011170250/http://vuw.ac.nz/~caplabtb/dprk/NK_SK.htm ROK and Inter-Korean relations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071214195842/http://www.fpa.org/newsletter_info2569/newsletter_info.htm Eating the Oxen of the Sun – The Odyssey of Unification]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120402003156/http://www.reseau-asie.com/article-en/months-articles-archive/reseau-asie-s-editorial/inter-korean-tensions-alain-nass/ Inter-Korean tensions: ideology first, at any cost? by Alain Nass (expert on Asia and Korea), Asia & Pacific Network, October 2011]
* Research Council on Unification Policy [http://www.tongmoon.or.kr/main/tongmoon]
* Korea Institute of national unification [http://www.kinu.or.kr/main/kinu]
* [[Brookings Institution]] [https://www.brookings.edu/articles/north-korea-the-problem-that-wont-go-away/]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/topic/destination/north-korea ''New York Times'' on North Korea]

{{North Korea–South Korea relations}}
{{Foreign relations of North Korea}}
{{Foreign relations of South Korea}}
{{Korea topics}}
{{Korean War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North Korea-South Korea Relations}}
[[Category:North Korea–South Korea relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of North Korea|South Korea]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of South Korea]]

2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony

2024-07-29T00:34:20Z

121.171.233.10: /* Introduction of South Korea */

{{Short description|Commencement of the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad}}
{{Expand French|Cérémonie d'ouverture des Jeux olympiques d'été de 2024|date=July 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox news event
| title = 2024 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{Start date|2024|07|26|df=yes}}
| time = 19:30 – 23:30 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] ([[UTC+02:00|UTC+2]])<ref name=FR24 />
| venue = [[Jardins du Trocadéro]] [[Seine|Seine River]]
| place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| filmed by = [[Olympic Broadcasting Services]] (OBS)
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|51|24|N|2|21|8|E|region:FR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
}}
{{2024 Summer Olympics}}

The [[Olympic Games ceremony#Opening|opening ceremony]] of the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] took place on 26 July across [[Paris]], beginning at 19:30 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] (17:30 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]). As mandated by the [[Olympic Charter]], the proceedings included an artistic program showcasing the culture of the host country and city, the parade of athletes and the lighting of the [[Olympic cauldron]]. The Games were [[List of people who have opened the Olympic Games|formally opened]] by the [[president of France]], [[Emmanuel Macron]].

For the first time in modern Olympic history, the opening ceremony was held outside of a stadium, with most of the procedures and performances taking place in several Paris landmarks and across the Seine River and most of the official protocols taking place at a temporary stadium in the [[Jardins du Trocadéro]]. The programme consisted of twelve chapters and featured a mix of live performances with filmed segments and animated sequences.

The ceremony received a mixed reception, with many praising the performances of [[Gojira (band)|Gojira]], [[Aya Nakamura]], [[Celine Dion]] and [[Lady Gaga]], while criticism was directed at the length, poor weather conditions, technical issues, and some elements of the production itself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-27 |title=How the world's press rated Paris's Olympics Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/how-worlds-press-rated-pariss-olympics-opening-ceremony-2024-07-27/ |url-status=live |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=[[Reuters]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" /> Most French newspapers praised it, while some conservative and Christian French commentators rejected it as "[[woke]] propaganda".<ref name=":20">{{Cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=2024-07-27 |title='It was like us – a chaotic mess': France enjoys Paris Games opening ceremony |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jul/27/france-verdict-paris-olympic-opening-ceremony |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

On the same day of the opening ceremony, a series of [[arson]] [[2024 France railway arson attacks|attacks damaged the lines]] of the [[High-speed rail in France|French railway system]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bisset |first1=Victoria |last2=Noack |first2=Rick |date=26 July 2024 |title=Arson disrupts France's high-speed trains hours before Olympics, officials say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/07/26/france-rail-disruptions-scnf-olympics/ |access-date=26 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> International and domestic rail services were widely disrupted,<ref name="r1">{{Cite web |last1=Phillips |first1=Jacob |last2=Mata |first2=William |date=2024-07-26 |title=Eurostars cancelled as arson attack sparks travel chaos ahead of Olympics - live |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/france-trains-live-eurostar-olympic-games-arson-paris-opening-ceremony-b1173040.html |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> with around 800,000 passengers affected.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |date=26 July 2024 |title=French rail network hit by arson attacks before Olympics opening ceremony |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/jul/26/vandals-target-french-rail-network-olympics-opening-ceremony |accessdate=26 July 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> There was also an attempted attack on [[LGV Sud-Est]] line, though it was interrupted by TGV maintenance workers who happened to be on site.<ref name="France24">{{cite web |date=26 July 2024 |title='Criminal' attack on France's high-speed train network |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20240726-france-s-high-speed-train-network-paralysed-by-malicious-acts |accessdate=26 July 2024 |work=France24}}</ref>

== Preparations ==
Planning was expected to finalise by the end of 2023, with certain rehearsals occurring in other venues without the public before the event, while in specific situations, some were carried out on-site, which were considered as "teasers" by Thierry Reboul, the Brand, Creativity and Engagement Executive Director for the Games. The first camera test shots were done in September 2023 and coverage of the event was expected to be provided by 130 cameras.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Lloyd |first=Owen |date=20 September 2023 |title=Paris 2024 Opening Ceremony preparations to be finalised by end of year |work=[[Inside the Games]] |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1140975/paris-2024-opening-ceremony |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921145814/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1140975/paris-2024-opening-ceremony |archive-date=21 September 2023}}</ref> The event was broadcast to 80 giant screens along the route of the Seine.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Delorme |first=Anne-Claire |date=10 July 2023 |title=Paris 2024 opening ceremony: why you (really) shouldn't miss it? |url=https://www.france.fr/en/paris/article/opening-ceremony-og-paris-2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929035710/https://www.france.fr/en/paris/article/opening-ceremony-og-paris-2024 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=Explore France}}</ref> Organised by theatre actor and director [[Thomas Jolly (artist)|Thomas Jolly]], it was the first opening ceremony held outside of an [[Olympic Stadium|Olympic stadium]] since the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics]] held in [[Buenos Aires]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=17 July 2023 |title=Seine-sational? Paris rehearses waterborne opening ceremony for 2024 Olympics |work=[[France24]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230717-paris-practises-tricky-olympics-opening-ceremony |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717115930/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230717-paris-practises-tricky-olympics-opening-ceremony |archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The choreography was created by {{ill|Maud Le Pladec|fr}}.<ref name=MLP />

Attendees were originally expected to be upwards of 500,000 people,<ref name=":0" /> non-paying and an additional 100,000 paying spectators on the lower quays of the river,<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last1=Lepeltier |first1=Nicolas |last2=Le Coeur |first2=Philippe |date=2 November 2023 |title=Paris 2024 opening ceremony: Authorities consider admitting around 300,000 spectators for free |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sports/article/2023/11/02/paris-2024-opening-ceremony-authorities-consider-admitting-around-300-000-spectators-for-free_6220485_9.html |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102175713/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/sports/article/2023/11/02/paris-2024-opening-ceremony-authorities-consider-admitting-around-300-000-spectators-for-free_6220485_9.html |archive-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> for an expected total of 600,000.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Pretot |first=Julien |date=21 December 2023 |title=Paris 2024 has contingency plans for opening ceremony |work=[[Reuters]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/paris-2024-has-contingency-plans-opening-ceremony-2023-12-21/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221231956/https://www.reuters.com/sports/paris-2024-has-contingency-plans-opening-ceremony-2023-12-21/ |archive-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> However, after a suggestion in May 2023 by [[Amélie Oudéa-Castéra]], the [[French Minister for Sport and the Olympic and Paralympic Games]], that this be limited to between 300,000 and 400,000 free of charge, and after additional concerns of security and transportation, the figure was reduced to a maximum of 300,000 in late November 2023.<ref name=":4" /> In late December 2023, a further reduction was posited, as security services would have preferred the ceremony in a stadium to facilitate implementing security measures.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Daffunchio Picazo |first=Raúl |date=28 December 2023 |title=Paris 2024: From a big opening for all to a small one for some |work=[[Inside the Games]] |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1143147/from-grand-opening-for-all-opening-some |url-status=live |access-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229050947/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1143147/from-grand-opening-for-all-opening-some |archive-date=29 December 2023}}</ref> The bleachers stretched from the [[François Mitterrand Library]] to the Eiffel Tower.<ref name=":4" />

The public lined the banks of the Seine, sitting on a {{Convert|6|km|mi|adj=on}} stretch on the upper and lower quays as well of rivers that cross each side of the river.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The organising team counted between 6,000 and 8,000 personnel. The ceremony itself had originally projected 2,000 dancers,<ref name=":0" /> but this was lowered to 400 dancers out of 3,000 performers total.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |last1=Arhirova |first1=Hanna |last2=Azooni |first2=Tale |last3=Cohen |first3=Jay |last4=Charlton |first4=Angela |last5=Corbet |first5=Sylvie |last6=Dunbar |first6=Graham |last7=Fendrich |first7=Howard |last8=Fryer |first8=Jenna |last9=Leicester |first9=John |date=2024-07-26 |title=2024 Paris Olympics opening ceremony, as it happened |url=https://apnews.com/live/olympics-opening-ceremony-2024-updates |url-status=live |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=[[Associated Press]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> All personnel involved in water, air and land performances in total numbered 45,000, with an average of per {{Convert|3,750|/km2|/sqmi|adj=pre|people }}.<ref name=":5" /> This figure does not include the roughly 2,000 security agents required to monitor the entry tents of paid ticketholders and law enforcement located on the elevated docks throughout the course.<ref name=":5" /> The cast and athletes started their travel on the river from the [[Pont d'Austerlitz]] to the [[Pont d'Iéna|Pont d'Iena]], in front of the [[Eiffel Tower]] and the Jardins du Trocadéro, where the main protocol was held.<ref name=":1" /> The closest the general public could get to the athletes and parade on the Seine were on docked party and restaurant boats.<ref name=":16" />

In May 2023, tickets for the event went on sale via ballot for the first time, with prices ranging from €90 to €2,700,<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Patrick |date=23 April 2023 |title=Paris 2024 reveals flotilla of boats signed up for historic Opening Ceremony along Seine |work=[[Inside the Games]] |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1136284/paris-2024-opening-ceremony-boat-plans |url-status=live |access-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425061955/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1136284/paris-2024-opening-ceremony-boat-plans |archive-date=25 April 2023}}</ref> with the latter being the most expensive tickets overall for the Games.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muñana |first=Gustavo |date=23 November 2023 |title=Olympics-Paris 2024 to sell 400,000 tickets next week, 7.2 million already sold |work=[[Inside the Games]] |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1142626/olympics-paris-2024-sell-400000-tickets |url-status=live |access-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125232308/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1142626/olympics-paris-2024-sell-400000-tickets |archive-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>

In 2023, plans were made to remove the riverside book stalls during the Opening Ceremony and as a practice in November 2023 a number of book stalls were being dismantled.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Diaz |first=Jaclyn |date=8 February 2022 |title=Paris quayside booksellers dig in for Olympics battle |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7e7b8925-9fcd-402e-8d7e-026d4d2df200 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> However, in February 2024 president Macron shelved the plan to remove the booksellers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2024 |title=OLYMPICS Macron shelves plan to remove riverside Paris booksellers for opening ceremony |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics-macron-shelves-plan-remove-riverside-paris-booksellers-opening-ceremony-2024-02-13/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>

The total number of boats and barges was near 160,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2023 |title=France prepared to change plans on 2024 Olympics opening based on security |work=[[Reuters]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/france-prepared-change-plans-2024-olympics-opening-based-security-2023-12-20/ |url-status=live |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221032500/https://www.reuters.com/sports/france-prepared-change-plans-2024-olympics-opening-based-security-2023-12-20/ |archive-date=21 December 2023}}</ref> with around 58 taking part in a reduced rehearsal carried out in July 2023, carrying athlete delegations, television crews and emergency services.<ref name=":3" /> 7,000<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Hird |first=Alison |date=26 July 2024 |title='We need this moment of peace' say Olympic opening ceremony storytellers |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20240726-we-need-this-moment-of-peace-say-olympic-opening-ceremony-storytellers |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2024 |work=[[Radio France Internationale]]}}</ref> of the 10,500 athletes were expected to take part,<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine |last=Ewe |first=Koh |date=5 July 2024 |title=Everything to Know About the History-Making Paris 2024 Olympics Opening Ceremony |url=https://time.com/6995210/olympics-opening-ceremony-paris-when-how-to-watch-performances-security/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724212313/https://time.com/6995210/olympics-opening-ceremony-paris-when-how-to-watch-performances-security/ |archive-date=24 July 2024 |access-date=25 July 2024 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> with 6,800 who actually ended up participating.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=Teddy Riner et Marie-José Pérec pour allumer la flamme, Céline Dion sur la Tour Eiffel... revivez la cérémonie d'ouverture des JO de Paris |trans-title=Teddy Riner and Marie-José Pérec to light the flame, Céline Dion on the Eiffel Tower... relive the opening ceremony of the Paris Olympics |url=https://www.lamontagne.fr/paris-75000/sports/en-direct-la-ceremonie-d-ouverture-des-jo-de-paris-2024_14541948/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728224754/https://www.lamontagne.fr/paris-75000/sports/en-direct-la-ceremonie-d-ouverture-des-jo-de-paris-2024_14541948/ |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=[[La Montagne (newspaper)|La Montagne]] |language=fr |issn=0767-4007}}</ref> In April 2023, 116 vessels from 42 river companies had been committed, with an expected 98% of all boats to be used being based in Paris and the rest from regional boat companies, including local sponsor Highfield Boats. A number of the boats that ferried athletes are [[Bateaux Mouches]] {{IPA|fr|bato muʃ}} that routinely sail the Seine.<ref name=":6" />

In February 2024, it was announced the number of spectators to attend the opening ceremony would be reduced from the proposed 600,000 spectators to around 300,000. There were 100,000 paid tickets for the ceremony, with around 200,000 free tickets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daffunchio Picazo |first=Raúl |date=4 February 2024 |title=Fewer fans allowed at Paris opening ceremony |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1143624/fewer-fans-allowed-paris-ceremony |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2024 |title=France downsizes Paris 2024 opening ceremony crowd to around 300,000 spectators |url=https://apnews.com/article/olympics-paris-oepning-ceremony-downsizing-0cc56fee1fb6a980274c67546c24bc10 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> The next month an exact amount of 326,000 tickets was stated, with 104,000 paid tickets for the lowest bank and 222,000 free tickets for the higher banks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2024 |title=326,000 tickets for Paris Olympics opening ceremony, minister says |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240305-326-000-tickets-for-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-minister-says |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> The free tickets were distributed in three rounds and aimed at families with low incomes living in underprivileged areas, sports movements, young people, and people helping to organise the Olympics, including traders and city workers.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 May 2024 |title=Paris begins sharing out free tickets for Olympics' opening ceremony |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/1064271/paris-begins-sharing-out-free-tickets-for-olympics-opening-ceremony |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The Brussels Times |language=en}}</ref> As originally proposed, no free tickets were given to tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=6 March 2024 |title=Paris won't allow tourists free access to Olympics opening ceremony along the Seine River |url=https://english.elpais.com/sports/2024-03-05/paris-wont-allow-tourists-free-access-to-olympics-opening-ceremony-along-the-seine-river.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=EL PAÍS English |language=en-us}}</ref>

The rehearsal of the ceremony, which was scheduled for 24 June 2024, was postponed due to a strong flow in the Seine River.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2024 |title=Paris Olympics opening ceremony rehearsal postponed due to strong Seine flow |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20240621-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-rehearsal-postponed-due-to-strong-seine-flow |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> It was rescheduled for 16 July 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2024 |title=Paris Olympic opening rehearsal on fast-flowing Seine set for July 16 |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20240713/paris-olympic-opening-rehearsal-on-fast-flowing-seine-set-for-july-16 |website=The Local}}</ref>

Thierry Reboul, also the Director of Ceremonies, claimed that the inspiration came in 2019 when he was walking along the river,<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last1=Rose |first1=Michel |last2=Pretot |first2=Julien |date=2024-07-25 |title=Macron's 'crazy' Olympics plan for a floating parade on the Seine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/how-macrons-crazy-olympics-ceremony-along-seine-came-about-2024-07-25/ |url-status=live |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=[[Reuters]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> however, the route had previously been decided by the [[COJOP2024]] in its bid,<ref name=":8" /> since Estanguet wished to 'throw "away the rule book".'<ref name=":17" /> Parisian mayor [[Anne Hidalgo]] assembled a committee to develop the creative aspects of the ceremony before COJOP2024 hired a creative director. The committee's chair, [[Patrick Boucheron]], would eventually be one of the four individuals hired by Jolly to develop the script. Even before being chosen to plan the ceremony, Jolly had "dreamed of delegations arriving by [[hot air balloon]], a [[French inventions|French invention]], and of the heads of dead kings rising from the Seine to watch the ceremony", yet this idea was not implemented.<ref name=":8" /> Thomas Jolly and four scriptwriters planned the ceremony. They wore puffer jackets while going out on boats along the river from the Austerlitz Bridge to the Eiffel Tower. After these excursions, they spent nine months writing the ceremony.<ref name=":9" /> They took inspiration from the [[history of Paris]],<ref name=":9" /> and its main themes consisted of love and "shared humanity".<ref name=":8" />

After determining 12 scenes of French history to represent, Jolly hired four subdirectors to develop the music, costumes and choreography of the event.<ref name=":8" /> [[Daphné Bürki]] and [[Olivier Bériot]] were in charge of costumes while {{Interlanguage link|Maud Le Pladec|fr}} was entrusted the choreography and dance,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Padovani |first=Loïc |date=26 July 2024 |title=Opening Ceremony of the Paris 2024 Olympics: The (Expected) Moment of Glory for Thomas Jolly, Artistic Director of the Event |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/opening-ceremony-paris-2024-olympics-glory-thomas-joly-artistic-director-event |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726135510/https://olympics.com/en/news/opening-ceremony-paris-2024-olympics-glory-thomas-joly-artistic-director-event |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=[[International Olympic Committee]]}}</ref> with {{Interlanguage link|Victor Le Masne|fr}}, who developed the Olympic theme for the opening and closing ceremonies in three seconds, as the musical director.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Knopper |first=Steve |date=24 July 2024 |title=Olympics 2024 Theme Composer Victor le Masne Found the Melody in Three Seconds. Then the Real Work Began |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/paris-olympics-2024-theme-composer-victor-le-masne-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725083103/https://www.billboard.com/pro/paris-olympics-2024-theme-composer-victor-le-masne-interview/ |archive-date=25 July 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510}}</ref> Certain elements were not able to be implemented such as having performers lean out of the [[Hôtel-Dieu, Paris]] decommissioned hospital building due to [[asbestos]]. Other plans that did not go through included a performance that would take place near fish hatchery by the Béthune Quay on the bank of the Seine which was not to be disturbed, and mass dancers on a bridge that would have caused its collapse, with an undisclosed scene being reworked 73 times by May 2024.<ref name=":8" /> In total, 3,000 performers took part, with at least 400 of these being dancers.<ref name=":16" />

Since the water level would rise or fall depending on the weather, the organiser's developed "software to cast the route in 3-D so he could visualize high and low water levels, rain, even storms".<ref name=":8" />

===Safety measures===
In October 2023, following security concerns caused by the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the [[2023 Israel–Hamas war]] and the [[Arras school stabbing]], both the French government and the [[Paris Organising Committee for the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games]] (COJOP2024) stated there were no official plans to relocate, stating that "Plan A takes into account all of the threats". Oudéa-Castréa stated on [[BFM TV]] that they were paying attention to context and the government had been working on "adjustment variables", wishing to maintain the original format.<ref name=":4" /> In December 2023, President Macron stated that there were multiple scenarios for the ceremony, in case of a major security event which would force it to move from the Seine. On this, COJOP2024 stated they had "contingency plans for all identified risk scenarios: heatwaves, cyberattacks, and the ceremony is no exception".<ref name=":1" /> In April 2024 President Macron announced that in case of a terrorism threat, there was a plan B, and even plan C; in that case the Opening Ceremony would be moved to the Trocadero square or to the Stade de France stadium.<ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Mawad |first=Dalal |date=16 April 2024 |title=Emmanuel Macron says Olympic Opening Ceremony could be changed in case of terrorism threat |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/16/sport/macron-olympic-opening-ceremony-terrorism-threat-spt-intl/index.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, Christophe Dubi, the IOC Olympic Games executive director, stated the previous month of March that a change to the Stade de France would be unlikely due to the event being "too big, too sophisticated, too complex artistically to look at a Plan B in another location".<ref name=":7" />

In April 2024, it was announced all buildings with a view of the Seine would have extra anti-terrorism protection.<ref name="anti-terorrism">{{Cite web |last=Daffunchio Picazo |first=Raúl |date=28 April 2024 |title=Buildings along the Seine will have extra anti-terrorism protection in Paris |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1144912/buildings-seine-protection-paris-2024 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref> Several areas near the Seine river, metro stations and adjacent museums including the Louvre, Orsay and the Museum of Decorative Arts will be closed.<ref name=anti-terorrism />

Being the largest ever [[Operations security|security operation]] in France,<ref name=":17" /> after the closure of bridges from 8 July 2024, 18 days ahead of the Opening Ceremony, a security perimeter was placed around the ceremony site from 18 July, 8 days ahead of the Ceremony.<ref name=CNN /><ref name="perimeter">{{Cite web |title=Olympic Games Opening Ceremony: security perimeters activated on July 18 |url=https://www.paris.fr/en/pages/olympic-games-opening-ceremony-security-and-traffic-information-27056 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=www.paris.fr |language=en}}</ref> The perimeter included among others prohibition of motorised access, controlled access for pedestrians with people within the perimeter subjected to a personal "Games pass".<ref name=perimeter /> All airports and airspace in a {{Convert|90|mi|km}} radius would be closed during the ceremony, and 45,000 security officers, including over 2,000 foreign police, will be stationed in Paris during the ceremony.<ref name=":7" />

On the day of the event, spectators faced long queues as well as ticketing obstacles. Many of the gates opened over an hour later than previously scheduled due to a lack of scanners to process all tickets.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=McGowan |first=Elliot |date=2024-07-26 |title=Paris 2024 Opening Ceremony: Ticketing issues, long queues reported |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1147080/early-issues-ahead-of-opening-ceremony |url-status=live |access-date=2024-07-26 |work=[[Inside the Games]]}}</ref>

== Ceremony key team ==
[[File:Thomas Jolly,Thomas Jolly, Comédien, Metteur en scène de théâtre et d'opéra.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Thomas Jolly (artist)|Thomas Jolly]], artistic director of the opening ceremony]]

*Artistic director: [[Thomas Jolly (artist)|Thomas Jolly]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/thomas-jolly-profile-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony|title=Thomas Jolly is Masterminding the Most Complex (and Wettest) Olympics Opening Ceremony of All Time |first1=Gaby |last1=Wood |first2=Annie |last2=Leibovitz |date=30 May 2024|website=Vogue}}</ref>
*Music director: {{Interlanguage link|Victor Le Masne|fr}}<ref name=MLP />
*Director of Dance: {{ill|Maud Le Pladec|fr}}<ref name=MLP>{{cite web|url=https://press.paris2024.org/news/maud-le-pladec-named-as-director-of-dance-for-the-four-ceremonies-of-the-games-of-paris-2024-and-choreographer-of-the-olympic-games-opening-ceremony-a627-7578a.html|title=Maud Le Pladec, named as Director of Dance for the four ceremonies of the Games of Paris 2024 and choreographer of the Olympic Games Opening Ceremony|date=18 June 2024|work=Paris 2024}}</ref>
*Choreographer: Maud Le Pladec<ref name=MLP />
*Styling and Costume director: [[Daphné Bürki]]<ref name="costume">{{Cite web |date=26 June 2024 |title=Daphné Bürki, Styling and Costumes Director of the four Ceremonies of the Pari |url=https://press.paris2024.org/news/daphne-burki-styling-and-costumes-director-of-the-four-ceremonies-of-the-paris-2024-games-32ca-7578a.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=press.paris2024.org |language=en}}</ref>
*Head Costume Master: [[Olivier Bériot]]<ref name=costume />
*Scriptwriters:
**[[Patrick Boucheron]]<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2024 |title=Paris 2024 reveals the scriptwriters of the narrative of the Olympic Games' Opening Ceremony |url=https://press.paris2024.org/bac-a-sable-wiz/news/paris-2024-reveals-the-scriptwriters-of-the-narrative-of-the-olympic-games-opening-ceremony-b85b-7578a.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718001528/https://press.paris2024.org/bac-a-sable-wiz/news/paris-2024-reveals-the-scriptwriters-of-the-narrative-of-the-olympic-games-opening-ceremony-b85b-7578a.html |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=[[Paris 2024]]}}</ref>
**Damien Gabriac<ref name=":10" />
**[[Fanny Herrero]]<ref name=":10" />
**[[Leïla Slimani]]<ref name=":10" />

==Commentators and hosts==
{{mcn|section|date=July 2024}}
{{rewrite section|date=July 2024}}
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*{{flagicon|France}} [[France Télévisions]]: [[Daphné Bürki]], [[Laurent Delahousse]], {{ill|Alexandre Boyon|fr}}<ref name=costume />
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nine Network]]: [[Karl Stefanovic]], [[Allison Langdon]], [[Todd Woodbridge]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCracken |first=Tess |date=2024-07-27 |title=Karl Stefanovic met with fierce backlash after 'cringe' commentary of Olympics Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/olympics/karl-stefanovic-met-with-fierce-backlash-after-cringe-commentary-of-olympics-opening-ceremony/news-story/efcf3a7f87b39c3402460807ea44049c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727200728/https://www.news.com.au/sport/olympics/karl-stefanovic-met-with-fierce-backlash-after-cringe-commentary-of-olympics-opening-ceremony/news-story/efcf3a7f87b39c3402460807ea44049c |archive-date=2024-07-27 |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=[[News.com.au]]}}</ref>

* {{flagicon|ARG}}: [[TyC Sports]]: Gonzalo Bonadeo
* {{flagicon|BIH}} [[BHRT]]: Velid Spaho, Medina Šehić
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Grupo Globo]]:
** [[TV Globo]]: {{Ill|Luís Roberto|pt|Luís Roberto (jornalista)}}, [[Galvão Bueno]], [[Daiane dos Santos]] and [[Ítalo Ferreira]]
** [[SporTV]] and [[GloboNews]]: {{Ill|Milton Leite|pt}}, [[Fabiana Alvim]], [[César Cielo]] and Marcelo Lins
** {{ill|CazéTV|pt}}: [[Casimiro (streamer)|Casimiro Miguel]], Belle Suarez, {{ill|Luis Felipe Freitas|pt}}, {{ill|Milton Cunha|pt}}
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]
**[[CBC Television|CBC TV]]: [[Andi Petrillo]], [[Waneek Horn-Miller]], [[Perdita Felicien]] and [[Craig McMorris]] (commentators);<ref>https://www.cbc.ca/lite/story/1.7275202</ref> [[Scott Russell (commentator)|Scott Russell]] and [[Adrienne Arsenault]] (hosts)
**[[Ici Radio-Canada Télé|Ici Télé]]: [[Martin Labrosse]], [[Céline Galipeau]] and [[Jacinthe Taillon]]
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[China Media Group|CMG]]: Sha Tong and Liang Yimiao
*{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Croatian Radio-Television|HRT]]: Zrinka Grancarić and Marko Šapit
*{{flagicon|DEN}} [[DR (broadcaster)|DR]]: [[Henrik Liniger]] and {{ill|Stéphanie Surrugue|da}}
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Yle]]:
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]]: Tom Bartels and Friederike Hofmann
*{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation|ERT]]: Dimitris Chatzigeorgiou and Periklis Makris
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Emtek]]:
**[[SCTV (TV network)|SCTV]]: Rendra Soedjono, Yuni Kartika, and Koesnaeni
*{{flagicon|ISL}} [[RÚV]]:
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rai 2]]: Franco Bragagna and Alberto Romagnoli
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Eurosport]]: Dario Puppo e Massimiliano Ambesi
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Japan Consortium]]:
**[[NHK]]: Keita Ito and Kana Nakayama
**[[TV Asahi]]: Shunpei Terakawa
**[[TBS Television (Japan)|TBS TV]]: Shinchiro Yasuzumi and [[Naoko Takahashi]]
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]]: [[Song Seung-hwan]] and Lee Jae-hu
*{{flagicon|NOR}} [[NRK]]: {{Interlanguage link|Ole Rolfsrud|no}}
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Telewizja Polska|TVP]]: {{Ill|Przemysław Babiarz|pl}} and Jarosław Idzi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tvp.pl/78015790/igrzyska-olimpijskie-2024-w-paryzu-komentatorzy-i-eksperci-tvp-sport |language=pl |title=Igrzyska Olimpijskie w Paryżu. Kto zasiądzie przed mikrofonem? Eksperci i komentatorzy TVP |website=tvp.pl |date=11 June 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|RTP]]: Manuel Fernandes Silva and Luís Lopes
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Radio Television of Serbia|RTS]]: [[Aleksandar Stojanović]] and [[Vladimir Mijaljević]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Летње олимпијске игре 2024, свечано отварање |url=https://www.rts.rs/tv/rts1/5491205/letnje-olimpijske-igre-2024-svecano-otvaranje.html |website=rtr.rs |publisher=rts.rs |access-date=27 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727141321/https://www.rts.rs/tv/rts1/5491205/letnje-olimpijske-igre-2024-svecano-otvaranje.html |archive-date=27 July 2024 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Radiotelevizija Slovenija|RTV SLO 2]]: Urban Laurenčič and Saša Jerkovič<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rtvslo.si/rtv/za-medije/sporocila-za-javnost/olimpijske-igre-pariz-2024-na-programih-rtv-slovenija/714413|title=Olimpijske igre Pariz 2024 na programih RTV Slovenija|publisher=[[Radiotelevizija Slovenija|MMC RTV Slovenija]]|date=10 July 2024|language=sl}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Radiotelevisión Española|RTVE]]: Marcos López, Julia Luna and Ernest Riveras<ref>{{cite web |title=RTVE se vuelca con los Juegos Olímpicos|url=https://www.diariovasco.com/culturas/tv/rtve-vuelca-juegos-olimpicos-20240724192322-ntrc.html |website=diariovasco.com |access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA|WBD EMEA]]:
**[[Kanal 5 (Swedish TV channel)|Kanal 5]]: Tommy Åström
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish Radio and Television Corporation|TRT]]: Cüneyt Kıran and Eren Koca<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yenibakis.com.tr/olimpiyatlari-acilis-toreni-kim-anlatacak-sunuculari-kimler-2024 |title=2024 Olimpiyatları Açılış Töreni kim anlatacak, sunucuları kimler? |trans-title=Who will commentate on the 2024 Olympics Opening Ceremony and who will be the presenters? |date=26 July 2024 |access-date=27 July 2024 |publisher=Yeni Bakış |language=tr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727052721/https://www.yenibakis.com.tr/olimpiyatlari-acilis-toreni-kim-anlatacak-sunuculari-kimler-2024 |archive-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>
**{{Interlanguage link|Eurosport News (Türkiye)|tr}}: Caner Eler, İzgecan Günal
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[BBC]]: [[Hazel Irvine]] and [[Andrew Cotter]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[NBCUniversal]]:
**[[NBC Sports]]: [[Mike Tirico]], [[Kelly Clarkson]], [[Peyton Manning]], [[Maria Taylor (sportscaster)|Maria Taylor]], [[Savannah Guthrie]] and [[Hoda Kotb]]<ref name=":7" />
**[[Telemundo]]: Miguel Gurwitz, Jessica Carrillo and Julio Vaqueiro<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2024 |title=Cómo ver los Juegos Olímpicos París 2024 en español a través de Telemundo |trans-title=How to see the Paris 2024 Olympic Games in Spanish through Telemundo |url=https://www.telemundo51.com/deportes/telemundo-cuando-horario-ceremonia-inauguracion-futbol-juegos-olimpicos-paris-2024-espanol/2560604/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726150954/https://www.telemundo51.com/deportes/telemundo-cuando-horario-ceremonia-inauguracion-futbol-juegos-olimpicos-paris-2024-espanol/2560604/ |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=[[WSCV]] |language=es}}</ref>
}}

== Protocolar elements and torch relay ==
The [[2024 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations|Parade of Nations]], during which the expected number of 10,500 participating athletes from 204 [[National Olympic Committees]] participate categorised by their respective delegation,<ref name=":2" /> took place on the [[Seine]], with other ceremonial events being held at the [[Jardins du Trocadéro]].<ref name="FR24">{{Cite web |date=24 May 2023 |title=France unveils security plan for Olympics opening ceremony in central Paris |url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20230524-france-unveils-security-plan-for-olympics-opening-ceremony-in-central-paris |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newcomb |first=Tim |date=20 June 2023 |title=Paris 2024 Floats New Approach For Opening Ceremony Stadium |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timnewcomb/2023/06/20/paris-2024-floats-new-approach-for-opening-ceremony-stadium/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

The Parade had as its main inspiration [[Jean-Paul Goude|Jean-Paul Goude's]] 200th anniversary parade of the [[French Revolution]] on [[Bastille Day]] in 1989 which was described in comparison as "an anti-national festival that rolled all of us into a "worldwide melting pot, with an optimism that we've lost today".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farago |first=Jason |date=2024-07-25 |title=Why the Olympics' Parade of Nations Is the World's Costume Party |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/25/arts/television/olympics-parade-nations-opening-ceremony.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725231203/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/25/arts/television/olympics-parade-nations-opening-ceremony.html |archive-date=2024-07-25 |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=1553-8095}}</ref> Taking inspiration from the homonym of the French for "stage" (scène) and the river Seine, the artistic portion of the event depicted 12 scenes from [[French history]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Porter |first=Catherine |date=2024-07-24 |title=When the Paris Olympics Begin, the Seine Is His Stage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/24/world/olympics/thomas-jolly-olympics-opening-ceremony.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725232006/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/24/world/olympics/thomas-jolly-olympics-opening-ceremony.html |archive-date=2024-07-25 |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=1553-8095}}</ref> It was expected to be the grandest event on the Seine in 285 years since the celebrations organised by [[Louis XV]] for his [[Louise-Élisabeth of France|daughter's]] wedding with [[Philip, Duke of Parma]] in 1739.<ref name=":8" /> President Macron stated that the ceremony would include a "great story of emancipation and freedom", marking events from the French Revolution to the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], the latter signed at the exact same place the ceremony ends, the [[Palais de Chaillot]].<ref name=":9" />

[[Gérald Darmanin]], [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Minister of the Interior]], had estimated that 25,000 security agents would be required and that around 35,000 police officers would be deployed for the opening ceremony.<ref name=":6" /><ref name="FR24" />

The 80-day [[2024 Summer Olympics torch relay|Olympic torch relay]] for the [[Olympic flame]] was organised by COJOP2024 president [[Tony Estanguet]]. It was lit in [[Olympia, Greece]], on 16 April 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paphitis |first=Nicholas |date=16 April 2024 |title=Despite weather glitch, the Paris Olympics flame is lit at the Greek cradle of ancient games |url=https://apnews.com/article/olympics-flame-lighting-greece-6ba355b34a5c6c8e4d037fa00f3b1321 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref> travelling through Greece for the following 10 days before being handed to COJOP2024 on 26 April at the [[Panathenaic Stadium]] in [[Athens]]. It left [[Piraeus]] aboard the sailing ship ''[[Belem (ship)|Belem]]'' and arrived at Marseille on 8 May 2024 under the escort of 1,000 boats.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2023 |title=News Access Rules Applicable to the Olympic Torch Relay of the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad Paris 2024 |url=https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/Olympic-Games/Paris-2024/Paris-2024-News-Access-Rules-Olympic-Torch-Relay-EN.pdf?displayAsWebViewdark=true%2F26-nov-2022%2F26-nov-2022%2F26-nov-2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222004958/https://stillmed.olympics.com/media/Documents/Olympic-Games/Paris-2024/Paris-2024-News-Access-Rules-Olympic-Torch-Relay-EN.pdf?displayAsWebViewdark=true%2F26-nov-2022%2F26-nov-2022%2F26-nov-2022 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |access-date=21 December 2023 |website=[[International Olympic Committee]] |type=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/olympic-flame-france-2024-paris-olympics-19th-century-ship-marseille/|title=Olympic flame reaches France for 2024 Paris Olympics aboard a 19th century sailing ship|publisher=CBS News.com|language=EN|date=8 May 2024|access-date=8 May 2024}}</ref>

== Proceedings ==
{{Refimprove|section|date=July 2024}}
{{Main|2024 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations}}

===Progamme===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! {{Abbr|Ch.|Chapter}}
! Title
! Procedure time ([[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] : [[UTC+02:00|UTC+2]])
|-
|1|| Prologue || 19:30–19:45
|-
|2|| ''Enchanté'' || 19:45–19:55
|-
|3|| ''Synchronicité'' || 19:55–20:00
|-
|4|| ''[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]'' || 20:00-20:10
|-
|5|| ''Sororité'' || 20:10–20:25
|-
|6 || ''Sportivité'' || 20:25–21:40
|-
|7 || ''Festivité'' || 21:40–22:50
|-
|8 || ''Obscurité'' || 21:50–22:20
|-
|9 || ''Solidarité'' || 21:50–22:20
|-
|10 || ''Solennité'' || 22:20–23:00
|-
|11 || ''Éternité'' (epilogue) || 23:00–23:30
|}
Entry to the venues opened at 17:30 [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] with the ceremony starting two hours later at 19:30 CEST.<ref name=":11" /> Most of the ceremony took place under the rain, the first Summer Olympics opening ceremony to be held under the rain since [[1952 Summer Olympics|Helsinki's in 1952]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leicester |first=John |date=2024-07-26 |title=Paris Olympics kicks off with ambitious but rainy opening ceremony on the Seine River |url=https://www.cbs19news.com/news/paris-olympics-kicks-off-with-ambitious-but-rainy-opening-ceremony-on-the-seine-river/article_1da5548b-8ee6-577f-9b49-5fd2ea5cc940.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727195239/https://www.cbs19news.com/news/paris-olympics-kicks-off-with-ambitious-but-rainy-opening-ceremony-on-the-seine-river/article_1da5548b-8ee6-577f-9b49-5fd2ea5cc940.html |archive-date=2024-07-27 |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=[[WCAV]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

===Prologue===
After everyone was seated and the [[2024 Summer Olympics torch relay#Metropolitan leg (Part 3)|Olympic torch relay]] ended its metropolitan leg around the area surrounding the [[Stade de France]], the event began with a pre-recorded video (with footage of past opening ceremonies of the Games) of comedian [[Jamel Debbouze]] carrying the flame into an empty Stade de France, having not realised that the ceremony would be held outside the stadium. Interspersed were clips of newscasters reporting that the ceremony would be along the Seine after he arrives inside the stadium. He is approached by footballer [[Zinedine Zidane]], who takes the torch through the city streets, attracting the attention of a trio of children, representing the three times Paris has hosted the Games, then he heads into the [[Paris Métro]]. Before the train can leave the station, it breaks down, prompting Zidane to pass the torch to the children through the train window.

After traversing the [[Catacombs of Paris]] and the underground lake beneath the [[Palais Garnier]], the children are approached by a hooded and masked torchbearer who is rowing a boat. The masked torchbearer represented several masked French heroes, such as [[Arsène Lupin]] and [[Erik (The Phantom of the Opera)|the Phantom of the Opera]] among others, as well as the Olympic spirit, and [[Sequana]], the goddess of the Seine.<ref name=":16" /> The figure was also compared to the French video game company [[Ubisoft]]'s ''[[Assassin's Creed]]'' franchise characters' hoods, especially to [[Arno Dorian]], who appears in the 2014 instalment ''[[Assassin's Creed Unity]]'' set during the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=Assassins Creed? Who was the masked torchbearer at the 2024 Paris Olympics Opening Ceremony? |url=https://www.nbcchicago.com/paris-2024-summer-olympics/assassins-creed-who-was-the-masked-torchbearer-at-the-2024-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony/3502147/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727205408/https://www.nbcchicago.com/paris-2024-summer-olympics/assassins-creed-who-was-the-masked-torchbearer-at-the-2024-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony/3502147/ |archive-date=2024-07-27 |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=[[WMAQ-TV]]}}</ref> The trio climb aboard and as they begin their journey to the outside world, the camera pans up to the Trocadéro stage to reveal [[Thomas Bach]], president of the International Olympic Committee and [[Emmanuel Macron]], president of the French Republic, already seated as they stand up to welcome the crowd. After that, the boat rows through a tunnel, revealing a light that shines to reveal the phrase "{{lang|fr|Ça ira}}" as the boat arrived, traversing the Seine. The masked torchbearer then appeared between segments in pre-recorded scenes, on the Seine and the rooftops of Paris, serving as a connecting thread throughout the ceremony.

At 19:30, pyrotechnics over the [[Pont d'Austerlitz]] (decorated in Olympic theming) bridge in the [[tricolour]] of the [[flag of France]] with jets of water from the Seine began the [[2024 Summer Olympics Parade of Nations|Parade of Nations]], beginning with the [[Greece at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Greek delegation]] and the [[Refugee Olympic Team at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Refugee Olympic Team]] through the [[Bahrain at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Bahraini delegation]].<ref name=":16" /> For the first time in Olympic history, the athletes sailed on multiple Paris boats such as ferries or yachts and the parade was integrated into the artistic programme for the first time.

===''Enchanté''===
The first sequence, ''{{lang|fr|Enchanté}}'', included the ceremony's first musical act which featured [[Lady Gaga]] and eight dancers waving large pink feather [[Hand fan|hand fans]], all in custom [[Dior]] costumes, in a pre-recorded segment (filmed earlier during rehearsals)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keslassy |first=Elsa |date=July 28, 2024 |title=Olympics Choreographer on Working With Lady Gaga to Prepare Opening Ceremony Performance, And Why It Nearly Got Called Off Due to Rain |url=https://variety.com/2024/music/global/lady-gaga-zizi-jeanmaire-performance-rain-olympics-choreographer-1236087753/ |archive-url=https://archive.ph/uiVKi |archive-date=July 28, 2024 |website=[[Variety Magazine]]}}</ref> alluding to "a [[cabaret]] feel" by performing "''{{lang|fr|Mon truc en plume}}''", made famous by [[Vedette (cabaret)|vedette]] [[Zizi Jeanmaire]], on a golden staircase beside a black grand piano on the left bank of the Seine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=Lady Gaga dazzles at Olympics opening ceremony with prerecorded French performance |url=https://apnews.com/article/olympics-2024-lady-gaga-opening-ceremony-900240493391dbac1fc0d3a3a6143b80 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726212901/https://apnews.com/article/olympics-2024-lady-gaga-opening-ceremony-900240493391dbac1fc0d3a3a6143b80 |archive-date=2024-07-26 |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=[[Associated Press]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> The singer wore a black satin bustier under a black feather jacket.<ref name=":192">{{Cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=LVMH's luxury wares earn top billing at Olympics opening |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/lvmhs-luxury-wares-earn-top-billing-olympics-opening-2024-07-26/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727185650/https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/lvmhs-luxury-wares-earn-top-billing-olympics-opening-2024-07-26/ |archive-date=2024-07-27 |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=[[Reuters]] |agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

The parade resumed with the [[Bangladesh at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Bangladeshi]] through [[China at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Chinese]] delegations, as dancers and acrobats performed on French garden-style barges on the Seine.

===''Synchronicité''===
The second sequence, ''{{lang|fr|Synchronicité}}'', started with a dance tribute by 420 people to the reconstruction teams of [[Notre-Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] leading to its [[Notre-Dame fire|2019 fire]] and crafts and artisans in general, held on [[Île de la Cité]]. This sequence featured French-Senegalese dancer [[Guillaume Diop]], the first Black star dancer of the [[Paris Opera]],{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} and Olympic champions [[Martin Fourcade]] and [[Michael Phelps]]. Aside from the Notre-Dame's reconstruction, the sequence also highlighted the making of the Olympic medals in their three metals at the [[Monnaie de Paris]] and the [[Louis Vuitton]] cases that carry them.

===''Liberté''===
The third sequence, ''{{lang|fr|[[Liberty|Liberté]]}}'', began on the façade of the [[Conciergerie]] with a tribute to the French Revolution (titled "{{lang|fr|[[Ça_Ira|Ah! Ça Ira!]]}}"), referencing [[Marie Antoinette]]'s execution by beheading and the musical ''{{lang|fr|[[Les Misérables (musical)|Les Misérables]]}}'', as the original French version of "[[Do You Hear the People Sing?]]" played to introduce the segment. Performers included heavy metal band [[Gojira (band)|Gojira]] and soprano {{Ill|Marina Viotti|fr}} performing the [[Habanera (aria)|Habanera]] from the French opera ''[[Carmen]]''. Dancers at the {{lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]|i=no}} performed to classic and contemporary French literary pieces. The tableau also addressed diverse forms of love (including LGBT themes and polyamory), expressed by acrobats from the XY company and circus artists from the Gratte-Ciel company. Tightrope walker Nathan Paulin performed outdoors.

French literature titles featured in the Liberté segment: Romances Sans Parole (Romances Without Words) by [[Paul Verlaine|Paul-Marie Verlaine]], 1874; [[Bel-Ami]] (Nice Friend) by [[Guy de Maupassant]], 1885; [[No Trifling with Love|On Ne Badine Pas Avec L’amour]] (No Trifling with Love) by [[Alfred de Musset]], 1834; Passion Simple (Simple Passion) by [[Annie Ernaux]], 1992; Sexe Et Mensonges (Sex and Lies) by [[Leïla Slimani|Leila Slimani]], 2021; [[Le Diable au corps (novel)|Le Diable Au Corps]] (The Devil in the Body) by [[Raymond Radiguet]], 1923; [[Les Liaisons dangereuses|Les Liaisons Dangereuses]] (Dangerous Relationships) by [[Pierre Choderlos de Laclos]], 1782; Les Amants Magnifiques (The Magnificent Lovers) by [[Molière|Moliere]], 1670; Le Triomphe De L’amour (The Triumph of Love) by [[Pierre de Marivaux]], 1732.

===''Égalité''===
The [[Republican Guard (France)|Republican Guard]] marching band played {{lang|fr|{{ill|For me formidable|fr|quote=y}}|i=no}} by [[Charles Aznavour]] on the {{lang|fr|[[Pont des Arts]]|i=no}} footbridge, opening the fourth sequence, ''[[Social equality|Égalité]]''. French-Malian signer [[Aya Nakamura]], the most listened-to [[Music of France|French-speaking artist]] in the world at the time,{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} performed "Pookie", an arrangement of "{{lang|fr|For me formidable|i=no}}" and her hit "[[Djadja (song)|Djadja]]", in front of the [[Institut de France]] accompanied by the [[Choir of the French Army]] and musicians of the Republican Guard.

===''Fraternité''===
[[File:Paris 2024 gradins ouverture, musée d'Orsay.jpg|thumb|Bleachers in front of the [[Musée d'Orsay]]]]

The fifth sequence, ''{{lang|fr|[[Fraternity (philosophy)|Fraternité]]}}'', began with [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]' "[[Danse macabre (Saint-Saëns)|Danse macabre]]" and referenced the 1911 theft of the [[Mona Lisa]] from the [[Louvre]]. The parade resumed with the [[Cyprus at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Cypriot]] through [[Gabon at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Gabonese]] delegations, as pianist [[Alexandre Kantorow]] performed [[Maurice Ravel]]'s "''{{lang|fr|[[Jeux d'eau (Ravel)|Jeux d'eau]]}}''" under heavy rain. The parade boats continued with the [[Gambia at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Gambian]] through [[Jamaica at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Jamaican]] delegations.

The ceremony moved to the [[Musée d'Orsay]] and paid homage to the science of imagery, particularly French filmmakers the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]] and [[Georges Méliès]] alongside French children's literature such as ''[[The Little Prince]]'', as the [[Paul Dukas]] tone poem "[[The Sorcerer's Apprentice (Dukas)|The Sorcerer's Apprentice]]" played. After that, the [[International Space Station]] appears, revealing a yellow telescope which pans down to an animated underwater submarine sequence featuring the [[Minions (Despicable Me)|Minions]] from [[Illumination (company)|Illumination]]'s ''[[Despicable Me]]'' holding various sports events in a submarine with the Mona Lisa emerging from the Seine after it explodes. Mezzo-soprano [[Axelle Saint-Cirel]] sang the [[La Marsellaise|French national anthem]] in a French flag-themed Dior dress atop the [[Grand Palais]].

===''Sororité''===
The sixth sequence, ''{{lang|fr|Sororité}}'' (sisterhood), highlighted ten notable French women with golden statues along the Seine: [[Olympe de Gouges]], [[Alice Milliat]], [[Gisèle Halimi]], [[Paulette Nardal]], [[Jeanne Baret|Jeanne Barret]], [[Christine de Pizan]], [[Louise Michel]], [[Alice Guy-Blaché|Alice Guy]], [[Simone Veil]], and [[Simone de Beauvoir]] (the latter's statue did not rise during the ceremony). After that, Saint-Cirel sang the sixth verse of the French national anthem, accompanied by a choir.

===''Sportivité''===
The seventh sequence, ''{{lang|fr|Sportivité}}'', resumed the parade boats with the [[Japan at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Japanese]] through [[Norway at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Norwegian]] delegations. Polish countertenor [[Jakub Józef Orliński]] performed a baroque piece, followed by rapper [[Rim'K]] singing "King".

===''Festivité''===
[[File:Olympic rings on the Eiffel Tower 2024 (23).jpg|thumb|The [[Olympic symbols|Olympic rings]] on the [[Eiffel Tower]]]]

The eighth sequence, ''{{lang|fr|Festivité}}'', started with a tribute to [[French fashion]] on the [[Passerelle Debilly]]'s red carpet. The parade continued on to its end with the [[New Zealand at the 2024 Summer Olympics|New Zealander]] delegation to the [[Australia at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Australian]] and the [[United States at the 2024 Summer Olympics|American]] delegations, as both [[Brisbane]], Australia and [[Los Angeles]], U.S. are the next Olympic Games hosts in [[2032 Summer Olympics|2032]] and [[2028 Summer Olympics|2028]] respectively. The masked torchbearer crossed the Passerelle Debilly, while a live video feed highlighted the welcoming committee in [[Tahiti]], where the [[Surfing at the 2024 Summer Olympics|surfing events]] would be held.

A tribute to the [[European Union]] was introduced by "[[The Final Countdown (song)|The Final Countdown]]" and a drone show around the Eiffel Tower forming the 12 stars of the [[Flag of Europe|EU flag]], and featured drag queens including [[Nicky Doll]] and dancers including Germain Louvet, Electro Street, and the Mazelfreten collective, continuing on the waterlogged red carpet of the Debilly footbridge, as well as a barge with an [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] dancefloor, to [[Eurodance]] tracks such as "[[Freed from Desire]]", "[[Stereo Love]]", "[[It's a Rainy Day|It's Rainy Day]]" and "[[Sandstorm (instrumental)|Sandstorm]]". [[Philippe Katerine]], nearly nude and painted as a blue [[Dionysus]], performed "Nu", lying at the center of a long table with the drag queens posed in a manner resembling a [[bacchanalia]]n feast. The parade boats culminated with the [[France at the 2024 Summer Olympics|French delegation]] riding a boat on the Seine.

The soundtrack of the first eight sequences included rearranged classics of [[Chanson|French chanson]] and pop culture mixed by DJ [[Barbara Butch]]:<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1816920935531688059 |user=Olympics |title=The world is a stage, and Paris is a catwalk. 💅 The #OpeningCeremony is France's largest nightclub. Celebrities are showcasing young French designer talent, while DJ Barbara Butch provides the tunes. The perfect moment for the last delegations to arrive. ✨ #Paris2024 |date=July 27, 2024 |access-date=July 27, 2024}}</ref>

{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Serge Gainsbourg]] – "[[Initials B.B. (song)|Initials B.B.]]"
* [[Chagrin d'amour]] – "{{lang|fr|{{Ill|Chacun fait (c'qui lui plaît)}}}}"
* [[Dalida]] – "{{lang|fr|[[Monday Tuesday... Laissez moi danser|Laissez-moi danser (Monday, Tuesday)]]}}"
* [[Les Rita Mitsouko]] – ""[[Marcia Baila]]" and "[[Andy (song)|Andy]]"
* The [[can-can]] by [[Moulin Rouge]] dancers
* [[Erik Satie]] – "[[Gymnopédies|Gymnopédie no 1]]"
* [[Michel Berger]] – "{{Ill|Ça balance pas mal à Paris|fr}}"
* [[Diam's]] – "{{Ill|DJ (Shelia song)|lt=DJ|fr|DJ (chanson)}}"
* [[Sheila (French singer)|Sheila]] – "{{Ill|Spacer (Shelia song)|lt=Spacer|fr|Spacer}}"
* [[Daniel Balavoine]] – "{{lang|fr|[[L'Aziza]]}}"
* [[Modjo]] – "[[Lady (Hear Me Tonight)]]"
* [[David Guetta]] – "[[Love Don't Let Me Go]]"
* [[Véronique Sanson]] – "{{lang|fr|Chanson sur ma drôle de vie}}"
* [[Michel Polnareff]] – "{{lang|fr|[[Lettre à France]]}}"
* Stardust – "[[Music Sounds Better with You]]"
* {{Ill|Jupiter (French band)|lt=Jupiter|fr|Jupiter (groupe de musique)}} and [[Kassav']] – "Kass Limon"
* [[Claude François]] – "{{Ill|Alexandrie Alexandra|fr}}"
* [[Justice (band)|Justice]] – "[[D.A.N.C.E.]]"
* [[Akiko Wada]] – "{{Ill|YONA YONA DANCE|ja}}"
* [[Mylène Farmer]] – "{{lang|fr|[[Désenchantée]]}}"
* [[Philippe Katerine]] – {{lang|fr|"{{Ill|Louxor, j'adore}}"}}
* [[Ottawan]] – "[[D.I.S.C.O.]]"
* [[Johnny Hallyday]] – "{{lang|fr|[[Que je t'aime]]}}"
* [[M83 (band)|M83]] – "[[Midnight City]]"
* [[DJ Mehdi]] - "Signatune ([[Thomas Bangalter]] Edit)"
}}

===''Obscurité''===
The ninth sequence, ''{{lang|fr|Obscurité}}'', continued on from ''{{lang|fr|Festivité}}'', with the music turning darker in mood and the dancers aboard the barge becoming more frenetic. As its LED floor flashed a montage of various climate disasters, including [[Drought|droughts]], [[Flood|floods]], and [[Forest fire|forest fires]], the dancers slowly collapsed, one by one. As the Seine darkened, [[Juliette Armanet]] appeared on a raft singing "[[Imagine (song)|Imagine]]" as part of a call for peace, accompanied by [[Sofiane Pamart]] on a burning piano.

===''Solidarité''===
The tenth sequence, ''{{lang|fr|Solidarité}}'', showcased a masked rider representing French heroine [[Joan of Arc]] (portrayed by Floriane Issert, a member of the [[National Gendarmerie|Gendarmerie]]<ref>https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/2024/07/26/paris-olympics-2024-opening-ceremony-review/?utm_source=twitter&utm_campaign=wp_main&utm_medium=social</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympics-masked-torchbearer-opening-ceremony-who-is-b2586677.html | title=Who were the masked torchbearer and horse rider at the Olympics opening ceremony? | website=[[Independent.co.uk]] }}</ref>) wearing an Olympic flag as a cape along with silver and black armour, riding a metallic mechanical horse along the Seine to spread the spirit of the Games. This segment referenced [[Pierre de Coubertin]] and the history of the Olympics, with numerous archival images and highlights of past Games. Flagbearers from each country gathered under the Eiffel Tower. The rider appeared on a white horse, bringing another, folded Olympic flag to a mast at the Trocadéro, surrounded by athletes. The [[Olympic Hymn|Olympic Anthem]] was performed by the {{Interlanguage link|Radio France Choir|fr|Chœur de Radio France}} featuring the [[Maîtrise de Radio France]] and the [[Orchestre National de France]] as members of the [[French Armed Forces]] raised the flag, which was accidentally raised upside down.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Braidwood |first=Jamie |date=2024-07-26 |title=Olympic flag raised upside down at end of rain-soaked opening ceremony |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympic-flag-upside-down-paris-2024-b2586729.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Independent}}</ref>

===''Solennité''===
During the eleventh sequence, ''{{lang|fr|Solennité}}'', the [[Olympic Laurel]]s were awarded, with Italian diplomat [[Filippo Grandi]] receiving them in his capacity as the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]. [[Tony Estanguet]], head of the organising committee, and IOC President Thomas Bach welcomed participants and spectators in French and English. President Emmanuel Macron then [[List of people who have opened the Olympic Games|declared the Games open]], stating:

{{Blockquote|"I proclaim open the Games of Paris, celebrating the XXXIII Olympiad of the modern times."}}

The [[Olympic Oath|Olympic oath]] was sworn by French flag bearers [[Mélina Robert-Michon]] and [[Florent Manaudou]], coach [[Christophe Massina]], and a wrestling referee. [[Zinedine Zidane]] took the Olympic flame from the masked bearer and handed it to Spanish tennis player [[Rafael Nadal]] (beginning the final leg), who, along with other multiple Olympic champions, carried the flame up the Seine by boat, while on the Trocadéro stage, a deaf dancer performed "[[Supernature (song)|Supernature]]" by [[Cerrone]] in [[French Sign Language]], backdropped by an elaborate light show on the Eiffel Tower, focusing on the Olympic Rings. The flame was passed among [[Carl Lewis]], [[Serena Williams]], and [[Nadia Comăneci]]. The boat docked near the Louvre, where tennis champion [[Amélie Mauresmo]] continued the relay with basketball player [[Tony Parker]]. They were joined by Paralympic champions [[Nantenin Keïta]], [[Alexis Hanquinquant]], and [[Marie-Amélie Le Fur]], officially opening the twelfth and final sequence, ''Éternité''.

===''Éternité''===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Teddy Riner Cannes 2016.jpg
| image2 = Marie-José Pérec Cannes 2016.jpg
| footer = [[Teddy Riner]] and [[Marie-José Pérec]] lit the [[Olympic cauldron]]
| total_width = 300
}}
The flame was relayed through the [[Tuileries Garden]], where the flame would be situated, after entering the Carrousel du Louvre.
A number of French Olympic champions carried the torch: [[Jean-François Lamour]], [[Félicia Ballanger]], [[Florian Rousseau]], [[Émilie Le Pennec]], [[David Douillet]], [[Clarisse Agbegnenou]], [[Alain Bernard]], [[Laure Manaudou]], [[Renaud Lavillenie]], [[Laura Flessel]] and [[Charles Coste]], the oldest living French Olympic champion at 100 years old.<ref name=":24" /> The final leg culminated with [[Teddy Riner]] and [[Marie-José Pérec]] lighting the [[Olympic cauldron]], a ring of 40 computerised LEDs and 200 high-pressure water aerosol spray dispensers which was topped by a 30-metre-tall helium sphere resembling a hot air balloon, rising in the air, reminiscent of the [[Montgolfier brothers]]' experiments leading to the first hot air balloon flight in 1783. The cauldron is attached to a wire anchored in the middle of the Grand Bassin Rond ({{Abbr|lit|literally}} "Large Round Basin") to avoid flying off, as well as feeding the cauldron with water and electricl light, and was pulled back to the ground during daytime. It is the first Olympic cauldron to light up without the use of fossil fuels.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasavda |first=Mihir |date=2024-07-28 |title=40 LED lights, a cloud of water-vapour for illumination, 200 high-pressure misting nozzles: How flying cauldron of Paris Olympics is lit up |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/paris-2024-olympics-cauldron-opening-ceremony-9479655/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240728015312/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/paris-2024-olympics-cauldron-opening-ceremony-9479655/ |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

[[Céline Dion]], accompanied by a pianist, concluded the ceremony by singing Édith Piaf's "{{lang|fr|[[Hymne à l'amour]]|i=no}}" from the first floor of the Eiffel Tower.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/olympic-opening-ceremony-celine-dion-lady-gaga-paris-rcna163793 |last=Tolentino |first=Daysia |date=26 July 2024 |title=Céline Dion, Lady Gaga perform during the Olympic opening ceremony |work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref> Dion ended her performance with a few notes of ''{{lang|fr|La Marseillaise}}'', bringing the ceremony to a close at 23:29 CEST.<ref name=":24" />

==Anthems==
* {{flagicon|France}} [[La Marseillaise|National anthem of France]] – [[Axelle Saint-Cirel]]<ref>[https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/live-updates/22d364f8-4755-48f0-b437-acd70fac6e0a 1]</ref>
* {{flagicon|IOC}} [[Olympic anthem]] – [[Orchestre National de France]], The Radio France Choir and the [[Maîtrise de Radio France]]

== Performances ==
[[File:Céline Dion 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Céline Dion]] (pictured in 2012) made her first live performance since 2020 at the end of the opening ceremony]]

French singer [[Slimane (singer)|Slimane]] performed his song "[[Mon amour (Slimane song)|Mon Amour]]" at a pre-opening ceremony event in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]] which was broadcast on [[France 2]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Argyriou |first1=Giannis |date=2024-07-26 |title=Olympics: Watch Slimane perform Mon Amour just before the opening ceremony |url=https://eurovisionfun.com/en/2024/07/olympics-watch-slimane-perform-mon-amour-just-before-the-opening-ceremony/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=Eurovision Fun}}</ref> As Slimane had cancelled a concert the day prior, some media outlets were unsure whether he would perform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ratesson |first=Sandra |date=2024-07-24 |title=Le chanteur Slimane annonce une triste nouvelle : '48 heures que j'hésite à prendre cette décision...' |trans-title=Singer Slimane announces sad news: 'I've been hesitating to make this decision for 48 hours...' |url=https://www.purepeople.com/article/le-chanteur-slimane-annonce-une-triste-nouvelle-48-heures-que-j-hesite-a-prendre-cette-decision_a525598/1 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=Pure People |language=fr}}</ref>

American singer [[Lady Gaga]] was the first performer of the ceremony, performing a rendition of the song "Mon truc en plumes".<ref name="Pitchfork performances">{{cite web |last1=Monroe |first1=Jazz |last2=Strauss |first2=Matthew |date=2024-07-25 |title=Lady Gaga, Celine Dion, Gojira, and More Perform at Paris 2024 Olympics Opening Ceremony: Watch |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/lady-gaga-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-watch/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> Even though her appearance had not been in the [[News embargo|embargoed]] media guide distributed previous to the event, her participation had been heavily speculated due to her multiple appearances in Paris in the days before the ceremony.<ref name=":16" /> Progressive metal act [[Gojira (band)|Gojira]] soon followed, becoming the first [[Heavy metal music|metal]] band to perform at an Olympic opening ceremony. The band, who were joined by opera singer Marina Viotti, performed the [[French revolution]]-era song "[[Ça Ira]]" at the [[Conciergerie]], a former prison where [[Marie Antoinette]] spent her final days.<ref name="Pitchfork performances"/> A performer portraying a beheaded Antoinette began the performance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rivera |first1=Joe |date=2024-07-26 |title=Who is Gojira? What to know about metal band at Olympics opening ceremony |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2024/07/26/gojira-band-olympic-opening-ceremony/74561517007/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> [[Aya Nakamura]] soon followed with a performance of her songs "Pookie" and "[[Djadja (song)|Djadja]]" on the [[Pont des Arts]].<ref name="VarietyPerformances">{{cite web |last1=Keslassy |first1=Elsa |last2=Rtiman |first2=Alex |date=2024-07-26 |title=Paris Olympics Opening Ceremony: All the Biggest Moments From the Games' Kickoff |url=https://variety.com/2024/sports/global/paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-moments-performances-1236086154/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref name="Bazaar Aya Nakamura">{{cite magazine |last1=Betancourt |first1=Bianca |date=2024-07-26 |title=Aya Nakamura Proves Why She's France's Biggest Star at the 2024 Paris Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/art-books-music/a61701969/aya-nakamura-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-2024/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]]}}</ref>

Later in the night, as part of a fashion runway portion of the ceremony, various [[drag queens]], including [[Nicky Doll]] and several past contestants from ''[[Drag Race France]]'', recreated a bacchanalian feast.<ref name="OutMagNickyDoll">{{cite web |last1=Sim |first1=Bernardo |date=2024-07-26 |title=Nicky Doll stuns in runway segment at Paris Olympics opening ceremony |url=https://www.out.com/drag/nicky-doll-drag-race-queens-paris-2024-olympics#rebelltitem2 |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Out Magazine]]}}</ref><ref name="DeadlineLastSupper">{{cite web |last1=Tinoco |first1=Armando |date=2024-07-26 |title=Kansas City Chiefs Kicker Harrison Butker Calls Drag Queens Channeling The Last Supper At Olympics Opening Ceremony 'Crazy' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/kansas-city-chiefs-kicker-harrison-butker-drag-queens-last-supper-olympics-opening-ceremony-1236024139/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]}}</ref> Doll also performed "I Had a Dream" on the runway.<ref name="OutMagNickyDoll"/> Shortly after, musician [[Philippe Katerine]] performed while covered in blue body paint and surrounded by fruit and flowers. While Katerine was depicting the Greek god [[Dionysus]], some viewed him as similar to Belgian comic character [[Papa Smurf]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rumsby |first1=Ben |date=2024-07-26 |title='Papa Smurf' and flaming pianos – strangest moments of Paris Olympics opening ceremony |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/olympics/2024/07/26/paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-papa-smurf-flaming-pianos/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> [[Juliette Armanet]] sang [[John Lennon]]'s 1971 song "[[Imagine (song)|Imagine]]" while accompanied by [[Sofiane Pamart]] on piano, which was ablaze during the performance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Logan |first1=Elizabeth |date=2024-07-26 |title=Everything To Know About "Imagine" at The Paris 2024 Olympics Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.nbc.com/nbc-insider/everything-to-know-about-imagine-at-the-olympics |access-date=27 July 2024 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref>

Closing the opening ceremony after the Olympic flame was lit, Canadian singer [[Céline Dion]] sang the [[Édith Piaf]] song "[[Hymne à l'amour]]" on the first level of the [[Eiffel Tower]]. The performance was her first since December 2022, after revealing her diagnosis with [[stiff person syndrome]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ellise Shafer, Elsa Keslassy |title=Celine Dion Gives Emotional Performance on Eiffel Tower at the Olympics Opening Ceremony |url=https://variety.com/2024/music/global/celine-dion-olympics-opening-ceremony-performance-1236081379/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=26 July 2024 |date=26 July 2024}}</ref>

==Dignitaries in attendance==
{{mcn|section|date=July 2024}}
===Host nation===
* '''{{flag|France}}'''
** [[President of France|President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]]<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Venance |first=Loic |date=2024-07-26 |title=Paris Olympics Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.hjnews.com/sports/nation/paris-olympics-opening-ceremony/image_85696169-5b4a-5e0e-adad-9549fb867ceb.html |url-status=live |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=[[The Herald Journal]] |issn=2834-5401 |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
** [[List of spouses or partners of the president of France|First Lady]] [[Brigitte Macron]]<ref name=":22" />
** [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]] [[Gabriel Attal]]<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Le Segretain |first=Pascal |date=2024-07-26 |title=Opening Ceremony - Olympic Games Paris 2024: Day 0 |url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/french-prime-minister-gabriel-attal-and-president-of-the-news-photo/2163837832 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240728131821/https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/french-prime-minister-gabriel-attal-and-president-of-the-news-photo/2163837832 |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[Getty Images]]}}</ref>
** Former [[President of France|President]] [[François Hollande]]<ref name="ytb"/>
** [[Paris Organising Committee for the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games|COJOP2024]] [[President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games|President]] [[Tony Estanguet]]<ref name=":22" />
** [[Mayor of Paris]] [[Anne Hidalgo]]<ref name=":22" />
** [[French National Olympic and Sports Committee|President of CNOSF]] and [[Union Cycliste Internationale|UCI]] [[David Lappartient]]<ref name=":23" />

==={{IOC}}===
* Members of the [[International Olympic Committee]] and the Olympic movement:
** [[Thomas Bach]], [[President of the International Olympic Committee]]<ref name=":22" />
** [[Gianni Infantino]], [[President of FIFA]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Le Segretain |first=Paul |date=2024-07-26 |title=Paris Olympics Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.citizentribune.com/sports/national/paris-olympics-opening-ceremony/image_48be4238-a798-554d-bf8d-2c7a2e8c6b68.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240728132946/https://www.citizentribune.com/sports/national/paris-olympics-opening-ceremony/image_48be4238-a798-554d-bf8d-2c7a2e8c6b68.html |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=Citizen Tribune |location=[[Morristown, Tennessee]] |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=David |date=2024-07-26 |title=Paris 2024 Olympic Games - Day 0 - Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.sportsfile.com/id/2892026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240728133158/https://www.sportsfile.com/id/2892026/ |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=SportsFile |publication-place=[[Dublin]]}}</ref>
** [[Spyros Capralos]], President of the [[European Olympic Committees]]<ref name="f24"/>

===Foreign leaders and representatives===
The local organising committee had expected around 120 world leaders will attend the Opening Ceremony, next to around 160 ministers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1145608/france-prepares-120-world-leaders-at|title=France prepares for 120 world leaders at the opening of Paris 2024|work= Inside the Games|date=27 May 2024|access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref> In another report, the French government said that at least 100 heads of state and government had accepted the invitation to the Games, but did not disclose any other details.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/sports-diplomacy/paris-2024-olympic-and-paralympic-games/|title=Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games|work=French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

According to a list from the Elysée, 300 foreign dignitaries from 130 countries and organisations, including 85 heads of state and government, were at Paris for the ceremony.<ref name="ssd">{{cite web|url= https://apnews.com/article/olympics-2024-paris-summit-sport-development-c18580df70bec02fe192654f17f27c1e|title= Macron touts Paris summit tying sports and sustainability during Olympics|website= [[Associated Press News]]|access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref> President Macron and IOC president [[Thomas Bach|Bach]] hosted a reception and a Sports for Sustainable Development Summit with visiting dignitaries.<ref name="ssd"/> The following international politicians were in attendance:

{{div col}}
* {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Edi Rama]], [[Prime Minister of Albania]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Andorra}} [[Xavier Espot Zamora]], [[Prime Minister of Andorra]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Javier Milei]], [[President of Argentina]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Javier Milei estará en los Juegos Olímpicos y le pidió a Macron ir a ver un equipo |trans-title=Javier Milei will be at the Olympic Games and asked Macron to watch a team|url=https://www.tycsports.com/polideportivo/javier-milei-estara-en-los-juegos-olimpicos-y-le-pidio-a-macron-ir-a-ver-un-equipo-id591354.html |work=[[TyC Sports]]|publisher=Tele Red Imagen S.A.|date=18 June 2024 |language=spanish}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Vahagn Khachaturyan]], [[President of Armenia]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.president.am/en/press-release/item/2024/07/26/President-Vahagn-Khachaturyan-in-Paris/|title= President Vahagn Khachaturyan attended the opening of the "Olympic House of Armenia" in Paris|access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Anika Wells]], [[Minister for Sport (Australia)|Sports Minister of Australia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/olympics/paris-olympics-organisers-to-leave-nothing-to-chance-with-drones-to-protect-athletes-during-an-opening-ceremony-enveloped-in-love/news-story/3f38f0a9e9f9cd42dfa7877e5b6cd900&usg=AOvVaw34YLdKeLZijYCOPD8RLmRY&opi=89978449|title=Anika Wells to attend Olympics|access-date= 21 July 2024}}</ref> (representing [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] [[Sam Mostyn]])
* {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Karl Nehammer]], [[Chancellor of Austria]]<ref name="ytb"/>
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Monarchy of Belgium|King]] [[Philippe of Belgium|Philippe]] and [[Queen Mathilde of Belgium]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Roi et la Reine assistent à l'ouverture des Jeux Olympiques de Paris 2024 {{!}} La Monarchie belge |url=https://www.monarchie.be/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=The Belgian Monarchy |language=fr}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Alexander De Croo]], [[Prime Minister of Belgium]]<ref name="ytb"/>
* {{flagicon|Bhutan}} Prince [[Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck]] of [[Bhutan]]<ref name="royal">{{Cite web |author=((Saad719)) |date=25 July 2024 |title=Olympic Gala at the Louvre |url=https://royalwatcherblog.com/2024/07/25/olympic-gala-at-the-louvre/ |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=The Royal Watcher}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Denis Bećirović]], [[Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rosângela Lula da Silva]], [[First Lady of Brazil]] (representing [[President of Brazil|President]] [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]])<ref name="Brazil">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/lula-diz-que-nao-vai-a-olimpiada-de-paris-mas-enviara-janja-em-seu-lugar/|title=Lula diz que não irá à Olimpíada de Paris, mas enviará Janja em seu lugar|website=CNN Brasil|language=pt-br|first=Aline|last=Fernandes|date=11 July 2024|accessdate=12 July 2024|trans-title=Lula says he won't go to Paris Olympics, but will send Janja in his place}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[André Fufuca]], [[Ministry of Sports (Brazil)|Sports Minister of Brazil]]<ref name="Brazil"/>
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Rumen Radev]], [[President of Bulgaria]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Cabo Verde}} [[José Maria Neves]], [[President of Cabo Verde]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Paul Biya]], [[President of Cameroon]]<ref name="f24" />
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Carla Qualtrough]], [[Government of Canada|Sports Minister of Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=22 July 2024 |title=Minister Qualtrough will be at the Paris 2024 Olympic Games to cheer on Team Canada |url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/minister-qualtrough-will-be-at-the-paris-2024-olympic-games-to-cheer-on-team-canada-830881695.html |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Newswire }}</ref> (representing the Government of Canada)
* {{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Faustin-Archange Touadéra]], [[President of the Central African Republic]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Jaime Pizarro]], [[Ministry of Sports (Chile)|Sports Minister of Chile]] (representing [[President of Chile|President]] [[Gabriel Boric]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daffunchio Picazo |first=Raúl |date=19 July 2024 |title=President Gabriel Boric cancels Paris 2024 trip amid Chile crime surge |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1146809/chile-boric-cancels-paris-2024-ceremony |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Inside the Games}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Han Zheng]], [[Vice-President of China]] (representing [[President of China|President]] [[Xi Jinping]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=刘小卓 |date=22 July 2024 |title=Chinese VP to attend opening ceremony of Olympic Games Paris 2024 |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202407/22/WS669e23eea31095c51c50f48f.html |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=China Daily}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Gustavo Petro]], [[President of Colombia]]<ref name="f24">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Jill Biden, royalty but no Zelensky? Top guests at the Paris Olympics |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240724-jill-biden-royalty-but-no-putin-top-guests-at-the-paris-olympics |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=France 24 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Comoros}} [[Azali Assoumani]], [[President of the Comoros]]
* {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Andrej Plenković]], [[Prime Minister of Croatia]]<ref name="f24"/>
** {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović]], former [[President of Croatia]]{{efn|name=iocmem|as member of the IOC}}
* {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Nikos Christodoulides]], [[President of Cyprus]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://cyprus-mail.com/2024/07/26/president-and-first-lady-to-attend-olympic-games/|title= President and first lady to attend Olympic games|access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Petr Fiala]], [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2024 |title=PM Fiala to attend Olympic Games opening ceremony |url=https://english.radio.cz/pm-fiala-attend-olympic-games-opening-ceremony-8823208 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Radio Prague International }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Monarchy of Denmark|King]] [[Frederik X]] and [[Queen Mary of Denmark]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=De Olympiske Lege i Paris |url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/nyheder/de-olympiske-lege-i-paris |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Kongehuset.dk |language=da}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Djibouti}} [[Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]], [[President of Djibouti]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Djibouti : IOG and Macron to sign defence treaty after lengthy negotiations |url=https://www.africaintelligence.com/eastern-africa-and-the-horn/2024/07/24/iog-and-macron-to-sign-defence-treaty-after-lengthy-negotiations,110270463-art |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Africa Intelligence }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Estonia}} [[Alar Karis]], [[President of Estonia]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 July 2024 |title=President Alar Karis and first lady attending Paris Olympics opening ceremony |url=https://news.err.ee/1609406446/president-alar-karis-and-first-lady-attending-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=ERR }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Sahle-Work Zewde]], [[President of Ethiopia]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Wiliame Katonivere]], [[President of Fiji]]<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2024 |title=Head of State to attend 2024 Olympics |url=https://www.facebook.com/FijiGovernment/posts/pfbid08FkBSmFhWH6c2mMo2gpAhDVEQbp2xqFozkt5ZqHBhfkVsjCQNtwHoyaoj1aqmofrl |access-date=22 July 2024 |publisher=Fiji Government |via=Facebook}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Alexander Stubb]], [[President of Finland]]<ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2024 |title=Presidentti Stubb vierailee Ranskassa ja Pariisin kesäolympialaisissa |url=https://www.presidentti.fi/presidentti-stubb-vierailee-ranskassa-ja-pariisin-kesaolympialaisissa/ |access-date=23 July 2024 |publisher=Tasavallan presidentin kanslia}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Gabon}} [[Brice Oligui Nguema]], [[President of Gabon]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Salome Zourabichvili]], [[President of Georgia]]<ref name="f24"/>
** {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Irakli Kobakhidze]], [[Prime Minister of Georgia]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Olaf Scholz]], [[Chancellor of Germany]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Kyriakos Mitsotakis]], [[Prime Minister of Greece]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2024 |title=Mitsotakis to attend Paris Olympics opening ceremony |url=https://www.ekathimerini.com/sports/1244189/mitsotakis-to-attend-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony/ |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=eKathimerini }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Bah Oury]], [[Prime Minister of Guinea]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} [[Umaro Sissoco Embaló]], [[President of Guinea-Bissau]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Kevin Yeung]], [[Secretary for Culture, Sports and Tourism|Secretary for Culture, Sports and Tourism of Hong Kong]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202407/26/P2024072600499.htm|title=SCST commences visit to Paris (with photos)|date=2024-07-26|work=HKSAR Government Press Release|accessdate=2024-07-27}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Tamás Sulyok]], [[President of Hungary]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Bjarni Benediktsson (born 1970)|Bjarni Benediktsson]], [[Prime Minister of Iceland]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Prabowo Subianto]], [[Ministry of Defense (Indonesia)|Minister of Defense]] and [[President of Indonesia|President-elect of Indonesia]]<ref name="Indonesia">{{Cite web |date=26 July 2024 |title=Prabowo to join Paris Olympics opening ceremony|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/320071/prabowo-to-join-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony|access-date=26 July 2024 |website=AntaraNews.com |publisher=[[Antara (news agency)|Antara]]}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Erick Thohir]], [[Minister of State Owned Enterprises (Indonesia)|Minister of State Owned Enterprises]], [[IOC Member]] and [[Football Association of Indonesia|Chair of the Football Association of Indonesia]]<ref name="Indonesia"/>
* {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Abdul Latif Rashid]], [[President of Iraq]]<ref>{{cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Iraqi president to attend Olympics opening ceremony |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/world/24072024 |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Rudaw}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Iraqi Kurdistan}} [[Nechirvan Barzani]], [[Iraqi Kurdistan|President of the Iraqi Kurdistan region]]<ref>{{cite web |date=26 July 2024 |title=President Barzani to attend Paris Olympic opening ceremony |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/world/26072024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Rudaw}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Simon Harris]], [[Taoiseach|Taoiseach of Ireland]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Taoiseach Simon Harris to meet French President Emmanuel Macron and to attend the 33rd Olympic Games in Paris |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/9a004-taoiseach-simon-harris-to-meet-french-president-emmanuel-macron-and-to-attend-the-33rd-olympic-games-in-paris/ |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Government of Ireland }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Isaac Herzog]], [[President of Israel]]<ref name="isr">{{Cite web |last=Cashman |first=Greer Fay |date=21 July 2024 |title=President Herzog will attend opening of Olympic Games in Paris amid calls to stop Israel competing |url=https://www.jpost.com/international/article-811280 |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The Jerusalem Post }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Sergio Mattarella]], [[President of Italy]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.quirinale.it/agenda|title=Quirinale Agenda|access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} [[Robert Beugré Mambé]], [[Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Yuko Kishida]], [[List of spouses of prime ministers of Japan|spouse of the Prime Minister of Japan]]<ref name="f24"/> (representing [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] [[Naruhito]] and [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] [[Fumio Kishida]])
* {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Prince Faisal bin Hussein]] of [[Jordan]]<ref name="royal"/>
* {{flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Vjosa Osmani]], [[President of Kosovo]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Presidentja Osmani krahas liderëve botërorë në Lojërat Olimpike Paris 2024 |url=https://president-ksgov.net/presidentja-osmani-krahas-lidereve-boterore-ne-lojerat-olimpike-paris-2024/ |access-date=26 July 2024 |work=President of the Republic of Kosovo - Vjosa Osmani}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Albin Kurti]], [[Prime Minister of Kosovo]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} [[Sadyr Japarov]], [[President of Kyrgyzstan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=24 July 2024 |title=President Zhaparov to attend opening of Summer Olympics in France |url=https://en.kabar.kg/news/president-zhaparov-to-visit-france/ |access-date=26 July 2024 |publisher=[[Kabar (news agency)|Kabar]]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Latvia}} [[Edgars Rinkēvičs]], [[President of Latvia]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2024 |title=President to attend Paris Olympics |url=https://www.baltictimes.com/president_to_attend_paris_olympics/ |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=The Baltic Times}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Najib Mikati]], [[Prime Minister of Lebanon]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://thisisbeirut.com.lb/lebanon/275592|title= Mikati in Paris for Opening Ceremony of the Olympics|access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Libya}} [[Mohamed al-Menfi]], [[Chairman of the Presidential Council of Libya]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Princess Nora of Liechtenstein]]<ref name="royal"/>
** {{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Daniel Risch]], [[Prime Minister of Liechtenstein]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Gitanas Nausėda]], [[President of Lithuania]]<ref name="ytb">{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MLXxTue7sK0|title= World leaders and royalty arrive for the Olympics|website= [[YouTube]]|access-date=26 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]] and [[Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg]] {{efn|name=iocmem|}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weimerskirch |first=Pierre |date=26 June 2024 |title=Exclusive interview with Grand Duke Henri: 'There will be a lot of Luxembourgers at the Paris Olympics' |url=https://today.rtl.lu/news/luxembourg/a/2208485.html |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=RTL Today }}</ref>
** {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luc Frieden]], [[Prime Minister of Luxembourg]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Andry Rajoelina]], [[President of Madagascar]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Maldives}} [[Hussain Mohamed Latheef]], [[Vice-President of Maldives]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/31221|title= Vice President depats to attend Paris 2024 Olympics|website=Maldives Presidency|access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Robert Abela]], [[Prime Minister of Malta]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/sports/olympics/130432/robert_abela_in_paris_ahead_of_olympic_games_opening_ceremony|title= Robert Abela in Paris ahead of Olympic games opening ceremony|access-date=2024-07-28}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mohamed Ould Ghazouani]], [[President of Mauritania]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Jesús María Tarriba]], [[First ladies and gentlemen of Mexico|First Gentleman-designate of Mexico]] (representing [[President of Mexico|President-elect]] [[Claudia Sheinbaum]])
* {{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Maia Sandu]], [[President of Moldova]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Monaco}} [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco]]{{efn|name=iocmem|}} and Charlene, Princess of Monaco
* {{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh]], [[President of Mongolia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=President of Mongolia to Attend Opening Ceremony of Paris-2024 Summer Olympics |url=https://montsame.mn/en/read/348305 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=MONTSAME News Agency }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Jakov Milatović]], [[President of Montenegro]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.vijesti.me/news-b/politika/716335/Both-Milatovic-and-Spajic-are-going-to-the-opening-of-the-Olympic-Games-in-Paris|title= Milatovic and Spajic are going to the Olympics|access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Milojko Spajić]], [[Prime Minister of Montenegro]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government delegation to attend the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games and International Summit on Sport and Sustainable Development |url=http://www.gov.me/en/article/government-delegation-to-attend-opening-ceremony-of-the-olympic-games-and-international-summit-on-sport-and-sustainable-development |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=Government of Montenegro }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Aziz Akhannouch]], [[Prime Minister of Morocco]] (representing [[King of Morocco|King]] [[Mohammed VI of Morocco|Mohammed VI]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2024 |title=Le chef du gouvernement représente Sa Majesté le Roi à la cérémonie d'ouverture des JO de Paris |url=https://www.mapnews.ma/fr/actualites/politique/le-chef-du-gouvernement-repr%C3%A9sente-sa-majest%C3%A9-le-roi-%C3%A0-la-c%C3%A9r%C3%A9monie-d%E2%80%99ouverture |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=[[Maghreb Arabe Presse]]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|King]] [[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|Willem-Alexander]] and [[Queen Máxima of the Netherlands]]<ref name="Netherlands">{{cite web|url=https://www.nu.nl/achterklap/6321202/willem-alexander-maxima-en-prinsessen-bezoeken-olympische-spelen-in-parijs.html|title=Willem-Alexander, Máxima en prinsessen bezoeken Olympische Spelen in Parijs|trans-title=Willem-Alexander, Máxima and princesses visit Paris Olympics|lang=nl|work=NU.nl|date=18 June 2024|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange]]<ref name="Netherlands"/>
** {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Princess Alexia of the Netherlands]]<ref name="Netherlands"/>
** {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Dick Schoof]], [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]]<ref name="Netherlands"/>
* {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Cindy Kiro]], [[Governor-General of New Zealand]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU2407/S00321/governor-general-at-the-paris-2024-olympic-games.htm|title= Governor-General At The Paris 2024 Olympic Games|access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Niger}} Abdoulaye Mohamadou, [[Government of Niger|Sport Minister of Niger]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Oman}} Basil bin Ahmed al Rawas, Undersecretary of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Youth of Oman<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olympic Village in Paris welcome arrival of Oman's national teams |url=https://139.162.210.149/article/148053-olympic-village-in-paris-welcome-arrival-of-omans-national-teams |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Times of Oman }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Santiago Peña]], [[President of Paraguay]]<ref name="isr"/>
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Andrzej Duda]], [[President of Poland]]<ref name="ytb"/>
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa]], [[President of Portugal]]<ref name="ytb"/>
* {{flagicon|Qatar}} Emir [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]] of Qatar{{efn|name=iocmem|}}<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Klaus Iohannis]], [[President of Romania]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Romanian president will be in Paris for the opening ceremony of the 2024 Olympic Games |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-president-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Romania Insider }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Paul Kagame]], [[President of Rwanda]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|São Tomé and Principe}} [[Patrice Trovoada]], [[Prime Minister of São Tomé and Principe]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} Princess [[Reema bint Bandar Al Saud]] of Saudi Arabia<ref name="royal"/>
* {{flagicon|Senegal}} [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]], [[President of Senegal]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.africaintelligence.com/west-africa/2024/07/24/diomaye-faye-to-be-special-guest-at-paris-olympics,110271455-bre|title= Diomaye Faye to be special guest at Paris Olympics|access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Aleksandar Vučić]], [[President of Serbia]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraf.rs/english/3934796-serbian-president-vucic-to-attend-opening-of-olympic-games-in-paris|title= Serbian President Vucic to attend opening of Olympic Games in Paris|access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Julius Maada Bio]], [[President of Sierra Leone]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://thisdaysl.com/sierra-leone-president-bio-departs-ahead-of-sport-for-sustainable-development-summit-in-france/|title= President Bio departs ahead of Sport for Sustainable Development Summit and Olympics in France|access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]], [[President of Singapore]]<ref name="SG">{{cite web |title=Visit by President Tharman Shanmugaratnam to the French Republic for the Paris 2024 Summer Olympic Games, 24 to 28 July 2024 |url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2024/07/20240723-President-Paris-Olympics|lang=en|work=mfa.gov.sg|date=23 July 2024|access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Peter Pellegrini]], [[President of Slovakia]]<ref name="u464">{{cite web | author=SITA Slovenská tlačová agentúra a.s. | title=Prezident Pellegrini odišiel do Paríža so zástupcami Slovenského olympijského a športového výboru | website=SITA.sk | date=25 July 2024 | url=https://sita.sk/prezident-pellegrini-odisiel-do-pariza-so-zastupcami-slovenskeho-olympijskeho-a-sportoveho-vyboru/ | language=sk | access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Nataša Pirc Musar]], [[President of Slovenia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.sta.si/3325124/president-going-to-paris-ahead-of-olympics-opening|title= President going to Paris ahead of Olympics opening|access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Robert Golob]], [[Prime Minister of Slovenia]]<ref name="ytb"/>
* {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Gayton McKenzie]], [[Minister of Sports, Arts and Culture|Minister of Sports, Arts and Culture of South Africa]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Craig |date=24 July 2024 |title=Paris 2024 Olympics set for spectacular opening amid global political and sporting tension |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-07-24-paris-games-set-for-spectacular-opening-amid-global-political-and-sporting-tension/ |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=Daily Maverick }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Monarchy of Spain|King]] [[Felipe VI|Felipe VI of Spain]] and [[Queen Letizia of Spain]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Viola Amherd]], [[President of the Swiss Confederation|President of Switzerland]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.worldradio.ch/news/bitesize-news/swiss-president-at-olympic-games-in-paris/#:~:text=Swiss%20President%20Viola%20Amherd%20will,for%20Sport%20and%20Sustainable%20Development.|title= Swiss President at Olympic Games in Paris|access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Matviy Bidnyi]], [[Ministry of Youth and Sports (Ukraine)|Sport Minister of Ukraine]] (representing [[President of Ukraine|President]] [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2024 |title=Jeux olympiques 2024 : Volodymyr Zelensky absent de la cérémonie d'ouverture |url=https://www.sudouest.fr/international/europe/ukraine/volodymyr-zelensky/jeux-olympiques-2024-volodymyr-zelensky-absent-de-la-ceremonie-d-ouverture-20684924.php |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=SudOuest.fr |language=fr}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Keir Starmer]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Jill Biden]], [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady of the United States of America]] (representing [[President of the United States|President]] [[Joe Biden]])<ref name="US">{{cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=President Biden Announces Presidential Delegations to Paris, France to Attend the Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/07/12/president-biden-announces-presidential-delegations-to-paris-france-to-attend-the-opening-and-closing-ceremonies-of-the-paris-2024-olympic-and-paralympic-games/#:~:text=Dr.%20Jill%20Biden%2C%20First%20Lady,Closing%20of%20the%20Olympic%20Games. |accessdate=13 July 2024 |website=White House}}</ref>
** {{flagicon|United States}} [[Karen Bass]], [[Mayor of Los Angeles]] (host city of the [[2028 Summer Olympics]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Ahead of 2028, Mayor Bass travels with Jill Biden to Paris Olympic Games |url=https://abc7.com/post/mayor-karen-bass-travels-to-paris-olympics-with-presidential-delegation/15089793/ |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=ABC7 Los Angeles }}</ref>
** {{flagicon|United States}} [[Jennifer Siebel Newsom]], [[First Partner of California]] (state of the 2028 Summer Olympics host city)<ref name="US"/>
* {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Văn Hùng (politician)|Nguyễn Văn Hùng]], [[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (Vietnam)|Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vietnam]] (representing [[President of Vietnam|President]] [[Tô Lâm]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lễ viếng Tổng Bí thư Nguyễn Phú Trọng tại Pháp |url=https://baoquangngai.vn/quoc-te/202407/le-vieng-tong-bi-thu-nguyen-phu-trong-tai-phap-1a55e5b/ |access-date=26 July 2024 |website=baoquangngai.vn |language=vi}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===International organisations===
The following dignitaries from international organisations were in attendance:
* {{flagicon|European Union}} [[Charles Michel]], [[President of the European Council]]<ref name="tat">{{cite web|url= https://www.tatler.com/gallery/the-paris-2024-olympics-guest-list-foreign-royal-and-dignitary-attending|title= Paris 2024 guest list|access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|European Union}} [[Ursula von der Leyen]], [[President of the European Commission]]<ref name="tat"/>
* {{flagicon|European Union}} [[Christine Lagarde]], [[President of the European Central Bank]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.politico.eu/article/lagarde/|title= Lagarde to skip G20 to feel the Olympic buzz in Paris|access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UNESCO}} [[Audrey Azoulay]], Director-General of the [[UNESCO]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://twitter.com/UNESCO/status/1816050668404150728|title= Audrey Azoulay to attend Sport Summit 2024|access-date=25 July 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[António Guterres]], [[Secretary General of the United Nations]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://press.un.org/en/2024/db240723.doc.htm|title= Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General|access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=":22" />
* {{flagicon|NATO}} [[Jens Stoltenberg]], [[Secretary General of NATO]]<ref name="f24"/>
* {{flagicon|United Nations}} [[Gilbert Houngbo]], Director-General of the [[International Labour Organization]]<ref name="f24"/>

==Reception==
The ceremony received a mixed reception. Most French newspapers praised the ceremony, with the exception of [[Right-wing politics in France|right-wing]], conservative and Christian outlets who rejected it as "[[woke]] propaganda".<ref name=":20" /> [[Le Monde]] considered it a "dream-like spectacle" that showcased a country that was "inclusive" and "unafraid of controversy".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-27 |title=JO de Paris 2024 : de la tension sécuritaire à une fête grandiose, le récit d'une cérémonie d'ouverture historique |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/sport/article/2024/07/27/jo-de-paris-2024-de-la-tension-securitaire-a-une-fete-grandiose-le-recit-d-une-ceremonie-d-ouverture-historique_6259275_3242.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=Le Monde.fr |language=fr}}</ref> ''[[Libération]]'' described it as "imbued with inclusivity and [[self-deprecation]]"<ref name=":20"/> and hailed a "catharsis that was all the more welcome" after the stress of [[2024 French legislative election|France’s snap elections]] and "sublimated by the rain that turned into an artistic asset".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-27 |title=A la cérémonie d’ouverture des JO 2024, rien que de l’eau, de l’eau de pluie, de l’eau de halo
|url=https://www.liberation.fr/sports/jeux-olympiques/la-ceremonie-douverture-des-jo-2024-rien-que-de-leau-de-leau-de-pluie-de-leau-de-halo-20240727_TU2N6LUMIRFLPECSGRY64U74FA/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=Liberation.fr |language=fr}}</ref> ''[[Le Parisien]]'' called the ceremony "an unbelievable evening",<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-07-27 |title=Le long de la Seine, une soirée entre pluie et folie : « L’impression d’être le témoin d’un moment historique » |url=https://www.leparisien.fr/jo-paris-2024/le-long-de-la-seine-une-soiree-entre-pluie-et-folie-limpression-detre-le-temoin-dun-moment-historique-27-07-2024-WZHXYTV7PNH6ZIQZ7PCG7ISHJ4.php |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=leparisien.fr |language=fr}}</ref> and ''[[Le Figaro]]'' described it as "a grandiose and sumptuous spectacle" while also criticising "multiple ideological escapades".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-27 |title=Ces images que la cérémonie d’ouverture des JO de Paris 2024 aurait pu nous épargner |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/ces-images-que-la-ceremonie-d-ouverture-des-jo-de-paris-2024-aurait-pu-nous-epargner-20240726 |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=lefigaro.fr |language=fr}}</ref>

The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called the ceremony "one of the most spectacular opening ceremonies ever", crediting [[Thomas Jolly]] with "a quintessentially French affair, dizzying in scope and artistry, occasionally oddball".<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=Paris shines through summer storm in spectacular Olympic opening ceremony |url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/story/2024-07-26/paris-shines-rain-opening-ceremony |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=latimes.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] called the alternation between artistic segments and the athletes' parade "bizarre", but characterized the ceremony as "brilliantly frenetic and occasionally emotional".<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=Opening ceremony lights up Paris in unique style|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/olympics/articles/cw4yepmknkpo |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> For ''[[El País]]'', the ceremony sent "to the world a message of universalism, tolerance and also modesty".<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-07-27 |title=Así le hemos contado la ceremonia de inauguración de los Juegos Olímpicos en la que París exhibió su majestuosidad|url=https://elpais.com/deportes/juegos-olimpicos/2024-07-26/la-ceremonia-de-inauguracion-de-los-jjoo-de-paris.html|access-date=2024-07-28 |work=elpais.com |language=es}}</ref> For the ''[[Washington Post]]'', the city "transformed into a spectacular stage — and demonstrated that bold thinking could bring a shine back to a global event that has seen its popularity slump".<ref>{{cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=Olympic Ceremonies on the Seine were a daring feat. Paris stuck the landing. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2024/07/26/olympics-opening-ceremony-2024-paris-seine/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=washingtonpost.com |language=en}}</ref> The newspaper, like many others, praised the performances of Gojira, Gaga, Nakamura and Dion.

Main criticisms were directed at the length, poor weather conditions, technical issues, and some of the production itself.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Brodeur |first=Michael Andor |date=2024-07-26 |title=Column {{!}} A grand vision guides unprecedented Opening Ceremonies down the Seine |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/tv/2024/07/26/paris-olympics-2024-opening-ceremony-review/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Watkins |first=Emily |date=2024-07-26 |title=The Paris Olympics opening ceremony was an insane cabaret of clichés |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-review-insane-cabaret-of-cliches-3193320 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=inews.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Tinubu |first=Aramide |date=2024-07-26 |title=2024 Paris Olympics Launches With a Stunning, Unique and Très French Opening Ceremony: TV Review |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/reviews/2024-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-review-1236086528/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=White |first=Jim |date=2024-07-26 |title=A glorious finale but otherwise the Olympics opening ceremony was a damp squib |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/olympics/2024/07/26/olympics-opening-ceremony-review-damp-squib/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', Judy Berman felt that the ceremony was "occasionally weird, wildly ambitious, ultimately wonderful, and extremely French", and remarked that "the most enjoyable moments tended to be the strangest—and the most idiosyncratically French—ones. Dozens of dancers in hot pink doing the can-can? Fantastique. Marie Antoinette holding her freshly decapitated, singing head, as the introduction to a set piece that would pair opera singer Marina Viotti with French metal stalwarts Gojira? Vive la révolution".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Berman |first=Judy |date=2024-07-26 |title=The Olympics Opening Ceremony Was a Love Letter to Paris |url=https://time.com/7004249/olympics-opening-ceremony-2024-review/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> The ''[[New Statesman]]'' described the artistic segments as reminiscent of the [[Eurovision Song Contest]], believing that the [[BBC Sport|BBC]]'s television broadcast needed "a [[Graham Norton|Norton]] or a [[Terry Wogan|Wogan]], someone who could make sense of it all, or at least dryly mock that which they could not".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Nicholas |date=2024-07-27 |title=The Paris Olympics opening ceremony was more Eurovision than Bastille Day |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/sport/2024/07/the-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-was-more-eurovision-than-bastille-day |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=New Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> The inclusion of the [[Minions (Despicable Me)|Minions]] of the ''[[Despicable Me]]'' film franchise (characters who were created and voiced by the film's French director [[Pierre Coffin]]) was criticised as being considered more of an "extended [[Advertising|ad]]" and as "off-putting".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patten |first=Dominic |date=2024-07-26 |title=Olympics Opening Ceremony Review: Paris' Lengthy Spectacle On The Seine Lost In Translation On The Small Screen |url=https://deadline.com/2024/07/olympics-2024-paris-opening-ceremony-recap-1236023636/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |quote=An ill-considered extended cameo by Despicable Me’s beloved Minions and a stolen Mona Lisa reeked of a shameless sop to American broadcaster NBC and its sister studio Universal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tinubu |first=Aramide |date=2024-07-26 |title=2024 Paris Olympics Launches With a Stunning, Unique and Très French Opening Ceremony: TV Review |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/reviews/2024-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-review-1236086528/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Variety |language=en-US |quote=Though Pierre Coffin, the creator and voice actor of the Minions, is French, the video was both odd and off-putting.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lloyd |first=Robert |date=2024-07-27 |title=Review: Olympics opening ceremony shined with best of Paris and France, but failed as TV |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2024-07-26/paris-olympics-opening-ceremonies-review |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |quote=The insertion of a “Despicable Me” short, from NBC’s parent company, Universal, had corporate cross-promotion written all over it.}}</ref> Nick Hilton from ''[[The Independent]]'' described the ceremony as "Too much filler, too little killer".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hilton |first=Nick |date=2024-07-27 |title=2024 Paris Olympics Opening Ceremony review: Interminable Seine procession is a washout |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-review-b2586744.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> Kelly Lawler from ''[[USA Today]]'' wrote "There was nothing so very outrageous..., but nothing so very special, either".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawler |first=Kelly |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Celine Dion saves a wet 'n wild Paris Olympics opening ceremony: Review |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2024/07/26/olympics-opening-ceremony-review/74499147007/ |access-date=July 26, 2024 |website=USA Today}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Akbar |first=Arifa |date=2024-07-26 |title=Paris Olympics opening ceremony review – soaring ambition deflated by patchy delivery |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/article/2024/jul/26/paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-review-soaring-ambition-deflated-by-patchy-delivery |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Arifa Akbar from ''[[The Guardian]]'' was critical, and described the ceremony as <nowiki>''Soaring ambition deflated by patchy delivery''</nowiki>. The review stated the production lacked class.<ref name="auto"/> [[Sky News Australia]] called it <nowiki>''trash''</nowiki>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sky News host reacts to ‘bizarre’ woke Paris Olympics opening ceremony |url=https://www.skynews.com.au/opinion/sky-news-host-reacts-to-bizarre-woke-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony/video/a049995d5876df217f01a994d65d6605 |website=Sky News Australia}}</ref> In Italy, ''[[Corriere della Sera]]'' emphasised the "revolutionary" aspect of the ceremony. ''[[La Repubblica]]'' criticised the "self-celebratory parade", which left the athletes in the shade. ''[[La Stampa]]'' went so far as to describe it as "a flop, a hole in the water", with the exception of a "moving finale".<ref name=":19" /> The Hong Kong newspaper ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' stated that the opening ceremony of the Paris Games was "the worst of all time", showing global social media reaction and backlash.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-27 |title=Paris Olympics opening ceremony branded ‘worst ever’ by angry social media users |url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/paris-olympics-2024/article/3272107/paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-branded-worst-ever-disappointed-social-media-users |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> [[News.com.au]] were highly critical and stated <nowiki>''The rumours about the Opening Ceremony all suggested the $1.5 billion spectacle was going to blow the world away. The rumours were very wrong.''</nowiki> They showed global reactions, one stating ‘I'm embarrassed for France’.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otto |first=Tyson |date=2024-07-27 |title=World reacts to Paris Olympics opening ceremony: 'I'm embarrassed for France' |url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/olympics/world-reacts-to-paris-olympics-opening-ceremony-im-embarrased-for-france/news-story/d960ccd7c1cd25b3ceafa5decacc6f5a |website=[[News.com.au]]}}</ref>

According to a poll commissioned by the [[International Olympic Committee|IOC]] in 15 countries, 88% of people who followed the opening ceremony said they enjoyed it and 76% stated that this was the most memorable Olympic Games opening ceremony ever.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-28 |title=Paris 2024 - IOC Daily Briefing 28.07.2024|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERNubPr9mMo |website=YouTube.com}}</ref> 86% of French people considered the ceremony successful.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-28 |title=JO de Paris 2024 : plus de 85% des Français ont jugé la cérémonie "réussie", selon un sondage |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/les-jeux-olympiques/ceremonies-d-ouverture-et-de-cloture/jo-de-paris-2024-plus-de-85-des-francais-ont-juge-la-ceremonie-reussie-selon-un-sondage_6692121.html|website=francetvinfo.fr|lang=fr}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===Drag queen segment===
The "Festivité" segment contained a scene of [[drag queen]]s arranged in a row along a catwalk, which was stated by the artistic director, [[Thomas Jolly (artist)|Thomas Jolly]], to represent "a pagan feast linked to the gods of Olympus".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grohmann |first=Karolos |date=28 July 2024 |title=Olympic ceremony's 'Last Supper' sketch never meant to disrespect, says Paris 2024 |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/olympics/paris-2024-apologises-any-offence-caused-by-last-supper-sketch-2024-07-28 |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> However, the scene was widely interpreted as a recreation of the [[Leonardo da Vinci]] fresco [[The Last Supper (Leonardo)|''The Last Supper'']], which depicts [[Jesus]] and the [[Twelve Apostles]], and due to this it was criticised worldwide by conservative politicians, Roman Catholics,<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last=McKern |first=James |date=2024-07-27 |title=Aussie legend slams 'demonic' detail in opening ceremony that upsets billions |url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/olympics/demonic-mockery-paris-opening-ceremony-act-upsets-24-billion/news-story/2cc9684cbe2864983b8654223447f171 |website=[[News.com.au]]}}</ref> other Christians, and Muslims<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilde |first1=Gabrielle |date=2024-07-28 |title='I'm a Muslim and I am offended!' Debate gets HEATED after Olympics reimagine The Last Supper as DRAG - 'This is an insult to THREE religions' |url=https://www.gbnews.com/news/debate-olympics-ceremony-opening-drag-insult |access-date=28 July 2024 |website=GBNews}}</ref> as blasphemous.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-27 |title=Upset bishops and mixed reviews for Paris Olympics ceremony |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240727-upset-bishops-and-mixed-reviews-for-paris-olympics-ceremony |access-date=2024-07-28 |publisher=AFP |language=en |via=France24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Alexanderr |last2=Burke |first2=Minyvonne |date=2024-07-27 |title=Drag performance resembling Last Supper at Olympic opening ceremony rankles conservatives |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/drag-performance-resembling-last-supper-olympics-opening-ceremony-rcna163927 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[NBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> The presence of a child in the scene also drew criticism.<ref name="r094">{{cite web |date=2024-07-27 |title=Drag queen parody of 'The Last Supper' sparks fury at Olympics opening ceremony |url=https://tvpworld.com/79508728/drag-queen-parody-of-the-last-supper-sparks-fury-at-olympics-opening-ceremony |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=TVP World}}</ref><ref name="b428">{{cite web | last=Srivastava | first=Aditi | title=Paris Olympics faces outrage over 'hyper-sexualised and blasphemous' drag act with child | website=Hindustan Times | date=2024-07-27 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/by-demon-for-demon-paris-olympics-faces-outrage-over-hyper-sexualised-and-blasphemous-drag-act-with-child-101722057427899.html | access-date=2024-07-28}}</ref> Blasphemy is not a crime in France, as it is a secular state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Giuffrida |first=Angela |date=28 July 2024 |title=Paris Olympics organisers apologise to Christians for Last Supper parody |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/jul/28/paris-olympics-organisers-apologise-to-christians-for-last-supper-parody |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The segment was otherwise interpreted as depicting a [[bacchanal]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gray |first=Jeremy |date=2024-07-28 |title=Olympics opening ceremony 'Last Supper' controversy a misunderstanding, Birmingham business owner says |url=https://www.al.com/news/2024/07/olympics-opening-ceremony-last-supper-controversy-a-misunderstanding-birmingham-business-owner-says.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[AL.com]] |language=en}}</ref> or the painting called ''Le Festin des Dieux'' of [[Jan van Bijlert]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-28 |title='J'ai voulu faire une cérémonie qui répare, qui réconcilie' : Thomas Jolly dévoile les coulisses de l'événement et réagit aux polémiques |trans-title='I wanted to do a ceremony that repairs, that reconciles': Thomas Jolly reveals the behind the scenes of the event and reacts to the controversies |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/culture-et-jeux-olympiques/j-ai-voulu-faire-une-ceremonie-qui-repare-qui-reconcilie-thomas-jolly-devoile-les-coulisses-de-l-evenement-et-reagit-aux-polemiques_6691809.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728153224/https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/culture-et-jeux-olympiques/j-ai-voulu-faire-une-ceremonie-qui-repare-qui-reconcilie-thomas-jolly-devoile-les-coulisses-de-l-evenement-et-reagit-aux-polemiques_6691809.html |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[France Info]] |language=fr}}</ref> representing the Gods of Olympus which is preserved at the Magnin museum of [[Dijon]].

Responding to the criticism in a press conference, Jolly stated that "We wanted to include everyone, as simple as that. In France, we have freedom of creation, artistic freedom. We are lucky in France to live in a free country. I didn't have any specific messages that I wanted to deliver. In France, we are a republic, we have the right to love whom we want, we have the right not to be worshippers, we have a lot of rights in France, and this is what I wanted to convey".<ref name=":19" /> The next day, on [[BFM TV]], he denied having been inspired by ''The Last Supper''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brossier |first=Aurélien |date=2024-07-28 |title=Cérémonie d'ouverture des JO: Thomas Jolly et Daphné Bürki répondent aux critiques de Jean-Luc Mélenchon |trans-title=Olympic Games Opening Ceremony: Thomas Jolly and Daphné Bürki Respond to Jean-Luc Mélenchon's Criticism |url=https://rmcsport.bfmtv.com/jeux-olympiques/ceremonie-d-ouverture-des-jo-thomas-jolly-et-daphne-burki-repondent-aux-critiques-de-jean-luc-melenchon_AV-202407280144.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.is/2UJ7b |archive-date=2024-07-28 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[BFMTV]] |language=fr}}</ref> On 28 July, organisers issued an apology for the performance, stating that "there was never an intention to show disrespect to any religious group".<ref name=":21">{{Cite news |last=Bolton |first=Will |date=2024-07-28 |title=Olympic bosses apologise for 'sleazy' drag queen Last Supper parody |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/07/28/olympic-bosses-apologise-sleazy-drag-queen-last-supper/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

===Presence of Aya Nakamura===
[[Far-right politics in France|Far-right]] French politicians, including [[Marion Maréchal]] and [[National Rally]] spokesperson [[Julien Odoul]], decried the presence of singer [[Aya Nakamura]] at the ceremony.{{why?|date=July 2024}} Nakamura had faced [[racial abuse]] in the leadup to the event, such as the far-right group Les Natifs displaying a banner "There's no way Aya. This is Paris, not the [[Bamako]] market".<ref name="s530">{{cite web |date=2024-07-26 |title=L'extrême droite est bien la seule à ne pas apprécier la cérémonie d'ouverture des JO |trans-title=Olympic Games Opening Ceremony: The Far Right Is the Only One Not Enjoying the Spectacle |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/politique/article/ceremonie-d-ouverture-des-jo-l-extreme-droite-est-bien-la-seule-a-ne-pas-apprecier-le-spectacle_237509.html |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Le HuffPost |language=fr}}</ref> According to an {{ill|Odoxa|fr}} poll prior to the event, 63% of French people disapproved of Nakamura performing at the Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Marc|last=Fourny|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/people/aya-nakamura-pour-chanter-aux-jo-ce-qu-en-pensent-les-francais-12-03-2024-2554806_2116.php|title=Aya Nakamura pour chanter aux JO : ce qu'en pensent les Français|trans-title=Aya Nakamura to sing at the Olympics: what French people think|date=12 March 2024|website=[[Le Point]]|language=fr-FR|access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Introducing South Korea as North Korea ===
At the opening ceremony, the announcer introduced the [[South Korea at the 2024 Summer Olympics|South Korea]] (Republic of Korea, {{Lang|fr|République de Corée}}) as the [[North Korea at the 2024 Summer Olympics|North Korea]] (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, {{Lang|fr|République populaire démocratique de Corée}}).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20240727000352315|title=(2nd LD) (Olympics) 'Games Wide Open': 33rd Summer Olympic Games kick off in Paris|publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|date=2024-07-27|quote=As the boat carrying the delegation came into view, the French-speaking announcer said, "Republique populaire democratique de Coree," and the English-speaking announcer followed with "Democratic People's Republic of Korea," the official designation of North Korea.|accessdate=2024-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://sports.chosun.com/sports-news/2024-07-27/202407270100203040029209|title="대한민국이 북조선인민공화국(DPRK)이라고?" 초황당 파리올림픽 개회식→문체부X체육회 적극 대응［파리live］|work=Sports Chosun|date=2024-07-27|language=ko|quote=대한민국을 DPRK로 소개한 장내 아나운서의 치명적인 실수에 새벽 TV로 개회식을 지켜보던 국민들이 경악했다. 남성 아나운서가 한국을 프랑스어로 'Republique populaire democratique de coree'로 소개한 후 여성 아나운서가 영어로 'Democratic People's Republic of Korea'라고 반복해 소개했다.|accessdate=2024-07-27}}</ref> The [[International Olympic Committee]] posted an apology on their official website.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-27 |title=IOC statement on wrong identification of the team of the Republic of Korea NOC during the Opening Ceremony |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/ioc-statement-on-wrong-identification-of-the-team-of-the-republic-of-korea-noc-during-the-opening-ceremony |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Olympics.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Jang Mi-ran]], Second Vice [[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism|Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism]], asked the IOC to arrange a meeting with President Bach regarding this incident.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jee-ho |first=Yoo |date=July 27, 2024 |title=(Olympics) S. Korea demands meeting with IOC chief over opening ceremony gaffe |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20240727001000315 |work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]}}</ref>
{{blockquote|"We also asked the foreign ministry to lodge a strong complaint with France on a government level. The [[Korean Sport & Olympic Committee]] immediately asked the [[Paris Organising Committee for the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games|Paris organizing committee]] to prevent a recurrence of similar cases and will submit an official protest under our chef de mission. The committee will also meet with the IOC."|source=|author=[[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism|Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (South Korea)]]}}

===Raising of Olympic flag up-side down===
During the performance of the [[Olympic Hymn|Olympic Anthem]], the Olympic Flag was raised in an inverted position.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braidwood |first=Jamie |date=2024-07-26 |title=Olympic flag raised upside down at end of rain-soaked opening ceremony |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/olympics/olympic-flag-upside-down-paris-2024-b2586729.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Effress |first=Sarah |date=2024-07-26 |title=Olympic flag upside down: Social media laughs at Paris opening ceremony gaffe |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/uk/olympics/news/olympic-flag-upside-down-social-media-paris-opening-ceremony/d1def14cefcde0d688f03e18 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Sporting News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ballard |first=Stuart |date=2024-07-26 |title=Olympic flag flown upside down in Paris 2024 opening ceremony blunder during rain-soaked ceremony |url=https://www.gbnews.com/sport/other-sport/olympic-flag-paris-2024-opening-ceremony-blunder-ceremony |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=GB News}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
*[[2024 Summer Olympics]]
*[[2024 France railway arson attacks]]
*[[Concerns and controversies at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
*[[2009 East Asian Games opening ceremony]], held on a floating stage set up at [[Victoria Harbour]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Olympic Games ceremonies}}

[[Category:2024 Summer Olympics|Opening ceremony]]
[[Category:Ceremonies in France]]
[[Category:July 2024 events in France]]
[[Category:Olympics opening ceremonies]]

Ryugyong Hotel

2024-07-19T04:40:41Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Unfinished skyscraper in Pyongyang, North Korea}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Ryugyong Hotel
| native_name = {{lang|ko|류경호텔}}
| status = Never completed
| image = Ryugyong Hotel - August 27, 2011 (Cropped).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The Ryugyong Hotel in August 27, 2011
| location = Ryugyong-dong, [[Potonggang-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]], North Korea
| coordinates = {{coord|39|02|12|N|125|43|51|E|region:KP-01_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| start_date = 28 August 1987<ref name=IFES/>
| architect = Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers<ref name=IFES/>
| architectural_style = [[Neo-futurism]]
| floor_area = {{convert|360000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}<ref name=Emporis/>
| top_floor =
| floor_count = Above ground 105, underground 3<ref name=Emporis/>
| antenna_spire =
| roof = {{Convert|330.02|m|ft}}<ref name=Emporis/>
| topped_out_date = 1992<ref name=Emporis/>
| est_completion = Unknown (exterior construction completed: 14 July 2011)
| developer = [[Orascom Construction|Orascom Group]]
| public_transit = [[File:Logo of the Pyongyang Metro.svg|22px|link=Pyongyang Metro]] {{color box|green}} [[Hyoksin Line|Hyǒksin]]: [[Konsol Station|Kŏnsŏl]]
}}
{{Infobox Korean name|context=north|
hangul=류경호텔|
hanja=柳京호텔|
rr=Ryugyeong Hotel|
mr=Ryugyŏng Hot'el|
}}

The '''Ryugyong Hotel''' ({{korean|류경호텔|hanja=|rr=|context=north}}; sometimes spelled as '''Ryu-Gyong Hotel'''), or '''Yu-Kyung Hotel''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/552/korea-north/pyongyang/105-building |title=105 Building, Pyongyang, Korea, North |publisher=Asian Historical Architecture |access-date=11 February 2010}}</ref> is an unfinished 1,080 ft (330 meter) tall [[pyramid]]-shaped skyscraper in [[Pyongyang]], North Korea. Its name ("capital of [[willow]]s," {{lang|ko-Hant|柳京}} in [[Hanja]]) is also one of the historical names for Pyongyang.<ref>{{cite book |last=Funabashi |first=Yoichi |title=The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis |url=https://archive.org/details/peninsulaquestio00funa |url-access=limited |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |location=Washington, DC |year=2007 |page=[https://archive.org/details/peninsulaquestio00funa/page/n64 50] |isbn=978-0-8157-3010-1}}</ref> The building has been planned as a [[mixed-use development]], which would include a hotel.

Construction began in 1987 but was halted in 1992 as North Korea entered a period of [[North Korean famine|economic crisis]] after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. After 1992, the building stood topped out, but without any windows or interior fittings. In 2008, construction resumed, and the exterior was completed in 2011. The hotel was planned to open in 2012, the centenary of founding leader [[Kim Il Sung]]'s birth. A partial opening was announced for 2013, but this was cancelled.<ref name="Berg2016">{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/14/north-korea-s-best-building-is-empty-the-mystery-of-the-ryugyong-hotel.html |title=North Korea's Best Building Is Empty: The Mystery of the Ryugyong Hotel |work=The Daily Beast |date=16 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214202302/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/14/north-korea-s-best-building-is-empty-the-mystery-of-the-ryugyong-hotel.html |archive-date=14 February 2016 |url-status=live |first=Nate |last=Berg }}</ref> In 2018, an [[LED display]] was fitted to one side, which is used to show [[Propaganda in North Korea|propaganda]] animations and film scenes.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ryugyong, the world's tallest empty hotel, dazzles North Korean capital skyline with propaganda light shows |work=South China Morning Post |date=30 December 2018 |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2180004/ryugyong-worlds-tallest-empty-hotel-dazzles-north-korean-capital}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Comparison_of_pyramids.svg|rn}}

The Ryugyong Hotel is {{Convert|330|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall,<ref>{{cite news |title=North Korea's 'Hotel of Doom' to open 24 years after construction: by numbers |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=10 October 2011 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8817892/North-Koreas-Hotel-of-Doom-to-open-24-years-after-construction-by-numbers.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/8817892/North-Koreas-Hotel-of-Doom-to-open-24-years-after-construction-by-numbers.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> making it the most prominent feature of Pyongyang's [[skyline]] and the [[List of tallest buildings in North Korea|tallest building in North Korea]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lakritz|first=Talia|title=North Korea's tallest building is an abandoned hotel that has never hosted a single guest – take a closer look at the 'Hotel of Doom'|url=https://www.insider.com/abandoned-hotel-north-korea-ryugyong-photos-2019-11|access-date=2020-10-23|website=Insider}}</ref> Construction of the Ryugyong Hotel was intended to be completed in time for the 80th birthday of [[General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea]] and President [[Kim Il Sung]] in 1992;<ref>{{cite book|last=Hwang|first=Kyung Moon|title=A History of Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITy7DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT316|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314114409/https://books.google.com/books?id=ITy7DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT316|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2022|edition=2nd|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-1-137-57358-2|page=316}}</ref> if this had been achieved, it would have held the title of [[world's tallest hotel]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jacopo Prisco|title=Ryugyong Hotel: The story of North Korea's 'Hotel of Doom'|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/ryugyong-hotel-architecture-origins/index.html|access-date=2020-10-23|website=CNN|date=10 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Before [[Goldin Finance 117]] in China, it was considered the tallest unoccupied building in the world.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jacopo |last=Prisco |title=Ryugyong Hotel: The story of North Korea's 'Hotel of Doom' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/ryugyong-hotel-architecture-origins/index.html |publisher=CNN |date=10 August 2019 |access-date=10 January 2022 |quote=Still closed to this day, the Ryugyong Hotel is the world's tallest unoccupied building.}}</ref><ref name="Tallest building unoccupied">{{cite web |author1=Guinness World Records |author-link1=Guinness World Records |title=Tallest building unoccupied |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/tallest-building-unoccupied |website=Guinness World Records |date=September 2015 |access-date=10 January 2022 |quote=Tallest building unoccupied}}</ref>

The building consists of three wings, each measuring {{Convert|100|m|abbr=on}} long and {{Convert|18|m|abbr=on}} wide, lightly stepped once but otherwise sloping at 75 degrees to the ground,<ref name="Esquire"/> which converge at a common point to form a [[pinnacle]]. The building is topped by a truncated [[cone (geometry)|cone]] {{Convert|40|m|abbr=on}} wide, consisting of eight floors that are intended to rotate, topped by a further six static floors. The structure was originally intended to house five [[revolving restaurant]]s, and either 3,000 or 7,665 guest rooms, according to different sources.<ref name="revolving">{{cite book |last=Randl |first=Chad |title=Revolving Architecture: A History of Buildings That Rotate, Swivel, and Pivot |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |location=New York |year=2008 |page=[https://archive.org/details/revolvingarchite00rand/page/133 133] |isbn=978-1-56898-681-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/revolvingarchite00rand/page/133 }}</ref><ref name="Quinones2003">{{cite book |last1=Quinones |first1=C. Kenneth |first2=Joseph |last2=Taggert |title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding North Korea |publisher=Alpha Books |location=Indianapolis |year=2003 |series=[[Complete Idiot's Guides]] |page=183 |chapter=The Economy: Supporting the Military |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWOSvlp9jwMC&pg=PA183 |isbn=978-1-59257-169-7 |lccn=2003113809 |oclc=54510387 |ol=8867625M}}</ref> According to Orascom's [[Khaled Bichara]] in 2009, the Ryugyong will not be just a hotel, but rather a mixed-use development, including "revolving restaurant" facilities along with a "mixture of hotel accommodation, apartments and business facilities".<ref name="doom"/>

==Construction history==
===Beginning===
The plan for a large hotel was reportedly a [[Cold War]] response to the completion of the world's then-tallest hotel, the [[Swissôtel The Stamford|Westin Stamford Hotel]] in Singapore, in 1986 by the South Korean company [[SsangYong Group]].<ref name="oversight"/> North Korean leadership envisioned the project as a channel for Western investors to step into the marketplace.<ref name="oversight"/> A firm, The Ryugyong Hotel Investment and Management, was established to attract a hoped-for $230 million in foreign investment.<ref name="oversight"/> A representative for the North Korean government promised relaxed oversight, allowing "foreign investors [to] operate [[casino]]s, [[nightclub]]s or Japanese lounges".<ref name="oversight">{{cite journal |last=Ngor |first=Oh Kwee |date=9 June 1990 |title=Western decadence hits N. Korea |journal=Japan Economic Journal |page=12}}</ref> North Korean construction firm Baikdoosan Architects & Engineers (also known as Baekdu Mountain Architects and Engineers) began construction on a pyramid‑shaped hotel in 1987.<ref name=IFES>{{cite web |url=http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1 |title=Orascom and DPRK to Complete Ryugyong Hotel Construction |publisher=The Institute for Far Eastern Studies |date=20 May 2008 |access-date=9 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703133311/http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/m05/s10/content.asp?nkbriefNO=207&GoP=1 |archive-date=3 July 2009 }}</ref><ref name="almanac">{{cite book |title=Almanac of Architecture & Design |editor1=Cramer, James P. |editor2=Jennifer Evans Yankopolus |publisher=Greenway Publications |location=Atlanta |year=2006 |edition=7th |page=368 |isbn=0-9755654-2-7}}</ref>

The hotel was originally scheduled to open in 1992 for the 80th birthday of Kim, but problems with building methods and materials delayed completion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/6337040/North-Korean-hotel-dubbed-the-worst-building-in-the-world-may-finally-be-finished.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/6337040/North-Korean-hotel-dubbed-the-worst-building-in-the-world-may-finally-be-finished.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=North Korean hotel dubbed the 'worst building in the world' may finally be finished |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=16 October 2009 |access-date=25 August 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref> If it had opened on schedule, it would have surpassed the Westin Stamford to become the world's tallest hotel,<ref name="ABC">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Beckmann |title=Pyongyang: Home to the Tallest Hotel in the World That Could, but Will Never Be |url=https://abcnews.go.com/print?id=2590901 |publisher=ABC News |date=23 October 2006 |access-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> and would have been the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|seventh-tallest building in the world]].<ref name=Emporis/>

===Halt===
[[Image:Ryugyong Hotel - May 2005.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Construction of the hotel was on hold between 1992 and 2008. Had it been completed on schedule, it would have been the tallest hotel in the world at the time.]]

In 1992, after the building had reached its full architectural height,<ref name=Emporis>{{cite web |url=http://www.emporis.com/buildings/130967/ryugyong-hotel-pyongyang-north-korea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512153724/http://www.emporis.com/buildings/130967/ryugyong-hotel-pyongyang-north-korea |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 May 2015 |title=Ryugyong Hotel |access-date=9 February 2010 |work=Emporis}}</ref> work was halted due to the [[North Korean famine|economic crisis]] in North Korea following the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|collapse of the Soviet Union]].<ref name="doom"/> [[Japanese newspapers]] estimated the cost of construction was $750 million,<ref name="cost">{{cite journal |title=North Korea builds record-height hotel |date=15 November 1990 |journal=Engineering News-Record |page=41}}</ref> consuming 2 percent of North Korea's GDP.<ref name="Esquire"/> For over a decade, the unfinished building sat vacant and without windows, fixtures, or fittings, appearing as a massive concrete shell.<ref name=Emporis/> A rusting construction crane remained at the top, which the [[BBC]] called "a reminder of the [[totalitarian]] state's thwarted ambition".<ref name=doom/><ref name="Kirk2008">{{cite news |last=Kirk |first=Donald |publication-date=17 October 2008 |title=Grand Illusion |periodical=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/global/2008/1027/059.html |access-date=5 July 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225112051/http://www.forbes.com/global/2008/1027/059.html |archive-date=25 December 2015 }}</ref> According to Marcus Noland, in the late 1990s, the [[European Chamber of Commerce in Korea (ECCK)|European Chamber of Commerce in Korea]] inspected the building and concluded that the structure was irreparable.<ref>{{cite book |last=Noland |first=Marcus |title=Avoiding the Apocalypse: The Future of the Two Koreas |publisher=Institute for International Economics |location=Washington, DC |year=2000 |page=[https://archive.org/details/avoidingapocalyp00nola_0/page/82 82] |isbn=0-88132-278-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/avoidingapocalyp00nola_0/page/82 }}</ref> Questions were raised regarding the quality of the building's concrete and the alignment of its [[elevator]] shafts, which some sources said were "crooked".<ref name=doom/><ref name="Quinones2003"/>

In a 2006 article, [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] questioned whether North Korea had sufficient [[raw materials]] or energy for such a massive project.<ref name="ABC"/> A North Korean government official told the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' in 2008 that construction was not completed "because [North Korea] ran out of money".<ref name="boom">{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/sep/27/world/fg-boom27 |title=North Korea in the midst of mysterious building boom |date=27 September 2008 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=14 December 2008 |first=Barbara |last=Demick}}</ref>

Though mocked-up images of the completed hotel had appeared on North Korean stamps during the initial construction period, the [[Government of North Korea|North Korean government]] ignored the building's existence during the construction hiatus even though it dominated the Pyongyang skyline. The government [[Photo manipulation|manipulated]] official photographs in order to remove the unfinished structure from the skyline, and excluded it from printed maps of Pyongyang.<ref name="ABC"/><ref name=boom/><ref name=doom/>

The halt in construction, the rumours of problems and the mystery about its future led foreign media sources to dub it "the worst building in the world",<ref name="Esquire">{{cite web |publication-date=28 January 2008 |title=The Worst Building in the History of Mankind |periodical=Esquire |url=http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a4184/hotel-of-doom-012808/ |access-date=5 July 2009 |first=Eva |last=Hagberg|date=28 January 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Independent">{{cite news |last=Herskovitz |first=Jon |publication-date=18 July 2008 |title=North Koreans revamp 'world's worst building' |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-koreans-revamp-worlds-worst-building-870858.html |access-date=5 July 2009 |location=London}}</ref> "Hotel of Doom" and "Phantom Hotel".<ref name="doom">{{cite news |title=Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished? |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8306697.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=15 October 2009 |access-date=13 October 2009}}</ref>

===Resumption===
[[File:2008 - Top of the Ryugyong Hotel, Pyongyang (filter enhanced).jpg|thumb|left|upright|View of the top in September 2008, some time after construction resumed]]

In April 2008, after 16 years of inactivity, work on the building was restarted by the Egyptian construction firm [[Orascom Group]].<ref name="doom"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/11909 |title=Korea: N Korea Resumes Construction of Luxury Hotel |date=25 May 2008 |publisher=MySinchew |access-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> The firm, which had entered into a US$400 million deal with the North Korean government to build and run a [[Koryolink|cellular network]], said that their telecommunications deal was not directly related to the Ryugyong Hotel work.<ref name=doom/> In 2008, North Korean officials stated that the hotel would be completed by 2012, coinciding with the 100th anniversary of the birth of Kim.<ref name="Kirk2008"/> In 2009, Orascom's chief operating officer Bichara noted that they "had not had too many problems" resolving the reported structural issues of the building, and that a revolving restaurant would be located at the top of the building.<ref name=doom/>

In July 2011, it was reported that the exterior work was complete.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos: 'Hotel of Doom' Exterior Completed |work=The Huffington Post |date=14 July 2011 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/07/14/north-koreas-ryugyong-hot_n_892540.html}}</ref> Features that Orascom had installed include exterior glass panels and telecommunications antennas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-hotel-idUSSEO9654020080717 |title=Lifestyle: North Korea's 'Hotel of Doom' wakes from its coma |work=Reuters |last=Herskovitz |first=Jon |date=17 July 2008 |access-date=5 July 2009}}</ref> In September 2012, photographs taken by [[Koryo Tours]] were released, showing the interior for the first time. The photographs showed no wiring, cabling, or pipes in the structure, which was bare and unfurnished.<ref>{{cite web |title=North Korea's Ryugyong 'Hotel of Doom' pictures released |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=27 September 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-19741830}}</ref><ref name="Koryo">{{cite web |url=http://koryogroup.com/blog/?p=1156 |title=Ryugyong Hotel Special Report! |website=Koryo Tours |archive-date=10 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110072645/http://koryogroup.com/blog/?p=1156 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Opening announced, then cancelled===
In November 2012, international hotel operator [[Kempinski]] announced it would be running the hotel, which was expected to partially open in mid‑2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/01/north-koreas-ryugyong-hotel-will-probably-open_n_2056346.html |work=The Huffington Post |title=North Korea's Ryugyong Hotel Will 'Probably' Open Next Year, Be Managed By Kempinski |date=1 November 2012 |agency=Associated Press |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103174135/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/01/north-koreas-ryugyong-hotel-will-probably-open_n_2056346.html |archive-date=3 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name=bloom>{{cite news |last=Yoon |first=Sangwon |title=Kempinski to Operate World's Tallest Hotel in North Korea |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-11-01/north-korea-gets-world-s-tallest-hotel-as-kempinski-opens-tower |publisher=Bloomberg |date=1 November 2012}}</ref> In March 2013, plans to open the hotel were suspended.<ref name="Yonhap2013">{{cite web |url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2013/03/29/28/0401000000AEN20130329005600315F.HTML |title=Plan to open high-rise hotel in Pyongyang suspended due to 'market conditions' |date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604073030/http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2013/03/29/28/0401000000AEN20130329005600315F.HTML |archive-date=4 June 2013 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Yonhap News Agency]] }}</ref> Kempinski clarified its earlier statements, saying that only "initial discussions" had ever occurred,<ref name="Strochlic2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/05/22/nobody-s-home-at-the-hermit-kingdom-s-ghost-hotel.html |title=Nobody's Home at the Hermit Kingdom's Ghost Hotel |work=The Daily Beast |date=22 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112011112/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/05/22/nobody-s-home-at-the-hermit-kingdom-s-ghost-hotel.html |archive-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=live |first=Nina |last=Strochlic |location=New York }}</ref> but that no agreement had been signed because "market entry is not currently possible".<ref name="O’Carroll2013">{{cite web |last=O’Carroll |first=Chad |title=Kempinski Freezes 'Hotel of Doom' Plans in North Korea |work=[[NK News]] |date=28 March 2013 |url=https://www.nknews.org/2013/03/kempinski-freezes-hotel-of-doom-plans-in-north-korea/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928023653/http://www.nknews.org/2013/03/kempinski-freezes-hotel-of-doom-plans-in-north-korea/ |archive-date=28 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kempinski did not elaborate on its reasons, but commentators suggested that international tensions related to the [[2013 North Korean nuclear test]], economic risks, and delays in construction probably played a part.<ref name="Yonhap2013"/><ref name="O’Carroll2013"/><ref name="CNN2013">{{cite web |title=Travel: North Korea's vast Ryugyong Hotel not opening yet after all |url=http://travel.cnn.com/north-korea-ryugyong-hotel-kempinski-pyongrang-open-341481 |publisher=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905225729/http://travel.cnn.com/north-korea-ryugyong-hotel-kempinski-pyongrang-open-341481 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live |date=25 April 2013 |quote=Despite its flashy exterior, the hotel's interior showed no sign of being close to completion in December {{bracket|2012}}. }}</ref>

===Renewal===
In late 2016, there were indications of renewed activity, and a report that a representative of Orascom had visited North Korea.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2016/12/lights-on-at-north-koreas-ryugyong-hotel-of-doom/|title=Lights on at North Korea's Ryugyong 'hotel of doom'|first=Chad|last=O'Carroll|publisher=[[NK News]]|date=2 December 2016}}</ref> In 2017 and early 2018, there were signs of work at the site, with access roads being constructed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/world/hotel-of-doom-takes-kims-illusion-building-sky-high-0txmm66fh|title='Hotel of Doom' takes Kim's illusion-building sky high|last=Sherwell|first=Philip|date=2017-08-06|work=The Times|access-date=2017-08-06|language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/02/new-roads-connected-to-pyongyangs-unfinished-ryugyong-hotel/|title=New roads connected to Pyongyang's unfinished Ryugyong Hotel|first=Chad|last=O'Carroll|publisher=[[NK News]]|date=26 February 2018}}</ref>

In April 2018, it was reported that a large [[LED display]] featuring the [[Flag of North Korea|North Korean flag]] had been added to the top of the building.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/04/huge-led-display-added-to-top-of-pyongyangs-iconic-ryugyong-hotel-photos|title=Huge LED display added to top of Pyongyang's iconic Ryugyong Hotel: photo|first=Chad|last=O'Carroll|publisher=[[NK News]]|date=2 April 2018}}</ref> By May, an LED display had been added to one entire side of the structure,<ref>{{cite news|last=Talmadge|first=Eric|date=30 December 2018|title=World's tallest empty hotel lit up with N. Korean propaganda|url=https://apnews.com/8e6a3919627844a58aa5cfa095515956|access-date=31 October 2019}}</ref> and there were reports that the building was being readied for occupation.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nknews.org/2018/05/enormous-led-light-wall-added-to-side-of-pyongyangs-ryugyong-hotel |title= Enormous LED light wall added to side of Pyongyang's Ryugyong Hotel |first=Chad |last= O'Carroll |publisher=[[NK News]] |date= 21 May 2018}}</ref> By July, the LED display was showing animations and movie scenes.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nknews.org/2018/07/despite-sanctions-multiple-new-construction-projects-emerging-in-pyongyang|title=Despite sanctions, multiple new construction projects emerging in Pyongyang|first=Colin |last= Zwirko |publisher=[[NK News]] |date= 20 July 2018}}</ref> In June 2019, there was new signage bearing the hotel's name (in Korean and English) and its logo over the main entrance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jun/27/australian-student-alek-sigley-reportedly-arrested-in-north-korea|title=Australian student reportedly arrested in North Korea out of contact since Tuesday, family say|first=Michael|last=McGowan|work=The Guardian|date=27 June 2019}}</ref> In 2023, there has been some evidence of construction resuming in the Ryugyong Hotel as North Korea wishes to finally complete the project.

[[File:Ryugyŏng-Hotel LED Show.jpg|center|thumb|477x477px|Pictures of the LED-Nightshow in 2019]]

==Gallery==
<div align=center><gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="200">
File:Ryugyong hotel 01.jpg|March 2004
File:Dprk pyongyang hotel rugen 05 s.jpg|April 2005
File:Ryugyong Hotel - 29 april 2010.jpg|April 29, 2010
File:North Korea - Pyongyang (5015251483).jpg|September 11, 2010
File:Ryugyong Hotel - August 27, 2011 (Cropped).jpg|August 27, 2011
</gallery></div>

==See also==
{{Portal|Architecture|Hotels|North Korea}}
* [[Korean architecture]]
* [[List of buildings with 100 floors or more]]
* [[List of hotels in North Korea]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in North Korea]]
* [[List of tallest hotels]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ryugyong Hotel}}
* [https://ryugyonghotel.com/ Ryugyong Hotel Tower in Pyongyang]
* [https://maps.google.com/?cid=6742641001376678881 Ryugyong Hotel] – [[Google Maps]]
* {{Osmrelation-inline|6109167}}

{{Hotels in North Korea}}
{{Supertall skyscrapers | under-construction}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hotels in Pyongyang]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures under construction]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures with revolving restaurants]]
[[Category:Pyramids in Asia]]
[[Category:Skyscraper hotels]]
[[Category:Skyscrapers in North Korea]]
[[Category:Unfinished buildings and structures]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in North Korea]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in North Korea]]

Gukhoe-daero

2024-07-15T06:47:22Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Highway in Seoul, South Korea}}
{{Infobox road
|country=KOR
|type=
|route=
|name=Gukhoe-daero
|alternate_name=국회대로
|marker_image = {{KRRN|ur|46}}{{KRRN|ur|49}}
|map=
|length_mi=
|length_km=8.4
|length_round=
|length_ref=
|established=1986
|replaces=
|direction_a=
|terminus_a=[[Yangcheon District]], [[Seoul]]
|cities=
|junction=
|direction_b=
|terminus_b=[[Mapo District]], [[Seoul]]
|ahn=
}}

'''Gukhoe-daero''' ({{Korean|국회대로}}, lit. ''Parliament Boulevard'') is an eight-lane highway located in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]]. With a total length of {{Convert|8.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}, this road starts from the {{ill|Sinwol Interchange|ko|신월 나들목}} in Yangcheon District, Seoul to [[Seogang Bridge]] in Mapo District. The route is a part of [[Seoul City Route 46]] and [[Seoul City Route 49]].

==History==
This route was established on 15 September 1986.<Ref>[http://theme.archives.go.kr/next/common/viewEbook.do?singleData=N&archiveEventId=0028186114#40 서울특별시공고 제511호], 1986년 9월 15일.</ref>

==Stopovers==
; [[Seoul]]
* [[Yangcheon District]] - [[Gangseo District, Seoul|Gangseo District]] - [[Yeongdeungpo District]] - [[Mapo District]]

== List of facilities ==
'''IS''': Intersection, '''IC''': Interchange
{{KRRN|ur|46}}{{KRRN|ur|49}}
* (■): [[Motorway]] section

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;"
|-
! Name <ref>Intersection and interchange are also included , as well as buildings and facilities in the surrounding area</ref>
! Hangul name
! Connection
! colspan="2" | Location
! Note
|-
!colspan=6| Connected with [[Gyeongin Expressway]]
|-
!style="background-color: #00CCFF;" | Sinwol IC
| 신월 나들목
| [[Seoul City Route 92]] ([[Nambu Beltway]])
|rowspan=27| [[Seoul]]
|rowspan=2| [[Yangcheon District]]
| '''Start point'''
|-
!style="background-color: #00CCFF;" rowspan=2| Sinwol Overpass
| 신월차도육교
|rowspan=2| Woljeong-ro
|rowspan=2| [[Yeouido]]-bound Only
|-
|
|rowspan=5|North:[[Gangseo District, Seoul|Gangseo District]] South:[[Yangcheon District]]
|-
!style="background-color: #00CCFF;" | Hwagokgoga IS (Hwagok Underpass)
| 화곡고가사거리 (화곡지하차도)
| Gangseo-ro Jungang-ro
|
|-
!style="background-color: #00CCFF;" | (Yangjeong Gas Station)
| (양정주유소)
| Sinjeongjungang-ro
| [[Yeouido]]-bound Only
|-
!style="background-color: #00CCFF;" | Former Mokdong Toolgate
| 구 목동 요금소
|
| Sinwol-bound Only
|-
!style="background-color: #00CCFF;" rowspan=2| Hongik Hospital IS (Gyeongin Underpass)
| 홍익병원앞 교차로 (경인지하차도)
|rowspan=2| Deungchon-ro Mokdong-ro
|rowspan=2|
|-
|
|rowspan=5| [[Yangcheon District]]
|-
!style="background-color: #00CCFF;" | Youth Center IS
| 청소년수련관 교차로
| Mokdongseo-ro
|rowspan=2| Gyeongin Underpass section Broken road
|-
!style="background-color: #00CCFF;" | Yangcheon Post Office IS
| 양천우체국 교차로
| Mokdongdong-ro
|-
!style="background-color: #00CCFF;" | West of Mokdong Bridge
| 목동교 서단
| [[Anyangcheon-ro]]
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Mokdong Bridge
| 목동교
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=3|
|-
|
|rowspan=13| [[Yeongdeungpo District]]
|-
! Mokdong Bridge IS
| 목동교 교차로
| [[National Route 1 (South Korea)|National Route 1]] ([[Seobu Expressway]])
|-
! Gyeongin Expressway Entrance IS (Seonyu Elevated Road)
| 경인고속입구 교차로 (선유고가도로)
| Seonyu-ro
|
|-
! Yeongdeungpo-gu Office IS
| 영등포구청앞 교차로
| Dangsan-ro
|
|-
! Yeongdeungpo Police Station IS
| 영등포경찰서 교차로
| Yeongsin-ro
|
|-
! Yeongdeungpo Telephone Office IS
| 영등포전화국 교차로
| Yeongjung-ro
|
|-
! Seoul Nambu District Office of Education IS
| 남부교육청앞 교차로
| Beodeunaru-ro
|
|-
! Yeoui 2 Bridge IS
| 여의2교 교차로
| Nodeul-ro
|
|-
! Yeoui 2 Bridge
| 여의2교
|
|
|-
! Senate Office IS
| 의원회관앞 교차로
| Yeouiseo-ro
|
|-
! [[Korea National Assembly Proceeding Hall|National Assembly Hall]] IS ([[National Assembly Station]])
| 국회의사당앞 교차로 (국회의사당역)
| Uisadang-daero
|
|-
! South of [[Seogang Bridge]] IS
| 서강대교남단사거리
| Yeouiseo-ro
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[Seogang Bridge]]
| 서강대교
|rowspan=2|
|rowspan=2|
|-
|
|rowspan=2| [[Mapo District]]
|-
! North of [[Seogang Bridge]]
| 서강대교북단
| [[Local Route 23 (South Korea)|Local Route 23]] [[Seoul City Route 70]] ([[Gangbyeonbuk-ro]])
|
|-
!colspan=6| Connected with [[Seogang Bridge]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Public transport in the Seoul Metropolitan Area}}
[[Category:1986 establishments in South Korea]]
[[Category:Roads in Seoul]]

Sejongno

2024-07-02T06:30:55Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Street in Seoul, South Korea}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}
{{Expand Korean|date=September 2022|topic=transp}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox Korean name
| img = 광화문 전경 2011년 11월 대한민국 서울특별시 명소 (Seoul best attractions) 사본 -서울2.jpg
| caption = Sejong-daero looking southwards, fair on the pedestrian stretch
| hangul = {{Linktext|세종|대로}}
| hanja = {{Linktext|世|宗|大|路}}
| rr = Sejongdaero
| mr = Sejongdaero
}}
[[File:Sejongro Seoul Korea.JPG|thumb|Sejong-daero; with the Ministry of Culture and Tourism on the left in 2006 with 16-lanes of traffic]]

'''Sejongno''' ({{Korean|hangul=세종로}}), officially '''Sejong-daero''' ({{Korean|hangul=세종대로}}) is a street that runs through [[Jongno-gu]] in [[downtown Seoul]]. It is named after [[King Sejong the Great of Joseon]]. The street is 600 meters in length, but due to its central location it is of great symbolic importance. It points north to [[Gwanaksan]] and [[Bukhansan]] (Mountains), and the [[Joseon Dynasty]] palace, [[Gyeongbokgung]]. It is also of historical significance as the location for royal administrative buildings and features statues of the [[Admiral]] [[Yi Sun-sin]] of [[Joseon Dynasty]] and [[King Sejong the Great of Joseon]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Gwanghwamun Plaza: Let's Try to Turn New Place into National Symbol|url=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/opinon/2009/08/137_49478.html|access-date=27 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Korea Times]]|date=2 August 2009}}</ref>

==Characteristic==
[[File:Sejongno in Jongno-gu 2012.jpg|thumb|Sejong-daero in 2012, after the deduction from 16-lanes to 10-lanes of traffic, following the construction of Gwanghwamun Plaza with the statues of the Admiral Yi Sun-sin on the left]]
At the crossroads, stands [[Statue of Admiral Yi Sun-sin|the statue]] of the [[Admiral]] [[Yi Sun-sin]], the naval war hero of Korea. At the northern end of Sejongno sits [[Gwanghwamun]], the gate at the entrance to Gyeongbokgung. To either side of the street rests the Public Prosecutors Office, [[Sejong Center]], U.S. Embassy, [[Kyobo Life]] Insurance, [[Kyobo Book Centre]] and [[Donga Ilbo]] headquarters.

It was customary for the [[ROKMC|Korean Marines]] who are about to graduate their 2 years of service, to congregate in front of Yi's statue and swear allegiance. This was stopped due to creating immense traffic congestions to the 8 lane street of Sejongno.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

In 2009, major sections underwent a renovation period of 15-months, which downsized the 600-meter road from 16-lane to 10-lanes of traffic.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kwon|first=Mee-yoo|title=Gwanghwamun Plaza to Open Saturday|url=https://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_49094.html|access-date=27 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Korea Times]]|date=26 July 2009}}</ref> The project included sections of the road from the front of [[Gwanghwamun]] and strenches south from the three-way intersection, along the front of the [[Sejong Center for the Performing Arts]] to the Sejong-ro intersection, where the statue of the [[Admiral]] [[Yi Sun-sin]] stands. The reduction was to construct the [[Gwanghwamun Plaza]], a public open space in the center to the road.<ref>{{cite news|title=Popular plaza|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2908257|accessdate=27 February 2013|newspaper=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=3 August 2009|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130411054524/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2908257|archivedate=11 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hoh|first=Kui-Seek|title=The road less travelled, by cars|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2908222|accessdate=27 February 2013|newspaper=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=3 August 2009|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130411051613/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2908222|archivedate=11 April 2013}}</ref>

==Administration==
On 29 November 2009, parts of road were closed to traffic for twelve hours to film lengthy gunfight scenes for [[Korean Broadcasting System]] (KBS)'s 2009 spy action television drama series ''[[Iris (TV series)|Iris]]'', starring [[Lee Byung-hun]], [[Kim Tae-hee]], [[Jung Joon-ho]], [[Kim Seung-woo]] and [[Kim So-yeon]]. The five lanes along [[Gwanghwamun Plaza]] in front of the [[Sejong Center for the Performing Arts]] were closed to traffic from 07:00 to 19:00, while the five lanes on the [[Kyobo Book Centre]] side remains open to traffic. This marks the first time the [[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] has granted permission to blocked traffic along the Plaza for filming and it is part of Government's plans to promote the city's major tourist attractions; including [[Cheonggye Stream]] and [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Spy drama shoots in central Seoul|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2913183|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411045031/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2913183|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 April 2013|accessdate=4 March 2013|newspaper=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=28 November 2009|author=Kim Mi-ju|author2=Kim Gyeong-jin}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kim|first=Hannah|title=''Iris'' will be back for a second season, sans Lee Byung-hun|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2913369|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411051634/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2913369|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 April 2013|accessdate=4 March 2013|newspaper=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=3 December 2009}}</ref>

On 23 September 2012, the [[Seoul Metropolitan Government]] started on a trial basis, a 550-m designated section of Sejong-ro as pedestrian-only but permitted for cyclists. The section includes the road from the [[Gwanghwamun]] three-way intersection, along [[Gwanghwamun Plaza]] in front of the [[Sejong Center for the Performing Arts]] to the Sejong-ro intersection.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pedestrian Zone Planned for Central Seoul|url=http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2012/09/21/2012092101033.html|accessdate=3 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Chosun Ilbo]]|date=21 September 2012}}</ref>

==Major building and visitor attractions==
[[File:Sejong-ro in Jongno-gu 2012.jpg|thumb|Sejong-daero in 2012, with the [[Statue of King Sejong (Gwanghwamun)|statues of the King Sejong the Great of Joseon]] on the right and Gwanghwamun on the left.]]
* [[Gyeongbokgung]]
* [[Gwanghwamun]]
* [[Central Government Complex (Seoul)|Central Government Complex]]
* [[Sejong Center for the Performing Arts]]
* [[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism]]
* [[Embassy of the United States in Seoul]]
* [[Ministry of Information and Communication (South Korea)|Ministry of Information and Communication]]
* [[Korea Telecom]]
* Kyobo Life Insurance Building, [[Kyobo Book Centre]]
* [[National Palace Museum of Korea]]
* [[Ilmin Museum of Art]]
* [[The Chosun Ilbo]]
* [[The Dong-a Ilbo]]

==Transportation==
[[Gwanghwamun Station]], which is on [[Seoul Subway Line 5|Subway Line 5]], is located at the southern end of Sejong-daero. Gyeongbokgung Station, which is served by [[Seoul Subway Line 3|Subway Line 3]], has entrances near the northern end of Sejong-daero.

==See also==
*[[Expressways in South Korea]]
*[[Transport in South Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Districts of Seoul}}

[[Category:Jongno District]]
[[Category:Downtown Seoul]]
[[Category:Streets in Seoul]]
[[Category:Roads in Seoul]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Seoul]]

Dongcheng, Beijing

2024-06-25T01:25:24Z

121.171.233.10:

{{use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dongcheng
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-cn|东城区}}}}
| official_name =
| postal_code = 100010, 100061
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| settlement_type = [[District (PRC)|District]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 2/3/2/2
| image1 = Tian'anmen from E Chang'an Ave (20200825104049).jpg
|caption1=[[Tiananmen|Tian'anmen]]
| image5 = Beijing-Lamakloster Yonghe-98-Halle des unendlichen Gluecks-gje.jpg
|caption5=[[Yonghegong|Yonghe Temple]]
| image6 = AD9801 at Zhengyangmen (20201211153103).jpg
|caption6=[[Zhengyangmen]]
| image7 = Beijing Railway Station (20210521181346).jpg
|caption7= [[Beijing Railway Station]]
| image2 = CR400BF-5108_at_Yongdingmen_(20190829141909).jpg
|caption2=[[Yongdingmen]]
| image3 = 1 Temple of Heaven.jpg
|caption3=[[Temple of Heaven]]
| image4 = Longtan Central Park (20211001161557).jpg
|caption4= [[Longtan Park]]
}}

| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=10}}
| image_map1 = Dongcheng.png
| map_caption1 = Dongcheng District in Beijing
| mapsize = 220px
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = People's Republic of China
| subdivision_type1 = [[Direct-controlled municipalities of the People's Republic of China|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Beijing]]
| subdivision_type2 = Township-level divisions
| subdivision_name2 = 17 subdistricts
| area_code = 0010
| area_total_km2 = 40.6
| population =
| population_as_of = 2020 Census
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_total = 708,829
| coordinates = {{coord|39|55|23|N|116|24|40|E|display=it}}
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_m =
| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset = +8
| website = http://www.bjdch.gov.cn/
}}
'''Dongcheng''' ({{zh|s=东城区|p=Dōngchéng Qū|l=East City District}}) is a district of the city of [[Beijing]]. It covers the eastern half of Beijing's urban core region, including all of the eastern half of the Old City inside of the [[2nd Ring Road (Beijing)|2nd Ring Road]] with the northernmost extent crossing into the area within the [[3rd Ring Road (Beijing)|3rd Ring Road]]. Its {{convert|40.6|km2|abbr=on|adj=on}} area is further subdivided into 17 subdistricts.

Settlement in the area dates back over a millennium. It did not formally become a district of the city until the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in 1911. The name Dongcheng was first given to it in a 1958 reorganization; it has existed in its current form since a 2010 merger with the former [[Chongwen, Beijing|Chongwen]] to its south.

Dongcheng includes many of Beijing's major cultural attractions, such as the [[Forbidden City]] and [[Temple of Heaven]], both [[UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in China|World Heritage Sites]]. More than a quarter of the city's [[Major national historical and cultural sites (Beijing)|Major National Historical and Cultural Sites]] are inside its boundaries, with a similar percentage of those protected at the municipal level.<ref name="Tourism and culture">{{cite web|title=Tourism and Culture|url=http://en.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8817900/n8817930/index.html|publisher=Dongcheng District People's Government|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> [[Tiananmen Square]] is also in Dongcheng, along with other popular destinations for [[Tourism in China|domestic and international tourists]] such as the bars and nightlife in the ''[[hutong]]s'' of [[Nanluoguxiang]] and the shopping in [[Wangfujing]]. Over three-quarters of the district's economic activity is in the [[tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]].<ref name="Doing Business">{{cite book|title=Doing Business in Beijing|date=2004|publisher=China Knowledge Press|location=Beijing|isbn=9789814163026|pages=[https://archive.org/details/doingbusinessinb0000unse/page/80 80]–81|url=https://archive.org/details/doingbusinessinb0000unse|url-access=registration|access-date=April 30, 2014}}</ref>

==Geography==
Dongcheng is often described, and depicted on simplified maps, as the eastern half of the area inside the [[2nd Ring Road (Beijing)|2nd Ring Road]]. However, the district boundaries include some areas outside it as well, particularly on the north and east. In the former direction a small projection crosses the [[3rd Ring Road (Beijing)|3rd Ring Road]].<ref name="District tourism map">{{cite map |publisher=Dongcheng District |title=Dongcheng All-in-One Tourism Map |year=2010 |url=http://en.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8872676.files/n8875853.jpg |language=zh, en |access-date=April 24, 2014 }}</ref> The 2010 merger with [[Chongwen, Beijing|Chongwen]] added some land beyond the Ring Road on the south.<ref name="Beijing districts map">{{cite map |publisher=China Online Tours |title=Beijing District Map|url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/images/map/beijing/city-map.jpg |scale=1:440,000|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref>

===Boundary===
[[File:Beijing Drum Tower.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Drum Tower and Bell Tower of Beijing|Drum Tower]], with Dongcheng District to the left]]

From [[Tiananmen]] at the north end of [[Tiananmen Square|the eponymous square]] the district boundary follows West [[Chang'an Avenue]] to Chang Street, where it turns north, taking in [[Zhongshan Park]] as it follows the western moat of the [[Forbidden City]]. At Wenzhin Street it turns eastward to follow Jingshan Front Street between the Forbidden City and [[Jingshan Park]]. It resumes its northward course along Jingshan East Street, turning west along Jingshan Back Street, thus leaving all of Jingshan in [[Xicheng, Beijing|Xicheng]] to the west.<ref name="District tourism map" />

At Di'anmen Inner Street it turns north again, following the east–west line that formally divided Beijing in the mid-15th century. After a short turn to the west at the [[Drum Tower and Bell Tower of Beijing|Bell and Drum Towers]] along Gulou West Street, it resumes its northward course along Jiugulou Street, which it follows north for several kilometers, past the 2nd Ring Road to Andeli Street North, where it turns west. At the street's end, the edge of [[Rendinghu Park]], it follows the park edge to the northeast.<ref name="District tourism map" />

The boundary turns east at Huangsi Street, following the rear property lines of buildings on the north side. It crosses the street again a [[city block|block]] east of Gulou Outer Street, where it follows the northern edge of [[Liuyin Park]]. From the park's northeastern corner it goes due east to Andingmen Outer Street, where it turns north.<ref name="District tourism map" />

It continues north across the [[3rd Ring Road (Beijing)|3rd Ring Road]] for a kilometer to Jian'an East Road, where it turns east, just south of [[Yuan Dadu City Wall Ruins Park]]. This is the district's northernmost section, bordering on [[Chaoyang, Beijing|Chaoyang]]. After 500m, it zigzags south, southeast and then west again along local streets to Shenggu Middle Road. There it turns south and crosses the Ring Road again, continuing on Xiaohangzhuang North Street. Another zigzag takes it along Xiaohangzhuang, Xinghua, and Qingniangou roads to Heipingli East Street, where it turns south, to turn east again along Heiplingli North Street.<ref name="District tourism map" />

At Jiaolin Alley it turns south again, following another irregular path through the neighborhoods here to just east of Minwang [[Hutong]]. At the river paralleling the Second Ring Road on its north, it turns east briefly to follow that, cross under the [[Airport Expressway (Beijing)|Airport Expressway]] along Xiangheyuan Middle Street. A short section detours north to take in some of the buildings on the north side of Xiangheyuan Road, after which it returns to what is now Xiangheyuan North Street.<ref name="District tourism map" />

Turning southeast along Zuojiazhuang West Street, the boundary turns to follow the north bank of the [[Landmark River]] eastward at the Chunxiu Road intersection. The river bends to the east and then southeast, where a short [[tributary]] comes in 200 m west of Chunxiu. It follows that back to Chunxiu at its intersection with Dongzhimen Outer Street.<ref name="District tourism map" />

Rejoining Chunxiu, the boundary stays with it for another {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} to [[Beijing Workers' Stadium]], where it becomes Workers' Stadium West Road, with [[Workers Indoor Arena]] on the east side. At Dongyingfang Hutong, it turns west again. Following Jishikou East Road north for a block, then turning west on Panjiapao Hutong, a brief northward turn at Dongzhong Street brings it back to the Second Ring Road via Fuhua Dasha South Street.<ref name="District tourism map" />

From that point the boundary largely follows the ring road south, with a few diversions to take in all of the exit ramps at the Jianguomen Street interchange and some open land at the Tonghui River to its south.<ref name="District tourism map" /> At [[Longtan Park]] in the southeast corner of the district, it curves west with the road to form the district's southern boundary with [[Fengtai, Beijing|Fengtai]]. Just past the [[Temple of Heaven]] Park, in the [[Yongdingmen]] area, it leaves the ring road to take in a roughly triangular area to the south that includes the [[Beijing South railway station]] at its eastern corner.<ref name="Beijing districts map" />

It then follows Yongdingmen, Tianqiao, and Qianmen streets due north back to the southern end of Tian'anmen Square. There it turns west briefly, then goes up the square's west road between the [[China Numismatic Museum]] and the [[Great Hall of the People]]. At the square's north end is West Chang'an Avenue.<ref name="District tourism map" />

===Buildings and geography===

Like most of Beijing, the district is consistently level, with an elevation of {{convert|30|–|50|m}} above sea level, reflecting the city's location on the [[North China Plain]].<ref name="District geography">{{cite web|title=Geography and Climate|url=http://en.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8817900/n8817960/index.html|publisher=Dongcheng District|access-date=April 25, 2014}}</ref> There are a few significant bodies of water, all lakes in parks—Liuyin Lake in that park and Youth Lake in Qingnianhu Park, both in the district's northern portion, and Dragon Lake in Longtan Park at the district's southeast corner. On the west central edge is the moat surrounding the Forbidden City. The [[Nanchang River]], heavily channelized from its days as the once-walled city's north moat, flows across the district's north, with the South Moat paralleling the 2nd Ring Road along its southern boundary. Along the southern edge of the Forbidden City another small stream, the [[Changpu River]], flows above ground for a kilometer.
[[File:Longtan Park pic 6.jpg|thumb|right|Dragon Lake in Longtan Park|alt=Rocky, bushy bluffs at the rear of some green water. There is a small structure with a Chinese roof at the base of one, in the center]]
Much of the district is densely developed, with major streets following a [[grid plan]], while the side streets connecting them are irregular. Temple of Heaven Park is the largest, at {{convert|267|ha}},<ref name="Lonely Planet page">{{cite web|title=Temple of Heaven Park|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/beijing/sights/parks-gardens/temple-heaven-park|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|date=2014|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> with the {{convert|42.7|ha|adj=on}} [[Temple of Earth]] Park in the [[Hepingli Subdistrict, Beijing|Hepingli Subdistrict]] in second. In addition to the parks already mentioned, others of note include [[Dongdan Park]] off that street in the central area of the district and [[Nanguan Park]] near the northeast corner. Some major arteries also have wide planted [[median strip]]s. The [[Embassy of Russia in Beijing|Russian embassy]] complex just inside the Ring Road at the northeast corner of the district<ref name="Russian embassy location">{{cite web|title=Contacts|url=http://www.russia.org.cn/eng/2941/31292392.html|publisher=Russian Embassy in China|date=2000–2014|access-date=April 26, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427113437/http://www.russia.org.cn/eng/2941/31292392.html|archive-date=April 27, 2014}}</ref> also has another large planted area, although it is fenced off.<ref name="Russian embassy satellite view">{{cite map |publisher=ACME Corporation |title=ACME Mapper |url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=39.94603,116.42434&z=17&t=H|cartography=[[Google Maps]]|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref>

The most significant non-park [[urban open space]] in the district is the {{convert|44|ha|adj=on}} Tiananmen Square at its west central point. It is a stone-paved pedestrian area with the [[Monument to the People's Heroes]] and [[Zhengyangmen|Zhengyang Gate]] bracketing its one building, the [[Mausoleum of Mao Zedong]].<ref name="Tiananmen Square satellite view">{{cite map |publisher=ACME Corporation |title=ACME Mapper |url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=39.90115,116.39167&z=16&t=H|cartography=[[Google Maps]]|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> To the square's immediate north the {{convert|72|ha|adj=on}} Forbidden City complex also has many vast courtyards.<ref name="Tiananmen Square satellite view"/> At the east end, the Workers' Gymnasium has some large paved areas and open lawns in its vicinity.<ref name="Workers Arena satellite view">{{cite map |publisher=ACME Corporation |title=ACME Mapper |url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=39.93087,116.43607&z=18&t=H|cartography=[[Google Maps]]|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> There is also a large open plaza in front of the [[Beijing railway station]].<ref name="Main train station satellite view">{{cite map |publisher=ACME Corporation |title=ACME Mapper |url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=39.90302,116.42088&z=18&t=H|cartography=[[Google Maps]]|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:St. Michael's Church in Beijing 06 2011-04.JPG|left|thumb|upright|St. Michael's Church, a [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] structure in the Legation Quarter|alt=Two ornate spires of grey stone, with a tree branch partially in leaf at right, seen against a blue sky at a sharp upward angle]]
Architecture in the district varies greatly. It ranges in form from the small one and two-story ancient stone houses in the ''[[siheyuan]]'' plan, that line the district's many ''hutongs'', the narrow, winding lanes that make up many neighborhoods on the side streets, to taller modern office buildings and hotels. [[Architectural style|Styles]] include the traditional [[Chinese architecture]] of the 15th-century imperial buildings in the Forbidden City and the various temples, the ''[[fin-de-siècle]]'' European [[Revivalism (architecture)|revival]] styles in the [[Beijing Legation Quarter|Legation Quarter]] to the modern styles of today's newest buildings. The district has over a quarter of Beijing's [[Major national historical and cultural sites (Beijing)|Major National Historical and Cultural Sites]], and a similar portion of its municipal-level heritage listings.<ref name="Tourism and culture" /> Two of those, the Forbidden City and Temple of Heaven, are further inscribed as [[UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in China|World Heritage Sites]].

==History==
{{Further|History of Beijing}}
[[File:Beijing city wall map vectorized.svg|right|thumb|Map of Beijing's city walls during the imperial period. Dongcheng is the area at upper right of the green rectangle|alt=A map showing two rectangular areas outlined in black. The upper area is filled in with light green and labeled "Inner City"; in its middle is another black-outlined orange rectangle labeled "Forbidden City". Below it is a wider rectangle filled in in green and labeled "Outer City".]]

Dongcheng's history dates back over a millennium, long predating the city's current boundaries. Settlement of the area between [[Beijing city fortifications|the city's inner and outer walls]] began during the [[Liao dynasty]] in the 10th century C.E., when small [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]] began to form outside the northeastern corner of what was then the city (now the Forbidden City). Growth continued through the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]], which succeeded the Liao in the 12th century.<ref name="District history page">{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://en.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8817900/n8817915/index.html|publisher=Dongcheng District People's Government|access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref>

Under the Jin, the area first became known as the northeastern part of the capital, then known as Zhongdu. When [[Kublai Khan]] established the [[Yuan dynasty]] later in the century, he rebuilt the city and renamed it Dadu. As part of that project, the future Dongcheng district's boundaries were first officially drawn, although they were different from today's.<ref name="District history page" />

The [[Yongle emperor]], Zhu Di, third of the [[Ming dynasty]], took the throne at the beginning of the 15th century. He built the present-day Forbidden City, now part of Dongcheng, as his palace inside the walls of the original city. Outside it, Dongcheng had 15 lanes at that time, the beginnings of its many ''hutong''s.<ref name="District history page" />

During the Ming and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties, the area began to become a desirable residence for both government officials and the merchants who sold to them, due to its proximity to the palace. They built themselves the ''siheyuan'' courtyard-style houses that remain a valued part of the district's cultural heritage. The Qings stationed four divisions of their army in the district, which was officially at the time part of [[Daxing, Beijing|Daxing County]] (now a district south of the city).<ref name="District history page" />

{{Wide image|Panorama of Pekin.jpg|1000px|Panorama of Beijing City taken from [[Chongwenmen]] {{Circa|1879}}. The road below is [[Chongwenmen Inner Street]]. In the left of the picture, we can see [[Forbidden City]], Hill of [[Jingshan Park|Jingshan]] and [[Beihai Park|White Dagoba]] near the horizon. Residential houses in the left below were torn down not long after the picture were taken to make room for the construction of [[Beijing Legation Quarter|Legation Quarter]] according to Article 7 of [[Boxer Protocol]].}}

The overthrow of the Qings and the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in the wake of the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911 led to the area northeast of the Forbidden City being opened to the public for the first time.<ref name="The Concrete Dragon">{{cite book|last=Campanella|first=Thomas J.|title=The Concrete Dragon|date=2011|publisher=[[Lulu.com]]|isbn=9781568989686|page=153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZfoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref> Under the government of the new Republic of China, the districts of Beijing were reorganized. Today's Dongcheng was known as the inner first and inner third districts.<ref name="District history page" />

[[File:DongCheng District - satellite image (1967-09-20).jpg|thumb|upright|Satellite image of Dongcheng District in September 1967]]

Four decades later, the [[Communist Party of China|Communist]] victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]] led to the [[People's Republic of China]] displacing the Republic as the sovereign government of [[mainland China]]. This had two effects on Dongcheng. First, the two districts in the area were renamed [[Dongsi Subdistrict, Beijing|Dongsi]] and [[Dongdan, Beijing|Dongdan]], corresponding to streets that still exist in the northern and central portions of the district, in 1952; six years later the two were merged and renamed Dongcheng. That district was then merged with the Chongwen District to its south in 2010.<ref name="District history page" />

Secondly, many of the wealthy ''siheyuan'' residents fled to [[Taiwan]] or elsewhere in anticipation of the Communist victory and the likely expropriation of their property; those who remained or did not leave in time indeed suffered that fate. The new government [[land subdivision|subdivided]] many of the houses in order to deliver on its promise of better housing for the [[working class]], and the neighborhood culture of the ''hutong''s was sustained. However, the increased wealth in China created by the [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms]] of the late 20th century, following the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]], put pressure on Beijing's city government to demolish ''hutong''s in Dongcheng and elsewhere. They were perceived as architecturally undistinguished substandard slums that could not be fully modernized, to be replaced by [[urban renewal]] projects such as the Oriental Plaza mall complex that would impress visitors to the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="Building Globalization">{{cite book|last=Ren|first=Xuefei|title=Building Globalization: Transnational Architecture Production in Urban China|date=2011|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=9780226709819|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KndjOorbcP4C&pg=PA133|access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref>

Often many poorer residents found themselves displaced, unable to afford the luxury housing that replaced their demolished homes. In the 1990s it was estimated that 40% of Beijing's Old City, which includes Dongcheng, had been demolished; some predictions suggest that if demolition continues at its current pace, eventually 90% of the Old City will be gone.<ref name="Concrete Dragon 150–151">, Campanella, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZfoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 150–51]</ref> Efforts by [[historic preservation|preservationists]] to protect the hutongs were only partly successful, and [[land development|developers]] and officials often ignored them. A battle over the city's proposed redevelopment of South Chizi Street, alongside the Forbidden City's southeast corner, at first attracted attention due to its high-visibility location, but ultimately only nine of over 200 ''siheyuan''s in the blocks east of the street escaped demolition. They have been replaced by architecturally sympathetic new construction that is among the most expensive housing in the city.<ref name="Concrete Dragon 153–159">, Campanella, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZfoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 153–59]</ref>

==Government==

Dongcheng is run by several committees. The District Committee of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) is its local organization. The District People's Congress is responsible for most major decisions, as well as implementing national and local laws and regulations. Its members, all appointed by the CCP, elect their leadership and local officials. The People's Government, composed of several local commissions, makes local laws and enforces administrative policy. Lastly, the district committee of the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] serves an advisory function. All four committees are headed by chairs, appointed by the CCP to five-year terms.<ref name="Dongcheng District tourist page" />

While most of China's major government bodies are headquartered in the neighboring Xicheng District, there are a hundred lesser ones in offices throughout Dongcheng. Two major agencies in the district are the [[Civil Aviation Administration of China]] (CAAC), which occupies a large building on Dongsi Street, and the [[China Maritime Safety Administration]], on Jianguomen Inner Avenue.<ref>"[http://www.caac.gov.cn/ZZJS/ English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906023811/http://www.caac.gov.cn/ZZJS/ |date=2009-09-06 }}." [[Civil Aviation Administration of China]]. Retrieved on June 9, 2009. "{{lang|zh-hans|北京市东城区东四西大街155号}}."</ref><ref>"[http://en.msa.gov.cn/msa/ Home] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106121257/http://en.msa.gov.cn/msa/ |date=January 6, 2010 }}." [[China Maritime Safety Administration]]. Retrieved on January 17, 2012. "11#, Jianguomennei Avenue, Beijing, China 100736" - [http://www.msa.gov.cn/ Address in Chinese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228215025/http://www.msa.gov.cn/ |date=2008-02-28 }}: "{{lang|zh-hans|北京市建国门内大街11号}}"</ref> The [[Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau]] is also headquartered in Dongcheng,<ref>"[http://eng.bjgaj.gov.cn/ Home] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129112611/http://eng.bjgaj.gov.cn/ |date=November 29, 2014 }}" (English). [[Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau]]. Retrieved on November 21, 2014. "Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau No.9, Dongdajie, Qianmen, Dongcheng District, Beijing" [http://www.bjgaj.gov.cn/web/gajjj.html Address in Chinese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531084807/http://www.bjgaj.gov.cn/web/gajjj.html |date=2017-05-31 }}: "{{lang|zh-hans|北京市公安局地址：北京市东城区前门东大街9号邮政编码：100740}}"</ref> as is the [[China International Development Cooperation Agency]] (China Aid).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.cidca.gov.cn/2018-08/15/c_262433.htm|title=Contact Us|publisher=[[China International Development Cooperation Agency]]|access-date=2023-11-23|quote=Office address: No. 82 Dong’anmen Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Interior of WF Central from 4F (20210529192319).jpg|thumb|Interior of WF Central Mall]]
[[File:王府井银泰百货.jpg|thumb|[[Wangfujing]]]]

In 2017, the regional GDP of the district was 392.07 billion yuan,<ref>http://tjj.beijing.gov.cn/nj/qxnj/2018/zk/indexch.htm "Regional Yearbook of Beijing,2018"</ref> with GDP per capita at 321.4 thousand yuan.

Owing to its many tourist attractions, much of Dongcheng's economy is in the [[tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]], which in 2001 accounted for 88% of the district's share of China's [[gross domestic product]]. [[Foreign direct investment]] at that time was estimated to be US$247.6 million, and rising.<ref name="Doing Business" /> Dongcheng is home to some of Beijing's most prestigious hotels, like the [[Beijing Hotel]] complex and the nearby [[Grand Hyatt Beijing|Grand Hyatt]] on [[Changan Avenue|East Chang'an Avenue]] near Tiananmen Square.<ref name="Beijing Hotel">{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.chinabeijinghotel.com.cn/en/contact.html|publisher=Beijing Hotel|access-date=May 1, 2014|archive-date=November 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111000114/http://www.chinabeijinghotel.com.cn/en/contact.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Near those hotels are the shopping opportunities of the Malls at Oriental Plaza, once Asia's largest, and the [[Wangfujing]] [[pedestrian mall]], a big draw for domestic tourists.<ref name="Lonely Planet guide">{{cite book|last=McCrohan|first=Daniel|title=Beijing|date=2013|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|isbn=9781741798463|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741798463/page/76 76–77]|author2=Eimer, David|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741798463/page/76}}</ref> Further to the north younger Beijingers and foreigners often visit the ''hutong''s of Nanluogoxiang, east of the Bell and Drum Towers, for its bar and nightlife offerings.<ref name="Lonely Planet 86–87">McCrohan and Eimer, 86–87.</ref>

While most of Beijing's major corporate buildings are located in the city's [[central business district]] in the Chaoyang District to Dongcheng's north and east, some are within the district. [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] and subsidiary [[PetroChina]] share one headquarters facility just inside the district at the [[Chaoyangmen]] intersection along the [[2nd Ring Road]].<ref>"[http://www.cnpc.com.cn/en/contact/contact.htm Contact Us]." [[China National Petroleum Corporation]]. Retrieved on July 8, 2010.</ref><ref>"[http://www.petrochina.com.cn/Ptr/About_PetroChina/Contact_Us/ Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929193607/http://www.petrochina.com.cn/Ptr/About_PetroChina/Contact_Us/ |date=2011-09-29 }}." [[PetroChina]]. Retrieved on July 8, 2010. "Address: 9 Dongzhimen North Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, P.R.China."</ref> [[Air Koryo]] has an office in the [[Swissôtel]] Beijing in Dongcheng District.<ref>"[http://www.korea-dpr.com//Air%20Koryo/contact.htm Contact] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071321/http://www.korea-dpr.com//Air%20Koryo/contact.htm |date=2011-06-05 }}." [[Air Koryo]]. Retrieved on August 6, 2009.</ref>

Beijing's current [[Comprehensive planning|master plan]] designates Dongcheng as one of the city's four core zones. To enhance the district's combination of commercial and cultural attractions, it calls for giving priority to service and [[high-tech]] industries within it. Three areas in particular are singled out for attention—Wangfujing, the eastern portion of the 2nd Ring Road, and the High Technology Park near the [[Yong He Gong Lamasery|Lama Temple]] at Yonghegong Road and the Ring Road. The plan also calls for the "preservation of the city's historic landscape and renovation of dilapidated houses."<ref name="Dongcheng District tourist page">{{cite web|title=About Dongcheng District|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/feature_2/DongchengTravel/TravelTips/t1108840.htm|publisher=City of Beijing|access-date=May 1, 2014|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090922/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/feature_2/DongchengTravel/TravelTips/t1108840.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tax credit]]s are available to eligible businesses that generate at least a half a million [[renminbi]] in contributions in their first years of operation in the district.<ref name="District Development Decree">{{cite web|title=Decree of Dongcheng District People's Government of Beijing Municipality Encouraging Measures of Dongcheng District on Facilitating Development of Leading Industries and Headquarters Enterprises|url=http://www.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8777419/n8777659/8860899.html|publisher=Dongcheng District People's Government|date=2008|access-date=May 2, 2014}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
The district contains 17 subdistricts:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/11/01/110101.html
|script-title = zh:2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：东城区
|publisher = National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China
|language = zh
|access-date = 2013-08-07
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120512042211/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/11/01/110101.html
|archive-date = 2012-05-12
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese character|S]]) !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Population (2010)<ref>{{cite book| author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China | script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料|date=2012|publisher=China Statistics Print|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}}</ref> !! Area (km2)
|-
| [[Jingshan Subdistrict, Beijing|Jingshan Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh|景山街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Jǐngshān Jiēdào}} || 40,308 || 1.64
|-
| [[Donghuamen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|东华门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Dōnghuámén Jiēdào}} || 61,366 || 5.35
|-
| [[Jiaodaokou Subdistrict]]|| {{lang|zh|交道口街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Jiāodàokǒu Jiēdào}} || 49,196 || 1.45
|-
| [[Andingmen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|安定门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Āndìngmén Jiēdào}} || 44,358 || 1.76
|-
| [[Beixinqiao Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|北新桥街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Běixīnqiáo Jiēdào}} || 82,273 || 2.62
|-
| [[Dongsi Subdistrict, Beijing|Dongsi Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|东四街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Dōngsì Jiēdào}} || 43,731 || 1.53
|-
| [[Chaoyangmen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|朝阳门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Cháoyángmén Jiēdào}} || 36,702 || 1.24
|-
| [[Jianguomen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|建国门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Jiànguómén Jiēdào}} || 57,170 || 2.70
|-
| [[Dongzhimen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|东直门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Dōngzhímén Jiēdào}} || 46,018 || 2.07
|-
| [[Hepingli Subdistrict, Beijing|Hepingli Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh|和平里街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Hépínglǐ Jiēdào}} || 112,058 || 5.02
|-
| [[Qianmen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|前门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Qiánmén Jiēdào}} || 12,924 || 1.10
|-
| [[Chongwenmenwai Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|崇文门外街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Chóngwénménwài Jiēdào}} || 48,817 || 1.12
|-
| [[Donghuashi Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|东花市街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Dōnghuāshì Jiēdào}} || 52,775 || 1.92
|-
| [[Longtan Subdistrict, Beijing|Longtan Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|龙潭街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Lóngtán Jiēdào}} || 56,257 || 3.06
|-
| [[Tiyuguan Road Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|体育馆路街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Tǐyùguǎnlù Jiēdào}} || 40,303 || 1.84
|-
| [[Tiantan subdistrict, Beijing|Tiantan Subdistrict]]|| {{lang|zh-hans|天坛街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Tiāntán Jiēdào}} || 50,304 || 4.03
|-
| [[Yongdingmenwai Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|永定门外街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Yǒngdìngménwài Jiēdào}} || 84,693 || 3.33
|}

==Transport==
===Metro===
Dongcheng is currently served by nine metro lines of the [[Beijing Subway]]:
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=1|inline=yes}} - [[Tian'anmen East Station|Tian'anmen East]], [[Wangfujing Station|Wangfujing]] {{rint|beijing|8}}, [[Dongdan Station|Dongdan]] {{rint|beijing|5}}, [[Jianguomen Station|Jianguomen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=2|inline=yes}} - [[Qianmen Station|Qianmen]] {{rint|beijing|8}}, [[Chongwenmen Station|Chongwenmen]] {{rint|beijing|5}}, [[Beijing railway station#Beijing Subway|Beijing Railway Station]], [[Jianguomen Station|Jianguomen]] {{rint|beijing|1}}, [[Chaoyangmen Station (Beijing)|Chaoyangmen]] {{rint|beijing|6}}, [[Dongsi Shitiao Station|Dongsi Shitiao]], [[Dongzhimen Station|Dongzhimen]] {{rint|beijing|13}}{{rint|beijing|a}}, [[Yonghegong Lama Temple Station|Yonghegong Lama Temple]] {{rint|beijing|5}}, [[Andingmen Station|Andingmen]], [[Guloudajie Station|Guloudajie]] {{rint|beijing|8}}
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=5|inline=yes}} - [[Hepingli Beijie Station|Hepingli Beijie]], [[Yonghegong Lama Temple Station|Yonghegong Lama Temple]] {{rint|beijing|2}}, [[Beixinqiao Station|Beixinqiao]] {{rint|beijing|a}}, [[Zhangzizhonglu Station|Zhangzizhonglu]], [[Dongsi Station|Dongsi]] {{rint|beijing|6}}, [[Dengshikou Station|Dengshikou]], [[Dongdan Station|Dongdan]] {{rint|beijing|1}}, [[Chongwenmen Station|Chongwenmen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}, [[Ciqikou Station (Beijing)|Ciqikou]] {{rint|beijing|7}}, [[Tiantandongmen Station|Tiantandongmen]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=6|inline=yes}} - [[Nanluoguxiang Station|Nanluoguxiang]] {{rint|beijing|8}}, [[Dongsi Station|Dongsi]] {{rint|beijing|5}}, [[Chaoyangmen Station (Beijing)|Chaoyangmen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=7|inline=yes}} - [[Zhushikou Station|Zhushikou]] {{rint|beijing|8}}, [[Qiaowan Station|Qiaowan]], [[Ciqikou Station (Beijing)|Ciqikou]] {{rint|beijing|5}}, [[Guangqumennei Station|Guangqumennei]], [[Guangqumenwai Station|Guangqumenwai]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=8|inline=yes}} - [[Andelibeijie Station|Andelibeijie]], [[Guloudajie Station|Guloudajie]] {{rint|beijing|2}}, [[Shichahai Station|Shichahai]], [[Nanluoguxiang Station|Nanluoguxiang]] {{rint|beijing|6}}, [[Zhongguo Meishuguan (National Art Museum) station|Zhongguo Meishuguan (National Art Museum)]], [[Jinyu Hutong station|Jinyu Hutong]], [[Wangfujing Station|Wangfujing]] {{rint|beijing|1}}, [[Qianmen Station|Qianmen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}, [[Zhushikou Station|Zhushikou]] {{rint|beijing|7}}, [[Tianqiao station|Tianqiao]], [[Yongdingmenwai Station|Yongdingmenwai]] {{rint|beijing|14}}, [[Muxiyuan station|Muxiyuan]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=13|inline=yes}} - [[Dongzhimen Station|Dongzhimen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}{{rint|beijing|a}}
*[[File:BeijingMTRicon.svg|16x16px|link=Beijing Subway]] {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=14|inline=yes}} - [[Yongdingmenwai Station|Yongdingmenwai]] {{rint|beijing|8}}, [[Jingtai Station|Jingtai]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=airport|inline=yes}} - [[Dongzhimen Station|Dongzhimen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}{{rint|beijing|13}}, [[Beixinqiao Station|Beixinqiao]] {{rint|beijing|5}}

==Education==
===Primary and secondary schools===
{{mainarticle|List of schools in Dongcheng District, Beijing}}
[[File:Red building of Peking University.JPG|thumb|The ''Honglou'' ({{zh|c=红楼|l=Red (brick) building}}), a former building of [[Peking University]]|alt=A red brick building with regular windows and a stone-faced ground floor. It is seen looking along its front; in the center there is a small entrance pavilion with a pediment at the roofline above it]]

Throughout Dongcheng are many of Beijing's public schools. Some of its high schools have been added to [[Beacon high schools in Beijing|the city's list of beacon high schools]], those that consistently maintain high standards. Among them are [[Beijing No.166 High school|Beijing No. 166 High School]] on Tongfu Alley just off Dengshikou Street,<ref name="HS No. 166">{{cite web|title=Our School Our Family|url=http://www.bj166z.cn/index.php?id=110|publisher=[[Beijing No.166 High school]]|language=zh|access-date=May 6, 2014|quote="{{lang|zh-hans|北京市东城区灯市东口同福夹道3号}}"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506203344/http://www.bj166z.cn/index.php?id=110|archive-date=May 6, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Beijing Huiwen Middle School]] on Peixin Street in the former Chongwen District<ref name="Huiwen website">{{cite web|script-title=zh:北京汇文中学|url=http://www.huiwen.edu.cn/|publisher=[[Beijing Huiwen Middle School]]|access-date=May 6, 2014|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506095609/http://www.huiwen.edu.cn/|archive-date=May 6, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Beijing No. 5 High School]]<ref name="HS NO. 5">{{cite web|script-title=zh:北京五中开放日|url=http://www.bj5hs.cn/XiaoWai/NewsDetailsInfo.aspx?id=2185&columnInfoid=36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520081206/http://www.bj5hs.cn/XiaoWai/NewsDetailsInfo.aspx?id=2185&columnInfoid=36|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-05-20|publisher=[[Beijing No.5 High School]]|date=2010|access-date=May 6, 2014|language=zh}}</ref> on Xiguan Hutong east of Nanluogoxiang. Another [[secondary education|secondary institution]] of note, [[Beijing Jingshan School]], is also located on Dengshikou Road. on Chaoyangmen Inner Street.

[[Beijing No. 25 Middle School]] has a dual Chinese-Canadian diploma program.<ref name=Schoolintro>"[http://www.25cbss.com/category/intro Introduction of the school]" (). [[Beijing No. 25 Middle School]]. Retrieved on October 15, 2015. "55 Dengshikou Dajie Beijing, China 100006" - [http://www.bj25schooledu.com.cn/detail/schoolnav12/1116 Chinese address] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030341/http://www.bj25schooledu.com.cn/detail/schoolnav12/1116 |date=2016-03-04 }}: "{{lang|zh-hans|北京市东城区灯市口大街55号}}"</ref>

The Beijing Dongcheng Huimin Elementary School ({{lang|zh-hans|北京市东城区回民小学}}) serves the local [[Hui people|Hui population]].<ref>[http://www.dchx.org.cn/homepage/index.jsp Home page] ([https://archive.today/20140111015821/http://www.dchx.org.cn/homepage/index.jsp Archive]). Beijing Dongcheng District Huimin Elementary School. Retrieved on January 10, 2014. "{{lang|zh-hans|名称：北京市东城区回民小学地址：北京市东城区朝内大街124号邮编：100010}}"</ref>

===Post-secondary schools===
From its founding in the early 20th century to the [[Second Sino-Japanese War#1937: Full-scale invasion of China|Japanese occupation of eastern China]] in 1937, Peking University was housed in the Belgian-designed brick ''Honglou'' ({{lang|zh-hant|紅樓}}) or "Red House", at Wusi and Beiheyan streets. [[Mao Zedong]] worked in the library there, where he was among the leaders of the [[May Fourth Movement]] that lent its name to Wusi Street, an experience that later led him to help found the CCP. The university moved out to a larger campus in the [[Haidian District]] when Mao established the People's Republic of China in 1949, and the Honglou is now a museum.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

[[File:Central Academy of Drama, Dongcheng campus (20221031122024).jpg|thumb|[[Central Academy of Drama]]]]
Shortly after the university moved, Mao established the [[Central Academy of Drama]], the only institution of [[higher education]] currently in the district. Many accomplished Chinese actors have graduated from it, and it is considered one of the best drama schools in China, East Asia and Asia. It is located on Dongmianhua Hutong, a short distance west of [[Nanluoguxiang]].<ref name="Zhong Xi">{{cite web|title=The Central Academy of Drama|url=http://www.zhongxi.cn/|publisher=[[Central Academy of Drama]]|language=zh|access-date=May 6, 2014|quote="{{lang|zh-hans|东城校区地址：北京市东城区东棉花胡同39号}}"}}</ref>

==Visitor attractions==
Some of the well-known areas in Dongcheng District are:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Forbidden City]]
*[[Zhongshan Park (Beijing)|Zhongshan Park]]
*[[Tiananmen]]
*[[Tiananmen Square]]
*[[Mausoleum of Mao Zedong]]
*[[National Museum of China]]
*[[Beijing Legation Quarter|Legation Quarter]]
*[[Qianmen]]
*[[Wangfujing]]
*[[Yonghe Temple]]
*[[Beijing Temple of Confucius|Temple of Confucius]]
*[[Guozijian (Beijing)|Guozijian]] (Imperial College)
*[[Temple of Earth]]
*[[St. Joseph's Church, Beijing|St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Dong Tang)]]
*[[Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)|Drum Tower & Bell Tower]]
*[[Great Leap Brewing]]
*[[National Art Museum of China]]
*[[Zhihua Temple]]
* Youth Science & Technology Museum (Qingshaonian Kejiguan)
*[[Donghuamen Night Market]]
*[[Temple of Heaven]]
*[[Longtan Park]]
*[[Qingnianhu Park]]
*[[Huashi, Beijing|Huashi]]
*[[Chaonei No. 81]]
{{Div col end}}

==Twin cities==
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Province of Forlì-Cesena]], [[Emilia-Romagna]], Italy (2012)
|}

==See also==
*{{portal-inline|China}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* ''Lonely Planet Beijing'', 10th Edition (Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet Publications, 2007), 133–137.
* Calum MacLeod, "Beijing bulldozes its old neighborhoods: Some decry loss; others cheer change", ''USA Today'', May 27, 2010, p. A7.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|Dongcheng|Tungcheng}}
{{wikivoyage|Beijing/Dongcheng|Dongcheng District, Beijing}}
*[http://en.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8817900/index.html District government homepage]

{{Dongcheng District, Beijing}}
{{Subdistricts of Dongcheng District, Beijing}}
{{Beijing}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Dongcheng District, Beijing| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Beijing]]

Dongcheng, Beijing

2024-06-25T01:24:47Z

121.171.233.10:

{{use mdy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dongcheng
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-cn|东城区}}}}
| official_name =
| postal_code = 100010, 100061
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| settlement_type = [[District (PRC)|District]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 2/3/2/2
| image1 = Tian'anmen from E Chang'an Ave (20200825104049).jpg
|caption1=[[Tiananmen|Tian'anmen]]
| image5 = Beijing-Lamakloster Yonghe-98-Halle des unendlichen Gluecks-gje.jpg
|caption5=[[Yonghegong|Yonghe Temple]]
| image6 = AD9801 at Zhengyangmen (20201211153103).jpg
|caption6=[[Zhengyangmen]]
| image7 = Beijing Railway Station (20210521181346).jpg
|caption7= [[Beijing Railway Station]]
| image2 = CR400BF-5108_at_Yongdingmen_(20190829141909).jpg
|caption2=[[Yongdingmen]]
| image3 = 1 Temple of Heaven.jpg
|caption3=[[Temple of Heaven]]
| image4 = Longtan Central Park (20211001161557).jpg
|caption4= [[Longtan Park]]
}}

| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=10}}
| image_map1 = Dongcheng.png
| map_caption1 = Dongcheng District in Beijing
| mapsize = 220px
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = People's Republic of China
| subdivision_type1 = [[Direct-controlled municipalities of the People's Republic of China|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Beijing]]
| subdivision_type2 = Township-level divisions
| subdivision_name2 = 17 subdistricts
| area_code = 0010
| area_total_km2 = 40.6
| population =
| population_as_of = 2020 Census
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_total = 708,829
| coordinates = {{coord|39|55|23|N|116|24|40|E|display=it}}
| elevation_ft =
| elevation_m =
| timezone = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset = +8
| website = http://www.bjdch.gov.cn/
}}
'''Dongcheng District''' ({{zh|s=东城区|p=Dōngchéng Qū|l=East City District}}) is a district of the city of [[Beijing]]. It covers the eastern half of Beijing's urban core region, including all of the eastern half of the Old City inside of the [[2nd Ring Road (Beijing)|2nd Ring Road]] with the northernmost extent crossing into the area within the [[3rd Ring Road (Beijing)|3rd Ring Road]]. Its {{convert|40.6|km2|abbr=on|adj=on}} area is further subdivided into 17 subdistricts.

Settlement in the area dates back over a millennium. It did not formally become a district of the city until the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in 1911. The name Dongcheng was first given to it in a 1958 reorganization; it has existed in its current form since a 2010 merger with the former [[Chongwen, Beijing|Chongwen]] to its south.

Dongcheng includes many of Beijing's major cultural attractions, such as the [[Forbidden City]] and [[Temple of Heaven]], both [[UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in China|World Heritage Sites]]. More than a quarter of the city's [[Major national historical and cultural sites (Beijing)|Major National Historical and Cultural Sites]] are inside its boundaries, with a similar percentage of those protected at the municipal level.<ref name="Tourism and culture">{{cite web|title=Tourism and Culture|url=http://en.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8817900/n8817930/index.html|publisher=Dongcheng District People's Government|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> [[Tiananmen Square]] is also in Dongcheng, along with other popular destinations for [[Tourism in China|domestic and international tourists]] such as the bars and nightlife in the ''[[hutong]]s'' of [[Nanluoguxiang]] and the shopping in [[Wangfujing]]. Over three-quarters of the district's economic activity is in the [[tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]].<ref name="Doing Business">{{cite book|title=Doing Business in Beijing|date=2004|publisher=China Knowledge Press|location=Beijing|isbn=9789814163026|pages=[https://archive.org/details/doingbusinessinb0000unse/page/80 80]–81|url=https://archive.org/details/doingbusinessinb0000unse|url-access=registration|access-date=April 30, 2014}}</ref>

==Geography==
Dongcheng is often described, and depicted on simplified maps, as the eastern half of the area inside the [[2nd Ring Road (Beijing)|2nd Ring Road]]. However, the district boundaries include some areas outside it as well, particularly on the north and east. In the former direction a small projection crosses the [[3rd Ring Road (Beijing)|3rd Ring Road]].<ref name="District tourism map">{{cite map |publisher=Dongcheng District |title=Dongcheng All-in-One Tourism Map |year=2010 |url=http://en.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8872676.files/n8875853.jpg |language=zh, en |access-date=April 24, 2014 }}</ref> The 2010 merger with [[Chongwen, Beijing|Chongwen]] added some land beyond the Ring Road on the south.<ref name="Beijing districts map">{{cite map |publisher=China Online Tours |title=Beijing District Map|url=http://www.travelchinaguide.com/images/map/beijing/city-map.jpg |scale=1:440,000|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref>

===Boundary===
[[File:Beijing Drum Tower.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Drum Tower and Bell Tower of Beijing|Drum Tower]], with Dongcheng District to the left]]

From [[Tiananmen]] at the north end of [[Tiananmen Square|the eponymous square]] the district boundary follows West [[Chang'an Avenue]] to Chang Street, where it turns north, taking in [[Zhongshan Park]] as it follows the western moat of the [[Forbidden City]]. At Wenzhin Street it turns eastward to follow Jingshan Front Street between the Forbidden City and [[Jingshan Park]]. It resumes its northward course along Jingshan East Street, turning west along Jingshan Back Street, thus leaving all of Jingshan in [[Xicheng, Beijing|Xicheng]] to the west.<ref name="District tourism map" />

At Di'anmen Inner Street it turns north again, following the east–west line that formally divided Beijing in the mid-15th century. After a short turn to the west at the [[Drum Tower and Bell Tower of Beijing|Bell and Drum Towers]] along Gulou West Street, it resumes its northward course along Jiugulou Street, which it follows north for several kilometers, past the 2nd Ring Road to Andeli Street North, where it turns west. At the street's end, the edge of [[Rendinghu Park]], it follows the park edge to the northeast.<ref name="District tourism map" />

The boundary turns east at Huangsi Street, following the rear property lines of buildings on the north side. It crosses the street again a [[city block|block]] east of Gulou Outer Street, where it follows the northern edge of [[Liuyin Park]]. From the park's northeastern corner it goes due east to Andingmen Outer Street, where it turns north.<ref name="District tourism map" />

It continues north across the [[3rd Ring Road (Beijing)|3rd Ring Road]] for a kilometer to Jian'an East Road, where it turns east, just south of [[Yuan Dadu City Wall Ruins Park]]. This is the district's northernmost section, bordering on [[Chaoyang, Beijing|Chaoyang]]. After 500m, it zigzags south, southeast and then west again along local streets to Shenggu Middle Road. There it turns south and crosses the Ring Road again, continuing on Xiaohangzhuang North Street. Another zigzag takes it along Xiaohangzhuang, Xinghua, and Qingniangou roads to Heipingli East Street, where it turns south, to turn east again along Heiplingli North Street.<ref name="District tourism map" />

At Jiaolin Alley it turns south again, following another irregular path through the neighborhoods here to just east of Minwang [[Hutong]]. At the river paralleling the Second Ring Road on its north, it turns east briefly to follow that, cross under the [[Airport Expressway (Beijing)|Airport Expressway]] along Xiangheyuan Middle Street. A short section detours north to take in some of the buildings on the north side of Xiangheyuan Road, after which it returns to what is now Xiangheyuan North Street.<ref name="District tourism map" />

Turning southeast along Zuojiazhuang West Street, the boundary turns to follow the north bank of the [[Landmark River]] eastward at the Chunxiu Road intersection. The river bends to the east and then southeast, where a short [[tributary]] comes in 200 m west of Chunxiu. It follows that back to Chunxiu at its intersection with Dongzhimen Outer Street.<ref name="District tourism map" />

Rejoining Chunxiu, the boundary stays with it for another {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} to [[Beijing Workers' Stadium]], where it becomes Workers' Stadium West Road, with [[Workers Indoor Arena]] on the east side. At Dongyingfang Hutong, it turns west again. Following Jishikou East Road north for a block, then turning west on Panjiapao Hutong, a brief northward turn at Dongzhong Street brings it back to the Second Ring Road via Fuhua Dasha South Street.<ref name="District tourism map" />

From that point the boundary largely follows the ring road south, with a few diversions to take in all of the exit ramps at the Jianguomen Street interchange and some open land at the Tonghui River to its south.<ref name="District tourism map" /> At [[Longtan Park]] in the southeast corner of the district, it curves west with the road to form the district's southern boundary with [[Fengtai, Beijing|Fengtai]]. Just past the [[Temple of Heaven]] Park, in the [[Yongdingmen]] area, it leaves the ring road to take in a roughly triangular area to the south that includes the [[Beijing South railway station]] at its eastern corner.<ref name="Beijing districts map" />

It then follows Yongdingmen, Tianqiao, and Qianmen streets due north back to the southern end of Tian'anmen Square. There it turns west briefly, then goes up the square's west road between the [[China Numismatic Museum]] and the [[Great Hall of the People]]. At the square's north end is West Chang'an Avenue.<ref name="District tourism map" />

===Buildings and geography===

Like most of Beijing, the district is consistently level, with an elevation of {{convert|30|–|50|m}} above sea level, reflecting the city's location on the [[North China Plain]].<ref name="District geography">{{cite web|title=Geography and Climate|url=http://en.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8817900/n8817960/index.html|publisher=Dongcheng District|access-date=April 25, 2014}}</ref> There are a few significant bodies of water, all lakes in parks—Liuyin Lake in that park and Youth Lake in Qingnianhu Park, both in the district's northern portion, and Dragon Lake in Longtan Park at the district's southeast corner. On the west central edge is the moat surrounding the Forbidden City. The [[Nanchang River]], heavily channelized from its days as the once-walled city's north moat, flows across the district's north, with the South Moat paralleling the 2nd Ring Road along its southern boundary. Along the southern edge of the Forbidden City another small stream, the [[Changpu River]], flows above ground for a kilometer.
[[File:Longtan Park pic 6.jpg|thumb|right|Dragon Lake in Longtan Park|alt=Rocky, bushy bluffs at the rear of some green water. There is a small structure with a Chinese roof at the base of one, in the center]]
Much of the district is densely developed, with major streets following a [[grid plan]], while the side streets connecting them are irregular. Temple of Heaven Park is the largest, at {{convert|267|ha}},<ref name="Lonely Planet page">{{cite web|title=Temple of Heaven Park|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/beijing/sights/parks-gardens/temple-heaven-park|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|date=2014|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> with the {{convert|42.7|ha|adj=on}} [[Temple of Earth]] Park in the [[Hepingli Subdistrict, Beijing|Hepingli Subdistrict]] in second. In addition to the parks already mentioned, others of note include [[Dongdan Park]] off that street in the central area of the district and [[Nanguan Park]] near the northeast corner. Some major arteries also have wide planted [[median strip]]s. The [[Embassy of Russia in Beijing|Russian embassy]] complex just inside the Ring Road at the northeast corner of the district<ref name="Russian embassy location">{{cite web|title=Contacts|url=http://www.russia.org.cn/eng/2941/31292392.html|publisher=Russian Embassy in China|date=2000–2014|access-date=April 26, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427113437/http://www.russia.org.cn/eng/2941/31292392.html|archive-date=April 27, 2014}}</ref> also has another large planted area, although it is fenced off.<ref name="Russian embassy satellite view">{{cite map |publisher=ACME Corporation |title=ACME Mapper |url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=39.94603,116.42434&z=17&t=H|cartography=[[Google Maps]]|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref>

The most significant non-park [[urban open space]] in the district is the {{convert|44|ha|adj=on}} Tiananmen Square at its west central point. It is a stone-paved pedestrian area with the [[Monument to the People's Heroes]] and [[Zhengyangmen|Zhengyang Gate]] bracketing its one building, the [[Mausoleum of Mao Zedong]].<ref name="Tiananmen Square satellite view">{{cite map |publisher=ACME Corporation |title=ACME Mapper |url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=39.90115,116.39167&z=16&t=H|cartography=[[Google Maps]]|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> To the square's immediate north the {{convert|72|ha|adj=on}} Forbidden City complex also has many vast courtyards.<ref name="Tiananmen Square satellite view"/> At the east end, the Workers' Gymnasium has some large paved areas and open lawns in its vicinity.<ref name="Workers Arena satellite view">{{cite map |publisher=ACME Corporation |title=ACME Mapper |url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=39.93087,116.43607&z=18&t=H|cartography=[[Google Maps]]|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> There is also a large open plaza in front of the [[Beijing railway station]].<ref name="Main train station satellite view">{{cite map |publisher=ACME Corporation |title=ACME Mapper |url=http://mapper.acme.com/?ll=39.90302,116.42088&z=18&t=H|cartography=[[Google Maps]]|access-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref>
[[File:St. Michael's Church in Beijing 06 2011-04.JPG|left|thumb|upright|St. Michael's Church, a [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] structure in the Legation Quarter|alt=Two ornate spires of grey stone, with a tree branch partially in leaf at right, seen against a blue sky at a sharp upward angle]]
Architecture in the district varies greatly. It ranges in form from the small one and two-story ancient stone houses in the ''[[siheyuan]]'' plan, that line the district's many ''hutongs'', the narrow, winding lanes that make up many neighborhoods on the side streets, to taller modern office buildings and hotels. [[Architectural style|Styles]] include the traditional [[Chinese architecture]] of the 15th-century imperial buildings in the Forbidden City and the various temples, the ''[[fin-de-siècle]]'' European [[Revivalism (architecture)|revival]] styles in the [[Beijing Legation Quarter|Legation Quarter]] to the modern styles of today's newest buildings. The district has over a quarter of Beijing's [[Major national historical and cultural sites (Beijing)|Major National Historical and Cultural Sites]], and a similar portion of its municipal-level heritage listings.<ref name="Tourism and culture" /> Two of those, the Forbidden City and Temple of Heaven, are further inscribed as [[UNESCO]] [[List of World Heritage Sites in China|World Heritage Sites]].

==History==
{{Further|History of Beijing}}
[[File:Beijing city wall map vectorized.svg|right|thumb|Map of Beijing's city walls during the imperial period. Dongcheng is the area at upper right of the green rectangle|alt=A map showing two rectangular areas outlined in black. The upper area is filled in with light green and labeled "Inner City"; in its middle is another black-outlined orange rectangle labeled "Forbidden City". Below it is a wider rectangle filled in in green and labeled "Outer City".]]

Dongcheng's history dates back over a millennium, long predating the city's current boundaries. Settlement of the area between [[Beijing city fortifications|the city's inner and outer walls]] began during the [[Liao dynasty]] in the 10th century C.E., when small [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]] began to form outside the northeastern corner of what was then the city (now the Forbidden City). Growth continued through the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]], which succeeded the Liao in the 12th century.<ref name="District history page">{{cite web|title=Overview|url=http://en.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8817900/n8817915/index.html|publisher=Dongcheng District People's Government|access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref>

Under the Jin, the area first became known as the northeastern part of the capital, then known as Zhongdu. When [[Kublai Khan]] established the [[Yuan dynasty]] later in the century, he rebuilt the city and renamed it Dadu. As part of that project, the future Dongcheng district's boundaries were first officially drawn, although they were different from today's.<ref name="District history page" />

The [[Yongle emperor]], Zhu Di, third of the [[Ming dynasty]], took the throne at the beginning of the 15th century. He built the present-day Forbidden City, now part of Dongcheng, as his palace inside the walls of the original city. Outside it, Dongcheng had 15 lanes at that time, the beginnings of its many ''hutong''s.<ref name="District history page" />

During the Ming and [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] dynasties, the area began to become a desirable residence for both government officials and the merchants who sold to them, due to its proximity to the palace. They built themselves the ''siheyuan'' courtyard-style houses that remain a valued part of the district's cultural heritage. The Qings stationed four divisions of their army in the district, which was officially at the time part of [[Daxing, Beijing|Daxing County]] (now a district south of the city).<ref name="District history page" />

{{Wide image|Panorama of Pekin.jpg|1000px|Panorama of Beijing City taken from [[Chongwenmen]] {{Circa|1879}}. The road below is [[Chongwenmen Inner Street]]. In the left of the picture, we can see [[Forbidden City]], Hill of [[Jingshan Park|Jingshan]] and [[Beihai Park|White Dagoba]] near the horizon. Residential houses in the left below were torn down not long after the picture were taken to make room for the construction of [[Beijing Legation Quarter|Legation Quarter]] according to Article 7 of [[Boxer Protocol]].}}

The overthrow of the Qings and the establishment of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in the wake of the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911 led to the area northeast of the Forbidden City being opened to the public for the first time.<ref name="The Concrete Dragon">{{cite book|last=Campanella|first=Thomas J.|title=The Concrete Dragon|date=2011|publisher=[[Lulu.com]]|isbn=9781568989686|page=153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZfoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref> Under the government of the new Republic of China, the districts of Beijing were reorganized. Today's Dongcheng was known as the inner first and inner third districts.<ref name="District history page" />

[[File:DongCheng District - satellite image (1967-09-20).jpg|thumb|upright|Satellite image of Dongcheng District in September 1967]]

Four decades later, the [[Communist Party of China|Communist]] victory in the [[Chinese Civil War]] led to the [[People's Republic of China]] displacing the Republic as the sovereign government of [[mainland China]]. This had two effects on Dongcheng. First, the two districts in the area were renamed [[Dongsi Subdistrict, Beijing|Dongsi]] and [[Dongdan, Beijing|Dongdan]], corresponding to streets that still exist in the northern and central portions of the district, in 1952; six years later the two were merged and renamed Dongcheng. That district was then merged with the Chongwen District to its south in 2010.<ref name="District history page" />

Secondly, many of the wealthy ''siheyuan'' residents fled to [[Taiwan]] or elsewhere in anticipation of the Communist victory and the likely expropriation of their property; those who remained or did not leave in time indeed suffered that fate. The new government [[land subdivision|subdivided]] many of the houses in order to deliver on its promise of better housing for the [[working class]], and the neighborhood culture of the ''hutong''s was sustained. However, the increased wealth in China created by the [[Chinese economic reform|economic reforms]] of the late 20th century, following the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989]], put pressure on Beijing's city government to demolish ''hutong''s in Dongcheng and elsewhere. They were perceived as architecturally undistinguished substandard slums that could not be fully modernized, to be replaced by [[urban renewal]] projects such as the Oriental Plaza mall complex that would impress visitors to the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="Building Globalization">{{cite book|last=Ren|first=Xuefei|title=Building Globalization: Transnational Architecture Production in Urban China|date=2011|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=9780226709819|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KndjOorbcP4C&pg=PA133|access-date=April 28, 2014}}</ref>

Often many poorer residents found themselves displaced, unable to afford the luxury housing that replaced their demolished homes. In the 1990s it was estimated that 40% of Beijing's Old City, which includes Dongcheng, had been demolished; some predictions suggest that if demolition continues at its current pace, eventually 90% of the Old City will be gone.<ref name="Concrete Dragon 150–151">, Campanella, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZfoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 150–51]</ref> Efforts by [[historic preservation|preservationists]] to protect the hutongs were only partly successful, and [[land development|developers]] and officials often ignored them. A battle over the city's proposed redevelopment of South Chizi Street, alongside the Forbidden City's southeast corner, at first attracted attention due to its high-visibility location, but ultimately only nine of over 200 ''siheyuan''s in the blocks east of the street escaped demolition. They have been replaced by architecturally sympathetic new construction that is among the most expensive housing in the city.<ref name="Concrete Dragon 153–159">, Campanella, [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZfoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153 153–59]</ref>

==Government==

Dongcheng is run by several committees. The District Committee of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) is its local organization. The District People's Congress is responsible for most major decisions, as well as implementing national and local laws and regulations. Its members, all appointed by the CCP, elect their leadership and local officials. The People's Government, composed of several local commissions, makes local laws and enforces administrative policy. Lastly, the district committee of the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] serves an advisory function. All four committees are headed by chairs, appointed by the CCP to five-year terms.<ref name="Dongcheng District tourist page" />

While most of China's major government bodies are headquartered in the neighboring Xicheng District, there are a hundred lesser ones in offices throughout Dongcheng. Two major agencies in the district are the [[Civil Aviation Administration of China]] (CAAC), which occupies a large building on Dongsi Street, and the [[China Maritime Safety Administration]], on Jianguomen Inner Avenue.<ref>"[http://www.caac.gov.cn/ZZJS/ English] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906023811/http://www.caac.gov.cn/ZZJS/ |date=2009-09-06 }}." [[Civil Aviation Administration of China]]. Retrieved on June 9, 2009. "{{lang|zh-hans|北京市东城区东四西大街155号}}."</ref><ref>"[http://en.msa.gov.cn/msa/ Home] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106121257/http://en.msa.gov.cn/msa/ |date=January 6, 2010 }}." [[China Maritime Safety Administration]]. Retrieved on January 17, 2012. "11#, Jianguomennei Avenue, Beijing, China 100736" - [http://www.msa.gov.cn/ Address in Chinese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228215025/http://www.msa.gov.cn/ |date=2008-02-28 }}: "{{lang|zh-hans|北京市建国门内大街11号}}"</ref> The [[Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau]] is also headquartered in Dongcheng,<ref>"[http://eng.bjgaj.gov.cn/ Home] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129112611/http://eng.bjgaj.gov.cn/ |date=November 29, 2014 }}" (English). [[Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau]]. Retrieved on November 21, 2014. "Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau No.9, Dongdajie, Qianmen, Dongcheng District, Beijing" [http://www.bjgaj.gov.cn/web/gajjj.html Address in Chinese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531084807/http://www.bjgaj.gov.cn/web/gajjj.html |date=2017-05-31 }}: "{{lang|zh-hans|北京市公安局地址：北京市东城区前门东大街9号邮政编码：100740}}"</ref> as is the [[China International Development Cooperation Agency]] (China Aid).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.cidca.gov.cn/2018-08/15/c_262433.htm|title=Contact Us|publisher=[[China International Development Cooperation Agency]]|access-date=2023-11-23|quote=Office address: No. 82 Dong’anmen Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Interior of WF Central from 4F (20210529192319).jpg|thumb|Interior of WF Central Mall]]
[[File:王府井银泰百货.jpg|thumb|[[Wangfujing]]]]

In 2017, the regional GDP of the district was 392.07 billion yuan,<ref>http://tjj.beijing.gov.cn/nj/qxnj/2018/zk/indexch.htm "Regional Yearbook of Beijing,2018"</ref> with GDP per capita at 321.4 thousand yuan.

Owing to its many tourist attractions, much of Dongcheng's economy is in the [[tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]], which in 2001 accounted for 88% of the district's share of China's [[gross domestic product]]. [[Foreign direct investment]] at that time was estimated to be US$247.6 million, and rising.<ref name="Doing Business" /> Dongcheng is home to some of Beijing's most prestigious hotels, like the [[Beijing Hotel]] complex and the nearby [[Grand Hyatt Beijing|Grand Hyatt]] on [[Changan Avenue|East Chang'an Avenue]] near Tiananmen Square.<ref name="Beijing Hotel">{{cite web|title=Contact Us|url=http://www.chinabeijinghotel.com.cn/en/contact.html|publisher=Beijing Hotel|access-date=May 1, 2014|archive-date=November 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111000114/http://www.chinabeijinghotel.com.cn/en/contact.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Near those hotels are the shopping opportunities of the Malls at Oriental Plaza, once Asia's largest, and the [[Wangfujing]] [[pedestrian mall]], a big draw for domestic tourists.<ref name="Lonely Planet guide">{{cite book|last=McCrohan|first=Daniel|title=Beijing|date=2013|publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]|isbn=9781741798463|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741798463/page/76 76–77]|author2=Eimer, David|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741798463/page/76}}</ref> Further to the north younger Beijingers and foreigners often visit the ''hutong''s of Nanluogoxiang, east of the Bell and Drum Towers, for its bar and nightlife offerings.<ref name="Lonely Planet 86–87">McCrohan and Eimer, 86–87.</ref>

While most of Beijing's major corporate buildings are located in the city's [[central business district]] in the Chaoyang District to Dongcheng's north and east, some are within the district. [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] and subsidiary [[PetroChina]] share one headquarters facility just inside the district at the [[Chaoyangmen]] intersection along the [[2nd Ring Road]].<ref>"[http://www.cnpc.com.cn/en/contact/contact.htm Contact Us]." [[China National Petroleum Corporation]]. Retrieved on July 8, 2010.</ref><ref>"[http://www.petrochina.com.cn/Ptr/About_PetroChina/Contact_Us/ Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929193607/http://www.petrochina.com.cn/Ptr/About_PetroChina/Contact_Us/ |date=2011-09-29 }}." [[PetroChina]]. Retrieved on July 8, 2010. "Address: 9 Dongzhimen North Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, P.R.China."</ref> [[Air Koryo]] has an office in the [[Swissôtel]] Beijing in Dongcheng District.<ref>"[http://www.korea-dpr.com//Air%20Koryo/contact.htm Contact] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605071321/http://www.korea-dpr.com//Air%20Koryo/contact.htm |date=2011-06-05 }}." [[Air Koryo]]. Retrieved on August 6, 2009.</ref>

Beijing's current [[Comprehensive planning|master plan]] designates Dongcheng as one of the city's four core zones. To enhance the district's combination of commercial and cultural attractions, it calls for giving priority to service and [[high-tech]] industries within it. Three areas in particular are singled out for attention—Wangfujing, the eastern portion of the 2nd Ring Road, and the High Technology Park near the [[Yong He Gong Lamasery|Lama Temple]] at Yonghegong Road and the Ring Road. The plan also calls for the "preservation of the city's historic landscape and renovation of dilapidated houses."<ref name="Dongcheng District tourist page">{{cite web|title=About Dongcheng District|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/feature_2/DongchengTravel/TravelTips/t1108840.htm|publisher=City of Beijing|access-date=May 1, 2014|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090922/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/feature_2/DongchengTravel/TravelTips/t1108840.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Tax credit]]s are available to eligible businesses that generate at least a half a million [[renminbi]] in contributions in their first years of operation in the district.<ref name="District Development Decree">{{cite web|title=Decree of Dongcheng District People's Government of Beijing Municipality Encouraging Measures of Dongcheng District on Facilitating Development of Leading Industries and Headquarters Enterprises|url=http://www.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8777419/n8777659/8860899.html|publisher=Dongcheng District People's Government|date=2008|access-date=May 2, 2014}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
The district contains 17 subdistricts:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/11/01/110101.html
|script-title = zh:2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：东城区
|publisher = National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China
|language = zh
|access-date = 2013-08-07
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120512042211/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/11/01/110101.html
|archive-date = 2012-05-12
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese character|S]]) !! [[Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Population (2010)<ref>{{cite book| author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China | script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料|date=2012|publisher=China Statistics Print|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}}</ref> !! Area (km2)
|-
| [[Jingshan Subdistrict, Beijing|Jingshan Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh|景山街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Jǐngshān Jiēdào}} || 40,308 || 1.64
|-
| [[Donghuamen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|东华门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Dōnghuámén Jiēdào}} || 61,366 || 5.35
|-
| [[Jiaodaokou Subdistrict]]|| {{lang|zh|交道口街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Jiāodàokǒu Jiēdào}} || 49,196 || 1.45
|-
| [[Andingmen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|安定门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Āndìngmén Jiēdào}} || 44,358 || 1.76
|-
| [[Beixinqiao Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|北新桥街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Běixīnqiáo Jiēdào}} || 82,273 || 2.62
|-
| [[Dongsi Subdistrict, Beijing|Dongsi Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|东四街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Dōngsì Jiēdào}} || 43,731 || 1.53
|-
| [[Chaoyangmen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|朝阳门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Cháoyángmén Jiēdào}} || 36,702 || 1.24
|-
| [[Jianguomen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|建国门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Jiànguómén Jiēdào}} || 57,170 || 2.70
|-
| [[Dongzhimen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|东直门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Dōngzhímén Jiēdào}} || 46,018 || 2.07
|-
| [[Hepingli Subdistrict, Beijing|Hepingli Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh|和平里街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Hépínglǐ Jiēdào}} || 112,058 || 5.02
|-
| [[Qianmen Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|前门街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Qiánmén Jiēdào}} || 12,924 || 1.10
|-
| [[Chongwenmenwai Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|崇文门外街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Chóngwénménwài Jiēdào}} || 48,817 || 1.12
|-
| [[Donghuashi Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|东花市街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Dōnghuāshì Jiēdào}} || 52,775 || 1.92
|-
| [[Longtan Subdistrict, Beijing|Longtan Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|龙潭街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Lóngtán Jiēdào}} || 56,257 || 3.06
|-
| [[Tiyuguan Road Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|体育馆路街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Tǐyùguǎnlù Jiēdào}} || 40,303 || 1.84
|-
| [[Tiantan subdistrict, Beijing|Tiantan Subdistrict]]|| {{lang|zh-hans|天坛街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Tiāntán Jiēdào}} || 50,304 || 4.03
|-
| [[Yongdingmenwai Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|永定门外街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Yǒngdìngménwài Jiēdào}} || 84,693 || 3.33
|}

==Transport==
===Metro===
Dongcheng is currently served by nine metro lines of the [[Beijing Subway]]:
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=1|inline=yes}} - [[Tian'anmen East Station|Tian'anmen East]], [[Wangfujing Station|Wangfujing]] {{rint|beijing|8}}, [[Dongdan Station|Dongdan]] {{rint|beijing|5}}, [[Jianguomen Station|Jianguomen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=2|inline=yes}} - [[Qianmen Station|Qianmen]] {{rint|beijing|8}}, [[Chongwenmen Station|Chongwenmen]] {{rint|beijing|5}}, [[Beijing railway station#Beijing Subway|Beijing Railway Station]], [[Jianguomen Station|Jianguomen]] {{rint|beijing|1}}, [[Chaoyangmen Station (Beijing)|Chaoyangmen]] {{rint|beijing|6}}, [[Dongsi Shitiao Station|Dongsi Shitiao]], [[Dongzhimen Station|Dongzhimen]] {{rint|beijing|13}}{{rint|beijing|a}}, [[Yonghegong Lama Temple Station|Yonghegong Lama Temple]] {{rint|beijing|5}}, [[Andingmen Station|Andingmen]], [[Guloudajie Station|Guloudajie]] {{rint|beijing|8}}
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=5|inline=yes}} - [[Hepingli Beijie Station|Hepingli Beijie]], [[Yonghegong Lama Temple Station|Yonghegong Lama Temple]] {{rint|beijing|2}}, [[Beixinqiao Station|Beixinqiao]] {{rint|beijing|a}}, [[Zhangzizhonglu Station|Zhangzizhonglu]], [[Dongsi Station|Dongsi]] {{rint|beijing|6}}, [[Dengshikou Station|Dengshikou]], [[Dongdan Station|Dongdan]] {{rint|beijing|1}}, [[Chongwenmen Station|Chongwenmen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}, [[Ciqikou Station (Beijing)|Ciqikou]] {{rint|beijing|7}}, [[Tiantandongmen Station|Tiantandongmen]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=6|inline=yes}} - [[Nanluoguxiang Station|Nanluoguxiang]] {{rint|beijing|8}}, [[Dongsi Station|Dongsi]] {{rint|beijing|5}}, [[Chaoyangmen Station (Beijing)|Chaoyangmen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=7|inline=yes}} - [[Zhushikou Station|Zhushikou]] {{rint|beijing|8}}, [[Qiaowan Station|Qiaowan]], [[Ciqikou Station (Beijing)|Ciqikou]] {{rint|beijing|5}}, [[Guangqumennei Station|Guangqumennei]], [[Guangqumenwai Station|Guangqumenwai]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=8|inline=yes}} - [[Andelibeijie Station|Andelibeijie]], [[Guloudajie Station|Guloudajie]] {{rint|beijing|2}}, [[Shichahai Station|Shichahai]], [[Nanluoguxiang Station|Nanluoguxiang]] {{rint|beijing|6}}, [[Zhongguo Meishuguan (National Art Museum) station|Zhongguo Meishuguan (National Art Museum)]], [[Jinyu Hutong station|Jinyu Hutong]], [[Wangfujing Station|Wangfujing]] {{rint|beijing|1}}, [[Qianmen Station|Qianmen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}, [[Zhushikou Station|Zhushikou]] {{rint|beijing|7}}, [[Tianqiao station|Tianqiao]], [[Yongdingmenwai Station|Yongdingmenwai]] {{rint|beijing|14}}, [[Muxiyuan station|Muxiyuan]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=13|inline=yes}} - [[Dongzhimen Station|Dongzhimen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}{{rint|beijing|a}}
*[[File:BeijingMTRicon.svg|16x16px|link=Beijing Subway]] {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=14|inline=yes}} - [[Yongdingmenwai Station|Yongdingmenwai]] {{rint|beijing|8}}, [[Jingtai Station|Jingtai]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=airport|inline=yes}} - [[Dongzhimen Station|Dongzhimen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}{{rint|beijing|13}}, [[Beixinqiao Station|Beixinqiao]] {{rint|beijing|5}}

==Education==
===Primary and secondary schools===
{{mainarticle|List of schools in Dongcheng District, Beijing}}
[[File:Red building of Peking University.JPG|thumb|The ''Honglou'' ({{zh|c=红楼|l=Red (brick) building}}), a former building of [[Peking University]]|alt=A red brick building with regular windows and a stone-faced ground floor. It is seen looking along its front; in the center there is a small entrance pavilion with a pediment at the roofline above it]]

Throughout Dongcheng are many of Beijing's public schools. Some of its high schools have been added to [[Beacon high schools in Beijing|the city's list of beacon high schools]], those that consistently maintain high standards. Among them are [[Beijing No.166 High school|Beijing No. 166 High School]] on Tongfu Alley just off Dengshikou Street,<ref name="HS No. 166">{{cite web|title=Our School Our Family|url=http://www.bj166z.cn/index.php?id=110|publisher=[[Beijing No.166 High school]]|language=zh|access-date=May 6, 2014|quote="{{lang|zh-hans|北京市东城区灯市东口同福夹道3号}}"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506203344/http://www.bj166z.cn/index.php?id=110|archive-date=May 6, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Beijing Huiwen Middle School]] on Peixin Street in the former Chongwen District<ref name="Huiwen website">{{cite web|script-title=zh:北京汇文中学|url=http://www.huiwen.edu.cn/|publisher=[[Beijing Huiwen Middle School]]|access-date=May 6, 2014|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506095609/http://www.huiwen.edu.cn/|archive-date=May 6, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Beijing No. 5 High School]]<ref name="HS NO. 5">{{cite web|script-title=zh:北京五中开放日|url=http://www.bj5hs.cn/XiaoWai/NewsDetailsInfo.aspx?id=2185&columnInfoid=36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520081206/http://www.bj5hs.cn/XiaoWai/NewsDetailsInfo.aspx?id=2185&columnInfoid=36|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-05-20|publisher=[[Beijing No.5 High School]]|date=2010|access-date=May 6, 2014|language=zh}}</ref> on Xiguan Hutong east of Nanluogoxiang. Another [[secondary education|secondary institution]] of note, [[Beijing Jingshan School]], is also located on Dengshikou Road. on Chaoyangmen Inner Street.

[[Beijing No. 25 Middle School]] has a dual Chinese-Canadian diploma program.<ref name=Schoolintro>"[http://www.25cbss.com/category/intro Introduction of the school]" (). [[Beijing No. 25 Middle School]]. Retrieved on October 15, 2015. "55 Dengshikou Dajie Beijing, China 100006" - [http://www.bj25schooledu.com.cn/detail/schoolnav12/1116 Chinese address] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030341/http://www.bj25schooledu.com.cn/detail/schoolnav12/1116 |date=2016-03-04 }}: "{{lang|zh-hans|北京市东城区灯市口大街55号}}"</ref>

The Beijing Dongcheng Huimin Elementary School ({{lang|zh-hans|北京市东城区回民小学}}) serves the local [[Hui people|Hui population]].<ref>[http://www.dchx.org.cn/homepage/index.jsp Home page] ([https://archive.today/20140111015821/http://www.dchx.org.cn/homepage/index.jsp Archive]). Beijing Dongcheng District Huimin Elementary School. Retrieved on January 10, 2014. "{{lang|zh-hans|名称：北京市东城区回民小学地址：北京市东城区朝内大街124号邮编：100010}}"</ref>

===Post-secondary schools===
From its founding in the early 20th century to the [[Second Sino-Japanese War#1937: Full-scale invasion of China|Japanese occupation of eastern China]] in 1937, Peking University was housed in the Belgian-designed brick ''Honglou'' ({{lang|zh-hant|紅樓}}) or "Red House", at Wusi and Beiheyan streets. [[Mao Zedong]] worked in the library there, where he was among the leaders of the [[May Fourth Movement]] that lent its name to Wusi Street, an experience that later led him to help found the CCP. The university moved out to a larger campus in the [[Haidian District]] when Mao established the People's Republic of China in 1949, and the Honglou is now a museum.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

[[File:Central Academy of Drama, Dongcheng campus (20221031122024).jpg|thumb|[[Central Academy of Drama]]]]
Shortly after the university moved, Mao established the [[Central Academy of Drama]], the only institution of [[higher education]] currently in the district. Many accomplished Chinese actors have graduated from it, and it is considered one of the best drama schools in China, East Asia and Asia. It is located on Dongmianhua Hutong, a short distance west of [[Nanluoguxiang]].<ref name="Zhong Xi">{{cite web|title=The Central Academy of Drama|url=http://www.zhongxi.cn/|publisher=[[Central Academy of Drama]]|language=zh|access-date=May 6, 2014|quote="{{lang|zh-hans|东城校区地址：北京市东城区东棉花胡同39号}}"}}</ref>

==Visitor attractions==
Some of the well-known areas in Dongcheng District are:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Forbidden City]]
*[[Zhongshan Park (Beijing)|Zhongshan Park]]
*[[Tiananmen]]
*[[Tiananmen Square]]
*[[Mausoleum of Mao Zedong]]
*[[National Museum of China]]
*[[Beijing Legation Quarter|Legation Quarter]]
*[[Qianmen]]
*[[Wangfujing]]
*[[Yonghe Temple]]
*[[Beijing Temple of Confucius|Temple of Confucius]]
*[[Guozijian (Beijing)|Guozijian]] (Imperial College)
*[[Temple of Earth]]
*[[St. Joseph's Church, Beijing|St. Joseph's Catholic Church (Dong Tang)]]
*[[Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)|Drum Tower & Bell Tower]]
*[[Great Leap Brewing]]
*[[National Art Museum of China]]
*[[Zhihua Temple]]
* Youth Science & Technology Museum (Qingshaonian Kejiguan)
*[[Donghuamen Night Market]]
*[[Temple of Heaven]]
*[[Longtan Park]]
*[[Qingnianhu Park]]
*[[Huashi, Beijing|Huashi]]
*[[Chaonei No. 81]]
{{Div col end}}

==Twin cities==
{| class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
* {{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Province of Forlì-Cesena]], [[Emilia-Romagna]], Italy (2012)
|}

==See also==
*{{portal-inline|China}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* ''Lonely Planet Beijing'', 10th Edition (Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet Publications, 2007), 133–137.
* Calum MacLeod, "Beijing bulldozes its old neighborhoods: Some decry loss; others cheer change", ''USA Today'', May 27, 2010, p. A7.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Wiktionary|Dongcheng|Tungcheng}}
{{wikivoyage|Beijing/Dongcheng|Dongcheng District, Beijing}}
*[http://en.bjdch.gov.cn/n8775435/n8817900/index.html District government homepage]

{{Dongcheng District, Beijing}}
{{Subdistricts of Dongcheng District, Beijing}}
{{Beijing}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Dongcheng District, Beijing| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Beijing]]

Xicheng, Beijing

2024-06-25T01:23:59Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Other uses|Xincheng (disambiguation)#Places{{!}}Xincheng § Places}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2010}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Xicheng
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|西城区}}}}
| official_name =
| other_name = Hsicheng
| postal_code = 100032, 100054
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in China|Postal code]]
| pushpin_map =
| settlement_type = [[District (China)|District]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/2
| image1 = National Centre for the Performing Arts and Great Hall of the People.jpg
|caption1 = [[Great Hall of the People]] and [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (China)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]]
| image2 = Jingshan Park Peak Pagoda (8022849811).jpg
|caption2 = [[Jingshan Park|Jingshan]]
| image3 = 义达里门楼 20240115.jpg
|caption3 = Yidali
| image4 = Beijing Financial Street from Fuchengmen (20200821145313).jpg
|caption4 = [[Beijing Financial Street]]
| image5 =广济寺天王殿.jpg
|caption5 = [[Guangji Temple (Beijing)|Guangji Temple]]
}}
| imagesize = 290px
| image_caption =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=10}}
| image_map1 = Xicheng.png
| map_caption1 = Location of Xicheng District in Beijing
| mapsize = 250px
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = People's Republic of China
| subdivision_type1 = [[Direct-controlled municipality|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Beijing]]
| subdivision_type2 = Township-level divisions
| subdivision_name2 = 15 subdistricts
| area_code = 0010
| area_total_km2 = 50.7
| population =
| population_as_of = 2020 Census
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_total = 1,106,214
| coordinates = {{coord|39|54|36|N|116|21|36|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-11|display=it}}
| elevation_m =
| timezone = [[Time in China|China Standard]]
| utc_offset = +08:00
| blank_name = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]
| blank_info = 2022<ref name="xichenggdp">{{cite news |title=2021-22年北京市16区人均GDP及可支配收入分析：一窥首都各区经济水平差异|url=https://finance.sina.com.cn/wm/2023-04-14/doc-imyqkhcm0353481.shtml}}</ref>
| blank1_name =  - Total
| blank1_info = [[Renminbi|¥]]570 billion [[United States dollar|$]]84.74 billion (nominal)
| blank2_name =  - Per capita
| blank2_info = ¥517,248 $76,902 (nominal)
| website = {{URL|http://www.bjxch.gov.cn/}}
}}
'''Xicheng''' ({{zh|s=西城区|p=Xīchéng Qū|l=West City District}}) is a district of the city of [[Beijing]]. Its {{convert|32|km2|sp=us}} cover the western half of the old city (largely inside the [[2nd Ring Road]]; the eastern half is [[Dongcheng District, Beijing|Dongcheng District]]), and has 1,106,214 inhabitants (2020 Census).<ref>{{Cite web |title=China: Bĕijīng (Districts) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/beijing/admin/ |access-date=February 9, 2024 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref> Its [[List of postal codes in China|postal code]] is 100032. Xicheng is subdivided into 15 subdistricts of the city proper of Beijing. The former [[Xuanwu District, Beijing|Xuanwu District]] was merged into Xicheng in July 2010.

The [[Xidan]] commercial district, [[Beijing Financial Street]], [[Beihai Park]], [[Jingshan Park]], [[Shichahai]], and [[Zhongnanhai]] are all within its jurisdiction. The popular [[Houhai]] bar area is also in Xicheng Precinct. Before the [[1911 Revolution]], most royalty and aristocrats resided in the precinct. The oldest Catholic church in Beijing, the [[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Beijing|Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception]] is located in Xicheng.

[[File:XiCheng District - satellite image (1967-09-20).jpg|thumb|upright|Satellite image of Xicheng District in September 1967]]

==Administrative divisions==
There are 15 [[Subdistricts of China|subdistricts]] in the district:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/11/01/110102.html |script-title=zh:2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：西城区
|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China |language=zh |access-date=August 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719071117/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/11/01/110102.html |archive-date=July 19, 2013}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|S]]) !! [[Pinyin|Hanyu Pinyin]] !! Population (2010)<ref>{{cite book| author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China | script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料|date=2012|publisher=China Statistics Print|location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}}</ref> !! Area (km2)
|-
| [[Financial Street Subdistrict, Beijing|Financial Street Subdistrict]]<ref name=en1 /> || {{lang|zh|金融街街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Jīnróngjiē Jiēdào}} || 67,888 || 3.78
|-
| [[West Chang'an Avenue Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|西长安街街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Xīcháng'ānjiē Jiēdào}} || 51,477 || 4.24
|-
| [[Xinjiekou Subdistrict, Beijing|Xinjiekou Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh|新街口街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Xīnjiēkǒu Jiēdào}} || 95,497 || 3.70
|-
| [[Yuetan Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|月坛街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Yuètán Jiēdào}} || 116,543 || 4.13
|-
| [[Zhanlan Road Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|展览路街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Zhǎnlǎnlù Jiēdào}} || 130,925 || 5.87
|-
| [[Desheng Subdistrict, Beijing|Desheng Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|德胜街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Déshèng Jiēdào}} || 116,768 || 4.14
|-
| [[Shichahai Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|什刹海街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Shénshāhǎi Jiēdào}} || 95,433 || 5.80
|-
| [[Dashilan Subdistrict]]<ref name=en1>{{Cite web |url=http://english.bjxch.gov.cn/xichenginfo.html |title=Beijing Xicheng District People's Government |access-date=March 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042710/http://english.bjxch.gov.cn/xichenginfo.html |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |url-status=live |quote=Xicheng District covers 15 neighbourhoods under the sub-district offices of Baizhifang, Chunshu, Dashilan, Desheng, Guang’anmennei, Guang’anmenwai, Financial Street, Niujie, Shichahai, Taoranting, Tianqiao, Xinjiekou, Xi Chang’an Jie, Yuetan and Zhanlan Lu.}}</ref> || {{lang|zh-hans|大栅栏街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Dàshilànr Jiēdào}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/local/2015-12/23/c_128557117.htm |title=大栅栏究竟该怎么读-新华网 |access-date=July 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701165137/http://www.xinhuanet.com/local/2015-12/23/c_128557117.htm |archive-date=July 1, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || 36,997 || 1.27
|-
| [[Tianqiao Subdistrict, Beijing|Tianqiao Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|天桥街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Tiānqiáo Jiēdào}} || 46,385 || 2.07
|-
| [[Chunshu Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|椿树街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Chūn shù Jiēdào}} || 30,547 || 1.08
|-
| [[Taoranting Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh|陶然亭街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Táorán tíng Jiēdào}} || 43,455 || 2.14
|-
| [[Guang'anmennei Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|广安门内街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Guǎng'ānménnèi Jiēdào}} || 73,692 || 2.43
|-
| [[Niujie|Niujie Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh|牛街街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Niújiē Jiēdào}} || 51,877 || 1.44
|-
| [[Baizhifang Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|白纸坊街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Báizhǐfāng Jiēdào}} || 95,737 || 3.11
|-
| [[Guang'anmenwai Subdistrict]] || {{lang|zh-hans|广安门外街道}} || {{lang|zh-Latn|Guǎng'ānménwài Jiēdào}} || 179,536 || 5.49
|}

==Economy==
[[COSCO]] has its headquarters in the Ocean Plaza building in Xicheng.<ref>"[http://www.cosco.com/en/contactus.jsp Contact Us] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130224346/http://www.cosco.com/en/contactus.jsp |date=January 30, 2010 }}." [[COSCO]]. Retrieved on May 3, 2010.</ref><ref>"[http://www.cosco.com/pic/wenjian/CAPITAL_en.pdf Donation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727210042/http://www.cosco.com/pic/wenjian/CAPITAL_en.pdf |date=July 27, 2011 }}." [[COSCO]]. May 21, 2008. Retrieved on May 3, 2010.</ref> The [[Xinhua News Agency]] has its headquarters in the Dacheng Plaza (大成大厦 ''Dàchéng Dàshà'') in Xicheng.<ref>"[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/27/content_6611489.htm Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811100414/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-08/27/content_6611489.htm |date=2011-08-11 }}." Xinhua. Retrieved on August 17, 2011. "Head Office : 20F, Dacheng Plaza, 127 Xuanwumen St. (W), Beijing" - [http://news.xinhuanet.com/way.htm Address in Chinese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814132958/http://news.xinhuanet.com/way.htm |date=August 14, 2011 }}: "北京宣武门西大街127号大成大厦" ([http://news.xinhuanet.com/images/map_3.gif Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018190134/http://news.xinhuanet.com/images/map_3.gif |date=October 18, 2011 }})</ref>

In addition [[Bank of China]],<ref>"[http://pic.bankofchina.com/bocappd/report/201106/P020110620680809691168.pdf 2010 CSR Report of Bank of China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119135130/http://pic.bankofchina.com/bocappd/report/201106/P020110620680809691168.pdf |date=2011-11-19 }}." [[Bank of China]]. 61. Retrieved on September 12, 2011. "Department: Executive Office, Bank of China Address: 1 Fuxingmennei Street, Xicheng District, Beijing"</ref> [[China Construction Bank]],<ref>"[http://www.ccb.com/en/newinvestor/overview.html Corporate Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217065524/http://www.ccb.com/en/newinvestor/overview.html |date=2014-02-17 }}." [[China Construction Bank]]. Retrieved on February 27, 2014. "Address of headquarters:No.25, Finance Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China, Postcode 100033" - [http://www.ccb.com/cn/home/index.html Address in Chinese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227093737/http://www.ccb.com/cn/home/index.html |date=February 27, 2014 }}: "总行地址：中国北京西城区金融大街25号邮编：100033"</ref> the [[State Grid Corporation of China]],<ref>"[http://www.sgcc.com.cn/index.shtml 首页] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706231501/http://www.sgcc.com.cn/index.shtml |date=2010-07-06 }}." [[State Grid Corporation of China]]. Retrieved on July 8, 2010. "地址北京市西城区西长安街86号邮编 100031."</ref> [[China National Nuclear Corporation]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.cnnc.com.cn/2020-01/10/c_430474.htm|title=Contact Us|publisher=China National Nuclear Corporation|accessdate=March 2, 2021|quote=Address: No 1 Nansanxiang, Sanlihe, Xicheng district, Beijing, P.R. China}} - [http://www.cnnc.com.cn/cnnc/xxgk/lxfs/index.html Chinese address]: "北京市西城区三里河南三巷一号"</ref> and [[Taikang Life Insurance]] also have their headquarters in Xicheng.<ref>[http://www.taikang.com Home] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194410/http://www.taikang.com/ |date=June 21, 2018 }}. Taikang Life Insurance. Retrieved on June 22, 2018. "Address: 156 Main Street, Beijing Taikang Life Building" - [http://www.taikang.com/common/tk_contactUs.html Chinese address] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610071254/http://www.taikang.com/common/tk_contactUs.html |date=June 10, 2018 }}: " 地址：北京复兴门内大街156号泰康人寿大厦"</ref>

===Government===
The [[Chinese Ministry of Education]] is headquartered in [[Xidan]], Xicheng District.<ref>[http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_2792/index.html English home page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103202106/http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_2792/index.html |date=January 3, 2016 }}. [[Ministry of Education (China)]]. Retrieved on December 29, 2015. "Address: No.37 Damucang Hutong, Xidan, Beijing, P.R.C " - [http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s3635/201005/87303.html Chinese address] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507120743/http://www.moe.edu.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/s3635/201005/87303.html |date=May 7, 2015 }}: "地址：北京市西单大木仓胡同37号邮编：100816"</ref>

The [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] is headquartered in Xicheng District.<ref>"[http://english.cas.cn/contact/ Contact] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530085145/http://english.cas.cn/contact/ |date=2018-05-30 }}." [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]]. Retrieved on May 31, 2018. "Add: 52 Sanlihe Rd., Xicheng District, Beijing, China Postcode: 100864" - [http://www.cas.cn/lx/201410/t20141017_4226181.shtml Address in Chinese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530184001/http://www.cas.cn/lx/201410/t20141017_4226181.shtml |date=May 30, 2018 }}: "地址：北京市三里河路52号邮政编码：100864"</ref>

The [[China Food and Drug Administration]] is headquartered in Xicheng District.<ref>"[http://eng.sfda.gov.cn/WS03/CL0761/ Contact CFDA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002081550/http://eng.sfda.gov.cn/WS03/CL0761/ |date=2016-10-02 }}." [[China Food and Drug Administration]]. Retrieved on August 18, 2016. "Address: 26 Xuanwumen Xidajie, Beijing, 100053, P.R. China" [http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0001/ Chinese address] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817222612/http://www.sda.gov.cn/WS01/CL0001/ |date=August 17, 2016 }}: "地址：北京市西城区宣武门西大街26号院2号楼"</ref>

The [[Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office]] headquarters is in Xicheng District.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hmo.gov.cn/gab/lxwm/|title=联系我们|publisher=[[Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office]]|accessdate=August 24, 2021|quote=北京市西城区月坛南街77号邮政编码: 100045}}</ref> The Office of the [[Government of the HKSAR]] in Beijing is in Xicheng District.<ref>"[http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/services/visas/overseas-chinese-entry-arrangement.html Arrangements for Entry to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) from the Mainland China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607130406/http://www.immd.gov.hk/eng/services/visas/overseas-chinese-entry-arrangement.html |date=2017-06-07 }}." [[Hong Kong Immigration Department]]. Retrieved on May 28, 2017. "The Office of the Government of the HKSAR in Beijing No. 71, Di'anmen Xidajie, Xicheng District, Beijing 100009, People's Republic of China.:"</ref>

==Important areas in Xicheng District==
[[File:China Life buildings and The Westin Beijing Financial Street (20200821145555).jpg|thumb|Beijing Financial Street]]
*[[Imperial City, Beijing|Imperial City]]
*[[Beijing Financial Street]]
*[[Zhongnanhai]]
*[[Beihai Park]]
*[[Jingshan Park]]
*[[Shichahai]]
*[[Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)|Drum Tower and Bell Tower]]
*[[Prince Gong Mansion|Prince Gong's Residence]] (Gongwang Fu)
*[[Xinjiekou (Beijing)|Xinjiekou]]
*[[Xidan]]
*[[Xisi]]
*[[Qianmen]]
*[[Dashilar]]
*[[Liulichang]] (an ancient antiques market since Qing Dynasty)
*[[Beijing Zoo]]
*[[Fayuan Temple]]
*[[Huguang Guild Hall]]
*[[Miaoying Temple]]
*[[Niujie Mosque]]

==Transport==
===Metro===
Xicheng is served by seven metro lines of the [[Beijing Subway]]:
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=1|inline=yes}} - [[Muxidi Station|Muxidi]], [[Nanlishilu Station|Nanlishilu]], {{stl|BJS|Fuxingmen}} {{rint|beijing|2}}, [[Xidan Station|Xidan]] {{rint|beijing|4}}, [[Tiananmen West Station|Tian'anmen West]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=2|inline=yes}} - [[Guloudajie Station|Guloudajie]] {{rint|beijing|8}}, [[Jishuitan Station|Jishuitan]], [[Xizhimen Station|Xizhimen]] {{rint|beijing|4}}{{rint|beijing|14}}, [[Chegongzhuang Station|Chegongzhuang]] {{rint|beijing|6}}, [[Fuchengmen Station|Fuchengmen]], {{stl|BJS|Fuxingmen}} {{rint|beijing|1}}, [[Changchunjie Station|Changchunjie]], {{stl|BJS|Xuanwumen}} {{rint|beijing|4}}, [[Hepingmen Station|Hepingmen]]
*[[File:BeijingMTRicon.svg|16x16px|link=Beijing Subway]] {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=4|inline=yes}} - [[Xizhimen Station|Xizhimen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}{{rint|beijing|13}}, {{stl|BJS|Xinjiekou}}, [[Ping'anli Station|Ping'anli]] {{rint|beijing|6}}, [[Xisi Station|Xisi]], [[Lingjing Hutong Station|Lingjing Hutong]], [[Xidan Station|Xidan]] {{rint|beijing|1}}, {{stl|BJS|Xuanwumen}} {{rint|beijing|2}}, [[Caishikou Station|Caishikou]] {{rint|beijing|7}}, [[Taoranting Station|Taoranting]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=6|inline=yes}} - [[Chegongzhuang West Station|Chegongzhuang West]], [[Chegongzhuang Station|Chegongzhuang]] {{rint|beijing|2}}, [[Ping'anli Station|Ping'anli]] {{rint|beijing|4}}, [[Beihai North Station|Beihai North]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=7|inline=yes}} - [[Wanzi Station|Wanzi]], [[Daguanying Station|Daguanying]], [[Guang'anmennei Station|Guang'anmennei]], [[Caishikou Station|Caishikou]] {{rint|beijing|4}}, [[Hufangqiao Station|Hufangqiao]]
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=8|inline=yes}} - {{stl|BJS|Anhuaqiao}}, [[Guloudajie Station|Guloudajie]] {{rint|beijing|2}}, {{stl|BJS|Shichahai}}, {{stl|BJS|Zhushikou}} {{rint|beijing|7}}, {{stl|BJS|Tian Qiao}}
*{{rint|beijing|subway}} {{Rail color box|system=BJS|line=13|inline=yes}} - [[Xizhimen Station|Xizhimen]] {{rint|beijing|2}}{{rint|beijing|4}}

===Suburban Railway===
Xicheng is served by one commuter line operated by [[Beijing Suburban Railway]] (BCR).
* {{Rcb|Beijing Suburban Railway|hm|inline=yes}} - [[Beijing North railway station]]

==Education==
===Primary and secondary schools===
{{main|List of schools in Xicheng District}}

[[The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University]] is in Xicheng; it was located in [[Xuanwu District, Beijing|Xuanwu District]] before Xicheng absorbed Xuanwu.<ref>"[http://www.bjsdfz.com/contact_en.html Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106074208/http://www.bjsdfz.com/contact_en.html |date=2012-11-06 }}." [[The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University]]. Retrieved on October 12, 2012. "Correspondence Address: 100052, No.18 Nan Xin Hua Street, He Ping Men, Xuan Wu District, Beijing, PRC China."</ref> [[Beijing No.4 High School]] is also in Xicheng District.

One school in [[Niujie]], the Beijing Xuanwu Huimin Elementary School (S: 北京市宣武回民小学, P: ''Běijīng Shì Xuānwǔ Huímín Xiǎoxué''), serves the [[Hui people]] living in the area. It used to be in [[Xuanwu District, Beijing|Xuanwu District]].<ref>[http://www.xwhmxx.cn/index.aspx Home page] ([https://archive.today/20140111020339/http://www.xwhmxx.cn/index.aspx Archive]). Beijing Xuanwu Huimin Elementary School. Retrieved on January 10, 2014. "学校地址：北京市西城区牛街西里一区5号(北京市宣武回民小学)"</ref>

The Beijing Municipal Commission of Education ({{zh|first=s|s=北京市教育委员会|t=北京市教育委員會|p=Běijīng Shì Jiàoyùwěiyuánhuì}}), the local education authority, used to be headquartered in Xicheng District.<ref>"[http://english.bjedu.gov.cn/publish/portal1/ Home]" (English) ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028155759/http://english.bjedu.gov.cn/publish/portal1/ |date=October 28, 2013 }}). Beijing Municipal Commission of Education. Retrieved on January 10, 2014. "Beijing Municipal Education Commission Add: 109 West Qianmen Street, Beijing, China 100031"</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050413005924/http://www.bjedu.gov.cn/ Home page] ([https://archive.today/20050413005924/http://www.bjedu.gov.cn/ Archive]). Beijing Municipal Commission of Education. Retrieved on January 10, 2014. "北京市教育委员会地址：西城区前门西大街109号"</ref>

===Post-secondary schools===
*[[People's Public Security University of China]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ppsuc.edu.cn/|title=Home|publisher=[[People's Public Security University of China]]|access-date=August 17, 2020|quote=地址：北京市西城区木樨地南里1号}}</ref>
*[[Central Conservatory of Music]] is based in Xicheng,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ccom.edu.cn/xinxgk/hy/|title=黄页|publisher=[[Central Conservatory of Music]]|access-date=August 17, 2020|quote=中国·北京西城区鲍家街43号邮编100031}}</ref> near [[Fuxingmen Station (Beijing Subway)|Fuxingmen]] and [[Changchunjie Station|Changchunjie]] stations.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Xicheng District}}
{{Wiktionary|Xicheng}}
{{wikivoyage|Beijing/Xicheng|Xicheng}}

*[http://www.bjxch.gov.cn/pub/xch_zhuzhan/ Official website of Xicheng District Government] {{in lang|zh}}
*[http://www.kinabaloo.com/houhai.html Photo Gallery of Houhai area] Includes 20 high quality photographs
*[http://www.kinabaloo.com/qianhai.html Photo Gallery of Qianhai area] Includes 20 high quality photographs

{{Xicheng District}}
{{Subdistricts of Xicheng District, Beijing}}
{{Beijing}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Xicheng District| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Beijing]]

Campione d'Italia

2024-06-12T07:06:08Z

121.171.233.10:

{{short description|Administrative division of Lombardy, Italy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Italian comune
| name = Campione d'Italia
| official_name = {{lang|it|Comune di Campione d'Italia}}
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Campione d’Italia (2006).jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Campione d'Italia in April 2006
| image_flag = Flag of Campione d'Italia.svg
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Campione d'Italia.svg
| shield_size =
| shield_alt =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| nickname =
| motto =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|45|58|N|08|58|E|display=inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| region = [[Lombardy]]
| province = [[Province of Como|Como]]
| frazioni =
| established_date = 77 BC
| mayor_party =
| mayor = Roberto Canesi
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 2.68
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Demo-Geodemo. - Maps, Population, Demography of ISTAT - Italian Institute of Statistics |url=http://demo.istat.it/index_e.html |website=demo.istat.it |publisher=[[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]] |access-date=11 August 2008 |archive-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622080908/http://www.demo.istat.it/index_e.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_total = 1748
| population_as_of = 2021
| pop_density_footnotes =
| population_demonym = Campionesi
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 273
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| twin1 =
| twin1_country =
| twin2 =
| twin2_country =
| twin3 =
| twin3_country =
| istat =
| saint = [[St. Zeno]]
| day = 12 April
| postal_code = IT-22061
| area_code =
| website = {{official website|http://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it/}}
}}

'''Campione d'Italia''' (Italian pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Italian|[kamˈpjoːne diˈtaːlja]]], lit. ''Champion of Italy''), ([[Comasco]]: {{lang|lmo|Campiùn}}, {{IPA-lmo|kãˈp(j)ũː|pron}}) is a ''[[comune]]'' of the [[Province of Como]] in the [[Lombardy]] region of [[Italy]] and an [[enclave]] surrounded by the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] canton of [[Ticino]]. It is also an [[Enclave and exclave|exclave]]. At its closest, the enclave is less than {{convert|1|km|1|spell=in}} from the rest of Italy, but the intervening mountainous terrain requires a journey by road through the Swiss village of [[Bissone]] of over {{convert|14|km|0|abbr=on}} to reach the nearest Italian town, [[Alta Valle Intelvi|Lanzo d'Intelvi]], and over {{convert|28|km|0|abbr=on}} to reach the city of [[Como]].

==History==
[[File: Karte Luganersee.png|thumb|left|Map showing the location of the Campione enclave near the centre.]]
In the first century BC, the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] founded the [[garrison]] town of Campilonum to protect their territories from [[Helvetii]] invasions.<ref name="Borderlines">{{cite news|url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/enclave-hunting-in-switzerland/ |title=Enclave-Hunting in Switzerland |last=Jacobs |first=Frank |work=New York Times|date=15 May 2012 |access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref>

In 777, Toto of Campione, a local [[Lombards|Lombard]] lord, left his inheritance to the archbishopric of Milan. Ownership was transferred to the [[Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio|abbey of Sant’Ambrogio]]. In 1512, the surrounding area of Ticino was transferred from the ownership of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Como|bishop of Como]] to Switzerland by [[Pope Julius II]], as thanks for the support in the [[War of the League of Cambrai|War of the Holy League]]. However, the abbey maintained control over what is now Campione d'Italia and some territory on the western bank of [[Lake Lugano]].<ref name=" Borderlines"/>

When [[Ticino]] chose to become part of the Swiss Confederation in 1798, the people of Campione chose to remain part of [[Lombardy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=La Repubblica cisalpine (1797 Giugno 29 - 1799 Aprile 26; 1800 Giugno 17 - 1802 Gennaio 26) – Istituzioni storiche – Lombardia Beni Culturali |url=http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/istituzioni/storia/?unita=04.02 |website=www.lombardiabeniculturali.it |language=it}}</ref> In 1800, Ticino proposed exchanging [[Indemini]] for Campione. In 1814 a referendum was held, and the residents of Campione opposed it. In 1848, during the wars of Italian unification, Campione petitioned Switzerland for annexation.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} This was rejected due to the Swiss desire for neutrality.<ref name="Borderlines"/>

After Italian unification in 1861, all land west of Lake Lugano and half of the lake were given to Switzerland so that Swiss trade and transport would not have to pass through Italy. The ''d'Italia'' was added to the name of Campione in the 1930s by Italian dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] and an ornamental gate to the village was built. This was to assert the enclave's Italian character.<ref name="Borderlines"/>

During [[World War II]], the US [[Office of Strategic Services]] (OSS – the precursor to the [[CIA]]), partly through Berne OSS chief [[Allen Welsh Dulles]], maintained a unit in Campione for operations in Italy.<ref name="nytehs"/> At the time the Italian [[Kingdom of Italy#Fascist regime (1922–1943)|fascist regime]] did not have control over the enclave. The Swiss ignored the situation as long as the Americans kept a low profile. [[Postage stamp]]s were issued during this period inscribed "Campione d'Italia" and valued in Swiss currency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swiss-stamps.us/Fonduedir/Campione.htm|title=Campione d'Italia|work=swiss-stamps.us|access-date=2 June 2016|archive-date=17 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517123730/http://www.swiss-stamps.us/Fonduedir/Campione.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demography==
The population of the enclave according to the Italian Census was:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/istituzioni/schede/3002013/ |title=comune di Campione 1816 - 1859 |website=lombardiabeniculturali.it |access-date=2022-07-07}}</ref>
{{Historical populations
|align=none
|1799|200
|1805|269
|1809|156
|1853|274
|1861|311
|1871|342
|1881|383
|1901|463
|1911|552
|1921|592
|1931|639
|1936|855
|1951|1022
|1961|1435
|1971|1979
|1981|2183
|1991|2181
|2001|2267
|2011|2158
|2021|1748}}

==Economy and administration==
[[File:Piazza Indipendenza 1.JPG|thumb|left|Piazza Indipendenza, border between Campione and Bissone, Switzerland.]]
[[File:CampioneDItalia2022OSM.png|thumb|left|Detailed map of Campione d'Italia, neighbouring Swiss centres and the next nearest Italian territory.]]
Campione has had a considerable amount of economic and administrative integration with Switzerland, but against the wishes of its residents,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tio.ch/ticino/attualita/1363414/campione-scrive-al-parlamento-europeo-quella-dogana-non-la-vogliamo|title=Campione scrive al Parlamento europeo: "Quella dogana non la vogliamo"|date=11 April 2019|website=Ticinonline|access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tio.ch/ticino/attualita/1404033/i-campionesi-non-ci-stanno-e-scrivono-a-mattarella|title=I campionesi non ci stanno e scrivono a Mattarella|date=19 November 2019|website=Ticinonline|access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tio.ch/ticino/attualita/1402564/campionesi-in-piazza-per-il-proprio-futuro|title=Campionesi in piazza per il proprio futuro|date=12 November 2019|website=Ticinonline|access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> it formally became part of the [[European Union Customs Union|EU customs territory]] on 1 January 2020.<ref name=customs>[https://www.europeansources.info/record/directive-eu-2019-475-amending-directives-2006-112-ec-and-2008-118-ec-as-regards-the-inclusion-of-the-italian-municipality-of-campione-ditalia-and-the-italian-waters-of-lake-lugano-in-the-c/ European Sources Online] ''Directive (EU) 2019/475 amending Directives 2006/112/EC and 2008/118/EC as regards the inclusion of the Italian municipality of Campione d’Italia and the Italian waters of Lake Lugano in the customs territory of the Union''</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Discover the reason Switzerland gave a town back to Italy|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/swiss-city-to-italy|date=2020-01-08|access-date=2023-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Switzerland just handed one of its towns back to Italy|url=https://www.thelocal.it/20200103/arrivederci-campione-italian-exclave-in-switzerland-returns-to-its-homeland|publisher=[[The Local]]|date=2020-01-03}}</ref> VAT will apply, but the tax rate will remain that of Switzerland (much lower than that of Italy). A border crossing will be established.<ref name="Euronews">[https://www.euronews.com/2020/01/03/tiny-italian-enclave-in-switzerland-transferred-back-to-italy-and-the-eu-s-customs-union Tiny Italian enclave in Switzerland transferred back to Italy and the EU's customs union], [[Euronews]], 3 January 2020</ref>

Prior to that time, it was ''de facto'' in the customs territory of Switzerland, meaning most of the public services were carried out by Swiss providers, such as refuse collection, telecommunications, and [[Vehicle registration plates of Switzerland|vehicle registration]].<ref>[https://www.economist.com/europe/2020/01/02/a-tiny-italian-exclave-unwillingly-joins-the-eus-customs-union A tiny Italian exclave unwillingly joins the EU’s customs union], ''[[The Economist]]'', 2 January 2020</ref> The enclave enjoyed considerable tax breaks and was exempt from VAT. Campione d'Italia was one of four Italian cities issued a casino licence and took advantage of this by operating the [[Casinò di Campione]], as gambling laws are less strict than in either Italy or Switzerland; also a legacy of the pre-World War II era.
Although (as part of Italy) the [[euro]] is formally the only [[legal tender]], in practice the main operating currency in the commune has been the [[Swiss franc]],<ref name=miralux>{{cite web|url=https://www.miralux.ch/campione_it.htm | title= Campione d'Italia, un paradiso italiano nel cuore del Canton Ticino | language=it | access-date = 26 January 2020}}</ref><ref name=carbone>{{cite web | title = Campione d'Italia, piccola bomboniera italiana nel cuore della Svizzera | url = https://www.valentinacarbone.it/it/campione-ditalia-piccola-bomboniera-italiana-nel-cuore-della-svizzera/ | language = it | access-date = 26 January 2020}}
</ref> but euros are widely accepted.<ref name=miralux /> Salaries are paid in Swiss francs.<ref name=carbone />

Pursuant to bilateral agreements, Italians residing in Campione also benefit from many services and facilities located in Swiss territory, such as hospital care, that would otherwise be available only to Swiss residents.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ti.ch/CAN/SegGC/comunicazioni/GC/odg-mes/5898.htm |title=Rapporti tra il Cantone Ticino e il Comune di Campione d'Italia (Relations between Canton Ticino and Campione d'Italia) (Italian)|access-date=11 August 2008}}</ref> People working in Campione but living in Switzerland have access to Swiss unemployment and other state help, which does not apply to those living within Campione village limits, which is legally Italy.<ref name="crisis">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/27/closure-europes-oldest-casino-leaves-italys-historic-como-exclave/|title=Closure of Europe's oldest casino leaves Italy's historic Como exclave in crisis|last=Vogt|first=Andrea|date=27 January 2019|work=The Telegraph|access-date=13 February 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

Firefighters and ambulances are provided by the Swiss authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it/modules.php?name=Content&pa=list_pages_categories&cid=51&ent=main|title=Servizi Emergenze (Services, emergencies) (Italian)|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref> However, security is provided by the [[Carabinieri]] (Italian military police) and the village also has a [[Polizia Locale]] group.<ref>[https://comozero.it/cronaca/campione-ditalia-il-generale-maruccia-in-visita-al-nucleo-carabinieri-di-campione-ditalia/ Campione d’Italia: il Generale Maruccia in visita al nucleo Carabinieri di Campione d’Italia], Comozero, 8 February 2019</ref>

Previously, mail could be sent to Campione using either a [[Postal codes in Switzerland and Liechtenstein|Swiss postal code]] (CH-6911) or an Italian one (IT-22061) via Switzerland or Italy, but the Swiss postal code has ceased to be valid, with mail instead being charged at the same international rate as that between Switzerland and Italy.<ref>[https://www.post.ch/it/chi-siamo/attualita/2019/campione-d-italia-entra-nello-spazio-doganale-europeo Campione d’Italia entra nello spazio doganale europeo], [[Swiss Post]], 31 December 2019</ref> Consequently, all mail is now processed and delivered by [[Poste Italiane]], not [[Swiss Post]].<ref>[https://www.ems.post/en/news-events/broadcasts/italy-and-switzerland-customs-territory-campione-ditalia/ Italy and Switzerland – Customs territory of Campione d'Italia], [[Asendia]], 23 December 2019</ref> The telephone system remains Swiss, meaning that calls from Italy and all other countries outside Switzerland require the international dialling code for Switzerland, [[+41]], with the exception of the town hall, which can be reached using the code for Italy, [[+39]].<ref name="comune">[https://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it/I/telefono-e-posta-elettronica.html Telefono e posta elettronica], Comune di Campione d’Italia (CO)</ref>

Similarly, motor vehicles, which used Ticino registration plates, were no longer allowed to do so, or to be insured in Switzerland.<ref>[https://www.laregione.ch/cantone/luganese/1394408/campione-niente-targhe-svizzere-dal-1-gennaio Campione, niente targhe svizzere dal 1° gennaio], ''La Regione'', 29 September 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-15/swiss-talk-of-annexing-italy-s-former-cia-spy-nest-roils-rome Swiss Talk of Annexing Italy’s Former CIA Spy Nest Roils Rome], [[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]], October 15, 2019</ref> Instead, they were required to be registered in Como.<ref>[https://www.corrieredicomo.it/altra-beffa-per-campione-ditalia-chiude-lufficio-postale-svizzero-una-conseguenza-dellingresso-nellarea-ue/ Altra beffa per Campione d’Italia, chiude l’ufficio postale svizzero: una conseguenza dell’ingresso nell’area Ue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119134254/https://www.corrieredicomo.it/altra-beffa-per-campione-ditalia-chiude-lufficio-postale-svizzero-una-conseguenza-dellingresso-nellarea-ue/ |date=19 November 2019 }}, ''Corriere di Como'', 18 November 2019</ref> However, electricity has always been supplied from Italy.<ref name=carbone />

=== Casinò di Campione ===
{{main|Casinò di Campione}}
[[File:Casinò di Campione, night.jpg|thumb|The [[Casinò di Campione]], the oldest and largest casino in Europe]]
The '''Casinò di Campione''' was the largest employer in the municipality up until its closure in 2018. The casino then reopened in 2022. It was founded in 1917, owned by the Italian government, and operated by the municipality. The income from the casino was sufficient for the operation of Campione without the imposition of taxes, or obtaining of other revenue.<ref name=nytehs>{{cite web |url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/15/enclave-hunting-in-switzerland/ |title=Enclave-Hunting in Switzerland |date=15 May 2012 |work=[[The New York Times]] |author=Frank Jacobs}}</ref> It was Europe's largest casino.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/business/2013/09/21/losing-streak|title=Losing streak|date=21 September 2013|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=16 December 2018|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

The casino was declared bankrupt on 27 July 2018. The economic impact was a threat to the entire village, with everything from pizzeria owners and taxi drivers to the municipal fire department on the list of creditors. Locals feared that without the casino, the commune would become a ghost town.<ref name="crisis"/> Under the customs deal of 2020 Italy agreed to settle debts to Swiss creditors estimated at nearly €5 million.<ref name="Euronews"/> The casino re-opened on 26 January 2022.<ref name="QuiComo 2022">{{cite web |title=Riapre oggi il Casinò di Campione d'Italia, un giorno atteso oltre tre anni |trans-title=The Casino di Campione d'Italia reopens today after a three-year wait |website=QuiComo |date=2022-01-26 |url=https://www.quicomo.it/attualita/casino-campione-italia-riapertura-26-gennaio-2022.html |language=it |access-date=2022-07-31}}</ref>

==Education==
Schools within the comune are the Scuola Materna G. Garibaldi, the ''Scuola Elementare'', and the ''Scuola Media''.<ref name="scuole">[http://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&cid=34&pid=75&ent=main Numeri Utili]." ([https://archive.today/20131114171436/http://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&cid=34&pid=75&ent=main Archive]) Campione d'Italia. Retrieved on 14 November 2013.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Italy|Switzerland}}
*[[Büsingen am Hochrhein]]
*[[List of communes of the Province of Como]]
*[[List of enclaves and exclaves]]
*[[Llívia]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Campione d'Italia}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* {{Official website|http://www.comune.campione-d-italia.co.it/}}
* [http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/fre?i=002-6434 European Court of Human Rights: ''Nada v. Switzerland'' 10593/08]

{{coord|45|58|N|8|58|E|scale:30000|display=title}}

{{Lago di Lugano}}
{{Province of Como}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Campione D'italia}}
[[Category:Enclaves and exclaves]]
[[Category:Special territories of the European Union]]
[[Category:Italy–Switzerland border]]
[[Category:Duty-free zones of Europe]]
[[Category:Populated places on Lake Lugano]]
[[Category:Campione d'Italia| ]]

Windows Calculator

2024-05-29T02:09:56Z

121.171.233.10: /* Issues */

{{short description|Calculator application included in Microsoft Windows}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2008}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Windows Calculator
| logo = Windows Calculator icon.png
| logo size = x64px
| screenshot = Calculator on Windows 11.png
| screenshot size = 200px
| caption = Calculator in Windows 11
| author = Chris Peters, Mark Cliggett, Marc Taylor, Kraig Brockschmidt<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://channel9.msdn.com/Blogs/Seth-Juarez/Kraig-Brockschmidt-Creator-of-Calc-on-the-Early-Days-at-Microsoft |title=Kraig Brockschmidt, Creator of Calc, on the Early Days at Microsoft {{!}} Seth Juarez {{!}} Channel 9 |access-date=2020-05-23 |archive-date=2020-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923171039/https://channel9.msdn.com/Blogs/Seth-Juarez/Kraig-Brockschmidt-Creator-of-Calc-on-the-Early-Days-at-Microsoft |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = {{Start date and age|1985|11|20}}
| repo = {{URL|https://github.com/Microsoft/calculator}}
| programming language = [[C++]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]
| operating system = All versions of [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Xbox system software]],{{cn|date=January 2024}} [[Windows 10 Mobile]], [[Windows Phone]]
| platform = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]], [[ARM architecture|ARMv7-A]], and [[AArch64|ARMv8-A]] (and historically [[DEC Alpha]], [[Itanium]], [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]], and [[PowerPC]])
| genre = [[Software calculator]]
| license = [[Proprietary Software]] ([[Windows 1.0]] - [[Windows 8.1]]) 
[[MIT License]] ([[Windows 10]])
}}
'''Windows Calculator''' is a [[software calculator]] developed by [[Microsoft]] and included in [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. In its [[Windows 10]] incarnation it has four modes: standard, scientific, programmer, and a graphing mode. The standard mode includes a number pad and buttons for performing arithmetic operations. The scientific mode takes this a step further and adds exponents and trigonometric function, and programmer mode allows the user to perform operations related to [[computer programming]]. In 2020, a graphing mode was added to the Calculator, allowing users to graph equations on a coordinate plane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-17 |title=Windows Calculator will get a Graphing Mode: first look - gHacks Tech News |url=https://www.ghacks.net/2020/01/17/windows-calculator-will-get-a-graphing-mode-first-look/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=gHacks Technology News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Windows Calculator is one of a few applications that have been bundled in all versions of Windows, starting with [[Windows 1.0]]. Since then, the calculator has been upgraded with various capabilities.

In addition, the calculator has also been included with [[Windows Phone]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drwindows.de/news/7875-windows-phone-8-1-windows-10-mobile|title=Von Windows Phone 8.1 zu Windows 10 Mobile: Eine kleine Revolution in Screenshots|date=27 October 2015|access-date=27 January 2024|language=de|publisher=Dr.Windows}}</ref> and [[Xbox One]].{{cn|date=January 2024}} The Microsoft Store page proclaims [[HoloLens]] support as of February 2024, but the Calculator app is not installed on HoloLens by default.

==History==
A simple arithmetic calculator was first included with [[Windows 1.0]].<ref>[http://toastytech.com/guis/win1012.html Windows 1.01 - Graphical User Interface Gallery]</ref>

In [[Windows 3.0]], a scientific mode was added, which included [[exponent]]s and [[Nth root|root]]s, [[logarithm]]s, [[factorial]]-based functions, [[trigonometry]] (supports [[radian]], [[degree (angle)|degree]] and [[gradian]]s angles), base conversions (2, 8, 10, 16), logic operations, [[statistics|statistical]] functions such as single variable statistics and linear regression.

===Windows 9x and Windows NT 4.0===
Until [[Windows 95]], it uses an [[IEEE 754-1985]] [[double-precision floating-point]], and the highest representable number by the calculator is 21024, which is slightly above 10308 (~1.80 × 10308).

In [[Windows 98]] and later, it uses an [[arbitrary-precision arithmetic]] library, replacing the standard [[IEEE]] [[floating point]] library.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/oldnewthing/archive/2004/05/25/141253.aspx |title=The Old New Thing Blog: When you change the insides, nobody notices |access-date=2007-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306165045/http://blogs.msdn.com/oldnewthing/archive/2004/05/25/141253.aspx |archive-date=2010-03-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It offers [[bignum]] precision for basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and 32 digits of precision for advanced operations ([[square root]], [[transcendental function]]s). The largest value that can be represented on the Windows Calculator is currently {{nowrap|<1010,000}} and the smallest is {{nowrap|10−9,999}}. (Also [[Factorial|!]] calculates the [[gamma function]] which is defined over all real numbers, only excluding the negative integers).

===Windows 2000, XP and Vista===
In [[Windows 2000]], [[digit grouping]] is added. Degree and base settings are added to menu bar.



The calculators of [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Vista|Vista]] were able to calculate using numbers beyond 1010000, but calculating with these numbers (e.g. 10^2^2^2^2^2^2^2...) does increasingly slow down the calculator and make it unresponsive until the calculation has been completed.

These are the last versions of Windows Calculator, where calculating with [[Binary number|binary]]/[[decimal]]/[[hexadecimal]]/[[octal]] numbers is included into scientific mode. In Windows 7, they were moved to ''programmer mode'', which is a new separate mode that co-exists with ''scientific mode''.
===Windows 7===
In [[Windows 7]], separate programmer, statistics, unit conversion, date calculation, and worksheets modes were added. Tooltips were removed. Furthermore, Calculator's interface was revamped for the first time since its introduction. The base conversion functions were moved to the programmer mode and statistics functions were moved to the statistics mode. Switching between modes does not preserve the current number, clearing it to 0.

The highest number is now limited to 1010000 again.

In every mode except programmer mode, one can see the history of calculations. The app was redesigned to accommodate [[multi-touch]]. Standard mode behaves as a simple checkbook calculator; entering the sequence <kbd>6 * 4 + 12 / 4 - 4 * 5</kbd> gives the answer 25. In scientific mode, [[order of operations]] is followed while doing calculations (multiplication and division are done before addition and subtraction), which means <kbd>6 * 4 + 12 / 4 - 4 * 5</kbd> = <samp>7</samp>.

In programmer mode, inputting a number in decimal has a lower and upper limit, depending on the data type, and must always be an integer. Data type of number in decimal mode is signed n-bit<ref>Where n is either: 8 for Byte, 16 for Word, 32 for Dword, or 64 for Qword.</ref> integer when converting from number in hexadecimal, octal, or binary mode.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Data type !! Data type size !! Lower limit !! Upper limit
|-
! Byte
| 8 bit&emsp; || −128 || 127
|-
! Word
| 16 bit&emsp; || −32,768 || 32,767
|-
! Dword
| 32 bit&emsp; || −2,147,483,648 || 2,147,483,647
|-
! Qword
| 64 bit&emsp; || −9,223,372,036,854,775,808 || 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
|}
On the right side of the main Calculator{{Clarify|reason=What does it mean by "the right side"?|date=May 2024}}, one can add a panel with date calculation, unit conversion and worksheets. Worksheets allow one to calculate a result of a chosen field based on the values of other fields. Pre-defined templates include calculating a car's fuel economy (mpg and L/100 km),<ref>[http://malektips.com/windows-7-calculate-fuel-economy.html Calculate Fuel Economy - Windows 7 (MalekTips)]</ref> a vehicle lease, and a mortgage. In pre-beta versions of Windows 7, Calculator also provided a Wages template.

===Windows 8.1===
While the traditional Calculator is still included with [[Windows 8.1]], a [[Metro (design language)|Metro-style]] Calculator is also present, featuring a full-screen interface as well as normal, scientific, and conversion modes.<ref name=pt-81utility>{{cite web|title=Hands-On with Windows 8.1: New Utility Apps|url=http://winsupersite.com/windows-8/hands-windows-81-new-utility-apps|work=Paul Thurrott's Supersite for Windows|access-date=September 24, 2013}}</ref>

===Windows 10===
The Calculator in [[Windows 10 editions#Release branches|non-LTSC editions]] of [[Windows 10]] is a [[Universal Windows Platform app]]. In contrast, Windows 10 LTSC (which does not include universal Windows apps) includes the traditional calculator, but which is now named {{code|win32calc.exe}}. Both calculators provide the features of the traditional calculator included with Windows 7 and Windows 8.x, such as unit conversions for volume, length, weight, temperature, energy, area, speed, time, power, data, pressure and angle, and the history list which the user can clear.

Both the universal Windows app and LTSC's {{code|win32calc.exe}} register themselves with the system as handlers of a '{{code|calculator:}}' pseudo-protocol. This registration is similar to that performed by any other well-behaved application when it registers itself as a handler for a filetype (e.g. {{code|.jpg}}) or protocol (e.g. {{code|http:}}).

All Windows 10 editions (both LTSC and non-LTSC) continue to have a {{code|calc.exe}}, which however is just a stub that launches (via ShellExecute) the handler that is associated with the '{{code|calculator:}}' pseudo-protocol. As with any other protocol or filetype, when there are multiple handlers to choose from, users are free to choose which handler they prefer{{mdash}} either via the classic control panel ('Default programs' settings) or the immersive UI settings ('Default Apps' settings) or from the command prompt via {{code|OpenWith calculator:}}.

In the Windows 10 Fall Creators Update, a currency converter mode was added to Calculator.<ref>[https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2017/12/28/windows-10-tip-travel-easier-built-currency-converter/#t0KTuJAB5mK3CHM6.97 - Windows 10 Tip: Travel easier with the built-in currency converter]</ref>

On 6 March 2019, Microsoft released the [[source code]] for Calculator on [[GitHub]] under the [[MIT License]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-is-open-sourcing-windows-calculator-on-github/|title=Microsoft is open-sourcing Windows Calculator on GitHub|last=Foley|first=Mary Jo|author-link=Mary Jo Foley|date=6 March 2019|website=ZDNet|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Windows 11 ===
In Windows 11, the Calculator app's user interface was modified to match the design of Windows 11 and a new settings page is present for users to toggle between the themes of the app without changing the operating system's theme. In 2021, Microsoft announced it would migrate the codebase of the Calculator app to C# in order to welcome more developers to contribute to the app.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Microsoft Windows NT Calculator Version 3.1 261x269.png|Microsoft [[Windows NT]] Calculator Version 3.1
File:WindowsXPCalculator.png|[[Windows XP]] Calculator
File:Windows 7 Calculator.png|[[Windows 7]] Calculator with [[Windows Aero]]
File:Windows_8_Calculator.png|[[Windows 8]] Calculator
File:Windows 8.1 Calculator.png|[[Windows 8.1]]'s additional Metro-style calculator in standard mode
File:Windows 10 Calculator.png|[[Windows 10]] Modern UI Calculator
</gallery>

==Features==
By default, Calculator runs in standard mode, which resembles a four-function calculator. More advanced functions are available in scientific mode, including [[logarithm]]s, [[numerical base]] conversions, some [[logical connective|logical operators]], [[Order of operations|operator precedence]], [[radian]], [[degree (angle)|degree]] and [[gradians]] support as well as simple single-variable [[statistical]] functions. It does not provide support for user-defined functions, [[complex number]]s, storage variables for intermediate results (other than the classic accumulator memory of pocket calculators), automated [[polar coordinates|polar]]-[[cartesian coordinates]] conversion, or support for two-variables statistics.

Calculator supports [[keyboard shortcut]]s; all Calculator features have an associated keyboard shortcut.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/keyboard-shortcuts#keyboard-shortcuts=windows-8|title = Keyboard shortcuts|access-date = 11 March 2013|website = Windows 8 Help|publisher = [[Microsoft]]}}</ref>

Calculator in programmer mode cannot accept or display a number larger than a [[Signed number representations|signed]] [[Word (computer architecture)#Size families|QWORD]] (16 [[hexadecimal]] digits/64 bits). The largest number it can handle is therefore 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF (decimal 9,223,372,036,854,775,807). Any calculations in programmer mode which exceed this limit will [[Integer overflow|overflow]], even if those calculations would succeed in other modes. In particular, [[scientific notation]] is not available in this mode.

==Issues==
{{stubsect|date=May 2020}}

* In older versions of the calculator{{Which|date=May 2024}}, some [[transcendental function]] operations, such as the [[square root]] operator (<code>sqrt(4) − 2 = −8.1648465955514287168521180122928e−39</code>), would be calculated incorrectly due to [[catastrophic cancelation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Microsoft Fixes Decade-Old Windows Calculator Square Root Bug|url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/microsoft-fixes-decade-old-windows-calculator-square-root-bug-520559.shtml|access-date=2023-04-15|website=news.softpedia.com|language=en-US}}</ref> In newer versions, this doesn't happen with integers, but it still happens when you enter decimal numbers.
* Older versions of the universal Calculator in [[Windows 10 editions#Release branches|non-LTSC editions]] of [[Windows 10]] doesn't use any regional format (can be set in Region Control Panel) that are different from the app's display language for number formatting (the app's language is English (United States) but Windows's regional format is set to a different format).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wrong usage of Regional settings in Windows 10 Apps: weather, calculator|url=https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_10-other_settings-winpc/wrong-usage-of-regional-settings-in-windows-10/25db7ff1-aef5-4f3a-b958-21d843b04a74|access-date=2021-01-24|website=answers.microsoft.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Calculator Plus==
Calculator Plus is a separate application for [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Server 2003]] users that adds a 'Conversion' mode over the Windows XP version of the Calculator. The 'Conversion' mode supports [[unit conversion]] and [[currency conversion]]. Currency exchange rates can be updated using the built-in update feature, which downloads exchange rates from the [[European Central Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Microsoft Calculator Plus |url=https://www.tek.no/nyheter/nyhet/i/P9qax0/microsoft-calculator-plus |website=Tek.no |language=no |date=13 September 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Use this great maths tool for cheats! - 9Finance |url=https://finance.nine.com.au/small-business/use-this-great-maths-tool-for-cheats/cc31189d-a316-4f8a-87ce-f05a37887f65 |website=finance.nine.com.au}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
* [[Formula calculator]]
* [[List of formerly proprietary software]]
* [[Microsoft Math Solver]]
* [[Power Calculator]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9WZDNCRFHVN5 Windows Calculator] on [[Microsoft Store (digital)|Microsoft Store]]
* [https://github.com/Microsoft/calculator Source code on GitHub]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090316031019/http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=32b0d059-b53a-4dc9-8265-da47f157c091&displaylang=en Microsoft Calculator Plus]

{{Microsoft FOSS}}
{{Windows Components}}

[[Category:1985 software]]
[[Category:Formerly proprietary software]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]
[[Category:Mathematical software]]
[[Category:Microsoft free software]]
[[Category:Software calculators]]
[[Category:Software using the MIT license]]
[[Category:Universal Windows Platform apps]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Xbox One software]]
[[Category:Windows Phone software]]

Windows Calculator

2024-05-29T02:07:50Z

121.171.233.10: /* Issues */

{{short description|Calculator application included in Microsoft Windows}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2008}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Windows Calculator
| logo = Windows Calculator icon.png
| logo size = x64px
| screenshot = Calculator on Windows 11.png
| screenshot size = 200px
| caption = Calculator in Windows 11
| author = Chris Peters, Mark Cliggett, Marc Taylor, Kraig Brockschmidt<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://channel9.msdn.com/Blogs/Seth-Juarez/Kraig-Brockschmidt-Creator-of-Calc-on-the-Early-Days-at-Microsoft |title=Kraig Brockschmidt, Creator of Calc, on the Early Days at Microsoft {{!}} Seth Juarez {{!}} Channel 9 |access-date=2020-05-23 |archive-date=2020-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923171039/https://channel9.msdn.com/Blogs/Seth-Juarez/Kraig-Brockschmidt-Creator-of-Calc-on-the-Early-Days-at-Microsoft |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = {{Start date and age|1985|11|20}}
| repo = {{URL|https://github.com/Microsoft/calculator}}
| programming language = [[C++]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]
| operating system = All versions of [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Xbox system software]],{{cn|date=January 2024}} [[Windows 10 Mobile]], [[Windows Phone]]
| platform = [[IA-32]], [[x86-64]], [[ARM architecture|ARMv7-A]], and [[AArch64|ARMv8-A]] (and historically [[DEC Alpha]], [[Itanium]], [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]], and [[PowerPC]])
| genre = [[Software calculator]]
| license = [[Proprietary Software]] ([[Windows 1.0]] - [[Windows 8.1]]) 
[[MIT License]] ([[Windows 10]])
}}
'''Windows Calculator''' is a [[software calculator]] developed by [[Microsoft]] and included in [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]. In its [[Windows 10]] incarnation it has four modes: standard, scientific, programmer, and a graphing mode. The standard mode includes a number pad and buttons for performing arithmetic operations. The scientific mode takes this a step further and adds exponents and trigonometric function, and programmer mode allows the user to perform operations related to [[computer programming]]. In 2020, a graphing mode was added to the Calculator, allowing users to graph equations on a coordinate plane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-17 |title=Windows Calculator will get a Graphing Mode: first look - gHacks Tech News |url=https://www.ghacks.net/2020/01/17/windows-calculator-will-get-a-graphing-mode-first-look/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=gHacks Technology News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Windows Calculator is one of a few applications that have been bundled in all versions of Windows, starting with [[Windows 1.0]]. Since then, the calculator has been upgraded with various capabilities.

In addition, the calculator has also been included with [[Windows Phone]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drwindows.de/news/7875-windows-phone-8-1-windows-10-mobile|title=Von Windows Phone 8.1 zu Windows 10 Mobile: Eine kleine Revolution in Screenshots|date=27 October 2015|access-date=27 January 2024|language=de|publisher=Dr.Windows}}</ref> and [[Xbox One]].{{cn|date=January 2024}} The Microsoft Store page proclaims [[HoloLens]] support as of February 2024, but the Calculator app is not installed on HoloLens by default.

==History==
A simple arithmetic calculator was first included with [[Windows 1.0]].<ref>[http://toastytech.com/guis/win1012.html Windows 1.01 - Graphical User Interface Gallery]</ref>

In [[Windows 3.0]], a scientific mode was added, which included [[exponent]]s and [[Nth root|root]]s, [[logarithm]]s, [[factorial]]-based functions, [[trigonometry]] (supports [[radian]], [[degree (angle)|degree]] and [[gradian]]s angles), base conversions (2, 8, 10, 16), logic operations, [[statistics|statistical]] functions such as single variable statistics and linear regression.

===Windows 9x and Windows NT 4.0===
Until [[Windows 95]], it uses an [[IEEE 754-1985]] [[double-precision floating-point]], and the highest representable number by the calculator is 21024, which is slightly above 10308 (~1.80 × 10308).

In [[Windows 98]] and later, it uses an [[arbitrary-precision arithmetic]] library, replacing the standard [[IEEE]] [[floating point]] library.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/oldnewthing/archive/2004/05/25/141253.aspx |title=The Old New Thing Blog: When you change the insides, nobody notices |access-date=2007-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306165045/http://blogs.msdn.com/oldnewthing/archive/2004/05/25/141253.aspx |archive-date=2010-03-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It offers [[bignum]] precision for basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and 32 digits of precision for advanced operations ([[square root]], [[transcendental function]]s). The largest value that can be represented on the Windows Calculator is currently {{nowrap|<1010,000}} and the smallest is {{nowrap|10−9,999}}. (Also [[Factorial|!]] calculates the [[gamma function]] which is defined over all real numbers, only excluding the negative integers).

===Windows 2000, XP and Vista===
In [[Windows 2000]], [[digit grouping]] is added. Degree and base settings are added to menu bar.



The calculators of [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Vista|Vista]] were able to calculate using numbers beyond 1010000, but calculating with these numbers (e.g. 10^2^2^2^2^2^2^2...) does increasingly slow down the calculator and make it unresponsive until the calculation has been completed.

These are the last versions of Windows Calculator, where calculating with [[Binary number|binary]]/[[decimal]]/[[hexadecimal]]/[[octal]] numbers is included into scientific mode. In Windows 7, they were moved to ''programmer mode'', which is a new separate mode that co-exists with ''scientific mode''.
===Windows 7===
In [[Windows 7]], separate programmer, statistics, unit conversion, date calculation, and worksheets modes were added. Tooltips were removed. Furthermore, Calculator's interface was revamped for the first time since its introduction. The base conversion functions were moved to the programmer mode and statistics functions were moved to the statistics mode. Switching between modes does not preserve the current number, clearing it to 0.

The highest number is now limited to 1010000 again.

In every mode except programmer mode, one can see the history of calculations. The app was redesigned to accommodate [[multi-touch]]. Standard mode behaves as a simple checkbook calculator; entering the sequence <kbd>6 * 4 + 12 / 4 - 4 * 5</kbd> gives the answer 25. In scientific mode, [[order of operations]] is followed while doing calculations (multiplication and division are done before addition and subtraction), which means <kbd>6 * 4 + 12 / 4 - 4 * 5</kbd> = <samp>7</samp>.

In programmer mode, inputting a number in decimal has a lower and upper limit, depending on the data type, and must always be an integer. Data type of number in decimal mode is signed n-bit<ref>Where n is either: 8 for Byte, 16 for Word, 32 for Dword, or 64 for Qword.</ref> integer when converting from number in hexadecimal, octal, or binary mode.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Data type !! Data type size !! Lower limit !! Upper limit
|-
! Byte
| 8 bit&emsp; || −128 || 127
|-
! Word
| 16 bit&emsp; || −32,768 || 32,767
|-
! Dword
| 32 bit&emsp; || −2,147,483,648 || 2,147,483,647
|-
! Qword
| 64 bit&emsp; || −9,223,372,036,854,775,808 || 9,223,372,036,854,775,807
|}
On the right side of the main Calculator{{Clarify|reason=What does it mean by "the right side"?|date=May 2024}}, one can add a panel with date calculation, unit conversion and worksheets. Worksheets allow one to calculate a result of a chosen field based on the values of other fields. Pre-defined templates include calculating a car's fuel economy (mpg and L/100 km),<ref>[http://malektips.com/windows-7-calculate-fuel-economy.html Calculate Fuel Economy - Windows 7 (MalekTips)]</ref> a vehicle lease, and a mortgage. In pre-beta versions of Windows 7, Calculator also provided a Wages template.

===Windows 8.1===
While the traditional Calculator is still included with [[Windows 8.1]], a [[Metro (design language)|Metro-style]] Calculator is also present, featuring a full-screen interface as well as normal, scientific, and conversion modes.<ref name=pt-81utility>{{cite web|title=Hands-On with Windows 8.1: New Utility Apps|url=http://winsupersite.com/windows-8/hands-windows-81-new-utility-apps|work=Paul Thurrott's Supersite for Windows|access-date=September 24, 2013}}</ref>

===Windows 10===
The Calculator in [[Windows 10 editions#Release branches|non-LTSC editions]] of [[Windows 10]] is a [[Universal Windows Platform app]]. In contrast, Windows 10 LTSC (which does not include universal Windows apps) includes the traditional calculator, but which is now named {{code|win32calc.exe}}. Both calculators provide the features of the traditional calculator included with Windows 7 and Windows 8.x, such as unit conversions for volume, length, weight, temperature, energy, area, speed, time, power, data, pressure and angle, and the history list which the user can clear.

Both the universal Windows app and LTSC's {{code|win32calc.exe}} register themselves with the system as handlers of a '{{code|calculator:}}' pseudo-protocol. This registration is similar to that performed by any other well-behaved application when it registers itself as a handler for a filetype (e.g. {{code|.jpg}}) or protocol (e.g. {{code|http:}}).

All Windows 10 editions (both LTSC and non-LTSC) continue to have a {{code|calc.exe}}, which however is just a stub that launches (via ShellExecute) the handler that is associated with the '{{code|calculator:}}' pseudo-protocol. As with any other protocol or filetype, when there are multiple handlers to choose from, users are free to choose which handler they prefer{{mdash}} either via the classic control panel ('Default programs' settings) or the immersive UI settings ('Default Apps' settings) or from the command prompt via {{code|OpenWith calculator:}}.

In the Windows 10 Fall Creators Update, a currency converter mode was added to Calculator.<ref>[https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2017/12/28/windows-10-tip-travel-easier-built-currency-converter/#t0KTuJAB5mK3CHM6.97 - Windows 10 Tip: Travel easier with the built-in currency converter]</ref>

On 6 March 2019, Microsoft released the [[source code]] for Calculator on [[GitHub]] under the [[MIT License]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-is-open-sourcing-windows-calculator-on-github/|title=Microsoft is open-sourcing Windows Calculator on GitHub|last=Foley|first=Mary Jo|author-link=Mary Jo Foley|date=6 March 2019|website=ZDNet|access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>

=== Windows 11 ===
In Windows 11, the Calculator app's user interface was modified to match the design of Windows 11 and a new settings page is present for users to toggle between the themes of the app without changing the operating system's theme. In 2021, Microsoft announced it would migrate the codebase of the Calculator app to C# in order to welcome more developers to contribute to the app.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Microsoft Windows NT Calculator Version 3.1 261x269.png|Microsoft [[Windows NT]] Calculator Version 3.1
File:WindowsXPCalculator.png|[[Windows XP]] Calculator
File:Windows 7 Calculator.png|[[Windows 7]] Calculator with [[Windows Aero]]
File:Windows_8_Calculator.png|[[Windows 8]] Calculator
File:Windows 8.1 Calculator.png|[[Windows 8.1]]'s additional Metro-style calculator in standard mode
File:Windows 10 Calculator.png|[[Windows 10]] Modern UI Calculator
</gallery>

==Features==
By default, Calculator runs in standard mode, which resembles a four-function calculator. More advanced functions are available in scientific mode, including [[logarithm]]s, [[numerical base]] conversions, some [[logical connective|logical operators]], [[Order of operations|operator precedence]], [[radian]], [[degree (angle)|degree]] and [[gradians]] support as well as simple single-variable [[statistical]] functions. It does not provide support for user-defined functions, [[complex number]]s, storage variables for intermediate results (other than the classic accumulator memory of pocket calculators), automated [[polar coordinates|polar]]-[[cartesian coordinates]] conversion, or support for two-variables statistics.

Calculator supports [[keyboard shortcut]]s; all Calculator features have an associated keyboard shortcut.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/keyboard-shortcuts#keyboard-shortcuts=windows-8|title = Keyboard shortcuts|access-date = 11 March 2013|website = Windows 8 Help|publisher = [[Microsoft]]}}</ref>

Calculator in programmer mode cannot accept or display a number larger than a [[Signed number representations|signed]] [[Word (computer architecture)#Size families|QWORD]] (16 [[hexadecimal]] digits/64 bits). The largest number it can handle is therefore 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF (decimal 9,223,372,036,854,775,807). Any calculations in programmer mode which exceed this limit will [[Integer overflow|overflow]], even if those calculations would succeed in other modes. In particular, [[scientific notation]] is not available in this mode.

==Issues==
{{stubsect|date=May 2020}}

* In older versions of the calculator{{Which|date=May 2024}}, some [[transcendental function]] operations, such as the [[square root]] operator (<code>sqrt(4) − 2 = −8.1648465955514287168521180122928e−39</code>), would be calculated incorrectly due to [[catastrophic cancelation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Microsoft Fixes Decade-Old Windows Calculator Square Root Bug|url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/microsoft-fixes-decade-old-windows-calculator-square-root-bug-520559.shtml|access-date=2023-04-15|website=news.softpedia.com|language=en-US}}</ref> In newer versions, this doesn't happen with integers, but it still happens when you enter decimal numbers.
* Older versions of the universal Calculator in [[Windows 10 editions#Release branches|non-LTSC editions]] of [[Windows 10]] doesn't use any regional format (can be set in Region Control Panel) that are different from the app's display language for number formatting (the app's language is English (United States) but Windows's regional format is set to a different format).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wrong usage of Regional settings in Windows 10 Apps: weather, calculator|url=https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/forum/windows_10-other_settings-winpc/wrong-usage-of-regional-settings-in-windows-10/25db7ff1-aef5-4f3a-b958-21d843b04a74|access-date=2021-01-24|website=answers.microsoft.com|language=en-US}}</ref> In newer versions, this doesn't happen with integers, but it still happens when you enter decimal numbers.

==Calculator Plus==
Calculator Plus is a separate application for [[Windows XP]] and [[Windows Server 2003]] users that adds a 'Conversion' mode over the Windows XP version of the Calculator. The 'Conversion' mode supports [[unit conversion]] and [[currency conversion]]. Currency exchange rates can be updated using the built-in update feature, which downloads exchange rates from the [[European Central Bank]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Microsoft Calculator Plus |url=https://www.tek.no/nyheter/nyhet/i/P9qax0/microsoft-calculator-plus |website=Tek.no |language=no |date=13 September 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Use this great maths tool for cheats! - 9Finance |url=https://finance.nine.com.au/small-business/use-this-great-maths-tool-for-cheats/cc31189d-a316-4f8a-87ce-f05a37887f65 |website=finance.nine.com.au}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
* [[Formula calculator]]
* [[List of formerly proprietary software]]
* [[Microsoft Math Solver]]
* [[Power Calculator]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9WZDNCRFHVN5 Windows Calculator] on [[Microsoft Store (digital)|Microsoft Store]]
* [https://github.com/Microsoft/calculator Source code on GitHub]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090316031019/http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=32b0d059-b53a-4dc9-8265-da47f157c091&displaylang=en Microsoft Calculator Plus]

{{Microsoft FOSS}}
{{Windows Components}}

[[Category:1985 software]]
[[Category:Formerly proprietary software]]
[[Category:Free and open-source software]]
[[Category:Mathematical software]]
[[Category:Microsoft free software]]
[[Category:Software calculators]]
[[Category:Software using the MIT license]]
[[Category:Universal Windows Platform apps]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Xbox One software]]
[[Category:Windows Phone software]]

Jungang line

2024-05-02T04:21:24Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Railway line in South Korea}}
{{other uses|Central line (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox rail line

| name = Jungang line
| native_name = 중앙선(中央線)
| native_name_lang = kr
| color = 0066B3
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
|image = Korail Jungang Line.png
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Passenger rail terminology#Heavy rail|Heavy rail]], Passenger/freight rail [[Regional rail]], [[Commuter rail]], [[Intercity rail]]
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Seoul]] [[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]] [[Gangwon Province (South Korea)|Gangwon (South Korea)]] [[North Chungcheong Province|North Chungcheong]] [[North Gyeongsang Province|North Gyeongsang]]
| start = [[Cheongnyangni station|Cheongnyangni]]
| end = [[Moryang station|Moryang]]
| stations = 56
| open = Stages between 1918–1942
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| close =
| owner = [[Korea Rail Network Authority]]
| operator = [[Korail]]
| linelength_km = 331.3
| tracks = [[Double track]] (Cheongnyangni–Seowonju, Bongyang–Danyang) [[Single track (rail)|Single track]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| old_gauge =
| electrification = 25 kV/60 Hz [[Alternating Current|AC]] [[Overhead line]] (Cheongnyangni~Danchon)
| map_state = collapsed
| map =
{{routemap
|inline=1
|map=
CONTg yellow\CONTg cyan\utCONTg~~ ~~ ~~{{rint|seoul|bun}} {{rint|seoul|gyeongjung}} {{rint|seoul|1}}
STRl yellow\STR+r yellow!~STR cyan\utSTR
KDSTa cyan\STR cyan\utSTR~~ ~~ ~~Cheongnyangni Rail Yard
BHF cyan!~HUBaq\BHF cyan!~HUBq\utBHF!~HUBeq~~0.0~~[[Cheongnyangni station|Cheongnyangni]] {{rint|seoul|bun}} {{rint|seoul|1}} {{rint|seoul|chun}}
KRWgl+l!~STR cyan\KRWgr+r!~STR cyan\utSTRe
STR cyan\STR cyan!~uKRW+l\uKRWr
KRWgl+l!~STR cyan\KRWgr+r!~uSTR\
BHF cyan!~HUBaq\uBHF!~HUBeq\~~1.4~~[[Hoegi station|Hoegi]] {{rint|seoul|1}} {{rint|seoul|chun}}
STR cyan\uSTRl\STR+l teal!~uSTRq~~ ~~ ~~[[Gyeongwon Line]] {{rint|seoul|1}} (to [[Kwangwoon University station|KU st.]])→
hKRZWae!~STR cyan\WASSERq\hKRZWae teal~~ ~~ ~~[[Jungnangcheon|Jungnang stream]]
HST cyan\\STR teal~~3.2~~[[Jungnang station|Jungnang]]
STRl cyan\STR+r cyan\STR teal!~POINTERg@fq~~ ~~ ~~[[Mangu Line]]
tCONTg olive\KRWgl+l!~STR cyan\KRWgr+r!~STR teal
tBHF olive!~HUBaq\HST cyan!~HUBq\HST teal!~HUBeq~~4.0~~[[Sangbong station|Sangbong]]~~{{rint|seoul|7}} {{rint|seoul|chun}}
tCONTf olive\BHF cyan!~HUBaq\BHF teal!~HUBeq~~4.6~~[[Mangu station|Mangu]]~~{{rint|seoul|chun}}
\STR cyan\CONTf teal~~ ~~ ~~{{rint|seoul|chun}} (to [[Chuncheon]])
STR cyan!~lSHST~~6.3~~[[Yangwon station|Yangwon]]
\exKRWl!~STR cyan\exKRW+r
\tSTR cyan!~lTUNNEL\exSTR~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Seoul]]/[[Guri]]↓
\STR cyan\exBST~~ ~~ ~~<del>Donggyo Signal Box</del>~~closed in 2005
\exKRW+l!~STR cyan\exKRWr
\STR cyan!~lSBHF\RMCONTg~~9.5~~[[Guri station|Guri]]
WASSERq\hKRZWae!~STR cyan\RMoW~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Guri]]/[[Namyangju]]↓
RMCONTgq\STR cyan!~RMq\RMr~~ ~~ ~~[[Capital Region First Ring Expressway|CRFRE]]
STR cyan!~lSBHF~~11.2~~[[Donong station|Donong]]

WASSER+r\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~14.9~~[[Yangjeong Station (Namyangju)|Yangjeong]]
RMoW1q\STR cyan!~RMq\RMCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Seoul–Yangyang Expressway]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSBHF\~~17.2~~[[Deokso station|Deokso]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~18.7~~[[Dosim station|Dosim]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~22.9~~[[Paldang station|Paldang]]
WRESVGe\exSTR!~STRl cyan\STR+r cyan
WASSER\exHST\tSTR cyan!~lTUNNEL~~ ~~ ~~<del>Neungnae</del>~~closed 2008
WASSER\exSTR\STR cyan!~lSHST~~29.3~~[[Ungilsan station|Ungilsan]]
WABZgl\exhKRZWae+GRZq\hKRZWae+GRZq!~STR cyan~~ ~~ ~~[[Bukhan River]]
WASSER\exSTR!~STR+l cyan\STRr cyan~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Namyangju]]/[[Yangpyeong]]↓
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~31.2~~[[Yangsu station|Yangsu]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~35.9~~[[Sinwon station|Sinwon]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~38.8~~[[Guksu station|Guksu]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~42.9~~[[Asin station|Asin]]
RMoW1q\STR cyan!~RMq\RMCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway|Central inland Expressway]]
WASSERr\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~45.7~~[[Obin station|Obin]]

STR cyan!~lSBHF~~47.9~~[[Yangpyeong station (Yangpyeong)|Yangpyeong]]

STR cyan!~lSHST~~53.7~~[[Wondeok station|Wondeok]]
\exKRWl!~STR cyan\exKRW+r
\TUNNEL1 cyan\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Samsung Tunnel
\TUNNEL1 cyan\exSTR~~ ~~ ~~Yongmun Tunnel
\exKRW+l!~STR cyan!~lSBHF\exKRWr~~58.5~~[[Yongmun Station (Yangpyeong)|Yongmun]]
exKRW+l!~KDSTaq cyan\ABZgr cyan\~~ ~~ ~~←Yongmun Rail Yard

exTUNNEL1\tSTR cyan!~lTUNNEL\~~ ~~ ~~Songhyun Tunnel
exKRWl\exKRW+r!~STR cyan\
STR cyan!~lSBHF~~62.1~~[[Jipyeong station|Jipyeong]]
\eKRWgl\exKRW+r
\TUNNEL1\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Jipyeong Tunnel
exHST+l\exSTRq!~BHF\exSTRr~~65.0~~Seokbul
exSTR\tSTRa\
exTUNNEL1\tSTR\~~ ~~ ~~Mangmi Tunnel
exTUNNEL1\tSTRe\~~ ~~ ~~<del>Gudun Tunnel</del>
exHST\HST\~~68.5~~<del>Gudun</del>/Ilsin
exSTR\tSTRa\
exTUNNEL1\tSTR\~~ ~~ ~~<del>Jisan Tunnel</del>
exTUNNEL1\tSTR\~~ ~~ ~~<del>Mibong Tunnel</del>
exTUNNEL1\tSTRe\~~ ~~ ~~<del>Maewol Tunnel</del>
exHST\HST\~~72.3~~Maegok
exhKRZWae\hKRZWae\~~ ~~ ~~Seogok stream

exKRWl\exKRW+r!~HST\~~75.3~~Yangdong
\eKRWgl\exKRW+r
\TUNNEL1\exSTR~~ ~~ ~~Samsan Tunnel
\STR+GRZq\exSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Yangpyeong]]/[[Wonju]]↓
\HST\exHST~~79.2~~[[Samsan station (Jungang Line)|Samsan]]/<del>Pandae</del>~~until 2011
\LSTR\exLSTR
WASSERq\hKRZWae\exhKRZWae~~ ~~ ~~[[Seom River]]
\STR\exHST~~ ~~ ~~<del>Ganhyeon</del>~~closed 2011
\BHF\exTUNNEL1~~86.4~~[[Seowonju station|Seowonju]] {{nowrap|[[File:KTX logo.svg|100x12px|link=KTX]]}}
\KRWgl\xKRWg+r
KRW+l\KRWr\HST~~<del>88.3</del>~~''Donghwa''
tSTRa!~RMq\RMq\SKRZ-Au~~ ~~ ~~[[Yeongdong Expressway]]

tSTR\\BHF~~<del>93.0</del>~~''[[Manjong station|Manjong]]'' {{nowrap|[[File:KTX logo.svg|100x12px|link=KTX]]}}
tSTR\\eSPLa

tSTR\\exvSTR-!~v-CONTf~~ ~~ ~~[[Gyeonggang Line|Gangneung Line]] (to [[Gangneung]])→
tSTRe\\exSHI1+r
BHF\\exBHF~~{{BSsplit|94.7|<del>97.9</del>}}~~[[Wonju station|Wonju]]

tSTRa\\exBST~~<del>103.8</del>~~<del>Yugyo Signal box</del>
tSTR\\exHST~~<del>107.2</del>~~<del>Bangok</del>

tSTR\\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~<del>Segyo,Geumdae Tunnel</del>

tSTR\exSTR+l\exBSTr~~<del>111.2</del>~~<del>Geumgyo Signal box</del>
tSTR\exvSHI1+l-STR+l\extSTR+ra~~ ~~ ~~[[Spiral (railway)|spiral]] "Ddwari Tunnel"
tSTR\exvSTRl-STRo\extSTRre
tSTR\exv-STRl\exSTR+r

tSTR\\exHST~~<del>117.0</del>~~<del>Chiak</del>
tSTR\lGIP\exSTR~~ ~~ ~~Chiak hill
tSTR\\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Garapa, Dunchang Tunnel
tSTR\\exBST~~<del>122.3</del>~~<del>Changgyo Signal Box</del>
tSTR\\exBHF~~<del>125.4</del>~~<del>Sillim</del>
tSTR+GRZq\GRZq\exSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Wonju]]/[[Jecheon]]↓
tBSTea\\exSTR~~110.4~~Unhak Signal box
tSTR\\exBST~~<del>129.0</del>~~<del>Yeongyo Signal Box</del>
tSTR\\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Hakjeon Tunnel
tSTR\\exSTR
tSTR\\exHST~~<del>133.5</del>~~<del>[[Guhak station|Guhak]]</del>
tSTRe\\exSTR

STRl!~CONTg@Gq\ABZ+rxl\exSTRr~~ ~~ ~~←[[Chungbuk Line]] (to [[Chungju]])

HST~~125.2~~[[Bongyang station|Bongyang]]

SKRZ-Au~~ ~~ ~~[[Jungang Expressway]]

DST~~129.7~~Jecheon Rail Yard
BHF~~{{BSsplit|132.1|<del>144.6</del>}}~~[[Jecheon station|Jecheon]]
\ABZgl\CONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Taebaek Line]] (to [[Yeongwol]])→

HST~~136.0~~[[Gomyeong station|Gomyeong]]
exKRW+l\eKRWgr\
exSTRl\TUNNEL1!~exSTRq\exSTR+r
\TUNNEL1+GRZq\exSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Jecheon]]/[[Danyang County|Danyang]]↓
\KRWg+l\KRWr
HST~~141.2~~Samgok
LSTR
LSTR
BHF~~{{BSsplit|148.5|<del>160.5</del>}}~~[[Dodam station|Dodam]]
TUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Hagoe Tunnel
WASSERq\hKRZWae\WASSERq~~ ~~ ~~[[Namhan River]]

BHF~~154.5~~[[Danyang station|Danyang]]
exKRW+l\eKRWgr\
exTUNNEL1\tSTRa\~~ ~~ ~~Simgok, Hyuncheon Tunnel

exHST\tSTR\~~<del>171.4</del>~~<del>Danseong</del>
exABZg+1\tSTR\~~ ~~ ~~Danseong emergency line
exTUNNEL1\tSTRe\~~ ~~ ~~Daegang Tunnel
exSTRl\eKRZu\exSTR+r
KRW+l\KRWr!~exKRW+l\exKRWr
tSTRa\exvSHI1+l-STR+l\extSTR+ra~~ ~~ ~~<del>Ttoari-gul ([[Spiral (railway)|spiral tunnel]])</del>
tSTR\exvSTRl-STRo\extSTRre
tKRWl\tKRW+r!~exv-STRl\exSTR+r
\tSTR\exBST~~<del>179.6</del>~~<del>Jungnyeong Signal Box</del>
\tSTR\extSTRa~~ ~~ ~~Jungnyeong Tunnel
\tSTR+GRZq\extSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Danyang County|Danyang]]/[[Yeongju]]↓
\tSTR\extSTRe

\tSTRe\exHST~~187.4~~<del>Huibangsa</del>
\eKRWg+l\exKRWr

HST~~175.9~~Punggi
exKRW+l\eKRWgr\
exBST\TUNNEL1\~~<del>199.7</del>~~<del>Anjeong Signal Box</del>
exKRWl\eKRWg+r\
BST~~186.9~~North Yeongju Signal box
kABZg2~~ ~~ ~~North Yeongju Triangular Junction
\STR+k12\kABZl+34~~ ~~ ~~[[Yeongdong Line]] (to [[Donghae City|Donghae]])
kABZg+1
BHF~~{{BSsplit|188.3|<del>207.0</del>}}~~[[Yeongju station|Yeongju]]
CONTgq\ABZgr\~~ ~~ ~~←[[Gyeongbuk line]] (to [[Gimcheon]])
\xKRWgl\KRW+r

\exHST\TUNNEL1~~<del>212.0</del>~~<del>[[Munsu station|Munsu]]</del>
\xKRWg+l\KRWr
eHST~~ ~~ ~~<del>Seungmun</del>~~closed 2013
STR+l\ABZrxl\exSTR+r

hKRZWae\WASSER+r\exSTR~~ ~~ ~~Naesrong stream
TUNNEL1\WRESVGe\exHST~~ ~~ ~~<del>Pyeongeun</del>~~closed 2013
tSTRa\WASSERl\exhKRZWae~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Yeongju]]/[[Andong]]↓
tSTR+GRZq\\exTUNNEL1+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~bukhu Tunnel/Songwonri Tunnel
tSTRe\\exHST~~ ~~ ~~<del>formal Ongcheon St.</del>~~closed 2013
BST\\exSTR~~206.1~~Ongcheon Signal box
STRl\ABZ+rxl\exSTRr
STR+l\ABZrxl\exSTR+r
TUNNEL1\\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Jangi Tunnel
STR\\exHST~~229.1~~<del>Masa</del>
STR\\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Juha Tunnel
STR\\exHST~~233.5~~[[Iha station|Iha]]
STR\\exBST~~236.1~~Seoji Signal Box
STR\\exLSTR
BHF\\exBHF~~{{BSsplit|219.4|<del>242.3</del>}}~~[[Andong station|Andong]]
eKRZo\exSTRq\exABZgr~~ ~~ ~~←formal [[Gyeongbuk line]]
hKRZWae\WASSERq\exhKRZWae~~ ~~ ~~[[Nakdong River]]
TUNNEL1\\exTUNNEL1
KRWl\KRW+r\exHST~~<del>249.7</del>~~<del>Mureung</del>
exSTR+l\eKRZo\exSTRr
exLSTR\LSTR\
exHST\LSTR\~~256.5~~<del>[[Unsan station|Unsan]]</del>
exSTR\BST\~~232.2~~Mangho Signal box
exSTR+GRZq\STR+GRZq\~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Andong]]/[[Uiseong]]↓
exKRWl\eKRWg+r\
HST~~262.0~~<del>Danchon</del>
RMCONTgq\SKRZ-Au\RMCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Dangjin–Yeongdeok Expressway]]
\xKRWgl\KRW+r
\exTUNNEL1\TUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Eopdong Tunnel
\xKRWg+l\KRWr
BST~~241.1~~Eopdong Signal Box
STR
BHF~~245.4~~[[Uiseong station|Uiseong]]
\xKRWgl\KRW+r
\extSTRa\STR
\extSTRe\BST~~251.7~~Bibong Signal Box
\xKRWg+l\KRWr
HST~~257.1~~Tap-ri
STR+l\ABZrxl\exLSTR+r
TUNNEL1\\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~Cheongro Tunnel
STR+GRZq\GRZq\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Uiseong]]/[[Gunwi]]↓
HST\\extLSTR~~265.7~~[[Ubo station|Ubo]]
hKRZWae\WASSERq!~MFADEfq\exLSTR~~ ~~ ~~wi stream
HST\\exLSTR~~273.7~~[[Hwabon station|Hwabon]]
STR\\extLSTR
BST\\extLSTR~~279.1~~Bongnim Signal box
STR+GRZq\GRZq\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Gunwi]]/[[Yeongcheon]]↓
TUNNEL1\\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~Orim Tunnel
BST\\extLSTR~~283.9~~Gaphyeon Signal Box
SKRZ-Au\RAq\exSKRZ-Au~~ ~~ ~~Sangju-Yeongcheon Expressway
HST\\extLSTR~~288.9~~Sinnyeong
STR\\extLSTR
HST\\extLSTR~~295.3~~Hwasan
SKRZ-Au\RAq\exSKRZ-Au~~ ~~ ~~[[Iksan–Pohang Expressway]]
STRl\ABZ+rxl\exLSTRr
HST~~303.4~~Yeongcheon
CONTgq\ABZgr+r\~~ ~~ ~~←[[Daegu Line]] (to [[Daegu]])
BHF~~305.9~~[[Yeongcheon station|Yeongcheon]]
\eKRWgl\exKRW+r
\TUNNEL1\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~Wansan Tunnel
RMCONTg\BST\extLSTR~~311.1~~Songpo Signal Box
MWNODEr\SKRZ-Au\exSKRZ-Au~~ ~~ ~~Sangju-Yeongcheon Expressway
RM\HST\extLSTR~~315.2~~Impo
RM\TUNNEL1\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~Goji Tunnel
RM!~GRZq\STR+GRZq\extLSTR!~GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Yeongcheon]]/[[Gyeongju]]↓
RM\HST\extLSTR~~321.1~~Ahwa
RP2oRP2!~RM\SKRZ-Gu\extLSTR!~RGCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[National Route 20 (South Korea)|National Route 20]]
RMCONTf\HST\extLSTR~~327.0~~[[Geoncheon station|Geoncheon]]
CONTg\STR\exSTR
ABZgl+l\KRZu!~BSTq\xABZgxr+r~~330.9~~Moryang
BHF\STR\CONTf~~ ~~ ~~[[Donghae line]] (to Pohang)
CONTf\BST\~~335.5~~<del>Yuldong Signal Box</del>
hKRZWae~~ ~~ ~~Dae stream
exSTR+l\ABZlxr\STR+r
exSTR\\BHF~~343.1~~<del>[[Seogyeongju station|Seogyeongju]]</del>
exSTR\STR+l\ABZgr+r~~ ~~ ~~
exSTR\STR\CONTf~~ ~~ ~~[[Donghae Nambu Line]] (to [[Pohang]])
exhKRZWae\hKRZWae\WCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Hyeongsan River]]
exKRWl\exKRW+r!~BHF\~~348.2~~<del>[[Gyeongju station (1918–2021)|Gyeongju]]</del>
CONTf~~ ~~ ~~[[Donghae Line]] (to [[Ulsan]], [[Busan]])

}}
}}

The '''Jungang line''' ({{Korean|hangul='''중앙선''' |hanja=中央線 |lit=''Central line''}}) is a railway line connecting [[Cheongnyangni]] in Seoul to [[Moryang station|Moryang]] in Gyeongju in [[South Korea]], traversing central South Korea from the northwest to the southeast. It is also referred to the rail line of the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]] from [[Yongsan station]] to [[Jipyeong station]]. The section from Cheongnyangni to Dodam was designated as a semi-high-speed railway.

==History==

The Jungang line was opened along its full length between Cheongnyangni and Gyeongju on April 1, 1942.<ref name="lineop">{{cite web|url=http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |title=경영원칙 > 경영공시 > 영업현황 > 영업거리현황 |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2010-12-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722192217/http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> ''Jungang'' means "central" in Korean, and describes the line's route through the mountains in the east-central part of South Korea. When Korea was [[Korea under Japanese rule|under Japanese rule]], the line was briefly known as '''Gyeonggyeong Line''', referring to line running between Seoul and Gyeongju.

On 1 December 1938 'Donghae Jungbu line' ([[Daegu station|Daegu]]–Haksan) was divided into the three parts: [[Daegu Line]], Gyeongygeong line and Donghae Jungbu line, which was later merged into the [[Donghae Nambu Line]].<ref>朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 3558, 28 November 1938</ref> At the same time the Gyeonggyeong line was extended to the Ubo Station. The southern part, Gyeonggyeong Nambu Line, was opened as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Section !! Length
|-
| 1 December 1938 || [[Yeongcheon station|Yeongcheon]]–[[Ubo Station|Ubo]] || 40.1 km
|-
| 1 March 1940 || Ubo–Gyeongbuk Andong ([[Andong Station|Andong]]) || 48.9 km
|-
| 1 July 1941 || Gyeongbuk Andong–[[Yeongju Station|Yeongju]] || 38.7 km
|}

On the other hand, the northern part, Gyeonggyeong Bukpu Line, was constructed as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Section !! Length
|-
| 1 April 1939 || East Gyeongseong ([[Cheongnyangni station|Cheongnyangni]])–[[Yangpyeong station (Yangpyeong)|Yangpyeong]] || 52.5 km
|-
| 1 April 1940 || Yangpyeong–[[Wonju station|Wonju]] || 55.9 km
|-
| 1 July 1941 || Wonju–[[Jecheon station|Jecheon]] || 46.8 km
|}

On 1 April 1942 the two lines was merged into the Gyeonggyeong Line with the opening of the section Jechon–Yeongju (62.3 km).<ref>朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 4536, 13 March 1942</ref> The name of the line was changed back to its present name after the end of [[World War II]].

Following the 1961 coup, the [[Supreme Council for National Reconstruction]] started South Korea's [[Five-year plans of South Korea#1962–1966|first five-year plan]], which included a construction program to complete the railway network, to foster economic growth.<ref name="5yr-plan">{{cite web |url=http://www.silvernetnews.com/?inc=newsview&no=8229&s=20&ss=0&sss=0 |title=<nowiki>철마 110년, 영고의 자취 [12] 경제개발과 철도</nowiki> |language=ko |date=2010-03-20 |publisher=Silvernet News |access-date=2010-12-01}}</ref> As part of the program, in the outskirts of Seoul, a {{convert|4.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} long avoiding line was built from [[Mangu station|Mangu]] to [[Seongbuk Station|Seongbuk]] on the [[Gyeongwon Line]], called the [[Mangu Line]], which opened on December 30, 1963.<ref name="5yr-plan"/>

==Upgrade==

A part of the line was the first to be electrified with the 25 kV/60 Hz [[Alternating current|AC]] [[Overhead wires|catenary]] system in South Korea: the [[Overhead wires|catenary]] on the 155.2 km long Cheongnyangri–Jecheon section went into service on June 20, 1973.<ref name="electrification">{{cite web |url=http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |title=Electricity Almanac 2009 |publisher=Korea Electric Association |access-date=2010-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314033522/http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 29.0 km long extension to Danseong followed on December 30, 1987, finally the 35.0 km long extension to Yeongju on December 23, 1988.<ref name="electrification"/>

The entire line is foreseen for electrification and double-tracking.<ref name="MusilTunnel">{{cite web |url=http://kr.news.yahoo.com/service/news/shellview.htm?linkid=441&articleid=20100909182956897l6&newssetid=5 |script-title=ko:원주~제천 중앙선 복선전철 2011년 6월 착공 |language=ko |date=2010-09-09 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=2010-10-19 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614100720/http://kr.news.yahoo.com/service/news/shellview.htm?linkid=441&articleid=20100909182956897l6&newssetid=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Phase 1: Cheongnyangni–Deokso===
The double-tracking of the 18.0 km long section from the terminus Cheongnyangni to [[Deokso Station|Deokso]] was completed first on December 16, 2005.<ref name="electrification"/> Work started in mid-2001 with a planned budget of 1,700 billion won.<ref name="rgi-korailplans"/>

On September 1, 2010, the South Korean government announced a strategic plan to reduce travel times from Seoul to 95% of the country to under 2 hours by 2020. As part of the plan, the Cheongnyangri–Wonju section of the Jungang Line is to be further upgraded for 230 km/h.<ref name="plans2020">{{cite web |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2925474 |title=Bullet trains coming to a town near you by 2020 |date=2010-09-02 |publisher=[[JoongAng Daily]] |access-date=2010-10-27}}</ref>

=== Phase 2: Deokso-Wonju ===
The first 5.7 km to [[Paldang Station|Paldang]] was opened on December 27, 2007,<ref name="electrification"/> the next 15.9 km to [[Guksu Station|Guksu]] on December 29, 2008,<ref name="electrification"/> and another 19.7 km to [[Yongmun station (Yangpyeong)|Yongmun]] on December 23, 2009.<ref name="KRNA_2010-1"/> The total budget of the 90.4&km long upgrade project is 2,036.847 billion won.<ref name="KRNA_2010-1"/>

The upgrade of the Deokso–Wonju section is more extensive, with significant re-alignments<ref name="KRNA_2010-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.krnetwork.or.kr/service/condition/RouteMapView.do?PA_MAP_ID=12374 |title=덕소~원주 복선전철 |publisher=Korea Rail Network Authority |access-date=2010-10-24}}</ref> to enable a line speed of 150 km/h.<ref name="irj-future">{{cite web|url=http://www.railjournal.com/altfeature1.shtml |title=Korea's railways face a bright future |date=2008-07-01 |publisher=[[International Railway Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416195911/http://www.railjournal.com/altfeature1.shtml |archive-date=2009-04-16 |access-date=2010-10-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="rgi-korailplans">{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/south-koreas-growing-network.html |title=South Korea's growing network |date=2008-09-08 |publisher=[[Railway Gazette International]] |access-date=2010-10-28}}</ref>

===Phase 3: Wonju–Jecheon Electrified Double Track Line Project===
Wonju–Jecheon Electrified Double Track Line Project(원주~제천 복선전철사업) was launched in 2011, connecting Seowonju station at Wonju and Bongyang station at Jecheon. Between Seowonju and Bongyang, the double-track line is to run in a new alignment, most of which will be the 25,080 metre long Musil Tunnel.<ref name="MusilTunnel"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=296 |title=Feasibility study and basic plan of Jungang line for dluble track between Wonju and Jecheon |publisher=Chunsuk Engineering |access-date=2010-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722133253/http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=296 |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> Works on the tunnel are slated to commence in June 2011, for a planned start of service on the Wonju-Jecheon section in January 2021. The new line will reduce line distance by 5.5 km and cut travel time by 20 minutes.<ref name="MusilTunnel"/> The project budget for the entire 41.1 km Wonju-Jecheon section is 1,140.061 billion won.<ref name="KRNA_2010-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.krnetwork.or.kr/service/condition/RouteMapView.do?PA_MAP_ID=12388 |title=원주~제천 복선전철 |publisher=Korea Rail Network Authority |access-date=2010-10-24}}</ref> Later, this plan was redesigned to build two tunnels instead of single long tunnel to reduce safety issue. On June 22, 2020, construction was completed and Korean National Railway(KR) started trial running.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=087&aid=0000803653|title = 중앙선 원주~제천 복선전철 시운전 돌입…연말 개통}}</ref> KR announced that commercial running would be started at January 5.

Plans for the double-tracking of the section from Bongyang, the terminus of the Chungbuk Line, to Jecheon, have been prepared separately.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=296 |title=Basic and detailed design of roadbed for electrified double track on Jungang line (Bongyang～Jecheon) |publisher=Chunsuk Engineering |access-date=2010-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722133253/http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=296 |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref>

Under the government's 2010 strategic plan for 2020, the new alignment in the Wonju–Bongyang section would be laid out for 250 km/h, the rest to Jecheon would be upgraded for 230 km/h.<ref name="plans2020"/>

===Phase 4: Dodam-Yeongcheon===
====Jecheon-Dodam Section====
The Jecheon–Dodam section,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=298 |title=Basic design of railway construction for double track on Jungang Line (Jecheon～Dodam) |publisher=Chunsuk Engineering |access-date=2010-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722133721/http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=298 |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samboeng.co.kr/result/result02_19_eng.html |title=Design/Construction Package of Jungang Double Track Line (Jecheon - Dodam) |publisher=Sambo Engineering |access-date=2010-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722134618/http://www.samboeng.co.kr/result/result02_19_eng.html |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> 17.4 km in length, was in construction with a budget of 320.024 billion won for a targeted opening in 2011, and is primarily intended to improve capacity for freight transports to a cement factory.<ref name="KRNA_2010-3">{{cite web |url=http://www.krnetwork.or.kr/service/condition/RouteMapView.do?PA_MAP_ID=12380 |title=제천~도담 복선전철 (노반,궤도 턴키공사) |publisher=Korea Rail Network Authority |access-date=2010-10-24}}</ref> The project is completed on 31 March 2011.

==== Dodam-Andong Section ====
Started at December 2013, Dodam-Andong section is planned to be electrified double-track line. Danyang-Yeongju re-alignment line in single-track opened 13 December 2020, Yeongju-Danchon re-alignment line in single-track opened 17 December 2020. Finally Danyang-Danchon line in double-track railway is planned to open in August 2021.

==== Andong-Yeongcheon Section ====
This section is planned to open Summer 2022 as electrified single-track line. Upgrade to double-track line here is not yet planned.

=== Phase 5: Yeongcheon-Singyeongju ===
Electrification and doubling in this section were completed on December 28, 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kukinews.com/newsView/kuk202112280155|first=Jaeyong|last=choi|title=Era of electrified double-track railway opens in Daegu, Jungang, Donghaenambu line after 100 years|date=2021-12-28|access-date=2021-12-30|language=ko}}</ref>

==Services==
=== KTX service ===
KTX service was launched on 5 January 2021. Since Jungang Line is not a dedicated high-speed line, the new rolling-stock [[KTX-Eum]] was adopted.<ref>{{cite web|title=S. Korea's high-speed electrical train 'KTX-Eum' makes commercial debut.|url=https://www.ajudaily.com/view/20210104192114611|website=[[Aju Business Daily]]|author=Lim Chang-won|date=January 4, 2021|access-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2016-05-23|title=Korail orders high-speed trains from Hyundai-Rotem|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high-speed/korail-orders-high-speed-trains-from-hyundai-rotem/|website=Railway Journal|date=23 August 2020}}</ref> KTX service will be expanded to [[Bujeon station (Korail)|Bujeon station]]. And KTX-Eum is expect to connect Cheongnyangni and Bujeon in 3 hours and 6 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-01-16|script-title=ko:청량리~해운대 3시간, 중부내륙 고속철도 개통…文대통령, 'KTX-이음' 시승|url=https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2021/01/04/2021010401350.html|language=ko |website=[[ChosunBiz]]|date=23 August 2020}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
|-
!style="background-color:white" |[[File:Jungang KTX EN Station Routemap Normal.png|385px|가운데]]
|-
| Jungang KTX Route Map
|}

===Regular rail service===
Before the [[Korea Train Express|KTX]] era, trans-Korean Tongil-ho trains were in operation on the Jungang and Donghae Nambu lines, providing a 12-hour train journey from Seoul to Busan.

The entire line is served by cross-country [[Mugunghwa-ho]] trains, which are most frequent until Jecheon, where many trains continue east on the Taebaek Line. As of October 2010, the travel time from Cheongnyangni in Seoul is a minimum of 1 hour 18 minutes to Wonju, 2 hours 2 minutes to Jecheon, around 3 hours to Yeongju, 5 hours 22 minutes to Yeongcheon, and 6 hours 8 minutes to Gyeongju. Some trains continue to Bujeon station in Busan, with a total travel time of 8 hours by day and 20 minutes shorter by night.<ref name="booking">{{cite web|url=http://www.korail.com/en/rv/pr21100/w_pr21110.jsp |title=Booking |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2010-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713164814/http://www.korail.com/en/rv/pr21100/w_pr21110.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-13 }}</ref>

===Seoul Metropolitan Subway===
{{main|Gyeongui–Jungang Line}}
Commuter rail service was launched on Jungang line (fully integrated with the Seoul Metropolitan Subway) as the upgrading of the line progressed.<ref name="irj-future"/><ref name="rgi-korailplans"/> The service started on December 16, 2005, connecting parts of the [[Gyeongwon Line]] (from [[Yongsan station|Yongsan]] to [[Hoegi Station]]) and the Jungang line (from Hoegi to Deokso) under the interim name '''Yongsan–Deokso Line'''.

An extension to [[Paldang Station]] on December 27, 2007, brought the official renaming of the service to '''Jungang line''', although the line actually incorporates parts of ''both'' Gyeongwon and Jungang lines. In December 2008, the service was extended to Guksu Station, and an [[express train]] service was launched, operating twice a day during morning [[commuting]] hours. The express trains ran westward only, from Yangpyeong to Yongsan. The service was finally extended to [[Yongmun station (Yangpyeong)|Yongmun station]] in [[Yangpyeong|Yangpyeong County]] on December 23, 2009.<ref name="KRNA_2010-1"/>

The western terminus was Yongsan station ever since the opening of the line. However, with the completion of [[Gyeongui Line]] extension to Yongsan on December 27, 2014, both the Jungang and Gyeongui lines were combined into the "[[Gyeongui-Jungang Line]]," and trains now run to [[Munsan station]] near the North Korean border.<ref>{{Cite web | title =[수도권II] "경의선 효창정거장 부지 220m 때문에…" | publisher =Chosun | date =2011-08-25 | url =http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/08/24/2011082402671.html | format = (Korean Language) | access-date = 15 July 2012}}</ref>

==Stations==
This list does not include stations served only by [[Gyeongui-Jungang Line]] services.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''Station number (Seoul Subway)'''
!'''Station'''
!'''[[Hangeul]]'''
!'''[[Hanja]]'''
!'''Services'''
|-
|K117
|[[Cheongnyangni station|Cheongnyangni]]
|{{lang|ko|[[:ko:청량리역|청량리]]}}
|{{lang|ko|{{linktext|淸|凉|里}}}}
|[[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]]: {{rint|seoul|1}} {{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[ITX-Saemaeul]] services}}}} {{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[Mugunghwa-ho]] services}}}} DMZ Train
|-
|K126
|[[Deokso station|Deokso]]
|{{lang|ko|[[:ko:덕소역|덕소]]}}
|{{lang|ko|{{linktext|德|沼}}}}
|{{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[Mugunghwa-ho]] services}}}} (limited service)
|-
|K135
|[[Yangpyeong station (Yangpyeong)|Yangpyeong]]
|{{lang|ko|[[:ko:양평역 (양평)|양평]]}}
|{{lang|ko|{{linktext|楊|平}}}}
| {{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[ITX-Saemaeul]] services}}}} {{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[Mugunghwa-ho]] services}}}}
|-
|K137
|[[Yongmun station (Yangpyeong)|Yongmun]]
|{{lang|ko|[[:ko:용문역|용문]]}}
|{{lang|ko|{{linktext|龍|門}}}}
|{{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[Mugunghwa-ho]] services}}}} (limited service)
|-
|K138 (terminus)
|[[Jipyeong station|Jipyeong]]
|{{lang|ko|[[:ko:지평역|지평]]}}
|{{lang|ko|{{linktext|砥|平}}}}
|{{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[Mugunghwa-ho]] services}}}} (limited service)
|}

After Jipyeong, major stations on the line include:

*[[Samsan station (Jungang Line)|Samsan station]]
*[[Seowonju station]]
*[[Wonju station]]
*[[Bongyang station]], the terminus of the [[Chungbuk Line]]
*[[Jecheon station]], the terminus of the [[Taebaek Line]]. All [[Chungbuk Line]] trains departs from here due to the location of Bongyang Station
*[[Danyang County|Danyang]] station
*[[Yeongju station]], the terminus of the [[Yeongdong Line|Yeongdong]] and [[Gyeongbuk Line|Gyeongbuk]] lines
*[[Munsu station]]
*[[Andong station]], where most passenger trains from Seoul terminate
*[[Uiseong station]]
*[[Yeongcheon station]], the terminus of the [[Daegu Line]]
*[[Gyeongju station]] on the [[Donghae Line]] (from Gyeongju, some trains continue south on the Donghae Line to [[Bujeon station (Korail)|Bujeon station]] in [[Busan]]).

==See also==
* [[Gyeongui–Jungang Line]]
* [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]]
* [[Korail]]
* [[Transportation in South Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Jungang Line}}
{{Jungang Line}}
{{KTX lines and services}}
{{Public transport in the Seoul Metropolitan Area}}
{{Korail Lines}}

[[Category:Jungang line| ]]
[[Category:Seoul Metropolitan Subway lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines in South Korea]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1942]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in the Japanese colonial empire]]

Jungang line

2024-05-02T04:20:31Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Railway line in South Korea}}
{{other uses|Central line (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox rail line

| name = Jungang line
| native_name = 중앙선(中央線)
| native_name_lang = kr
| color = 0066B3
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
|image = Korail Jungang Line.png
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Passenger rail terminology#Heavy rail|Heavy rail]], Passenger/freight rail [[Regional rail]], [[Commuter rail]], [[Intercity rail]]
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Seoul]] [[Gyeonggi Province|Gyeonggi]] [[Gangwon Province (South Korea)|Gangwon (South Korea)]] [[North Chungcheong Province|North Chungcheong]] [[North Gyeongsang Province|North Gyeongsang]]
| start = [[Cheongnyangni station|Cheongnyangni]]
| end = [[Moryang station|Moryang]]
| stations = 56
| open = Stages between 1918–1942
| event1label =
| event1 =
| event2label =
| event2 =
| event3label =
| event3 =
| close =
| owner = [[Korea Rail Network Authority]]
| operator = [[Korail]]
| linelength_km = 331.3
| tracks = [[Double track]] (Cheongnyangni–Seowonju, Bongyang–Danyang) [[Single track (rail)|Single track]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}
| old_gauge =
| electrification = 25 kV/60 Hz [[Alternating Current|AC]] [[Overhead line]] (Cheongnyangni~Danchon)
| map_state = collapsed
| map =
{{routemap
|inline=1
|map=
CONTg yellow\CONTg cyan\utCONTg~~ ~~ ~~{{rint|seoul|bun}} {{rint|seoul|gyeongjung}} {{rint|seoul|1}}
STRl yellow\STR+r yellow!~STR cyan\utSTR
KDSTa cyan\STR cyan\utSTR~~ ~~ ~~Cheongnyangni Rail Yard
BHF cyan!~HUBaq\BHF cyan!~HUBq\utBHF!~HUBeq~~0.0~~[[Cheongnyangni station|Cheongnyangni]] {{rint|seoul|bun}} {{rint|seoul|1}} {{rint|seoul|chun}}
KRWgl+l!~STR cyan\KRWgr+r!~STR cyan\utSTRe
STR cyan\STR cyan!~uKRW+l\uKRWr
KRWgl+l!~STR cyan\KRWgr+r!~uSTR\
BHF cyan!~HUBaq\uBHF!~HUBeq\~~1.4~~[[Hoegi station|Hoegi]] {{rint|seoul|1}} {{rint|seoul|chun}}
STR cyan\uSTRl\STR+l teal!~uSTRq~~ ~~ ~~[[Gyeongwon Line]] {{rint|seoul|1}} (to [[Kwangwoon University station|KU st.]])→
hKRZWae!~STR cyan\WASSERq\hKRZWae teal~~ ~~ ~~[[Jungnangcheon|Jungnang stream]]
HST cyan\\STR teal~~3.2~~[[Jungnang station|Jungnang]]
STRl cyan\STR+r cyan\STR teal!~POINTERg@fq~~ ~~ ~~[[Mangu Line]]
tCONTg olive\KRWgl+l!~STR cyan\KRWgr+r!~STR teal
tBHF olive!~HUBaq\HST cyan!~HUBq\HST teal!~HUBeq~~4.0~~[[Sangbong station|Sangbong]]~~{{rint|seoul|7}} {{rint|seoul|chun}}
tCONTf olive\BHF cyan!~HUBaq\BHF teal!~HUBeq~~4.6~~[[Mangu station|Mangu]]~~{{rint|seoul|chun}}
\STR cyan\CONTf teal~~ ~~ ~~{{rint|seoul|chun}} (to [[Chuncheon]])
STR cyan!~lSHST~~6.3~~[[Yangwon station|Yangwon]]
\exKRWl!~STR cyan\exKRW+r
\tSTR cyan!~lTUNNEL\exSTR~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Seoul]]/[[Guri]]↓
\STR cyan\exBST~~ ~~ ~~<del>Donggyo Signal Box</del>~~closed in 2005
\exKRW+l!~STR cyan\exKRWr
\STR cyan!~lSBHF\RMCONTg~~9.5~~[[Guri station|Guri]]
WASSERq\hKRZWae!~STR cyan\RMoW~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Guri]]/[[Namyangju]]↓
RMCONTgq\STR cyan!~RMq\RMr~~ ~~ ~~[[Capital Region First Ring Expressway|CRFRE]]
STR cyan!~lSBHF~~11.2~~[[Donong station|Donong]]

WASSER+r\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~14.9~~[[Yangjeong Station (Namyangju)|Yangjeong]]
RMoW1q\STR cyan!~RMq\RMCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Seoul–Yangyang Expressway]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSBHF\~~17.2~~[[Deokso station|Deokso]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~18.7~~[[Dosim station|Dosim]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~22.9~~[[Paldang station|Paldang]]
WRESVGe\exSTR!~STRl cyan\STR+r cyan
WASSER\exHST\tSTR cyan!~lTUNNEL~~ ~~ ~~<del>Neungnae</del>~~closed 2008
WASSER\exSTR\STR cyan!~lSHST~~29.3~~[[Ungilsan station|Ungilsan]]
WABZgl\exhKRZWae+GRZq\hKRZWae+GRZq!~STR cyan~~ ~~ ~~[[Bukhan River]]
WASSER\exSTR!~STR+l cyan\STRr cyan~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Namyangju]]/[[Yangpyeong]]↓
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~31.2~~[[Yangsu station|Yangsu]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~35.9~~[[Sinwon station|Sinwon]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~38.8~~[[Guksu station|Guksu]]
WASSER\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~42.9~~[[Asin station|Asin]]
RMoW1q\STR cyan!~RMq\RMCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway|Central inland Expressway]]
WASSERr\STR cyan!~lSHST\~~45.7~~[[Obin station|Obin]]

STR cyan!~lSBHF~~47.9~~[[Yangpyeong station (Yangpyeong)|Yangpyeong]]

STR cyan!~lSHST~~53.7~~[[Wondeok station|Wondeok]]
\exKRWl!~STR cyan\exKRW+r
\TUNNEL1 cyan\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Samsung Tunnel
\TUNNEL1 cyan\exSTR~~ ~~ ~~Yongmun Tunnel
\exKRW+l!~STR cyan!~lSBHF\exKRWr~~58.5~~[[Yongmun Station (Yangpyeong)|Yongmun]]
exKRW+l!~KDSTaq cyan\ABZgr cyan\~~ ~~ ~~←Yongmun Rail Yard

exTUNNEL1\tSTR cyan!~lTUNNEL\~~ ~~ ~~Songhyun Tunnel
exKRWl\exKRW+r!~STR cyan\
STR cyan!~lSBHF~~62.1~~[[Jipyeong station|Jipyeong]]
\eKRWgl\exKRW+r
\TUNNEL1\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Jipyeong Tunnel
exHST+l\exSTRq!~BHF\exSTRr~~65.0~~Seokbul
exSTR\tSTRa\
exTUNNEL1\tSTR\~~ ~~ ~~Mangmi Tunnel
exTUNNEL1\tSTRe\~~ ~~ ~~<del>Gudun Tunnel</del>
exHST\HST\~~68.5~~<del>Gudun</del>/Ilsin
exSTR\tSTRa\
exTUNNEL1\tSTR\~~ ~~ ~~<del>Jisan Tunnel</del>
exTUNNEL1\tSTR\~~ ~~ ~~<del>Mibong Tunnel</del>
exTUNNEL1\tSTRe\~~ ~~ ~~<del>Maewol Tunnel</del>
exHST\HST\~~72.3~~Maegok
exhKRZWae\hKRZWae\~~ ~~ ~~Seogok stream

exKRWl\exKRW+r!~HST\~~75.3~~Yangdong
\eKRWgl\exKRW+r
\TUNNEL1\exSTR~~ ~~ ~~Samsan Tunnel
\STR+GRZq\exSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Yangpyeong]]/[[Wonju]]↓
\HST\exHST~~79.2~~[[Samsan station (Jungang Line)|Samsan]]/<del>Pandae</del>~~until 2011
\LSTR\exLSTR
WASSERq\hKRZWae\exhKRZWae~~ ~~ ~~[[Seom River]]
\STR\exHST~~ ~~ ~~<del>Ganhyeon</del>~~closed 2011
\BHF\exTUNNEL1~~86.4~~[[Seowonju station|Seowonju]] {{nowrap|[[File:KTX logo.svg|100x12px|link=KTX]]}}
\KRWgl\xKRWg+r
KRW+l\KRWr\HST~~<del>88.3</del>~~''Donghwa''
tSTRa!~RMq\RMq\SKRZ-Au~~ ~~ ~~[[Yeongdong Expressway]]

tSTR\\BHF~~<del>93.0</del>~~''[[Manjong station|Manjong]]'' {{nowrap|[[File:KTX logo.svg|100x12px|link=KTX]]}}
tSTR\\eSPLa

tSTR\\exvSTR-!~v-CONTf~~ ~~ ~~[[Gyeonggang Line|Gangneung Line]] (to [[Gangneung]])→
tSTRe\\exSHI1+r
BHF\\exBHF~~{{BSsplit|94.7|<del>97.9</del>}}~~[[Wonju station|Wonju]]

tSTRa\\exBST~~<del>103.8</del>~~<del>Yugyo Signal box</del>
tSTR\\exHST~~<del>107.2</del>~~<del>Bangok</del>

tSTR\\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~<del>Segyo,Geumdae Tunnel</del>

tSTR\exSTR+l\exBSTr~~<del>111.2</del>~~<del>Geumgyo Signal box</del>
tSTR\exvSHI1+l-STR+l\extSTR+ra~~ ~~ ~~[[Spiral (railway)|spiral]] "Ddwari Tunnel"
tSTR\exvSTRl-STRo\extSTRre
tSTR\exv-STRl\exSTR+r

tSTR\\exHST~~<del>117.0</del>~~<del>Chiak</del>
tSTR\lGIP\exSTR~~ ~~ ~~Chiak hill
tSTR\\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Garapa, Dunchang Tunnel
tSTR\\exBST~~<del>122.3</del>~~<del>Changgyo Signal Box</del>
tSTR\\exBHF~~<del>125.4</del>~~<del>Sillim</del>
tSTR+GRZq\GRZq\exSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Wonju]]/[[Jecheon]]↓
tBSTea\\exSTR~~110.4~~Unhak Signal box
tSTR\\exBST~~<del>129.0</del>~~<del>Yeongyo Signal Box</del>
tSTR\\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Hakjeon Tunnel
tSTR\\exSTR
tSTR\\exHST~~<del>133.5</del>~~<del>[[Guhak station|Guhak]]</del>
tSTRe\\exSTR

STRl!~CONTg@Gq\ABZ+rxl\exSTRr~~ ~~ ~~←[[Chungbuk Line]] (to [[Chungju]])

HST~~125.2~~[[Bongyang station|Bongyang]]

SKRZ-Au~~ ~~ ~~[[Jungang Expressway]]

DST~~129.7~~Jecheon Rail Yard
BHF~~{{BSsplit|132.1|<del>144.6</del>}}~~[[Jecheon station|Jecheon]]
\ABZgl\CONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Taebaek Line]] (to [[Yeongwol]])→

HST~~136.0~~[[Gomyeong station|Gomyeong]]
exKRW+l\eKRWgr\
exSTRl\TUNNEL1!~exSTRq\exSTR+r
\TUNNEL1+GRZq\exSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Jecheon]]/[[Danyang County|Danyang]]↓
\KRWg+l\KRWr
HST~~141.2~~Samgok
LSTR
LSTR
BHF~~{{BSsplit|148.5|<del>160.5</del>}}~~[[Dodam station|Dodam]]
TUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Hagoe Tunnel
WASSERq\hKRZWae\WASSERq~~ ~~ ~~[[Namhan River]]

BHF~~154.5~~[[Danyang station|Danyang]]
exKRW+l\eKRWgr\
exTUNNEL1\tSTRa\~~ ~~ ~~Simgok, Hyuncheon Tunnel

exHST\tSTR\~~<del>171.4</del>~~<del>Danseong</del>
exABZg+1\tSTR\~~ ~~ ~~Danseong emergency line
exTUNNEL1\tSTRe\~~ ~~ ~~Daegang Tunnel
exSTRl\eKRZu\exSTR+r
KRW+l\KRWr!~exKRW+l\exKRWr
tSTRa\exvSHI1+l-STR+l\extSTR+ra~~ ~~ ~~<del>Ttoarigul ([[Spiral (railway)|spiral tunnel]])</del>
tSTR\exvSTRl-STRo\extSTRre
tKRWl\tKRW+r!~exv-STRl\exSTR+r
\tSTR\exBST~~<del>179.6</del>~~<del>Jungnyeong Signal Box</del>
\tSTR\extSTRa~~ ~~ ~~Jungnyeong Tunnel
\tSTR+GRZq\extSTR+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Danyang County|Danyang]]/[[Yeongju]]↓
\tSTR\extSTRe

\tSTRe\exHST~~187.4~~<del>Huibangsa</del>
\eKRWg+l\exKRWr

HST~~175.9~~Punggi
exKRW+l\eKRWgr\
exBST\TUNNEL1\~~<del>199.7</del>~~<del>Anjeong Signal Box</del>
exKRWl\eKRWg+r\
BST~~186.9~~North Yeongju Signal box
kABZg2~~ ~~ ~~North Yeongju Triangular Junction
\STR+k12\kABZl+34~~ ~~ ~~[[Yeongdong Line]] (to [[Donghae City|Donghae]])
kABZg+1
BHF~~{{BSsplit|188.3|<del>207.0</del>}}~~[[Yeongju station|Yeongju]]
CONTgq\ABZgr\~~ ~~ ~~←[[Gyeongbuk line]] (to [[Gimcheon]])
\xKRWgl\KRW+r

\exHST\TUNNEL1~~<del>212.0</del>~~<del>[[Munsu station|Munsu]]</del>
\xKRWg+l\KRWr
eHST~~ ~~ ~~<del>Seungmun</del>~~closed 2013
STR+l\ABZrxl\exSTR+r

hKRZWae\WASSER+r\exSTR~~ ~~ ~~Naesrong stream
TUNNEL1\WRESVGe\exHST~~ ~~ ~~<del>Pyeongeun</del>~~closed 2013
tSTRa\WASSERl\exhKRZWae~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Yeongju]]/[[Andong]]↓
tSTR+GRZq\\exTUNNEL1+GRZq~~ ~~ ~~bukhu Tunnel/Songwonri Tunnel
tSTRe\\exHST~~ ~~ ~~<del>formal Ongcheon St.</del>~~closed 2013
BST\\exSTR~~206.1~~Ongcheon Signal box
STRl\ABZ+rxl\exSTRr
STR+l\ABZrxl\exSTR+r
TUNNEL1\\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Jangi Tunnel
STR\\exHST~~229.1~~<del>Masa</del>
STR\\exTUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Juha Tunnel
STR\\exHST~~233.5~~[[Iha station|Iha]]
STR\\exBST~~236.1~~Seoji Signal Box
STR\\exLSTR
BHF\\exBHF~~{{BSsplit|219.4|<del>242.3</del>}}~~[[Andong station|Andong]]
eKRZo\exSTRq\exABZgr~~ ~~ ~~←formal [[Gyeongbuk line]]
hKRZWae\WASSERq\exhKRZWae~~ ~~ ~~[[Nakdong River]]
TUNNEL1\\exTUNNEL1
KRWl\KRW+r\exHST~~<del>249.7</del>~~<del>Mureung</del>
exSTR+l\eKRZo\exSTRr
exLSTR\LSTR\
exHST\LSTR\~~256.5~~<del>[[Unsan station|Unsan]]</del>
exSTR\BST\~~232.2~~Mangho Signal box
exSTR+GRZq\STR+GRZq\~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Andong]]/[[Uiseong]]↓
exKRWl\eKRWg+r\
HST~~262.0~~<del>Danchon</del>
RMCONTgq\SKRZ-Au\RMCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Dangjin–Yeongdeok Expressway]]
\xKRWgl\KRW+r
\exTUNNEL1\TUNNEL1~~ ~~ ~~Eopdong Tunnel
\xKRWg+l\KRWr
BST~~241.1~~Eopdong Signal Box
STR
BHF~~245.4~~[[Uiseong station|Uiseong]]
\xKRWgl\KRW+r
\extSTRa\STR
\extSTRe\BST~~251.7~~Bibong Signal Box
\xKRWg+l\KRWr
HST~~257.1~~Tap-ri
STR+l\ABZrxl\exLSTR+r
TUNNEL1\\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~Cheongro Tunnel
STR+GRZq\GRZq\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Uiseong]]/[[Gunwi]]↓
HST\\extLSTR~~265.7~~[[Ubo station|Ubo]]
hKRZWae\WASSERq!~MFADEfq\exLSTR~~ ~~ ~~wi stream
HST\\exLSTR~~273.7~~[[Hwabon station|Hwabon]]
STR\\extLSTR
BST\\extLSTR~~279.1~~Bongnim Signal box
STR+GRZq\GRZq\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Gunwi]]/[[Yeongcheon]]↓
TUNNEL1\\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~Orim Tunnel
BST\\extLSTR~~283.9~~Gaphyeon Signal Box
SKRZ-Au\RAq\exSKRZ-Au~~ ~~ ~~Sangju-Yeongcheon Expressway
HST\\extLSTR~~288.9~~Sinnyeong
STR\\extLSTR
HST\\extLSTR~~295.3~~Hwasan
SKRZ-Au\RAq\exSKRZ-Au~~ ~~ ~~[[Iksan–Pohang Expressway]]
STRl\ABZ+rxl\exLSTRr
HST~~303.4~~Yeongcheon
CONTgq\ABZgr+r\~~ ~~ ~~←[[Daegu Line]] (to [[Daegu]])
BHF~~305.9~~[[Yeongcheon station|Yeongcheon]]
\eKRWgl\exKRW+r
\TUNNEL1\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~Wansan Tunnel
RMCONTg\BST\extLSTR~~311.1~~Songpo Signal Box
MWNODEr\SKRZ-Au\exSKRZ-Au~~ ~~ ~~Sangju-Yeongcheon Expressway
RM\HST\extLSTR~~315.2~~Impo
RM\TUNNEL1\extLSTR~~ ~~ ~~Goji Tunnel
RM!~GRZq\STR+GRZq\extLSTR!~GRZq~~ ~~ ~~↑[[Yeongcheon]]/[[Gyeongju]]↓
RM\HST\extLSTR~~321.1~~Ahwa
RP2oRP2!~RM\SKRZ-Gu\extLSTR!~RGCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[National Route 20 (South Korea)|National Route 20]]
RMCONTf\HST\extLSTR~~327.0~~[[Geoncheon station|Geoncheon]]
CONTg\STR\exSTR
ABZgl+l\KRZu!~BSTq\xABZgxr+r~~330.9~~Moryang
BHF\STR\CONTf~~ ~~ ~~[[Donghae line]] (to Pohang)
CONTf\BST\~~335.5~~<del>Yuldong Signal Box</del>
hKRZWae~~ ~~ ~~Dae stream
exSTR+l\ABZlxr\STR+r
exSTR\\BHF~~343.1~~<del>[[Seogyeongju station|Seogyeongju]]</del>
exSTR\STR+l\ABZgr+r~~ ~~ ~~
exSTR\STR\CONTf~~ ~~ ~~[[Donghae Nambu Line]] (to [[Pohang]])
exhKRZWae\hKRZWae\WCONTfq~~ ~~ ~~[[Hyeongsan River]]
exKRWl\exKRW+r!~BHF\~~348.2~~<del>[[Gyeongju station (1918–2021)|Gyeongju]]</del>
CONTf~~ ~~ ~~[[Donghae Line]] (to [[Ulsan]], [[Busan]])

}}
}}

The '''Jungang line''' ({{Korean|hangul='''중앙선''' |hanja=中央線 |lit=''Central line''}}) is a railway line connecting [[Cheongnyangni]] in Seoul to [[Moryang station|Moryang]] in Gyeongju in [[South Korea]], traversing central South Korea from the northwest to the southeast. It is also referred to the rail line of the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]] from [[Yongsan station]] to [[Jipyeong station]]. The section from Cheongnyangni to Dodam was designated as a semi-high-speed railway.

==History==

The Jungang line was opened along its full length between Cheongnyangni and Gyeongju on April 1, 1942.<ref name="lineop">{{cite web|url=http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |title=경영원칙 > 경영공시 > 영업현황 > 영업거리현황 |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2010-12-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722192217/http://info.korail.com/2007/kra/ope/ope08000/w_ope08606.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> ''Jungang'' means "central" in Korean, and describes the line's route through the mountains in the east-central part of South Korea. When Korea was [[Korea under Japanese rule|under Japanese rule]], the line was briefly known as '''Gyeonggyeong Line''', referring to line running between Seoul and Gyeongju.

On 1 December 1938 'Donghae Jungbu line' ([[Daegu station|Daegu]]–Haksan) was divided into the three parts: [[Daegu Line]], Gyeongygeong line and Donghae Jungbu line, which was later merged into the [[Donghae Nambu Line]].<ref>朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 3558, 28 November 1938</ref> At the same time the Gyeonggyeong line was extended to the Ubo Station. The southern part, Gyeonggyeong Nambu Line, was opened as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Section !! Length
|-
| 1 December 1938 || [[Yeongcheon station|Yeongcheon]]–[[Ubo Station|Ubo]] || 40.1 km
|-
| 1 March 1940 || Ubo–Gyeongbuk Andong ([[Andong Station|Andong]]) || 48.9 km
|-
| 1 July 1941 || Gyeongbuk Andong–[[Yeongju Station|Yeongju]] || 38.7 km
|}

On the other hand, the northern part, Gyeonggyeong Bukpu Line, was constructed as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date !! Section !! Length
|-
| 1 April 1939 || East Gyeongseong ([[Cheongnyangni station|Cheongnyangni]])–[[Yangpyeong station (Yangpyeong)|Yangpyeong]] || 52.5 km
|-
| 1 April 1940 || Yangpyeong–[[Wonju station|Wonju]] || 55.9 km
|-
| 1 July 1941 || Wonju–[[Jecheon station|Jecheon]] || 46.8 km
|}

On 1 April 1942 the two lines was merged into the Gyeonggyeong Line with the opening of the section Jechon–Yeongju (62.3 km).<ref>朝鮮総督府官報 (The Public Journal of the Governor-General of Korea), Shōwa No. 4536, 13 March 1942</ref> The name of the line was changed back to its present name after the end of [[World War II]].

Following the 1961 coup, the [[Supreme Council for National Reconstruction]] started South Korea's [[Five-year plans of South Korea#1962–1966|first five-year plan]], which included a construction program to complete the railway network, to foster economic growth.<ref name="5yr-plan">{{cite web |url=http://www.silvernetnews.com/?inc=newsview&no=8229&s=20&ss=0&sss=0 |title=<nowiki>철마 110년, 영고의 자취 [12] 경제개발과 철도</nowiki> |language=ko |date=2010-03-20 |publisher=Silvernet News |access-date=2010-12-01}}</ref> As part of the program, in the outskirts of Seoul, a {{convert|4.9|km|mi|abbr=on}} long avoiding line was built from [[Mangu station|Mangu]] to [[Seongbuk Station|Seongbuk]] on the [[Gyeongwon Line]], called the [[Mangu Line]], which opened on December 30, 1963.<ref name="5yr-plan"/>

==Upgrade==

A part of the line was the first to be electrified with the 25 kV/60 Hz [[Alternating current|AC]] [[Overhead wires|catenary]] system in South Korea: the [[Overhead wires|catenary]] on the 155.2 km long Cheongnyangri–Jecheon section went into service on June 20, 1973.<ref name="electrification">{{cite web |url=http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |title=Electricity Almanac 2009 |publisher=Korea Electric Association |access-date=2010-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314033522/http://www.epic.or.kr/cont/yearbook/download/yearbook_chap07_3.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The 29.0 km long extension to Danseong followed on December 30, 1987, finally the 35.0 km long extension to Yeongju on December 23, 1988.<ref name="electrification"/>

The entire line is foreseen for electrification and double-tracking.<ref name="MusilTunnel">{{cite web |url=http://kr.news.yahoo.com/service/news/shellview.htm?linkid=441&articleid=20100909182956897l6&newssetid=5 |script-title=ko:원주~제천 중앙선 복선전철 2011년 6월 착공 |language=ko |date=2010-09-09 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |access-date=2010-10-19 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614100720/http://kr.news.yahoo.com/service/news/shellview.htm?linkid=441&articleid=20100909182956897l6&newssetid=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Phase 1: Cheongnyangni–Deokso===
The double-tracking of the 18.0 km long section from the terminus Cheongnyangni to [[Deokso Station|Deokso]] was completed first on December 16, 2005.<ref name="electrification"/> Work started in mid-2001 with a planned budget of 1,700 billion won.<ref name="rgi-korailplans"/>

On September 1, 2010, the South Korean government announced a strategic plan to reduce travel times from Seoul to 95% of the country to under 2 hours by 2020. As part of the plan, the Cheongnyangri–Wonju section of the Jungang Line is to be further upgraded for 230 km/h.<ref name="plans2020">{{cite web |url=http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2925474 |title=Bullet trains coming to a town near you by 2020 |date=2010-09-02 |publisher=[[JoongAng Daily]] |access-date=2010-10-27}}</ref>

=== Phase 2: Deokso-Wonju ===
The first 5.7 km to [[Paldang Station|Paldang]] was opened on December 27, 2007,<ref name="electrification"/> the next 15.9 km to [[Guksu Station|Guksu]] on December 29, 2008,<ref name="electrification"/> and another 19.7 km to [[Yongmun station (Yangpyeong)|Yongmun]] on December 23, 2009.<ref name="KRNA_2010-1"/> The total budget of the 90.4&km long upgrade project is 2,036.847 billion won.<ref name="KRNA_2010-1"/>

The upgrade of the Deokso–Wonju section is more extensive, with significant re-alignments<ref name="KRNA_2010-1">{{cite web |url=http://www.krnetwork.or.kr/service/condition/RouteMapView.do?PA_MAP_ID=12374 |title=덕소~원주 복선전철 |publisher=Korea Rail Network Authority |access-date=2010-10-24}}</ref> to enable a line speed of 150 km/h.<ref name="irj-future">{{cite web|url=http://www.railjournal.com/altfeature1.shtml |title=Korea's railways face a bright future |date=2008-07-01 |publisher=[[International Railway Journal]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416195911/http://www.railjournal.com/altfeature1.shtml |archive-date=2009-04-16 |access-date=2010-10-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="rgi-korailplans">{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/south-koreas-growing-network.html |title=South Korea's growing network |date=2008-09-08 |publisher=[[Railway Gazette International]] |access-date=2010-10-28}}</ref>

===Phase 3: Wonju–Jecheon Electrified Double Track Line Project===
Wonju–Jecheon Electrified Double Track Line Project(원주~제천 복선전철사업) was launched in 2011, connecting Seowonju station at Wonju and Bongyang station at Jecheon. Between Seowonju and Bongyang, the double-track line is to run in a new alignment, most of which will be the 25,080 metre long Musil Tunnel.<ref name="MusilTunnel"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=296 |title=Feasibility study and basic plan of Jungang line for dluble track between Wonju and Jecheon |publisher=Chunsuk Engineering |access-date=2010-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722133253/http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=296 |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> Works on the tunnel are slated to commence in June 2011, for a planned start of service on the Wonju-Jecheon section in January 2021. The new line will reduce line distance by 5.5 km and cut travel time by 20 minutes.<ref name="MusilTunnel"/> The project budget for the entire 41.1 km Wonju-Jecheon section is 1,140.061 billion won.<ref name="KRNA_2010-2">{{cite web |url=http://www.krnetwork.or.kr/service/condition/RouteMapView.do?PA_MAP_ID=12388 |title=원주~제천 복선전철 |publisher=Korea Rail Network Authority |access-date=2010-10-24}}</ref> Later, this plan was redesigned to build two tunnels instead of single long tunnel to reduce safety issue. On June 22, 2020, construction was completed and Korean National Railway(KR) started trial running.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=087&aid=0000803653|title = 중앙선 원주~제천 복선전철 시운전 돌입…연말 개통}}</ref> KR announced that commercial running would be started at January 5.

Plans for the double-tracking of the section from Bongyang, the terminus of the Chungbuk Line, to Jecheon, have been prepared separately.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=296 |title=Basic and detailed design of roadbed for electrified double track on Jungang line (Bongyang～Jecheon) |publisher=Chunsuk Engineering |access-date=2010-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722133253/http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=296 |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref>

Under the government's 2010 strategic plan for 2020, the new alignment in the Wonju–Bongyang section would be laid out for 250 km/h, the rest to Jecheon would be upgraded for 230 km/h.<ref name="plans2020"/>

===Phase 4: Dodam-Yeongcheon===
====Jecheon-Dodam Section====
The Jecheon–Dodam section,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=298 |title=Basic design of railway construction for double track on Jungang Line (Jecheon～Dodam) |publisher=Chunsuk Engineering |access-date=2010-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722133721/http://www.cse.co.kr/eng/results/res_D.asp?idx=298 |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samboeng.co.kr/result/result02_19_eng.html |title=Design/Construction Package of Jungang Double Track Line (Jecheon - Dodam) |publisher=Sambo Engineering |access-date=2010-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722134618/http://www.samboeng.co.kr/result/result02_19_eng.html |archive-date=2011-07-22 }}</ref> 17.4 km in length, was in construction with a budget of 320.024 billion won for a targeted opening in 2011, and is primarily intended to improve capacity for freight transports to a cement factory.<ref name="KRNA_2010-3">{{cite web |url=http://www.krnetwork.or.kr/service/condition/RouteMapView.do?PA_MAP_ID=12380 |title=제천~도담 복선전철 (노반,궤도 턴키공사) |publisher=Korea Rail Network Authority |access-date=2010-10-24}}</ref> The project is completed on 31 March 2011.

==== Dodam-Andong Section ====
Started at December 2013, Dodam-Andong section is planned to be electrified double-track line. Danyang-Yeongju re-alignment line in single-track opened 13 December 2020, Yeongju-Danchon re-alignment line in single-track opened 17 December 2020. Finally Danyang-Danchon line in double-track railway is planned to open in August 2021.

==== Andong-Yeongcheon Section ====
This section is planned to open Summer 2022 as electrified single-track line. Upgrade to double-track line here is not yet planned.

=== Phase 5: Yeongcheon-Singyeongju ===
Electrification and doubling in this section were completed on December 28, 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kukinews.com/newsView/kuk202112280155|first=Jaeyong|last=choi|title=Era of electrified double-track railway opens in Daegu, Jungang, Donghaenambu line after 100 years|date=2021-12-28|access-date=2021-12-30|language=ko}}</ref>

==Services==
=== KTX service ===
KTX service was launched on 5 January 2021. Since Jungang Line is not a dedicated high-speed line, the new rolling-stock [[KTX-Eum]] was adopted.<ref>{{cite web|title=S. Korea's high-speed electrical train 'KTX-Eum' makes commercial debut.|url=https://www.ajudaily.com/view/20210104192114611|website=[[Aju Business Daily]]|author=Lim Chang-won|date=January 4, 2021|access-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2016-05-23|title=Korail orders high-speed trains from Hyundai-Rotem|url=https://www.railjournal.com/passenger/high-speed/korail-orders-high-speed-trains-from-hyundai-rotem/|website=Railway Journal|date=23 August 2020}}</ref> KTX service will be expanded to [[Bujeon station (Korail)|Bujeon station]]. And KTX-Eum is expect to connect Cheongnyangni and Bujeon in 3 hours and 6 minutes.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-01-16|script-title=ko:청량리~해운대 3시간, 중부내륙 고속철도 개통…文대통령, 'KTX-이음' 시승|url=https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2021/01/04/2021010401350.html|language=ko |website=[[ChosunBiz]]|date=23 August 2020}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto"
|-
!style="background-color:white" |[[File:Jungang KTX EN Station Routemap Normal.png|385px|가운데]]
|-
| Jungang KTX Route Map
|}

===Regular rail service===
Before the [[Korea Train Express|KTX]] era, trans-Korean Tongil-ho trains were in operation on the Jungang and Donghae Nambu lines, providing a 12-hour train journey from Seoul to Busan.

The entire line is served by cross-country [[Mugunghwa-ho]] trains, which are most frequent until Jecheon, where many trains continue east on the Taebaek Line. As of October 2010, the travel time from Cheongnyangni in Seoul is a minimum of 1 hour 18 minutes to Wonju, 2 hours 2 minutes to Jecheon, around 3 hours to Yeongju, 5 hours 22 minutes to Yeongcheon, and 6 hours 8 minutes to Gyeongju. Some trains continue to Bujeon station in Busan, with a total travel time of 8 hours by day and 20 minutes shorter by night.<ref name="booking">{{cite web|url=http://www.korail.com/en/rv/pr21100/w_pr21110.jsp |title=Booking |publisher=[[Korail]] |access-date=2010-10-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713164814/http://www.korail.com/en/rv/pr21100/w_pr21110.jsp |archive-date=2011-07-13 }}</ref>

===Seoul Metropolitan Subway===
{{main|Gyeongui–Jungang Line}}
Commuter rail service was launched on Jungang line (fully integrated with the Seoul Metropolitan Subway) as the upgrading of the line progressed.<ref name="irj-future"/><ref name="rgi-korailplans"/> The service started on December 16, 2005, connecting parts of the [[Gyeongwon Line]] (from [[Yongsan station|Yongsan]] to [[Hoegi Station]]) and the Jungang line (from Hoegi to Deokso) under the interim name '''Yongsan–Deokso Line'''.

An extension to [[Paldang Station]] on December 27, 2007, brought the official renaming of the service to '''Jungang line''', although the line actually incorporates parts of ''both'' Gyeongwon and Jungang lines. In December 2008, the service was extended to Guksu Station, and an [[express train]] service was launched, operating twice a day during morning [[commuting]] hours. The express trains ran westward only, from Yangpyeong to Yongsan. The service was finally extended to [[Yongmun station (Yangpyeong)|Yongmun station]] in [[Yangpyeong|Yangpyeong County]] on December 23, 2009.<ref name="KRNA_2010-1"/>

The western terminus was Yongsan station ever since the opening of the line. However, with the completion of [[Gyeongui Line]] extension to Yongsan on December 27, 2014, both the Jungang and Gyeongui lines were combined into the "[[Gyeongui-Jungang Line]]," and trains now run to [[Munsan station]] near the North Korean border.<ref>{{Cite web | title =[수도권II] "경의선 효창정거장 부지 220m 때문에…" | publisher =Chosun | date =2011-08-25 | url =http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/08/24/2011082402671.html | format = (Korean Language) | access-date = 15 July 2012}}</ref>

==Stations==
This list does not include stations served only by [[Gyeongui-Jungang Line]] services.

{| class="wikitable"
!'''Station number (Seoul Subway)'''
!'''Station'''
!'''[[Hangeul]]'''
!'''[[Hanja]]'''
!'''Services'''
|-
|K117
|[[Cheongnyangni station|Cheongnyangni]]
|{{lang|ko|[[:ko:청량리역|청량리]]}}
|{{lang|ko|{{linktext|淸|凉|里}}}}
|[[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]]: {{rint|seoul|1}} {{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[ITX-Saemaeul]] services}}}} {{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[Mugunghwa-ho]] services}}}} DMZ Train
|-
|K126
|[[Deokso station|Deokso]]
|{{lang|ko|[[:ko:덕소역|덕소]]}}
|{{lang|ko|{{linktext|德|沼}}}}
|{{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[Mugunghwa-ho]] services}}}} (limited service)
|-
|K135
|[[Yangpyeong station (Yangpyeong)|Yangpyeong]]
|{{lang|ko|[[:ko:양평역 (양평)|양평]]}}
|{{lang|ko|{{linktext|楊|平}}}}
| {{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[ITX-Saemaeul]] services}}}} {{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[Mugunghwa-ho]] services}}}}
|-
|K137
|[[Yongmun station (Yangpyeong)|Yongmun]]
|{{lang|ko|[[:ko:용문역|용문]]}}
|{{lang|ko|{{linktext|龍|門}}}}
|{{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[Mugunghwa-ho]] services}}}} (limited service)
|-
|K138 (terminus)
|[[Jipyeong station|Jipyeong]]
|{{lang|ko|[[:ko:지평역|지평]]}}
|{{lang|ko|{{linktext|砥|平}}}}
|{{nowrap|[[File:Korail logo.svg|100x12px|link=Korail]] {{small|[[Mugunghwa-ho]] services}}}} (limited service)
|}

After Jipyeong, major stations on the line include:

*[[Samsan station (Jungang Line)|Samsan station]]
*[[Seowonju station]]
*[[Wonju station]]
*[[Bongyang station]], the terminus of the [[Chungbuk Line]]
*[[Jecheon station]], the terminus of the [[Taebaek Line]]. All [[Chungbuk Line]] trains departs from here due to the location of Bongyang Station
*[[Danyang County|Danyang]] station
*[[Yeongju station]], the terminus of the [[Yeongdong Line|Yeongdong]] and [[Gyeongbuk Line|Gyeongbuk]] lines
*[[Munsu station]]
*[[Andong station]], where most passenger trains from Seoul terminate
*[[Uiseong station]]
*[[Yeongcheon station]], the terminus of the [[Daegu Line]]
*[[Gyeongju station]] on the [[Donghae Line]] (from Gyeongju, some trains continue south on the Donghae Line to [[Bujeon station (Korail)|Bujeon station]] in [[Busan]]).

==See also==
* [[Gyeongui–Jungang Line]]
* [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]]
* [[Korail]]
* [[Transportation in South Korea]]

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Jungang Line}}
{{Jungang Line}}
{{KTX lines and services}}
{{Public transport in the Seoul Metropolitan Area}}
{{Korail Lines}}

[[Category:Jungang line| ]]
[[Category:Seoul Metropolitan Subway lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines in South Korea]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1942]]
[[Category:1942 establishments in the Japanese colonial empire]]

Mount Kumgang Tourist Region

2024-03-20T07:03:53Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Main article|Mount Kumgang}}
{{Infobox settlement
| type = Special administrative region of North Korea
| name = Mount Kumgang Tourist Region
| translit_lang1 = Korean
| translit_lang1_type = [[Hangul]]
| translit_lang1_info = 금강산국제관광특구
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hanja]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{linktext|金|剛|山|國|際|觀|光|特|區}}
| translit_lang1_type2 = {{nowrap|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|Revised Romanization]]}}
| translit_lang1_info2 = Geumgangsan Gukje Gwangwang Teukgu
| translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|[[McCune–Reischauer]]}}
| translit_lang1_info3 = Kŭmgangsan Gukche Kwan'gwang T'ŭkgu
| translit_lang2 = Short name
| translit_lang2_type = [[Hangul]]
| translit_lang2_info = 금강산
| translit_lang2_type1 = [[Hanja]]
| translit_lang2_info1 = {{linktext|金|剛|山}}
| translit_lang2_type2 = {{nowrap|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|Revised Romanization]]}}
| translit_lang2_info2 = Geumgangsan
| translit_lang2_type3 = {{nowrap|[[McCune–Reischauer]]}}
| translit_lang2_info3 = Kŭmgangsan
| image_skyline = Lake samilpo at Kumgangsan 20020720.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kumgangsan in North Korea 2010.svg
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_label = 
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[North Korea]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Korea|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Yeongdong (region)|Yeongdong]]
| seat_type = Capital
| seat =
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type = [[Special cities of North Korea|Tourist Region]]*
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 530
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Korean dialects|Dialect]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Kangwon Dialect|Kangwŏn]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Mount Kumgang Tourist Region''' is a [[Special cities of North Korea|special administrative region]] of [[North Korea]]. It is geographically coterminous with [[Kumgang County]], [[Kangwon Province (North Korea)|Kangwon Province]]. It was established in 2002 to handle [[South Korea]]n tourist traffic to [[Mount Kumgang]] (Diamond Mountain). It was one of the symbols of the South Korean [[Sunshine Policy]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2000/03/16/a-blurred-postcard-from-north-korea|title=A blurred postcard from North Korea|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2020-04-16|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

==History==
=== Development and boom period ===
Beginning in 1998, South Korean and other foreign tourists were allowed to visit Mount Kumgang, traveling at first by cruise ship,{{citation needed|date=April 2011}} and then by bus on a newly built road through the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]]. In 2002, the area around the mountain was separated from [[Kangwon-do (North Korea)|Kangwon Province]] and organized as a separately administered Tourist Region, covering {{convert|204.6|sqmi|km2}}.<ref>Korea Post: [http://www.koreapost.go.kr/eng/html/woopyo/2008_24.jsp?contId=e1040103 Kŭmgangsan]</ref> From 1998 to July 2008 over one million South Koreans visited the resort.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/gallery/in-photos-whats-become-of-the-mount-kumgang-tourism-resort/|title=In photos: What's become of the Mount Kumgang tourism resort? {{!}} NK News|website=[[NK News]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> The resort is home to [[Hotel Haegumgang]], a floating hotel that first operated on Australia's [[Great Barrier Reef]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-06-14/the-bizarre-story-of-australias-floating-hotel/9849482|title=The bizarre story of Australia's floating hotel and its 14,000km round journey to North Korea|first=Carol|last=Smith|publisher=ABC|date=14 June 2018}}</ref> Much of the infrastructure in the area was built by the South Korean [[Hyundai Asan]] company which received a 30-year exclusive deal to develop the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eturbonews.com/1065/north-korean-resort-tourists-get-fettered-view/|title=At North Korean resort, tourists get a fettered view|date=2007-12-27|website=eTurboNews {{!}} Trends {{!}} Travel News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In addition to hotels, it was also to include golf courses, ski resorts and other facilities.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Easterling2005">{{cite book|author=Keller Easterling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdwL4tyJLXgC&pg=PA29|title=Enduring Innocence: Global Architecture and Its Political Masquerades|publisher=MIT Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-262-05079-1|pages=29–}}</ref> Developed facilities included [[Kumgangsan Hotel]] and Oikumgang Hotel, the former described as the "flagship hotel" for the region.<ref name="Marr2018" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20191023000773|title=North Korean leader orders to remove South Korean facilities from tourist resort|date=2019-10-23|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> By 2007 the region had reported more than 1.7 million visitors.<ref name=":0" />

=== Winding down and North Korean takeover ===
[[File:Kumgangsan Hotel at Mt Kumgang (14722045077).jpg|thumb|left|Kumgangsan Hotel at Mt Kumgang]]
In July 2008, Park Wang-ja, a 53-year-old South Korean tourist, was shot twice and killed when she entered a military area, according to the [[Government of North Korea|North Korean government]].<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2008-07/12/content_6839438.htm ROK woman tourist shot dead at DPRK resort]. ''[[China Daily]]''. July 12, 2008</ref><ref name=":1" /> The South Korean request for a joint inquiry was denied. Forensic tests done on Park suggest that she was standing still or walking slowly when shot. This contradicted the North Korean claim that she was running and did not heed warnings. Immediately after the shooting, the South Korean government suspended tours to the resort. In August 2008 the North Koreans announced that they would expel "unnecessary" South Korean workers from the resort.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7539368.stm N Korea steps up row with South], BBC News Online, August 3, 2008</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/english-news/article2316267/NKorea-to-expel-SKoreans-from-tourist-resort.html|title=Growing Tension: NKorea to expel SKoreans from tourist resort|date=2008-08-03|work=DIE WELT|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>

In March 2010, the DPRK government warned of "extraordinary measures" if the tourism ban were not lifted.<ref name="bbc march 2010">{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8586440.stm| title= North Korea issues warning over Mount Kumgang tour ban| publisher= [[BBC News]]| date= 25 March 2010}}</ref> On April 23, 2010, the North Korean government seized 5 properties owned by South Korea at the resort, saying that it was done "in compensation for the damage the North side suffered due to the suspension of the tour for a long period." In seizing the properties, North Korea also alluded to the [[Baengnyeong incident]], showing displeasure with South Korea blaming North Korea for the sinking of the ship.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea 'to seize property at Kumgang resort'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8639065.stm|date=April 23, 2010|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Hyundai Asan losses from this incident are estimated at hundreds of million of dollars lost from investment, and further losses due to suspension of tourism-generated income.<ref name=":3" />

Starting in April 2010, North Korea permitted companies to run tours from the North Korean side,<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea 'two new resorts open to public'|url=http://www.youngpioneertours.com/|publisher=Young Pioneer Tours}}</ref> making it appear increasingly unlikely that tours would be resumed from the South. However, on October 1, 2010, news reports said, "Red Cross officials from the two Koreas agreed Friday to hold reunions for families separated by the Korean War amid mixed signals from North Korea on easing tensions over the sinking of a South Korean warship. One hundred families from each country will attend the meetings from Oct. 30 to Nov. 5 at a hotel and reunion center at the North's scenic Diamond Mountain resort, Unification Ministry spokeswoman Lee Jong-joo said."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kim |first=Kwang-Tae |title=North, South Korea in Red Cross reunions |url=https://www.sfgate.com/world/article/north-south-korea-in-red-cross-reunions-3251448.php |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=SFGATE |language=en}}</ref> By September 2011 North Korea had begun operating cruises directly from Rason in north-eastern North Korea, to the port in Mount Kumgang, offering visitors the chance to stay in the resorts previously run by the south. Although aimed primarily at Chinese guests, western companies also offered the tours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dprk.youngpioneertours.com/2011/09/cruising-north-korea-and-mt-chilbo-by-train/|title=Young Pioneer Tours, DPRK|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323080511/http://dprk.youngpioneertours.com/2011/09/cruising-north-korea-and-mt-chilbo-by-train/|archivedate=2012-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.north-korea-travel.com/kumgangsan.html|title=Kumgangsan DPRK - hike in North Korea & discover this beautiful mountain area|website=www.north-korea-travel.com}}</ref>

Despite the [[Lee Myung-bak government]] expressing a verbal anti-North Korean stance, the head of the government-funded [[Korea Institute for National Unification]], Kim Tae-u, proposed that the South Korean government reopen negotiations on the Mount Kumgang Tourist Region with North Korea without any official apology for North Korea's military actions towards the [[ROKS Cheonan sinking]] and the [[Bombardment of Yeonpyeong]].<ref>{{cite news | script-title=ko:김태우, "천안함 사과 없어도 금강산 협상해야" | date = 2012-01-03 | url = http://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0101_201201031300267335 | work=[[The Korea Herald]] | accessdate = 2012-01-03 | language = Korean}}</ref>

A 2018 travel book described most facilities in the region closed due to lack of visitors.<ref name="Marr2018">{{cite book|author=Henry Marr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp1-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204|title=North Korea|date=14 December 2018|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-78477-094-5|pages=204–}}</ref> Around the same time, South Korean President [[Moon Jae-in]] and North Korea's [[Kim Jong-un]] agreed to restart tours to the resort.

In 2019, Kim Jong-un visited the site and criticised the facilities: "They are not only very backward in terms of architecture but look so shabby as they are not properly cared for. The buildings are just a hotchpotch with no national character at all."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-24/australias-old-floating-hotel-in-dire-straits-in-north-korea/11634518?section=politics|title=Australia's world-first floating hotel in dire straits as Kim Jong-un seeks renovations|first=Tracey|last=Shelton|publisher=ABC|date=24 October 2019}}</ref> He also ordered the South Korean facilities to be replaced by "modern facilities".<ref name=":3" /> This was criticized by the South Korean government which instead proposed renovating the complex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20191129000595|title=Seoul considers carrying out maintenance work on facilities at Kumgangsan|date=2019-11-29|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> In January 2020, the North Korean government said that redevelopment of the site was postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2020/01/north-korea-to-postpone-planned-demolition-of-mt-kumgang-facilities-south-says/?t=1585346509862|title=North Korea to postpone planned demolition of Mt. Kumgang facilities, South says|publisher=[[NK News]]|date=30 January 2020}}</ref>

As of late 2022 there were reports based on satellite imagery that the resort's facilities, including the golf course and the Hotel Haegumgang floating hotel, were being dismantled pursuant to the directives from leader [[Kim Jong-un]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-18 |title=Seoul voices regret over NK's removal of S. Korean-built facilities at Mount Geumgang resort |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/03/103_338094.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=[[The Korea Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Other facilities that were destroyed include the [[Paektu Mountain|Mt. Paektu]] General Museum and Cultural Center, as well as the apartment buildings at the Diamond Mountain Golf Resort and Spa. No new building was spotted in the area.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.38north.org/2023/01/north-koreas-tourism-industry-a-grand-initiative-in-limbo/ | title=North Korea's Tourism Industry: A Grand Initiative in Limbo - 38 North: Informed Analysis of North Korea | date=26 January 2023 }}</ref>

On January 15, 2024, it was announced that North Korea would close the Mount Kumgang International Tourism Administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/16/unification-with-south-korea-no-longer-possible-says-kim-jong-un|title=Unification with South Korea no longer possible, says Kim Jong-un|publisher=Guardian|date=15 January 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|North Korea}}
*[[Kaesong Industrial Region]]
*[[Mount Kumgang]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kumgangsan}}
{{commons category|Kumgangsan}}
{{Kangwon}}
{{Regions and administrative divisions of North Korea}}
{{coord|38|41|17|N|128|12|01|E|display=title|region:KP_type:landmark_source:dewiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mount Kumgang Tourist Region}}
[[Category:Mount Kumgang]]
[[Category:Tourism in North Korea]]
[[Category:Directly Governed Cities and Special Administrative Regions of North Korea]]
[[Category:North Korea–South Korea relations]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in North Korea]]

Mount Kumgang Tourist Region

2024-03-20T07:03:25Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Main article|Mount Kumgang}}
{{Infobox settlement
| type = Special administrative region of North Korea
| name = Mount Kumgang Tourist Region
| translit_lang1 = Korean
| translit_lang1_type = [[Hangul]]
| translit_lang1_info = 금강산국제관광특구
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hanja]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{linktext|金|剛|山|國|際|觀|光|特|區}}
| translit_lang1_type2 = {{nowrap|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|Revised Romanization]]}}
| translit_lang1_info2 = Geumgangsan Gukje Gwan-gwang Teukgu
| translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|[[McCune–Reischauer]]}}
| translit_lang1_info3 = Kŭmgangsan Gukche Kwan'gwang T'ŭkgu
| translit_lang2 = Short name
| translit_lang2_type = [[Hangul]]
| translit_lang2_info = 금강산
| translit_lang2_type1 = [[Hanja]]
| translit_lang2_info1 = {{linktext|金|剛|山}}
| translit_lang2_type2 = {{nowrap|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|Revised Romanization]]}}
| translit_lang2_info2 = Geumgangsan
| translit_lang2_type3 = {{nowrap|[[McCune–Reischauer]]}}
| translit_lang2_info3 = Kŭmgangsan
| image_skyline = Lake samilpo at Kumgangsan 20020720.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kumgangsan in North Korea 2010.svg
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_label = 
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[North Korea]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Korea|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Yeongdong (region)|Yeongdong]]
| seat_type = Capital
| seat =
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type = [[Special cities of North Korea|Tourist Region]]*
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 530
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Korean dialects|Dialect]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Kangwon Dialect|Kangwŏn]]
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Mount Kumgang Tourist Region''' is a [[Special cities of North Korea|special administrative region]] of [[North Korea]]. It is geographically coterminous with [[Kumgang County]], [[Kangwon Province (North Korea)|Kangwon Province]]. It was established in 2002 to handle [[South Korea]]n tourist traffic to [[Mount Kumgang]] (Diamond Mountain). It was one of the symbols of the South Korean [[Sunshine Policy]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2000/03/16/a-blurred-postcard-from-north-korea|title=A blurred postcard from North Korea|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2020-04-16|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

==History==
=== Development and boom period ===
Beginning in 1998, South Korean and other foreign tourists were allowed to visit Mount Kumgang, traveling at first by cruise ship,{{citation needed|date=April 2011}} and then by bus on a newly built road through the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]]. In 2002, the area around the mountain was separated from [[Kangwon-do (North Korea)|Kangwon Province]] and organized as a separately administered Tourist Region, covering {{convert|204.6|sqmi|km2}}.<ref>Korea Post: [http://www.koreapost.go.kr/eng/html/woopyo/2008_24.jsp?contId=e1040103 Kŭmgangsan]</ref> From 1998 to July 2008 over one million South Koreans visited the resort.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/gallery/in-photos-whats-become-of-the-mount-kumgang-tourism-resort/|title=In photos: What's become of the Mount Kumgang tourism resort? {{!}} NK News|website=[[NK News]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> The resort is home to [[Hotel Haegumgang]], a floating hotel that first operated on Australia's [[Great Barrier Reef]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-06-14/the-bizarre-story-of-australias-floating-hotel/9849482|title=The bizarre story of Australia's floating hotel and its 14,000km round journey to North Korea|first=Carol|last=Smith|publisher=ABC|date=14 June 2018}}</ref> Much of the infrastructure in the area was built by the South Korean [[Hyundai Asan]] company which received a 30-year exclusive deal to develop the region.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eturbonews.com/1065/north-korean-resort-tourists-get-fettered-view/|title=At North Korean resort, tourists get a fettered view|date=2007-12-27|website=eTurboNews {{!}} Trends {{!}} Travel News|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> In addition to hotels, it was also to include golf courses, ski resorts and other facilities.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Easterling2005">{{cite book|author=Keller Easterling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tdwL4tyJLXgC&pg=PA29|title=Enduring Innocence: Global Architecture and Its Political Masquerades|publisher=MIT Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-262-05079-1|pages=29–}}</ref> Developed facilities included [[Kumgangsan Hotel]] and Oikumgang Hotel, the former described as the "flagship hotel" for the region.<ref name="Marr2018" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20191023000773|title=North Korean leader orders to remove South Korean facilities from tourist resort|date=2019-10-23|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> By 2007 the region had reported more than 1.7 million visitors.<ref name=":0" />

=== Winding down and North Korean takeover ===
[[File:Kumgangsan Hotel at Mt Kumgang (14722045077).jpg|thumb|left|Kumgangsan Hotel at Mt Kumgang]]
In July 2008, Park Wang-ja, a 53-year-old South Korean tourist, was shot twice and killed when she entered a military area, according to the [[Government of North Korea|North Korean government]].<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2008-07/12/content_6839438.htm ROK woman tourist shot dead at DPRK resort]. ''[[China Daily]]''. July 12, 2008</ref><ref name=":1" /> The South Korean request for a joint inquiry was denied. Forensic tests done on Park suggest that she was standing still or walking slowly when shot. This contradicted the North Korean claim that she was running and did not heed warnings. Immediately after the shooting, the South Korean government suspended tours to the resort. In August 2008 the North Koreans announced that they would expel "unnecessary" South Korean workers from the resort.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7539368.stm N Korea steps up row with South], BBC News Online, August 3, 2008</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/english-news/article2316267/NKorea-to-expel-SKoreans-from-tourist-resort.html|title=Growing Tension: NKorea to expel SKoreans from tourist resort|date=2008-08-03|work=DIE WELT|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>

In March 2010, the DPRK government warned of "extraordinary measures" if the tourism ban were not lifted.<ref name="bbc march 2010">{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8586440.stm| title= North Korea issues warning over Mount Kumgang tour ban| publisher= [[BBC News]]| date= 25 March 2010}}</ref> On April 23, 2010, the North Korean government seized 5 properties owned by South Korea at the resort, saying that it was done "in compensation for the damage the North side suffered due to the suspension of the tour for a long period." In seizing the properties, North Korea also alluded to the [[Baengnyeong incident]], showing displeasure with South Korea blaming North Korea for the sinking of the ship.<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea 'to seize property at Kumgang resort'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8639065.stm|date=April 23, 2010|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Hyundai Asan losses from this incident are estimated at hundreds of million of dollars lost from investment, and further losses due to suspension of tourism-generated income.<ref name=":3" />

Starting in April 2010, North Korea permitted companies to run tours from the North Korean side,<ref>{{cite news|title=North Korea 'two new resorts open to public'|url=http://www.youngpioneertours.com/|publisher=Young Pioneer Tours}}</ref> making it appear increasingly unlikely that tours would be resumed from the South. However, on October 1, 2010, news reports said, "Red Cross officials from the two Koreas agreed Friday to hold reunions for families separated by the Korean War amid mixed signals from North Korea on easing tensions over the sinking of a South Korean warship. One hundred families from each country will attend the meetings from Oct. 30 to Nov. 5 at a hotel and reunion center at the North's scenic Diamond Mountain resort, Unification Ministry spokeswoman Lee Jong-joo said."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kim |first=Kwang-Tae |title=North, South Korea in Red Cross reunions |url=https://www.sfgate.com/world/article/north-south-korea-in-red-cross-reunions-3251448.php |access-date=2024-03-02 |work=SFGATE |language=en}}</ref> By September 2011 North Korea had begun operating cruises directly from Rason in north-eastern North Korea, to the port in Mount Kumgang, offering visitors the chance to stay in the resorts previously run by the south. Although aimed primarily at Chinese guests, western companies also offered the tours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dprk.youngpioneertours.com/2011/09/cruising-north-korea-and-mt-chilbo-by-train/|title=Young Pioneer Tours, DPRK|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323080511/http://dprk.youngpioneertours.com/2011/09/cruising-north-korea-and-mt-chilbo-by-train/|archivedate=2012-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.north-korea-travel.com/kumgangsan.html|title=Kumgangsan DPRK - hike in North Korea & discover this beautiful mountain area|website=www.north-korea-travel.com}}</ref>

Despite the [[Lee Myung-bak government]] expressing a verbal anti-North Korean stance, the head of the government-funded [[Korea Institute for National Unification]], Kim Tae-u, proposed that the South Korean government reopen negotiations on the Mount Kumgang Tourist Region with North Korea without any official apology for North Korea's military actions towards the [[ROKS Cheonan sinking]] and the [[Bombardment of Yeonpyeong]].<ref>{{cite news | script-title=ko:김태우, "천안함 사과 없어도 금강산 협상해야" | date = 2012-01-03 | url = http://www.ytn.co.kr/_ln/0101_201201031300267335 | work=[[The Korea Herald]] | accessdate = 2012-01-03 | language = Korean}}</ref>

A 2018 travel book described most facilities in the region closed due to lack of visitors.<ref name="Marr2018">{{cite book|author=Henry Marr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp1-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204|title=North Korea|date=14 December 2018|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-78477-094-5|pages=204–}}</ref> Around the same time, South Korean President [[Moon Jae-in]] and North Korea's [[Kim Jong-un]] agreed to restart tours to the resort.

In 2019, Kim Jong-un visited the site and criticised the facilities: "They are not only very backward in terms of architecture but look so shabby as they are not properly cared for. The buildings are just a hotchpotch with no national character at all."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-10-24/australias-old-floating-hotel-in-dire-straits-in-north-korea/11634518?section=politics|title=Australia's world-first floating hotel in dire straits as Kim Jong-un seeks renovations|first=Tracey|last=Shelton|publisher=ABC|date=24 October 2019}}</ref> He also ordered the South Korean facilities to be replaced by "modern facilities".<ref name=":3" /> This was criticized by the South Korean government which instead proposed renovating the complex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20191129000595|title=Seoul considers carrying out maintenance work on facilities at Kumgangsan|date=2019-11-29|website=[[The Korea Herald]]|language=en|access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref> In January 2020, the North Korean government said that redevelopment of the site was postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nknews.org/2020/01/north-korea-to-postpone-planned-demolition-of-mt-kumgang-facilities-south-says/?t=1585346509862|title=North Korea to postpone planned demolition of Mt. Kumgang facilities, South says|publisher=[[NK News]]|date=30 January 2020}}</ref>

As of late 2022 there were reports based on satellite imagery that the resort's facilities, including the golf course and the Hotel Haegumgang floating hotel, were being dismantled pursuant to the directives from leader [[Kim Jong-un]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-18 |title=Seoul voices regret over NK's removal of S. Korean-built facilities at Mount Geumgang resort |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2023/03/103_338094.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=[[The Korea Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Other facilities that were destroyed include the [[Paektu Mountain|Mt. Paektu]] General Museum and Cultural Center, as well as the apartment buildings at the Diamond Mountain Golf Resort and Spa. No new building was spotted in the area.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.38north.org/2023/01/north-koreas-tourism-industry-a-grand-initiative-in-limbo/ | title=North Korea's Tourism Industry: A Grand Initiative in Limbo - 38 North: Informed Analysis of North Korea | date=26 January 2023 }}</ref>

On January 15, 2024, it was announced that North Korea would close the Mount Kumgang International Tourism Administration.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/16/unification-with-south-korea-no-longer-possible-says-kim-jong-un|title=Unification with South Korea no longer possible, says Kim Jong-un|publisher=Guardian|date=15 January 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|North Korea}}
*[[Kaesong Industrial Region]]
*[[Mount Kumgang]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kumgangsan}}
{{commons category|Kumgangsan}}
{{Kangwon}}
{{Regions and administrative divisions of North Korea}}
{{coord|38|41|17|N|128|12|01|E|display=title|region:KP_type:landmark_source:dewiki}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mount Kumgang Tourist Region}}
[[Category:Mount Kumgang]]
[[Category:Tourism in North Korea]]
[[Category:Directly Governed Cities and Special Administrative Regions of North Korea]]
[[Category:North Korea–South Korea relations]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in North Korea]]

President of the State Affairs of North Korea

2024-03-07T01:26:15Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Head of state of North Korea since 2016}}
{{Distinguish|President of North Korea|Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly}}
{{Infobox Political post
| post = President of the State Affairs Commission
| body = the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| native_name = 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원장
| insignia = Emblem of the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission of North Korea.svg
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption = Emblem of the president of the State Affairs
| flag = Flag of the Chairman of the State Affairs Commission of North Korea.svg
| flagsize = 200px
| flagcaption = Flag of the president of the State Affairs
| department = [[State Affairs Commission of North Korea]]
| image = Kim Jong-un 2019.png
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Kim Jong Un]]
| incumbentsince = 29 June 2016
| working place = [[Forbidden City (Pyongyang)|Forbidden City]], [[Pyongyang]]
| residence = [[Forbidden City (Pyongyang)|Forbidden City]] [[Ryongsong Residence]]
| seat = [[Pyongyang]]
| style = Respected Comrade (domestic) His [[Excellency]] (diplomatic)
| nominator = [[Supreme People's Assembly]]
| nominatorpost =
| appointer = [[Supreme People's Assembly]]
| appointerpost =
| inaugural = [[Kim Il Sung]] (as NDC chairman) [[Kim Jong Un]] (as SAC president)
| formation = 28 December 1972 (as NDC chairman) 29 June 2016 (as SAC president)
| term limit = none
| constituting_instrument = [[Constitution of North Korea]]
| precursor = Chairman of the [[National Defence Commission]]
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| status = [[Head of state]]
| deputy = [[Vice President of the State Affairs Commission|Vice President of the State Affairs]]
| salary =
| website =
| imagesize = 165px
| termlength = Five years, renewable
| member_of =
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
| hangul = 조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원장
| hanja = {{linktext|朝鮮|民主主義|人民|共和國|國務|委員長}}
| mr = Chosŏn minjujuŭi inmin'gonghwaguk kukmu wiwŏnjang
| rr = Joseon minjujuui inmin gonghwaguk gukmu wiwonjang
| context = north}}
{{Politics of North Korea|expanded=State Affairs Commission}}
The '''President of the State Affairs Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea'''<ref>{{cite constitution| article = 100-106 | section = 2 | polity = the Democratic People's Republic of Korea| ratified = 2019}}</ref> ({{Korean|hangul=조선민주주의인민공화국 국무위원장|context=north}}), alternatively styled "President of State Affairs" in official translations, is the [[Supreme Leader (North Korean title)|supreme leader]] and [[List of heads of state of North Korea|head of state]] of [[North Korea]].<ref name="cons">Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 100</ref> The president chairs the [[State Affairs Commission of North Korea|State Affairs Commission]] (SAC), which is the highest leadership institution in North Korea, and serves as the [[Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of North Korea|commander-in-chief]] of the [[Korean People's Army|North Korean armed forces]].

The [[Constitution of North Korea|North Korean constitution]] gives the president the power to lead the overall affairs of the state and appoint important state officials.<ref name=":0">Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 104</ref> The president also has the power to appoint diplomatic representatives and conclude treaties with other countries.<ref name=":0" /> The president can declare a state of [[State of emergency|emergency]], a state of war or a mobilization order and direct the country's national defence during times of war.<ref name=":0" /> The president also has absolute control over North Korea's nuclear arsenal.

The president of the State Affairs is elected by the [[Supreme People's Assembly]].<ref name=":1">Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 91</ref><ref name=":2">Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 101</ref> The position is held by the [[General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea|general secretary]] of the [[Workers' Party of Korea|Workers’ Party of Korea]] (WPK), who leads the ruling political party of North Korea and serves as the [[Supreme Leader (North Korean title)|supreme leader of North Korea]]. The term of the president is the same as that of the Supreme People's Assembly and has no term limits.<ref name=":3">Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 102</ref>

The current president is [[Kim Jong Un]], who took office on 29 June 2016 and was re-elected on 11 April 2019.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://kcna.kp/|title=Kim Jong Un Elected as Chairman of DPRK State Affairs Commission|date=30 June 2016|website=[[Korean Central News Agency]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618013131/http://www.kcna.kp/|archive-date=18 June 2016|access-date=8 April 2020}} [https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1546587527-425700/kim-jong-un-elected-as-chairman-of-dprk-state-affairs-commission/ Alt URL]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://kcna.kp/|title=Supreme Leader Kim Jong Un Elected as Chairman of DPRK State Affairs Commission|date=12 April 2019|website=[[Korean Central News Agency]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409094842/http://www.kcna.kp/|archive-date=9 April 2019|access-date=8 April 2020}} [https://kcnawatch.org/newstream/1555029057-928652061/supreme-leader-kim-jong-un-elected-as-chairman-of-dprk-state-affairs-commission/ Alt URL]</ref>

==History==
===Chairman of the National Defence Commission===
{{see also|National Defence Commission}}
The position was first established as the '''chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Central People's Committee''' (Korean: 중앙인민위원회 국방위원회 위원장) on 28 December 1972. At that time, the National Defence Commission was a commission subordinate to the Central People's Committee, which was the highest leadership institution in North Korea from 1972 until 1998.

The 1972 North Korean constitution stated that the [[president of North Korea]] is also the chairman of the National Defence Commission, as well as the supreme commander of the country's armed forces.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kim Il Sung Works 27 January-December 1972|publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House|year=1986|location=Pyongyang|pages=544}}</ref> [[Kim Il Sung]], who was the president of North Korea, was the chairman of the National Defence Commission from 28 December 1972 until 9 April 1993.

On 9 April 1992, the position became known as the '''chairman of the National Defence Commission''' (Korean: 국방위원회 위원장) following the approval of an amendment to the 1972 constitution that made the National Defence Commission into a separate institution from the Central People's Committee. The amendment expanded the chairman's powers to become the head of the highest military leadership institution in North Korea.

The 1992 constitutional amendment no longer required the president to also be the chairman of the National Defence Commission and the supreme commander of the armed forces. This allowed [[Kim Jong Il]], who was Kim Il Sung's designated successor, to be elected as chairman of the National Defence Commission on 9 April 1993. Prior to his election, Kim Jong Il was elected as first vice chairman of the National Defence Commission on 24 May 1990 and became the supreme commander of the [[Korean People's Army]] on 24 December 1991.

Following [[Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung|Kim Il Sung's death on 8 July 1994]], another constitutional amendment was approved on 5 September 1998 which further expanded the powers of the chairman of the National Defence Commission. The amendment enshrined Kim Il Sung as North Korea's eternal president and abolished the position. While it is not stated by the amended constitution, the National Defence Commission became the ''de facto'' highest leadership institution in the country with its chairman holding the highest office of the state.

Despite the 1998 constitutional amendment effectively making the chairman of the National Defence Commission the highest office in North Korea, it did not have the status of head of state. The [[president of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly]] was designated as the country's head of state from 1998 until 2019.

On 9 April 2009, the powers of the chairman of the National Defence Commission was expanded through another constitutional amendment. The amendment designated the chairman as the supreme leader of the country. The chairman was given the power to direct all state affairs and conclude important treaties with foreign countries. The chairman can also appoint or dismiss important national defence officials, grant special pardons, declare a state of emergency and a state of war and issue mobilization order.

After his election as chairman of the National Defence Commission in 1993, Kim Jong Il was re-elected in September 1998, September 2003 and April 2009, and served in this position until [[Death and state funeral of Kim Jong Il|his death on 17 December 2011]].

===First Chairman of the National Defence Commission===
Following Kim Jong Il's death, the position of chairman of the National Defence Commission remained vacant from December 2011 until April 2012.

A constitutional amendment was approved on 13 April 2012 which enshrined Kim Jong Il as the '''eternal chairman of the National Defence Commission''' (Korean: 영원한 국방위원회 위원장). The amendment also created the position of '''first chairman of the National Defence Commission''' (Korean: 국방위원회 제1위원장) which was designated as the supreme leader of the country.

Kim Jong Un, who is Kim Jong Il's designated successor, was elected as first chairman of the National Defence Commission on 13 April 2012 and was re-elected in April 2014.

===President of the State Affairs===
On 29 June 2016, a constitutional amendment was approved by the Supreme People's Assembly that created the State Affairs Commission to replace the National Defence Commission as the highest leadership institution in North Korea. The amendment also created the position of '''chairman of the State Affairs Commission'''.

Kim Jong Un was elected as chairman of the State Affairs Commission on 29 June 2016 and was re-elected on 11 April 2019.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />

On 11 April 2019, the constitution was amended to make the chairman of the State Affairs Commission the head of state of North Korea. Another constitutional amendment on 29 August of the same year gave the chairman the power to promulgate the ordinances of the Supreme People's Assembly and the decrees and decisions of the State Affairs Commission and appoint North Korea's diplomatic representatives to foreign countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/30/north-korea-changes-constitution-to-solidify-kim-jong-uns-rule.html|title=North Korea changes constitution to solidify Kim Jong Un's rule|date=2019-08-30|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=2019-12-09}}</ref>

In February 2021, the official English translation for the position was changed to '''president of the State Affairs'''{{sic}}. However, the word 위원장, meaning "chairman", was replaced neither by the word 주석 (used for the office of [[president of North Korea]] held by [[Kim Il Sung]] between 1972 and 1994) nor by the word 대통령 (used by the [[president of South Korea]]).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Koh|first=Byung-joon|date=17 February 2021|title=N.K. state media use 'president' as new English title for leader Kim|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210217003700325?section=nk/nk|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>

==Election==
According to the Constitution, the president of the State Affairs is elected by the Supreme People's Assembly.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> It requires that the election should be according to the "consensus of the entire Korean people".<ref name=":2" />

The election of the president of the State Affairs takes place during a session of the Supreme People's Assembly.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea]] sends a proposal to the Supreme People's Assembly for a candidate to be elected as the president. The Central Committee's proposal is introduced to the Supreme People's Assembly by the chairman of its Standing Committee. Then, the Supreme People's Assembly unanimously votes for the candidate. In practice, this position is reserved for the general secretary of the Workers’ Party of Korea, the top leader in the [[one-party state]].

The term of the president of the State Affairs is the same as the term of the Supreme People's Assembly, which is usually five years.<ref name=":3" /> The constitution does not set a term limit for the president. The president may not be elected as a deputy to the Supreme People's Assembly.<ref name=":2" />

The Supreme People's Assembly has the power to recall the president.<ref name=":1" />

The constitution does not set other qualifications for the president of the State Affairs. As a result, the right to be elected as president is governed by the normal provisions regarding the right to be elected, which are granted to all North Korean citizens who are at least 17 years old.<ref>Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 66</ref>

==Powers==
===Domestic policy===
The president of the State Affairs has the power to direct the overall work of the state as the supreme leader of North Korea.<ref name="cons" /><ref name=":0" />

The president also heads the State Affairs Commission, which is the highest leadership institution in North Korea.<ref name=":0" /> The State Affairs Commission is responsible for discussing and deciding on important state policies.<ref name=":6">Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 110</ref> The SAC also supervises the execution of the orders of the president and the SAC decrees, decisions and directives.<ref name=":6" /> Decisions and directives of state institutions that are contrary to the orders of the president or SAC decrees, decisions and directives can be revoked by the SAC.<ref name=":6" />

===Nominations and appointments===
The president of the State Affairs has the power to nominate the first vice president, vice president, and members of the State Affairs Commission, who are then elected by the Supreme People's Assembly.<ref name=":1" /> The president can also propose for their recall by the Supreme People's Assembly.<ref name=":1" />

The president also has the power to appoint or dismiss important state officials.<ref name=":0" /> However, the constitution does not state who these important state officials are.

===Legislation===
The president of the State Affairs can submit an agenda that will be discussed by the Supreme People's Assembly.<ref name=":8">Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 95</ref> The commission can also submit an agenda to the Supreme People's Assembly.<ref name=":8" />

The president has the power to promulgate ordinances of the Supreme People's Assembly and the SAC decrees, decisions and directives,<ref name=":0" /> and to issue orders.<ref>Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 105</ref> Orders of the President of SAC take precedence over the regular laws passed by the Supreme People's Assembly. The State Affairs Commission supervises the execution of these orders.<ref name=":6" />

===Foreign affairs===
The president of the State Affairs represents North Korea in its foreign relations as its head of state, can conclude major treaties, and can appoint and recall North Korea's diplomatic representatives to foreign countries.<ref name=":0" />

Foreign countries address the credentials and recall of their ambassadors to North Korea to the president,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2019/08/reflecting-kim-jong-uns-changing-role-north-korea-shakes-up-diplomatic-protocol/|title=Reflecting Kim Jong Un's changing role, North Korea shakes up diplomatic protocol|last=Hotham|first=Oliver|date=9 August 2019|website=[[NK News]]|access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> although customarily the task of receiving them is delegated to the chairman of the SPA Standing Committee.<ref>Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 117</ref>

===Commander-in-chief===
The president of the State Affairs is the [[Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of North Korea|commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of North Korea]].<ref name=":9">Socialist Constitution of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Article 103</ref> As commander-in-chief, the president has command of the entire armed forces.<ref name=":9" /> The president additionally has "monolithic command" over the [[North Korea and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear forces of North Korea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rodong Sinmun |url=http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?strPageID=SF01_02_01&newsID=2022-09-10-0001 |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=www.rodong.rep.kp}}</ref>

The president has the power to declare a state of emergency, a state of war or a mobilization order, and can organize a national defence committee during wartime.<ref name=":0" />

===Other powers===
The president of the State Affairs Commission can exercise the right to grant special pardon.<ref name=":0" />

==List of position holders==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:70%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid"
! colspan="8" |'''Chairman of the National Defence Commission of the Central People's Committee''' 중앙인민위원회 국방위원회 위원장
|- style="background:#cccccc"
!No.
! colspan="2" align="center" width="0" |Chairman
!colspan=2 align="center" width="0"|Political party
! width="100" |Term start
! width="100" |Term end
![[Supreme People's Assembly|SPA]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |'''1'''
| rowspan="5" |[[File:Kim Il Sung Portrait.png|136x136px]]
| rowspan="5" |'''[[Kim Il Sung]]''' 김일성 {{small|(1912–1994)}}
| rowspan="5" style="background:{{party color|Workers' Party of Korea}}" height="99" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Workers' Party of Korea]]
| rowspan="5" |28 December 1972
| rowspan="5" |9 April 1992
| rowspan="1" |[[1972 North Korean parliamentary election|5th]]
|-
|[[1977 North Korean parliamentary election|6th]]
|-
|[[1982 North Korean parliamentary election|7th]]
|-
|[[1986 North Korean parliamentary election|8th]]
|-
|[[1990 North Korean parliamentary election|9th]]
|-
! colspan="8" |'''Chairman of the National Defence Commission''' 국방위원회 위원장
|-
!No.
! colspan="2" |Chairman
! colspan="2" |Political party
!Term start
!Term end
![[Supreme People's Assembly|SPA]]
|-
|'''(1)'''
|[[File:Kim Il Sung Portrait.png|136x136px]]
|'''[[Kim Il Sung]]''' 김일성 {{small|(1912–1994)}}
| style="background:{{party color|Workers' Party of Korea}}" height="99" |
|[[Workers' Party of Korea]]
|9 April 1992
|9 April 1993
| rowspan="2" |[[1990 North Korean parliamentary election|9th]]
|-style="height:37px;"
| rowspan="4" |'''2'''
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Kim Jong-il on August 24, 2011.jpg|148x148px]]
| rowspan="4" |'''[[Kim Jong Il]]''' 김정일 {{small|(1941–2011)}}
| rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Workers' Party of Korea}}" height="99" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Workers' Party of Korea]]
| rowspan="4" |9 April 1993
| rowspan="4" |17 December 2011
|-
|[[1998 North Korean parliamentary election|10th]]
|-
|[[2003 North Korean parliamentary election|11th]]
|-style="height:37px;"
| rowspan="2" |[[2009 North Korean parliamentary election|12th]]
|-
| colspan="7" |''Vacant'' (17 December 2011–13 April 2012)
|-
! colspan="8" |'''First Chairman of the National Defence Commission''' 국방위원회 제1위원장
|-
!No.
! colspan="2" |First Chairman
! colspan="2" |Political party
!Term start
!Term end
![[Supreme People's Assembly|SPA]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''3'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Kim Jong-un 2019.png|143x143px]]
| rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|'''[[Kim Jong Un]]'''}} 김정은 {{small|(born 1983)}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Workers' Party of Korea}}" height="99" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Workers' Party of Korea]]
| rowspan="2" |13 April 2012
| rowspan="2" |29 June 2016
|[[2009 North Korean parliamentary election|12th]]
|-
|[[2014 North Korean parliamentary election|13th]]
|-
! colspan="8" |'''President of the State Affairs''' 국무위원장
|-
!No.
! colspan="2" |President
! colspan="2" |Political party
!Term start
!Term end
![[Supreme People's Assembly|SPA]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''(3)'''
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Kim Jong-un 2019.png|143x143px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Kim Jong Un]]''' 김정은 {{small|(born 1983)}}
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Workers' Party of Korea}}" height="99" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Workers' Party of Korea]]
| rowspan="2" |29 June 2016
| rowspan="2" |Incumbent
|[[2014 North Korean parliamentary election|13th]]
|-
|[[2019 North Korean parliamentary election|14th]]
|}

==See also==
* [[General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
* [[Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea]]
* [[Vice President of the State Affairs Commission]]
* [[President of South Korea]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Supreme People's Assembly}}
{{Heads of state and government of Asia}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in North Korea]]
[[Category:Government of North Korea|State Affairs]]
[[Category:Military of North Korea|State Affairs]]
[[Category:State Affairs Commission]]
[[Category:Heads of state in Asia]]

Yuzhno-Kurilsk

2024-02-19T07:12:47Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Urban-type settlement in Kuril Islands}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name=Yuzhno-Kurilsk
|ru_name=Южно-Курильск
|image_skyline=Yuzhno-Kurilsk central square.jpg
|image_caption=Yuzhno-Kurilsk Central Square
|coordinates={{coord|44|02|N|145|51|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=top
|image_coa=Yuzhno-kurilsk.png
|coa_caption=
|image_flag=
|flag_caption=
|anthem=
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=
|holiday_ref=
|federal_subject=[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="Ref407" />
|adm_district_jur=[[Yuzhno-Kurilsky District]]
|adm_district_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref407" />
|adm_ctr_of=Yuzhno-Kurilsky District
|adm_ctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref407" />
|inhabloc_cat=Urban-type settlement
|inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="Ref407" />
|inhabloc_type=
|inhabloc_type_ref=
|urban_okrug_jur=Yuzhno-Kurilsky Urban Okrug
|urban_okrug_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref882" />
|mun_admctr_of=Yuzhno-Kurilsky Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref882" />
|leader_title=
|leader_title_ref=
|leader_name=
|leader_name_ref=
|representative_body=
|representative_body_ref=
|area_of_what=
|area_as_of=
|area_km2=
|area_km2_ref=
|pop_2010census=5832
|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
|pop_density=
|pop_density_as_of=
|pop_density_ref=
|pop_latest=
|pop_latest_date=
|pop_latest_ref=
|established_date=
|established_title=
|established_date_ref=
|current_cat_date=
|current_cat_date_ref=
|prev_name1=
|prev_name1_date=
|prev_name1_ref=
|postal_codes=
|postal_codes_ref=
|dialing_codes=42455
|dialing_codes_ref=<ref>[http://www.sakhalin.biz/info/ Телефонные коды Сахалина - Dialing codes of Sakhalin] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
|website=
}}

'''Yuzhno-Kurilsk''' ({{lang-ru|Ю́жно-Кури́льск}}; {{lang-ja|古釜布|Furukamappu}}) is an [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|urban locality]] (an [[urban-type settlement]]) and the [[administrative center]] of [[Yuzhno-Kurilsky District]] of [[Sakhalin Oblast]], [[Russia]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=5,832|p2002=5,751|p1989=6,344}} It is the largest settlement on the [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]].

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}
The history of Yuzhno-Kurilsk is connected with the history of the Kuril Islands as a whole. In Russia, the Kuril Islands first became known after an expedition by Russian explorer [[Ivan Moskvitin]] and his companions, after which another explorer Kolobov in 1646 talked of the [[Ainu people|Ainu]]s—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kuriles. According to some Japanese sources, Kunashir became known to Russians later than the other islands of the Kuril chain.

After that, the Kuriles, Sakhalin, and [[Hokkaido]] were explored and settled both by the Russians and Japanese. By the end of the 18th century, first settlements of Russian exiles and volunteers appeared on the Kuriles. Also, along with Ainu settlements, the islands had a Japanese trading post and fortified settlements with military garrisons. In 1769, Lieutenant Ivan Chyorny was informed that the Japanese on Kunashir had founded a settlement with a fortress and a permanent garrison.

Weakened by the [[Crimean War]], in 1855 Russia signed the [[Treaty of Shimoda]] and ceded a part of the South Kuril Islands to Japan, including the island of Kunashir. The Japanese predecessor of Yuzhno-Kurilsk, the village of Furukamappu ({{Nihongo||古釜布|Furukamappu}}), was located in the northeastern corner of the eponymous bay. Furukamappu, with the neighboring villages of Okinokotan and Isoyanbetsu had fifty houses. There was a post office with the telegraph and shops. When the island was administered by Japan (1855–1945), other settlements were founded as well.

Kunashir came back under the Russian rule on September 1, 1945, as a result of the Kuril landing operation. A Platoon of the Machine Gun Battalion of the 113th Infantry Brigade of the 87th Infantry Corps of the 2nd Far Eastern Front landed near Furukamappu. On the shore there was a Japanese battalion commander waiting for them with a white flag in hands. The Japanese garrison surrendered without a fight. On February 2, 1946, the island was included in the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Sakhalin) Oblast of the USSR, and the village of Yuzhno-Kurilsk was founded. The first Yuzhno-Kurilsk City Council and all the services of civil authority were formed from members of the 113th Infantry Brigade. Captain Babukhadiya, an artillery division battery commander, became the first chairman of the regional executive committee.

After World War II, active construction was launched using Soviet military forces. Japanese prisoners of war who were kept on Kunashir in a separate camp were also used for the construction. Japanese prisoners of war were given the same rations as Soviet soldiers. The Japanese wore their uniform with their own insignia, were divided into platoons and companies with their commanders in the lead. They moved around in formation, abided by strict discipline and order according to the statutes of the Japanese army (if it posed no harm to the Soviet side).

According to the decision of the Soviet Government, in the summer of 1947 all the Japanese people were repatriated from the Kuril Islands to Hokkaido, Japan. By that time Kunashir was settled by many immigrants and seasonal workers from various regions of the Soviet Union. Fisheries based on Kunashir and Shikotan began to increase their production output and revenues.

After the [[1953 tsunami]], many Yuzhno-Kurilsk public facilities had to be rebuilt {{convert|30|m|sp=us}} above the previous level. After the 1994 earthquake in the open sea to the east of the island of Hokkaido, the buildings sustained extensive damage and were rebuilt at a new location.

After a period of uncertainty and decline in the 1990s, largely caused by the fears that the island was going to be ceded to Japan, Yuzhno-Kurilsk gradually began to revive. A Federal Program for the Development of the Kuril Islands involves a significant investment to build a new airport, roads and other facilities on the island.

==Administrative and municipal status==
Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Yuzhno-Kurilsk serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Yuzhno-Kurilsky District]] and is subordinated to it.<ref name="Ref407">Law #25-ZO</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the urban-type settlement of Yuzhno-Kurilsk and nine rural localities of Yuzhno-Kurilsky District are incorporated as '''Yuzhno-Kurilsky Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="Ref882">Law #524</ref>

==Climate==
Yuzhno-Kurilsk has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'') with strong influences from the North Pacific Ocean and [[Sea of Okhotsk]]. However, [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is much heavier than in most humid-continental climates, owing to the presence of strong onshore winds from the Pacific Ocean. However, these also make the whole [[Kuril Islands]] archipelago extremely cloudy, especially in summer, when [[fog]] from the cold [[Oyashio Current]] produces near-saturation humidity and extremely high cloudiness. However, Yuzhno-Kurilsk itself is less affected than areas like [[Simushir]] in the [[Kuril Islands]] to the northeast, because it is somewhat shielded from fog by nearby Japan's [[Shiretoko Peninsula|Shiretoko]] and [[Nemuro Peninsula]]s and actually receives more sunshine than [[Wakkanai]] and only marginally less than [[Sapporo]]. In Yuzhno-Kurilsk, with powerful oceanic and marine influences (producing strong [[seasonal lag]]), average monthly temperatures are lowest in February, and highest in August, but warmer in September than July, suggesting the year's highest average temperatures occur in late August - exceptionally late in the year, relative to the rest of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Average monthly precipitation is lowest in February, and highest in September - the latter resulting in part from tropical weather systems, including former [[typhoons]] approaching from over or near Japan to the southwest, and bringing high winds and heavy rains.

Maritime influences are also reflected in summer temperatures here being much lower than in comparable latitudes in the interior of Asia; for example, the warmest month at Yuzhno-Kurilsk is {{convert|5|C-change}} cooler than at [[Vladivostok]] and {{convert|9|C-change}} cooler than in [[Harbin]]. Due to its less cold winters, these differences even out during the course of the year, but Yuzhno-Kurilsk has a {{convert|10|C-change}} colder climate annually than [[Genoa]], [[Italy]], on the exact same latitude.

In winter, Yuzhno-Kurilsk lies in a sharp transition zone between pulses of frigid air from the [[Siberian High]] centered over northeastern Russia during winter, and the much milder (but still chilly), wet and stormy [[Aleutian Low]] over the North Pacific Ocean to the east and northeast. In summer, clouds, fog and cooling influence from the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] and [[Oyashio Current]] predominate. Combined over the year, these features produce an exceptionally cold climate for a marine area for this near 44 degrees north-latitude location.

{{Weather box
|location = Yuzhno-Kurilsk (1991–2020, extremes 1947–present)
|single line = yes
|metric first = yes
|Jan record high C = 8.5
|Feb record high C = 9.3
|Mar record high C = 12.7
|Apr record high C = 19.9
|May record high C = 26.1
|Jun record high C = 29.0
|Jul record high C = 30.4
|Aug record high C = 30.5
|Sep record high C = 27.3
|Oct record high C = 22.4
|Nov record high C = 18.2
|Dec record high C = 13.3
|year record high C = 30.5
|Jan high C = -1.5
|Feb high C = -2.2
|Mar high C = 0.7
|Apr high C = 5.1
|May high C = 9.0
|Jun high C = 11.6
|Jul high C = 15.5
|Aug high C = 18.3
|Sep high C = 17.8
|Oct high C = 13.6
|Nov high C = 7.6
|Dec high C = 1.4
|year high C = 8.1
|Jan mean C = -3.9
|Feb mean C = -4.9
|Mar mean C = -2.0
|Apr mean C = 1.9
|May mean C = 5.5
|Jun mean C = 8.9
|Jul mean C = 12.9
|Aug mean C = 15.9
|Sep mean C = 15.4
|Oct mean C = 11.1
|Nov mean C = 4.9
|Dec mean C = -1.0
|year mean C = 5.4
|Jan low C = -6.0
|Feb low C = -7.3
|Mar low C = -4.3
|Apr low C = -0.4
|May low C = 3.2
|Jun low C = 7.1
|Jul low C = 11.2
|Aug low C = 14.2
|Sep low C = 13.4
|Oct low C = 8.5
|Nov low C = 2.2
|Dec low C = -3.2
|year low C = 3.2
|Jan record low C = -16.5
|Feb record low C = -20.3
|Mar record low C = -18.0
|Apr record low C = -9.4
|May record low C = -3.1
|Jun record low C = 0.3
|Jul record low C = 2.8
|Aug record low C = 7.0
|Sep record low C = 4.3
|Oct record low C = -3.5
|Nov record low C = -7.6
|Dec record low C = -13.6
|year record low C = -20.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 60
|Feb precipitation mm = 45
|Mar precipitation mm = 69
|Apr precipitation mm = 89
|May precipitation mm = 124
|Jun precipitation mm = 117
|Jul precipitation mm = 134
|Aug precipitation mm = 166
|Sep precipitation mm = 179
|Oct precipitation mm = 131
|Nov precipitation mm = 104
|Dec precipitation mm = 83
|year precipitation mm = 1301
|Jan snow depth cm = 12
|Feb snow depth cm = 19
|Mar snow depth cm = 17
|Apr snow depth cm = 3
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 0
|Nov snow depth cm = 1
|Dec snow depth cm = 6
|year snow depth cm = 19
|Jan humidity = 73
|Feb humidity = 74
|Mar humidity = 77
|Apr humidity = 82
|May humidity = 87
|Jun humidity = 93
|Jul humidity = 95
|Aug humidity = 92
|Sep humidity = 84
|Oct humidity = 75
|Nov humidity = 73
|Dec humidity = 72
|year humidity = 81
|Jan rain days = 4
|Feb rain days = 2
|Mar rain days = 5
|Apr rain days = 15
|May rain days = 22
|Jun rain days = 23
|Jul rain days = 25
|Aug rain days = 23
|Sep rain days = 21
|Oct rain days = 21
|Nov rain days = 19
|Dec rain days = 9
|year rain days = 189
|Jan snow days = 28
|Feb snow days = 25
|Mar snow days = 24
|Apr snow days = 13
|May snow days = 3
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 2
|Nov snow days = 14
|Dec snow days = 26
|year snow days = 135
|Jan sun = 113
|Feb sun = 153
|Mar sun = 172
|Apr sun = 161
|May sun = 166
|Jun sun = 123
|Jul sun = 103
|Aug sun = 117
|Sep sun = 160
|Oct sun = 175
|Nov sun = 124
|Dec sun = 113
|year sun = 1680
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/32165.htm
| title = Weather and Climate - The Climate of Yuzhno-Kurilsk
| access-date = 8 November 2021
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA >
{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/RA/32165.TXT
| title = Juzno Kurilsk (Yuzhno-Kurilsk) Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

|date=December 2011}}

==Transportation==
[[Aurora (airline)|Aurora Airlines]] operates flights to and from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 3 times per week, out of [[Yuzhno-Kurilsk Mendeleyevo Airport|Mendeleyevo Airport]] (ICAO: UHSM), located 20 kilometers outside Yuzhno-Kurilsk.
One or two times every month in summer, there is a ferry service connecting to [[Korsakov (town)|Korsakov]] on Sakhalin island.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|sak|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|sak|mun|list}}

{{Sakhalin Oblast}}

{{Kuril Islands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Urban-type settlements in Sakhalin Oblast]]
[[Category:Kunashir Island]]

Yuzhno-Kurilsk

2024-02-19T07:11:27Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Urban-type settlement in Kuril Islands}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name=Yuzhno-Kurilsk
|ru_name=Южно-Курильск
|image_skyline=Yuzhno-Kurilsk central square.jpg
|image_caption=Yuzhno-Kurilsk Central Square
|coordinates={{coord|44|02|N|145|51|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=top
|image_coa=Yuzhno-kurilsk.png
|coa_caption=
|image_flag=
|flag_caption=
|anthem=
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=
|holiday_ref=
|federal_subject=[[Sakhalin Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="Ref407" />
|adm_district_jur=[[Yuzhno-Kurilsky District]]
|adm_district_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref407" />
|adm_ctr_of=Yuzhno-Kurilsky District
|adm_ctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref407" />
|inhabloc_cat=Urban-type settlement
|inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="Ref407" />
|inhabloc_type=
|inhabloc_type_ref=
|urban_okrug_jur=Yuzhno-Kurilsky Urban Okrug
|urban_okrug_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref882" />
|mun_admctr_of=Yuzhno-Kurilsky Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref882" />
|leader_title=
|leader_title_ref=
|leader_name=
|leader_name_ref=
|representative_body=
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|area_of_what=
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|pop_2010census=5832
|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
|pop_density=
|pop_density_as_of=
|pop_density_ref=
|pop_latest=
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|pop_latest_ref=
|established_date=
|established_title=
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|current_cat_date=
|current_cat_date_ref=
|prev_name1=
|prev_name1_date=
|prev_name1_ref=
|postal_codes=
|postal_codes_ref=
|dialing_codes=42455
|dialing_codes_ref=<ref>[http://www.sakhalin.biz/info/ Телефонные коды Сахалина - Dialing codes of Sakhalin] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
|website=
}}

'''Yuzhno-Kurilsk''' ({{lang-ru|Ю́жно-Кури́льск}}; {{jp|j=古釜布|hg=ふるかまっぷ|rm=Furukamappu}}) is an [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|urban locality]] (an [[urban-type settlement]]) and the [[administrative center]] of [[Yuzhno-Kurilsky District]] of [[Sakhalin Oblast]], [[Russia]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=5,832|p2002=5,751|p1989=6,344}} It is the largest settlement on the [[Kunashir Island]] of the [[Kuril Islands]].

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2019}}
The history of Yuzhno-Kurilsk is connected with the history of the Kuril Islands as a whole. In Russia, the Kuril Islands first became known after an expedition by Russian explorer [[Ivan Moskvitin]] and his companions, after which another explorer Kolobov in 1646 talked of the [[Ainu people|Ainu]]s—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kuriles. According to some Japanese sources, Kunashir became known to Russians later than the other islands of the Kuril chain.

After that, the Kuriles, Sakhalin, and [[Hokkaido]] were explored and settled both by the Russians and Japanese. By the end of the 18th century, first settlements of Russian exiles and volunteers appeared on the Kuriles. Also, along with Ainu settlements, the islands had a Japanese trading post and fortified settlements with military garrisons. In 1769, Lieutenant Ivan Chyorny was informed that the Japanese on Kunashir had founded a settlement with a fortress and a permanent garrison.

Weakened by the [[Crimean War]], in 1855 Russia signed the [[Treaty of Shimoda]] and ceded a part of the South Kuril Islands to Japan, including the island of Kunashir. The Japanese predecessor of Yuzhno-Kurilsk, the village of Furukamappu ({{Nihongo||古釜布|Furukamappu}}), was located in the northeastern corner of the eponymous bay. Furukamappu, with the neighboring villages of Okinokotan and Isoyanbetsu had fifty houses. There was a post office with the telegraph and shops. When the island was administered by Japan (1855–1945), other settlements were founded as well.

Kunashir came back under the Russian rule on September 1, 1945, as a result of the Kuril landing operation. A Platoon of the Machine Gun Battalion of the 113th Infantry Brigade of the 87th Infantry Corps of the 2nd Far Eastern Front landed near Furukamappu. On the shore there was a Japanese battalion commander waiting for them with a white flag in hands. The Japanese garrison surrendered without a fight. On February 2, 1946, the island was included in the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Sakhalin) Oblast of the USSR, and the village of Yuzhno-Kurilsk was founded. The first Yuzhno-Kurilsk City Council and all the services of civil authority were formed from members of the 113th Infantry Brigade. Captain Babukhadiya, an artillery division battery commander, became the first chairman of the regional executive committee.

After World War II, active construction was launched using Soviet military forces. Japanese prisoners of war who were kept on Kunashir in a separate camp were also used for the construction. Japanese prisoners of war were given the same rations as Soviet soldiers. The Japanese wore their uniform with their own insignia, were divided into platoons and companies with their commanders in the lead. They moved around in formation, abided by strict discipline and order according to the statutes of the Japanese army (if it posed no harm to the Soviet side).

According to the decision of the Soviet Government, in the summer of 1947 all the Japanese people were repatriated from the Kuril Islands to Hokkaido, Japan. By that time Kunashir was settled by many immigrants and seasonal workers from various regions of the Soviet Union. Fisheries based on Kunashir and Shikotan began to increase their production output and revenues.

After the [[1953 tsunami]], many Yuzhno-Kurilsk public facilities had to be rebuilt {{convert|30|m|sp=us}} above the previous level. After the 1994 earthquake in the open sea to the east of the island of Hokkaido, the buildings sustained extensive damage and were rebuilt at a new location.

After a period of uncertainty and decline in the 1990s, largely caused by the fears that the island was going to be ceded to Japan, Yuzhno-Kurilsk gradually began to revive. A Federal Program for the Development of the Kuril Islands involves a significant investment to build a new airport, roads and other facilities on the island.

==Administrative and municipal status==
Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Yuzhno-Kurilsk serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Yuzhno-Kurilsky District]] and is subordinated to it.<ref name="Ref407">Law #25-ZO</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the urban-type settlement of Yuzhno-Kurilsk and nine rural localities of Yuzhno-Kurilsky District are incorporated as '''Yuzhno-Kurilsky Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="Ref882">Law #524</ref>

==Climate==
Yuzhno-Kurilsk has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfb'') with strong influences from the North Pacific Ocean and [[Sea of Okhotsk]]. However, [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is much heavier than in most humid-continental climates, owing to the presence of strong onshore winds from the Pacific Ocean. However, these also make the whole [[Kuril Islands]] archipelago extremely cloudy, especially in summer, when [[fog]] from the cold [[Oyashio Current]] produces near-saturation humidity and extremely high cloudiness. However, Yuzhno-Kurilsk itself is less affected than areas like [[Simushir]] in the [[Kuril Islands]] to the northeast, because it is somewhat shielded from fog by nearby Japan's [[Shiretoko Peninsula|Shiretoko]] and [[Nemuro Peninsula]]s and actually receives more sunshine than [[Wakkanai]] and only marginally less than [[Sapporo]]. In Yuzhno-Kurilsk, with powerful oceanic and marine influences (producing strong [[seasonal lag]]), average monthly temperatures are lowest in February, and highest in August, but warmer in September than July, suggesting the year's highest average temperatures occur in late August - exceptionally late in the year, relative to the rest of the [[Northern Hemisphere]]. Average monthly precipitation is lowest in February, and highest in September - the latter resulting in part from tropical weather systems, including former [[typhoons]] approaching from over or near Japan to the southwest, and bringing high winds and heavy rains.

Maritime influences are also reflected in summer temperatures here being much lower than in comparable latitudes in the interior of Asia; for example, the warmest month at Yuzhno-Kurilsk is {{convert|5|C-change}} cooler than at [[Vladivostok]] and {{convert|9|C-change}} cooler than in [[Harbin]]. Due to its less cold winters, these differences even out during the course of the year, but Yuzhno-Kurilsk has a {{convert|10|C-change}} colder climate annually than [[Genoa]], [[Italy]], on the exact same latitude.

In winter, Yuzhno-Kurilsk lies in a sharp transition zone between pulses of frigid air from the [[Siberian High]] centered over northeastern Russia during winter, and the much milder (but still chilly), wet and stormy [[Aleutian Low]] over the North Pacific Ocean to the east and northeast. In summer, clouds, fog and cooling influence from the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] and [[Oyashio Current]] predominate. Combined over the year, these features produce an exceptionally cold climate for a marine area for this near 44 degrees north-latitude location.

{{Weather box
|location = Yuzhno-Kurilsk (1991–2020, extremes 1947–present)
|single line = yes
|metric first = yes
|Jan record high C = 8.5
|Feb record high C = 9.3
|Mar record high C = 12.7
|Apr record high C = 19.9
|May record high C = 26.1
|Jun record high C = 29.0
|Jul record high C = 30.4
|Aug record high C = 30.5
|Sep record high C = 27.3
|Oct record high C = 22.4
|Nov record high C = 18.2
|Dec record high C = 13.3
|year record high C = 30.5
|Jan high C = -1.5
|Feb high C = -2.2
|Mar high C = 0.7
|Apr high C = 5.1
|May high C = 9.0
|Jun high C = 11.6
|Jul high C = 15.5
|Aug high C = 18.3
|Sep high C = 17.8
|Oct high C = 13.6
|Nov high C = 7.6
|Dec high C = 1.4
|year high C = 8.1
|Jan mean C = -3.9
|Feb mean C = -4.9
|Mar mean C = -2.0
|Apr mean C = 1.9
|May mean C = 5.5
|Jun mean C = 8.9
|Jul mean C = 12.9
|Aug mean C = 15.9
|Sep mean C = 15.4
|Oct mean C = 11.1
|Nov mean C = 4.9
|Dec mean C = -1.0
|year mean C = 5.4
|Jan low C = -6.0
|Feb low C = -7.3
|Mar low C = -4.3
|Apr low C = -0.4
|May low C = 3.2
|Jun low C = 7.1
|Jul low C = 11.2
|Aug low C = 14.2
|Sep low C = 13.4
|Oct low C = 8.5
|Nov low C = 2.2
|Dec low C = -3.2
|year low C = 3.2
|Jan record low C = -16.5
|Feb record low C = -20.3
|Mar record low C = -18.0
|Apr record low C = -9.4
|May record low C = -3.1
|Jun record low C = 0.3
|Jul record low C = 2.8
|Aug record low C = 7.0
|Sep record low C = 4.3
|Oct record low C = -3.5
|Nov record low C = -7.6
|Dec record low C = -13.6
|year record low C = -20.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 60
|Feb precipitation mm = 45
|Mar precipitation mm = 69
|Apr precipitation mm = 89
|May precipitation mm = 124
|Jun precipitation mm = 117
|Jul precipitation mm = 134
|Aug precipitation mm = 166
|Sep precipitation mm = 179
|Oct precipitation mm = 131
|Nov precipitation mm = 104
|Dec precipitation mm = 83
|year precipitation mm = 1301
|Jan snow depth cm = 12
|Feb snow depth cm = 19
|Mar snow depth cm = 17
|Apr snow depth cm = 3
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 0
|Nov snow depth cm = 1
|Dec snow depth cm = 6
|year snow depth cm = 19
|Jan humidity = 73
|Feb humidity = 74
|Mar humidity = 77
|Apr humidity = 82
|May humidity = 87
|Jun humidity = 93
|Jul humidity = 95
|Aug humidity = 92
|Sep humidity = 84
|Oct humidity = 75
|Nov humidity = 73
|Dec humidity = 72
|year humidity = 81
|Jan rain days = 4
|Feb rain days = 2
|Mar rain days = 5
|Apr rain days = 15
|May rain days = 22
|Jun rain days = 23
|Jul rain days = 25
|Aug rain days = 23
|Sep rain days = 21
|Oct rain days = 21
|Nov rain days = 19
|Dec rain days = 9
|year rain days = 189
|Jan snow days = 28
|Feb snow days = 25
|Mar snow days = 24
|Apr snow days = 13
|May snow days = 3
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 2
|Nov snow days = 14
|Dec snow days = 26
|year snow days = 135
|Jan sun = 113
|Feb sun = 153
|Mar sun = 172
|Apr sun = 161
|May sun = 166
|Jun sun = 123
|Jul sun = 103
|Aug sun = 117
|Sep sun = 160
|Oct sun = 175
|Nov sun = 124
|Dec sun = 113
|year sun = 1680
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/32165.htm
| title = Weather and Climate - The Climate of Yuzhno-Kurilsk
| access-date = 8 November 2021
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = ru}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA >
{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/RA/32165.TXT
| title = Juzno Kurilsk (Yuzhno-Kurilsk) Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

|date=December 2011}}

==Transportation==
[[Aurora (airline)|Aurora Airlines]] operates flights to and from Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk 3 times per week, out of [[Yuzhno-Kurilsk Mendeleyevo Airport|Mendeleyevo Airport]] (ICAO: UHSM), located 20 kilometers outside Yuzhno-Kurilsk.
One or two times every month in summer, there is a ferry service connecting to [[Korsakov (town)|Korsakov]] on Sakhalin island.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|sak|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|sak|mun|list}}

{{Sakhalin Oblast}}

{{Kuril Islands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Urban-type settlements in Sakhalin Oblast]]
[[Category:Kunashir Island]]

Meteomatics

2024-02-07T08:17:45Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Infobox company
| name = Meteomatics AG
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Weather
| founded = {{Start date and age|2012|03|20}} in [[St. Gallen]], Switzerland
| founder = Martin Fengler
| hq_location_city = [[St. Gallen]]
| hq_location_country = Switzerland
| area_served = Worldwide
| website = {{URL|meteomatics.com}}
}}

'''Meteomatics AG''' is a private Swiss [[Weather forecasting|weather]] technology company headquartered in St. Gallen. Meteomatics was founded by German mathematician Dr. Martin Fengler in 2012. With a weather model of over 1,800 parameters and a horizontal resolution of 90 meters, it is the largest private meteorological company.<ref>https://www.meteomatics.com/en/weather-api/</ref>

Meteomatics manufactures weather drones that fly up to 6 km to collect data from the mid and low levels of the atmosphere. The company also provides meteorological consulting services and forecast and historical weather data through an [[API]]. In 2022, Meteomatics launched EURO1k, a [[Numerical weather prediction|weather model]] that covers Europe with a resolution of 1 km.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meteorological Technology World Expo 2023 |url=https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyworldexpo.com/de/show-news.php?l=de&release=4bbb5420ed2dc9a8eaaedc7ae59de448 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.meteorologicaltechnologyworldexpo.com}}</ref>

== Technology ==

=== Meteodrones ===
Meteomatics started developing Meteodrones, which are [[weather drone]]s, in 2013. Meteodrones are small flying weather stations capable of gathering pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction, and wind speed in the lower 6 km of the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics Weather Drone Testing |url=https://www.digital.je/choose-jersey/success-stories/iot-sandbox/meteomatics-drone-testing/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Digital Jersey |language=en}}</ref> Whilst [[Remote sensing|remotely sensed]] data from [[Earth observation satellite|satellites]], [[radar]] and [[Ceilometer#:~:text=A ceilometer is a device,light detection and ranging) instrument.|ceilometers]] are available for this altitude range, [[in situ]] observations are considered the most reliable by meteorologists. Operational challenges associated with aircraft missions (which are expensive and hence sporadic) and [[radiosonde]]s (which cannot be controlled during flight) leave an in situ observational gap to be filled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinto |first=James O. |last2=O’Sullivan |first2=Debbie |last3=Taylor |first3=Stewart |last4=Elston |first4=Jack |last5=Baker |first5=C. B. |last6=Hotz |first6=David |last7=Marshall |first7=Curtis |last8=Jacob |first8=Jamey |last9=Barfuss |first9=Konrad |last10=Piguet |first10=Bruno |last11=Roberts |first11=Greg |last12=Omanovic |first12=Nadja |last13=Fengler |first13=Martin |last14=Jensen |first14=Anders A. |last15=Steiner |first15=Matthias |date=2021-11-01 |title=The Status and Future of Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) in Operational Meteorology |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/102/11/BAMS-D-20-0138.1.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=E2121–E2136 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0138.1 |issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Meteodrone-swiss-museum-transport.jpg|alt=SUI-9999 Meteodrone exhibited at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne.|thumb|SUI-9999 Meteodrone exhibited at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne.]]
Meteodrones measure vertical profiles at a single location, collecting temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and wind data. Heated rotor systems prevent propeller icing, which allows equipped drones to fly through fog, clouds, and rain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Retired) |first=Dawn M. K. Zoldi (Colonel, USAF |last2=Retired) |first2=Dawn M. K. Zoldi (Colonel, USAF |date=2022-05-16 |title=Meteomatics, Swiss Weather Drone Company, Marks 10 Year Anniversary With New Launches and Partnerships |url=https://insideunmannedsystems.com/meteomatics-swiss-weather-drone-company-marks-10-year-anniversary-with-new-launches-and-partnerships/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Inside Unmanned Systems |language=en-US}}</ref> The drone flights can be carried out manually or autonomously from a container equipped with recharging capabilities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Leuenberger |first=Daniel |last2=Haefele |first2=Alexander |last3=Omanovic |first3=Nadja |last4=Fengler |first4=Martin |last5=Martucci |first5=Giovanni |last6=Calpini |first6=Bertrand |last7=Fuhrer |first7=Oliver |last8=Rossa |first8=Andrea |date=2020-07-17 |title=Improving High-Impact Numerical Weather Prediction with Lidar and Drone Observations |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/101/7/bamsD190119.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=E1036–E1051 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0119.1 |issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Campaigns in association with the [[MeteoSwiss|Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)]] have demonstrated the feasibility of assimilating drone measurement data into a regional weather model.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics: Drohnen erfassen Wetterdaten in der Nacht |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/meteomatics-drohnen-erfassen-wetterdaten-in-der-nacht |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Federal Office of Civil Aviation|Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation]] granted Meteomatics permission to fly Meteodrones within clouds and fog, to operate beyond visual line of sight, and to fly up to 6 km above ground level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |date=2015-03-18 |title=Meteomatics is the first Swiss Company to receive the BVLOS-Approval for mini UAVs |url=https://www.suasnews.com/2015/03/meteomatics-is-the-first-swiss-company-to-receive-the-bvlos-approval-for-mini-uavs/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=sUAS News - The Business of Drones |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics darf "Beyond Visual Line of Sight" fliegen |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/meteomatics-darf-beyond-visual-line-of-sight-fliegen |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

The Meteodrone is the first weather drone used operationally in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The first drone to collect weather data in the U.S. may launch this fall |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/09/17/first-drone-collect-weather-data-us-launches-this-fall/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> They have been used by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] to support the early detection of tornadoes and severe thunderstorms in the United States,,. They are also used to increase flight time of [[Unmanned aerial vehicle#Terminology|uncrewed aircraft systems]] by [[Grand Forks Air Force Base]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quadcopter 440 |date=2022-05-19 |title=GrandSky Executes Agreement with TruWeather Solutions and Meteomatics |url=https://uasweekly.com/2022/05/19/grandsky-executes-agreement-with-truweather-solutions-and-meteomatics/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=UASweekly.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McNabb |first=Miriam |date=2022-07-25 |title=Statewide Micro-Weather Services in North Dakota for Advanced Drone Ops: TruWeather and Meteomatics |url=https://dronelife.com/2022/07/25/micro-weather-services-in-north-dakota-for-advanced-drone-ops-truweather-and-meteomatics/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=DRONELIFE |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2022, the [[Swiss Museum of Transport]] in Lucerne added the SUI-9999 Meteodrone to its permanent Aviation exhibition.

=== Weather API ===
Meteomatics provides global forecast and historical weather data through a [[Overview of RESTful API Description Languages|RESTful API]] and a WMS/WFS-compatible interface.<ref>{{Citation |last=AG |first=Meteomatics |title=meteomatics: Meteomatics API connector |url=https://github.com/meteomatics/python-connector-api |access-date=2022-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=thurgau |first=chrisign gmbh, web management, weinfelden |date=2020-09-02 |title=Weltweit bessere Wetterdaten dank Meteomatics |url=https://www.leaderdigital.ch/news/weltweit-bessere-wetterdaten-dank-meteomatics-4803.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=LEADER Digital - Das Ostschweizer Wirtschaftsportal |language=de}}</ref>

The Swiss broadcasting company [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF]] and the German weather forecasting website www.wetter.de use Meteomatics’ weather data to inform its weather forecasts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=magazine |first=booster |date=2018-02-11 |title=Meteomatics AG revolutioniert Wettervorhersagen {{!}} booster magazine |url=https://booster-magazine.ch/meteomatics-ag-revolutioniert-wettervorhersagen/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |language=de-DE}}</ref>

=== European Weather Model–EURO1k ===
In October 2022, Meteomatics presented its European weather model, EURO1k, at the Meteorological Technology World Expo. EURO1k covers the European continent with a resolution of 1 km.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Enz |first=Kaspar |title=Für Aufbau des genausten Wettermodells: St.Galler Meteomatics erhält 13,5 Millionen |url=https://www.tagblatt.ch/wirtschaft/ostschweiz/wetterdaten-stgaller-meteomatics-bekommt-135-millionen-fuer-aufbau-des-genausten-wettermodells-fuer-europa-dabei-helfen-wetterdrohnen-ld.2312304 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=St. Galler Tagblatt |language=de}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Meteorological companies]]

Meteomatics

2024-02-07T08:17:28Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Infobox company
| name = Meteomatics AG
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Weather
| founded = {{Start date and age|2012|03|20}} in [[St. Gallen]], Switzerland
| founder = Martin Fengler
| hq_location_city = [[St. Gallen]]
| hq_location_country = Switzerland
| area_served = Worldwide
| website = {{URL|meteomatics.com}}
}}

'''Meteomatics AG''' is a private Swiss [[Weather forecasting|weather]] technology company headquartered in St. Gallen. Meteomatics was founded by German mathematician Dr. Martin Fengler in 2012. With a weather model of 1,800 parameters and a horizontal resolution of 90 meters, it is the largest private meteorological company.<ref>https://www.meteomatics.com/en/weather-api/</ref>

Meteomatics manufactures weather drones that fly up to 6 km to collect data from the mid and low levels of the atmosphere. The company also provides meteorological consulting services and forecast and historical weather data through an [[API]]. In 2022, Meteomatics launched EURO1k, a [[Numerical weather prediction|weather model]] that covers Europe with a resolution of 1 km.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meteorological Technology World Expo 2023 |url=https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyworldexpo.com/de/show-news.php?l=de&release=4bbb5420ed2dc9a8eaaedc7ae59de448 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.meteorologicaltechnologyworldexpo.com}}</ref>

== Technology ==

=== Meteodrones ===
Meteomatics started developing Meteodrones, which are [[weather drone]]s, in 2013. Meteodrones are small flying weather stations capable of gathering pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction, and wind speed in the lower 6 km of the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics Weather Drone Testing |url=https://www.digital.je/choose-jersey/success-stories/iot-sandbox/meteomatics-drone-testing/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Digital Jersey |language=en}}</ref> Whilst [[Remote sensing|remotely sensed]] data from [[Earth observation satellite|satellites]], [[radar]] and [[Ceilometer#:~:text=A ceilometer is a device,light detection and ranging) instrument.|ceilometers]] are available for this altitude range, [[in situ]] observations are considered the most reliable by meteorologists. Operational challenges associated with aircraft missions (which are expensive and hence sporadic) and [[radiosonde]]s (which cannot be controlled during flight) leave an in situ observational gap to be filled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinto |first=James O. |last2=O’Sullivan |first2=Debbie |last3=Taylor |first3=Stewart |last4=Elston |first4=Jack |last5=Baker |first5=C. B. |last6=Hotz |first6=David |last7=Marshall |first7=Curtis |last8=Jacob |first8=Jamey |last9=Barfuss |first9=Konrad |last10=Piguet |first10=Bruno |last11=Roberts |first11=Greg |last12=Omanovic |first12=Nadja |last13=Fengler |first13=Martin |last14=Jensen |first14=Anders A. |last15=Steiner |first15=Matthias |date=2021-11-01 |title=The Status and Future of Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) in Operational Meteorology |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/102/11/BAMS-D-20-0138.1.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=E2121–E2136 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0138.1 |issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Meteodrone-swiss-museum-transport.jpg|alt=SUI-9999 Meteodrone exhibited at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne.|thumb|SUI-9999 Meteodrone exhibited at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne.]]
Meteodrones measure vertical profiles at a single location, collecting temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and wind data. Heated rotor systems prevent propeller icing, which allows equipped drones to fly through fog, clouds, and rain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Retired) |first=Dawn M. K. Zoldi (Colonel, USAF |last2=Retired) |first2=Dawn M. K. Zoldi (Colonel, USAF |date=2022-05-16 |title=Meteomatics, Swiss Weather Drone Company, Marks 10 Year Anniversary With New Launches and Partnerships |url=https://insideunmannedsystems.com/meteomatics-swiss-weather-drone-company-marks-10-year-anniversary-with-new-launches-and-partnerships/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Inside Unmanned Systems |language=en-US}}</ref> The drone flights can be carried out manually or autonomously from a container equipped with recharging capabilities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Leuenberger |first=Daniel |last2=Haefele |first2=Alexander |last3=Omanovic |first3=Nadja |last4=Fengler |first4=Martin |last5=Martucci |first5=Giovanni |last6=Calpini |first6=Bertrand |last7=Fuhrer |first7=Oliver |last8=Rossa |first8=Andrea |date=2020-07-17 |title=Improving High-Impact Numerical Weather Prediction with Lidar and Drone Observations |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/101/7/bamsD190119.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=E1036–E1051 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0119.1 |issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Campaigns in association with the [[MeteoSwiss|Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)]] have demonstrated the feasibility of assimilating drone measurement data into a regional weather model.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics: Drohnen erfassen Wetterdaten in der Nacht |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/meteomatics-drohnen-erfassen-wetterdaten-in-der-nacht |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Federal Office of Civil Aviation|Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation]] granted Meteomatics permission to fly Meteodrones within clouds and fog, to operate beyond visual line of sight, and to fly up to 6 km above ground level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |date=2015-03-18 |title=Meteomatics is the first Swiss Company to receive the BVLOS-Approval for mini UAVs |url=https://www.suasnews.com/2015/03/meteomatics-is-the-first-swiss-company-to-receive-the-bvlos-approval-for-mini-uavs/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=sUAS News - The Business of Drones |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics darf "Beyond Visual Line of Sight" fliegen |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/meteomatics-darf-beyond-visual-line-of-sight-fliegen |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

The Meteodrone is the first weather drone used operationally in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The first drone to collect weather data in the U.S. may launch this fall |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/09/17/first-drone-collect-weather-data-us-launches-this-fall/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> They have been used by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] to support the early detection of tornadoes and severe thunderstorms in the United States,,. They are also used to increase flight time of [[Unmanned aerial vehicle#Terminology|uncrewed aircraft systems]] by [[Grand Forks Air Force Base]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quadcopter 440 |date=2022-05-19 |title=GrandSky Executes Agreement with TruWeather Solutions and Meteomatics |url=https://uasweekly.com/2022/05/19/grandsky-executes-agreement-with-truweather-solutions-and-meteomatics/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=UASweekly.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McNabb |first=Miriam |date=2022-07-25 |title=Statewide Micro-Weather Services in North Dakota for Advanced Drone Ops: TruWeather and Meteomatics |url=https://dronelife.com/2022/07/25/micro-weather-services-in-north-dakota-for-advanced-drone-ops-truweather-and-meteomatics/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=DRONELIFE |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2022, the [[Swiss Museum of Transport]] in Lucerne added the SUI-9999 Meteodrone to its permanent Aviation exhibition.

=== Weather API ===
Meteomatics provides global forecast and historical weather data through a [[Overview of RESTful API Description Languages|RESTful API]] and a WMS/WFS-compatible interface.<ref>{{Citation |last=AG |first=Meteomatics |title=meteomatics: Meteomatics API connector |url=https://github.com/meteomatics/python-connector-api |access-date=2022-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=thurgau |first=chrisign gmbh, web management, weinfelden |date=2020-09-02 |title=Weltweit bessere Wetterdaten dank Meteomatics |url=https://www.leaderdigital.ch/news/weltweit-bessere-wetterdaten-dank-meteomatics-4803.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=LEADER Digital - Das Ostschweizer Wirtschaftsportal |language=de}}</ref>

The Swiss broadcasting company [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF]] and the German weather forecasting website www.wetter.de use Meteomatics’ weather data to inform its weather forecasts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=magazine |first=booster |date=2018-02-11 |title=Meteomatics AG revolutioniert Wettervorhersagen {{!}} booster magazine |url=https://booster-magazine.ch/meteomatics-ag-revolutioniert-wettervorhersagen/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |language=de-DE}}</ref>

=== European Weather Model–EURO1k ===
In October 2022, Meteomatics presented its European weather model, EURO1k, at the Meteorological Technology World Expo. EURO1k covers the European continent with a resolution of 1 km.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Enz |first=Kaspar |title=Für Aufbau des genausten Wettermodells: St.Galler Meteomatics erhält 13,5 Millionen |url=https://www.tagblatt.ch/wirtschaft/ostschweiz/wetterdaten-stgaller-meteomatics-bekommt-135-millionen-fuer-aufbau-des-genausten-wettermodells-fuer-europa-dabei-helfen-wetterdrohnen-ld.2312304 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=St. Galler Tagblatt |language=de}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Meteorological companies]]

Meteomatics

2024-02-07T08:17:18Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Infobox company
| name = Meteomatics AG
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Weather
| founded = {{Start date and age|2012|03|20}} in [[St. Gallen]], Switzerland
| founder = Martin Fengler
| hq_location_city = [[St. Gallen]]
| hq_location_country = Switzerland
| area_served = Worldwide
| website = {{URL|meteomatics.com}}
}}

'''Meteomatics AG''' is a private Swiss [[Weather forecasting|weather]] technology company headquartered in St. Gallen. Meteomatics was founded by German mathematician Dr. Martin Fengler in 2012. With a weather model of 1800 parameters and a horizontal resolution of 90 meters, it is the largest private meteorological company.<ref>https://www.meteomatics.com/en/weather-api/</ref>

Meteomatics manufactures weather drones that fly up to 6 km to collect data from the mid and low levels of the atmosphere. The company also provides meteorological consulting services and forecast and historical weather data through an [[API]]. In 2022, Meteomatics launched EURO1k, a [[Numerical weather prediction|weather model]] that covers Europe with a resolution of 1 km.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meteorological Technology World Expo 2023 |url=https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyworldexpo.com/de/show-news.php?l=de&release=4bbb5420ed2dc9a8eaaedc7ae59de448 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.meteorologicaltechnologyworldexpo.com}}</ref>

== Technology ==

=== Meteodrones ===
Meteomatics started developing Meteodrones, which are [[weather drone]]s, in 2013. Meteodrones are small flying weather stations capable of gathering pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction, and wind speed in the lower 6 km of the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics Weather Drone Testing |url=https://www.digital.je/choose-jersey/success-stories/iot-sandbox/meteomatics-drone-testing/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Digital Jersey |language=en}}</ref> Whilst [[Remote sensing|remotely sensed]] data from [[Earth observation satellite|satellites]], [[radar]] and [[Ceilometer#:~:text=A ceilometer is a device,light detection and ranging) instrument.|ceilometers]] are available for this altitude range, [[in situ]] observations are considered the most reliable by meteorologists. Operational challenges associated with aircraft missions (which are expensive and hence sporadic) and [[radiosonde]]s (which cannot be controlled during flight) leave an in situ observational gap to be filled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinto |first=James O. |last2=O’Sullivan |first2=Debbie |last3=Taylor |first3=Stewart |last4=Elston |first4=Jack |last5=Baker |first5=C. B. |last6=Hotz |first6=David |last7=Marshall |first7=Curtis |last8=Jacob |first8=Jamey |last9=Barfuss |first9=Konrad |last10=Piguet |first10=Bruno |last11=Roberts |first11=Greg |last12=Omanovic |first12=Nadja |last13=Fengler |first13=Martin |last14=Jensen |first14=Anders A. |last15=Steiner |first15=Matthias |date=2021-11-01 |title=The Status and Future of Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) in Operational Meteorology |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/102/11/BAMS-D-20-0138.1.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=E2121–E2136 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0138.1 |issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Meteodrone-swiss-museum-transport.jpg|alt=SUI-9999 Meteodrone exhibited at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne.|thumb|SUI-9999 Meteodrone exhibited at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne.]]
Meteodrones measure vertical profiles at a single location, collecting temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and wind data. Heated rotor systems prevent propeller icing, which allows equipped drones to fly through fog, clouds, and rain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Retired) |first=Dawn M. K. Zoldi (Colonel, USAF |last2=Retired) |first2=Dawn M. K. Zoldi (Colonel, USAF |date=2022-05-16 |title=Meteomatics, Swiss Weather Drone Company, Marks 10 Year Anniversary With New Launches and Partnerships |url=https://insideunmannedsystems.com/meteomatics-swiss-weather-drone-company-marks-10-year-anniversary-with-new-launches-and-partnerships/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Inside Unmanned Systems |language=en-US}}</ref> The drone flights can be carried out manually or autonomously from a container equipped with recharging capabilities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Leuenberger |first=Daniel |last2=Haefele |first2=Alexander |last3=Omanovic |first3=Nadja |last4=Fengler |first4=Martin |last5=Martucci |first5=Giovanni |last6=Calpini |first6=Bertrand |last7=Fuhrer |first7=Oliver |last8=Rossa |first8=Andrea |date=2020-07-17 |title=Improving High-Impact Numerical Weather Prediction with Lidar and Drone Observations |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/101/7/bamsD190119.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=E1036–E1051 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0119.1 |issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Campaigns in association with the [[MeteoSwiss|Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)]] have demonstrated the feasibility of assimilating drone measurement data into a regional weather model.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics: Drohnen erfassen Wetterdaten in der Nacht |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/meteomatics-drohnen-erfassen-wetterdaten-in-der-nacht |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Federal Office of Civil Aviation|Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation]] granted Meteomatics permission to fly Meteodrones within clouds and fog, to operate beyond visual line of sight, and to fly up to 6 km above ground level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |date=2015-03-18 |title=Meteomatics is the first Swiss Company to receive the BVLOS-Approval for mini UAVs |url=https://www.suasnews.com/2015/03/meteomatics-is-the-first-swiss-company-to-receive-the-bvlos-approval-for-mini-uavs/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=sUAS News - The Business of Drones |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics darf "Beyond Visual Line of Sight" fliegen |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/meteomatics-darf-beyond-visual-line-of-sight-fliegen |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

The Meteodrone is the first weather drone used operationally in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The first drone to collect weather data in the U.S. may launch this fall |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/09/17/first-drone-collect-weather-data-us-launches-this-fall/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> They have been used by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] to support the early detection of tornadoes and severe thunderstorms in the United States,,. They are also used to increase flight time of [[Unmanned aerial vehicle#Terminology|uncrewed aircraft systems]] by [[Grand Forks Air Force Base]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quadcopter 440 |date=2022-05-19 |title=GrandSky Executes Agreement with TruWeather Solutions and Meteomatics |url=https://uasweekly.com/2022/05/19/grandsky-executes-agreement-with-truweather-solutions-and-meteomatics/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=UASweekly.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McNabb |first=Miriam |date=2022-07-25 |title=Statewide Micro-Weather Services in North Dakota for Advanced Drone Ops: TruWeather and Meteomatics |url=https://dronelife.com/2022/07/25/micro-weather-services-in-north-dakota-for-advanced-drone-ops-truweather-and-meteomatics/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=DRONELIFE |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2022, the [[Swiss Museum of Transport]] in Lucerne added the SUI-9999 Meteodrone to its permanent Aviation exhibition.

=== Weather API ===
Meteomatics provides global forecast and historical weather data through a [[Overview of RESTful API Description Languages|RESTful API]] and a WMS/WFS-compatible interface.<ref>{{Citation |last=AG |first=Meteomatics |title=meteomatics: Meteomatics API connector |url=https://github.com/meteomatics/python-connector-api |access-date=2022-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=thurgau |first=chrisign gmbh, web management, weinfelden |date=2020-09-02 |title=Weltweit bessere Wetterdaten dank Meteomatics |url=https://www.leaderdigital.ch/news/weltweit-bessere-wetterdaten-dank-meteomatics-4803.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=LEADER Digital - Das Ostschweizer Wirtschaftsportal |language=de}}</ref>

The Swiss broadcasting company [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF]] and the German weather forecasting website www.wetter.de use Meteomatics’ weather data to inform its weather forecasts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=magazine |first=booster |date=2018-02-11 |title=Meteomatics AG revolutioniert Wettervorhersagen {{!}} booster magazine |url=https://booster-magazine.ch/meteomatics-ag-revolutioniert-wettervorhersagen/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |language=de-DE}}</ref>

=== European Weather Model–EURO1k ===
In October 2022, Meteomatics presented its European weather model, EURO1k, at the Meteorological Technology World Expo. EURO1k covers the European continent with a resolution of 1 km.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Enz |first=Kaspar |title=Für Aufbau des genausten Wettermodells: St.Galler Meteomatics erhält 13,5 Millionen |url=https://www.tagblatt.ch/wirtschaft/ostschweiz/wetterdaten-stgaller-meteomatics-bekommt-135-millionen-fuer-aufbau-des-genausten-wettermodells-fuer-europa-dabei-helfen-wetterdrohnen-ld.2312304 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=St. Galler Tagblatt |language=de}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Meteorological companies]]

Meteomatics

2024-02-07T08:15:22Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Infobox company
| name = Meteomatics AG
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Weather
| founded = {{Start date and age|2012|03|20}} in [[St. Gallen]], Switzerland
| founder = Martin Fengler
| hq_location_city = [[St. Gallen]]
| hq_location_country = Switzerland
| area_served = Worldwide
| website = {{URL|meteomatics.com}}
}}

'''Meteomatics AG''' is a private Swiss [[Weather forecasting|weather]] technology company headquartered in St. Gallen. Meteomatics was founded by German mathematician Dr. Martin Fengler in 2012. With 1,800 parameters, it is the largest of the private meteorological companies.<ref>https://www.meteomatics.com/en/weather-api/</ref>

Meteomatics manufactures weather drones that fly up to 6 km to collect data from the mid and low levels of the atmosphere. The company also provides meteorological consulting services and forecast and historical weather data through an [[API]]. In 2022, Meteomatics launched EURO1k, a [[Numerical weather prediction|weather model]] that covers Europe with a resolution of 1 km.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meteorological Technology World Expo 2023 |url=https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyworldexpo.com/de/show-news.php?l=de&release=4bbb5420ed2dc9a8eaaedc7ae59de448 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.meteorologicaltechnologyworldexpo.com}}</ref>

== Technology ==

=== Meteodrones ===
Meteomatics started developing Meteodrones, which are [[weather drone]]s, in 2013. Meteodrones are small flying weather stations capable of gathering pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction, and wind speed in the lower 6 km of the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics Weather Drone Testing |url=https://www.digital.je/choose-jersey/success-stories/iot-sandbox/meteomatics-drone-testing/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Digital Jersey |language=en}}</ref> Whilst [[Remote sensing|remotely sensed]] data from [[Earth observation satellite|satellites]], [[radar]] and [[Ceilometer#:~:text=A ceilometer is a device,light detection and ranging) instrument.|ceilometers]] are available for this altitude range, [[in situ]] observations are considered the most reliable by meteorologists. Operational challenges associated with aircraft missions (which are expensive and hence sporadic) and [[radiosonde]]s (which cannot be controlled during flight) leave an in situ observational gap to be filled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinto |first=James O. |last2=O’Sullivan |first2=Debbie |last3=Taylor |first3=Stewart |last4=Elston |first4=Jack |last5=Baker |first5=C. B. |last6=Hotz |first6=David |last7=Marshall |first7=Curtis |last8=Jacob |first8=Jamey |last9=Barfuss |first9=Konrad |last10=Piguet |first10=Bruno |last11=Roberts |first11=Greg |last12=Omanovic |first12=Nadja |last13=Fengler |first13=Martin |last14=Jensen |first14=Anders A. |last15=Steiner |first15=Matthias |date=2021-11-01 |title=The Status and Future of Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) in Operational Meteorology |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/102/11/BAMS-D-20-0138.1.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=E2121–E2136 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0138.1 |issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Meteodrone-swiss-museum-transport.jpg|alt=SUI-9999 Meteodrone exhibited at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne.|thumb|SUI-9999 Meteodrone exhibited at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne.]]
Meteodrones measure vertical profiles at a single location, collecting temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and wind data. Heated rotor systems prevent propeller icing, which allows equipped drones to fly through fog, clouds, and rain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Retired) |first=Dawn M. K. Zoldi (Colonel, USAF |last2=Retired) |first2=Dawn M. K. Zoldi (Colonel, USAF |date=2022-05-16 |title=Meteomatics, Swiss Weather Drone Company, Marks 10 Year Anniversary With New Launches and Partnerships |url=https://insideunmannedsystems.com/meteomatics-swiss-weather-drone-company-marks-10-year-anniversary-with-new-launches-and-partnerships/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Inside Unmanned Systems |language=en-US}}</ref> The drone flights can be carried out manually or autonomously from a container equipped with recharging capabilities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Leuenberger |first=Daniel |last2=Haefele |first2=Alexander |last3=Omanovic |first3=Nadja |last4=Fengler |first4=Martin |last5=Martucci |first5=Giovanni |last6=Calpini |first6=Bertrand |last7=Fuhrer |first7=Oliver |last8=Rossa |first8=Andrea |date=2020-07-17 |title=Improving High-Impact Numerical Weather Prediction with Lidar and Drone Observations |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/101/7/bamsD190119.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=E1036–E1051 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0119.1 |issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Campaigns in association with the [[MeteoSwiss|Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)]] have demonstrated the feasibility of assimilating drone measurement data into a regional weather model.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics: Drohnen erfassen Wetterdaten in der Nacht |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/meteomatics-drohnen-erfassen-wetterdaten-in-der-nacht |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Federal Office of Civil Aviation|Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation]] granted Meteomatics permission to fly Meteodrones within clouds and fog, to operate beyond visual line of sight, and to fly up to 6 km above ground level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |date=2015-03-18 |title=Meteomatics is the first Swiss Company to receive the BVLOS-Approval for mini UAVs |url=https://www.suasnews.com/2015/03/meteomatics-is-the-first-swiss-company-to-receive-the-bvlos-approval-for-mini-uavs/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=sUAS News - The Business of Drones |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics darf "Beyond Visual Line of Sight" fliegen |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/meteomatics-darf-beyond-visual-line-of-sight-fliegen |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

The Meteodrone is the first weather drone used operationally in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The first drone to collect weather data in the U.S. may launch this fall |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/09/17/first-drone-collect-weather-data-us-launches-this-fall/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> They have been used by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] to support the early detection of tornadoes and severe thunderstorms in the United States,,. They are also used to increase flight time of [[Unmanned aerial vehicle#Terminology|uncrewed aircraft systems]] by [[Grand Forks Air Force Base]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quadcopter 440 |date=2022-05-19 |title=GrandSky Executes Agreement with TruWeather Solutions and Meteomatics |url=https://uasweekly.com/2022/05/19/grandsky-executes-agreement-with-truweather-solutions-and-meteomatics/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=UASweekly.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McNabb |first=Miriam |date=2022-07-25 |title=Statewide Micro-Weather Services in North Dakota for Advanced Drone Ops: TruWeather and Meteomatics |url=https://dronelife.com/2022/07/25/micro-weather-services-in-north-dakota-for-advanced-drone-ops-truweather-and-meteomatics/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=DRONELIFE |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2022, the [[Swiss Museum of Transport]] in Lucerne added the SUI-9999 Meteodrone to its permanent Aviation exhibition.

=== Weather API ===
Meteomatics provides global forecast and historical weather data through a [[Overview of RESTful API Description Languages|RESTful API]] and a WMS/WFS-compatible interface.<ref>{{Citation |last=AG |first=Meteomatics |title=meteomatics: Meteomatics API connector |url=https://github.com/meteomatics/python-connector-api |access-date=2022-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=thurgau |first=chrisign gmbh, web management, weinfelden |date=2020-09-02 |title=Weltweit bessere Wetterdaten dank Meteomatics |url=https://www.leaderdigital.ch/news/weltweit-bessere-wetterdaten-dank-meteomatics-4803.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=LEADER Digital - Das Ostschweizer Wirtschaftsportal |language=de}}</ref>

The Swiss broadcasting company [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF]] and the German weather forecasting website www.wetter.de use Meteomatics’ weather data to inform its weather forecasts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=magazine |first=booster |date=2018-02-11 |title=Meteomatics AG revolutioniert Wettervorhersagen {{!}} booster magazine |url=https://booster-magazine.ch/meteomatics-ag-revolutioniert-wettervorhersagen/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |language=de-DE}}</ref>

=== European Weather Model–EURO1k ===
In October 2022, Meteomatics presented its European weather model, EURO1k, at the Meteorological Technology World Expo. EURO1k covers the European continent with a resolution of 1 km.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Enz |first=Kaspar |title=Für Aufbau des genausten Wettermodells: St.Galler Meteomatics erhält 13,5 Millionen |url=https://www.tagblatt.ch/wirtschaft/ostschweiz/wetterdaten-stgaller-meteomatics-bekommt-135-millionen-fuer-aufbau-des-genausten-wettermodells-fuer-europa-dabei-helfen-wetterdrohnen-ld.2312304 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=St. Galler Tagblatt |language=de}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Meteorological companies]]

Meteomatics

2024-02-07T08:03:20Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Infobox company
| name = Meteomatics AG
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = Weather
| founded = {{Start date and age|2012|03|20}} in [[St. Gallen]], Switzerland
| founder = Martin Fengler
| hq_location_city = [[St. Gallen]]
| hq_location_country = Switzerland
| area_served = Worldwide
| website = {{URL|meteomatics.com}}
}}

'''Meteomatics AG''' is a private Swiss [[Weather forecasting|weather]] technology company headquartered in St. Gallen. Meteomatics was founded by German mathematician Dr. Martin Fengler in 2012. It is the largest among private meteorological companies.

Meteomatics manufactures weather drones that fly up to 6 km to collect data from the mid and low levels of the atmosphere. The company also provides meteorological consulting services and forecast and historical weather data through an [[API]]. In 2022, Meteomatics launched EURO1k, a [[Numerical weather prediction|weather model]] that covers Europe with a resolution of 1 km.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Meteorological Technology World Expo 2023 |url=https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyworldexpo.com/de/show-news.php?l=de&release=4bbb5420ed2dc9a8eaaedc7ae59de448 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.meteorologicaltechnologyworldexpo.com}}</ref>

== Technology ==

=== Meteodrones ===
Meteomatics started developing Meteodrones, which are [[weather drone]]s, in 2013. Meteodrones are small flying weather stations capable of gathering pressure, temperature, humidity, wind direction, and wind speed in the lower 6 km of the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics Weather Drone Testing |url=https://www.digital.je/choose-jersey/success-stories/iot-sandbox/meteomatics-drone-testing/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Digital Jersey |language=en}}</ref> Whilst [[Remote sensing|remotely sensed]] data from [[Earth observation satellite|satellites]], [[radar]] and [[Ceilometer#:~:text=A ceilometer is a device,light detection and ranging) instrument.|ceilometers]] are available for this altitude range, [[in situ]] observations are considered the most reliable by meteorologists. Operational challenges associated with aircraft missions (which are expensive and hence sporadic) and [[radiosonde]]s (which cannot be controlled during flight) leave an in situ observational gap to be filled.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinto |first=James O. |last2=O’Sullivan |first2=Debbie |last3=Taylor |first3=Stewart |last4=Elston |first4=Jack |last5=Baker |first5=C. B. |last6=Hotz |first6=David |last7=Marshall |first7=Curtis |last8=Jacob |first8=Jamey |last9=Barfuss |first9=Konrad |last10=Piguet |first10=Bruno |last11=Roberts |first11=Greg |last12=Omanovic |first12=Nadja |last13=Fengler |first13=Martin |last14=Jensen |first14=Anders A. |last15=Steiner |first15=Matthias |date=2021-11-01 |title=The Status and Future of Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS) in Operational Meteorology |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/102/11/BAMS-D-20-0138.1.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=102 |issue=11 |pages=E2121–E2136 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0138.1 |issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free }}</ref>
[[File:Meteodrone-swiss-museum-transport.jpg|alt=SUI-9999 Meteodrone exhibited at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne.|thumb|SUI-9999 Meteodrone exhibited at the Swiss Museum of Transport in Lucerne.]]
Meteodrones measure vertical profiles at a single location, collecting temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and wind data. Heated rotor systems prevent propeller icing, which allows equipped drones to fly through fog, clouds, and rain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Retired) |first=Dawn M. K. Zoldi (Colonel, USAF |last2=Retired) |first2=Dawn M. K. Zoldi (Colonel, USAF |date=2022-05-16 |title=Meteomatics, Swiss Weather Drone Company, Marks 10 Year Anniversary With New Launches and Partnerships |url=https://insideunmannedsystems.com/meteomatics-swiss-weather-drone-company-marks-10-year-anniversary-with-new-launches-and-partnerships/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=Inside Unmanned Systems |language=en-US}}</ref> The drone flights can be carried out manually or autonomously from a container equipped with recharging capabilities.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Leuenberger |first=Daniel |last2=Haefele |first2=Alexander |last3=Omanovic |first3=Nadja |last4=Fengler |first4=Martin |last5=Martucci |first5=Giovanni |last6=Calpini |first6=Bertrand |last7=Fuhrer |first7=Oliver |last8=Rossa |first8=Andrea |date=2020-07-17 |title=Improving High-Impact Numerical Weather Prediction with Lidar and Drone Observations |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/101/7/bamsD190119.xml |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |language=EN |volume=101 |issue=7 |pages=E1036–E1051 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0119.1 |issn=0003-0007|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Campaigns in association with the [[MeteoSwiss|Federal Office for Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)]] have demonstrated the feasibility of assimilating drone measurement data into a regional weather model.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics: Drohnen erfassen Wetterdaten in der Nacht |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/meteomatics-drohnen-erfassen-wetterdaten-in-der-nacht |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Federal Office of Civil Aviation|Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation]] granted Meteomatics permission to fly Meteodrones within clouds and fog, to operate beyond visual line of sight, and to fly up to 6 km above ground level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press |date=2015-03-18 |title=Meteomatics is the first Swiss Company to receive the BVLOS-Approval for mini UAVs |url=https://www.suasnews.com/2015/03/meteomatics-is-the-first-swiss-company-to-receive-the-bvlos-approval-for-mini-uavs/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=sUAS News - The Business of Drones |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteomatics darf "Beyond Visual Line of Sight" fliegen |url=https://www.startupticker.ch/en/news/meteomatics-darf-beyond-visual-line-of-sight-fliegen |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=www.startupticker.ch}}</ref>

The Meteodrone is the first weather drone used operationally in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The first drone to collect weather data in the U.S. may launch this fall |language=en-US |work=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/09/17/first-drone-collect-weather-data-us-launches-this-fall/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> They have been used by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] to support the early detection of tornadoes and severe thunderstorms in the United States,,. They are also used to increase flight time of [[Unmanned aerial vehicle#Terminology|uncrewed aircraft systems]] by [[Grand Forks Air Force Base]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quadcopter 440 |date=2022-05-19 |title=GrandSky Executes Agreement with TruWeather Solutions and Meteomatics |url=https://uasweekly.com/2022/05/19/grandsky-executes-agreement-with-truweather-solutions-and-meteomatics/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=UASweekly.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=McNabb |first=Miriam |date=2022-07-25 |title=Statewide Micro-Weather Services in North Dakota for Advanced Drone Ops: TruWeather and Meteomatics |url=https://dronelife.com/2022/07/25/micro-weather-services-in-north-dakota-for-advanced-drone-ops-truweather-and-meteomatics/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=DRONELIFE |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2022, the [[Swiss Museum of Transport]] in Lucerne added the SUI-9999 Meteodrone to its permanent Aviation exhibition.

=== Weather API ===
Meteomatics provides global forecast and historical weather data through a [[Overview of RESTful API Description Languages|RESTful API]] and a WMS/WFS-compatible interface.<ref>{{Citation |last=AG |first=Meteomatics |title=meteomatics: Meteomatics API connector |url=https://github.com/meteomatics/python-connector-api |access-date=2022-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=thurgau |first=chrisign gmbh, web management, weinfelden |date=2020-09-02 |title=Weltweit bessere Wetterdaten dank Meteomatics |url=https://www.leaderdigital.ch/news/weltweit-bessere-wetterdaten-dank-meteomatics-4803.html |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=LEADER Digital - Das Ostschweizer Wirtschaftsportal |language=de}}</ref>

The Swiss broadcasting company [[Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen|SRF]] and the German weather forecasting website www.wetter.de use Meteomatics’ weather data to inform its weather forecasts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=magazine |first=booster |date=2018-02-11 |title=Meteomatics AG revolutioniert Wettervorhersagen {{!}} booster magazine |url=https://booster-magazine.ch/meteomatics-ag-revolutioniert-wettervorhersagen/ |access-date=2022-12-07 |language=de-DE}}</ref>

=== European Weather Model–EURO1k ===
In October 2022, Meteomatics presented its European weather model, EURO1k, at the Meteorological Technology World Expo. EURO1k covers the European continent with a resolution of 1 km.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Enz |first=Kaspar |title=Für Aufbau des genausten Wettermodells: St.Galler Meteomatics erhält 13,5 Millionen |url=https://www.tagblatt.ch/wirtschaft/ostschweiz/wetterdaten-stgaller-meteomatics-bekommt-135-millionen-fuer-aufbau-des-genausten-wettermodells-fuer-europa-dabei-helfen-wetterdrohnen-ld.2312304 |access-date=2022-12-07 |website=St. Galler Tagblatt |language=de}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Meteorological companies]]

Zhuang languages

2024-01-24T07:42:36Z

121.171.233.10:

{{short description|Various Tai languages used by the Zhuang people of southern China}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Zhuang
| nativename = ''Vahcuengh'' (za), ''Hauqcuengh'' (zyb) ''Kauqnuangz'', ''Kauqnoangz'' (zhn) ''Hoedyaej'' (zgn), ''Hauƽyəiч'' (zqe) ''Hauqraeuz'', ''Gangjdoj'' (zyb, zhn, zqe) ''Kauqraeuz'', ''Gangjtoj'' (zhn, zyg, zhd)
| states = [[China]]
| ethnicity = [[Zhuang people]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|15.9|2}} million, all Northern Zhuang languages
| date = 2007
| ref = ne2007
| familycolor = Kradai
| fam2 = [[Kam–Tai]]
| fam3 = Be–Tai ?
| stand1 = [[Standard Zhuang]]
| script = Zhuang, Old Zhuang, [[Sawndip]], [[Sawgoek]]
| iso1 = za
| iso2 = zha
| iso3 = zha
| lc1 = zch
| ld1 = Central Hongshuihe Zhuang
| lc2 = zhd
| ld2 = [[Dai Zhuang]] (Wenma)
| lc3 = zeh
| ld3 = [[Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang]]
| lc4 = zgb
| ld4 = Guibei Zhuang
| lc5 = zgn
| ld5 = [[Guibian Zhuang]]
| lc6 = zln
| ld6 = Lianshan Zhuang
| lc7 = zlj
| ld7 = Liujiang Zhuang
| lc8 = zlq
| ld8 = Liuqian Zhuang
| lc9 = zgm
| ld9 = [[Minz Zhuang]]
| lc10 = zhn
| ld10 = [[Nong Zhuang]] (Yanguang)
| lc11 = zqe
| ld11 = [[Qiubei Zhuang]]
| lc12 = zyg
| ld12 = [[Yang Zhuang]] (Dejing)
| lc13 = zyb
| ld13 = [[Yongbei Zhuang]]
| lc14 = zyn
| ld14 = [[Yongnan Zhuang]]
| lc15 = zyj
| ld15 = [[Youjiang Zhuang]]
| lc16 = zzj
| ld16 = [[Zuojiang Zhuang]]
| glotto = none
| glotto2 = daic1237
| glottoname2 = = Daic; Zhuang is not a valid group
| glottorefname2 = Daic
| notice = IPA
| map = Zhuang-dialects-map.png
| mapcaption = Geographic distribution of Zhuang dialects in Guangxi and related languages in Northern Vietnam and Guizhou
| fam4 = [[Tai languages|Tai]]
| fam5 = [[Northern Tai languages|Northern Tai]] and [[Central Tai languages|Central Tai]]
}}

[[Image:Zhuang books.jpg|thumb|220px|Books of Zhuang language]]

The '''Zhuang languages''' ({{IPAc-en|'|dʒ|w|æ|ŋ|,_|'|dʒ|w|ɒ|ŋ}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Guangxi_Zhuang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420052520/https://www.lexico.com/definition/guangxi_zhuang |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |title=Guangxi Zhuang |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> [[exonym and endonym|autonym]]: {{Lang|za|Vahcuengh}}, {{IPA|za|βa˧ɕuːŋ˧}}, pre-1982: {{Lang|za|Vaƅcueŋƅ}}, [[Sawndip]]: 話僮, from ''vah'', 'language' and ''Cuengh'', 'Zhuang'; {{zh|s=壮语|t=壯語|p=Zhuàngyǔ}}) are any of more than a dozen [[Tai languages]] spoken by the [[Zhuang people]] of Southern [[China]] in the province of [[Guangxi]] and adjacent parts of [[Yunnan]] and [[Guangdong]]. The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit, as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a [[dialect continuum]] with [[Northern Tai]] varieties across the provincial border in [[Guizhou]], which are designated as [[Bouyei language|Bouyei]], whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with [[Central Tai]] varieties such as [[Nung language (Tai)|Nung]], [[Tày language|Tay]] and [[Caolan language|Caolan]] in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first=David |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Engangered Languages |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-135-79640-2 |editor-last=Moseley |editor-first=Christopher |pages=349–422 |chapter=East and Southeast Asia}} p. 370.</ref> [[Standard Zhuang]] is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of [[Wuming County|Wuming]].

The Tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern China, with speakers of the [[Southwestern Tai languages]] (which include [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Lao language|Lao]] and [[Shan language|Shan]]) having emigrated in the face of Chinese expansion.
Noting that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the same [[exonym]] for the [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], ''kɛɛuA1'',<ref>A1 designates a tone.</ref> from the Chinese commandery of [[Jiaozhi]] in northern Vietnam, [[Jerold A. Edmondson]] posited that the split between Zhuang and the Southwestern Tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi in 112 BC. He also argues that the departure of the [[Thai people|Thai]] from southern China must predate the 5th century AD, when the Tai who remained in China began to take family names.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Edmondson |first=Jerold A. |year=2007 |editor2-last=Somsonge Burusphat |editor3-last=James E. Harris |title=Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics |location=Bangkok, Thailand |publisher=Ek Phim Thai Co |pages=39–63 |chapter-url=http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/pol.pdf |chapter=The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam |editor1=Jimmy G. Harris |conference= |access-date=2011-06-19 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085333/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/pol.pdf |url-status=dead }} (see p. 15 of preprint)</ref>

==Surveys==
[[File:Zhuang survey sites.svg|frame|center|Sites surveyed in Zhang (1999), subgrouped according to Pittayaporn (2009):
{{color circle|#ff0000}} N,
{{color circle|#ff7f00}} M,
{{color circle|#ffff00}} I,
{{color circle|#7fff00}} C,
{{color circle|#00c800}} B,
{{color circle|#00ff7f}} F,
{{color circle|#00ffff}} H,
{{color circle|#3232ff}} L,
{{color circle|#c800ff}} P
]]
Zhāng Jūnrú's (张均如) ''Zhuàngyǔ Fāngyán Yánjiù'' ('''壮语方言研究''' [A Study of Zhuang dialects]) is the most detailed study of Zhuang [[dialectology]] published to date. It reports survey work carried out in the 1950s, and includes a 1465-word list covering 36 varieties of Zhuang. For the list of the 36 Zhuang variants below from Zhang (1999), the name of the region (usually county) is given first, followed by the specific village. The phylogenetic position of each variant follows that of Pittayaporn (2009)<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Pittayaporn |first=Pittayawat |title=The Phonology of Proto-Tai |date=2009 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=Cornell University |language=en |hdl=1813/13855 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> (see ''[[Tai languages#Pittayaporn (2009)]]'').

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
# [[Wuming County|Wuming]] – Shuāngqiáo 双桥 – Subgroup M
# [[Heng County|Hengxian]] – Nàxù 那旭 – Subgroup N
# [[Yongning District|Yongning]] (North) – Wǔtáng 五塘 – Subgroup N
# [[Pingguo County|Pingguo]] – Xīnxū 新圩 – Subgroup N
# [[Tiandong County|Tiandong]] – Héhéng 合恒 – Subgroup N
# [[Tianlin County|Tianlin]] – Lìzhōu 利周 – Subgroup N
# [[Lingyun County|Lingyue]] – Sìchéng 泗城 – Subgroup N
# [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] (Shā people 沙族) – Zhěméng Township 者孟乡 – Subgroup N
# [[Qiubei County|Qiubei]] – Gēhán Township 戈寒乡 – Subgroup N
# [[Liujiang County|Liujiang]] – Bǎipéng 百朋 – Subgroup N
# [[Yizhou District, Hechi|Yishan]] – Luòdōng 洛东 – Subgroup N
# [[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County|Huanjiang]] – Chéngguǎn 城管 – Subgroup N
# [[Rong'an County|Rong'an]] – Ānzì 安治 – Subgroup N
# [[Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County|Longsheng]] – Rìxīn 日新 – Subgroup N
# [[Hechi]] – Sānqū 三区 – Subgroup N
# [[Nandan County|Nandan]] – Mémá 么麻 – Subgroup N
# [[Donglan County|Donglan]] – Chéngxiāng 城厢 – Subgroup N
# [[Du'an Yao Autonomous County|Du'an]] – Liùlǐ 六里 – Subgroup N
# [[Shanglin County|Shanglin]] – Dàfēng 大丰 – Subgroup N
# [[Laibin]] – Sìjiǎo 寺脚 – Subgroup N
# [[Guigang]] – Shānběi 山北 – Subgroup N
# [[Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County|Lianshan]] – Xiǎosānjiāng 小三江 – Subgroup N
# [[Qinzhou]] – Nàhé Township 那河乡 – Subgroup I
# [[Yongning District|Yongning]] (South) – Xiàfāng Township 下枋乡 – Subgroup M
# [[Long'an County|Long'an]] – Xiǎolín Township 小林乡 – Subgroup M
# [[Fusui County|Fusui]] (Central) – Dàtáng Township 大塘乡 – Subgroup M
# [[Shangsi County|Shangsi]] – Jiàodīng Township 叫丁乡 – Subgroup C
# [[Chongzuo]] – Fùlù Township 福鹿乡 – Subgroup C
# [[Ningming County|Ningming]] – Fēnghuáng Township 凤璜乡 – Subgroup B
# [[Longzhou County|Longzhou]] – Bīnqiáo Township 彬桥乡 – Subgroup F
# [[Daxin County|Daxin]] – Hòuyì Township 后益乡 – Subgroup H
# [[Debao County|Debao]] – Yuándì'èrqū 原第二区 – Subgroup L
# [[Jingxi County|Jingxi]] – Xīnhé Township 新和乡 – Subgroup L
# [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] (Nóng people 侬族) – Xiǎoguǎngnán Township 小广南乡 – Subgroup L
# [[Yanshan County, Yunnan|Yanshan]] (Nóng people 侬族) – Kuāxī Township 夸西乡 – Subgroup L
# [[Wenshan City|Wenma]] (Tǔ people 土族) – Hēimò Township 黑末乡大寨, Dàzhài – Subgroup P
{{div col end}}

==Varieties==
The Zhuang language (or language group) has been divided by Chinese linguists into northern and southern "dialects" (fāngyán 方言 in Chinese), each of which has been divided into a number of vernacular varieties (known as ''tǔyǔ'' 土语 in Chinese) by Chinese linguists (Zhang & Wei 1997; Zhang 1999:29-30).<ref name="ZhangWei">Zhang Yuansheng and Wei Xingyun. 1997. "Regional variants and vernaculars in Zhuang." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), ''Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch'', 77–96. Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. {{ISBN|978-1-55671-005-6}}.</ref> The [[Wuming County|Wuming]] dialect of Yongbei Zhuang, classified within the "Northern Zhuang dialect", is considered to be the "[[standard language|standard]]" or [[prestige dialect]] of Zhuang, developed by the government for certain official usages. Although Southern Zhuang varieties have aspirated stops, Northern Zhuang varieties lack them.<ref name="Luo">{{Cite book |last=Luo |first=Yongxian |title=The Tai-Kadai Languages |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1457-5 |editor-last=Diller |editor-first=Anthony |location=London |chapter=Zhuang |editor-last2=Edmondson |editor-first2=Jerold A. |editor-last3=Luo |editor-first3=Yongxian}}</ref> There are over 60 distinct tonal systems with 5–11 tones depending on the variety.

Zhang (1999) identified 13 Zhuang varieties.
Later research by the [[Summer Institute of Linguistics]] has indicated that some of these are themselves multiple languages that are not [[mutually intelligible]] without previous exposure on the part of speakers, resulting in 16 separate [[ISO 639-3]] codes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Eric C. |year=2007 |title=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2006-128 |url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2006-128.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Sharon |year=2007 |title=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2007-027 |url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2007-027.pdf}}</ref>

=== Northern Zhuang ===
{{Main|Northern Tai languages}}
Northern Zhuang comprises dialects north of the [[Yong River (Guangxi)|Yong River]], with 8,572,200 speakers<ref name="ZhangWei" /><ref name="Zhang">{{harvp|Zhang|1999}}</ref> ({{ISO 639|ccx|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|ccx}}] prior to 2007):
* '''Guibei''' 桂北 (1,290,000 speakers): [[Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County|Luocheng]], [[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County|Huanjiang]], [[Rongshui Miao Autonomous County|Rongshui]], [[Rong'an County|Rong'an]], [[Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County|Sanjiang]], [[Yongfu County|Yongfu]], [[Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County|Longsheng]], [[Hechi]], [[Nandan County|Nandan]], [[Tian'e County|Tian'e]], [[Donglan County|Donglan]] ({{ISO 639|zgb|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zgb}}])
* '''Liujiang''' 柳江 (1,297,000 speakers): [[Liujiang District|Liujiang]], North [[Laibin]], [[Yishan County|Yishan]], [[Liucheng County|Liucheng]], [[Xincheng County|Xincheng]] ({{ISO 639|zlj|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zlj}}])
* '''Hongshui He''' 红水河 (2,823,000 speakers): South [[Laibin]], [[Du'an Yao Autonomous County|Du'an]], [[Mashan County|Mashan]], Shilong, [[Guixian]], [[Luzhai County|Luzhai]], [[Lipu, Guangxi|Lipu]], [[Yangshuo County|Yangshuo]]. Castro and Hansen (2010) distinguished three [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]] [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]]: Central Hongshuihe ({{ISO 639|zch|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zch}}]), [[Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang|Eastern Hongshuihe]] ({{ISO 639|zeh|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zeh}}]) and Liuqian ({{ISO 639|zlq|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zlq}}]).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hansen |first1=Bruce |last2=Castro |first2=Andy |year=2010 |title=Hongshui He Zhuang dialect intelligibility survey |url=http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/8989 |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2010-025}}</ref>
* '''Yongbei''' 邕北 (1,448,000 speakers): North [[Yongning District|Yongning]], ''[[Wuming County|Wuming]]'' (prestige dialect), [[Binyang County|Binyang]], [[Hengxian]], [[Pingguo]] ({{ISO 639|zyb|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyb}}])
* '''Youjiang''' 右江 (732,000 speakers): [[Tiandong]], [[Tianyang]], and parts of the [[Baise]] City area; all along the [[Youjiang River]] basin area ({{ISO 639|zyj|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyj}}])
* '''Guibian''' 桂边 ([[Yei Zhuang language|Yei Zhuang]]; 827,000 speakers): [[Fengshan County|Fengshan]], [[Lingyun County|Lingyun]], [[Tianlin County|Tianlin]], [[Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County|Longlin]], North [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] ([[Yunnan]]) ({{ISO 639|zgn|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zgn}}])
* '''Qiubei''' 丘北 ([[Yei Zhuang language|Yei Zhuang]]; 122,000 speakers): [[Qiubei County|Qiubei]] area ([[Yunnan]]) ({{ISO 639|zqe|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zqe}}])
* '''Lianshan''' 连山 (33,200 speakers): [[Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County|Lianshan]] ([[Guangdong]]), North [[Huaiji County|Huaiji]] ([[Guangdong]]) ({{ISO 639|zln|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zln}}])

====Eastern Guangxi====
In east-central Guangxi, there are isolated pockets of Northern Zhuang speakers in [[Zhongshan County|Zhongshan]] (14,200 Zhuang people), [[Pingle County|Pingle]] (2,100 Zhuang people), [[Zhaoping County|Zhaoping]] (4,300 Zhuang people), [[Mengshan County|Mengshan]] (about 5,000 Zhuang people), and [[Hezhou]] (about 3,000 Zhuang people) counties. These include the following varieties named after administrative villages that are documented by Wei (2017).<ref>Wei, Mingying 韦名应. 2017. ''Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu'' 桂东壮语语音研究. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社. {{ISBN|978-7-105-14918-6}}.</ref>

*''Lugang'' Village 芦岗村, Etang Town 鹅塘镇, Pinggui District 平桂区, [[Hezhou|He County]] 贺县
*''Qishan'' Village 启善村, Yuantou Town 源头镇, [[Pingle County]]
*''Xiping'' Village 西坪村, Zouma Township 走马乡, [[Zhaoping County]]
*''Xie'' Village 谢村, Xinxu Town 新圩镇, [[Mengshan County]]
*''Nitang'' Village 坭塘村, Yuantou Town 源头镇, [[Pingle County]]
*''Linyan'' Village 林岩村, Qingtang Town 清塘镇, [[Zhongshan County]]

=== Southern Zhuang ===
{{Main|Central Tai languages}}
Southern Zhuang dialects are spoken south of the [[Yong River (Guangxi)|Yong River]], with 4,232,000 speakers<ref name="ZhangWei" /><ref name="Zhang" /> ({{ISO 639|ccy|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|ccy}}] prior to 2007):
* '''Yongnan''' 邕南 (1,466,000 speakers): South [[Yongning District|Yongning]], Central and North [[Fusui County|Fusui]], [[Long'an County|Long'an]], [[Jinzhou]], Shangse, [[Chongzuo]] areas ({{ISO 639|zyn|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyn}}])
* '''Zuojiang''' 左江 (1,384,000 speakers): [[Longzhou County|Longzhou]] (Longjin), [[Daxin County|Daxin]], [[Tiandeng County|Tiandeng]], [[Ningming County|Ningming]]; [[Zuojiang River]] basin area ({{ISO 639|zzj|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zzj}}])
* '''Dejing''' 得靖 (979,000 speakers): [[Jingxi, Guangxi|Jingxi]], [[Debao County|Debao]], Mubian, [[Napo County|Napo]]. Jackson, Jackson and Lau (2012) distinguished two [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]] [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]]: [[Yang Zhuang language|Yang Zhuang]] ({{ISO 639|zyg|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyg}}]) and [[Min Zhuang language|Min Zhuang]] ({{ISO 639|zgm|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zgm}}])<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Bruce |last2=Jackson |first2=Andy |last3=Lau |first3=Shuh Huey |year=2012 |title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dejing Zhuang Dialect Area |url=http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/50901 |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-036}}.</ref>
* '''Yanguang''' 砚广 ([[Nong Zhuang language|Nong Zhuang]]; 308,000 speakers): South [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] ([[Yunnan]]), [[Yanshan District|Yanshan]] area ({{ISO 639|zhn|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zhn}}])
* '''Wenma''' 文麻 ([[Dai Zhuang language|Dai Zhuang]]; 95,000 speakers): [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Wenshan]] ([[Yunnan]]), [[Malipo County|Malipo]], Guibian ({{ISO 639|zhd|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zhd}}])

The [[Tày language|Tày]] and [[Nùng language|Nùng]] language complex in Vietnam is also considered one of the varieties of Central Tai and shares a high [[mutual intelligibility]] with Wenshan Dai and other Southern Zhuang dialects in [[Guangxi]]. The Nùng An language has a mixture of Northern and Central Tai features.

==== Recently described varieties ====
Johnson (2011) distinguishes four distinct Zhuang languages in [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Wenshan Prefecture]], [[Yunnan]]: [[Nong Zhuang language|Nong Zhuang]], [[Yei Zhuang language|Yei Zhuang]], [[Dai Zhuang language|Dai Zhuang]], and [[Min Zhuang language|Min Zhuang]], all of which are Southern Zhuang varieties except for Yei Zhuang, which is Northern Zhuang.<ref>{{harvp|Johnson|2010}}</ref> [[Min Zhuang language|Min Zhuang]] is a recently discovered Southern Zhuang variety that has never been described previous to Johnson (2011). (''See also [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture#Ethnic groups]]'')

[[Pyang Zhuang language|Pyang Zhuang]] and [[Myang Zhuang language|Myang Zhuang]] are recently described Southern Zhuang (Central Tai) languages spoken in [[Debao County]], Guangxi, China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Name and Locationː Pyang Zhuang (Fuping), China [Not on Ethnologue] |url=http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Zhuang-Fuping.htm |url-status=dead |website=lingweb.eva.mpg.de |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223011156/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Zhuang-Fuping.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Liao |first=Hanbo |title=Tonal Development of Tai Languages |date=2016 |degree=M.A. |publisher=Payap University |language=en}}</ref>

== Writing systems ==

[[File:Manuscripts in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC03931.JPG|thumb|220px|Zhuang [[Sawndip]] manuscript]]
[[File:Manuscripts in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC03934.JPG|thumb|right|the 81 symbols of the ''Poya Songbook'' used by Zhuang women in [[Funing County, Yunnan]]]]

The Zhuang languages have been written in the ancient ''[[sawndip]]'' script for over a thousand years, possibly preceded by the ''[[sawgoek]]'' script. ''Sawndip'' is based on [[Chinese characters]], similar to Vietnamese ''[[chữ Nôm]].'' Some ''sawndip'' logograms were directly borrowed from Han characters, whereas others were created locally from components of Chinese characters. It has been used for writing songs, and more recently in public communications encouraging people to follow official family planning policy.

There has also been the occasional use of a number of other scripts, including pictographic [[proto-writing]].

In 1957, a hybrid script based on the [[Latin script]] and expanded with Cyrillic- and IPA-derived letters was introduced to write Standard Zhuang; in 1982 this was replaced with a script using only Latin letters.<ref>{{harvp|Zhou|2003}}</ref> These are referred to as the 'old' and 'new' Zhuang, respectively. [[Bouyei language|Bouyei]] is written in Latin script.

==See also==
* [[Languages of China]]
* [[Zhuang studies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=Zhuàng-Hàn cíhuì |date=1984 |publisher=Guangxi minzu chubanshe |location=Nanning |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮汉词汇}}
* {{Cite book |title=Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch |date=1997 |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington |editor-last=Edmondson |editor-first=Jerold A. |language=en |editor-last2=Solnit |editor-first2=David B.}}
* {{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Eric C. |date=2010 |title=A Sociolinguistic Introduction to the Central Taic Languages of Wenshan Prefecture, China |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/55/90/135590776684880681057617592128957612633/silesr2010_027.pdf |publisher=SIL International |language=en |id=SIL Electronic Survey Report 2010-027}}
* {{Cite book |title=Zhuàng-Hàn-Yīng cídiǎn / Guengh Gun Yingh swzdenj / Zhuang–Chinese–English Dictionary |date=2004 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |isbn=7-105-07001-3 |location=Beijing |script-title=zh:壮汉英词典}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tan |first=Xiaohang 覃晓航 |title=Xiàndài Zhuàngyǔ |date=1995 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:现代壮语}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tan |first=Guosheng 覃国生 |title=Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán gàilùn |date=1996 |publisher=Guangxi minzu chubanshe |location=Nanning |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮语方言概论}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Mingfu 王明富 |title=Zhuàngzú wénhuà yíchǎn jí zhuàngyǔ yánjiū / Zhuang Cultural and Linguistic Heritage |last2=Johnson |first2=Eric 江子杨 |date=2008 |publisher=Yunnan minzu chubanshe / The Nationalities Publishing House of Yunnan |isbn=978-7-5367-4255-0 |location=Kunming |language=zh,en |script-title=zh:壮族文化遗产及壮语研究}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wei |first=Mingying 韦名应 |date=2017 |title=Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu 桂东壮语语音研究 |location=Beijing |publisher=Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社 |oclc=1082879363}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wei |first1=Qingwen 韦庆稳 |title=Zhuàngyǔ jiǎnzhì |last2=Tan |first2=Guosheng 覃国生 |date=1980 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮语简志}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zhang |first=Junru 张均如 |title=Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán yánjiū |date=1999 |publisher=Sichuan minzu chubanshe |location=Chengdu |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮语方言研究 |trans-title=A Study of Zhuang Dialects |display-authors=etal}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zhou |first=Minglang |title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002 |date=2003 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017896-6 |location=Berlin |pages=251–258 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Category:Zhuang language}}
{{interwiki|code=za}}
{{Commons category|Zhuang writing}}
* [[wikt:Appendix:Kra-Dai Swadesh lists|Kra-Dai Swadesh lists]] (from Wiktionary's [[wikt:Appendix:Swadesh lists|Swadesh-list appendix]])
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/zhuang.htm Zhuang language & alphabet], Omniglot
* [http://www.linguapax.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/prosser.pdf The prospects for the long-term survival of Non-Han minority languages in the south of China]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120229194308/http://www0.hku.hk/linguist/staff/BodomoZhuangBLS12pageApril07.pdf Field Notes on the Pronominal System of Zhuang] "A major case of language shift is occurring in which the use of Zhuang and other minority languages is restricted mainly to rural areas because Zhuang-speaking villages, like Jingxi, which develop into towns become more and more of Mandarin-speaking towns. Zhuang-speaking villages become non-Zhuang-speaking towns! And children of Zhuang-speaking parents in cities are likely not to speak Zhuang as a mother-tongue."
* [http://legacy.joshuaproject.net/profiles/maps/m19685.pdf Map of Major Zhuang language groups]
* [[Paradisec]] has an open access [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/DH2 collection of Zhuang Mogong Texts from Bama and Tianyang]
* [http://sawcuengh.people.com.cn/ Sawcuengh People.com] Official Zhuang language version ([[Standard Zhuang]]) of the ''[[People's Daily]]'' website

{{Languages of China}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}
{{Guangxi topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhuang Language}}
[[Category:Languages of China]]
[[Category:Tai languages]]

Zhuang languages

2024-01-24T07:42:16Z

121.171.233.10:

{{short description|Various Tai languages used by the Zhuang people of southern China}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Zhuang
| nativename = ''Vahcuengh'' (za), ''Hauqcuengh'' (zyb) ''Kauqnuangz'', ''Kauqnoangz'' (zhn) ''Hoedyaej'' (zgn), ''Hauƽyəiч'' (zqe) ''Hauqraeuz'', ''Gangjdoj'' (zyb, zhn, zqe) ''Kauqraeuz'', ''Gangjtoj'' (zhn, zyg, zhd)
| states = [[China]]
| ethnicity = [[Zhuang people]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|15.9|2}} million, all Northern Zhuang languages
| date = 2007
| ref = ne2007
| familycolor = Kradai
| fam2 = [[Kam–Tai]]
| fam3 = Be–Tai ?
| stand1 = [[Standard Zhuang]]
| script = Zhuang, Old Zhuang, [[Sawndip]], [[Sawgoek]]
| iso1 = za
| iso2 = zha
| iso3 = zha
| lc1 = zch
| ld1 = Central Hongshuihe Zhuang
| lc2 = zhd
| ld2 = [[Dai Zhuang]] (Wenma)
| lc3 = zeh
| ld3 = [[Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang]]
| lc4 = zgb
| ld4 = Guibei Zhuang
| lc5 = zgn
| ld5 = [[Guibian Zhuang]]
| lc6 = zln
| ld6 = Lianshan Zhuang
| lc7 = zlj
| ld7 = Liujiang Zhuang
| lc8 = zlq
| ld8 = Liuqian Zhuang
| lc9 = zgm
| ld9 = [[Minz Zhuang]]
| lc10 = zhn
| ld10 = [[Nong Zhuang]] (Yanguang)
| lc11 = zqe
| ld11 = [[Qiubei Zhuang]]
| lc12 = zyg
| ld12 = [[Yang Zhuang]] (Dejing)
| lc13 = zyb
| ld13 = [[Yongbei Zhuang]]
| lc14 = zyn
| ld14 = [[Yongnan Zhuang]]
| lc15 = zyj
| ld15 = [[Youjiang Zhuang]]
| lc16 = zzj
| ld16 = [[Zuojiang Zhuang]]
| glotto = none
| glotto2 = daic1237
| glottoname2 = = Daic; Zhuang is not a valid group
| glottorefname2 = Daic
| notice = IPA
| map = Zhuang-dialects-map.png
| mapcaption = Geographic distribution of Zhuang dialects in Guangxi and related languages in Northern Vietnam and Guizhou
| fam4 = [[Tai languages|Tai]]
| fam5 = [[Northern Tai languages|Northern Tai]] and [[Central Tai languages|Central Tai]]
}}

[[Image:Zhuang books.jpg|thumb|220px|Books of Zhuang language]]

The '''Zhuang languages''' ({{IPAc-en|'|dʒ|w|æ|ŋ|,_|'|dʒ|w|ɒ|ŋ}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Guangxi_Zhuang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420052520/https://www.lexico.com/definition/guangxi_zhuang |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |title=Guangxi Zhuang |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> [[exonym and endonym|autonym]]: {{Lang|za|Vahcuengh}} {{IPA|za|βa˧ɕuːŋ˧}}, pre-1982: {{Lang|za|Vaƅcueŋƅ}}, [[Sawndip]]: 話僮, from ''vah'', 'language' and ''Cuengh'', 'Zhuang'; {{zh|s=壮语|t=壯語|p=Zhuàngyǔ}}) are any of more than a dozen [[Tai languages]] spoken by the [[Zhuang people]] of Southern [[China]] in the province of [[Guangxi]] and adjacent parts of [[Yunnan]] and [[Guangdong]]. The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit, as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a [[dialect continuum]] with [[Northern Tai]] varieties across the provincial border in [[Guizhou]], which are designated as [[Bouyei language|Bouyei]], whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with [[Central Tai]] varieties such as [[Nung language (Tai)|Nung]], [[Tày language|Tay]] and [[Caolan language|Caolan]] in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first=David |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Engangered Languages |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-135-79640-2 |editor-last=Moseley |editor-first=Christopher |pages=349–422 |chapter=East and Southeast Asia}} p. 370.</ref> [[Standard Zhuang]] is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of [[Wuming County|Wuming]].

The Tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern China, with speakers of the [[Southwestern Tai languages]] (which include [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Lao language|Lao]] and [[Shan language|Shan]]) having emigrated in the face of Chinese expansion.
Noting that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the same [[exonym]] for the [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], ''kɛɛuA1'',<ref>A1 designates a tone.</ref> from the Chinese commandery of [[Jiaozhi]] in northern Vietnam, [[Jerold A. Edmondson]] posited that the split between Zhuang and the Southwestern Tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi in 112 BC. He also argues that the departure of the [[Thai people|Thai]] from southern China must predate the 5th century AD, when the Tai who remained in China began to take family names.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Edmondson |first=Jerold A. |year=2007 |editor2-last=Somsonge Burusphat |editor3-last=James E. Harris |title=Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics |location=Bangkok, Thailand |publisher=Ek Phim Thai Co |pages=39–63 |chapter-url=http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/pol.pdf |chapter=The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam |editor1=Jimmy G. Harris |conference= |access-date=2011-06-19 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085333/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/pol.pdf |url-status=dead }} (see p. 15 of preprint)</ref>

==Surveys==
[[File:Zhuang survey sites.svg|frame|center|Sites surveyed in Zhang (1999), subgrouped according to Pittayaporn (2009):
{{color circle|#ff0000}} N,
{{color circle|#ff7f00}} M,
{{color circle|#ffff00}} I,
{{color circle|#7fff00}} C,
{{color circle|#00c800}} B,
{{color circle|#00ff7f}} F,
{{color circle|#00ffff}} H,
{{color circle|#3232ff}} L,
{{color circle|#c800ff}} P
]]
Zhāng Jūnrú's (张均如) ''Zhuàngyǔ Fāngyán Yánjiù'' ('''壮语方言研究''' [A Study of Zhuang dialects]) is the most detailed study of Zhuang [[dialectology]] published to date. It reports survey work carried out in the 1950s, and includes a 1465-word list covering 36 varieties of Zhuang. For the list of the 36 Zhuang variants below from Zhang (1999), the name of the region (usually county) is given first, followed by the specific village. The phylogenetic position of each variant follows that of Pittayaporn (2009)<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Pittayaporn |first=Pittayawat |title=The Phonology of Proto-Tai |date=2009 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=Cornell University |language=en |hdl=1813/13855 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> (see ''[[Tai languages#Pittayaporn (2009)]]'').

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
# [[Wuming County|Wuming]] – Shuāngqiáo 双桥 – Subgroup M
# [[Heng County|Hengxian]] – Nàxù 那旭 – Subgroup N
# [[Yongning District|Yongning]] (North) – Wǔtáng 五塘 – Subgroup N
# [[Pingguo County|Pingguo]] – Xīnxū 新圩 – Subgroup N
# [[Tiandong County|Tiandong]] – Héhéng 合恒 – Subgroup N
# [[Tianlin County|Tianlin]] – Lìzhōu 利周 – Subgroup N
# [[Lingyun County|Lingyue]] – Sìchéng 泗城 – Subgroup N
# [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] (Shā people 沙族) – Zhěméng Township 者孟乡 – Subgroup N
# [[Qiubei County|Qiubei]] – Gēhán Township 戈寒乡 – Subgroup N
# [[Liujiang County|Liujiang]] – Bǎipéng 百朋 – Subgroup N
# [[Yizhou District, Hechi|Yishan]] – Luòdōng 洛东 – Subgroup N
# [[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County|Huanjiang]] – Chéngguǎn 城管 – Subgroup N
# [[Rong'an County|Rong'an]] – Ānzì 安治 – Subgroup N
# [[Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County|Longsheng]] – Rìxīn 日新 – Subgroup N
# [[Hechi]] – Sānqū 三区 – Subgroup N
# [[Nandan County|Nandan]] – Mémá 么麻 – Subgroup N
# [[Donglan County|Donglan]] – Chéngxiāng 城厢 – Subgroup N
# [[Du'an Yao Autonomous County|Du'an]] – Liùlǐ 六里 – Subgroup N
# [[Shanglin County|Shanglin]] – Dàfēng 大丰 – Subgroup N
# [[Laibin]] – Sìjiǎo 寺脚 – Subgroup N
# [[Guigang]] – Shānběi 山北 – Subgroup N
# [[Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County|Lianshan]] – Xiǎosānjiāng 小三江 – Subgroup N
# [[Qinzhou]] – Nàhé Township 那河乡 – Subgroup I
# [[Yongning District|Yongning]] (South) – Xiàfāng Township 下枋乡 – Subgroup M
# [[Long'an County|Long'an]] – Xiǎolín Township 小林乡 – Subgroup M
# [[Fusui County|Fusui]] (Central) – Dàtáng Township 大塘乡 – Subgroup M
# [[Shangsi County|Shangsi]] – Jiàodīng Township 叫丁乡 – Subgroup C
# [[Chongzuo]] – Fùlù Township 福鹿乡 – Subgroup C
# [[Ningming County|Ningming]] – Fēnghuáng Township 凤璜乡 – Subgroup B
# [[Longzhou County|Longzhou]] – Bīnqiáo Township 彬桥乡 – Subgroup F
# [[Daxin County|Daxin]] – Hòuyì Township 后益乡 – Subgroup H
# [[Debao County|Debao]] – Yuándì'èrqū 原第二区 – Subgroup L
# [[Jingxi County|Jingxi]] – Xīnhé Township 新和乡 – Subgroup L
# [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] (Nóng people 侬族) – Xiǎoguǎngnán Township 小广南乡 – Subgroup L
# [[Yanshan County, Yunnan|Yanshan]] (Nóng people 侬族) – Kuāxī Township 夸西乡 – Subgroup L
# [[Wenshan City|Wenma]] (Tǔ people 土族) – Hēimò Township 黑末乡大寨, Dàzhài – Subgroup P
{{div col end}}

==Varieties==
The Zhuang language (or language group) has been divided by Chinese linguists into northern and southern "dialects" (fāngyán 方言 in Chinese), each of which has been divided into a number of vernacular varieties (known as ''tǔyǔ'' 土语 in Chinese) by Chinese linguists (Zhang & Wei 1997; Zhang 1999:29-30).<ref name="ZhangWei">Zhang Yuansheng and Wei Xingyun. 1997. "Regional variants and vernaculars in Zhuang." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), ''Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch'', 77–96. Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. {{ISBN|978-1-55671-005-6}}.</ref> The [[Wuming County|Wuming]] dialect of Yongbei Zhuang, classified within the "Northern Zhuang dialect", is considered to be the "[[standard language|standard]]" or [[prestige dialect]] of Zhuang, developed by the government for certain official usages. Although Southern Zhuang varieties have aspirated stops, Northern Zhuang varieties lack them.<ref name="Luo">{{Cite book |last=Luo |first=Yongxian |title=The Tai-Kadai Languages |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1457-5 |editor-last=Diller |editor-first=Anthony |location=London |chapter=Zhuang |editor-last2=Edmondson |editor-first2=Jerold A. |editor-last3=Luo |editor-first3=Yongxian}}</ref> There are over 60 distinct tonal systems with 5–11 tones depending on the variety.

Zhang (1999) identified 13 Zhuang varieties.
Later research by the [[Summer Institute of Linguistics]] has indicated that some of these are themselves multiple languages that are not [[mutually intelligible]] without previous exposure on the part of speakers, resulting in 16 separate [[ISO 639-3]] codes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Eric C. |year=2007 |title=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2006-128 |url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2006-128.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Sharon |year=2007 |title=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2007-027 |url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2007-027.pdf}}</ref>

=== Northern Zhuang ===
{{Main|Northern Tai languages}}
Northern Zhuang comprises dialects north of the [[Yong River (Guangxi)|Yong River]], with 8,572,200 speakers<ref name="ZhangWei" /><ref name="Zhang">{{harvp|Zhang|1999}}</ref> ({{ISO 639|ccx|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|ccx}}] prior to 2007):
* '''Guibei''' 桂北 (1,290,000 speakers): [[Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County|Luocheng]], [[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County|Huanjiang]], [[Rongshui Miao Autonomous County|Rongshui]], [[Rong'an County|Rong'an]], [[Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County|Sanjiang]], [[Yongfu County|Yongfu]], [[Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County|Longsheng]], [[Hechi]], [[Nandan County|Nandan]], [[Tian'e County|Tian'e]], [[Donglan County|Donglan]] ({{ISO 639|zgb|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zgb}}])
* '''Liujiang''' 柳江 (1,297,000 speakers): [[Liujiang District|Liujiang]], North [[Laibin]], [[Yishan County|Yishan]], [[Liucheng County|Liucheng]], [[Xincheng County|Xincheng]] ({{ISO 639|zlj|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zlj}}])
* '''Hongshui He''' 红水河 (2,823,000 speakers): South [[Laibin]], [[Du'an Yao Autonomous County|Du'an]], [[Mashan County|Mashan]], Shilong, [[Guixian]], [[Luzhai County|Luzhai]], [[Lipu, Guangxi|Lipu]], [[Yangshuo County|Yangshuo]]. Castro and Hansen (2010) distinguished three [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]] [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]]: Central Hongshuihe ({{ISO 639|zch|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zch}}]), [[Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang|Eastern Hongshuihe]] ({{ISO 639|zeh|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zeh}}]) and Liuqian ({{ISO 639|zlq|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zlq}}]).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hansen |first1=Bruce |last2=Castro |first2=Andy |year=2010 |title=Hongshui He Zhuang dialect intelligibility survey |url=http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/8989 |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2010-025}}</ref>
* '''Yongbei''' 邕北 (1,448,000 speakers): North [[Yongning District|Yongning]], ''[[Wuming County|Wuming]]'' (prestige dialect), [[Binyang County|Binyang]], [[Hengxian]], [[Pingguo]] ({{ISO 639|zyb|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyb}}])
* '''Youjiang''' 右江 (732,000 speakers): [[Tiandong]], [[Tianyang]], and parts of the [[Baise]] City area; all along the [[Youjiang River]] basin area ({{ISO 639|zyj|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyj}}])
* '''Guibian''' 桂边 ([[Yei Zhuang language|Yei Zhuang]]; 827,000 speakers): [[Fengshan County|Fengshan]], [[Lingyun County|Lingyun]], [[Tianlin County|Tianlin]], [[Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County|Longlin]], North [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] ([[Yunnan]]) ({{ISO 639|zgn|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zgn}}])
* '''Qiubei''' 丘北 ([[Yei Zhuang language|Yei Zhuang]]; 122,000 speakers): [[Qiubei County|Qiubei]] area ([[Yunnan]]) ({{ISO 639|zqe|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zqe}}])
* '''Lianshan''' 连山 (33,200 speakers): [[Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County|Lianshan]] ([[Guangdong]]), North [[Huaiji County|Huaiji]] ([[Guangdong]]) ({{ISO 639|zln|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zln}}])

====Eastern Guangxi====
In east-central Guangxi, there are isolated pockets of Northern Zhuang speakers in [[Zhongshan County|Zhongshan]] (14,200 Zhuang people), [[Pingle County|Pingle]] (2,100 Zhuang people), [[Zhaoping County|Zhaoping]] (4,300 Zhuang people), [[Mengshan County|Mengshan]] (about 5,000 Zhuang people), and [[Hezhou]] (about 3,000 Zhuang people) counties. These include the following varieties named after administrative villages that are documented by Wei (2017).<ref>Wei, Mingying 韦名应. 2017. ''Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu'' 桂东壮语语音研究. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社. {{ISBN|978-7-105-14918-6}}.</ref>

*''Lugang'' Village 芦岗村, Etang Town 鹅塘镇, Pinggui District 平桂区, [[Hezhou|He County]] 贺县
*''Qishan'' Village 启善村, Yuantou Town 源头镇, [[Pingle County]]
*''Xiping'' Village 西坪村, Zouma Township 走马乡, [[Zhaoping County]]
*''Xie'' Village 谢村, Xinxu Town 新圩镇, [[Mengshan County]]
*''Nitang'' Village 坭塘村, Yuantou Town 源头镇, [[Pingle County]]
*''Linyan'' Village 林岩村, Qingtang Town 清塘镇, [[Zhongshan County]]

=== Southern Zhuang ===
{{Main|Central Tai languages}}
Southern Zhuang dialects are spoken south of the [[Yong River (Guangxi)|Yong River]], with 4,232,000 speakers<ref name="ZhangWei" /><ref name="Zhang" /> ({{ISO 639|ccy|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|ccy}}] prior to 2007):
* '''Yongnan''' 邕南 (1,466,000 speakers): South [[Yongning District|Yongning]], Central and North [[Fusui County|Fusui]], [[Long'an County|Long'an]], [[Jinzhou]], Shangse, [[Chongzuo]] areas ({{ISO 639|zyn|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyn}}])
* '''Zuojiang''' 左江 (1,384,000 speakers): [[Longzhou County|Longzhou]] (Longjin), [[Daxin County|Daxin]], [[Tiandeng County|Tiandeng]], [[Ningming County|Ningming]]; [[Zuojiang River]] basin area ({{ISO 639|zzj|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zzj}}])
* '''Dejing''' 得靖 (979,000 speakers): [[Jingxi, Guangxi|Jingxi]], [[Debao County|Debao]], Mubian, [[Napo County|Napo]]. Jackson, Jackson and Lau (2012) distinguished two [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]] [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]]: [[Yang Zhuang language|Yang Zhuang]] ({{ISO 639|zyg|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyg}}]) and [[Min Zhuang language|Min Zhuang]] ({{ISO 639|zgm|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zgm}}])<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Bruce |last2=Jackson |first2=Andy |last3=Lau |first3=Shuh Huey |year=2012 |title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dejing Zhuang Dialect Area |url=http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/50901 |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-036}}.</ref>
* '''Yanguang''' 砚广 ([[Nong Zhuang language|Nong Zhuang]]; 308,000 speakers): South [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] ([[Yunnan]]), [[Yanshan District|Yanshan]] area ({{ISO 639|zhn|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zhn}}])
* '''Wenma''' 文麻 ([[Dai Zhuang language|Dai Zhuang]]; 95,000 speakers): [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Wenshan]] ([[Yunnan]]), [[Malipo County|Malipo]], Guibian ({{ISO 639|zhd|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zhd}}])

The [[Tày language|Tày]] and [[Nùng language|Nùng]] language complex in Vietnam is also considered one of the varieties of Central Tai and shares a high [[mutual intelligibility]] with Wenshan Dai and other Southern Zhuang dialects in [[Guangxi]]. The Nùng An language has a mixture of Northern and Central Tai features.

==== Recently described varieties ====
Johnson (2011) distinguishes four distinct Zhuang languages in [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Wenshan Prefecture]], [[Yunnan]]: [[Nong Zhuang language|Nong Zhuang]], [[Yei Zhuang language|Yei Zhuang]], [[Dai Zhuang language|Dai Zhuang]], and [[Min Zhuang language|Min Zhuang]], all of which are Southern Zhuang varieties except for Yei Zhuang, which is Northern Zhuang.<ref>{{harvp|Johnson|2010}}</ref> [[Min Zhuang language|Min Zhuang]] is a recently discovered Southern Zhuang variety that has never been described previous to Johnson (2011). (''See also [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture#Ethnic groups]]'')

[[Pyang Zhuang language|Pyang Zhuang]] and [[Myang Zhuang language|Myang Zhuang]] are recently described Southern Zhuang (Central Tai) languages spoken in [[Debao County]], Guangxi, China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Name and Locationː Pyang Zhuang (Fuping), China [Not on Ethnologue] |url=http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Zhuang-Fuping.htm |url-status=dead |website=lingweb.eva.mpg.de |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223011156/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Zhuang-Fuping.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Liao |first=Hanbo |title=Tonal Development of Tai Languages |date=2016 |degree=M.A. |publisher=Payap University |language=en}}</ref>

== Writing systems ==

[[File:Manuscripts in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC03931.JPG|thumb|220px|Zhuang [[Sawndip]] manuscript]]
[[File:Manuscripts in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC03934.JPG|thumb|right|the 81 symbols of the ''Poya Songbook'' used by Zhuang women in [[Funing County, Yunnan]]]]

The Zhuang languages have been written in the ancient ''[[sawndip]]'' script for over a thousand years, possibly preceded by the ''[[sawgoek]]'' script. ''Sawndip'' is based on [[Chinese characters]], similar to Vietnamese ''[[chữ Nôm]].'' Some ''sawndip'' logograms were directly borrowed from Han characters, whereas others were created locally from components of Chinese characters. It has been used for writing songs, and more recently in public communications encouraging people to follow official family planning policy.

There has also been the occasional use of a number of other scripts, including pictographic [[proto-writing]].

In 1957, a hybrid script based on the [[Latin script]] and expanded with Cyrillic- and IPA-derived letters was introduced to write Standard Zhuang; in 1982 this was replaced with a script using only Latin letters.<ref>{{harvp|Zhou|2003}}</ref> These are referred to as the 'old' and 'new' Zhuang, respectively. [[Bouyei language|Bouyei]] is written in Latin script.

==See also==
* [[Languages of China]]
* [[Zhuang studies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=Zhuàng-Hàn cíhuì |date=1984 |publisher=Guangxi minzu chubanshe |location=Nanning |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮汉词汇}}
* {{Cite book |title=Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch |date=1997 |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington |editor-last=Edmondson |editor-first=Jerold A. |language=en |editor-last2=Solnit |editor-first2=David B.}}
* {{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Eric C. |date=2010 |title=A Sociolinguistic Introduction to the Central Taic Languages of Wenshan Prefecture, China |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/55/90/135590776684880681057617592128957612633/silesr2010_027.pdf |publisher=SIL International |language=en |id=SIL Electronic Survey Report 2010-027}}
* {{Cite book |title=Zhuàng-Hàn-Yīng cídiǎn / Guengh Gun Yingh swzdenj / Zhuang–Chinese–English Dictionary |date=2004 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |isbn=7-105-07001-3 |location=Beijing |script-title=zh:壮汉英词典}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tan |first=Xiaohang 覃晓航 |title=Xiàndài Zhuàngyǔ |date=1995 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:现代壮语}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tan |first=Guosheng 覃国生 |title=Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán gàilùn |date=1996 |publisher=Guangxi minzu chubanshe |location=Nanning |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮语方言概论}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Mingfu 王明富 |title=Zhuàngzú wénhuà yíchǎn jí zhuàngyǔ yánjiū / Zhuang Cultural and Linguistic Heritage |last2=Johnson |first2=Eric 江子杨 |date=2008 |publisher=Yunnan minzu chubanshe / The Nationalities Publishing House of Yunnan |isbn=978-7-5367-4255-0 |location=Kunming |language=zh,en |script-title=zh:壮族文化遗产及壮语研究}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wei |first=Mingying 韦名应 |date=2017 |title=Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu 桂东壮语语音研究 |location=Beijing |publisher=Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社 |oclc=1082879363}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wei |first1=Qingwen 韦庆稳 |title=Zhuàngyǔ jiǎnzhì |last2=Tan |first2=Guosheng 覃国生 |date=1980 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮语简志}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zhang |first=Junru 张均如 |title=Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán yánjiū |date=1999 |publisher=Sichuan minzu chubanshe |location=Chengdu |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮语方言研究 |trans-title=A Study of Zhuang Dialects |display-authors=etal}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zhou |first=Minglang |title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002 |date=2003 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017896-6 |location=Berlin |pages=251–258 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Category:Zhuang language}}
{{interwiki|code=za}}
{{Commons category|Zhuang writing}}
* [[wikt:Appendix:Kra-Dai Swadesh lists|Kra-Dai Swadesh lists]] (from Wiktionary's [[wikt:Appendix:Swadesh lists|Swadesh-list appendix]])
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/zhuang.htm Zhuang language & alphabet], Omniglot
* [http://www.linguapax.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/prosser.pdf The prospects for the long-term survival of Non-Han minority languages in the south of China]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120229194308/http://www0.hku.hk/linguist/staff/BodomoZhuangBLS12pageApril07.pdf Field Notes on the Pronominal System of Zhuang] "A major case of language shift is occurring in which the use of Zhuang and other minority languages is restricted mainly to rural areas because Zhuang-speaking villages, like Jingxi, which develop into towns become more and more of Mandarin-speaking towns. Zhuang-speaking villages become non-Zhuang-speaking towns! And children of Zhuang-speaking parents in cities are likely not to speak Zhuang as a mother-tongue."
* [http://legacy.joshuaproject.net/profiles/maps/m19685.pdf Map of Major Zhuang language groups]
* [[Paradisec]] has an open access [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/DH2 collection of Zhuang Mogong Texts from Bama and Tianyang]
* [http://sawcuengh.people.com.cn/ Sawcuengh People.com] Official Zhuang language version ([[Standard Zhuang]]) of the ''[[People's Daily]]'' website

{{Languages of China}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}
{{Guangxi topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhuang Language}}
[[Category:Languages of China]]
[[Category:Tai languages]]

Zhuang languages

2024-01-24T07:34:15Z

121.171.233.10:

{{short description|Various Tai languages used by the Zhuang people of southern China}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Zhuang
| nativename = ''Vahcuengh'' (za), ''Hauqcuengh'' (zyb) ''Kauqnuangz'', ''Kauqnoangz'' (zhn) ''Hoedyaej'' (zgn), ''Hauƽyəiч'' (zqe) ''Hauqraeuz'', ''Gangjdoj'' (zyb, zhn, zqe) ''Kauqraeuz'', ''Gangjtoj'' (zhn, zyg, zhd)
| states = [[China]]
| ethnicity = [[Zhuang people]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|15.9|2}} million, all Northern Zhuang languages
| date = 2007
| ref = ne2007
| familycolor = Kradai
| fam2 = [[Kam–Tai]]
| fam3 = Be–Tai ?
| stand1 = [[Standard Zhuang]]
| script = Zhuang, Old Zhuang, [[Sawndip]], [[Sawgoek]]
| iso1 = za
| iso2 = zha
| iso3 = zha
| lc1 = zch
| ld1 = Central Hongshuihe Zhuang
| lc2 = zhd
| ld2 = [[Dai Zhuang]] (Wenma)
| lc3 = zeh
| ld3 = [[Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang]]
| lc4 = zgb
| ld4 = Guibei Zhuang
| lc5 = zgn
| ld5 = [[Guibian Zhuang]]
| lc6 = zln
| ld6 = Lianshan Zhuang
| lc7 = zlj
| ld7 = Liujiang Zhuang
| lc8 = zlq
| ld8 = Liuqian Zhuang
| lc9 = zgm
| ld9 = [[Minz Zhuang]]
| lc10 = zhn
| ld10 = [[Nong Zhuang]] (Yanguang)
| lc11 = zqe
| ld11 = [[Qiubei Zhuang]]
| lc12 = zyg
| ld12 = [[Yang Zhuang]] (Dejing)
| lc13 = zyb
| ld13 = [[Yongbei Zhuang]]
| lc14 = zyn
| ld14 = [[Yongnan Zhuang]]
| lc15 = zyj
| ld15 = [[Youjiang Zhuang]]
| lc16 = zzj
| ld16 = [[Zuojiang Zhuang]]
| glotto = none
| glotto2 = daic1237
| glottoname2 = = Daic; Zhuang is not a valid group
| glottorefname2 = Daic
| notice = IPA
| map = Zhuang-dialects-map.png
| mapcaption = Geographic distribution of Zhuang dialects in Guangxi and related languages in Northern Vietnam and Guizhou
| fam4 = [[Tai languages|Tai]]
| fam5 = [[Northern Tai languages|Northern Tai]] and [[Central Tai languages|Central Tai]]
}}

[[Image:Zhuang books.jpg|thumb|220px|Books of Zhuang language]]

The '''Zhuang languages''' ({{IPAc-en|'|dʒ|w|æ|ŋ|,_|'|dʒ|w|ɒ|ŋ}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Guangxi_Zhuang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420052520/https://www.lexico.com/definition/guangxi_zhuang |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 20, 2021 |title=Guangxi Zhuang |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> [[exonym and endonym|autonym]]: {{Lang|za|Vahcuengh}} {{IPA|[βa˧ɕuːŋ˧]}}, pre-1982: {{Lang|za|Vaƅcueŋƅ}}, [[Sawndip]]: 話僮, from ''vah'', 'language' and ''Cuengh'', 'Zhuang'; {{zh|s=壮语|t=壯語|p=Zhuàngyǔ}}) are any of more than a dozen [[Tai languages]] spoken by the [[Zhuang people]] of Southern [[China]] in the province of [[Guangxi]] and adjacent parts of [[Yunnan]] and [[Guangdong]]. The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit, as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a [[dialect continuum]] with [[Northern Tai]] varieties across the provincial border in [[Guizhou]], which are designated as [[Bouyei language|Bouyei]], whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with [[Central Tai]] varieties such as [[Nung language (Tai)|Nung]], [[Tày language|Tay]] and [[Caolan language|Caolan]] in [[Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradley |first=David |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Engangered Languages |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-135-79640-2 |editor-last=Moseley |editor-first=Christopher |pages=349–422 |chapter=East and Southeast Asia}} p. 370.</ref> [[Standard Zhuang]] is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of [[Wuming County|Wuming]].

The Tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern China, with speakers of the [[Southwestern Tai languages]] (which include [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Lao language|Lao]] and [[Shan language|Shan]]) having emigrated in the face of Chinese expansion.
Noting that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the same [[exonym]] for the [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], ''kɛɛuA1'',<ref>A1 designates a tone.</ref> from the Chinese commandery of [[Jiaozhi]] in northern Vietnam, [[Jerold A. Edmondson]] posited that the split between Zhuang and the Southwestern Tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi in 112 BC. He also argues that the departure of the [[Thai people|Thai]] from southern China must predate the 5th century AD, when the Tai who remained in China began to take family names.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Edmondson |first=Jerold A. |year=2007 |editor2-last=Somsonge Burusphat |editor3-last=James E. Harris |title=Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics |location=Bangkok, Thailand |publisher=Ek Phim Thai Co |pages=39–63 |chapter-url=http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/pol.pdf |chapter=The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam |editor1=Jimmy G. Harris |conference= |access-date=2011-06-19 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716085333/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/pol.pdf |url-status=dead }} (see p. 15 of preprint)</ref>

==Surveys==
[[File:Zhuang survey sites.svg|frame|center|Sites surveyed in Zhang (1999), subgrouped according to Pittayaporn (2009):
{{color circle|#ff0000}} N,
{{color circle|#ff7f00}} M,
{{color circle|#ffff00}} I,
{{color circle|#7fff00}} C,
{{color circle|#00c800}} B,
{{color circle|#00ff7f}} F,
{{color circle|#00ffff}} H,
{{color circle|#3232ff}} L,
{{color circle|#c800ff}} P
]]
Zhāng Jūnrú's (张均如) ''Zhuàngyǔ Fāngyán Yánjiù'' ('''壮语方言研究''' [A Study of Zhuang dialects]) is the most detailed study of Zhuang [[dialectology]] published to date. It reports survey work carried out in the 1950s, and includes a 1465-word list covering 36 varieties of Zhuang. For the list of the 36 Zhuang variants below from Zhang (1999), the name of the region (usually county) is given first, followed by the specific village. The phylogenetic position of each variant follows that of Pittayaporn (2009)<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Pittayaporn |first=Pittayawat |title=The Phonology of Proto-Tai |date=2009 |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=Cornell University |language=en |hdl=1813/13855 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> (see ''[[Tai languages#Pittayaporn (2009)]]'').

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
# [[Wuming County|Wuming]] – Shuāngqiáo 双桥 – Subgroup M
# [[Heng County|Hengxian]] – Nàxù 那旭 – Subgroup N
# [[Yongning District|Yongning]] (North) – Wǔtáng 五塘 – Subgroup N
# [[Pingguo County|Pingguo]] – Xīnxū 新圩 – Subgroup N
# [[Tiandong County|Tiandong]] – Héhéng 合恒 – Subgroup N
# [[Tianlin County|Tianlin]] – Lìzhōu 利周 – Subgroup N
# [[Lingyun County|Lingyue]] – Sìchéng 泗城 – Subgroup N
# [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] (Shā people 沙族) – Zhěméng Township 者孟乡 – Subgroup N
# [[Qiubei County|Qiubei]] – Gēhán Township 戈寒乡 – Subgroup N
# [[Liujiang County|Liujiang]] – Bǎipéng 百朋 – Subgroup N
# [[Yizhou District, Hechi|Yishan]] – Luòdōng 洛东 – Subgroup N
# [[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County|Huanjiang]] – Chéngguǎn 城管 – Subgroup N
# [[Rong'an County|Rong'an]] – Ānzì 安治 – Subgroup N
# [[Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County|Longsheng]] – Rìxīn 日新 – Subgroup N
# [[Hechi]] – Sānqū 三区 – Subgroup N
# [[Nandan County|Nandan]] – Mémá 么麻 – Subgroup N
# [[Donglan County|Donglan]] – Chéngxiāng 城厢 – Subgroup N
# [[Du'an Yao Autonomous County|Du'an]] – Liùlǐ 六里 – Subgroup N
# [[Shanglin County|Shanglin]] – Dàfēng 大丰 – Subgroup N
# [[Laibin]] – Sìjiǎo 寺脚 – Subgroup N
# [[Guigang]] – Shānběi 山北 – Subgroup N
# [[Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County|Lianshan]] – Xiǎosānjiāng 小三江 – Subgroup N
# [[Qinzhou]] – Nàhé Township 那河乡 – Subgroup I
# [[Yongning District|Yongning]] (South) – Xiàfāng Township 下枋乡 – Subgroup M
# [[Long'an County|Long'an]] – Xiǎolín Township 小林乡 – Subgroup M
# [[Fusui County|Fusui]] (Central) – Dàtáng Township 大塘乡 – Subgroup M
# [[Shangsi County|Shangsi]] – Jiàodīng Township 叫丁乡 – Subgroup C
# [[Chongzuo]] – Fùlù Township 福鹿乡 – Subgroup C
# [[Ningming County|Ningming]] – Fēnghuáng Township 凤璜乡 – Subgroup B
# [[Longzhou County|Longzhou]] – Bīnqiáo Township 彬桥乡 – Subgroup F
# [[Daxin County|Daxin]] – Hòuyì Township 后益乡 – Subgroup H
# [[Debao County|Debao]] – Yuándì'èrqū 原第二区 – Subgroup L
# [[Jingxi County|Jingxi]] – Xīnhé Township 新和乡 – Subgroup L
# [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] (Nóng people 侬族) – Xiǎoguǎngnán Township 小广南乡 – Subgroup L
# [[Yanshan County, Yunnan|Yanshan]] (Nóng people 侬族) – Kuāxī Township 夸西乡 – Subgroup L
# [[Wenshan City|Wenma]] (Tǔ people 土族) – Hēimò Township 黑末乡大寨, Dàzhài – Subgroup P
{{div col end}}

==Varieties==
The Zhuang language (or language group) has been divided by Chinese linguists into northern and southern "dialects" (fāngyán 方言 in Chinese), each of which has been divided into a number of vernacular varieties (known as ''tǔyǔ'' 土语 in Chinese) by Chinese linguists (Zhang & Wei 1997; Zhang 1999:29-30).<ref name="ZhangWei">Zhang Yuansheng and Wei Xingyun. 1997. "Regional variants and vernaculars in Zhuang." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), ''Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch'', 77–96. Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. {{ISBN|978-1-55671-005-6}}.</ref> The [[Wuming County|Wuming]] dialect of Yongbei Zhuang, classified within the "Northern Zhuang dialect", is considered to be the "[[standard language|standard]]" or [[prestige dialect]] of Zhuang, developed by the government for certain official usages. Although Southern Zhuang varieties have aspirated stops, Northern Zhuang varieties lack them.<ref name="Luo">{{Cite book |last=Luo |first=Yongxian |title=The Tai-Kadai Languages |date=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1457-5 |editor-last=Diller |editor-first=Anthony |location=London |chapter=Zhuang |editor-last2=Edmondson |editor-first2=Jerold A. |editor-last3=Luo |editor-first3=Yongxian}}</ref> There are over 60 distinct tonal systems with 5–11 tones depending on the variety.

Zhang (1999) identified 13 Zhuang varieties.
Later research by the [[Summer Institute of Linguistics]] has indicated that some of these are themselves multiple languages that are not [[mutually intelligible]] without previous exposure on the part of speakers, resulting in 16 separate [[ISO 639-3]] codes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Eric C. |year=2007 |title=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2006-128 |url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2006-128.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Sharon |year=2007 |title=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2007-027 |url=http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2007-027.pdf}}</ref>

=== Northern Zhuang ===
{{Main|Northern Tai languages}}
Northern Zhuang comprises dialects north of the [[Yong River (Guangxi)|Yong River]], with 8,572,200 speakers<ref name="ZhangWei" /><ref name="Zhang">{{harvp|Zhang|1999}}</ref> ({{ISO 639|ccx|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|ccx}}] prior to 2007):
* '''Guibei''' 桂北 (1,290,000 speakers): [[Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County|Luocheng]], [[Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County|Huanjiang]], [[Rongshui Miao Autonomous County|Rongshui]], [[Rong'an County|Rong'an]], [[Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County|Sanjiang]], [[Yongfu County|Yongfu]], [[Longsheng Various Nationalities Autonomous County|Longsheng]], [[Hechi]], [[Nandan County|Nandan]], [[Tian'e County|Tian'e]], [[Donglan County|Donglan]] ({{ISO 639|zgb|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zgb}}])
* '''Liujiang''' 柳江 (1,297,000 speakers): [[Liujiang District|Liujiang]], North [[Laibin]], [[Yishan County|Yishan]], [[Liucheng County|Liucheng]], [[Xincheng County|Xincheng]] ({{ISO 639|zlj|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zlj}}])
* '''Hongshui He''' 红水河 (2,823,000 speakers): South [[Laibin]], [[Du'an Yao Autonomous County|Du'an]], [[Mashan County|Mashan]], Shilong, [[Guixian]], [[Luzhai County|Luzhai]], [[Lipu, Guangxi|Lipu]], [[Yangshuo County|Yangshuo]]. Castro and Hansen (2010) distinguished three [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]] [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]]: Central Hongshuihe ({{ISO 639|zch|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zch}}]), [[Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang|Eastern Hongshuihe]] ({{ISO 639|zeh|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zeh}}]) and Liuqian ({{ISO 639|zlq|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zlq}}]).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hansen |first1=Bruce |last2=Castro |first2=Andy |year=2010 |title=Hongshui He Zhuang dialect intelligibility survey |url=http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/8989 |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2010-025}}</ref>
* '''Yongbei''' 邕北 (1,448,000 speakers): North [[Yongning District|Yongning]], ''[[Wuming County|Wuming]]'' (prestige dialect), [[Binyang County|Binyang]], [[Hengxian]], [[Pingguo]] ({{ISO 639|zyb|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyb}}])
* '''Youjiang''' 右江 (732,000 speakers): [[Tiandong]], [[Tianyang]], and parts of the [[Baise]] City area; all along the [[Youjiang River]] basin area ({{ISO 639|zyj|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyj}}])
* '''Guibian''' 桂边 ([[Yei Zhuang language|Yei Zhuang]]; 827,000 speakers): [[Fengshan County|Fengshan]], [[Lingyun County|Lingyun]], [[Tianlin County|Tianlin]], [[Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County|Longlin]], North [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] ([[Yunnan]]) ({{ISO 639|zgn|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zgn}}])
* '''Qiubei''' 丘北 ([[Yei Zhuang language|Yei Zhuang]]; 122,000 speakers): [[Qiubei County|Qiubei]] area ([[Yunnan]]) ({{ISO 639|zqe|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zqe}}])
* '''Lianshan''' 连山 (33,200 speakers): [[Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County|Lianshan]] ([[Guangdong]]), North [[Huaiji County|Huaiji]] ([[Guangdong]]) ({{ISO 639|zln|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zln}}])

====Eastern Guangxi====
In east-central Guangxi, there are isolated pockets of Northern Zhuang speakers in [[Zhongshan County|Zhongshan]] (14,200 Zhuang people), [[Pingle County|Pingle]] (2,100 Zhuang people), [[Zhaoping County|Zhaoping]] (4,300 Zhuang people), [[Mengshan County|Mengshan]] (about 5,000 Zhuang people), and [[Hezhou]] (about 3,000 Zhuang people) counties. These include the following varieties named after administrative villages that are documented by Wei (2017).<ref>Wei, Mingying 韦名应. 2017. ''Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu'' 桂东壮语语音研究. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社. {{ISBN|978-7-105-14918-6}}.</ref>

*''Lugang'' Village 芦岗村, Etang Town 鹅塘镇, Pinggui District 平桂区, [[Hezhou|He County]] 贺县
*''Qishan'' Village 启善村, Yuantou Town 源头镇, [[Pingle County]]
*''Xiping'' Village 西坪村, Zouma Township 走马乡, [[Zhaoping County]]
*''Xie'' Village 谢村, Xinxu Town 新圩镇, [[Mengshan County]]
*''Nitang'' Village 坭塘村, Yuantou Town 源头镇, [[Pingle County]]
*''Linyan'' Village 林岩村, Qingtang Town 清塘镇, [[Zhongshan County]]

=== Southern Zhuang ===
{{Main|Central Tai languages}}
Southern Zhuang dialects are spoken south of the [[Yong River (Guangxi)|Yong River]], with 4,232,000 speakers<ref name="ZhangWei" /><ref name="Zhang" /> ({{ISO 639|ccy|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|ccy}}] prior to 2007):
* '''Yongnan''' 邕南 (1,466,000 speakers): South [[Yongning District|Yongning]], Central and North [[Fusui County|Fusui]], [[Long'an County|Long'an]], [[Jinzhou]], Shangse, [[Chongzuo]] areas ({{ISO 639|zyn|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyn}}])
* '''Zuojiang''' 左江 (1,384,000 speakers): [[Longzhou County|Longzhou]] (Longjin), [[Daxin County|Daxin]], [[Tiandeng County|Tiandeng]], [[Ningming County|Ningming]]; [[Zuojiang River]] basin area ({{ISO 639|zzj|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zzj}}])
* '''Dejing''' 得靖 (979,000 speakers): [[Jingxi, Guangxi|Jingxi]], [[Debao County|Debao]], Mubian, [[Napo County|Napo]]. Jackson, Jackson and Lau (2012) distinguished two [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually unintelligible]] [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]]: [[Yang Zhuang language|Yang Zhuang]] ({{ISO 639|zyg|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zyg}}]) and [[Min Zhuang language|Min Zhuang]] ({{ISO 639|zgm|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zgm}}])<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Bruce |last2=Jackson |first2=Andy |last3=Lau |first3=Shuh Huey |year=2012 |title=A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dejing Zhuang Dialect Area |url=http://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/50901 |series=SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-036}}.</ref>
* '''Yanguang''' 砚广 ([[Nong Zhuang language|Nong Zhuang]]; 308,000 speakers): South [[Guangnan County|Guangnan]] ([[Yunnan]]), [[Yanshan District|Yanshan]] area ({{ISO 639|zhn|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zhn}}])
* '''Wenma''' 文麻 ([[Dai Zhuang language|Dai Zhuang]]; 95,000 speakers): [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Wenshan]] ([[Yunnan]]), [[Malipo County|Malipo]], Guibian ({{ISO 639|zhd|link=yes}} [{{ethnolink|zhd}}])

The [[Tày language|Tày]] and [[Nùng language|Nùng]] language complex in Vietnam is also considered one of the varieties of Central Tai and shares a high [[mutual intelligibility]] with Wenshan Dai and other Southern Zhuang dialects in [[Guangxi]]. The Nùng An language has a mixture of Northern and Central Tai features.

==== Recently described varieties ====
Johnson (2011) distinguishes four distinct Zhuang languages in [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture|Wenshan Prefecture]], [[Yunnan]]: [[Nong Zhuang language|Nong Zhuang]], [[Yei Zhuang language|Yei Zhuang]], [[Dai Zhuang language|Dai Zhuang]], and [[Min Zhuang language|Min Zhuang]], all of which are Southern Zhuang varieties except for Yei Zhuang, which is Northern Zhuang.<ref>{{harvp|Johnson|2010}}</ref> [[Min Zhuang language|Min Zhuang]] is a recently discovered Southern Zhuang variety that has never been described previous to Johnson (2011). (''See also [[Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture#Ethnic groups]]'')

[[Pyang Zhuang language|Pyang Zhuang]] and [[Myang Zhuang language|Myang Zhuang]] are recently described Southern Zhuang (Central Tai) languages spoken in [[Debao County]], Guangxi, China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Name and Locationː Pyang Zhuang (Fuping), China [Not on Ethnologue] |url=http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Zhuang-Fuping.htm |url-status=dead |website=lingweb.eva.mpg.de |access-date=2014-02-09 |archive-date=2014-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223011156/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Zhuang-Fuping.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Liao |first=Hanbo |title=Tonal Development of Tai Languages |date=2016 |degree=M.A. |publisher=Payap University |language=en}}</ref>

== Writing systems ==

[[File:Manuscripts in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC03931.JPG|thumb|220px|Zhuang [[Sawndip]] manuscript]]
[[File:Manuscripts in the Yunnan Nationalities Museum - DSC03934.JPG|thumb|right|the 81 symbols of the ''Poya Songbook'' used by Zhuang women in [[Funing County, Yunnan]]]]

The Zhuang languages have been written in the ancient ''[[sawndip]]'' script for over a thousand years, possibly preceded by the ''[[sawgoek]]'' script. ''Sawndip'' is based on [[Chinese characters]], similar to Vietnamese ''[[chữ Nôm]].'' Some ''sawndip'' logograms were directly borrowed from Han characters, whereas others were created locally from components of Chinese characters. It has been used for writing songs, and more recently in public communications encouraging people to follow official family planning policy.

There has also been the occasional use of a number of other scripts, including pictographic [[proto-writing]].

In 1957, a hybrid script based on the [[Latin script]] and expanded with Cyrillic- and IPA-derived letters was introduced to write Standard Zhuang; in 1982 this was replaced with a script using only Latin letters.<ref>{{harvp|Zhou|2003}}</ref> These are referred to as the 'old' and 'new' Zhuang, respectively. [[Bouyei language|Bouyei]] is written in Latin script.

==See also==
* [[Languages of China]]
* [[Zhuang studies]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |title=Zhuàng-Hàn cíhuì |date=1984 |publisher=Guangxi minzu chubanshe |location=Nanning |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮汉词汇}}
* {{Cite book |title=Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch |date=1997 |publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington |editor-last=Edmondson |editor-first=Jerold A. |language=en |editor-last2=Solnit |editor-first2=David B.}}
* {{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Eric C. |date=2010 |title=A Sociolinguistic Introduction to the Central Taic Languages of Wenshan Prefecture, China |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/55/90/135590776684880681057617592128957612633/silesr2010_027.pdf |publisher=SIL International |language=en |id=SIL Electronic Survey Report 2010-027}}
* {{Cite book |title=Zhuàng-Hàn-Yīng cídiǎn / Guengh Gun Yingh swzdenj / Zhuang–Chinese–English Dictionary |date=2004 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |isbn=7-105-07001-3 |location=Beijing |script-title=zh:壮汉英词典}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tan |first=Xiaohang 覃晓航 |title=Xiàndài Zhuàngyǔ |date=1995 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:现代壮语}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tan |first=Guosheng 覃国生 |title=Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán gàilùn |date=1996 |publisher=Guangxi minzu chubanshe |location=Nanning |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮语方言概论}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wang |first1=Mingfu 王明富 |title=Zhuàngzú wénhuà yíchǎn jí zhuàngyǔ yánjiū / Zhuang Cultural and Linguistic Heritage |last2=Johnson |first2=Eric 江子杨 |date=2008 |publisher=Yunnan minzu chubanshe / The Nationalities Publishing House of Yunnan |isbn=978-7-5367-4255-0 |location=Kunming |language=zh,en |script-title=zh:壮族文化遗产及壮语研究}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wei |first=Mingying 韦名应 |date=2017 |title=Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu 桂东壮语语音研究 |location=Beijing |publisher=Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社 |oclc=1082879363}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Wei |first1=Qingwen 韦庆稳 |title=Zhuàngyǔ jiǎnzhì |last2=Tan |first2=Guosheng 覃国生 |date=1980 |publisher=Minzu chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮语简志}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zhang |first=Junru 张均如 |title=Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán yánjiū |date=1999 |publisher=Sichuan minzu chubanshe |location=Chengdu |language=zh |script-title=zh:壮语方言研究 |trans-title=A Study of Zhuang Dialects |display-authors=etal}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zhou |first=Minglang |title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002 |date=2003 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=3-11-017896-6 |location=Berlin |pages=251–258 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Category:Zhuang language}}
{{interwiki|code=za}}
{{Commons category|Zhuang writing}}
* [[wikt:Appendix:Kra-Dai Swadesh lists|Kra-Dai Swadesh lists]] (from Wiktionary's [[wikt:Appendix:Swadesh lists|Swadesh-list appendix]])
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/zhuang.htm Zhuang language & alphabet], Omniglot
* [http://www.linguapax.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/prosser.pdf The prospects for the long-term survival of Non-Han minority languages in the south of China]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120229194308/http://www0.hku.hk/linguist/staff/BodomoZhuangBLS12pageApril07.pdf Field Notes on the Pronominal System of Zhuang] "A major case of language shift is occurring in which the use of Zhuang and other minority languages is restricted mainly to rural areas because Zhuang-speaking villages, like Jingxi, which develop into towns become more and more of Mandarin-speaking towns. Zhuang-speaking villages become non-Zhuang-speaking towns! And children of Zhuang-speaking parents in cities are likely not to speak Zhuang as a mother-tongue."
* [http://legacy.joshuaproject.net/profiles/maps/m19685.pdf Map of Major Zhuang language groups]
* [[Paradisec]] has an open access [http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/DH2 collection of Zhuang Mogong Texts from Bama and Tianyang]
* [http://sawcuengh.people.com.cn/ Sawcuengh People.com] Official Zhuang language version ([[Standard Zhuang]]) of the ''[[People's Daily]]'' website

{{Languages of China}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}
{{Guangxi topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhuang Language}}
[[Category:Languages of China]]
[[Category:Tai languages]]

Na Moon-hee

2024-01-23T04:27:30Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|South Korean actress (born 1941)}}
{{family name hatnote|Na||lang=Korean}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Na Moon-hee
| image = 190713 나문희.jpg
| caption = Na in 2019
| birth_name = Na Kyung-ja
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|11|30}}
| birth_place = [[Beijing|Beiping]], [[Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China|Republic of China]]{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
| nationality = South Korean
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1960–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Yoo Yun-sik|1965|2023|reason=d}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.comread?oid=014&aid=0005117036|title="3개월만에 결혼"...배우 나문희 남편상|work=FN News|access-date=December 19, 2023|date=December 19, 2023}}</ref>
| children = 3
| education = Changduk Girls' High School, [[Seoul]]
| website = {{url|thecnt.co.kr/star/namunhee}}
| honours = [[File:ROK Order of Cultural Merit Bo-gwan (3rd Class) ribbon.PNG|border|23px]] [[Order of Cultural Merit (South Korea)|Bogwan Order of Cultural Merit]] (2012)
| module = {{Infobox Korean name
| child = yes
| color = transparent
| hangul = {{linktext|나|문|희}}
| hanja = {{linktext|羅|文|姬}}
| rr = Na Mun-hui
| mr = Na Munhŭi
| hangulborn = {{linktext|나|경|자}}
| hanjaborn = {{linktext|羅|京|子}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://garageplay.tw/news/content/4260|title=首位雙千萬觀影人次票房大導攜手《小女子》金高銀睽違8年打造史詩催淚鉅獻《HERO》《寄生上流》發行公司年度壓軸巨作竟讓韓媒紛紛淚灑發表會現場？！改編真實事件、韓國神級音樂劇！民族英雄安重根為韓國獨立運動開出第一槍！《柔美的細胞小將》金高銀後悔接拍新作《HERO》竟崩潰躲在房間大哭！《HERO》1月13日民族英雄|website=Garage Play|author=|date=December 16, 2022|accessdate=January 5, 2023}}</ref>
| rrborn = Na Gyeong-ja
| mrborn = Na Kyŏngja
}}
}}
'''Na Moon-hee''' ({{Korean|나문희}}; '''Na Kyung-ja''', {{Korean|나경자}}; November 30, 1941) is a South Korean actress. Since 1960, Na has had a prolific acting career in television and film spanning more than five decades. She established a classic Korean mother persona with her [[Korean drama|TV dramas]] ''Even if the Wind Blows'', ''The Most Beautiful Goodbye in the World'' (written by [[Noh Hee-kyung]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Asking the Actress Na Moon Hee For Directions|url=http://daheefanel.wordpress.com/2012/08/28/noh-hee-kyungs-love-essay-12/|work=Dahee's Plastic Castle|access-date=2013-05-28|date=28 August 2012}}</ref> ''[[My Lovely Sam Soon|My Name is Kim Sam-soon]]'', ''[[My Rosy Life]]'', ''[[Goodbye Solo (TV series)|Goodbye Solo]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Park|first=Chung-a|title=Drama Breaks From the Traditional|url=http://www.hancinema.net/drama-breaks-from-the-traditional-5360.html|work=[[The Korea Times]] via [[Hancinema]]|access-date=2013-05-29|date=24 February 2006}}</ref> ''Amnok River Flows'' (based on ''Der Yalu fließt''), and ''It's Me, Grandma''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hong|first=Lucia|title=MBC ''IT'S ME, GRANDMA'' nominated at Monte-Carlo TV fest|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011051809323985267|work=10Asia|access-date=2013-05-28|date=18 May 2011}}</ref> On the big screen, Na has received acclaim for her roles in ''[[Crying Fist]]'',<ref>{{cite web|title=K-FILM REVIEWS: 주먹이 운다 (Crying Fist)|url=http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2005/08/crying-fist-dvd-review.php|work=[[Twitch Film]]|access-date=2013-05-29|date=22 August 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209235553/http://twitchfilm.com/reviews/2005/08/crying-fist-dvd-review.php|archive-date=9 December 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[You Are My Sunshine (2005 film)|You Are My Sunshine]]'', ''[[Cruel Winter Blues]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=Hot Blood|url=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2006110337448|work=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=3 November 2006}}</ref> and ''[[I Can Speak]]''. Her critically acclaimed film ''[[I Can Speak]]'' (2017) won her the Best Actress trophy in three prestigious award ceremonies: [[54th Baeksang Arts Awards]], [[38th Blue Dragon Film Awards]] and [[55th Grand Bell Awards]] — a feat that has yet to be repeated.<ref>{{cite web|title=Na Moon Hee broke the history by sweeping all the prestigious Best Actress Awards – Grand bell, Blue Dragon, Paeksang & Seoul Awards with the same cinematic role|url=https://kmaniamy.com/2018/10/24/na-moon-hee-broke-history-by-sweeping-all-the-prestigious-best-actress-awards-grand-bell-blue-dragon-paeksang-seoul-awards-with-the-same-cinematic-role/|work=Kmania|access-date=2018-10-24|date=24 October 2018}}</ref>

After a series of comic roles in [[sitcom]]s such as ''[[High Kick!|Unstoppable High Kick!]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Chun|first=Su-jin|title=TV Review: Happy? Watch ''High Kick'' and ask again|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2871846|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=2013-05-29|date=30 January 2007|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629135559/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2871846|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> the veteran actress garnered newfound popularity and played the title character in big screen comedy ''Mission Possible: Kidnapping Granny K'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Hyo-won|title=Films to Catch During Chuseok|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/04/141_10567.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=20 September 2007}}</ref> followed by starring roles in ''[[Girl Scout (film)|Girl Scout]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Hyo-won|title=Girl Scouts Showcases Ajumma Power|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/05/141_24943.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=29 May 2008}}</ref> ''[[Harmony (2010 film)|Harmony]]'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Hyo-won|title=Kim Yun-jin Sings in Harmony Onscreen|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/01/199_58855.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=12 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ki|first=Sun-min|title=''Lost'' star gets in tune with ''Harmony''|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2915907|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=29 January 2010|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629135633/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2915907|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> ''Twilight Gangsters'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Hyo-won|title=Feisty Grandmas Pull Off Bandit Acts|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/03/141_62186.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=11 March 2010}}</ref> and ''[[Miss Granny]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Song|first=Soon-jin|title=4 Big Releases March Into Theaters for Korean New Year|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/features.jsp?seq=236&mode=FEATURES_VIEW|work=Korean Film Council|access-date=2014-02-09|date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

She received a Lifetime Achievement Award from [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]] in 2010, and the prestigious [[Order of Cultural Merit (Korea)|Bo-gwan Order of Cultural Merit]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Psy to receive cultural merit honor from government|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/culturesports/2012/11/06/3/0701000000AEN20121106003100315F.HTML|work=[[Yonhap]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nwww.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20121106000699|title=Psy, director Kim get order of cultural merit|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lee|first=Hyo-won|title=South Korean Culture Ministry To Honor Psy|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/gangnam-style-star-psy-be-387570|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=7 November 2012}}</ref>

==Early life==
Na Kyung-ja was born on November 30, 1941, in Beijing, China and grew up there until she was 5 years old. Her family came to Korea in the year of liberation, and once spent their childhood in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do. Her aunt is Na Hye-seok, the first female western painter in Korea, and her brother-in-law is actor Jeong Seung-ho.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=[디어 마이 프렌즈 돋보기②] 꿈꾸는 ‘미운오리새끼’ 나문희의 56년 생짜 연기인생 |trans-title=[Dear My Friends Magnifier②] The 56-year-old acting life of Na Moon-hee, the dreaming 'Ugly Duckling' |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=144&aid=0000433308 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=entertain.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=김승진 |title=나문희 “나혜석, 우리 고모할머니”…유재석도 ‘깜놀’ |trans-title=Na Moon-hee "Na Hye-seok, my aunt's grandmother"... Yoo Jae-seok is also 'surprised' |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=057&aid=0000813893 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=entertain.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1960, Na Moon-hee started her career onstage. In 1961, she debuted as a voice actor in the first public recruitment of MBC. Because of her longing for acting, she changed her job from a voice actor to a talent, and in 1976, she first appeared in a drama in Korea's first omnibus daily soap opera, High School Alumni. Afterwards, she played numerous roles in various works until the early 1990s, but she did not shine as an actor for a long time.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=톱스타뉴스 |date=2017-06-16 |title=연기인생 56년 나문희, 그의 최근 대표작은?… ‘수상한그녀-디어마이프렌즈’ |trans-title=Na Moon-hee, 56 years of acting life, what is his latest masterpiece? ... 'Sangular Girl-Dear My Friends' |url=https://www.topstarnews.net/news/articleView.html?idxno=274930 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=톱스타뉴스 |language=ko}}</ref>

It was the KBS daily drama '[[:ko:바람은_불어도|Even the Wind Blows]]', which was broadcast in 1995, that imprinted the name Na on people. She took on the role of a resolute grandmother who spoke a North Korean dialect, and the North Korean dialect acting she learned from a North Korean woman living in the neighborhood was deeply embedded in the minds of Korean viewers. Her presence shined through in her play and she was honored at the KBS Drama Awards, the first trophy of her own acting life. Not only she, but also with the same work, she achieved the feat of sweeping the Popularity Award in the TV category at the 32nd Baeksang Arts Awards and the Female Talent Award at the 23rd Korea Broadcasting Awards the following year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=세계일보 |date=2008-08-14 |title=연극 ‘잘자요, 엄마’로 연극무대 돌아온 나문희 |trans-title=Na Moon-hee returned to the theatre stage with the play 'Good night, Mom' |url=https://www.segye.com/view/20080813002131 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=세계일보 |language=ko}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=[디어 마이 프렌즈 돋보기②] 꿈꾸는 ‘미운오리새끼’ 나문희의 56년 생짜 연기인생 |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=144&aid=0000433308 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=entertain.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref>

Afterwards, she gained great popularity by transforming into an authoritative CEO in [[My Lovely Sam Soon]] (2005), a nasty mother-in-law in ''[[My Rosy Life]]'' (2005), and a dancing grandmother in [[:ko:소문난_칠공주|Famous Chil Princesses]] (2006). She also acted in films, for her role in the 2005 film ''[[Crying Fist]]'', for which she won the Best Supporting Actress Award at the 42nd Grand Bell Awards. She later won the 7th Female Filmmaker of the Year Award, the 4th Max Movie Award for Best Supporting Actress Award, the 1st Korea Film Awards for Best Supporting Actress Award, She swept trophies including Best Supporting Actress at the 28th Blue Dragon Film Awards.<ref name=":1" />

In 2006, with the family sitcom [[Unstoppable High Kick]], it was so popular that it would not be an exaggeration to say that 2007 was the year of Na Moon-hee and reached its second heyday. In particular, the so-called 'pumpkin sweet potato' anger scene was greatly loved by the younger generation, and is still used as a source of numerous parodies. Even after that , she played the role of Mrs. Kwon Sun-bun who controls the kidnappers in the movie [[:ko:권순분_여사_납치사건|''Mission Possible: Kidnapping Granny K'']] (2007), played the role of Kim Moon-ok, the oldest inmate with a heartbreaking story in [[Harmony (2010 film)|''Harmony'']] (2010), and traveled to Hawaii in [[:ko:육혈포_강도단|''Flesh-blooded gun robber'']] (2010). She played the role of Kim Jung-ja, a bank robber who occupies a bank to raise money, and Oh Mal-soon, a swearing 70-year-old grandmother who boasts her son, in ''[[Miss Granny]]'' (2014), which drew attention with 8.65 million viewers nationwide.

In the 2016 drama ''[[Dear My Friends]]'', she performed with veteran actors such as Kim Yeong-ok, Shin Goo, Kim Hye-ja, Go Doo-sim, Yoon Yeo-jeong, and Park Won-sook, and received favorable reviews for showing the life of an old age that draws sympathy from all generations and received a lot of love.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=조지영 |title=[SC초점] '아이캔스피크' 나문희, 그는 '국민 배우'의 품격이다 (종합) |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=076&aid=0003147393 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=entertain.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref>

In the movie [[I Can Speak]] (2017), in which she co-starred with Lee Je-hoon, she took on the role of Ok-bun, who is called 'goblin grandmother' among the officials of the ward office due to frequent complaints to the ward office, and took on the historically sensitive subject of 'comfort women'. was praised for excellent expression in Na Moon-hee's own way. At the end of the year, she swept the 'Best Actress Award' at major awards ceremonies such as The Seoul Awards, Korean Film Critics Association Awards , and Blue Dragon Film Awards , and she was re-evaluated as the best actress of 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=조지영 |title=[SC줌人] 나문희는 '대배우'의 정의이자 상징이다 |url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=076&aid=0003148774 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=entertain.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref>

Captivating audiences in each work with her outstanding acting skills as well as sincere emotional expressions that resonate deeply in the heart, she is considered one of the 'national actors' and 'national mothers' actress loved by Korea both in name and reality, and as a representative role model for actresses.<ref name=":3" />

==Personal life==
Na is married and has three daughters.<ref name=theater>{{cite web|last=Chung|first=Ah-young|title=Veteran Actress Na Returns to Theater|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/08/135_29277.html|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=13 August 2008}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1998||''[[The Quiet Family]]'' || Mrs. Kang ||
|-
|2000||''Just Do It!'' || || [[cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002||''[[My Beautiful Girl, Mari]]'' ||Nam-woo's grandmother || Voice
|-
|''[[Saving My Hubby]]'' || ||
|-
|2003||''[[Please Teach Me English]]'' || Moon-soo's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004||''[[S Diary]]'' || Ji-ni's mother ||
|-
|''[[Lovely Rivals]]''|| Yeo Mi-ok's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005||''[[Crying Fist]]'' || Sang-hwan's grandma ||
|-
|''[[You Are My Sunshine (2005 film)|You Are My Sunshine]]''|| Seok-jung's mother ||
|-
|2006||''[[Cruel Winter Blues]]'' || Dae-Sik's mother ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007||''[[Voice of a Murderer]]'' || Kyung-bae's mother ||[[cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|-
|''[[May 18 (film)|May 18]]'' || Na Joo-daek ||
|-
|''Mission Possible: Kidnapping Granny K'' || Kwon Soon-boon ||
|-
|2008||''[[Girl Scout (film)|Girl Scout]]'' ||Lee Yi-man ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010||''[[Harmony (2010 film)|Harmony]]'' ||Kim Moon-ok ||
|-
|''Twilight Gangsters'' ||Kim Jung-ja ||
|-
|2014||''[[Miss Granny]]'' ||Oh Mal-soon ||
|-
|2017||''[[I Can Speak]]'' ||Na Ok-boon ||
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Love+Sling]]'' || Gui-bo's mother ||
|-
|2019
|''A Little Princess''
|Mal-soon
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020 || ''[[Honest Candidate]] '' || Kim Ok-hee || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=5178&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|title=RA Mi-ran, GIM Mu-yeol and NA Moon-hee Campaign for HONEST CANDIDATE|date=June 26, 2019|website=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref>
|-

|''[[Pawn (2020 film)|Pawn]]''
|Seungi, grandmother (special appearance)
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=5217&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|title=HA Ji-won, SUNG Dong-il and KIM Yun-jin Put up COLLATERAL|date=26 August 2019|work=Korean Film Council}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|2022
| ''My Perfect Roommate''
| Geum-bun
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=001&aid=0012594733|author=Han Mi-hee|title=추자현·이무생 주연 '당신이 잠든 사이' 크랭크인|trans-title=Choo Ja-hyun and Lee Mu-saeng's 'While You Were Sleeping' Crankin|work=Yonhap News|publisher=Naver|date=August 12, 2021|access-date=August 12, 2021|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=119&aid=0002606271|author=Ryu Ji-yoon|title=나문희·최우성 주연 '룸 쉐어링', 6월 개봉|trans-title=Room Sharing' starring Na Moon-hee and Choi Woo-sung to be released in June|publisher=Dailyan|via=Naver|date=May 23, 2022|access-date=May 23, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hero (2022 South Korean film)|Hero]]'' || Cho Maria|| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/eng/news/news.jsp?blbdComCd=601006&seq=5234&mode=VIEW|title=Hitmaker JK YOUN Returns with HERO|date=25 September 2019|website=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000638340|author=Bae Hyo-joo|title=작은아씨들 김고은 오늘은 부산에‥‘영웅’ 미디어데이 얼굴 도장 꽝[27회 BIFF]|trans-title=Little Women Go-eun Kim Today in Busan… ‘Heroes’ Media Day Face Painting [Episode 27 BIFF]|publisher=Newsen|via=Naver|date=October 7, 2022|access-date=October 7, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| ''Picnic''
| Eun-shim
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=416&aid=0000294504|author=Kim Ji-hye|title=나문희X김영옥X박근형, '소풍'으로 뭉쳤다…실버 파워 기대|trans-title=Na Moon-hee X Kim Young-ok X Park Geun-hyung, united in 'Picnic'... expect silver power|publisher=SBS Entertainment News|via=Naver|date=April 18, 2023|access-date=April 19, 2023|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! English
! Korean
! Network
! Role
! Note
|-
|1969
|''Weird kid''
| 이상한 아이
| rowspan="33" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
|
|
|-
|1970
|''Waterwheel''
| [[:ko:물레방아 (드라마)|물레방아]]
|
|
|-
|1973
|''In-laws''
| [[:ko:시댁 (드라마)|시댁]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1975
|''Hello''
| [[:ko:안녕 (드라마)|안녕]]
|
|
|-
|''One's way home''
| [[:ko:귀로 (1975년 드라마)|귀로]]
|
|
|-
| 1976–1977
|''Girls' High School Days''
| [[:ko:여고 동창생 (1976년 드라마)|여고 동창생]]
| Bong Ran-yi
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1977
|''One star or one''
| [[:ko:별 하나 나 하나 (1977년 드라마)|별 하나 나 하나]]
|
| Children's drama
|-
|''Correspondent 001''
| [[:ko:특파원 001|특파원 001]]
|
| Children's drama
|-
|''Arirang Oh!''
| 아리랑 아!
| Full-time wife
|
|-
|''Until the red gold is opened''
| [[:ko:빨간 능금이 열릴때까지|빨간 능금이 열릴때까지]]
|
|
|-
|''I regret''
| [[:ko:후회합니다|후회합니다]]
|In-sook
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1978
|''The Master''
| [[:ko:주인 (드라마)|주인]]
|
|
|-
|'' X Search Party''
| X 수색대
|
| Children's drama
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1979
|''White dandelion''
| [[:ko:하얀 민들레 (1979년 드라마)|하얀 민들레]]
|
|
|-
|''Mom, I Like Dad''
| [[:ko:엄마, 아빠 좋아|엄마, 아빠 좋아]]
|
|
|-
|''Ms. Anguk-dong''
| [[:ko:안국동 아씨|안국동 아씨]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1980
|''Power diary''
| [[:ko:전원일기|전원일기]]
| Multiple roles
| A minor role
|-
|''Hundred years guest''
| [[:ko:백년손님 (드라마)|백년손님]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1981
|''Jang Hee-bin''
| [[:ko:장희빈 (1981년 드라마)|장희빈]]
| Queen Myeongseong
| Big dramas
|-
|''Hello''
| [[:ko:안녕하세요 (드라마)|안녕하세요]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1982
|''Market People''
| 시장 사람들
|
|
|-
|''Can't forget''
| [[:ko:못 잊어 (1982년 드라마)|못 잊어]]
|
|
|-
| 1983
|''The Stars Are My Stars''
| [[:ko:저 별은 나의 별|저 별은 나의 별]]
|
|
|-
| 1984–1985
|''Love and Truth''
| [[:ko:사랑과 진실|사랑과 진실]]
| Mrs. President
|
|-
| 1985
|''The Seaside Village''
| [[:ko:갯마을 (드라마)|갯마을]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986
|''First Love''
| [[:ko:첫사랑 (1986년 1월 드라마)|첫사랑]]
|
|
|-
|''Raw hand''
| 생인손
| Yeon-ju
| The special play of the two-part 8.15
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1987
|''Firebird''
| [[:ko:불새 (1987년 드라마)|불새]]
|
|
|-
|[[:ko:인생화보 (1987년 드라마)|''Life story'']]
| [[:ko:인생화보 (1987년 드라마)|Life story]]
|
|
|-
| 1988
|''Three Women''
| [[:ko:세 여인|세 여인]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1989
|''Making memories''
| [[:ko:추억 만들기|추억 만들기]]
|
|
|-
|''Miscarriage''
| [[:ko:유산 (드라마)|유산]]
| Mrs.Oh
|
|-
|''Second republic''
| [[:ko:제2공화국 (드라마)|제2공화국]]
| Kwon Chan -ju
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1990
|''Dangchu-dong people''
| [[:ko:당추동 사람들|당추동 사람들]]
| [[KBS2]]
|
|
|-
|''Two diaries''
| [[:ko:두 권의 일기|두 권의 일기]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| Principal teacher
|
|-
|''Weird family weird school''
| [[:ko:별난가족 별난학교|별난가족 별난학교]]
|
| Children's drama
|-
|''My mother''
| [[:ko:나의 어머니 (드라마)|나의 어머니]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1991
|''Another's Happiness''
| [[:ko:또 하나의 행복|또 하나의 행복]]
|
|
|-
|''City People''
| 도시인
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1993
|''On foot to the sky''
| [[:ko:걸어서 하늘까지 (드라마)|걸어서 하늘까지]]
| Yeon-su Mo
|
|-
|''Hope''
| [[:ko:희망_(드라마)|희망]]
| [[KBS2]]
|
|
|-
|''Dear guitars''
| [[:ko:친애하는 기타 여러분|친애하는 기타 여러분]]
| [[SBS TV (South Korean TV channel)|SBS]]
| suwondaeg
|
|-
|''MBC Best Theater "Sundal, Byeong-gu and Okju-yang"''
| [[:ko: MBC 베스트극장|MBC 베스트극장]] - 순달씨와 병구씨와 옥주양
| rowspan="3" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| Ms. oh
| One-act play
|-
|''One roof family''
| [[:ko:한지붕 세가족|한지붕 세가족]]
|An aunt
|
|-
| 1994
|'' The Moon of Seoul''
| [[:ko:서울의 달|서울의 달]]
| Grandma of the owner's house in Dal-dong
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995
|''New Year's special drama - [[:ko:인연이란|Relationship is]]''
| 설날특집극 - [[:ko:인연이란|인연이란]]
| [[KBS2]]
| Mrs. So
| One-act play
|-
|''Changsha Special Drama - Chanshangdanja''
| 창사특집극 - 찬품단자
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| choegosang-gung
| One-act play
|-
|1995–1996
|'' Even if the Wind Blows''
| [[:ko:바람은 불어도|바람은 불어도]]
| [[KBS1]]
| grandmother
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1996
|'' MBC Best Theatre - Mom and the Gardenia''
| [[:ko: MBC 베스트극장|MBC 베스트극장]] - 엄마와 치자꽃
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
|Ha Yi-sun
| One-act play
|-
|''Thief''
| [[:ko:도둑 (드라마)|도둑]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
| The priest's sister-in-law
|
|-
|''Mom's Flag''
| [[:ko:엄마의 깃발|엄마의 깃발]]
| Jeongsuk Mo
|
|-
|''Open Your Heart''
| [[:ko:가슴을 열어라|가슴을 열어라]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| Ha Yi-sun
|
|-
|''[[The Most Beautiful Goodbye in the World]]''
| 창사특집극 - [[:ko:세상에서 가장 아름다운 이별 (1996년 드라마)|세상에서 가장 아름다운 이별]]
| Mama
| One-act play
|-
|1996–1997
|''Im Kkeok-jung''
| [[:ko:임꺽정 (1996년 드라마)|임꺽정]]
| [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
| 봉단 모
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1997
|''Brothers''
| 설날특집극 - [[:ko:형제 (드라마)|형제]]
| [[KBS1]]
| 병천댁
| One-act play
|-
|'' Because I Love You''
| [[:ko:사랑하니까 (드라마)|사랑하니까]]
| [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
| 장모
|
|-
|''The Reason I Live''
| [[:ko:내가 사는 이유|내가 사는 이유]]
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| Kim Sook-ja
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1998
|''As We Live Our Lives''
| [[:ko:살다보면 (드라마)|살다보면]]
| [[KBS1]]
| Lee Gan-nan
|
|-
|'' Three men and three women''
| [[:ko:남자 셋 여자 셋|남자 셋 여자 셋]]
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| Kim Yong-Rim's high school alumni
| Special appearance
|-
|''Romance''
| [[:ko:로맨스 (1998년 드라마)|로맨스]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
|강 여사
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1999
|'' House Above the Waves''
| 파도위의 집
|
|
|-
|''Beautiful Secret''
| 설날특집극 - [[:ko:아름다운 비밀 (1999년 드라마)|아름다운 비밀]]
| [[KBS2]]
| 유민 모
| One-act play
|-
|''Last War''
| [[:ko:마지막 전쟁 (1999년 드라마)|마지막 전쟁]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Did We Really Love?]]''
| [[:ko:우리가 정말 사랑했을까|우리가 정말 사랑했을까]]
| Sin Sin-ja
|
|-
|
|''You Don't Know My Mind''
| [[:ko:남의 속도 모르고|남의 속도 모르고]]
| Na Do-ja
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2000
|''[[Mr. Duke]]''
| [[:ko:신 귀공자|신 귀공자]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Mom and Sister|Mothers and Sisters]]''
| [[:ko:엄마야 누나야 (드라마)|엄마야 누나야]]
| 서씨
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
|''MBC Best Theater "My Fiancee's Story"''
| [[:ko: MBC 베스트극장|MBC 베스트극장]] - 내 약혼녀 이야기
|
| One-act play
|-
|''Tender Hearts''
| [[:ko:우리가 남인가요|우리가 남인가요]]
| [[KBS1]]
| Ohbunhee
|
|-
|2001–2002
|''[[Sangdo, Merchants of Joseon]]''
|상도
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002
|''The Woman''
| [[:ko:상도 (드라마)|상도]]
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| [[임상옥]] 모, 한씨
|
|-
|'' You Are My World''
| [[:ko:그 여자 사람잡네|그 여자 사람잡네]]
| [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
| Bong Soon
|
|-
|'' KBS Drama City - A Very Special Gift''
| [[:ko: KBS 드라마시티|KBS 드라마시티]] - 아주 특별한 선물
| [[KBS2]]
| A grandmother
| One-act play
|-
|2002–2003
|''The Maengs' Golden Era''
| [[:ko:맹가네 전성시대|맹가네 전성시대]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| 금자 모
|
|-
| 2003
|''While You Were Dreaming''
| [[:ko:그대 아직도 꿈꾸고 있는가 (2003년 드라마)|그대 아직도 꿈꾸고 있는가]]
| Mrs. Hwang
|
|-
|2003–2004
|''Apgujeong House''
| [[:ko:압구정 종갓집|압구정 종갓집]]
| [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
| Na Moon-hee
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004
|''Love is All Around''
| [[:ko:물꽃마을 사람들|물꽃마을 사람들]]
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| Shin Young-ja
|
|-
|''Dog Bowl''
| 설날특집극 - 개밥그릇
| [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
| Oksoon
|
|-
|'' People of the Water Flower Village''
| [[:ko:사랑을 할거야|사랑을 할거야]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| 윤 여사
|
|-
|''Changsa Special Drama - We become water''
| 창사특집극 - 우리가 물이 되어
| Insoon
|
|-
|2004–2005
|''[[Precious Family]]''
| [[:ko:부모님전상서|부모님전상서]]
| [[KBS2]]
| 창수 모
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006
|''[[My Lovely Sam Soon|My Name is Kim Sam-soon]]''
| [[:ko:내 이름은 김삼순|내 이름은 김삼순]]
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| Na Hyun-sook
|
|-
|''[[My Rosy Life]]''
| [[:ko:장밋빛 인생 (2005년 드라마)|장밋빛 인생]]
| rowspan="3" | [[KBS2]]
| Kang-tip-soon
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
|''[[Goodbye Solo (TV series)|Goodbye Solo]]''
| [[:ko:굿바이 솔로|굿바이 솔로]]
| Grandma Miyoung
|
|-
|''Famous Chil Princesses''
| [[:ko:소문난 칠공주|소문난 칠공주]]
| Namdal-gu
|
|-
|''[[High Kick!|Unstoppable High Kick!]]''
| [[:ko:거침없이 하이킥!|거침없이 하이킥!]]
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| Na Moon-hee
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2007
|''Several Questions That Make Us Happy''
| 특집극 - [[:ko:우리를_행복하게_하는_몇_가지_질문|우리를 행복하게 하는 몇 가지 질문]]
| [[KBS2]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Woman of Matchless Beauty, Park Jung-geum]]''
| [[:ko:천하일색 박정금|천하일색 박정금]]
|
| Yoon Myung-ja
|
|-
|''[[Worlds Within]]''
| [[:ko:그들이 사는 세상|그들이 사는 세상]]
| [[KBS2]]
| Geomo
|
|-
|''Amnok River Flows''
| 창사특집극 - [[:ko:압록강은 흐른다|압록강은 흐른다]]
| [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
| Mireuk Mo
|
|-
|2007–2008
|''[[Kimcheed Radish Cubes]]''
| [[:ko:깍두기 (2007년 드라마)|깍두기]]
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| 나달래
|
|-
|2008–2009
|''[[My Precious You]]''
| [[:ko:내 사랑 금지옥엽|내 사랑 금지옥엽]]
| [[KBS2]]
| Mrs. Song In-soon
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
|''[[Happiness in the Wind]]''
| [[:ko:바람 불어 좋은 날 (드라마)|바람불어 좋은 날]]
| [[KBS1]]
| 나끝순
|
|-
|'' It's Me, Grandma''
| [[:ko: MBC 일요 드라마 극장|MBC 일요 드라마 극장]] - 나야, 할머니
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| Jiyoon's grandmother
| A one-act play
|-
| 2011
|''I Believe in Love''
| [[:ko:사랑을 믿어요|사랑을 믿어요]]
| [[KBS2]]
| 차귀남
|
|-
| 2011–2012
| ''[[Padam Padam (TV series)|Padam Padam]]''
| [[:ko:빠담빠담… 그와 그녀의 심장박동소리|빠담빠담… 그와 그녀의 심장박동소리]]
| [[JTBC]]
| Yang Kang Chil Mo
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012
| ''[[Five Fingers (2012 TV series)|Five Fingers]]''
| [[:ko:다섯 손가락 (드라마)|다섯 손가락]]
| [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
| Minbanwol
|
|-
| ''The Sons''
| [[:ko:아들녀석들|아들녀석들]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| Jung Jung-sook
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Ko|first=Hong-ju|title=''Rascal Sons'' Na Moon Hee and KBAU Demand Production Company Cough Up Outstanding Payments|url=http://enewsworld.interest.me/enews/contents.asp?idx=38832|work=enewsWorld|publisher=CJ E&M|access-date=2013-06-19|date=19 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| ''Mom is Acting Up''
| [[:ko:엄마가 뭐길래|엄마가 뭐길래]]
| Na Moon-hee
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Wang's Family]]''
| [[:ko:왕가네 식구들|왕가네 식구들]]
| [[KBS2]]
| Ahn G-shim
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Glorious Day (TV series)|Glorious Day]]''
| [[:ko:기분 좋은 날 (드라마)|기분 좋은 날]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Seoul Broadcasting System|SBS]]
| Lee Sun-ok
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[The Three Witches]]''
| [[:ko:마녀의 성|마녀의 성]]
| Cheon Geum-ok
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Dear My Friends]]''
| [[:ko:디어 마이 프렌즈|디어 마이 프렌즈]]
| [[tvN]]
| Moon Jung-ah
|
|-
| ''Father, I'll serve you''
| [[:ko:아버님 제가 모실게요|아버님 제가 모실게요]]
| [[Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation|MBC]]
| Hwang Mi-ok
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Rain or Shine (TV series)|Rain or Shine]]''
| [[:ko:그냥 사랑하는 사이|그냥 사랑하는 사이]]
| [[JTBC]]
| Drug staker grandma
| <ref name="Ref3">{{cite news|last1=Kang|first1=Seo-jeong|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=109&aid=0003602580|script-title=ko:[단독] 나문희·이기우·박희본·김강현, '그냥 사랑하는 사이' 출연확정|website=Naver|publisher=Osen|access-date=August 23, 2017|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''[[Navillera (TV series)|Navillera]]''
| [[:ko:나빌레라 (드라마)|나빌레라]]
| [[tvN]]
| Haenam
|
|-
| ''[[Taxi Driver (2021 TV series)|Taxi Driver]]''
| 모범택시
| [[SBS TV (South Korean TV channel)|SBS]]
|
|-
| 2024
| ''[[I Am Home (South Korean TV series)|I Am Home]]''
| 아임홈
|
| Hong Jeong-hee
|
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Web series appearance
! rowspan="2" |Year
! colspan="2" |Title
! rowspan="2" |Role
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! English
! Korean
|-
|{{TBA}}
|''[[You Have Done Well]]''
| 폭싹 속았수다
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |title=[단독] '명품 배우' 나문희가 더하는 무게감..'폭싹 속았수다' 7일 … |url=https://sports.chosun.com/entertainment/2023-03-10/202303100100081280009944?t=n1 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=스포츠조선 |language=ko}}</ref>
|}

=== Television shows ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan=2| 2022
| ''Attack on Grandma''
| Host
| The production is in full pre-air.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=311&aid=0001387601|author=Kim Ye-eun|title=[단독] 나문희, 채널S '진격의 할매' MC…데뷔 61년만 새 도전|trans-title=[Exclusive] Na Moon-hee, Channel S 'Attack on Grandma' MC... A new challenge after 61 years of her debut |publisher=Xports News|via = Naver |date=December 20, 2021|access-date= December 20, 2021|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hot Singers]]''
| Cast Member
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000540284|author=Park Soo-in|title=김영옥→나문희, 시니어 합창단 도전기 ‘뜨거운 씽어즈’ 출격|trans-title= Kim Young-ok → Na Moon-hee, senior choir challenger ‘Hot Singers’ scramble|publisher=Newsen|via=Naver|date=February 8, 2022|access-date= February 8, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|2022–present
| ''One Round of the Neighborhood''
| Narrator
| Season 2
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=477&aid=0000371605|author=Jang Da-hee|title=장딴지 터지도록 걸을 것"…이만기X나문희의 도시 기행 다큐 '동네 한 바퀴'[종합]|trans-title=Walk until your calves burst"... Man-gi Lee X Moon-hee Na's city travel documentary 'A round in the neighborhood' [Comprehensive] |publisher=spoTV News|via=Naver|date=July 18, 2022|access-date=July 18, 2022|language=ko}}</ref>
|}

==Theater==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="clear:none; font-size:100%; padding:0 auto; width:100%; margin:auto"
|+List of Stage Play(s)
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Year
! colspan="2" scope="col" |Title
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Role
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Theater
! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Date
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!English
!Korean
|-
|1965
|''[[Look Homeward, Angel (play)|Look Homeward, Angel]]''
|천사여 고향을 돌아보라
|
|National Theater of Korea (Myeongdong)
|Nov 30–Dec 3
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-10 |title=[박정기의 공연산책] "인습보다는 우리의 진실이 아름답다" |url=https://www.mhns.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=19045 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=문화뉴스 |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
| rowspan="2" |''Family on the road''
| rowspan="2" |길떠나는 가족
| rowspan="2" |
| Batangol Small Theater in Seoul
| July 1–August
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=任炯枓기자 |title=TV연기자들 연극무대 진출 활발 |url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0003647219?sid=103 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=n.news.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|Grand Theater of the Cultural Arts Center, Hyundai
|October 1st to 6th
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1991-09-25 |title=가을연극계 창작극 무대 풍성 |trans-title=Autumn theater type creative play stage abundance |url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0003499989?sid=103 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=n.news.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|1996
|[['night, Mother|''Mother'']]
|어머니
|Thelma
|Grand Theater of Dongsoong Art Center
|May 18th to June 23
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-03-28 |title= <연극> 이윤택 作, 김명곤 연출의 `어머니' | trans-title= <Play> ‘Mother’ written by Lee Yoon-taek and directed by Kim Myeong-gon |url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0004104595?sid=103 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=n.news.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|''Sinpaguk The Unfilial Man Cries''
| 신파극 불효자는 웁니다
|
|Sejong Center for the Performing Arts in Seoul
|January 10th 18th
|<ref>{{Cite web |date= 1997-12-31|title=<연극> 풍성한 연극가의 새해맞이 무대 | trans-title= <Theatrical> New Year's Eve stage by a prolific playwright
|url=https://n.news.naver.com/mnews/article/001/0004210515?sid=103 |access-date=2023-08-04 |website=n.news.naver.com |language=ko}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|''[['night, Mother]]''
|잘자요, 엄마
|Thelma
|Wonder Space Square Theater
|November 2–29
|<ref name="theater" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Events Calendar|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20081011000056|work=[[The Korea Herald]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=11 October 2008}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''[['night, Mother]]''
|잘자요 엄마
| Thelma
|Art One Theater
|July 3–August 30
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-30 |title=김용림-나문희 출연 연극 '잘자요 엄마' 연장 공연 돌입한다 |trans-title=Kim Yong-rim - Na Moon-hee's performance of the play 'Good night, Mom' will be extended. |url=http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=46614 |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=뉴스컬처 (NEWSCULTURE) |language=ko |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135944/http://www.newsculture.press/news/articleView.html?idxno=46614 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Awards and nominations
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
|1973 || 9th [[Baeksang Arts Awards]] || Most Popularity Award (Theater) || {{N/A}} || {{won}}
|-
|1976 || rowspan="2" | [[MBC Drama Awards]] || Top Excellence Award, Actress in a Radio Performance || {{N/A}} || {{won}}
|-
|1983 || Excellence Award, Actress || ''The Stars Are My Stars'' || {{won}}
|-
|1995 || [[KBS Drama Awards]]|| '''Grand Prize (Daesang)''' || rowspan="2" |''Even if the Wind Blows''|| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1996 || 32nd [[Baeksang Arts Awards]]|| [[Baeksang Arts Awards for Most Popular Actress (TV)|Most Popular Actress]] || {{won}}
|-
| 23rd Korea Broadcasting Awards|| Best Actress ||''Talent''|| {{won}}
|-
|2002 || [[SBS Drama Awards]]|| Excellence Award, Actress in a One-Act Special ||''You Are My World''|| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |2005 ||[[42nd Grand Bell Awards]]|| rowspan="5" |Best Supporting Actress ||rowspan=2|''[[Crying Fist]]''|| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 4th [[Korean Film Awards]] || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" | ''[[You Are My Sunshine (2005 film)|You Are My Sunshine]]'' || {{nom}}
|-
|6th [[Busan Film Critics Awards]] || {{won}}
|-
|13th [[Chunsa Film Art Awards]]|| {{nom}}
|-
|[[26th Blue Dragon Film Awards]]
|[[Blue Dragon Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]|| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3|2006 ||[[43rd Grand Bell Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress|| {{nom}}
|-
|[[2006 KBS Drama Awards]]||Top Excellence Award, Actress || ''[[Goodbye Solo (TV series)|Goodbye Solo]]'', ''Famous Princesses'' || {{nom}}
|-
|7th Women in Film Korea Awards<ref>{{cite web|last=Park|first=Soo-mee|title=Women's film awards suggest that Korean cinema is changing|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2862857|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=25 December 2006|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709163707/http://koreajoongangdaily.joinsmsn.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2862857|archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> || Best Actress ||rowspan=4|''[[Cruel Winter Blues]]'' || {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=5|2007 ||[[43rd Baeksang Arts Awards]] ||[[Baeksang Arts Awards for Best Actress (Film)|Best Actress]] || {{nom}}
|-
| 4th Max Movie Awards||Best Supporting Actress || {{won}}
|-
|[[28th Blue Dragon Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Noh|first=Jean|title=The Show Must Go On takes best film award at Korea's Blue Dragons|url=http://www.screendaily.com/the-show-must-go-on-takes-best-film-award-at-koreas-blue-dragons/4036034.article|work=[[Screen International]]|access-date=2013-05-28|date=26 November 2007}}</ref>
|[[Blue Dragon Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
|1st Korea Movie Star Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
|''[[May 18 (film)|May 18]]''|| {{won}}
|-
|[[MBC Entertainment Awards]] ||Top Excellence Award, Actress in a Comedy/Sitcom ||''[[High Kick!|Unstoppable High Kick!]]''|| {{won}}
|-
|2008 || [[2nd Korea Drama Awards]] ||Achievement Award ||{{n/a}}|| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|2010 ||[[31st Blue Dragon Film Awards]] ||[[Blue Dragon Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]||''[[Harmony (2010 film)|Harmony]]''|| {{nom}}
|-
|[[2010 MBC Drama Awards]] ||Lifetime Achievement Award || rowspan=2|''It's Me, Grandma''|| {{won}}
|-
|2011 || 6th [[Seoul International Drama Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Hong|first=Lucia|title=Chinese series ''Three Kingdoms'' wins grand prize at Seoul Drama Awards|url=http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2011090109514398270|work=10Asia|access-date=2013-05-28|date=1 September 2011}}</ref>|| Best Actress || {{won}}
|-
|2012 ||[[Order of Cultural Merit (Korea)|Bo-gwan Order of Cultural Merit]]||{{N/A}}||{{N/A}}|| {{won|Recipient}}
|-
|2014 ||14th Korea World Youth Film Festival || Favorite Actress - Senior Actress || {{N/A}} || {{won}}
|-
|2015 ||10th Max Movie Awards||Best Supporting Actress ||''[[Miss Granny]]''|| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="10" |2017
| 18th Women in Film Korea Awards|| Woman in Film of the Year
| rowspan="15" |''[[I Can Speak]]''|| {{won}}
|-
| 6th Korea Film Actors Association Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=4636&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|title=Top Star Awards for NA Moon-hee, LEE Jung-hyun, CHOI Min-shik and Hyun-bin|date=8 January 2018|work=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref> || Top Star Awards || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[38th Blue Dragon Film Awards]]
|[[Blue Dragon Film Awards for Best Actress|Best Leading Actress]]|| {{won}}
|-
| Popular Star Award || {{won}}
|-
|[[11th Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
|[[Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Performance by an Actress|Best Actress]]|| {{nom}}
|-
|1st [[The Seoul Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=213&aid=0000996687&gid=999339&cid=1073569|script-title=ko:'서울어워즈' 송강호·나문희·지성·박보영 주연상…·'박열'·'비숲' 대상[종합]|date=27 October 2017|work=TV Report|language=ko}}</ref>
| rowspan="9" |Best Actress|| {{won}}
|-
|37th [[Korean Association of Film Critics Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?pageIndex=1&blbdComCd=601006&seq=4523&mode=VIEW&returnUrl=&searchKeyword=|title=THE FORTRESS Dominates 37th Korean Film Critics Association Awards|date=30 October 2017|work=Korean Film Biz Zone}}</ref>
| {{won}}
|-
| 17th [[Director's Cut Awards]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 4th Korean Film Producers Association Awards
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Cine 21]] Awards
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018 || 9th KOFRA Film Awards
| {{won}}
|-
| [[55th Grand Bell Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/kwave/2018/10/22/3001000000AEN20181022009451315.html|title='Burning' wins best picture at Daejong Film Awards|date=22 October 2018|website=Yonhap News}}</ref>
| {{won}}
|-
| 23rd [[Chunsa Film Art Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201805031234186710|script-title=ko:제23회 춘사영화제 5월18일 개최..홍상수·김민희 참석하나|date=3 May 2018|website=Newsen|language=ko}}</ref>
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[27th Buil Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|title=27th Buil Film Awards|url=http://builfilm.busan.com/bbs/content.php?co_id=sub0201|work=Buil Film Awards|access-date=2018-08-25|date=October 2018}}</ref>
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[54th Baeksang Arts Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|date=May 4, 2018|title=Baeksang Arts Awards recognize 'Stranger,' '1987'|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180504000622|website=The Korea Herald}}</ref>
|[[Baeksang Arts Awards for Best Actress (Film)|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 2022
| [[:ko:대한민국 문화연예대상|30th Korea Culture Entertainment Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-01 |title=제30회 대한민국문화연예대상 개최...한파도 뚫은 열기 |trans-title=The 30th Korea Cultural and Entertainment Awards will be held... The heat that pierced even the cold wave |url=http://www.nbnnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=721114 |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=내외뉴스통신 |language=ko}}</ref>
| Korea Culture and Entertainment Awards
| Na Moon-hee
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 2023
| [[32nd Buil Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nam |first=Yoo-jung |last2=Lee |first2=Woo-young |date=2023-08-27 |title=누가 받아도 될 정도로 훌륭한 후보들, 그중 최고는 누구? |trans-title=Great candidates to anyone can accept, who is the best of them? |url=https://n.news.naver.com/article/082/0001229145 |access-date=2023-08-27 |via=Naver|publisher=Busan Ilbo |language=ko}}</ref>
| Best Supporting Actress
|rowspan=2| ''[[Hero (2022 South Korean film)|Hero]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[59th Grand Bell Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress<ref>{{cite web|url=https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001653374 |last=Oh|first=Seung-hyun |title=송강호·이병헌→송혜교·한효주 '대격돌'…대종상, 수상 후보자 발표|trans-title= Song Kang-Ho - Lee Byung-Heon → Song Hye-Kyo - Han Hyo-Joo 'Daejong'...Daejong Awards announces nominees|publisher=X-ports News|via=Naver|date=October 24, 2023|access-date=October 27, 2023|language=ko}}</ref>
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

=== State honors ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+List of State Honour(s)
! scope="col" |State
! scope="col" |Award Ceremony
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Honor
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1" |South Korea
| rowspan="2" |[[Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards]]{{NoteTag|Since 2010 Honors are given at the [[Korean Popular Culture and Arts Awards]], arranged by the [[Korea Creative Content Agency]] and hosted by the [[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism]].}}
| style="text-align:center" | 2012
| [[Order of Cultural Merit (South Korea)|Bogwan Order of Cultural Merit (3rd class)]]
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ent.kocca.kr/UID/PRZ/winner_2012.do|title=대중문화예술상 2012년|website=Korea Creative Content Agency|language=ko|trans-title=2012 Popular Culture and Arts Awards|access-date=2022-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519111345/https://ent.kocca.kr/UID/PRZ/winner_2012.do|archive-date=2022-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

===Listicle===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ Name of publisher, year listed, name of [[listicle]], and placement
! scope="col" | Publisher
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | List
! scope="col" | Placement
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | KBS
| 2023
| The 50 people who made KBS shine
| {{Shortlist|28th}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=송혜교·송중기·BTS·아이유…시청자 선정 'KBS를 빛낸 50인' 발표 |trans-title= Song Hye-kyo, Song Joong-ki, BTS, IU... Announced '50 people who shined KBS' selected by the audience |url=https://v.daum.net/v/20230302141856027 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=언론사 뷰}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/009/0005099491|title=‘연중’ 고두심→최불암, ‘50주년’ KBS를 빛낸 50인 ★ 재조명|last=Park|first=Jung-soo|work=Maeil Economy|via=Naver|date=9 March 2023|access-date=6 August 2023|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{youtube|bYLsHk4HY9U|KBS 뉴스9: KBS를 빛낸 50인|link=no}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130622183326/http://namuni.kr/ Official website] {{in lang|ko}}
* {{HanCinema person}}
* {{kmdb person|00003989}}
* {{IMDb name|0618520}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Na Moon-hee
|list =
{{Baeksang Arts Award Best Actress Film}}
{{Blue Dragon Film Award Best Actress}}
{{Blue Dragon Film Award Best Supporting Actress}}
{{Grand Bell Awards for Best Actress}}
{{Grand Bell Awards for Best Supporting Actress}}
{{Director's Cut Awards for Best Actress}}
{{KBS Drama Awards for Grand Prize (Daesang)}}
{{Korean Association of Film Critics Awards for Best Actress}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Na, Moon-hee}}
[[Category:20th-century South Korean actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century South Korean actresses]]
[[Category:South Korean television actresses]]
[[Category:South Korean film actresses]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Beijing]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naju Na clan]]
[[Category:South Korean Buddhists]]
[[Category:Best Actress Paeksang Arts Award (film) winners]]
[[Category:Best Actress for Grand Bell Awards winners]]

Samsung Galaxy S24

2024-01-22T02:10:59Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|2024 flagship smartphones by Samsung Electronics}}
{{Infobox mobile phone
| name = Samsung Galaxy S24 Samsung Galaxy S24+ Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra
| codename = Muse
| logo = Galaxy S24 Logo.svg
| logosize = 
| image = 
| imagesize = 
| alt =
| caption =
| brand = [[Samsung Galaxy]]
| manufacturer = [[Samsung Electronics]]
| slogan = Galaxy AI is here
| colors = '''S24/S24+:''' Onyx Black, Marble Grey, Cobalt Violet, Amber Yellow, Jade Green, Sandstone Orange, Sapphire Blue'''S24 Ultra:''' Titanium Black, Titanium Gray, Titanium Violet, Titanium Yellow, Titanium Blue, Titanium Green, Titanium Orange
| series = [[Samsung Galaxy S series]]
| modelnumber = '''International models''': SM-S921x (S24) SM-S926x (S24+) SM-S928x (S24 Ultra) (last letter varies by carrier and international models)
| networks = GSM / CDMA / HSPA / EVDO / LTE / 5G
| released = 
| available = 
| discontinued = 
| unitssold =
| unitsshipped =
| predecessor = [[Samsung Galaxy S23]]
| successor =
| related = [[Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 5]] [[Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 5]]
| type = {{ubl
|'''S24:''' [[Smartphone]]
|'''S24+/S24 Ultra:''' [[Phablet]]
}}
| form = [[Slate phone|Slate]]
| size = {{unbulleted list
| '''S24''':
{{convert|147|mm|in|abbr=on}} H {{convert|70.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} W {{convert|7.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
| '''S24+''':
{{convert|158.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} H {{convert|75.9|mm|in|abbr=on}} W {{convert|7.7|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
| '''S24 Ultra''':
{{convert|162.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} H {{convert|79|mm|in|abbr=on}} W {{convert|8.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} D
}}
| weight = {{unbulleted list
| '''S24''': {{convert|168|g|oz|abbr=on}}
| '''S24+''': {{convert|197|g|oz|abbr=on}}
| '''S24 Ultra''': {{convert|233|g|oz|abbr=on}}
}}
| os = [[Android 14]] with [[One UI|One UI 6.1]]
| soc = [[Qualcomm Snapdragon]] 8 Gen 3 (4 nm) [[Samsung Exynos]] 2400 (4 nm)
| cpu = Octa-core (1x3.3 GHz Cortex-X4 & 5x3.2 GHz Cortex-A720 & 2x2.3 GHz Cortex-A520)
| gpu = [[Adreno]] 750
| modem =
| memory = 8 or 12{{Nbsp}}GB [[LPDDR5X]] [[Random Access Memory|RAM]]
| storage = {{ubl
|'''S24:''' 128/256/512 GB
|'''S24+:''' 256/512 GB
|'''S24 Ultra:''' 256/512 GB, 1 TB
|{{Nowrap|[[UFS 3.1]] (128{{Nbsp}}GB), [[UFS 4.0|4.0]] (256+{{Nbsp}}GB)}}
}}
| memory_card = None
| sim = Nano-SIM and [[eSIM]]
| battery = {{unbulleted list
| '''S24''': Li-ion 4000 mAh
| '''S24+''': Li-ion 4900 mAh
| '''S24 Ultra''': Li-ion 5000 mAh
}}
| charging = {{unbulleted list
| '''S24:''' Super fast charging at 25W
| '''S24+/S24 Ultra:''' Super fast charging 2.0 at 45W
| '''All:''' [[Qi (standard)|Qi]] certified Fast wireless charging at 15W
| [[Wireless Powershare]] at 4.5W
}}
| input = * [[S Pen]] stylus (S24 Ultra)
* [[Accelerometer]]
* [[Barometer]]
* [[Fingerprint scanner]] (under display, ultrasonic)
* [[Pressure sensor]]
* [[Magnetometer]]
* [[Gyroscope]]
* [[Hall sensor]]
* [[Proximity sensor]]
* [[RGB color model|RGB]] light sensor
* Dual band [[Satellite navigation|GNSS]] ([[GPS]]/[[GLONASS]]/[[BeiDou Navigation Satellite System|BeiDou]]/[[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]])
| display = {{unbulleted list
| Dynamic [[AMOLED]] 2X, Infinity-O, capacitive touchscreen, [[HDR10+]], 1B colors, peak brightness 2600 nits
| '''S24''': {{convert|6.2|in|mm|abbr=on}} {{resx|2340|1080}} (416 ppi), 19.5:9 [[Display aspect ratio|aspect ratio]], 120 Hz [[refresh rate]]
| '''S24+''': {{convert|6.7|in|mm|abbr=on}} {{resx|3088|1440}} (509 ppi), 19.3:9 aspect ratio, 120 Hz
| '''S24 Ultra''': {{convert|6.8|in|mm|abbr=on}} {{resx|3088|1440}} (501 ppi), 19.3:9 aspect ratio, 120 Hz LTPO
}}
| ext_display = [[Always On Display|Always On]]
| rear_camera = {{unbulleted list
|'''S24/S24+''': 50 MP, f/1.8, 23mm (wide), 1/1.56", 1.0µm, Dual Pixel PDAF, OIS
|10 MP, f/2.4, 70mm (telephoto), 1/3.94", 1.0µm, PDAF, 3x optical zoom
|12 MP, f/2.2, 13mm, 120˚ (ultrawide), 1/2.55" 1.4µm, Super Steady video
|'''S24 Ultra''': 200 MP, f/1.7, 23mm (wide), 1/1.3", 0.6µm, PDAF, Laser AF, OIS
|50 MP, f/3.4, 115mm (periscope telephoto), 1/2.6", 0.7µm, dual pixel PDAF, OIS, 5x optical zoom
|10 MP, f/2.4, 70mm (telephoto), 1/3.52", 1.12µm, dual pixel PDAF, OIS, 3x optical zoom
|12 MP, f/2.2, 13mm, 120˚ (ultrawide), 1/2.55", 1.4µm, dual pixel PDAF
}}
| front_camera = {{unbulleted list
|12 MP, f/2.2, 25mm (wide), PDAF
| Dual video call, Auto-HDR, HDR10+
| 4K@30/60fps, 1080p@30fps
}}
| sound = [[Stereo speakers]], [[Dolby Atmos]]
| connectivity = Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/6e, tri-band, Wi-Fi Direct Bluetooth 5.3, A2DP, LE
| water_resist = IP68 dust/water resistant (up to 1.5m for 30 min)
| other =
| sar =
| hac =
| website = * {{URL|https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-s24/|Galaxy S24 & S24+}}
* {{URL|https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-s24-ultra/|Galaxy S24 Ultra}}
| references = <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_s24-12773.php|title= Samsung Galaxy S24|website= GSMArena|access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_s24+-12772.php|title= Samsung Galaxy S24+|website= GSMArena|access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_galaxy_s24_ultra-12771.php|title= Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra|website= GSMArena|access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.samsung.com/in/smartphones/galaxy-s24/specs/|title= Galaxy S24 - Specs|last= |first= |date= 17 January 2024|website= Samsung Electronics|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
}}
[[File:SAMSUNG Galaxy S24 Ultra (2).jpg|thumb|The Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra]]
The '''Samsung Galaxy S24''' is a series of high-end [[Android (operating system)|Android]]-based [[smartphone]]s designed, developed, manufactured, and marketed by [[Samsung Electronics]] as part of its flagship [[Samsung Galaxy S series|Galaxy S series]]. They collectively serve as the successor to the [[Samsung Galaxy S23]] series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spence |first=Ewan |title=How Samsung's Galaxy S24 Ultra Will Change Smartphones Forever |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewanspence/2024/01/10/samsung-galaxy-s24-ultra-secrets-camera-ai-decision-specs/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-10 |title=Here are all the cases Samsung will release for the Galaxy S24 series |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/samsung-galaxy-s24-series-official-cases-leak-3401702/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Android Authority |language=en}}</ref>It is known to be the first in the world to be equipped with [[generative artificial intelligence]]. The phones were announced on January 17, 2024, at the 2024 [[Galaxy Unpacked]], alongside Galaxy AI, in [[San Jose, California]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Alan |date=December 2, 2023 |title=Samsung Galaxy S24 specs: Everything we know so far |url=https://www.tomsguide.com/news/samsung-galaxy-s24-specs-everything-we-know-so-far |access-date=January 2, 2024 |website=Tom's Guide |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Akhtar |first=Iyaz |date=January 2, 2024 |title=Samsung Galaxy S24 Unpacked Event Set for Jan. 17 |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/samsung-galaxy-s24-unpacked-event-set-for-jan-17 |access-date=January 2, 2024 |magazine=[[PCMag]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Samsung Galaxy S24, S24+ and S24 Ultra were announced on January 18, 2024.

== Lineup ==
The Galaxy S24 series includes three devices, which share the same lineup and screen sizes as the previous [[Samsung Galaxy S23|Galaxy S23]] series. The entry-level Galaxy S24 features a flat 6.2-inch (155 mm) display. The Galaxy S24+ features similar hardware in a larger 6.7-inch (168 mm) form factor. At the top of the lineup, the Galaxy S24 Ultra features a flat 6.8-inch (173 mm) display. S24 and S24+ are powered by [[List of Qualcomm Snapdragon systems on chips#Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 (2024)|Snapdragon 8 Gen 3]] in the USA, China and Australia. And a [[Samsung Exynos]] 2400 in the rest of the world including South Korea, while the S24 Ultra is equipped with the Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 in every market.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schoon |first=Ben |date=2024-01-17 |title=Exynos returns to Galaxy S24 as Samsung ditches Snapdragon-only after just one year |url=https://9to5google.com/2024/01/17/samsung-galaxy-s24-exynos/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=9to5Google |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Design ==
The Galaxy S24 and S24+ feature aluminum verisons, and are available in four standard colors: Amber Yellow and Cobalt Violet, with three additional colors available only through Samsung's website: Jade Green. The S24 Ultra feature titanium versions of these colors: Titanium Gray and Titanium Black, along with the online exclusive for Titanium Orange.

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|colspan="3" style="text-align: center" |'''Galaxy S24'''
|colspan="3" style="text-align: center" |'''Galaxy S24+'''
|colspan="3" style="text-align: center" |'''Galaxy S24 Ultra'''
|-
!Color
!Name
!Online exclusive
!Color
!Name
!Online exclusive
!Color
!Name
!Online exclusive
|-
| bgcolor="#3e3e3e" |
| Onyx Black
| {{na}}
| bgcolor="#3e3e3e" |
| Onyx Black
| {{na}}
| bgcolor="#3e3e3e" |
| Titanium Black
| {{na}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c7c5c6" |
| Marble Grey
| {{na}}
| bgcolor="#c7c5c6" |
| Marble Grey
| {{na}}
| bgcolor="#c7c5c6" |
| Titanium Grey
| {{na}}
|-
| bgcolor="#f4e9cb" |
| Amber Yellow
| {{na}}
| bgcolor="#f4e9cb" |
| Amber Yellow
| {{na}}
| bgcolor="#f4e9cb" |
| Titanium Yellow
| {{na}}
|-
| bgcolor="#615c7a" |
| Cobalt Violet
| {{na}}
| bgcolor="#615c7a" |
| Cobalt Violet
| {{na}}
| bgcolor="#615c7a" |
| Titanium Violet
| {{na}}
|-
| bgcolor="#d9e5d1" |
| Jade Green
| {{ya}}
| bgcolor="#d9e5d1" |
| Jade Green
| {{ya}}
| bgcolor="#d9e5d1" |
| Titanium Green
| {{ya}}
|-
| bgcolor="#cbd1df" |
| Sapphire Blue
| {{ya}}
| bgcolor="#cbd1df" |
| Sapphire Blue
| {{ya}}
| bgcolor="#cbd1df" |
| Titanium Blue
| {{ya}}
|-
| bgcolor="#dc9c6e" |
| Sandstone Orange
| {{ya}}
| bgcolor="#dc9c6e" |
| Sandstone Orange
| {{ya}}
| bgcolor="#dc9c6e" |
| Titanium Orange
| {{ya}}
|}

== Specifications ==
=== Hardware ===
==== Chipset ====
The Galaxy S24, S24+, S24 Ultra use the [[Qualcomm]]’s [[Snapdragon]] 8 Gen 3 for Galaxy chip.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2024/01/qualcomm-and-samsung-bring-the-most-advanced-snapdragon-ever-to-|title=Qualcomm and Samsung Bring the Most Advanced Snapdragon Ever to the 1st Galaxy AI Powered Smartphones, Galaxy S24 Series |date=17 January 2024|website=[[Qualcomm]]}}</ref>

==== Display ====
The Galaxy S24 series features a "Dynamic LTPO [[AMOLED]] 2X" display with [[HDR10+]] support, 2600 nits of peak brightness, and "dynamic tone mapping" technology. All models use an ultrasonic in-screen [[fingerprint sensor]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Model || [[Display size]] || [[Display resolution|Resolution]] || [[Pixel density|Density]] || [[Display aspect ratio|Aspect ratio]] || Max [[refresh rate]] || [[Variable refresh rate]] || Shape
|-
| S24 || {{convert|6.2|in|0|abbr=on}} || 2340×1080 || ~416 ppi || 19.5:9 || rowspan="3" | 120 Hz || rowspan="3" | 1 Hz to 120 Hz || rowspan="2" | Rounded corners, flat sides
|-
| S24+ || {{convert|6.7|in|0|abbr=on}}
| rowspan="2" |3088×1440|| ~509 ppi
| rowspan="2" |19.3:9
|-
| S24 Ultra || {{convert|6.8|in|0|abbr=on}} || ~501 ppi || Sharp corners, flat sides
|}

==== Camera ====
The Galaxy S24 and S24+ have a 50 MP wide sensor, a 10 MP telephoto sensor and a 12 MP ultrawide sensor. The S24 Ultra has a 200 MP wide sensor, 50 MP pericope telephoto sensor, 10 MP telephoto sensor, and a 5× zoom 12 MP ultrawide sensor. The front camera uses a 12 MP sensor on all three models.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Camera comparison on the Galaxy S24 series<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.samsung.com/uk/mobile-phone-buying-guide/samsung-galaxy-s24-camera-specs-explained/|title= Samsung Galaxy S24 Camera Specs Explained|last= |first= |date= 17 January 2024|website= Samsung Electronics|publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Models
!Galaxy S24 & S24+
!Galaxy S24 Ultra
|-
!Wide
!Specs
|50 MP, f/1.8, 23 mm, 1/1.56", Dual Pixel PDAF, OIS
|200 MP, f/1.7, 23 mm, 1/1.3", PDAF, Laser AF, OIS
|-
!Ultrawide
!Specs
| colspan="2" |12 MP, f/2.2, 13 mm, 1/2.55", Dual Pixel PDAF on S24 Ultra
|-
!Telephoto
!Specs
|10 MP, f/2.4, 70 mm, 1/3.94", PDAF, OIS, 3x optical zoom
|10 MP, f/2.4, 70 mm, 1/3.52", Dual Pixel PDAF, OIS, 3x optical zoom
|-
![[Periscope lens|Periscope Telephoto]]
!Specs
|–
|50 MP, f/3.4, 115 mm, 1/3.52", Dual Pixel PDAF, OIS, 5x optical zoom
|-
!Front
!Specs
| colspan="2" |12 MP, f/2.2, 25 mm, PDAF
|}

==== Batteries ====
The Galaxy S24, S24+, and S24 Ultra contain non-removable 4,000 mAh, 4,900 mAh, and 5,000 mAh [[Lithium-ion|Li-ion]] batteries respectively.

==== Connectivity ====
Samsung Galaxy S24, S24+, and S24 Ultra support [[5G]] SA/NSA/Sub6, Wi-Fi 7, and [[Bluetooth 5.3]] connectivity.

==== Memory and storage ====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Models
! colspan="2" |Galaxy S24
! colspan="2" |Galaxy S24+
! colspan="2" |Galaxy S24 Ultra
|-
![[Random Access Memory|RAM]]
!Storage
![[Random Access Memory|RAM]]
!Storage
![[Random Access Memory|RAM]]
!Storage
|-
!Variant 1
|8{{Nbsp}}GB
|128{{Nbsp}}GB
| –
| –
|12{{Nbsp}}GB
|256{{Nbsp}}GB
|-
!Variant 2
|8{{Nbsp}}GB
|256{{Nbsp}}GB
|12{{Nbsp}}GB
|256{{Nbsp}}GB
|12{{Nbsp}}GB
|512{{Nbsp}}GB
|-
!Variant 3
|12{{Nbsp}}GB
|256{{Nbsp}}GB
|12{{Nbsp}}GB
|512{{Nbsp}}GB
|12{{Nbsp}}GB
|1{{Nbsp}}TB
|-
!Variant 4
| 8{{Nbsp}}GB
| 512{{Nbsp}}GB
| –
| –
| -
| -
|}

=== Software ===
The Samsung Galaxy S24 phones were released with [[Android 14]] with Samsung's [[One UI]] 6.1 software. They come with 7 years of software and security updates.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGregor |first=Janhoi |title=Samsung Is Giving A Surprise Android Boost To All Galaxy S24 Owners |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jaymcgregor/2024/01/18/samsung-galaxy-s24-new-android-update-policy-seven-years/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Samsung Galaxy S series]]
* [[List of longest smartphone telephoto lenses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-s24/ Galaxy S24 & S24+] – Official website
* [https://www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-s24-ultra/ Galaxy S24 Ultra] – Official website

{{S-start}}
{{S-bef| before = [[Samsung Galaxy S23]]}}
{{S-ttl| title = Samsung Galaxy S24| years = 2024}}
{{S-inc| recent}}
{{S-end}}

{{Samsung phones}}
{{Samsung Galaxy S|smartphones=yes|tablets =yes}}

[[Category:Android (operating system) devices]]
[[Category:Samsung Galaxy]]
[[Category:Flagship smartphones]]
[[Category:Samsung smartphones]]
[[Category:Mobile phones with multiple rear cameras]]
[[Category:Mobile phones introduced in 2024]]
[[Category:Phablets]]

Comparison of web map services

2024-01-16T08:11:46Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=April 2018}}

__TOC__

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! License
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Open source|[[ODbL]]}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
|-
! colspan="9"|Availability
|-
! Full extra functionality
| Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK, United States.
| Andorra, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong SAR, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vatican City<ref name="msdn.microsoft.com">{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd435699.aspx|title=Bing Maps Geographic Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=21 October 2022 }}</ref>
| United States
| Czech Republic
| All
| More than 180 navigable countries
| Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA<ref name="apple.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/ios/feature-availability/#maps-standard|title=iOS 9 Feature Availability – Apple (UK)|work=apple.com}}</ref>
| All{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
|-
! Limited extra functionality
| Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Gibraltar, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia (Moscow only), San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (Istanbul only)
| Bahamas, Cayman Islands, China, Macao SAR, Malta, Virgin Islands<ref name="msdn.microsoft.com" />
|
|
| No limited functionality
| Voice guided navigation for both pedestrians and drivers for 74 countries in 46 different languages
| Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam<ref name="apple.com" />
|
|-
! Directory listings
| Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Japan, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Taiwan, the UK, and the United States
| Global
|
|
| None
|
| Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam<ref name="apple.com" />
| None
|-
! Officially supported web browsers
| IE7+, Firefox 2.0.0.8+, Safari 3+, Mozilla 1.7+, Opera 8.02+, Google Chrome 1+
| IE7+, Firefox 3.6+, Safari 5+, Google Chrome, Mobile Browsers (Internet Explorer, Apple iPhone, Google Android, Research in Motion (RIM) BlackBerry Browser)
| IE10, IE11, Chrome, Firefox, Safari (g+)
| MS Edge, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, Seznam.cz (all latest or 1-2 previous versions)
| IE7+, Mozilla Firefox 3.5+, Google Chrome 4+, Safari 4+
| IE7+, Mozilla Firefox 3.5+, Google Chrome 4+, Safari 4+
| None, application-dependent
| Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox 2.0.0.8+, Mozilla 1.7+, Opera 8.02+, Google Chrome 1+<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ua/support/maps/concept/map-displaying.html?lang=ru|title=Карта не отображается - Яндекс.Карты. Справка|website=yandex.ua|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006213801/https://yandex.ua/support/maps/concept/map-displaying.html?lang=ru|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! Officially supported interface languages
| 74 languages:
Afrikaans, Azerbaijani, Indonesian, Malay, Bosnian, Catalan, Czech, Danish, German (Germany), Estonian, English (United States), Spanish (Spain), Spanish (Latin America), Basque, Filipino, French (France), Galician, Croatian, Zulu, Icelandic, Italian, Swahili, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Dutch, Norwegian, Uzbek, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Albanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Finnish, Swedish, Vietnamese, Turkish, Greek, Bulgarian, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Macedonian, Mongolian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian, Georgian, Armenian, Hebrew, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Amharic, Nepali, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Sinhala, Thai, Lao, Burmese, Khmer, Korean, Japanese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/mapmaker/answer/157005|title=Mapping in your language|work=google.com}}</ref>
| 117 languages<ref name="langsupport" />
| Dansk, Deutsch, Dutch, English, French, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish
| Czech, German, English, Slovak, Polish
| 50+ website translations, unlimited map languages
| 30 including English, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Korean, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish
| 33 languages:
English, Arabic, Catalan, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian Bokmål, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=iOS and iPadOS - Feature Availability |url=https://www.apple.com/ios/feature-availability/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Apple |language=en-US}}</ref>
| English, Russian, Ukrainian, Turkish
|-

! colspan="9"| Viewing interface
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Degrees of motion
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotation (beta), 360 panoramic (Street View), 3D mode (Google Earth JavaScript)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, 360 panoramic (Streetside), 3D mode (tilt, pan, rotate)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, 360 panoramic (Panorama), 3D mode (tilt, pan, rotate)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth
| Vertical, horizontal, depth (zoom), Tilt (3D), rotate 360 degrees
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotate 360 degrees, 3D
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotation (mobile version), 360 panoramic, 3D mode
|-
! Map zoom
| 22 (more levels available through parameter)
| 19-22 (depending on which map control is used)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb259689.aspx|title=Bing Maps Tile System|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>
| 17
| 19
| 19
| 18
| Vector-base
| 19
|-
! Mouse scroll wheel map zoom
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/osx/preview/|title=OS X – Overview – Apple|work=Apple}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Direct mouse interface (draggable, etc.)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Dynamic search results based on dragging on the map
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Keyboard shortcuts
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - routing with directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-

! Map types
| 6: map with traffic data (separate transit and bicycle view), satellite with traffic data (3D LiDar for certain places not present in most places), hybrid
| 9: road, satellite, hybrid, bird's eye, traffic, 3D, London street map, ordnance survey map, venue map
| 3: road, satellite, traffic
| 8: standard, traffic, outdoor, with photos, satellite, winter, geographic, haptic
| 5: standard map, transport map, cycle map, humanitarian
| 7: map view, satellite, terrain, 3D, traffic, public transportation, heat map, map creator, explore places, community<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/07/19/maps-nokia-com-rolls-out-new-look/|title=Nokia – Nokia|work=Nokia|access-date=2011-10-25|archive-date=2011-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724021312/http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/07/19/maps-nokia-com-rolls-out-new-look/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 4: explore, standard, hybrid, satellite; all include a traffic data layer
| 5: standard, hybrid, satellite, traffic, 3D
|-

! 3D mode
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}} (Windows 8/10)
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange| Yes, third-party<ref>There are several [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/3D 3D map providers], like [http://map.f4-group.com/ F4 Group] and [http://osmbuildings.org/ OSM Buildings].</ref>
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (mobile version)
|-
! 3D landmarks
| {{yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}} (Czech Republic)
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Weather
| {{No}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref name=osmwheather>{{Cite web|url=https://openweathermap.org/maps|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129143147/http://openweathermap.org/maps|url-status=dead|title=Maps - OpenWeatherMap|archivedate=November 29, 2014|website=openweathermap.org}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-

! Backend
| JSON
| JSON, XML, JavaScript, .NET
|
|
| XML
| Java, JavaScript
|
|
|-

! Backend providers
| Google
| Microsoft
|
| Seznam.cz
| [[OpenStreetMap Foundation]]. Paid for by various individuals and companies.
| [[Here Technologies|HERE]]
| [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| [[Yandex]]
|-
! colspan="9" | Data
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Age of satellite imagery
| 1–3 years {{Dubious|1=Age of Satellite Imagery|date=July 2022}}
| 1–3 years{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
| 1–4 years
|
| {{No}}
| 1–3 years
| 1–3 years
| 1–4 years
|-

! Map data providers
| MAPIT, [[Tele Atlas]], [[DigitalGlobe]], MDA Federal, user contributions
| [[TomTom]], [[OpenStreetMap]], [[Intermap]], [[Pictometry International]], [[NASA]], [[Blom]], [[Ordnance Survey]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bing.com/maps/Help/en-us/About.htm |title=About Bing data suppliers |publisher=Bing |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150831002102/http://www.bing.com/maps/Help/en-us/About.htm |archive-date=31 August 2015}}</ref> SK Planet
| [[TomTom]], [[OpenStreetMap]], and [http://hello.mapquest.com/attributions others]
| Seznam.cz, [[OpenStreetMap]] and [https://licence.mapy.cz/?doc=mapy_pu others]
| User contributions, open data and data donations
| [[Navteq|HERE]]
| [[TomTom]], and [http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html others] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515061819/http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html |date=2013-05-15 }}
| user contributions, [[NAVTEQ]] and others<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ru/legal/maps_termsofuse/|title=Условия использования сервиса Яндекс.Карты - Правовые документы. Помощь|website=yandex.ru}}</ref>
|-

! Directory data providers
| [[Google+]], ThomsonLocal.com
| Live Local Listings, Yellow Pages, NAVTEQ, [[Yelp]] (ratings and reviews), [[TripAdvisor]] (ratings and reviews)
| Infogroup (contact info, hours, and description), [[Yelp]] (ratings, reviews, and "Good to Know")
| Seznam.cz and [https://licence.mapy.cz/?doc=mapy_pu others]
| [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Nominatim OpenStreetMap Nominatim], [[GeoNames]]
| [[Navteq|HERE]]
| [[Yelp, Inc.|Yelp]] (ratings and reviews), [[Tripadvisor|TripAdvisor]], [http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html others] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515061819/http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html |date=2013-05-15 }}
| [[Yandex.Directory]]
|-
! colspan="9" | Searching
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Location
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, [[plus code]] (aka OLC) (long and short), long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, landmark, administrative district, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, state, Zip+4
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, OLC (long and short), Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, long./lat.
|-
! Entity
| Business, places of interest, airport codes
| Airport code, businesses, collections, directories, landmarks, postal codes
| Business, places of interest
| Airport code, businesses, landmarks, postal codes, places of interest
| All possibility, no restriction
| Business, places of interest, landmarks, airport codes
| Business, places of interest, airport codes, postal codes
| Business, places of interest
|-
! User created
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Levels of filtering
| 1
| 0
| 0
|
| 0
|
| 0
| 0
|-
! colspan="9" | Directions
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Yes<ref name=osmrouting>There are also several [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Routing/online_routers online routers] available, like [http://map.project-osrm.org/ OSRM], [http://graphhopper.com/maps/ GraphHopper] or [http://maps.cloudmade.com/ Cloudmade]. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120524090754/http://maps.cloudmade.com/ |date=2012-05-24 }}</ref>
| {{Yes}} – by car, foot, public transport
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Reverse directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref name=osmreverserouting>There are several, like [http://map.project-osrm.org/ OSRM], [http://www.yournavigation.org/ YOURS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714010038/http://www.yournavigation.org/ |date=2011-07-14 }} and [http://open.mapquest.it/ MapQuest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041919/http://open.mapquest.it/ |date=2014-11-29 }}.</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Public transport integration
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh441739.aspx|title=Bing Maps Transit Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xn--pnvkarte-m4a.de/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121205084347/http://www.xn--pnvkarte-m4a.de/|url-status=dead|title=ÖPNVKarte|archivedate=December 5, 2012|access-date=November 27, 2010}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://360.here.com/2016/02/08/get-transit-directions-in-more-than-1000-cities-with-here-maps/|title=Get transit directions in more than 1,000 cities with HERE Maps|work=HERE 360}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, not available in certain countries
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
|-
! Walking directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Wheelchair directions
| {{Yes}}, accessibility information
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollstuhlrouting.de/routenplaner.html|title=Rollstuhl-Routing|work=rollstuhlrouting.de|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206023924/http://www.rollstuhlrouting.de/routenplaner.html|archivedate=2010-12-06}}</ref>
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Bicycle directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Multiple destinations
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routexl.nl/|title=RouteXL - snelste route naar meerdere adressen|website=RouteXL}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain types (gas station, cafe)
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Send to device
| {{Yes}}, via email
| {{Yes}}, via email and Cortana (feature coming in Windows 10 anniversary update)
| {{Yes}}, via email, SMS, Car, GPS, Facebook
| {{Yes}}, via synchronization, email, Facebook, Twitter, QR, link sharing
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}, via synchronization
| {{Yes}}, via handoff, link sharing, or airdrop
| {{Yes}}, via email
|-
! Live traffic information
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (35 countries)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj136866.aspx|title=Bing Maps Traffic Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (Czech Republic)
| bgcolor=orange| Yes, partial in a third-party<ref>Only [http://www.openrouteservice.org/ Open Route Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115163705/http://openrouteservice.org/ |date=2014-11-15 }} and only in [[North Rhine-Westphalia|NRW]] and [[Bavaria]]</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Historic traffic
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Personalization
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Set home location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, if registered
| {{Yes}}, if registered
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Save maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Printing
|-
! Print option
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Scale to print
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Crop to print
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Notes
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Retains overlays?
| Matched searches, directions
| Matches searches, directions, collections
| {{No}}
|
| Marker
| Favourites, directions
| Matched searches
| Favourites, directions
|-
! colspan="9" | Collaboration / embedding
|-
! Create hyperlink
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, both permalink and shortlink
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Send hyperlink to email
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Embed HTML Iframe link
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}, when sent via iMessage
| {{No}}
|-
! Application integration
| [[Google Earth]], BMW Assist, [[Tesla Model S|Tesla]] Navigation
| Windows 8/10, Windows Phone 7/8/10, Microsoft Office (Access, Outlook, Excel – Power View, Power Maps, Power BI), Microsoft SQL Reporting Services, Microsoft Dynamic CRM, Microsoft SharePoint, Microsoft Cortana, Bing Weather, Microsoft Research WorldWide Telescope, AutoCad, ESRI ArcGIS
|
|
| [[Apple Maps]], [[MapQuest]], [[Foursquare City Guide|Foursquare]], [[Craigslist]], Apple [[iPhoto]], [[Wikipedia]], [[World Bank]]
| Mercedes-Benz in-car system, Alpine in-car system
| [[CarPlay]]
| In Car System,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ru/blog/company/avtomobili-s-yandeksom-na-bortu|title = Автомобили с Яндексом на борту — Блог Яндекса}}</ref> Yandex.Navigator, Yandex.Trafic, Yandex.Transport, Yandex.Schedules
|-
! API available
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - Javascript, WPF, .NET (C#, VB), C++, Windows 8/10, WP 7/8, REST
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - {{URL|http://developer.here.com/}}
| {{Yes}} - {{URL|https://developer.apple.com/reference/mapkit}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Other
|
| http://microsoft.com/maps
Blog http://blogs.bing.com/maps
|
|
| Wordpress plugin / open search
|
|
|-
! Shareable maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} Via Email, Facebook, Twitter
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Readily available overlays
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Advertising
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Business advertising
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - Microsoft consumer apps, not in B2B apps or APIs
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Mobile
|-
! Mobile-specific website
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.here.net/ |title=HERE Maps |website=m.here.net |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125072650/http://m.here.net/ |archive-date=25 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{No}}, application dependent
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Mobile-specific application
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange |[[Android (operating system)|Android]] only via [[OsmAnd]] and STAPPZ<ref name="STAPPZ">{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.stappz.android|title=STAPPZ Real-Time Travel Guides – Android Apps on Google Play|author=Iunera GmbH & Co. KG|work=google.com}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, for Nokia mobile phones and [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Contact integration
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Voice integration
| {{Yes}}, via Android Maps app, upcoming feature for full web mode
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! GPS integration
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! [[Turn-by-turn navigation]]
| {{Yes}}, if on Android
| {{Yes}} - Windows 10
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, if on mobile version
|-
! Interactive maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, in custom implementations e.g. via STAPPZ<ref name="STAPPZ" /> for [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Types of map
| Map, satellite, terrain, street
| Road, satellite, hybrid, bird's eye, traffic, 3D, London street map, ordnance survey map, venue map
| Map, satellite
| Outdoor, satellite, winter, standard, traffic, terrain
| Map, terrain, satellite (exclusive to editing)
| Map, satellite, terrain, 3D with plugin, 3D without plugin for compatible browsers, night mode
| Map, satellite, terrain, hybrid, flyover, 3D
| Map, satellite, hybrid, 3D
|-
! Cell-based location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Wi-fi location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Supported languages
| 74<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developers.google.com/maps/faq#languagesupport|title=FAQ|date=18 February 2016|work=Google Developers}}</ref>
| 117<ref name="langsupport">{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn306047.aspx|title=Language Support|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=31 August 2015 }}</ref>
|
| 20
|
|
| 33<ref name=":0" />
| 4
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of online map services]]
* [[GraphHopper]]
* [[Navteq]]
* [[Petal Maps]]
* [[Virtual globe#Online virtual globes|Online virtual globes]]
* [[Tencent Maps]]
* [[Traffic Message Channel]] (TMC)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://maps.google.com/ Google Maps]
* [http://www.bing.com/maps/ Bing Maps]
* [http://www.mapquest.com/ MapQuest Maps]
* [https://mapy.cz Mapy.cz]
* [http://www.openstreetmap.org/ OpenStreetMap]
* [http://here.com/ Here]
* [https://www.apple.com/maps/ Apple Maps]
* [https://yandex.com/maps/ Yandex.Maps]

[[Category:Online services comparisons|Web mapping]]
[[Category:Street view services]]
[[Category:Transportation geography]]
[[Category:Web mapping]]

Comparison of web map services

2024-01-16T08:08:39Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=April 2018}}

__TOC__

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! License
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Open source|[[ODbL]]}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
|-
! colspan="9"|Availability
|-
! Full extra functionality
| Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK, United States.
| Andorra, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong SAR, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vatican City<ref name="msdn.microsoft.com">{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd435699.aspx|title=Bing Maps Geographic Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=21 October 2022 }}</ref>
| United States
| Czech Republic
| All
| More than 180 navigable countries
| Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA<ref name="apple.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/ios/feature-availability/#maps-standard|title=iOS 9 Feature Availability – Apple (UK)|work=apple.com}}</ref>
| All{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
|-
! Limited extra functionality
| Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Gibraltar, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia (Moscow only), San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (Istanbul only)
| Bahamas, Cayman Islands, China, Macao SAR, Malta, Virgin Islands<ref name="msdn.microsoft.com" />
|
|
| No limited functionality
| Voice guided navigation for both pedestrians and drivers for 74 countries in 46 different languages
| Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam<ref name="apple.com" />
|
|-
! Directory listings
| Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Japan, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Taiwan, the UK, and the United States
| Global
|
|
| None
|
| Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam<ref name="apple.com" />
| None
|-
! Officially supported web browsers
| IE7+, Firefox 2.0.0.8+, Safari 3+, Mozilla 1.7+, Opera 8.02+, Google Chrome 1+
| IE7+, Firefox 3.6+, Safari 5+, Google Chrome, Mobile Browsers (Internet Explorer, Apple iPhone, Google Android, Research in Motion (RIM) BlackBerry Browser)
| IE10, IE11, Chrome, Firefox, Safari (g+)
| MS Edge, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, Seznam.cz (all latest or 1-2 previous versions)
| IE7+, Mozilla Firefox 3.5+, Google Chrome 4+, Safari 4+
| IE7+, Mozilla Firefox 3.5+, Google Chrome 4+, Safari 4+
| None, application-dependent
| Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox 2.0.0.8+, Mozilla 1.7+, Opera 8.02+, Google Chrome 1+<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ua/support/maps/concept/map-displaying.html?lang=ru|title=Карта не отображается - Яндекс.Карты. Справка|website=yandex.ua|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006213801/https://yandex.ua/support/maps/concept/map-displaying.html?lang=ru|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! Officially supported interface languages
| 74 languages:
Afrikaans, Azerbaijani, Indonesian, Malay, Bosnian, Catalan, Czech, Danish, German (Germany), Estonian, English (United States), Spanish (Spain), Spanish (Latin America), Basque, Filipino, French (France), Galician, Croatian, Zulu, Icelandic, Italian, Swahili, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Dutch, Norwegian, Uzbek, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Albanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Finnish, Swedish, Vietnamese, Turkish, Greek, Bulgarian, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Macedonian, Mongolian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian, Georgian, Armenian, Hebrew, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Amharic, Nepali, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Sinhala, Thai, Lao, Burmese, Khmer, Korean, Japanese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/mapmaker/answer/157005|title=Mapping in your language|work=google.com}}</ref>
| 117 languages<ref name="langsupport" />
| Dansk, Deutsch, Dutch, English, French, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish
| Czech, German, English, Slovak, Polish
| 50+ website translations, unlimited map languages
| 30 including English, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Korean, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish
| 33 languages:
English, Arabic, Catalan, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian Bokmål, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Simplified Chinese, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Traditional Chinese, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=iOS and iPadOS - Feature Availability |url=https://www.apple.com/ios/feature-availability/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Apple |language=en-US}}</ref>
| English, Russian, Ukrainian, Turkish
|-

! colspan="9"| Viewing interface
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Degrees of motion
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotation (beta), 360 panoramic (Street View), 3D mode (Google Earth JavaScript)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, 360 panoramic (Streetside), 3D mode (tilt, pan, rotate)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, 360 panoramic (Panorama), 3D mode (tilt, pan, rotate)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth
| Vertical, horizontal, depth (zoom), Tilt (3D), rotate 360 degrees
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotate 360 degrees, 3D
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotation (mobile version), 360 panoramic, 3D mode
|-
! Map zoom
| 22 (more levels available through parameter)
| 19-22 (depending on which map control is used)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb259689.aspx|title=Bing Maps Tile System|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>
| 17
| 19
| 19
| 18
| Vector-base
| 19
|-
! Mouse scroll wheel map zoom
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/osx/preview/|title=OS X – Overview – Apple|work=Apple}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Direct mouse interface (draggable, etc.)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Dynamic search results based on dragging on the map
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Keyboard shortcuts
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - routing with directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-

! Map types
| 6: map with traffic data (separate transit and bicycle view), satellite with traffic data (3D LiDar for certain places not present in most places), hybrid
| 9: road, satellite, hybrid, bird's eye, traffic, 3D, London street map, ordnance survey map, venue map
| 3: road, satellite, traffic
| 8: standard, traffic, outdoor, with photos, satellite, winter, geographic, haptic
| 5: standard map, transport map, cycle map, humanitarian
| 7: map view, satellite, terrain, 3D, traffic, public transportation, heat map, map creator, explore places, community<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/07/19/maps-nokia-com-rolls-out-new-look/|title=Nokia – Nokia|work=Nokia|access-date=2011-10-25|archive-date=2011-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724021312/http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/07/19/maps-nokia-com-rolls-out-new-look/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 4: explore, standard, hybrid, satellite; all include a traffic data layer
| 5: standard, hybrid, satellite, traffic, 3D
|-

! 3D mode
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}} (Windows 8/10)
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange| Yes, third-party<ref>There are several [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/3D 3D map providers], like [http://map.f4-group.com/ F4 Group] and [http://osmbuildings.org/ OSM Buildings].</ref>
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (mobile version)
|-
! 3D landmarks
| {{yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}} (Czech Republic)
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Weather
| {{No}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref name=osmwheather>{{Cite web|url=https://openweathermap.org/maps|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129143147/http://openweathermap.org/maps|url-status=dead|title=Maps - OpenWeatherMap|archivedate=November 29, 2014|website=openweathermap.org}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-

! Backend
| JSON
| JSON, XML, JavaScript, .NET
|
|
| XML
| Java, JavaScript
|
|
|-

! Backend providers
| Google
| Microsoft
|
| Seznam.cz
| [[OpenStreetMap Foundation]]. Paid for by various individuals and companies.
| [[Here Technologies|HERE]]
| [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| [[Yandex]]
|-
! colspan="9" | Data
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Age of satellite imagery
| 1–3 years {{Dubious|1=Age of Satellite Imagery|date=July 2022}}
| 1–3 years{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
| 1–4 years
|
| {{No}}
| 1–3 years
| 1–3 years
| 1–4 years
|-

! Map data providers
| MAPIT, [[Tele Atlas]], [[DigitalGlobe]], MDA Federal, user contributions
| [[TomTom]], [[OpenStreetMap]], [[Intermap]], [[Pictometry International]], [[NASA]], [[Blom]], [[Ordnance Survey]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bing.com/maps/Help/en-us/About.htm |title=About Bing data suppliers |publisher=Bing |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150831002102/http://www.bing.com/maps/Help/en-us/About.htm |archive-date=31 August 2015}}</ref> SK Planet
| [[TomTom]], [[OpenStreetMap]], and [http://hello.mapquest.com/attributions others]
| Seznam.cz, [[OpenStreetMap]] and [https://licence.mapy.cz/?doc=mapy_pu others]
| User contributions, open data and data donations
| [[Navteq|HERE]]
| [[TomTom]], and [http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html others] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515061819/http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html |date=2013-05-15 }}
| user contributions, [[NAVTEQ]] and others<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ru/legal/maps_termsofuse/|title=Условия использования сервиса Яндекс.Карты - Правовые документы. Помощь|website=yandex.ru}}</ref>
|-

! Directory data providers
| [[Google+]], ThomsonLocal.com
| Live Local Listings, Yellow Pages, NAVTEQ, [[Yelp]] (ratings and reviews), [[TripAdvisor]] (ratings and reviews)
| Infogroup (contact info, hours, and description), [[Yelp]] (ratings, reviews, and "Good to Know")
| Seznam.cz and [https://licence.mapy.cz/?doc=mapy_pu others]
| [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Nominatim OpenStreetMap Nominatim], [[GeoNames]]
| [[Navteq|HERE]]
| [[Yelp, Inc.|Yelp]] (ratings and reviews), [[Tripadvisor|TripAdvisor]], [http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html others] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515061819/http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html |date=2013-05-15 }}
| [[Yandex.Directory]]
|-
! colspan="9" | Searching
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Location
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, [[plus code]] (aka OLC) (long and short), long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, landmark, administrative district, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, state, Zip+4
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, OLC (long and short), Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, long./lat.
|-
! Entity
| Business, places of interest, airport codes
| Airport code, businesses, collections, directories, landmarks, postal codes
| Business, places of interest
| Airport code, businesses, landmarks, postal codes, places of interest
| All possibility, no restriction
| Business, places of interest, landmarks, airport codes
| Business, places of interest, airport codes, postal codes
| Business, places of interest
|-
! User created
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Levels of filtering
| 1
| 0
| 0
|
| 0
|
| 0
| 0
|-
! colspan="9" | Directions
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Yes<ref name=osmrouting>There are also several [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Routing/online_routers online routers] available, like [http://map.project-osrm.org/ OSRM], [http://graphhopper.com/maps/ GraphHopper] or [http://maps.cloudmade.com/ Cloudmade]. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120524090754/http://maps.cloudmade.com/ |date=2012-05-24 }}</ref>
| {{Yes}} – by car, foot, public transport
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Reverse directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref name=osmreverserouting>There are several, like [http://map.project-osrm.org/ OSRM], [http://www.yournavigation.org/ YOURS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714010038/http://www.yournavigation.org/ |date=2011-07-14 }} and [http://open.mapquest.it/ MapQuest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041919/http://open.mapquest.it/ |date=2014-11-29 }}.</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Public transport integration
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh441739.aspx|title=Bing Maps Transit Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xn--pnvkarte-m4a.de/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121205084347/http://www.xn--pnvkarte-m4a.de/|url-status=dead|title=ÖPNVKarte|archivedate=December 5, 2012|access-date=November 27, 2010}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://360.here.com/2016/02/08/get-transit-directions-in-more-than-1000-cities-with-here-maps/|title=Get transit directions in more than 1,000 cities with HERE Maps|work=HERE 360}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, not available in certain countries
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
|-
! Walking directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Wheelchair directions
| {{Yes}}, accessibility information
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollstuhlrouting.de/routenplaner.html|title=Rollstuhl-Routing|work=rollstuhlrouting.de|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206023924/http://www.rollstuhlrouting.de/routenplaner.html|archivedate=2010-12-06}}</ref>
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Bicycle directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Multiple destinations
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routexl.nl/|title=RouteXL - snelste route naar meerdere adressen|website=RouteXL}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain types (gas station, cafe)
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Send to device
| {{Yes}}, via email
| {{Yes}}, via email and Cortana (feature coming in Windows 10 anniversary update)
| {{Yes}}, via email, SMS, Car, GPS, Facebook
| {{Yes}}, via synchronization, email, Facebook, Twitter, QR, link sharing
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}, via synchronization
| {{Yes}}, via handoff, link sharing, or airdrop
| {{Yes}}, via email
|-
! Live traffic information
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (35 countries)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj136866.aspx|title=Bing Maps Traffic Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (Czech Republic)
| bgcolor=orange| Yes, partial in a third-party<ref>Only [http://www.openrouteservice.org/ Open Route Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115163705/http://openrouteservice.org/ |date=2014-11-15 }} and only in [[North Rhine-Westphalia|NRW]] and [[Bavaria]]</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Historic traffic
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Personalization
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Set home location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, if registered
| {{Yes}}, if registered
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Save maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Printing
|-
! Print option
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Scale to print
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Crop to print
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Notes
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Retains overlays?
| Matched searches, directions
| Matches searches, directions, collections
| {{No}}
|
| Marker
| Favourites, directions
| Matched searches
| Favourites, directions
|-
! colspan="9" | Collaboration / embedding
|-
! Create hyperlink
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, both permalink and shortlink
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Send hyperlink to email
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Embed HTML Iframe link
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}, when sent via iMessage
| {{No}}
|-
! Application integration
| [[Google Earth]], BMW Assist, [[Tesla Model S|Tesla]] Navigation
| Windows 8/10, Windows Phone 7/8/10, Microsoft Office (Access, Outlook, Excel – Power View, Power Maps, Power BI), Microsoft SQL Reporting Services, Microsoft Dynamic CRM, Microsoft SharePoint, Microsoft Cortana, Bing Weather, Microsoft Research WorldWide Telescope, AutoCad, ESRI ArcGIS
|
|
| [[Apple Maps]], [[MapQuest]], [[Foursquare City Guide|Foursquare]], [[Craigslist]], Apple [[iPhoto]], [[Wikipedia]], [[World Bank]]
| Mercedes-Benz in-car system, Alpine in-car system
| [[CarPlay]]
| In Car System,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ru/blog/company/avtomobili-s-yandeksom-na-bortu|title = Автомобили с Яндексом на борту — Блог Яндекса}}</ref> Yandex.Navigator, Yandex.Trafic, Yandex.Transport, Yandex.Schedules
|-
! API available
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - Javascript, WPF, .NET (C#, VB), C++, Windows 8/10, WP 7/8, REST
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - {{URL|http://developer.here.com/}}
| {{Yes}} - {{URL|https://developer.apple.com/reference/mapkit}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Other
|
| http://microsoft.com/maps
Blog http://blogs.bing.com/maps
|
|
| Wordpress plugin / open search
|
|
|-
! Shareable maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} Via Email, Facebook, Twitter
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Readily available overlays
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Advertising
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Business advertising
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - Microsoft consumer apps, not in B2B apps or APIs
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Mobile
|-
! Mobile-specific website
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.here.net/ |title=HERE Maps |website=m.here.net |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125072650/http://m.here.net/ |archive-date=25 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{No}}, application dependent
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Mobile-specific application
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange |[[Android (operating system)|Android]] only via [[OsmAnd]] and STAPPZ<ref name="STAPPZ">{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.stappz.android|title=STAPPZ Real-Time Travel Guides – Android Apps on Google Play|author=Iunera GmbH & Co. KG|work=google.com}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, for Nokia mobile phones and [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Contact integration
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Voice integration
| {{Yes}}, via Android Maps app, upcoming feature for full web mode
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! GPS integration
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! [[Turn-by-turn navigation]]
| {{Yes}}, if on Android
| {{Yes}} - Windows 10
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, if on mobile version
|-
! Interactive maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, in custom implementations e.g. via STAPPZ<ref name="STAPPZ" /> for [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Types of map
| Map, satellite, terrain, street
| Road, satellite, hybrid, bird's eye, traffic, 3D, London street map, ordnance survey map, venue map
| Map, satellite
| Outdoor, satellite, winter, standard, traffic, terrain
| Map, terrain, satellite (exclusive to editing)
| Map, satellite, terrain, 3D with plugin, 3D without plugin for compatible browsers, night mode
| Map, satellite, terrain, hybrid, flyover, 3D
| Map, satellite, hybrid, 3D
|-
! Cell-based location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Wi-fi location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Supported languages
| 54<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developers.google.com/maps/faq#languagesupport|title=FAQ|date=18 February 2016|work=Google Developers}}</ref>
| 117<ref name="langsupport">{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn306047.aspx|title=Language Support|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=31 August 2015 }}</ref>
|
| 20
|
|
|41<ref name=":0" />
| 4
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of online map services]]
* [[GraphHopper]]
* [[Navteq]]
* [[Petal Maps]]
* [[Virtual globe#Online virtual globes|Online virtual globes]]
* [[Tencent Maps]]
* [[Traffic Message Channel]] (TMC)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://maps.google.com/ Google Maps]
* [http://www.bing.com/maps/ Bing Maps]
* [http://www.mapquest.com/ MapQuest Maps]
* [https://mapy.cz Mapy.cz]
* [http://www.openstreetmap.org/ OpenStreetMap]
* [http://here.com/ Here]
* [https://www.apple.com/maps/ Apple Maps]
* [https://yandex.com/maps/ Yandex.Maps]

[[Category:Online services comparisons|Web mapping]]
[[Category:Street view services]]
[[Category:Transportation geography]]
[[Category:Web mapping]]

Comparison of web map services

2024-01-16T08:07:28Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=April 2018}}

__TOC__

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! License
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Open source|[[ODbL]]}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
|-
! colspan="9"|Availability
|-
! Full extra functionality
| Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK, United States.
| Andorra, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong SAR, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vatican City<ref name="msdn.microsoft.com">{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd435699.aspx|title=Bing Maps Geographic Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=21 October 2022 }}</ref>
| United States
| Czech Republic
| All
| More than 180 navigable countries
| Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA<ref name="apple.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/ios/feature-availability/#maps-standard|title=iOS 9 Feature Availability – Apple (UK)|work=apple.com}}</ref>
| All{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
|-
! Limited extra functionality
| Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Gibraltar, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia (Moscow only), San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (Istanbul only)
| Bahamas, Cayman Islands, China, Macao SAR, Malta, Virgin Islands<ref name="msdn.microsoft.com" />
|
|
| No limited functionality
| Voice guided navigation for both pedestrians and drivers for 74 countries in 46 different languages
| Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam<ref name="apple.com" />
|
|-
! Directory listings
| Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Japan, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Taiwan, the UK, and the United States
| Global
|
|
| None
|
| Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam<ref name="apple.com" />
| None
|-
! Officially supported web browsers
| IE7+, Firefox 2.0.0.8+, Safari 3+, Mozilla 1.7+, Opera 8.02+, Google Chrome 1+
| IE7+, Firefox 3.6+, Safari 5+, Google Chrome, Mobile Browsers (Internet Explorer, Apple iPhone, Google Android, Research in Motion (RIM) BlackBerry Browser)
| IE10, IE11, Chrome, Firefox, Safari (g+)
| MS Edge, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, Seznam.cz (all latest or 1-2 previous versions)
| IE7+, Mozilla Firefox 3.5+, Google Chrome 4+, Safari 4+
| IE7+, Mozilla Firefox 3.5+, Google Chrome 4+, Safari 4+
| None, application-dependent
| Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox 2.0.0.8+, Mozilla 1.7+, Opera 8.02+, Google Chrome 1+<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ua/support/maps/concept/map-displaying.html?lang=ru|title=Карта не отображается - Яндекс.Карты. Справка|website=yandex.ua|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006213801/https://yandex.ua/support/maps/concept/map-displaying.html?lang=ru|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! Officially supported interface languages
| 74 languages:
Afrikaans, Azerbaijani, Indonesian, Malay, Bosnian, Catalan, Czech, Danish, German (Germany), Estonian, English (United States), Spanish (Spain), Spanish (Latin America), Basque, Filipino, French (France), Galician, Croatian, Zulu, Icelandic, Italian, Swahili, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Dutch, Norwegian, Uzbek, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Albanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Finnish, Swedish, Vietnamese, Turkish, Greek, Bulgarian, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Macedonian, Mongolian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian, Georgian, Armenian, Hebrew, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Amharic, Nepali, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Sinhala, Thai, Lao, Burmese, Khmer, Korean, Japanese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/mapmaker/answer/157005|title=Mapping in your language|work=google.com}}</ref>
| 117 languages<ref name="langsupport" />
| Dansk, Deutsch, Dutch, English, French, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish
| Czech, German, English, Slovak, Polish
| 50+ website translations, unlimited map languages
| 30 including English, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Korean, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish
| 41 languages:
Arabic, Bulgarian, Catalan, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong), Traditional Chinese (Taiwan), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (Australia), English (UK), English (United States), Finnish, French (Canada), French (France), German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish (Latin America), Spanish (Spain), Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=iOS and iPadOS - Feature Availability |url=https://www.apple.com/ios/feature-availability/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Apple |language=en-US}}</ref>
| English, Russian, Ukrainian, Turkish
|-

! colspan="9"| Viewing interface
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Degrees of motion
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotation (beta), 360 panoramic (Street View), 3D mode (Google Earth JavaScript)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, 360 panoramic (Streetside), 3D mode (tilt, pan, rotate)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, 360 panoramic (Panorama), 3D mode (tilt, pan, rotate)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth
| Vertical, horizontal, depth (zoom), Tilt (3D), rotate 360 degrees
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotate 360 degrees, 3D
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotation (mobile version), 360 panoramic, 3D mode
|-
! Map zoom
| 22 (more levels available through parameter)
| 19-22 (depending on which map control is used)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb259689.aspx|title=Bing Maps Tile System|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>
| 17
| 19
| 19
| 18
| Vector-base
| 19
|-
! Mouse scroll wheel map zoom
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/osx/preview/|title=OS X – Overview – Apple|work=Apple}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Direct mouse interface (draggable, etc.)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Dynamic search results based on dragging on the map
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Keyboard shortcuts
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - routing with directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-

! Map types
| 6: map with traffic data (separate transit and bicycle view), satellite with traffic data (3D LiDar for certain places not present in most places), hybrid
| 9: road, satellite, hybrid, bird's eye, traffic, 3D, London street map, ordnance survey map, venue map
| 3: road, satellite, traffic
| 8: standard, traffic, outdoor, with photos, satellite, winter, geographic, haptic
| 5: standard map, transport map, cycle map, humanitarian
| 7: map view, satellite, terrain, 3D, traffic, public transportation, heat map, map creator, explore places, community<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/07/19/maps-nokia-com-rolls-out-new-look/|title=Nokia – Nokia|work=Nokia|access-date=2011-10-25|archive-date=2011-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724021312/http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/07/19/maps-nokia-com-rolls-out-new-look/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 4: explore, standard, hybrid, satellite; all include a traffic data layer
| 5: standard, hybrid, satellite, traffic, 3D
|-

! 3D mode
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}} (Windows 8/10)
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange| Yes, third-party<ref>There are several [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/3D 3D map providers], like [http://map.f4-group.com/ F4 Group] and [http://osmbuildings.org/ OSM Buildings].</ref>
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (mobile version)
|-
! 3D landmarks
| {{yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}} (Czech Republic)
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Weather
| {{No}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref name=osmwheather>{{Cite web|url=https://openweathermap.org/maps|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129143147/http://openweathermap.org/maps|url-status=dead|title=Maps - OpenWeatherMap|archivedate=November 29, 2014|website=openweathermap.org}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-

! Backend
| JSON
| JSON, XML, JavaScript, .NET
|
|
| XML
| Java, JavaScript
|
|
|-

! Backend providers
| Google
| Microsoft
|
| Seznam.cz
| [[OpenStreetMap Foundation]]. Paid for by various individuals and companies.
| [[Here Technologies|HERE]]
| [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| [[Yandex]]
|-
! colspan="9" | Data
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Age of satellite imagery
| 1–3 years {{Dubious|1=Age of Satellite Imagery|date=July 2022}}
| 1–3 years{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
| 1–4 years
|
| {{No}}
| 1–3 years
| 1–3 years
| 1–4 years
|-

! Map data providers
| MAPIT, [[Tele Atlas]], [[DigitalGlobe]], MDA Federal, user contributions
| [[TomTom]], [[OpenStreetMap]], [[Intermap]], [[Pictometry International]], [[NASA]], [[Blom]], [[Ordnance Survey]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bing.com/maps/Help/en-us/About.htm |title=About Bing data suppliers |publisher=Bing |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150831002102/http://www.bing.com/maps/Help/en-us/About.htm |archive-date=31 August 2015}}</ref> SK Planet
| [[TomTom]], [[OpenStreetMap]], and [http://hello.mapquest.com/attributions others]
| Seznam.cz, [[OpenStreetMap]] and [https://licence.mapy.cz/?doc=mapy_pu others]
| User contributions, open data and data donations
| [[Navteq|HERE]]
| [[TomTom]], and [http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html others] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515061819/http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html |date=2013-05-15 }}
| user contributions, [[NAVTEQ]] and others<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ru/legal/maps_termsofuse/|title=Условия использования сервиса Яндекс.Карты - Правовые документы. Помощь|website=yandex.ru}}</ref>
|-

! Directory data providers
| [[Google+]], ThomsonLocal.com
| Live Local Listings, Yellow Pages, NAVTEQ, [[Yelp]] (ratings and reviews), [[TripAdvisor]] (ratings and reviews)
| Infogroup (contact info, hours, and description), [[Yelp]] (ratings, reviews, and "Good to Know")
| Seznam.cz and [https://licence.mapy.cz/?doc=mapy_pu others]
| [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Nominatim OpenStreetMap Nominatim], [[GeoNames]]
| [[Navteq|HERE]]
| [[Yelp, Inc.|Yelp]] (ratings and reviews), [[Tripadvisor|TripAdvisor]], [http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html others] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515061819/http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html |date=2013-05-15 }}
| [[Yandex.Directory]]
|-
! colspan="9" | Searching
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Location
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, [[plus code]] (aka OLC) (long and short), long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, landmark, administrative district, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, state, Zip+4
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, OLC (long and short), Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, long./lat.
|-
! Entity
| Business, places of interest, airport codes
| Airport code, businesses, collections, directories, landmarks, postal codes
| Business, places of interest
| Airport code, businesses, landmarks, postal codes, places of interest
| All possibility, no restriction
| Business, places of interest, landmarks, airport codes
| Business, places of interest, airport codes, postal codes
| Business, places of interest
|-
! User created
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Levels of filtering
| 1
| 0
| 0
|
| 0
|
| 0
| 0
|-
! colspan="9" | Directions
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Yes<ref name=osmrouting>There are also several [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Routing/online_routers online routers] available, like [http://map.project-osrm.org/ OSRM], [http://graphhopper.com/maps/ GraphHopper] or [http://maps.cloudmade.com/ Cloudmade]. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120524090754/http://maps.cloudmade.com/ |date=2012-05-24 }}</ref>
| {{Yes}} – by car, foot, public transport
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Reverse directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref name=osmreverserouting>There are several, like [http://map.project-osrm.org/ OSRM], [http://www.yournavigation.org/ YOURS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714010038/http://www.yournavigation.org/ |date=2011-07-14 }} and [http://open.mapquest.it/ MapQuest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041919/http://open.mapquest.it/ |date=2014-11-29 }}.</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Public transport integration
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh441739.aspx|title=Bing Maps Transit Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xn--pnvkarte-m4a.de/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121205084347/http://www.xn--pnvkarte-m4a.de/|url-status=dead|title=ÖPNVKarte|archivedate=December 5, 2012|access-date=November 27, 2010}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://360.here.com/2016/02/08/get-transit-directions-in-more-than-1000-cities-with-here-maps/|title=Get transit directions in more than 1,000 cities with HERE Maps|work=HERE 360}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, not available in certain countries
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
|-
! Walking directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Wheelchair directions
| {{Yes}}, accessibility information
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollstuhlrouting.de/routenplaner.html|title=Rollstuhl-Routing|work=rollstuhlrouting.de|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206023924/http://www.rollstuhlrouting.de/routenplaner.html|archivedate=2010-12-06}}</ref>
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Bicycle directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Multiple destinations
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routexl.nl/|title=RouteXL - snelste route naar meerdere adressen|website=RouteXL}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain types (gas station, cafe)
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Send to device
| {{Yes}}, via email
| {{Yes}}, via email and Cortana (feature coming in Windows 10 anniversary update)
| {{Yes}}, via email, SMS, Car, GPS, Facebook
| {{Yes}}, via synchronization, email, Facebook, Twitter, QR, link sharing
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}, via synchronization
| {{Yes}}, via handoff, link sharing, or airdrop
| {{Yes}}, via email
|-
! Live traffic information
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (35 countries)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj136866.aspx|title=Bing Maps Traffic Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (Czech Republic)
| bgcolor=orange| Yes, partial in a third-party<ref>Only [http://www.openrouteservice.org/ Open Route Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115163705/http://openrouteservice.org/ |date=2014-11-15 }} and only in [[North Rhine-Westphalia|NRW]] and [[Bavaria]]</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Historic traffic
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Personalization
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Set home location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, if registered
| {{Yes}}, if registered
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Save maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Printing
|-
! Print option
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Scale to print
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Crop to print
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Notes
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Retains overlays?
| Matched searches, directions
| Matches searches, directions, collections
| {{No}}
|
| Marker
| Favourites, directions
| Matched searches
| Favourites, directions
|-
! colspan="9" | Collaboration / embedding
|-
! Create hyperlink
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, both permalink and shortlink
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Send hyperlink to email
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Embed HTML Iframe link
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}, when sent via iMessage
| {{No}}
|-
! Application integration
| [[Google Earth]], BMW Assist, [[Tesla Model S|Tesla]] Navigation
| Windows 8/10, Windows Phone 7/8/10, Microsoft Office (Access, Outlook, Excel – Power View, Power Maps, Power BI), Microsoft SQL Reporting Services, Microsoft Dynamic CRM, Microsoft SharePoint, Microsoft Cortana, Bing Weather, Microsoft Research WorldWide Telescope, AutoCad, ESRI ArcGIS
|
|
| [[Apple Maps]], [[MapQuest]], [[Foursquare City Guide|Foursquare]], [[Craigslist]], Apple [[iPhoto]], [[Wikipedia]], [[World Bank]]
| Mercedes-Benz in-car system, Alpine in-car system
| [[CarPlay]]
| In Car System,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ru/blog/company/avtomobili-s-yandeksom-na-bortu|title = Автомобили с Яндексом на борту — Блог Яндекса}}</ref> Yandex.Navigator, Yandex.Trafic, Yandex.Transport, Yandex.Schedules
|-
! API available
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - Javascript, WPF, .NET (C#, VB), C++, Windows 8/10, WP 7/8, REST
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - {{URL|http://developer.here.com/}}
| {{Yes}} - {{URL|https://developer.apple.com/reference/mapkit}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Other
|
| http://microsoft.com/maps
Blog http://blogs.bing.com/maps
|
|
| Wordpress plugin / open search
|
|
|-
! Shareable maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} Via Email, Facebook, Twitter
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Readily available overlays
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Advertising
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Business advertising
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - Microsoft consumer apps, not in B2B apps or APIs
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Mobile
|-
! Mobile-specific website
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.here.net/ |title=HERE Maps |website=m.here.net |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125072650/http://m.here.net/ |archive-date=25 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{No}}, application dependent
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Mobile-specific application
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange |[[Android (operating system)|Android]] only via [[OsmAnd]] and STAPPZ<ref name="STAPPZ">{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.stappz.android|title=STAPPZ Real-Time Travel Guides – Android Apps on Google Play|author=Iunera GmbH & Co. KG|work=google.com}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, for Nokia mobile phones and [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Contact integration
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Voice integration
| {{Yes}}, via Android Maps app, upcoming feature for full web mode
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! GPS integration
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! [[Turn-by-turn navigation]]
| {{Yes}}, if on Android
| {{Yes}} - Windows 10
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, if on mobile version
|-
! Interactive maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, in custom implementations e.g. via STAPPZ<ref name="STAPPZ" /> for [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Types of map
| Map, satellite, terrain, street
| Road, satellite, hybrid, bird's eye, traffic, 3D, London street map, ordnance survey map, venue map
| Map, satellite
| Outdoor, satellite, winter, standard, traffic, terrain
| Map, terrain, satellite (exclusive to editing)
| Map, satellite, terrain, 3D with plugin, 3D without plugin for compatible browsers, night mode
| Map, satellite, terrain, hybrid, flyover, 3D
| Map, satellite, hybrid, 3D
|-
! Cell-based location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Wi-fi location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Supported languages
| 54<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developers.google.com/maps/faq#languagesupport|title=FAQ|date=18 February 2016|work=Google Developers}}</ref>
| 117<ref name="langsupport">{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn306047.aspx|title=Language Support|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=31 August 2015 }}</ref>
|
| 20
|
|
|41<ref name=":0" />
| 4
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of online map services]]
* [[GraphHopper]]
* [[Navteq]]
* [[Petal Maps]]
* [[Virtual globe#Online virtual globes|Online virtual globes]]
* [[Tencent Maps]]
* [[Traffic Message Channel]] (TMC)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://maps.google.com/ Google Maps]
* [http://www.bing.com/maps/ Bing Maps]
* [http://www.mapquest.com/ MapQuest Maps]
* [https://mapy.cz Mapy.cz]
* [http://www.openstreetmap.org/ OpenStreetMap]
* [http://here.com/ Here]
* [https://www.apple.com/maps/ Apple Maps]
* [https://yandex.com/maps/ Yandex.Maps]

[[Category:Online services comparisons|Web mapping]]
[[Category:Street view services]]
[[Category:Transportation geography]]
[[Category:Web mapping]]

Comparison of web map services

2024-01-16T08:06:41Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=April 2018}}

__TOC__

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! License
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Open source|[[ODbL]]}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
| {{Proprietary}}
|-
! colspan="9"|Availability
|-
! Full extra functionality
| Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, UK, United States.
| Andorra, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong SAR, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Romania, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Vatican City<ref name="msdn.microsoft.com">{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd435699.aspx|title=Bing Maps Geographic Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=21 October 2022 }}</ref>
| United States
| Czech Republic
| All
| More than 180 navigable countries
| Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA<ref name="apple.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/ios/feature-availability/#maps-standard|title=iOS 9 Feature Availability – Apple (UK)|work=apple.com}}</ref>
| All{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}
|-
! Limited extra functionality
| Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Gibraltar, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia (Moscow only), San Marino, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey (Istanbul only)
| Bahamas, Cayman Islands, China, Macao SAR, Malta, Virgin Islands<ref name="msdn.microsoft.com" />
|
|
| No limited functionality
| Voice guided navigation for both pedestrians and drivers for 74 countries in 46 different languages
| Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam<ref name="apple.com" />
|
|-
! Directory listings
| Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Japan, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Taiwan, the UK, and the United States
| Global
|
|
| None
|
| Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Luxembourg, Macau, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UK, USA, Venezuela, Vietnam<ref name="apple.com" />
| None
|-
! Officially supported web browsers
| IE7+, Firefox 2.0.0.8+, Safari 3+, Mozilla 1.7+, Opera 8.02+, Google Chrome 1+
| IE7+, Firefox 3.6+, Safari 5+, Google Chrome, Mobile Browsers (Internet Explorer, Apple iPhone, Google Android, Research in Motion (RIM) BlackBerry Browser)
| IE10, IE11, Chrome, Firefox, Safari (g+)
| MS Edge, Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Opera, Seznam.cz (all latest or 1-2 previous versions)
| IE7+, Mozilla Firefox 3.5+, Google Chrome 4+, Safari 4+
| IE7+, Mozilla Firefox 3.5+, Google Chrome 4+, Safari 4+
| None, application-dependent
| Internet Explorer 9+, Firefox 2.0.0.8+, Mozilla 1.7+, Opera 8.02+, Google Chrome 1+<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ua/support/maps/concept/map-displaying.html?lang=ru|title=Карта не отображается - Яндекс.Карты. Справка|website=yandex.ua|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006213801/https://yandex.ua/support/maps/concept/map-displaying.html?lang=ru|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! Officially supported interface languages
| Afrikaans, Azerbaijani, Indonesian, Malay, Bosnian, Catalan, Czech, Danish, German (Germany), Estonian, English (United States), Spanish (Spain), Spanish (Latin America), Basque, Filipino, French (France), Galician, Croatian, Zulu, Icelandic, Italian, Swahili, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Dutch, Norwegian, Uzbek, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Albanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Finnish, Swedish, Vietnamese, Turkish, Greek, Bulgarian, Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Macedonian, Mongolian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian, Georgian, Armenian, Hebrew, Urdu, Arabic, Persian, Amharic, Nepali, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Punjabi, Gujarati, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Sinhala, Thai, Lao, Burmese, Khmer, Korean, Japanese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese<ref>{{cite web|url=https://support.google.com/mapmaker/answer/157005|title=Mapping in your language|work=google.com}}</ref>
| 117 languages<ref name="langsupport" />
| Dansk, Deutsch, Dutch, English, French, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish
| Czech, German, English, Slovak, Polish
| 50+ website translations, unlimited map languages
| 30 including English, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Indonesian, Italian, Korean, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Swedish, Thai, Turkish
| 41 languages:
Arabic, Bulgarian, Catalan, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese (Hong Kong), Traditional Chinese (Taiwan), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English (Australia), English (UK), English (United States), Finnish, French (Canada), French (France), German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Kazakh, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Portuguese (Portugal), Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish (Latin America), Spanish (Spain), Swedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=iOS and iPadOS - Feature Availability |url=https://www.apple.com/ios/feature-availability/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Apple |language=en-US}}</ref>
| English, Russian, Ukrainian, Turkish
|-

! colspan="9"| Viewing interface
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Degrees of motion
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotation (beta), 360 panoramic (Street View), 3D mode (Google Earth JavaScript)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, 360 panoramic (Streetside), 3D mode (tilt, pan, rotate)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, 360 panoramic (Panorama), 3D mode (tilt, pan, rotate)
| Vertical, horizontal, depth
| Vertical, horizontal, depth (zoom), Tilt (3D), rotate 360 degrees
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotate 360 degrees, 3D
| Vertical, horizontal, depth, rotation (mobile version), 360 panoramic, 3D mode
|-
! Map zoom
| 22 (more levels available through parameter)
| 19-22 (depending on which map control is used)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb259689.aspx|title=Bing Maps Tile System|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>
| 17
| 19
| 19
| 18
| Vector-base
| 19
|-
! Mouse scroll wheel map zoom
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/osx/preview/|title=OS X – Overview – Apple|work=Apple}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Direct mouse interface (draggable, etc.)
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Dynamic search results based on dragging on the map
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-

! Keyboard shortcuts
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - routing with directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-

! Map types
| 6: map with traffic data (separate transit and bicycle view), satellite with traffic data (3D LiDar for certain places not present in most places), hybrid
| 9: road, satellite, hybrid, bird's eye, traffic, 3D, London street map, ordnance survey map, venue map
| 3: road, satellite, traffic
| 8: standard, traffic, outdoor, with photos, satellite, winter, geographic, haptic
| 5: standard map, transport map, cycle map, humanitarian
| 7: map view, satellite, terrain, 3D, traffic, public transportation, heat map, map creator, explore places, community<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/07/19/maps-nokia-com-rolls-out-new-look/|title=Nokia – Nokia|work=Nokia|access-date=2011-10-25|archive-date=2011-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724021312/http://conversations.nokia.com/2011/07/19/maps-nokia-com-rolls-out-new-look/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 4: explore, standard, hybrid, satellite; all include a traffic data layer
| 5: standard, hybrid, satellite, traffic, 3D
|-

! 3D mode
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}} (Windows 8/10)
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange| Yes, third-party<ref>There are several [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/3D 3D map providers], like [http://map.f4-group.com/ F4 Group] and [http://osmbuildings.org/ OSM Buildings].</ref>
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (mobile version)
|-
! 3D landmarks
| {{yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}} (Czech Republic)
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Weather
| {{No}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref name=osmwheather>{{Cite web|url=https://openweathermap.org/maps|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129143147/http://openweathermap.org/maps|url-status=dead|title=Maps - OpenWeatherMap|archivedate=November 29, 2014|website=openweathermap.org}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-

! Backend
| JSON
| JSON, XML, JavaScript, .NET
|
|
| XML
| Java, JavaScript
|
|
|-

! Backend providers
| Google
| Microsoft
|
| Seznam.cz
| [[OpenStreetMap Foundation]]. Paid for by various individuals and companies.
| [[Here Technologies|HERE]]
| [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
| [[Yandex]]
|-
! colspan="9" | Data
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Age of satellite imagery
| 1–3 years {{Dubious|1=Age of Satellite Imagery|date=July 2022}}
| 1–3 years{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
| 1–4 years
|
| {{No}}
| 1–3 years
| 1–3 years
| 1–4 years
|-

! Map data providers
| MAPIT, [[Tele Atlas]], [[DigitalGlobe]], MDA Federal, user contributions
| [[TomTom]], [[OpenStreetMap]], [[Intermap]], [[Pictometry International]], [[NASA]], [[Blom]], [[Ordnance Survey]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bing.com/maps/Help/en-us/About.htm |title=About Bing data suppliers |publisher=Bing |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150831002102/http://www.bing.com/maps/Help/en-us/About.htm |archive-date=31 August 2015}}</ref> SK Planet
| [[TomTom]], [[OpenStreetMap]], and [http://hello.mapquest.com/attributions others]
| Seznam.cz, [[OpenStreetMap]] and [https://licence.mapy.cz/?doc=mapy_pu others]
| User contributions, open data and data donations
| [[Navteq|HERE]]
| [[TomTom]], and [http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html others] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515061819/http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html |date=2013-05-15 }}
| user contributions, [[NAVTEQ]] and others<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ru/legal/maps_termsofuse/|title=Условия использования сервиса Яндекс.Карты - Правовые документы. Помощь|website=yandex.ru}}</ref>
|-

! Directory data providers
| [[Google+]], ThomsonLocal.com
| Live Local Listings, Yellow Pages, NAVTEQ, [[Yelp]] (ratings and reviews), [[TripAdvisor]] (ratings and reviews)
| Infogroup (contact info, hours, and description), [[Yelp]] (ratings, reviews, and "Good to Know")
| Seznam.cz and [https://licence.mapy.cz/?doc=mapy_pu others]
| [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Nominatim OpenStreetMap Nominatim], [[GeoNames]]
| [[Navteq|HERE]]
| [[Yelp, Inc.|Yelp]] (ratings and reviews), [[Tripadvisor|TripAdvisor]], [http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html others] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515061819/http://gspa21.ls.apple.com/html/attribution.html |date=2013-05-15 }}
| [[Yandex.Directory]]
|-
! colspan="9" | Searching
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Location
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, [[plus code]] (aka OLC) (long and short), long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, landmark, administrative district, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, state, Zip+4
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, OLC (long and short), Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood/suburb, state/region, city, country, Zip+4, long./lat.
| Post code, street name, town, neighborhood, city, long./lat.
|-
! Entity
| Business, places of interest, airport codes
| Airport code, businesses, collections, directories, landmarks, postal codes
| Business, places of interest
| Airport code, businesses, landmarks, postal codes, places of interest
| All possibility, no restriction
| Business, places of interest, landmarks, airport codes
| Business, places of interest, airport codes, postal codes
| Business, places of interest
|-
! User created
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Levels of filtering
| 1
| 0
| 0
|
| 0
|
| 0
| 0
|-
! colspan="9" | Directions
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| Yes<ref name=osmrouting>There are also several [https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Routing/online_routers online routers] available, like [http://map.project-osrm.org/ OSRM], [http://graphhopper.com/maps/ GraphHopper] or [http://maps.cloudmade.com/ Cloudmade]. {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120524090754/http://maps.cloudmade.com/ |date=2012-05-24 }}</ref>
| {{Yes}} – by car, foot, public transport
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Reverse directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref name=osmreverserouting>There are several, like [http://map.project-osrm.org/ OSRM], [http://www.yournavigation.org/ YOURS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714010038/http://www.yournavigation.org/ |date=2011-07-14 }} and [http://open.mapquest.it/ MapQuest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041919/http://open.mapquest.it/ |date=2014-11-29 }}.</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Public transport integration
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh441739.aspx|title=Bing Maps Transit Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xn--pnvkarte-m4a.de/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121205084347/http://www.xn--pnvkarte-m4a.de/|url-status=dead|title=ÖPNVKarte|archivedate=December 5, 2012|access-date=November 27, 2010}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas<ref>{{cite web|url=http://360.here.com/2016/02/08/get-transit-directions-in-more-than-1000-cities-with-here-maps/|title=Get transit directions in more than 1,000 cities with HERE Maps|work=HERE 360}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, not available in certain countries
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain areas
|-
! Walking directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Wheelchair directions
| {{Yes}}, accessibility information
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollstuhlrouting.de/routenplaner.html|title=Rollstuhl-Routing|work=rollstuhlrouting.de|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206023924/http://www.rollstuhlrouting.de/routenplaner.html|archivedate=2010-12-06}}</ref>
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Bicycle directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Multiple destinations
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Yes, third-party<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.routexl.nl/|title=RouteXL - snelste route naar meerdere adressen|website=RouteXL}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, limited to certain types (gas station, cafe)
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Send to device
| {{Yes}}, via email
| {{Yes}}, via email and Cortana (feature coming in Windows 10 anniversary update)
| {{Yes}}, via email, SMS, Car, GPS, Facebook
| {{Yes}}, via synchronization, email, Facebook, Twitter, QR, link sharing
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}, via synchronization
| {{Yes}}, via handoff, link sharing, or airdrop
| {{Yes}}, via email
|-
! Live traffic information
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (35 countries)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj136866.aspx|title=Bing Maps Traffic Coverage|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} (Czech Republic)
| bgcolor=orange| Yes, partial in a third-party<ref>Only [http://www.openrouteservice.org/ Open Route Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115163705/http://openrouteservice.org/ |date=2014-11-15 }} and only in [[North Rhine-Westphalia|NRW]] and [[Bavaria]]</ref>
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Historic traffic
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Personalization
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Set home location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, if registered
| {{Yes}}, if registered
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Save maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Printing
|-
! Print option
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Scale to print
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Crop to print
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Notes
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Retains overlays?
| Matched searches, directions
| Matches searches, directions, collections
| {{No}}
|
| Marker
| Favourites, directions
| Matched searches
| Favourites, directions
|-
! colspan="9" | Collaboration / embedding
|-
! Create hyperlink
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, both permalink and shortlink
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Send hyperlink to email
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Embed HTML Iframe link
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}, when sent via iMessage
| {{No}}
|-
! Application integration
| [[Google Earth]], BMW Assist, [[Tesla Model S|Tesla]] Navigation
| Windows 8/10, Windows Phone 7/8/10, Microsoft Office (Access, Outlook, Excel – Power View, Power Maps, Power BI), Microsoft SQL Reporting Services, Microsoft Dynamic CRM, Microsoft SharePoint, Microsoft Cortana, Bing Weather, Microsoft Research WorldWide Telescope, AutoCad, ESRI ArcGIS
|
|
| [[Apple Maps]], [[MapQuest]], [[Foursquare City Guide|Foursquare]], [[Craigslist]], Apple [[iPhoto]], [[Wikipedia]], [[World Bank]]
| Mercedes-Benz in-car system, Alpine in-car system
| [[CarPlay]]
| In Car System,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yandex.ru/blog/company/avtomobili-s-yandeksom-na-bortu|title = Автомобили с Яндексом на борту — Блог Яндекса}}</ref> Yandex.Navigator, Yandex.Trafic, Yandex.Transport, Yandex.Schedules
|-
! API available
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - Javascript, WPF, .NET (C#, VB), C++, Windows 8/10, WP 7/8, REST
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - {{URL|http://developer.here.com/}}
| {{Yes}} - {{URL|https://developer.apple.com/reference/mapkit}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Other
|
| http://microsoft.com/maps
Blog http://blogs.bing.com/maps
|
|
| Wordpress plugin / open search
|
|
|-
! Shareable maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} Via Email, Facebook, Twitter
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
|-
! Readily available overlays
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Advertising
|-
! width="10%"|Feature
! width="12%"|[[Google Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Bing Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[MapQuest]]
! width="12%"|[[Mapy.cz]]
! width="12%"|[[OpenStreetMap]]
! width="12%"|[[Here WeGo]]
! width="12%"|[[Apple Maps]]
! width="12%"|[[Yandex Maps]]
|-
! Business advertising
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - Microsoft consumer apps, not in B2B apps or APIs
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! colspan="9" | Mobile
|-
! Mobile-specific website
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.here.net/ |title=HERE Maps |website=m.here.net |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121125072650/http://m.here.net/ |archive-date=25 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| {{No}}, application dependent
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Mobile-specific application
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange |[[Android (operating system)|Android]] only via [[OsmAnd]] and STAPPZ<ref name="STAPPZ">{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.stappz.android|title=STAPPZ Real-Time Travel Guides – Android Apps on Google Play|author=Iunera GmbH & Co. KG|work=google.com}}</ref>
| {{Yes}}, for Nokia mobile phones and [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Contact integration
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Voice integration
| {{Yes}}, via Android Maps app, upcoming feature for full web mode
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! GPS integration
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Directions
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} - with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! [[Turn-by-turn navigation]]
| {{Yes}}, if on Android
| {{Yes}} - Windows 10
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, with [[OsmAnd]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, if on mobile version
|-
! Interactive maps
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}, in custom implementations e.g. via STAPPZ<ref name="STAPPZ" /> for [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Types of map
| Map, satellite, terrain, street
| Road, satellite, hybrid, bird's eye, traffic, 3D, London street map, ordnance survey map, venue map
| Map, satellite
| Outdoor, satellite, winter, standard, traffic, terrain
| Map, terrain, satellite (exclusive to editing)
| Map, satellite, terrain, 3D with plugin, 3D without plugin for compatible browsers, night mode
| Map, satellite, terrain, hybrid, flyover, 3D
| Map, satellite, hybrid, 3D
|-
! Cell-based location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Wi-fi location
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| bgcolor=orange | Unknown
|
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! Supported languages
| 54<ref>{{cite web|url=https://developers.google.com/maps/faq#languagesupport|title=FAQ|date=18 February 2016|work=Google Developers}}</ref>
| 117<ref name="langsupport">{{cite web|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn306047.aspx|title=Language Support|publisher=Microsoft|work=microsoft.com|date=31 August 2015 }}</ref>
|
| 20
|
|
|41<ref name=":0" />
| 4
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of online map services]]
* [[GraphHopper]]
* [[Navteq]]
* [[Petal Maps]]
* [[Virtual globe#Online virtual globes|Online virtual globes]]
* [[Tencent Maps]]
* [[Traffic Message Channel]] (TMC)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://maps.google.com/ Google Maps]
* [http://www.bing.com/maps/ Bing Maps]
* [http://www.mapquest.com/ MapQuest Maps]
* [https://mapy.cz Mapy.cz]
* [http://www.openstreetmap.org/ OpenStreetMap]
* [http://here.com/ Here]
* [https://www.apple.com/maps/ Apple Maps]
* [https://yandex.com/maps/ Yandex.Maps]

[[Category:Online services comparisons|Web mapping]]
[[Category:Street view services]]
[[Category:Transportation geography]]
[[Category:Web mapping]]

Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway

2023-12-20T05:50:40Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Road in South Korea}}
{{Infobox road
|country=KOR
|type=EX
|route=45
|alternate_name=Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway 중부내륙고속도로
|map={{Highway system OSM map
| frame-width = 300
| frame-height = 300
| length = yes
| plain = yes
}}
|map_custom = yes
|length_mi=
|length_km=301.77
|length_round=
|length_ref=
|established=1977
|replaces=
|direction_a=South
|terminus_a=[[Naeseo Interchange|Naeseo IC]] in [[Changwon]], [[Gyeongsangnam-do]] [[Image:Korea Expressway No.102.svg|20px]] [[Namhae Expressway|Namhae Expressway Branch Line]]
|cities= [[Daegu]], [[Gimcheon]], [[Sangju]], [[Chungju]], [[Yeoju]], [[Yangpyeong]]
|junction=[[Image:Korea Expressway No.1.svg|20px]] [[Gyeongbu Expressway]]({{Jct|country=KOR|AH|1}}) [[Image:Korea Expressway No.30.svg|20px]] [[Dangjn–Yeongdeok Expressway]] [[Image:Korea Expressway No.40.svg|20px]] [[Pyeongtaek–Jecheon Expressway]] [[Image:Korea Expressway No.50.svg|20px]] [[Yeongdong Expressway]]
|direction_b=North
|terminus_b=[[Chasan Junction|Chasan JC]] in [[Namyangju]], [[Gyeonggi-do]] [[Image:Korea Expressway No.60.svg|20px]] [[Seoul-Yangyang Expressway]]
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|hangul={{linktext|중|부|내|륙|고|속|도|로}}
|hanja={{linktext|中|部|内|陸|高|速|道|路}}
|rr=Jungbu Naeryuk Gosok Doro
|mr=Chungbu Naeryuk Kosok Toro
}}The '''Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway''' ({{Korean|중부내륙고속도로}}; literally meaning Central Inland Expwy.) is an [[expressway in South Korea]]. Numbered 45, it was first constructed in three parts: connecting [[Yangpyeong]] to [[Chungju]] and [[Sangju]] to [[Gimcheon]] and [[Hyeonpung Junction|Hyeonpung]] to [[Changwon]]. The part of the expressway between Chungju and Sangju was completed at the end of 2004, with the last remaining section being that between [[Gimcheon]] and Hyeonpung. The '''Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway Branch Line''' (a.k.a. [[Guma Expressway]]) is route number 451 and connects [[Hyeonpung]] to N. [[Daegu]].

A speed zone exists from Exit 1 to Exit 13 (Masan-Gimcheon). The maximum speed is 100 km/h, and the minimum speed is 50 km/h. Another speed zone exists from north of exit 13 to exit 28 (Gimcheon-N. Yeoju). The maximum speed limit is 110 km/h, and the minimum speed limit is 50 km/h.

[[Image:Jungbunaeryukbridge.png|thumb|left|200px|J-N Exp'way in Maseong-myeon, [[Mungyeong]]]]

==History==
*December, 1977 - [[Daegu]]~[[Masan]] Section open the traffic ('''Guma Expressway''')
*September 28, 2001 - [[Sangju]]~[[Gimcheon]] Section open the traffic.
*December 20, 2002 - [[Yeoju]]~[[Chungju]] Section open the traffic.
*December 15, 2004 - [[Sangju]]~[[Chungju]] Section open the traffic.
*November 30, 2007 - [[Gimcheon]]~Hyeonpung JC Section open the traffic.
*September 15, 2010 - [[Yeoju]]~N.Yeoju Section open the traffic.
*December 28, 2012 - N.Yeoju~[[Yangpyeong]] Section open the traffic.

== Information ==

=== Lanes ===
* 4 Lanes

=== Lengths ===
* 301.77 km

=== Speed limit ===
* Naeseo JC ~ Gimcheon JC / N.Yeoju IC~Yangpyeong IC : 100 km/h
* Gimcheon JC ~ N.Yeoju IC : 110 km/h

== Branch Line ==
* See [[Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway Branch]]

== List of facilities ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
* '''IC''': Interchange, '''JC''': Junction, '''SA''': Service Area, '''TG''':Tollgate

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%; text-align: center;"
|- style="border-bottom:solid 0.25em green;"
! No. !! Name !! Korean Name !! Hanja Name !! Connections !! Notes !! Location
|-
!
|| Changwon(Naeseo) || 창원(내서) 시점 || 昌原(內西) 始點 || [[Provincial Route 1004 (South Korea)|Local Route 1004]] || Expressway Start Spot || rowspan="2" | [[Changwon]], [[Gyeongsangnam-do]]
|-
! 1
|| [[Naeseo Junction|Naeseo JC]] || 내서분기점 || 內西分岐點 || [[Local Route 30 (South Korea)|Local Route 30]] [[Local Route 67 (South Korea)|Local Route 67]] [[Local Route 1004 (South Korea)|Local Route 1004]] [[File:Korea Expressway No.102.svg|20px]] [[Namhae Expressway|Namhae Expressway Branch Line]] || Gwangju-bound Only
|-
! TG
|| [[Chirwon Tollgate|Chirwon TG]] || 칠원요금소 || 漆原料金所 || || Main Tollate || rowspan="4" | [[Haman]], [[Gyeongsangnam-do]]
|-
! 2
|| [[Chirwon Junction|Chirwon JC]] || 칠원분기점 || 漆原分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.10.svg|20px]] [[Namhae Expressway]] || Namyangju-bound Only
|-
! 3
|| [[Chilseo Interchange|Chilseo IC]] || 칠서나들목 || 漆西나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.5.svg|20px]] [[National Route 5 (South Korea)|National Route 5]] [[Provincial Route 60 (South Korea)|Local Route 60]] ||
|-
! SA
|| Chilseo SA || 칠서휴게소 || 漆西休憩所 || || Namyangju-bound Only
|-
! 4
|| [[Namji Interchange|Namji IC]] || 남지나들목 || 南旨나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.5.svg|20px]] [[National Route 5 (South Korea)|National Route 5]] [[Local Route 1021 (South Korea)|Local Route 1021]] [[Local Route 1025 (South Korea)|Local Route 1025]] || || rowspan="4" | [[Changnyeong]], [[Gyeongsangnam-do]]
|-
! SA
|| Yeongsan SA || 영산휴게소 || 靈山休憩所 || || Changwon-bound Only
|-
! 5
|| [[Yeongsan Interchange|Yeongsan IC]] || 영산나들목 || 靈山나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.5.svg|20px]] [[National Route 5 (South Korea)|National Route 5]] [[File:Korea National Route No.79.svg|20px]] [[National Route 79 (South Korea)|National Route 79]] ||
|-
! 6
|| [[Changnyeong Interchange|Changnyeong IC]] || 창녕나들목 || 昌寧나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.20.svg|20px]] [[National Route 20 (South Korea)|National Route 20]] [[File:Korea National Route No.24.svg|20px]] [[National Route 24 (South Korea)|National Route 24]] ||
|-
! 8
|| [[Hyeonpung Junction|Hyeonpung JC]] || 현풍분기점 || 玄風分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.451.svg|20px]] [[Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway Branch|Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway Branch Line]] || ||[[Dalseong]], [[Daegu]]
|-
! 9
|| [[Goryeong Junction|Goryeong JC]] || 고령분기점 || 高靈分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.12.svg|20px]] [[Gwangju-Daegu Expressway]] || ||[[Goryeong]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]]
|-
! 10
|| [[South Seongju Interchange|S. Seongju IC]] || 남성주나들목 || 南星州나들목 || [[Provincial Route 67 (South Korea)|Local Route 67]] || || rowspan="4" | [[Seongju]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]]
|-
! SA
|| South Seongju·Korea Melon SA || 남성주참외휴게소 || 南星州참외休憩所 || ||
|-
! 11
|| [[Seongju Interchange|Seongju IC]] || 성주나들목 || 星州나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.30.svg|20px]] [[National Route 30 (South Korea)|National Route 30]] [[File:Korea National Route No.35.svg|20px]] [[National Route 35 (South Korea)|National Route 35]] ||
|-
! SA
|| Seongju SA || 성주휴게소 || 星州休憩所 || ||
|-
! 12
|| [[South Gimcheon Interchange|S. Gimcheon IC]] || 남김천나들목 || 南金泉나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.4.svg|20px]] [[National Route 4 (South Korea)|National Route 4]] || || rowspan="2" | [[Gimcheon]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]]
|-
! 13
|| [[Gimcheon Junction|Gimcheon JC]] || 김천분기점 || 金泉分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.1.svg|20px]] [[Gyeongbu Expressway]]({{Jct|country=KOR|AH|1}}) ||
|-
! 14
|| [[Seonsan Interchange|Seonsan IC]] || 선산나들목 || 善山나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.59.svg|20px]] [[National Route 59 (South Korea)|National Route 59]] || || rowspan="2" | [[Gumi, North Gyeongsang|Gumi]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]]
|-
! SA
|| Seonsan SA || 선산휴게소 || 善山休憩所 || ||
|-
! 15
|| [[Nakdong Junction|Nakdong JC]] || 낙동분기점 || 洛東分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.30.svg|20px]] [[Dangjin-Yeongdeok Expressway]] || || rowspan="4" | [[Sangju]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]]
|-
! 16
|| [[Sangju Interchange|Sangju IC]] || 상주나들목 || 尙州나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.25.svg|20px]] [[National Route 25 (South Korea)|National Route 25]] ||
|-
! 17
|| [[North Sangju Interchange|N. Sangju IC]] || 북상주나들목 || 北尙州나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.3.svg|20px]] [[National Route 3 (South Korea)|National Route 3]] ||
|-
! 18
|| [[Jeomchon·Hamchang Interchange|Jeomchon·Hamchang IC]] || 점촌함창나들목 || 店村咸昌나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.3.svg|20px]] [[National Route 3 (South Korea)|National Route 3]] ||
|-
! SA
|| Mungyeong SA || 문경휴게소 || 聞慶休憩所 || || || rowspan="2" | [[Mungyeong]], [[Gyeongsangbuk-do]]
|-
! 19
|| [[Mungyeongsaejae Interchange|Mungyeongsaejae IC]] || 문경새재나들목 || 聞慶새재나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.3.svg|20px]] [[National Route 3 (South Korea)|National Route 3]] [[File:Korea National Route No.34.svg|20px]] [[National Route 34 (South Korea)|National Route 34]] ||
|-
! 20
|| [[Yeonpung Interchange|Yeonpung IC]] || 연풍나들목 || 延豊나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.3.svg|20px]] [[National Route 3 (South Korea)|National Route 3]] [[File:Korea National Route No.34.svg|20px]] [[National Route 34 (South Korea)|National Route 34]] || || rowspan="3" | [[Goesan]], [[Chungcheongbuk-do]]
|-
! SA
|| Goesan SA || 괴산휴게소 || 槐山休憩所 || ||
|-
! 21
|| [[Goesan Interchange|Goesan IC]] || 괴산나들목 || 槐山나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.19.svg|20px]] [[National Route 19 (South Korea)|National Route 19]] ||
|-
! 22
|| [[Chungju Interchange|Chungju IC]] || 충주나들목 || 忠州나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.3.svg|20px]] [[National Route 3 (South Korea)|National Route 3]] [[File:Korea National Route No.36.svg|20px]] [[National Route 36 (South Korea)|National Route 36]] [[Provincial Route 525 (South Korea)|Local Route 525]] [[Provincial Route 599 (South Korea)|Local Route 599]] || || rowspan="5" | [[Chungju]], [[Chungcheongbuk-do]]
|-
! SA
|| Chungju SA || 충주휴게소 || 忠州休憩所 || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" | 23
|| [[Noeun Junction|Noeun JC]] || 노은분기점 || 老隱分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.40.svg|20px]] [[Pyeongtaek–Jecheon Expressway]] || Changwon-bound Only Jecheon-bound Only
|-
|| [[North Chungju Interchange|N.Chungju IC]] || 북충주나들목 || 北忠州나들목 || [[Provincial Route 82 (South Korea)|Local Route 82]] [[Provincial Route 525 (South Korea)|Local Route 525]] ||
|-
! 24
|| [[Chungju Junction|Chungju JC]] || 충주분기점 || 忠州分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.40.svg|20px]] [[Pyeongtaek–Jecheon Expressway]] ||
|-
! 25
|| [[Gamgok Interchange|Gamgok IC]] || 감곡나들목 || 甘谷나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.38.svg|20px]] [[National Route 38 (South Korea)|National Route 38]] || || [[Eumseong]], [[Chungcheongbuk-do]]
|-
! 26
|| [[Yeoju Junction|Yeoju JC]] || 여주분기점 || 驪州分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.50.svg|20px]] [[Yeongdong Expressway]] || || rowspan="5" |[[Yeoju]], [[Gyeonggi-do]]
|-
! 27
|| [[South Yeoju Interchange|S. Yeoju IC]] || 남여주나들목 || 南驪州나들목 || [[Provincial Route 333 (South Korea)|Local Route 333]] ||
|-
! SA
|| W. Yeoju SA || 서여주휴게소 || 西驪州休憩所 || ||
|-
! 28
|| [[West Yeoju Interchange|W. Yeoju IC]] || 서여주나들목 || 西驪州나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.42.svg|20px]] [[National Route 42 (South Korea)|National Route 42]] ||
|-
! 29
|| [[North Yeoju Junction|N. Yeoju JC]] || 북여주분기점 || 北驪州分岐點 || [[File:Korea Expressway No.52.svg|20px]] <del>[[Gwangju-Wonju Expressway]]</del> [[Provincial Route 70 (South Korea)|Local Route 70]] ||
|-
! 30
|| [[Yangpyeong Interchange|Yangpyeong IC]] || 양평나들목 || 楊平나들목 || [[File:Korea National Route No.6.svg|20px]] [[National Route 6 (South Korea)|National Route 6]] || ||[[Yangpyeong]], [[Gyeonggi-do]]
|-
! 31
|| <del>[[Chasan Junction|Chasan JC]]</del> || <del>차산분기점</del> || <del>茶山分岐點</del> || [[File:Korea Expressway No.60.svg|20px]] [[Seoul-Yangyang Expressway]] [[File:Korea Expressway No.400.svg|20px]] <del>[[Seoul Metropolitan Second Ring Expressway|Seoul 2nd Ring Expressway]]</del> || ||[[Namyangju]], [[Gyeonggi-do]]
|}

==See also==
*[[Roads and expressways in South Korea]]
*[[Transportation in South Korea]]

==External links==
* [http://english.molit.go.kr MOLIT] [[Government of South Korea|South Korean Government]] [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Korea)|Transport Department]]

{{coord missing|South Korea}}

{{South Korean expressways}}

[[Category:Expressways in South Korea]]
[[Category:Roads in South Gyeongsang]]
[[Category:Roads in Daegu]]
[[Category:Roads in North Gyeongsang]]
[[Category:Roads in North Chungcheong]]
[[Category:Roads in Gyeonggi]]

Gyeonggi Province

2023-12-20T05:49:42Z

121.171.233.10: /* Road */

{{Short description|Province of South Korea}}
{{About|the province|the region|Gyeonggi region}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Gyeonggi Province
| official_name =
| native_name = {{nobold|{{Lang|ko|경기도}}}}
| native_name_lang = ko
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of South Korea|Province]]
| translit_lang1 = Korean
| translit_lang1_type = [[Hangul]]
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|경|기|도}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Gyeonggi Province (2021).svg
| image_blank_emblem = Emblem of Gyeonggi Province (2021).svg
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| image_map = Gyeonggi-do in South Korea.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|37|30|N|127|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|South Korea}}
| subdivision_type1 = Region
| subdivision_name1 = [[Seoul National Capital Area|Seoul Capital]]
| seat_type = [[List of capitals in South Korea|Capital]]
| seat = [[Suwon]]
| parts_type = Subdivisions
| parts_style = 
| parts = 28 cities; 3 counties
| leader_title = [[Governor of Gyeonggi Province|Governor]]
| leader_name = [[Kim Dong-yeon]] {{small|([[Democratic Party of Korea|Democratic]])}}
| area_total_km2 = 10,184
| area_rank = 5th
| population_total = 13,511,676
| population_as_of = Census 2020
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 1,327
| population_rank = 1st
| demographics_type1 = Provincial symbols
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Flower
| demographics1_info5 =
| iso_code = KR-41
| blank_name_sec1 = Dialect
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Gyeonggi dialect|Gyeonggi]]
| website = {{URL|1=http://english.gg.go.kr/|2=Official website (English)}}
| blank_name_sec2 = Blog
| blank_info_sec2 = {{URL|1=http://gyeonggido-korea.com|2=Official blog}}
| footnotes =
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hanja]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{lang|ko|{{linktext|京|畿|道}}}}
| translit_lang1_type2 = Revised Romanization
| translit_lang1_info2 = Gyeonggi-do
| translit_lang1_type3 = McCune‑Reischauer
| translit_lang1_info3 = Kyŏnggido
| demographics1_info1 = [[Forsythia]]
| demographics1_title2 = Tree
| demographics1_info2 = [[Ginkgo]]
| demographics1_title3 = Bird
| demographics1_info3 = [[Dove]]
| demographics1_title4 =
| demographics1_info4 =
| demographics1_title5 =
| demographics_type2 = Gross Regional Product (2020)
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="kostat.go.kr">{{cite web|title=2021년 지역소득(잠정)|url=https://kostat.go.kr/synap/skin/doc.html?fn=8968f427e96dabb2929ae805f2550668f3fc415b59c7e921107078267ed7008e&rs=/synap/preview/board/243}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = [[KR₩]]491.3 trillion [[US$]]393.0 billion
| leader_title1 = Legislature
| leader_name1 = Gyeonggi Assembly
}}

'''Gyeonggi Province''' ({{Korean |hangul=경기도}}, {{IPA-ko|kjʌ̹ŋ.ɡi.do̞}}) is the most populous [[Administrative divisions of South Korea|province in South Korea]].

[[Seoul]], the nation's largest city and capital, is in the heart of the area but has been separately administered as a provincial-level [[List of special cities of South Korea|''special city'']] since 1946. [[Incheon]], the nation's third-largest city, is on the coast of the province and has been similarly administered as a provincial-level [[Special cities of South Korea|''metropolitan city'']] since 1981. The three jurisdictions are collectively referred to as ''[[Sudogwon]]'' and cover {{convert|11730|km2|abbr=on}}, with a combined population of over 26 million - amounting to over half (50.25%) of the entire population of South Korea at the 2020 Census.

== Etymology ==
Its name, ''Gyeonggi'', means "京 (the capital) and 畿 (the surrounding area)". Thus, ''Gyeonggi-do'' can be translated as "Seoul and the surrounding areas of Seoul".{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
Gyeonggi-do has been a politically important area since 18 BCE, when Korea was divided into three nations during the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] period. Ever since [[Onjo of Baekje|King Onjo]], the founder of [[Baekje]] (one of the three kingdoms), founded the government in [[Wiryeseong]] of Hanam, the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River Valley]] was absorbed into [[Goguryeo]] in the mid-fifth century, and became [[Silla]]'s territory in the year 553 (the 14th year of [[Jinheung of Silla|King Jinheung]]).<ref group="nb">In traditional [[Korean calendar|Korean timekeeping]], years are tracked by reign of monarchs. Today, this is practiced in addition to [[Common Era]] (CE).</ref> Afterward, the current location of Gyeonggi-do, one of the nine states of [[Later Silla]], was called Hansanju.

The Gyeonggi region started to rise as the central region of [[Goryeo]] as [[Taejo of Goryeo|King Taejo of Goryeo]] (the kingdom following Silla) set up the capital in Gaesong. Since 1018 (the 9th year of Goryeo's [[Hyeonjong of Goryeo|King Hyeonjong]]), this area has been officially called "Gyeonggi".

[[File:Gyeonggi-gamyeong-do.jpg|thumb|250px|Headquarters of the provincial governor, Joseon Dynasty]]
During the [[Joseon]], which was founded after the Goryeo, [[Taejo of Joseon|King Taejo of Joseon]] set the capital in Hanyang, while restructuring Gyeonggi's area to include Gwangju, Suwon, Yeoju, and Anseong, along with the southeast region. Since the period of King Taejong and [[Sejong the Great]], the Gyeonggi region has been very similar to the current administrative area of Gyeonggi-do.

In 1895 the 23-Bu system, which reorganized administrative areas, was effected. The Gyeonggi region was divided into Hanseong (modern [[Seoul]]), [[Incheon]], [[Chungju]], [[Gongju]], and [[Kaesong]].

During the [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonial period]], Hanseong-bu was incorporated into Gyeonggi-do. On October 1, 1910, it was renamed Keijo and a provincial government was placed in Keijo according to the reorganization of administrative districts.

After liberation and the foundation of two separate Korean states, Gyeonggi-do and its capital, Seoul, were separated with partial regions of Gyeonggi-do being incorporated into Seoul thereafter in 1946. Additionally, Kaesong became [[North Korea]]n territory, the only city to change control after the countries were divided at the [[38th parallel north|38th parallel]], which is now part of North Korea's [[North Hwanghae Province]].

In 1967 the seat of the Gyeonggi provincial government was transferred from Seoul to [[Suwon]]. After Incheon separated from Gyeonggi-do in 1981, Gyeonggi regions such as [[Ongjin County, Incheon|Ongjin County]] and [[Ganghwa County]] were incorporated into [[Incheon]] in 1995.

==Geography==
Gyeonggi Province is in the western central region of the Korean Peninsula, which is vertically situated in Northeast Asia and is between east longitude of 126 and 127, and north latitude of 36 and 38. Its dimension is 10% of Korea's territory, {{convert|10,171|km2|mi2}}.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ko:위치와 자연환경|url=http://www.gg.go.kr/gg/30635/ggnet/c1/intro/page4.jsp|publisher=Gyeonggi Province|access-date=18 March 2013|language=ko|archive-date=1 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301045943/http://www.gg.go.kr/gg/30635/ggnet/c1/intro/page4.jsp|url-status=live}}</ref> It is in contact with {{convert|86|km|mi}} of cease-fire line to the north, {{convert|413|km|mi}} of coastline to the west, [[Gangwon Province (South Korea)|Gangwon-do]] to the east, [[North Chungcheong Province|Chungcheongbuk-do]] and [[South Chungcheong Province|Chungcheongnam-do]] to the south, and has Seoul, the capital of the Republic of Korea, in its center. Its provincial government is in Suwon, but some of its government buildings are in Uijeongbu for the administrative conveniences of the [[North Gyeonggi Province|northern region]].

===Climate===
The climate of Gyeonggi-do is the continental climate, which has a severe differentiation of temperature between summer and winter, and has distinctions of four seasons. Spring is warm, summer is hot and humid, autumn is cool, and winter is cold and snowy. The annual average temperature is between {{convert|11|-|13|C|F}}, where the temperature in the mountainous areas to the northeast is lower and the coastal areas to the southwest is higher. For January's average temperature, the Gyeonggi Bay is {{convert|-4|C|F}}, the Namhangang (River) Basin is {{convert|-4|to|-6|C|F}}, and the Bukhangang (River) and Imjingang Basins are {{convert|-6|to|-8|C|F}}. It becomes colder and higher in temperature differentiation from coastal to inland areas. Summer has a lower local differentiation compared to winter. The inland areas are hotter than the Gyeonggi Bay area, the hottest area is [[Pyeongtaek]], making the average temperature of August {{convert|26.5|C|F}}.

The annual average precipitation is around {{convert|1,100|mm|in}}, with a lot of rainfall. It is rainy in summer and dry during winter. The northeastern inland areas of Bukhangang and the upper stream of Imjingang has a precipitation of {{convert|1300|-|1400|mm|in}}, whereas the coastal area has only {{convert|900|mm|in}} of precipitation.

===Nature and national parks===
The topography of Gyeonggi-do is divided into [[Southern Gyeonggi Province|southern]] and [[North Gyeonggi Province|northern area]]s by the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]], which flows from east to west. The area north to the Han River is mainly mountainous, while the southern area is mainly plain.

The configuration of Gyeonggi-do is represented by ''Dong-go-seo-jeo'' (high in the east and low in the west), where the [[Gwangju]] Mountain Range and the Charyeong Mountain Range spreads from the east and drops in elevation in the west. The fields of Gimpo, Gyeonggi, and Pyeongtaek extend to the west.

Gyeonggi-do natural environment includes its rivers, lakes, mountains, and seas.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}} Its representative rivers are the Hangang, Imjingang, and Anseongcheon
Fg(Stream), which flow into the Yellow Sea, with Gyeonggi Plain, Yeonbaek Plain and Anseong Plain forming a fertile field area around the rivers. The Gwangju Mountain Range and the Charyeong Mountain Range stretch toward China in Gyeonggi Province. Most of the mountains that rise above {{convert|1000|m|ft}}, such as [[Myeongjisan]] ({{convert|1,267|m|ft}}), Gukmangbong ({{convert|1,168|m|ft}}) and Yongmunsan ({{convert|1,157|m|ft}}) in the [[Gwangju]] Mountain Range. It iriidc
Ktihas a developed granite area which, due to the granite's exfoliation effect, makes it full of strangely shaped cliffs and deep valleys. The Charyeong Mountain Range forms the boundary between Gyeonggi-do and Chungcheongbuk-do, but is a relatively low-altitude hilly area.

In Gyeonggi-do, there is [[Bukhansan National Park]] in Uijeongbu. For provincial parks, there are the Chukryeongsan Natural Recreation Area, Namhan-sanseong Provincial Park, Gapyeong [[Yeoninsan]] Provincial Park, and Mulhyanggi Arboretum. Besides the listed, the scenery of well-known mountains including Soyosan of Dongducheon City, Yongmunsan of [[Yangpyeong County]], and [[Gwanaksan]] of [[Anyang, Gyeonggi|Anyang]] and [[Gwacheon]], along with Hangang and Imjingang are tourist sites of Gyeonggi-do.

* [[Moraksan]], a 385-meter rock mountain.

==Population==
{{Historical populations
|title =
|align = right
|clear =
|direction =
|percentages = pagr
|state =
|type =
|shading = off
|width =
|subbox =
|pop_name =
|year_name = Year
|percent_name =
|footnote =
|source = Citypopulation<ref>{{cite web|title=South Korea: Provinces|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/en/southkorea/cities/|language=en|access-date=2022-03-12|archive-date=2022-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321192952/http://citypopulation.de/en/southkorea/cities/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|graph-pos = bottom
|graph-width =
|graph-height =
|percol =
|cols =
|perrow =
|rows =
|1960 |2,748,765
|1980 |3,703,761
|1990 |6,050,943
|2000 |8,984,134
|2010 |11,379,459
|2015 |12,479,061
|2020 |13,511,676
}}
Gyeonggi-do has shown a rapid increase in population due to the modernization and urbanization of the Republic of Korea. Its population has increased from 2,748,765 in 1960 to 3,703,761 in 1980; 6,050,943 in 1990; 8,984,134 in 2000; 11,379,459 in 2010; and 13,511,676 in 2020.

In 2010 there were 4,527,282 households, with an average of 3 people per family. There were 6,112,339 males and 5,959,545 females. The population density was 1,119 people/km2, almost double the national average of 486 people/km2.

Excluding the two metropolitan cities (Seoul and Incheon), the most heavily populated area as of 2010 is [[Suwon]] (1,104,681) followed by [[Goyang]] (1,076,179), [[Seongnam]] (996,524), [[Yongin]] (891,708), [[Bucheon]] (890,875) and [[Ansan]] (753,862). The lowest populated area in 2010 was [[Yeoncheon County]] (45,973), followed by [[Gapyeong County]] (59,916) and [[Yangpyeong County]] (72,595).

==Economy==
As the backbone of Seoul in the means of manufacturing complex, Gyeonggi-do is evenly developed in [[heavy industry]] (electronics, machine, heavy and chemical industry, steel), [[light industry]] (textile), and farm, livestock and fisheries industry. Due to the influence of recent high wages, the weight of manufacturing industries has decreased in Korea's economy. Gyeonggi-do is making efforts in many ways to improve and modernize the conventional industry structure, resulting in quick growth of innovative [[small and medium-sized enterprises]] such as [[U-JIN Tech Corp.]] Gyeonggi-do is unsparingly investing in the promotion of service industries related to soft competitive power such as state-of-the-art IT industry, designing, conventions and tourism, along with its great leap as a commercial hub in Northeast Asia using the Pyeongtaek Harbor.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-02-20|title=평택시, 정부에 평택항 경쟁력 강화 방안 건의|url=http://m.hankooki.com/m_dh_view.php?WM=dh&FILE_NO=ZGgyMDIxMDIyMDE1NDk0NjEzNzg4MC5odG0=&ref=|access-date=2021-02-20|website=m.hankooki.com|language=ko}}</ref>

Besides this, it is known for its special local products such as Icheon rice and Icheon/Gwangju ceramics. Leading companies representing Korea, including [[Samsung Electronics]]' headquarters, [[SK Hynix]]'s headquarters, [[Naver Corporation|NAVER]]'s headquarters, [[Samsung SDI]]'s headquarters, and [[LG Corporation|Paju LG Corporation's LCD complex]], are gathered in southern Gyeonggi Province, including Suwon City.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=현대차 삼성SDI 시총 7위 경쟁 치열…네이버·카카오 가세|url=https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01328406628946912&mediaCodeNo=257|access-date=2021-02-20|website=이데일리|language=ko|archive-date=2021-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212053336/https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=01328406628946912&mediaCodeNo=257|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Administrative area==
{{further|List of cities and counties of Gyeonggi Province}}
[[File:Gyeonggi Municipal.svg|thumb|Map of divisions of Gyeonggi Province]]
[[Image:Suwon cityscape.jpg|thumb|right|Suwon]]
[[Image:City view (10).JPG|thumb|right|Yongin]]

Gyeonggi-do consists of 28 cities (special: 7, normal: 21) and three counties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Administrative Map|url=http://english.gg.go.kr/global/contents.do?lang=ENG&pageCode=1212|publisher=Gyeonggi Province|access-date=22 March 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130413145239/http://english.gg.go.kr/global/contents.do?lang=ENG&pageCode=1212|archive-date=13 April 2013}}</ref> This is because many counties were elevated to city status owing to the influence of Seoul's new town development plan. Special cities are especially concentrated in the southern area of Gyeonggi-do.

Listed below is each entity's name in English, [[Hangul]] and [[Hanja]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto;"
|-
! #
! Name
! [[Hangul]]
! [[Hanja]]
! Population (2015.5)<ref>{{cite web|title=Population|url=http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/jsp/stat/ppl_stat_jf.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303195830/http://rcps.egov.go.kr:8081/jsp/stat/ppl_stat_jf.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2011|publisher=Gyeonggi Province|access-date=22 March 2013}}</ref>
! Subdivisions
|- style="background:lightblue;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''— [[Cities of South Korea|Special City]] —'''
|-
|1
|[[Suwon]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|수원시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|水原市}}
|1,177,376
|4 ''ilban-gu'' — 41 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|2
|[[Seongnam]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|성남시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|城南市}}
|974,580
|3 ''ilban-gu'' — 39 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|3
|[[Goyang]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|고양시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|高陽市}}
|1,041,706
|3 ''ilban-gu'' — 46 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|4
|[[Yongin]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|용인시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|龍仁市}}
|968,346
|3 ''ilban-gu'' — 1 ''eup'', 6 ''myeon'', 23 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|5
|[[Bucheon]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|부천시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|富川市}}
|852,758
|36 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|6
|[[Ansan]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|안산시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|安山市}}
|704,765
|2 ''ilban-gu'' — 24 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|7
|[[Anyang, Gyeonggi|Anyang]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|안양시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|安養市}}
|599,464
|2 ''ilban-gu'' — 31 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|8
|[[Namyangju]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|남양주시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|南楊州市}}
|640,579
|5 ''eup'', 4 ''myeon'', 7 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|9
|[[Hwaseong, Gyeonggi|Hwaseong]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|화성시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|華城市}}
|565,269
|4 ''eup'', 10 ''myeon'', 10 ''haengjeong-dong''
|- style="background:lightblue;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''— [[Cities of South Korea|City]] —'''
|-
|10
|[[Uijeongbu]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|의정부시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|議政府市}}
|431,149
|15 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|11
|[[Siheung]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|시흥시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|始興市}}
|393,356
|17 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|12
|[[Pyeongtaek]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|평택시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|平澤市}}
|453,437
|3 ''eup'', 6 ''myeon'', 13 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|13
|[[Gwangmyeong]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|광명시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|光明市}}
|346,888
|18 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|14
|[[Paju]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|파주시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|坡州市}}
|416,439
|4 ''eup'', 9 ''myeon'', 7 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|15
|[[Gunpo]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|군포시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|軍浦市}}
|288,494
|11 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|16
|[[Gwangju, Gyeonggi|Gwangju]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|광주시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|廣州市}}
|304,503
|3 ''eup'', 4 ''myeon'', 3 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|17
|[[Gimpo]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|김포시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|金浦市}}
|344,585
|3 ''eup'', 3 ''myeon'', 6 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|18
|[[Icheon]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|이천시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|利川市}}
|204,988
|2 ''eup'', 8 ''myeon'', 4 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|19
|[[Yangju]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|양주시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|楊州市}}
|203,519
|1 ''eup'', 4 ''myeon'', 6 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|20
|[[Guri]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|구리시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|九里市}}
|186,611
|8 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|21
|[[Osan]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|오산시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|烏山市}}
|207,596
|6 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|22
|[[Anseong]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|안성시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|安城市}}
|181,478
|1 ''eup'', 11 ''myeon'', 3 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|23
|[[Uiwang]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|의왕시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|義王市}}
|157,916
|6 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|24
|[[Pocheon]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|포천시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|抱川市}}
|155,629
|1 ''eup'', 11 ''myeon'', 2 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|25
|[[Hanam]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|하남시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|河南市}}
|155,752
|12 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|26
|[[Dongducheon]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|동두천시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|東豆川市}}
|97,407
|8 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|27
|[[Gwacheon]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|과천시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|果川市}}
|69,914
|6 ''haengjeong-dong''
|-
|28
|[[Yeoju]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|여주시}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|驪州市}}
|110,560
|1 ''eup'', 8 ''myeon'', 3 ''haengjeong-dong''
|- style="background:lightblue;"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"|'''— [[List of counties in South Korea|County]] —'''
|-
|29
|[[Yangpyeong County|Yangpyeong]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|양평군}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|楊平郡}}
|106,445
|1 ''eup'', 11 ''myeon''
|-
|30
|[[Gapyeong County|Gapyeong]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|가평군}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|加平郡}}
|61,403
|1 ''eup'', 5 ''myeon''
|-
|31
|[[Yeoncheon County|Yeoncheon]]
|{{lang|ko-Hang|연천군}}
|{{lang|ko-Hant|漣川郡}}
|45,314
|2 ''eup'', 8 ''myeon''
|}

===Claimed===
{{further|Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces}}
* [[Kaesong|Gaeseong]], [[Kaepung-guyok|Gaepung County]] and [[Jangdan County]]

==Transportation==
Gyeonggi-do's proximity to Seoul, South Korea's capital, and Incheon, its second-busiest port, has contributed to its extremely well-developed transportation infrastructure. It is close to both [[Incheon International Airport]], South Korea's main international gateway and busiest airport, and [[Gimpo International Airport]], its second-busiest airport. Use of water transportation from the harbor at [[Pyeongtaek]] is also high.

===Road===
The road pavement rate throughout the province averages 86.5 percent. The area has access to many of [[expressways in South Korea|South Korea's expressways]], including

* No. 1 [[Gyeongbu Expressway]], Seoul–Busan
* No. 15 [[Seohaean Expressway]], Seoul–[[Mokpo]]
* No. 35 [[Jungbu Expressway]], Seoul–[[Tongyeong]]
* No. 37 [[Second Jungbu Expressway]], Seoul–[[Yongin]]
* No. 45 [[Jungbu Naeryuk Expressway]], [[Yangpyeong]]–[[Changwon]]
* No. 50 [[Yeongdong Expressway]], Incheon–[[Gangneung]]
* No. 60 [[Seoul–Yangyang Expressway]], Seoul–[[Chuncheon]]
* No. 100 [[Seoul Ring Expressway]]
* No. 110 [[Second Gyeongin Expressway]], Incheon–[[Anyang]]
* No. 120 [[Gyeongin Expressway]], Seoul–Incheon
* No. 130 [[Incheon International Airport Expressway]], Incheon International Airport–Seoul

===Rail===
Gyeonggi-do is served by [[Korail]] commuter, standard and high-speed ([[Korea Train Express|KTX]]) services. It is home to Korea's first railroad, the [[Gyeongin Line]], and includes portions of the [[Gyeongbu Line]], [[Gyeongui Line]], [[Jungang Line]], and [[Honam Line]]. Gyeonggi has stations on the [[Suin Line|Suin]], [[Bundang Line|Bundang]], [[Gyeongchun Line|Gyeongchun]], and [[Shinbundang Line|Shinbundang]] [[commuter rail]] services and the [[Gyeongbu High Speed Railway|Gyeongbu]] and [[Honam High Speed Railway]]s.

The area has numerous connections to the [[Seoul Metropolitan Subway]] system. [[Seoul Subway Line 1|Line 1]] (formerly Korea National Railroad of Seoul) extends to Cheonan past Gyeonggi-do to the southwest, and to Dongducheon to the north. [[Seoul Subway Line 3|Line 3]] connects to Goyang to the north, while [[Seoul Subway Line 4|Line 4]] is connected to Gwacheon and Ansan to the southwest. [[Seoul Subway Line 7|Line 7]] is connected to Uijeongbu to the north and Gwangmyeong to the south, while [[Seoul Subway Line 8|Line 8]] is connected to Seongnam to the south.

[[Uijeongbu]] has its own light rail system, the [[U Line]], which connects to Line 1.

A short section of the [[AREX]] line between Gimpo and Incheon airports passes through Gyeonggi, but there are no stops within the province.

==Education==
Gyeonggi-do is actively investing in education to foster a talented population suitable for the globalized economy. It is promoting the opening of local campuses of reputable universities as well as establishing special purpose high schools for high-quality education. It has also founded and operates at [[Paju]] the largest domestic "English village" for education in the [[English language]], as well as villages in Ansan and Yangpyeong.

===Universities of Gyeonggi Province===
{{main category|Universities and colleges in Gyeonggi Province}}
*National
*[[Anseong|Anseong City]]
** [[Hankyong National University]]
*[[Uiwang|Uiwang City]]
** [[Korea National University of Transportation]] (Uiwang Campus)
*Private
*[[Ansan|Ansan City]]
** [[Ansan University]]
** [[Hanyang University]] (ERICA Campus)
** [[Seoul Institute of the Arts]]
** [[Shin Ansan University]]
*[[Anseong|Anseong City]]
** [[Chung-Ang University]] (Anseong Campus)
*[[Anyang|Anyang City]]
** [[Anyang University]]
** Sungkyul University
*[[Bucheon|Bucheon City]]
** [[Seoul Theological University]]
*[[Goyang|Goyang City]]
** [[Korea Aerospace University]]
*[[Gunpo|Gunpo City]]
** [[Hansei University]]
*[[Gwangju, Gyeonggi|Gwangju City]]
** Seoul Jangsin University and Theological Seminary
*[[Hwaseong, Gyeonggi|Hwaseong City]]
** Hyupsung University
** Shingyeong University
*[[Osan|Osan City]]
** [[Hanshin University]]
*[[Pochon|Pochon City]]
** College of Medicine Pochon CHA University
** [[Daejin University]]
*[[Pyeongtaek|Pyeongtaek City]]
** Pyongtaek University
*[[Seongnam|Seongnam City]]
** [[Gachon University]]
*[[Siheung|Siheung City]]
** [[Korea Polytechnic University]]
*[[Suwon|Suwon City]]
** [[Ajou University]]
** [[Kyung Hee University]]
** [[Seoul National University]] ([[Gwanggyo]] Graduate School Campus)
** [[Sungkyunkwan University|Sungkyungwan university]] (Natural Science Campus)
** Suwon Catholic University
** Suwon Science College
*[[Uijeongbu|Uijeongbu City]]
** Hanbuk University
*[[Yangpyeong County]]
** [[Asian Center for Theological Studies and Mission]]
*[[Yongin|Yongin City]]
** [[Calvin University (South Korea)|Calvin University]]
** [[Dankook University]]
** [[Hankuk University of Foreign Studies]] (Global Campus)
** [[Kangnam University]]
** [[Kyung Hee University]] (International Campus)
** [[Luther University]]
** [[Myongji University]] (Science Departments Campus)
** [[Yongin University]]

=== Schools ===
{{main category|Schools in Gyeonggi Province}}

==Culture==

===Historical landmarks===
Gyeonggi-do has long been a capital area, leaving many historic relics and ruins. For royal tombs (called reung), there are Donggureung of [[Guri]], and Gwangreung, Hongreung and Yureung of [[Namyangju]]. For castles (called seong), there are [[Hwaseong Fortress|Suwon Hwaseong]], which is designated as the World Cultural Heritage, Namwonsanseong, Haengjusanseong, Ganghwasanseong, and [[Doksan Fortress]]. For Buddhist temples, there are many aged temples within Gyeonggi-do where one can experience 'temple stay'. You can view folk culture in the [[Korean Folk Village]] in [[Yongin]], and the scene of Korea's division at [[Panmunjom]] in [[Paju]].

===Performing arts===
Gyeonggi-do is investing a lot of money at a provincial level so that people do not have to go to Seoul to enjoy a high-class cultural life. There are performances at Gyeonggi Arts Center in Suwon as well as at Gyeonggi Korean Traditional Music Center in [[Yongin]]. Gyeonggi Provincial Museum in [[Yongin]], [[Nam June Paik Art Center]] in [[Yongin]], Gyeonggi Museum of Art in [[Ansan]], and the Ceramics Museum in [[Gwangju]] are some of the facilities that are currently run by the province. There are also sightseeing opportunities at Jangheung Art Park, Publication Art Complex at Heyri, [[Paju]], and the Icheon Ceramics Exposition.

=== Heyri Art Valley ===
[[Heyri Art Valley]] is Korea's largest art town. Various Korean artists constructed the cultural town of Heyri and it features several art galleries and museums; there are about 40 museums, exhibitions, concert halls and bookstores.

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Gyeonggi-do (2005)<ref name="2005religionmap">[http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg 2005 Census - Religion Results] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904074206/http://www.sisapress.com/news/photo/200610/41926_37953_1632.jpg |date=2015-09-04 }}</ref>
|label1 = Not religious or Other
|value1 = 51.1
|color1 = Gray
|label2 = [[Protestantism]]
|value2 = 21.9
|color2 = DodgerBlue
|label3 = [[Buddhism]]
|value3 = 16.8
|color3 = Gold
|label4 = [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]
|value4 = 12.4
|color4 = DarkOrchid
}}
According to the census of 2005, of the people of Gyeonggi-do 34.3% follow [[Christianity]] (21.9% [[Protestantism]] and 12.4% [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]]) and 16.8% follow [[Buddhism]].<ref name="2005religionmap"/> 51.1% of the population is mostly not religious or follow [[Korean shamanism|indigenous religions]].

==Sports==
[[File:Suwon left.JPG|thumb|[[Suwon World Cup Stadium]]]]
[[File:20150531 KT Wiz vs Doosan Bears (1).jpg|thumb|[[Suwon Baseball Stadium]]]]
The [[2002 Korea-Japan World Cup]] matches were held in [[Suwon World Cup Stadium]]. As for the professional soccer teams with Gyeonggi-do as their home ground, there are the [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]] and [[Seongnam FC]].

Korea's foremost thoroughbred horse racing track [[Seoul Race Park]] is in [[Gwacheon]].

===Domestic sports clubs===

====Association football====
* [[K League 1]] (1)
** [[Suwon FC]]
* [[K League 2]] (6)
** [[Suwon Samsung Bluewings]]
** [[Seongnam FC]]
** [[FC Anyang]]
** [[Ansan Greeners]]
** [[Bucheon FC 1995]]
** [[Gimpo FC]]
* [[K3 League]] (4)
** [[Hwaseong FC]]
** [[Paju Citizen FC|Paju Citizen]]
** [[Pyeongtaek Citizen FC|Pyeongtaek Citizen]]
** [[Yangju Citizen FC|Yangju Citizen]]
* [[K4 League]] (5)
** [[Goyang Citizen FC|Goyang Citizen]]
** [[Pocheon Citizen FC|Pocheon Citizen]]
** [[Siheung Citizen FC|Siheung Citizen]]
** [[Yangpyeong FC]]
** [[Yeoju FC]]
* [[WK-League]] (2)
** [[Suwon FMC]]
** [[Daekyo Kangaroos WFC|Goyang Daekyo Noonnoppi Kangaroos]]

====Baseball====
* [[Korea Baseball Organization]] (1)
** [[KT Wiz]]

====Basketball====
* [[Korean Basketball League|KBL]] (2)
** [[Anyang KGC]]
** [[Goyang Orion Orions]]
* [[Women's Korean Basketball League|WKBL]] (4)
** [[Yongin Samsung Life Blueminx]]
** Ansan Shinhan Bank S-Birds
** Guri KDB Life Winnus
** Bucheon KEB-Hana

====Volleyball====
* [[V-League (South Korea)|V-League]] Men (2)
** [[Suwon KEPCO Vixtorm]]
** [[Sangmu Shinhyup]]
* [[V-League (South Korea)|V-League]] Women (3)
** [[Suwon Hyundai Engineering & Construction Hillstate]]
** [[Seongnam Korea Expressway Hi-pass Zenith]]
** [[Hwaseong IBK Altos]]

====Ice hockey====
* [[Asia League Ice Hockey]] (1)
** [[HL Anyang]]

===Former sports clubs===

====Football====
* [[Anyang LG Cheetahs]] (1996–2003, [[Anyang]] → [[FC Seoul|Seoul]])
* [[Bucheon SK]] (1996–2005, [[Bucheon]] → [[Jeju United|Jeju]])
* [[Bucheon FMC Best WFC|Bucheon FMC Best]] (2010, Dissolved)
* [[Goyang Hi FC|Ansan H FC]]
* [[Goyang KB Kookmin Bank FC|Goyang KB Kookmin Bank]]
* [[Namyangju United FC|Namyangju United]]

====Basketball====
* [[Seoul Samsung Thunders|Suwon Samsung Thunders]] (1997–2001, [[Suwon]] → [[Seoul]])
* Bucheon Shinsegae Coolcat (2006–2012, Dissolved)

==Tourism==

===Entertainment===
* [[Everland]] theme park in [[Yongin|Yongin-si]]
* [[Korean Folk Village]] in [[Yongin|Yongin-si]]
* [[MBC Dramia|Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC) Dramia]] at [[Cheoin-gu]] in [[Yongin|Yongin-si]]; is the [[filming location]] of historical dramas such as ''[[Moon Embracing the Sun]]'', ''[[Jumong (TV series)|Jumong]]'', ''[[Queen Seondeok (TV series)|Queen Seondeok]]'' and ''[[Dong Yi (TV series)|Dong Yi]]''. Viewing tours are available, which includes traditional folk games, historical court dress and archery.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lee|first=Cin Woo|title=Beyond Seoul: 19 reasons to explore Korea|url=http://www.cnngo.com/seoul/visit/9-provinces-19-attractions-korea-311599|access-date=6 May 2012|newspaper=CNN Go|date=16 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421202050/http://www.cnngo.com/seoul/visit/9-provinces-19-attractions-korea-311599|archive-date=21 April 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Hallyuworld]] theme park, which is based on the 'Korean Fever', is under construction in [[Goyang]]
* [[Seoul Grand Park]] in [[Gwacheon]], which has the Korea's National Museum of Contemporary Art and a zoo * ski and golf resorts
* [[Icheon]] Hot Spring
* [[LetsRun Park Seoul|LetsRunPark]] in [[Gwacheon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kra.co.kr/globalEn/main.do|title=KRA {{!}} RACING {{!}} Life and Love KRA|website=www.kra.co.kr|language=en|access-date=2018-05-10|archive-date=2019-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103133332/http://www.kra.co.kr/globalEn/main.do|url-status=live}}</ref>
*The place is also known among KPOP fans as popular global [[K-pop|KPOP]] Star [[Jin (singer)|Jin]], member of [[BTS]] is from this province.{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}

===Gourmet===
Gyeonggi-do has long been famous for its [[Icheon]] rice, [[Yangpyeong]] Korean beef, [[Suwon]] cow ribs and Korean court cuisine, and marine delicacies made of fresh marine products from the west coast.

===Festival===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Area
! Festival Name
! Period
! Main Contents
! Sponsor/Supervision
|-
| rowspan="2"|Suwon
| Hwaseong Cultural Festival
| October
| Great King Jeong Jo parade, Hwaryeongjeon Heondarae, re-presentation of the 60th birthday banquet of Hyekyeongung Hong, re-presentation of Kwageo (state examination during the Joseon Dynasty)
National housewife scenery festival, traditional flag game, culture and art festival, international food festival, drawing of Mars
| Suwon City, Hwaseong Cultural Festival Committee
|-
| KBS Drama Festival
| August ~ October
| KBS Magic, Studio Tour, digital image machinery, public broadcasting, reconstructions of historical dramas, national amateur image contest
| Suwon City, KBS
|-
| rowspan="4"|Seongnam
| Seongnam Global Folk Art Festival
| May
| Global folk dancing, music and clothing festival with 400 performers from 12 countries participating
| Seongnam/Gyeongpyeong International Co., Ltd.
|-
| Seongnam Cultural Art Festival
| May~June, September~October
| International / dance / music / play / movie festivals, art / picture exhibitions, citizen composition contest, citizen singing contest
| Seongnam City, Seongnam Art Assembly and Members
|-
| Moran 5-Day Folk Festival
| April
| Traditional folk art performances, reminiscent folk song stage, art performance of modern taste
| Moran 5-Day Folk Festival Committee
|-
| Seongnam Art Village Lotus Festival
| July
| Lotus and nature workbook exhibition, lotus food and local food corner
| Lotus Festival Committee
|-
| rowspan="2"|Anyang
| Anyang Cultural Art Festival
| Mid-May
| Culture and art events such as art, music, dancing and plays
| Anyang Cultural Center and Art Assembly Anyang Branch
|-
| Anyang Citizen Festival
| October
| Local festival full of things to see / play / buy / eat
| Anyang City/Anyang Citizen Festival Committee
|-
| Goyang
| Goyang Haengju Cultural Festival
| April
| Seungjeon Street Parade, folk contest, Haengju Daecheop memorial services and rites
| Goyang City/Goyang Cultural Center
|-
| Bucheon
| Boksagol Art Festival
| May
| Student and citizen composition contest, street festival, image and picture subscription, art festival, citizen singing contest, dance contest, family musicals for children, play contest, music contest, citizen movie contest, citizen photography contest
| Korea Art Assembly Bucheon Branch
|-
| rowspan="4" |Ansan
| Danwon Art Festival (Kim Hong-do Festival)
| September
| Art Contest: art subscription contest, art appreciation classroom, street art contest
Ansan Kim Hong-do Festival: Danwon PR Hall, antique necessity products exhibition, yard play, art experience, traditional eateries
| Ansan City/Danwon Art Festival Committee
|-
| Byeolmangseong Art Festival
| September
| Byeolmangseong Festival, Byeolchomu performance, fireworks, teenager play festival, national music festival, other art events
| Ansan City/Ansan Art Assembly
|-
| Seongho Cultural Festival
| May
| Seongho admiration services, National Cultural Festival performances, Gyeonggi folk song choir performance, Seongho ideology academic contest, other events
| Ansan City/Ansan Cultural Center
|-
|[[Ansan Street Arts Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ansanfest.com/_en/|title=ANSAN STREET ARTS FESTIVAL 2018|website=www.ansanfest.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-10|archive-date=2018-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510184953/http://www.ansanfest.com/_en/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|May
|Ansan Street Arts Festival is street arts gala as a part of performing arts, which started in 2005 at Ansan and held in every May.
|Ansan City/Ansan Culture Square area
|-
| rowspan="3"|Uijeongbu
| Tongil Art Festival
| June
| Exhibition, traditional dance performance, Hanmaeum Citizen Singing Contest, composition contest, modern arts invitation
| Art Assembly Uijeongbu Branch
|-
| Hoeryong Cultural Festival
| October
| Reproduction of royal parade, exhibition, dragon dance, yard drama
| Uijeongbu Cultural Center
|-
| Uijeongbu International Music Performance Festival
| May
| Overseas group invitation/performance, college student showcase event, exhibition
| Uijeongbu Arts Center
|-
| rowspan="2"|Namyangju
| Dasan Cultural Festival
| September~October
| Awarding of Dasanmokmin Award, literature contest, traditional folk performance experience event
| Namyangju City/Namyangju Cultural Center
|-
| Namyangju Outdoor Performance Festival
| August
| Invitation/performance of famous domestic/foreign performers, teenager get-together yard, experience event
| Namyangju City
|-
| rowspan="2"|Gwangmyeong
| Gureum Mt. Art Festival
| October
| National Music Festival, art exhibition, painting exhibition, picture exhibition, composition contest, student music contest, play performance, National Music Contest
| Art Assembly Gwangmyeong Branch/Respective Associations
|-
| Ori Cultural Festival
| May
| Lecture on the life and ideology of Lee Won-ik, yard games, picture drawing, musicals, shortened marathon, masque dance performance
| Gwangmyeong Cultural Center
|-
| rowspan="2"|Siheung
| Mulwang Art Festival
| May
| National music yard festival, literature and art event, citizen singing contest
| Art Assembly Siheung Branch/Siheung City Hall
|-
| Yeonseong Cultural Festival
| October
| Juvenile drama, composition contest, open concert, totem trimming and services
| Siheung Cultural Center/Siheung City Hall
|-
| rowspan="2"|Gunpo
| Gunpo Citizen's Grand Festival
| April
| Masquerade parade, street exhibition, village concert, silver festival, photography contest
| rowspan="2"|Gunpo Cultural Information Department
|-
| Cheoljjuk Dongsan Festival
| April
| Exhibitions and concerts
|-
| rowspan="2"|Guri
| Guri Han River Rape Flower Festival
| May
| Fly away butterflies, concerts, citizen singer contests, art, writing contest, photography contest, teenager rock concert
| Guri/Korea Art Assembly Guri Branch
|-
| Guri Cosmos Festival
| September
| Eve celebration, Chinese arts circus, open-air movie appreciation, smiling picture photography, experience events
| Guri/Korea Art Assembly Guri Branch
|-
| Hanam
| Hanam Iseong Cultural Festival
| September
| Public broadcast attraction, provincial troupe performance, citizen performance, citizen participation yard
| Hanam City Hall/Hanam Cultural Center
|-
| Uiwang
| Uiwang Baekwun Art Festival
| October
| Walking on old street in Uiwang, I am an Artist Events: composition contest, sketch contest, fairy tale recital, puppet show, scenery games, making traditional toys, guitar performance
| Uiwang Baekwun Art Festival Committee
|-
| rowspan="3"|Anseong
| Anseong Namsadang Bawudeogi Festival
| September
| Art and science contest, taffy seller play, masque performance, tightrope walking performance, Baudeoki PR Hall, wayfaring male entertainer play of 6 yards, street play, general play, yard play, folk market and cattle market remake
| Anseong
|-
| Anseong Juksan International Art Festival
| June
| Dance, music, creative performance, Avantgarde Exhibition with globally famous artists, make-your-own-product with artists, film contest
| Smile Stone Co., Ltd.
|-
| Juksan Children Festival
| May
| For-children performance twice a day, experience
| Festival Troupe Mucheon
|-
| rowspan="2"|Yangju
| Yangju Traditional Culture and Art Festival
| May
| Intangible cultural assets and traditional folk art performance
| rowspan="2"|Yangju Festival Committee
|-
| Yangju Cultural Festival
| October
| Traditional folk art performance and participation event, unit event
|-
| Osan
| Doksanseong Culture and Art Festival
| September
| Art events such as culture event performance, citizen participation yard
| Osan City/Osan Cultural Center
|-
| rowspan="4"|Yeoju
| Sejong Cultural Grand Feast
| October
| Resident concert, Hangeul writing contest, empress travel, exhibitions, national picture subscription
| Yeoju City, Yeoju Cultural Center
Art Assembly Yeoju Branch
|-
| Yeoju Ceramics Exposition
| May
| Ceramics sales event, igniting of traditional oven, exhibition/performance event and experience event
| Yeoju, Yeoju Ceramics Exposition
|-
| Yeoju Artifact Exhibition
| October
| Farm products exhibition, outstanding product sales, international sweet potato cooking contest, farming experience event (sweet potato tour)
| Yeoju Artifact Exhibition Committee
Yeoju Agricultural Technology Center
|-
| Myeongseong
Empress Anniversary
| October
| Yeongsan memorial services, hyewon exorcism
| Yeoju City, Yeoju Cultural Center
|-
| rowspan="4"|Paju
| Yulgok Cultural Festival
| September
| Chuhyang ritual at Jawun Auditorium, art and science symposium, reconstruction of Confucian parade, Yulgok and Chinese poem writing contest, native writer invitation, calligraphy contest
| Paju City/Paju Cultural Center
|-
| Paju Children Book Hanmadang
| October
| Publications exhibition and sales, book culture hanmadang, seminar games hanmadang, experience & study
| Paju City, Paju Publication Complex
|-
| Heyri Festival
| October
| Art and plastic product exhibition at Heyri Village, construction tourism, performance, percussion, dance, play, classic jazz, workshop classrooms
| Paju City, Paju Construction Committee, Heyri Festival Committee
|-
| Paju Art Festival
| May
| Music performance, national music performance, literature seminar, literary writing contest, art association member exhibition
| Paju City/Paju Art Assembly
|-
| Dongducheon
| [[Dongducheon Rock Festival]]
| August
| Multi-day concert event featuring local, national, and international rock music performances.
| Dongducheon, Soyosan Tourist Resort
|}

== Partition proposal ==
{{main|Partition of Gyeonggi Province}}

==Sisterhood relations==
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Utah]], United States
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Aichi Prefecture]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pref.aichi.jp/soshiki/kokusai/belgiummou.html |script-title=ja:ベルギー3地域と「友好交流及び相互協力に関する覚書」を締結 |publisher=Government of Aichi Prefecture |language=ja |access-date=15 May 2017 |archive-date=28 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828190416/http://www.pref.aichi.jp/soshiki/kokusai/belgiummou.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|JPN}} [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], Japan
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Liaoning]], People's Republic of China
* {{flagdeco|NED}} [[North Holland]], Netherlands
* {{flagdeco|ZAF}} [[Gauteng]], South Africa
* {{flagdeco|MEX}} [[State of Mexico]], Mexico
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Virginia]], United States
* {{flagdeco|PRY}} [[Alto Paraná Department]], Paraguay
* {{flagdeco|AUS}} [[Queensland]], Australia
* {{flagdeco|ESP}} [[Catalonia]], Spain
* {{flagdeco|US}} [[Florida]], United States
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Guangdong]], People's Republic of China
* {{flagdeco|CAN}} [[British Columbia]], Canada
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Hebei]], People's Republic of China
* {{flagdeco|PRC}} [[Shandong]], People's Republic of China
* {{flagdeco|ROC}} [[Taiwan Province]], [[Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]
* {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Pahang]], Malaysia

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==External links==
{{commons and category|경기도|Gyeonggi-do}}
{{wikivoyage|Gyeonggi}}
{{Portal|South Korea}}
* {{URL|1=https://english.gg.go.kr/|2=Official website}} {{in lang|en}}
* {{URL|1=https://www.gyeonggido-korea.com/|2=Official blog}} {{in lang|en}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130526093022/http://www.invest.go.kr/ Invest in Gyeonggi Province – English]
* [http://en.ggtour.or.kr/ Gyeonggi Tourism Guide – English]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120216234043/http://dmz.gg.go.kr/ENG/index.asp DMZ – English]
* [http://www.kintex.com/client/_eng/index.jsp KINTEX – English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011031400/http://www.kintex.com/client/_eng/index.jsp |date=2012-10-11 }}
* [http://www.goyang.go.kr/ Goyang City Hall]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Gyeonggi [[Seoul]]
|North = [[North Hwanghae Province]], {{flag|North Korea}}
|Northeast = [[Kangwon Province (North Korea)|Gangwon Province]], {{flag|North Korea}}
|East = [[Gangwon Province (South Korea)|Gangwon Province]]
|Southeast = [[North Chungcheong Province]]
|South = [[South Chungcheong Province]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Incheon]] ''[[Yellow Sea]]'' [[Shandong]], {{flagu|China}}
|Northwest =
}}

{{Gyeonggi}}
{{regions and administrative divisions of South Korea}}
{{Eight Provinces of Korea}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gyeonggi Province| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of South Korea]]
[[Category:Provinces of Korea]]
[[Category:Regions of Korea]]
[[Category:Seoul Capital Area]]

2023 Paris attack

2023-12-05T05:32:53Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2023 Paris attack
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = near [[Pont de Bir-Hakeim]] in [[Paris]], [[France]]
| target =
| coordinates =
| date = 
| time =
| timezone =
| type =
| fatalities = 1
| injuries =
| victims = 
| perpetrators =  
| assailants = 
| weapons =
| numparts = 
| dfens = 
| motive = Islamic extremism
| inquiry =
| coroner =
| accused =
| convicted =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| charges =
| litigation =
| judge =
| website = 
| module =
}}
On 2 December 2023, an [[Islamic State]] knife and hammer attack was carried out against three people near [[Pont de Bir-Hakeim]] in [[Paris]], [[France]], killing one of them.<ref name=B>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-67604591 Paris attack near Eiffel Tower leaves one dead and two injured]</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main|Islamic terrorism in Europe|List of terrorist incidents in France|Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}}
Many Islamic terrorist attacks have been carried out in France during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, many of them in and around Paris.

== Attack ==
On Quai de Grenelle in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, just before 9pm on 2 December 2023, a man attacked three people using a knife and hammer as he shouted Allahu Akbar.<ref name=B/> One victim was killed.<ref name=B/>

== Reaction ==
Police Tasered the suspect near the scene<ref name=CNN>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/03/europe/paris-attack-eiffel-tower-hnk-intl/index.html|title=One dead, two injured in Paris knife and hammer attack near Eiffel Tower|author1=Chris Liakos|author2=Heather Chen|author3=Mitchell McCluskey|accessdate=4 December 2023|date=3 December 2023|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> and arrested him for premeditated murder and terrorist-motivated attempted murder.<ref name=B/> President Emmanuel Macron described it as a terrorist attack.<ref name=B/>

== Victims ==
The fatally attacked victim was a young man who was a tourist from the Philippines who was an immigrant in Germany.<ref name=B/> He was a nurse who was a naturalised German citizen.<ref name=B/> The surviving victims are a Frenchman aged around 60 and a 66-year-old British tourist.<ref name=B/><ref name=CNN/>

== Suspect ==
The suspect is Armand Rajabpour-Miyandoabis, a 26-year-old man who has mental health problems.<ref name=B/><ref name=CNN/> He was born in France in 1997 to Iranian parents.<ref name=B/><ref name=CNN/> He acquired [[French nationality law|French nationality]] on 20 March 2002, through the collective effet of his parents' [[naturalization]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=JORF n° 0069 du 22 mars 2002 - Légifrance |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/jo/2002/03/22/0069 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=legifrance.gouv.fr |page=5141 |language=fr |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Attaque à Paris : le terroriste Armand Rajabpour-Miyandoab se prénommait Iman jusqu’en 2003 |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/attaque-a-paris-le-terroriste-armand-rajabpour-miyandoab-se-prenommait-iman-a-la-naissance-20231203 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr}}</ref> His birth first name was Iman, but it was changed in 2003.<ref name=":0" /> He was released from prison in 2020 after serving four years for planning an attack. He has pledged allegiance to Islamic State.<ref name=B/>

== References ==
<references/>

{{Portal bar|Crime|France|Islam}}
{{Islamic State}}
{{Islamic terrorism in Europe}}

{{France-hist-stub}}
{{Islam-stub}}
{{terrorism-stub}}

[[Category:15th arrondissement of Paris]]

2023 Paris attack

2023-12-05T05:32:01Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2023 Paris attack
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| location = [[Paris]], France
| target =
| coordinates =
| date = 
| time =
| timezone =
| type =
| fatalities = 1
| injuries =
| victims = 
| perpetrators =  
| assailants = 
| weapons =
| numparts = 
| dfens = 
| motive = Islamic extremism
| inquiry =
| coroner =
| accused =
| convicted =
| verdict =
| convictions =
| charges =
| litigation =
| judge =
| website = 
| module =
}}
On 2 December 2023, an [[Islamic State]] knife and hammer attack was carried out against three people near [[Pont de Bir-Hakeim]] in [[Paris]], [[France]], killing one of them.<ref name=B>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-67604591 Paris attack near Eiffel Tower leaves one dead and two injured]</ref>

== Background ==
{{Main|Islamic terrorism in Europe|List of terrorist incidents in France|Paris attacks|Terrorism in France}}
Many Islamic terrorist attacks have been carried out in France during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, many of them in and around Paris.

== Attack ==
On Quai de Grenelle in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, just before 9pm on 2 December 2023, a man attacked three people using a knife and hammer as he shouted Allahu Akbar.<ref name=B/> One victim was killed.<ref name=B/>

== Reaction ==
Police Tasered the suspect near the scene<ref name=CNN>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/03/europe/paris-attack-eiffel-tower-hnk-intl/index.html|title=One dead, two injured in Paris knife and hammer attack near Eiffel Tower|author1=Chris Liakos|author2=Heather Chen|author3=Mitchell McCluskey|accessdate=4 December 2023|date=3 December 2023|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> and arrested him for premeditated murder and terrorist-motivated attempted murder.<ref name=B/> President Emmanuel Macron described it as a terrorist attack.<ref name=B/>

== Victims ==
The fatally attacked victim was a young man who was a tourist from the Philippines who was an immigrant in Germany.<ref name=B/> He was a nurse who was a naturalised German citizen.<ref name=B/> The surviving victims are a Frenchman aged around 60 and a 66-year-old British tourist.<ref name=B/><ref name=CNN/>

== Suspect ==
The suspect is Armand Rajabpour-Miyandoabis, a 26-year-old man who has mental health problems.<ref name=B/><ref name=CNN/> He was born in France in 1997 to Iranian parents.<ref name=B/><ref name=CNN/> He acquired [[French nationality law|French nationality]] on 20 March 2002, through the collective effet of his parents' [[naturalization]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=JORF n° 0069 du 22 mars 2002 - Légifrance |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/jo/2002/03/22/0069 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=legifrance.gouv.fr |page=5141 |language=fr |format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Attaque à Paris : le terroriste Armand Rajabpour-Miyandoab se prénommait Iman jusqu’en 2003 |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/attaque-a-paris-le-terroriste-armand-rajabpour-miyandoab-se-prenommait-iman-a-la-naissance-20231203 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Le Figaro |language=fr}}</ref> His birth first name was Iman, but it was changed in 2003.<ref name=":0" /> He was released from prison in 2020 after serving four years for planning an attack. He has pledged allegiance to Islamic State.<ref name=B/>

== References ==
<references/>

{{Portal bar|Crime|France|Islam}}
{{Islamic State}}
{{Islamic terrorism in Europe}}

{{France-hist-stub}}
{{Islam-stub}}
{{terrorism-stub}}

[[Category:15th arrondissement of Paris]]

Cyrillic O variants

2023-11-28T02:20:30Z

121.171.233.10: Undid revision 1187079158 by 김지성1 (talk)

{{Cyrillic alphabet navbox
}}
'''Monocular O''', '''Binocular O''', '''Double monocular O''' and '''Multiocular O''' are rare [[glyph]] variants of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter {{Script|Cyrl|[[O (Cyrillic)|O]]}}. In 2007, they were proposed for inclusion into [[Unicode]].<ref name="unicode proposal" />

==Monocular O==
'''Monocular O''' ([[Capital letter|Capital]]: {{Script|Cyrl|Ꙩ}}, [[Lower case|minuscule]]: {{Script|Cyrl|ꙩ}}) is one of the rare [[glyph]] variants of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter {{Script|Cyrl|[[O (Cyrillic)|O]]}}. This glyph variant was used in certain manuscripts in the [[root word]] {{slavonic|sla|ꙩко}} ([[eye]]),<ref name="unicode proposal">{{cite web |last=Everson |first=Michael |last2=Birnbaum |first2=David |last3=Cleminson |first3=Ralph |last4=Derzhanski |first4=Ivan |last5=Dorosh |first5=Vladislav |last6=Kryukov |first6=Alexej |last7=Paliga |first7=Sorin |last8=Ruppel |first8=Klaas |title=Proposal to encode additional Cyrillic characters in the BMP of the UCS |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf |date=2007-03-21 |access-date=2021-12-20 |page=4 |display-authors=3}}</ref> and also in some other functions, for example, in the word- and syllable-initial position. It is used in some late [[birchbark letters]] of the 14th and 15th centuries, where it is usually differentiated from a regular {{Script|Cyrl|о}}, used after consonants, also by width, being a [[broad On]] (ѻ) with a dot inside.

It resembles the [[Latin letter]] for the [[bilabial click]] (ʘ), and the [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic letter]] [[Hwair]] ({{Script|Goth|𐍈}}). It was proposed for inclusion into [[Unicode]] in 2007 alongside the [[Binocular O]], [[Double monocular O]], and [[Multiocular O]],<ref name="unicode proposal" /> and was incorporated as characters U+A668 (majuscule) and U+A669 (minuscule) in Unicode version 5.1 (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/DerivedAge.txt|title=Unicode Database - Derived Age|date=2021-07-10|access-date=2021-12-20}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| perrow = 1

| image1 = Cyrillic letter monocular O.svg
| caption1 = Monocular O
| width2 = 200
}}

==Binocular O==
'''Binocular O''' ([[Capital letter|majuscule]]: {{Script|Cyrl|Ꙫ}}, [[Lower case|minuscule]]: {{Script|Cyrl|ꙫ}}) is one of the exotic [[glyph]] variants of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter {{Script|Cyrl|[[O (Cyrillic)|O]]}}. This glyph variant can be found in certain manuscripts in the [[plural]] or [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms of the [[root word]] [[eye]], like {{slavonic|sla-Cyrl|Ꙫчи}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf |title=Proposal to encode additional Cyrillic characters in the BMP of the UCS |date=2007-03-21 |first1=Michael |last1=Everson |author-link1=Michael Everson |first2=David |last2=Birnbaum |first3=Ralph |last3=Cleminson |first4=Ivan |last4=Derzhanski |first5=Vladislav |last5=Dorosh |first6=Alexej |last6=Kryukov |first7=Sorin |last7=Paliga |first8=Klaas |last8=Ruppel |id=[[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2]]/WG2 N3194R, [[Unicode Technical Committee|UTC]] [[INCITS|L2]]/07-003R}}</ref>

A similar jocular glyph (called "double-dot wide O") has been suggested as a phonetic symbol for the "nasal-ingressive velar trill", a [[Paralanguage|paralinguistic]] impression of a snort, due to the graphic resemblance to a pig snout.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://specgram.com/CLXXI.1/18.vandermeer.j______.html|title=SpecGram—"Double-Dot Wide O / Nasal-Ingressive Voiceless Velar Trill"—by J–––– J––––––—Reviewed by Jonathan van der Meer|website=specgram.com}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| perrow = 1

| image1 = Cyrillic letter binocular O.svg
| caption1 = Binocular O
| width2 = 200
}}

===Computing encodings===
{{charmap
|A66A|name1=Cyrillic Capital Letter Binocular O
|A66B|name2=Cyrillic Small Letter Binocular O
}}

==Double monocular O==
'''Double monocular O''' ([[Capital letter|uppercase]]: {{Slavonic|Ꙭ}}, [[Lower case|lowercase]]: {{Slavonic|ꙭ}}) is one of the exotic [[glyph]] variants of the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter [[O (Cyrillic)|O]]. This glyph variant can be found in certain manuscripts in the [[plural]] or [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms of the word [[eye]], for example {{slavonic|cu-Cyrl|ꙭчи}} "[two] eyes". They were incorporated into [[Unicode]] as characters U+A66C<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+A66C|title=Unicode Character "Ꙭ" (U+A66C)}}</ref> and U+A66D<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+A66C|title=Unicode Character "ꙭ" (U+A66D)}}</ref> in Unicode version 5.1 (2008).

{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| perrow = 1

| image1 = Cyrillic letter double monocular O.svg
| caption1 = Double monocular O
| width2 = 200
}}

==Multiocular O==
'''Multiocular O''' ({{Slavonic|ꙮ}}) is a rare [[glyph]] variant of the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter [[O (Cyrillic)|O]]. This glyph variant can be found in a single 15th century manuscript, in the [[Old Church Slavonic]] phrase "{{Slavonic|cu-Cyrl|серафими многоꙮчитїй}}" (abbreviated "{{Slavonic|cu-Cyrl|мн҇оꙮчитїй}}") ({{transliteration|cu|serafimi mnogoočitii}}, "many-eyed [[seraph]]im"). It was documented by [[Yefim Karsky]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Карский|first=Ефим|title=Славянская кирилловская палеография|year=1979|location=Moscow|page=197}}</ref> in 1928 in a copy of the [[Psalms|Book of Psalms]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Рукопись 308. Псалтирь. напис. 1429 (?) года|url=http://www.stsl.ru/manuscripts/medium.php?col=1&manuscript=308&pagefile=308-0249|access-date=29 August 2011|at=folio 243v.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927102700/https://www.stsl.ru/manuscripts/medium.php?col=1&manuscript=308&pagefile=308-0249|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> (back of page 244) from around 1429, now found in the collection<ref>{{cite web|title=Славянские рукописи — Главная библиотека.|url=http://www.stsl.ru/manuscripts/index.php?col=1&gotomanuscript=300|access-date=29 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927102720/http://www.stsl.ru/manuscripts/index.php?col=1&gotomanuscript=300|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> of the [[Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius]].

There's a very likely chance that Multiocular O was a result of a writer’s attempt at depicting how many eyes the seraphim they were describing had.

The character was proposed for inclusion into [[Unicode]] in 2007<ref>{{cite web |last=Everson |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Everson |last2=Birnbaum |first2=David |last3=Cleminson |first3=Ralph |last4=Derzhanski |first4=Ivan |last5=Dorosh |first5=Vladislav |last6=Kryukov |first6=Alexej |last7=Paliga |first7=Sorin |last8=Ruppel |first8=Klaas |display-authors=3 |date=2007-03-21 |title=Proposal to encode additional Cyrillic characters in the BMP of the UCS |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410170851/http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-10 |access-date=2018-08-03 |page=4}}</ref> and incorporated as character U+A66E in Unicode version 5.1 (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+A66E#UNC_VERSION|title=Unicode Character "ꙮ" (U+A66E)|last=Compart AG|date=2018|access-date=2018-08-03|archive-date=2018-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014027/https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+A66E#UNC_VERSION|url-status=live}}</ref> The representative glyph had seven eyes. However, in 2021, following a [[Twitter|tweet]] highlighting the character,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/etiennefd/status/1322673792452354048 |title=Happy Halloween! I feel like I have to talk about something scary.[…] |author=((@etiennefd on [[Twitter]])) |date=2020-10-31 |accessdate=2022-11-02}}</ref> it came to linguist [[Michael Everson]]'s attention that the character in the 1429 manuscript was actually made up of ten eyes. After a 2022 proposal to change the character to reflect this, it was updated later that year for Unicode 15.0 to have ten eyes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-15.0/U150-A640.pdf |title=Cyrillic Extended-B; Range: A640–A69F |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213105253/https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-15.0/U150-A640.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Everson |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Everson |title=Proposal to revise the glyph of CYRILLIC LETTER MULTIOCULAR O |url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n5170-multiocular-o.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322045931/https://unicode.org/wg2/docs/n5170-multiocular-o.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-03-22}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| perrow = 3

| image1 = Cyrillic multiocular o in Psalter, 1429.jpg
| caption1 = The letter in the original manuscript.

| image2 = U+A66E multiocular O (10 eyes).svg
| caption2 = Multiocular O
| width2 = 200

| image3 = Cyrillic letter multiocular O.svg
| caption3 = The incorrect form originally implemented into Unicode (2007–2022).
| width3 = 150
}}

==See also==
* [[Cyrillic script in Unicode]]
* [[Broad On]]
* [[Omega (Cyrillic)]]
* ʘ : [[ʘ|Latin letter ʘ]]
* 𐍈 : [[𐍈|Gothic letter Hwair]]
* Ꚙ : [[Double O (Cyrillic)|Double O]]
* [[Slashed zero#Dotted zero|Dotted zero]]
* Ꚛ :[[Crossed O]]

==References==

<references />

[[Category:Eyes in culture]]
[[Category:Palaeographic letters|O]]
[[Category:Cyrillic letters]]

Cyrillic O variants

2023-11-28T00:51:47Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Cyrillic alphabet navbox
}}
'''Monocular O''', '''Binocular O''', '''Double monocular O''' and '''Multiocular O''' are rare [[glyph]] variants of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter {{Script|Cyrl|[[O (Cyrillic)|O]]}}. In 2007, they were proposed for inclusion into [[Unicode]].<ref name="unicode proposal" />

==Monocular O==
'''Monocular O''' ([[Capital letter|Capital]]: {{Script|Cyrl|Ꙩ}}, [[Lower case|minuscule]]: {{Script|Cyrl|ꙩ}}) is one of the rare [[glyph]] variants of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter {{Script|Cyrl|[[O (Cyrillic)|O]]}}. This glyph variant was used in certain manuscripts in the [[root word]] {{slavonic|sla|ꙩко}} ([[eye]]),<ref name="unicode proposal">{{cite web |last=Everson |first=Michael |last2=Birnbaum |first2=David |last3=Cleminson |first3=Ralph |last4=Derzhanski |first4=Ivan |last5=Dorosh |first5=Vladislav |last6=Kryukov |first6=Alexej |last7=Paliga |first7=Sorin |last8=Ruppel |first8=Klaas |title=Proposal to encode additional Cyrillic characters in the BMP of the UCS |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf |date=2007-03-21 |access-date=2021-12-20 |page=4 |display-authors=3}}</ref> and also in some other functions, for example, in the word- and syllable-initial position. It is used in some late [[birchbark letters]] of the 14th and 15th centuries, where it is usually differentiated from a regular {{Script|Cyrl|о}}, used after consonants, also by width, being a [[broad On]] (ѻ) with a dot inside.

It resembles the [[Latin letter]] for the [[bilabial click]] (ʘ), and the [[Gothic alphabet|Gothic letter]] [[Hwair]] ({{Script|Goth|𐍈}}). It was proposed for inclusion into [[Unicode]] in 2007 alongside the [[Binocular O]], [[Double monocular O]], and [[Multiocular O]],<ref name="unicode proposal" /> and was incorporated as characters U+A668 (majuscule) and U+A669 (minuscule) in Unicode version 5.1 (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/DerivedAge.txt|title=Unicode Database - Derived Age|date=2021-07-10|access-date=2021-12-20}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
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| image1 = Cyrillic letter monocular O.svg
| caption1 = Monocular O
| width2 = 200
}}

==Binocular O==
'''Binocular O''' ([[Capital letter|majuscule]]: {{Script|Cyrl|Ꙫ}}, [[Lower case|minuscule]]: {{Script|Cyrl|ꙫ}}) is one of the exotic [[glyph]] variants of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter {{Script|Cyrl|[[O (Cyrillic)|O]]}}. This glyph variant can be found in certain manuscripts in the [[plural]] or [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms of the [[root word]] [[eye]], like {{slavonic|sla-Cyrl|Ꙫчи}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf |title=Proposal to encode additional Cyrillic characters in the BMP of the UCS |date=2007-03-21 |first1=Michael |last1=Everson |author-link1=Michael Everson |first2=David |last2=Birnbaum |first3=Ralph |last3=Cleminson |first4=Ivan |last4=Derzhanski |first5=Vladislav |last5=Dorosh |first6=Alexej |last6=Kryukov |first7=Sorin |last7=Paliga |first8=Klaas |last8=Ruppel |id=[[ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2]]/WG2 N3194R, [[Unicode Technical Committee|UTC]] [[INCITS|L2]]/07-003R}}</ref>

A similar jocular glyph (called "double-dot wide O") has been suggested as a phonetic symbol for the "nasal-ingressive velar trill", a [[Paralanguage|paralinguistic]] impression of a snort, due to the graphic resemblance to a pig snout.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://specgram.com/CLXXI.1/18.vandermeer.j______.html|title=SpecGram—"Double-Dot Wide O / Nasal-Ingressive Voiceless Velar Trill"—by J–––– J––––––—Reviewed by Jonathan van der Meer|website=specgram.com}}</ref>

{{multiple image
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| caption_align = center
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| image1 = Cyrillic letter binocular O.svg
| caption1 = Binocular O
| width2 = 200
}}

==Double monocular O==
'''Double monocular O''' ([[Capital letter|uppercase]]: {{Slavonic|Ꙭ}}, [[Lower case|lowercase]]: {{Slavonic|ꙭ}}) is one of the exotic [[glyph]] variants of the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter [[O (Cyrillic)|O]]. This glyph variant can be found in certain manuscripts in the [[plural]] or [[dual (grammatical number)|dual]] forms of the word [[eye]], for example {{slavonic|cu-Cyrl|ꙭчи}} "[two] eyes". They were incorporated into [[Unicode]] as characters U+A66C<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+A66C|title=Unicode Character "Ꙭ" (U+A66C)}}</ref> and U+A66D<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+A66C|title=Unicode Character "ꙭ" (U+A66D)}}</ref> in Unicode version 5.1 (2008).

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Cyrillic letter double monocular O.svg
| caption1 = Double monocular O
| width2 = 200
}}

==Multiocular O==
'''Multiocular O''' ({{Slavonic|ꙮ}}) is a rare [[glyph]] variant of the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] letter [[O (Cyrillic)|O]]. This glyph variant can be found in a single 15th century manuscript, in the [[Old Church Slavonic]] phrase "{{Slavonic|cu-Cyrl|серафими многоꙮчитїй}}" (abbreviated "{{Slavonic|cu-Cyrl|мн҇оꙮчитїй}}") ({{transliteration|cu|serafimi mnogoočitii}}, "many-eyed [[seraph]]im"). It was documented by [[Yefim Karsky]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Карский|first=Ефим|title=Славянская кирилловская палеография|year=1979|location=Moscow|page=197}}</ref> in 1928 in a copy of the [[Psalms|Book of Psalms]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Рукопись 308. Псалтирь. напис. 1429 (?) года|url=http://www.stsl.ru/manuscripts/medium.php?col=1&manuscript=308&pagefile=308-0249|access-date=29 August 2011|at=folio 243v.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927102700/https://www.stsl.ru/manuscripts/medium.php?col=1&manuscript=308&pagefile=308-0249|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> (back of page 244) from around 1429, now found in the collection<ref>{{cite web|title=Славянские рукописи — Главная библиотека.|url=http://www.stsl.ru/manuscripts/index.php?col=1&gotomanuscript=300|access-date=29 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927102720/http://www.stsl.ru/manuscripts/index.php?col=1&gotomanuscript=300|archive-date=27 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> of the [[Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius]].

There's a very likely chance that Multiocular O was a result of a writer’s attempt at depicting how many eyes the seraphim they were describing had.

The character was proposed for inclusion into [[Unicode]] in 2007<ref>{{cite web |last=Everson |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Everson |last2=Birnbaum |first2=David |last3=Cleminson |first3=Ralph |last4=Derzhanski |first4=Ivan |last5=Dorosh |first5=Vladislav |last6=Kryukov |first6=Alexej |last7=Paliga |first7=Sorin |last8=Ruppel |first8=Klaas |display-authors=3 |date=2007-03-21 |title=Proposal to encode additional Cyrillic characters in the BMP of the UCS |url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410170851/http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/wg2/docs/n3194.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-10 |access-date=2018-08-03 |page=4}}</ref> and incorporated as character U+A66E in Unicode version 5.1 (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+A66E#UNC_VERSION|title=Unicode Character "ꙮ" (U+A66E)|last=Compart AG|date=2018|access-date=2018-08-03|archive-date=2018-08-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014027/https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+A66E#UNC_VERSION|url-status=live}}</ref> The representative glyph had seven eyes. However, in 2021, following a [[Twitter|tweet]] highlighting the character,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/etiennefd/status/1322673792452354048 |title=Happy Halloween! I feel like I have to talk about something scary.[…] |author=((@etiennefd on [[Twitter]])) |date=2020-10-31 |accessdate=2022-11-02}}</ref> it came to linguist [[Michael Everson]]'s attention that the character in the 1429 manuscript was actually made up of ten eyes. After a 2022 proposal to change the character to reflect this, it was updated later that year for Unicode 15.0 to have ten eyes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-15.0/U150-A640.pdf |title=Cyrillic Extended-B; Range: A640–A69F |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213105253/https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/Unicode-15.0/U150-A640.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Everson |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Everson |title=Proposal to revise the glyph of CYRILLIC LETTER MULTIOCULAR O |url=https://www.unicode.org/wg2/docs/n5170-multiocular-o.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322045931/https://unicode.org/wg2/docs/n5170-multiocular-o.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-03-22}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| caption_align = center
| perrow = 3

| image1 = Cyrillic multiocular o in Psalter, 1429.jpg
| caption1 = The letter in the original manuscript.

| image2 = U+A66E multiocular O (10 eyes).svg
| caption2 = Multiocular O
| width2 = 200

| image3 = Cyrillic letter multiocular O.svg
| caption3 = The incorrect form originally implemented into Unicode (2007–2022).
| width3 = 150
}}

==See also==
* [[Cyrillic script in Unicode]]
* [[Broad On]]
* [[Omega (Cyrillic)]]
* ʘ : [[ʘ|Latin letter ʘ]]
* 𐍈 : [[𐍈|Gothic letter Hwair]]
* Ꚙ : [[Double O (Cyrillic)|Double O]]
* [[Slashed zero#Dotted zero|Dotted zero]]
* Ꚛ :[[Crossed O]]

==References==

<references />

[[Category:Eyes in culture]]
[[Category:Palaeographic letters|O]]
[[Category:Cyrillic letters]]

Heilongjiang

2023-11-20T07:02:17Z

121.171.233.10:

{{short description|Province of China}}
{{For|the river known in Mandarin as Heilong Jiang|Amur River}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{stack|{{Infobox settlement

| name = Heilongjiang
| official_name = Province of Heilongjiang
| native_name = {{lang|zh-Hans|黑龙江省}}
| settlement_type = [[Province of China|Province]]
| translit_lang1 = Name
| translit_lang1_type = {{nobold|Chinese}}
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|zh-Hans|黑龙江省}} ({{transliteration|zh|Hēilóngjiāng Shěng}})
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nobold|Abbreviation}}
| translit_lang1_info1 = HL / {{linktext|lang=zh|黑}} ({{transliteration|zh|Hēi}})
| image_skyline = Snow scenery of Hailin City, Heilongjiang.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Hailin]] in the winter time
| image_map = Heilongjiang in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| mapsize = 275px
| map_alt = Map showing the location of Heilongjiang Province
| map_caption = Map showing the location of Heilongjiang Province
| coordinates = {{coord|48|N|129|E|type:adm1st|format=dms|display=it}}
| named_for = {{linktext|lang=zh|黑}} {{transl|zh|hēi}}—black {{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|龙}} {{transl|zh|lóng}}—dragon {{linktext|lang=zh|江}} {{transl|zh|jiāng}}—river [[Amur River]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[China]]
| seat_type = Capital {{nobold|(and largest city)}}
| seat = [[Harbin]]
| seat1_type =
| seat1 =
| parts_type = Divisions
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 13 [[Prefectures of China|prefectures]]
| p2 = 130 [[Counties of China|counties]]
| p3 = 1274 [[Townships of China|townships]]
|government_type = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
|governing_body = Heilongjiang Provincial People's Congress
| leader_title = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
| leader_name = [[Xu Qin]]
|leader_title1 = Congress chairman
|leader_name1 = Xu Qin
| leader_title2 = [[Governor (China)|Governor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Liang Huiling]]
|leader_title3 = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] chairman
|leader_name3 = [[Lan Shaomin]]
| leader_title4 = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4 = 84 deputies
| area_footnotes = <ref name=mofcom>{{cite web|title=Doing Business in China – Survey |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |publisher=Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130805091244/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |archive-date=5 August 2013 }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 454800
| area_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|6th]]
| elevation_max_m = 1690
| elevation_max_point = [[Datudingzi Mountain|Mt. Datudingzi]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|date=11 May 2021|title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html|access-date=11 May 2021|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]}}</ref>
| population_total = 31,850,088
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|20th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population density|28th]]
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition
| demographics1_info1 = [[Han Chinese|Han]]: 95% [[Manchu]]: 3% [[Koreans in China|Korean]]: 1% [[Mongol]]: 0.4% [[Hui people|Hui]]: 0.3%
| demographics1_title2 = Languages and dialects
| demographics1_info2 = [[Northeastern Mandarin]], [[Jilu Mandarin]], [[Jiaoliao Mandarin]], [[Mongols|Mongolian]], [[Manchu]], [[Russians|Russian]]
| iso_code = CN-HL
| blank_name_sec1 = GDP<ref name="data2022">{{cite web|url=https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103|title=National Data|publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]]|date=1 March 2022|access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
| blank_info_sec1 = 2022
| blank1_name_sec1 =  – Total
| blank1_info_sec1 = ¥1.59 trillion ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP|25th]]) $236 billion (nominal)
| blank2_name_sec1 =  – Per capita
| blank2_info_sec1 = ¥51,906 ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita|30th]]) $7,717 (nominal)
| blank3_name_sec1 =  – Growth
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 2.7%
| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2021)
| blank4_info_sec2 = 0.743<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/?interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab|website=globaldatalab.org|access-date=2021-12-31}}</ref> ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI|22nd]]) – {{color|#090|high}}
| website = {{Official URL}} {{in lang|zh}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|pic=Heilongjiang (Chinese characters).svg
|picupright=0.55
|piccap="Heilongjiang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
|showflag=st
|s=黑龙江
|t=黑龍江
|p=Hēilóngjiāng
|gr=Heilongjiang
|bpmf=ㄏㄟ   ㄌㄨㄥˊ   ㄐㄧㄤ
|psp=Heilungkiang
|l="[[Black Dragon River]]"
|mi={{IPAc-cmn|h|ei|1|.|l|ong|2|.|j|iang|1}}
|w=Hei1-lung2-chiang1
|wuu=Ha平 lon上 kaon平
|j=Haak1-lung4-gong1
|y=Hāak-lùhng-gōng
|xej=حِ‌ِلْوڭِیَانْ
|ci={{IPAc-yue|h|aak|1|.|l|ung|4|.|g|ong|1}}
|tl=Hik-lîng-kang
|mnc=ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᡠᠯᠠ ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣ
|mnc_rom=Sahaliyan'ula golo
|mong=ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠮᠦ᠌ᠷᠡᠨ
|monr=Qaramörin
|order=st
}}
{{History of the Priamurye region}}
}}
'''Heilongjiang''' ({{lang-zh|黑龙江省}}, {{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|eɪ|l|ɒ|ŋ|ˈ|dʒ|æ|ŋ}};<ref>{{cite book |last1=Longman |first1=J.C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education ESL |isbn=978-1405881173 |edition=3}}</ref> [[Postal romanization|formerly romanized]] as '''Heilungkiang''') is a [[Provinces of China|province]] in [[northeast China]]. It is the northernmost and easternmost province of the country and contains China's northernmost point (in [[Mohe City]] along the Amur) and easternmost point (at the junction of the [[Amur River|Amur]] and [[Ussuri River|Ussuri]] rivers).

The province is bordered by [[Jilin]] to the south and [[Inner Mongolia]] to the west. It also [[China–Russia border|shares a border]] with [[Russia]] ([[Amur Oblast]], [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]], [[Khabarovsk Krai]], [[Primorsky Krai]] and [[Zabaykalsky Krai]]) to the north and east. The capital and the largest city of the province is [[Harbin]]. Among Chinese provincial-level [[Administrative divisions of China|administrative divisions]], Heilongjiang is the [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|sixth-largest by total area]], the [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|15th-most populous]], and the [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita|second-poorest by GDP per capita]] after only Gansu province.

The province takes its name from the [[Amur River]] (see the etymology section below for details) which marks [[China–Russia border|the border]] between the [[People's Republic of China]] and [[Russia]].

Heilongjiang has significant agricultural production,<ref name="Stratfor">{{cite web
|url=https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/heilongjiang-and-chinas-food-security
|title=Heilongjiang and China's Food Security
|date=2012-03-05
|publisher=Stratfor
|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref> and raw materials, such as timber, oil and coal.

==Etymology==
The province takes its name from the [[Amur River]], whose [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] name is ''Heilongjiang'' which is a literal and same-word-order translation of "black [[Chinese dragon|dragon]] river". ''Hei'' comes from qara/hara/har, a common [[Altaic language]] [[cognate]] meaning "black".<ref>{{cite journal|title="黑龙江"名出阿尔泰语考|date=2000|issue=3|page=52|last=杨富学|journal=语言与翻译(汉文)}}</ref> ''Long'' comes from the Mandarin word for "dragon". ''Jiang'' means "river" in Mandarin.

==History==
{{Moresources|section|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Saint Sofia Church.jpg|thumb|left|[[Saint Sophia Cathedral, Harbin|Saint Sofia Church, Harbin]]]]

Ancient Chinese records and other sources state that Heilongjiang was inhabited by people such as the [[Sushen people|Sushen]], [[Buyeo kingdom|Buyeo]], the [[Mohe people|Mohe]], and the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]. [[Mongol]]ic [[Donghu people]] lived in [[Inner Mongolia]] and the western part of Heilongjiang.<ref>[http://www.orientaldiscovery.com/html/2011/11/201111231554001713.html Origins of Minority Ethnic Groups in Heilongjiang] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322043037/http://www.orientaldiscovery.com/html/2011/11/201111231554001713.html |date=2014-03-22 }}</ref> Some names are Manchu or Mongolian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iqh.net.cn/lsdl_dmx_show.asp?column_id=2506&column_cat_id=469 |script-title=zh:浅谈黑龙江省地名的特点 |website=iqh.net.cn |language=zh-cn |access-date=16 January 2011 |archive-date=23 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723122439/http://www.iqh.net.cn/lsdl_dmx_show.asp?column_id=2506&column_cat_id=469 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The eastern portion of Heilongjiang was ruled by the [[Balhae|Bohai Kingdom]] between the 7th and 10th centuries, followed by the Khitan [[Liao dynasty]]. The Jurchen [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]] that subsequently ruled much of north China arose within the borders of modern Heilongjiang.

[[File:CEM-44-La-Chine-la-Tartarie-Chinoise-et-le-Thibet-1734-Amur-2572.jpg|thumb|left|Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces on a 1734 French map]]
Heilongjiang as an administrative entity was created in 1683, during the [[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi]] era of the [[Manchu]] [[Qing Dynasty]], from the northwestern part of the [[Jilin]] province.<ref name=edmonds>{{cite book|title=Northern Frontiers of Qing China and Tokugawa Japan: A Comparative Study of Frontier Policy|first=Richard Louis|last=Edmonds|publisher=University of Chicago, Department of Geography; Research Paper No. 213|isbn=0-89065-118-3|year=1985|page=6}}</ref> This Heilongjiang Province only included the western part of today's Heilongjiang Province, and was under the supervision of the General of Heilongjiang (Sahaliyan Ula i Jiyanggiyūn) (the title is also translated as the Military Governor of Heilongjiang; ''jiyanggiyūn'' is the Manchu reading of the Chinese word {{lang|zh-hant|將軍}} {{transl|zh|jiāngjūn}}; "military leader, general" and is cognate with [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ''[[shōgun]]''), whose power extended, according to the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]], as far north as the [[Stanovoy Mountains]]. The eastern part of what's today Heilongjiang remained under the supervision of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose power reached the [[Sea of Japan]]. These areas deep in [[Manchuria]] were closed off to [[Han Chinese]] migration.

[[File:镇守黑龙江等处地方将军印，黑龙江将军府.jpg|thumb|Seal of the Guard General of Heilongjiang at the Heilongjiang General Mansion]]
The original seat of the Military Governor of Heilongjiang, as established in 1683, was in Heilongjiang City (also known as [[Aigun]] or [[Heihe]], or, in [[Manchu language|Manchu]], Saghalien Ula), located on the Amur River. However, already in 1690 the seat of the governor was transferred to [[Nenjiang County|Nenjiang]] (Mergen) on the [[Nen River]], and, in 1699, further south to [[Qiqihar]]. According to modern historians, the moves may have been driven by supply considerations: Nenjiang and Qiqihar are connected by a convenient waterway (Nen River) with southern Manchuria, whereas accessing Aigun (Heihe) would require either sailing all the way down the [[Sungari River]] until its confluence with the Amur and then up the Amur to Heihe, or using a [[portage]] over the Lesser Xing'an Mountains between the Nen River valley and the Amur valley. An additional advantage of Qiqihar may have been its location at the junction of a northbound road (to Nenjiang) and a westbound one (to Mongolia), enabling its garrison to defend both against the Russians and the Ölöt [[Mongols]].<ref>Edmonds (1985), pp. 115–117</ref>

Little Qing Military presence existed north of Aigun. According to the 18th- and early-20th-century European sources and the reports of the Russians in the 1850s, the farthest Qing "advance guard" post was at Ulusu-Modon (Ulussu-Mudan) ({{zh|乌鲁苏穆丹}} ''Wūlǔsūmùdān''), near the Amur River's famous S-shaped meander. (The post was on the left (north) bank of the river, lost to the Russians in 1860.)

In 1858 and 1860, the [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] government was [[Amur Annexation|forced to give up]] all land beyond the [[Amur River|Amur]] and [[Ussuri River|Ussuri]] Rivers to the [[Russian Empire]], cutting off the Qing Empire from the [[Sea of Japan]] and giving Heilongjiang its present northern and eastern borders. At the same time, [[Manchuria]] was opened to [[Han Chinese]] migration by the [[Qing Dynasty|Qing]] government. By the early twentieth century, due to the ''[[Chuang Guandong]]'', the [[Han Chinese]] had become the dominant ethnic group in the region.<ref>Patrick Fuliang Shan, "Taming China's Wilderness: Immigration, Settlement, and the Shaping of the Heilongjiang Frontier, 1900–1931", Ashgate, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1-4094-6389-4}}</ref>

In 1931, Japanese forces [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria|invaded]] Heilongjiang. In 1932, the Japanese completed their conquest of the province, which became part of the [[Japan]]ese [[puppet state]] of [[Manchukuo]].

In 1945, Japanese forces in Manchuria were [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|defeated by the Soviet Army]]. During the [[Chinese Civil War]], Soviet forces aided the Chinese communists. Heilongjiang became the first province to be completely controlled by the communists and [[Harbin]] the first major city to be controlled by them.

At the beginning of communist rule, Heilongjiang included only the western portion of the present-day province, and had its capital at Qiqihar. The remaining area was the [[Songjiang Province|province of Songjiang]]; its capital was Harbin. In 1954, these two provinces were merged into present-day Heilongjiang. During the [[Cultural Revolution]], Heilongjiang was also expanded to include [[Hulunbuir League]] and some other areas previously in [[Inner Mongolia]]; this has since mostly been reversed.
[[File:Jixi Xingguo Middle Road.jpg|thumb|400px|[[Jixi]]]]

==Geography==
{{Unsourced|section|date=August 2022}}
Heilongjiang is a land of varied topographies. Much of the province is dominated by mountain ranges such as the [[Greater Khingan]] Range and [[Lesser Khingan]] Range, [[Zhangguangcai Mountains]], [[Laoye Mountains]], and [[Wanda Mountains]]. The highest peak is [[Datudingzi Mountain]] at {{convert|1690|m}}, located on the border with [[Jilin]] province. The Greater Khingan Range contains China's largest remaining virgin forest and is an important area for China's forestry industry.

The east and southwest of the province, which are relatively flat and low in altitude, feature the [[Muling River]], the [[Naoli River]], the [[Songhua River]], the [[Nen River]], and the [[Mudan River]], all tributaries of the [[Amur River|Amur]], while the northern border forms part of the [[Amur River|Amur]] valley. [[Xingkai Lake]] (or [[Khanka Lake]]) is found on the border with [[Russia]]'s [[Primorsky Krai]].

===Climate===
[[File:雾凇 QQ696847 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Winter in Heilongjiang]]
A [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dwa'' or ''Dwb'') predominates in the province, though areas in the far north are [[Subarctic climate|subarctic]] (Köppen ''Dwc'').<ref>{{Citation |last=A |first=Peel, M. C. , Finlayson, B. L. , and McMahon, T. |title=Climate map of Asia, excluding (South)west-Asia (from the "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification"). |date=2007-10-12 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asia_Koppen_Map.png |access-date=2022-03-12}}</ref> Winters are long and bitter, with an average of {{convert|−31|to|−15|°C|°F|0}} in January, and summers are short and warm to very warm with an average of {{convert|18|to|23|°C|°F|0}} in July. The annual average rainfall is {{convert|400|to|700|mm|in|0}}, concentrated heavily in summer. Clear weather is prevalent throughout the year, and in the spring, the [[Songnen Plain]] and the [[Sanjiang Plain]] provide abundant sources of wind energy.

The province's largest cities include [[Harbin]], [[Qiqihar]], [[Mudanjiang]], [[Jiamusi]], [[Daqing]], [[Jixi]], [[Shuangyashan]], [[Hegang]], [[Qitaihe]], [[Yichun, Heilongjiang|Yichun]], and [[Heihe]].

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:60%; font-size:95%;"
|+'''Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for some locations in Heilongjiang province of China'''
|-
! scope="col" | City
! scope="col" | July (°C)
! scope="col" | July (°F)
! scope="col" | January (°C)
! scope="col" | January (°F)
|-
| [[Harbin]] || 27.9/18.3 || 82.2/64.9 || –12.5/–24.1 || 9.5/–11.4
|-
| [[Jiamusi]] || 27.6/17.7 || 81.7/63.9 || –12.7/–24 || 9.1/–11.2
|-
| [[Hegang]] || 26.5/17.4 || 80/63.3 || –12.7/–20.8 || 9.1/–5.4
|-
| [[Yichun, Heilongjiang|Yichun]] || 27.1/15.5 || 80.8/59.9 || –14.5/–29.1 || 5.9/–20.4
|}

==Transport==

===Roads===
Heilongjiang boasts an extensive road network. As of October 2020, it has {{Cvt|165989|km}} of expressways,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jt.hlj.gov.cn/jg/jtgk/|title = 黑龙江省交通运输厅}}</ref> highways and other roads. The [[G1 Beijing–Harbin Expressway|Beijing - Harbin Expressway]] is the most significant expressway corridor to the province, which begins at the Heilongjiang - Jilin border and ends within the [[G1001 Harbin Ring Expressway|Harbin Ring Expressway]]. The [[G1011 Harbin–Tongjiang Expressway|Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway]] runs northeast and it links far-flung counties within the jurisdiction of Harbin, Jiamusi and other major counties in Northeast Heilongjiang. Near the end of Harbin - Tongjiang Expressway, [[G1012 Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway|Jiansanjiang–Heixiazi Island Expressway]] branches off the main expressway at Jiansanjiang and connects many state-owned farms at the far east of the province before ending near the Sino-Russian border. The [[G10 Suifenhe–Manzhouli Expressway|Suifenhe - Manzhouli Expressway]] is another major corridor, it runs southeast to northwest and connects some of the most significant population centers of the province, including Mudanjiang, Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, before ending at the Heilongjiang - Inner Mongolia border. The [[G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway|Hegang - Dalian Expressway]] runs between Hegang and the Heilongjiang - Jilin border in East Heilongjiang, is another major expressway that facilitates the transportation of lumber and coal.

===Railways===
There are 60 railway lines of around {{convert|5,300|km|mile|abbr=off}} including a section of the [[Eurasian Land Bridge]]. The [[Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway]], completed in 2012, stretches from Harbin, Heilongjiang's capital, to [[Dalian]] in Liaoning province via [[Changchun]] and [[Shenyang]] comprising 23 stops. It is expected to transport 37 million passengers per year by 2020 and 51 million by 2030.

===Airports===
Major airports include [[Harbin Taiping International Airport]], [[Qiqihar Airport]], [[Mudanjiang Airport]], [[Jiamusi Airport]] and [[Heihe Airport]]. Harbin International Airport is capable of handling six million passengers every year and connects to over 70 domestic and international cities.

===Waterways===

===Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge===
{{Main|Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge}}

The [[Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge]] was proposed in 2007 by [[Valery Solomonovich Gurevich]], the vice-chairman of the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast]] in [[Russia]]. The railway bridge over the [[Amur River]] will connect Tongjiang with [[Nizhneleninskoye]], a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.<ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200706/19/eng20070619_385591.html Proposed bridge to boost bilateral trade], ''China Daily'', 19 June 2007.</ref>

The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016.<ref name="NYT71616">{{cite news|author1=Andrew Higgins | title=An Unfinished Bridge, and Partnership, Between Russia and China | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/17/world/asia/unfinished-bridge-russia-china-amur-river.html | work=The New York Times | date=16 July 2016 | access-date=17 July 2016}}</ref> In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019.<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/21/russia-completes-construction-on-first-ever-rail-bridge-to-china-a64900 |title = Russia Completes Construction of First-Ever Rail Bridge to China | date = March 21, 2019| newspaper =[[The Moscow Times]]|access-date=November 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{citation| url = https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5c9321df9a79475e283c5f69 | title=Россия и Китай соединили железнодорожный мост через Амур | trans-title=Russia and China connected a railway bridge across the Amur| language=ru| date = March 21, 2019 | publisher=[[RBK Group]]|access-date=November 16, 2020}}</ref> Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.com/economy/1099607|title=Railway bridge over Amur river to China will be built by end of 2020, envoy says|website=TASS|access-date=November 16, 2020}}</ref> and then 3rd quarter of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dvnovosti.ru/eao/2020/02/17/110702/|title=Новости Хабаровска|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204141819/https://www.dvnovosti.ru/eao/2020/02/17/110702/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
{{main|List of administrative divisions of Heilongjiang|List of township-level divisions of Heilongjiang}}
Heilongjiang is divided into thirteen [[Administrative divisions of China#Prefectural level|prefecture-level divisions]]: twelve [[Prefecture-level city|prefecture-level cities]] (including a [[Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China|sub-provincial city]]) and one [[Prefectures of the People's Republic of China|prefecture]]:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"
! colspan="9" |Administrative divisions of Heilongjiang
|-
| colspan="9" style="font-size:larger" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Heilongjiang.svg|width=600|link=|font-size=85%}}
{{Image label|x=465|y=900|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Harbin]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=210|y=675|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Qiqihar]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=780|y=905|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Jixi]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=695|y=695|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Hegang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=780|y=800|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Shuangyashan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=225|y=800|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Daqing]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=555|y=670|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Yichun, Heilongjiang|Yichun]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=740|y=745|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Jiamusi]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=680|y=870|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Qitaihe]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=605|y=990|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Mudanjiang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=420|y=510|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Heihe]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=380|y=755|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Suihua]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=190|y=170|scale=600/1000|text='''[[Daxing'anling Prefecture|Daxing'anling Prefecture]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=420|y=100|scale=600/1000|text=☐ '''Jiagedaqi Dist. & Songling Dist. is de facto subordinate to Daxing'anling Pref. but de jure part of [[Oroqen Autonomous Banner|Oroqen Aut. Ban.]], [[Inner Mongolia]].'''}}
{{Image label end}}</div>
|-
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |access-date=11 December 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Area in km2<ref name="nj2013">{{cite book |language=zh-hans|author=Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |script-title=zh:《深圳统计年鉴2014》 |url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm |archive-date=2015-05-12 |date=|accessdate=2015-05-29}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Population 2010<ref>{{cite book| author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China| author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China | script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料|date=2012|publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |location=Beijing|isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2|edition=1}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Seat
!! scope="col" colspan="4" | Divisions<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Ministry of Civil Affairs |script-title=zh:《中国民政统计年鉴2014》|date=August 2014 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn= 978-7-5037-7130-9|author-link=Ministry of Civil Affairs }}</ref>
|-
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[District (China)|Districts]]*
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|Counties]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China|Aut. counties]]
!! scope="col" width="45" | [[County-level city|CL cities]]
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 230000 !! Heilongjiang Province
| 454,800.00 || 38,312,224 || [[Harbin]] city || 54 || 45 || 1 || 21
|- bgcolor="#98FB98"
! 230100 !! [[Harbin]] city
| 53,523.50 || 10,635,971 || [[Songbei District]] || 9 || 7 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 2
|-
! 230200 !! [[Qiqihar]] city
| 42,205.81 || 5,367,003 || [[Jianhua District]] || 7 || 8 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|-
! 230300 !! [[Jixi]] city
| 22,488.46 || 1,862,161 || [[Jiguan District]] || 6 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 2
|-
! 230400 !! [[Hegang]] city
| 14,679.98 || 1,058,665 || [[Xiangyang District, Hegang|Xiangyang District]] || 6 || 2 ||bgcolor="grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 230500 !! [[Shuangyashan]] city
| 26,483.00 || 1,462,626 || [[Jianshan District]] || 4 || 4 ||bgcolor="grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 230600 !! [[Daqing]] city
| 22,161.00 || 2,904,532 || [[Sartu District]] || 5 || 3 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 230700 !! [[Yichun, Heilongjiang|Yichun]] city
| 39,017.00 || 1,148,126 || [[Yimei District]] || 4 || 5 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|-
! 230800 !! [[Jiamusi]] city
| 31,528.00 || 2,552,097 || [[Qianjin District, Jiamusi|Qianjin District]] || 4 || 3 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 3
|-
! 230900 !! [[Qitaihe]] city
| 6,221.42 || 920,419 || [[Taoshan District]] || 3 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"| ||bgcolor="grey"|
|-
! 231000 !! [[Mudanjiang]] city
| 40,233.00 || 2,798,723 || [[Dong'an District]] || 4 || 1 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 5
|-
! 231100 !! [[Heihe]] city
| 66,802.65 || 1,673,898 || [[Aihui District]] || 1 || 2 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 3
|-
! 231200 !! [[Suihua]] city
| 34,964.17 || 5,416,439 || [[Beilin District, Suihua|Beilin District]] || 1 || 6 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 3
|-
! 232700 !! [[Daxing'anling Prefecture]]
| 46,755.00≈ || 511,564 || [[Jiagedaqi District]]** (''de facto''); [[Mohe, Heilongjiang|Mohe]] city (''de jure'') || 4** || 2 ||bgcolor="grey"| || 1
|-
| colspan="9" | {{legend|#98FB98|[[Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China|Sub-provincial cities]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> – including [[District (China)#Ethnic districts|Ethnic districts]] 
<nowiki>**</nowiki> – administrative districts not registered under the Ministry of Civil Affairs (not included in the total Districts' count) 
<nowiki>≈</nowiki> – not including territories within [[Inner Mongolia]] (if included: {{convert|82928.80|km2|disp=or|abbr=on}})
|}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 4
| total_width = 1000
| image1 = 齐齐哈尔城市风光.JPG
| image2 = Night of mudanjiang, china.jpg
| image3 = Daqing Skyline cropped 01.jpg
| image4 = The Tengfei Overpass in Jixi City.jpg
| footer = From left to right: Qiqihar, Mudanjiang, Daqing, Jixi
| align = center
| direction =
| alt1 = People playing American football
| caption1 =
| caption2 =
| alt2 = People playing baseball
| alt3 = People playing basketball
}}

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
! colspan="5" |Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English !! Chinese !! Pinyin
|-
| '''Heilongjiang Province''' || {{lang|zh-hans|黑龙江省}} || {{transl|zh|Hēilóngjiāng Shěng}}
|-
| [[Harbin]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|哈尔滨市}} || {{transl|zh|Hā'ěrbīn Shì}}
|-
| [[Qiqihar]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|齐齐哈尔市}} || {{transl|zh|Qíqíhā'ěr Shì}}
|-
| [[Jixi]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|鸡西市}} || {{transl|zh|Jīxī Shì}}
|-
| [[Hegang]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|鹤岗市}} || {{transl|zh|Hègǎng Shì}}
|-
| [[Shuangyashan]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|双鸭山市}} || {{transl|zh|Shuāngyāshān Shì}}
|-
| [[Daqing]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|大庆市}} || {{transl|zh|Dàqìng Shì}}
|-
| [[Yichun, Heilongjiang|Yichun]] city || {{lang|zh|伊春市}} || {{transl|zh|Yīchūn Shì}}
|-
| [[Jiamusi]] city || {{lang|zh|佳木斯市}} || {{transl|zh|Jiāmùsī Shì}}
|-
| [[Qitaihe]] city || {{lang|zh|七台河市}} || {{transl|zh|Qītáihé Shì}}
|-
| [[Mudanjiang]] city || {{lang|zh|牡丹江市}} || {{transl|zh|Mǔdānjiāng Shì}}
|-
| [[Heihe]] city || {{lang|zh|黑河市}} || {{transl|zh|Hēihé Shì}}
|-
| [[Suihua]] city || {{lang|zh-hans|绥化市}} || {{transl|zh|Suíhuà Shì}}
|-
| [[Daxing'anling Prefecture]] || {{lang|zh-hans|大兴安岭地区}} || {{transl|zh|Dàxīng'ānlǐng Dìqū}}
|}

(Additional information regarding the last prefecture can be found at [[Greater Khingan]].)

These 13 prefecture-level divisions are subdivided into 128 [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#County level|county-level divisions]] (65 [[District of China|district]]s, 20 [[county-level cities]], 42 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]], and one [[autonomous county]]). Those are in turn divided into 1,284 [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|township-level divisions]] (473 [[town of China|town]]s, 400 [[Townships of the People's Republic of China|township]]s, 58 [[ethnic township]]s, and 353 [[Subdistricts of China|subdistrict]]s).

===Urban areas===
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan="6" | Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
|-
!#!!City!!style ="background-color: #aaaaff;"|Urban area<ref name="2010PRCcensus"/>!!style ="background-color: #aaffaa;"|District area<ref name="2010PRCcensus"/>!!style ="background-color: #ffaaaa;"|City proper<ref name="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |others=Compiled by {{lang|zh-hans|国务院人口普查办公室}} [Department of Population Census of the State Council], {{lang|zh-hans|国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编}} [Department of Population and Social Science and Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics] |date=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6 }}</ref>!!Census date
|-
|1||'''[[Harbin]]'''{{efn|name=Harbin|New district established after census: [[Shuangcheng District|Shuangcheng (Shuangcheng CLC)]]. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||4,933,054||5,878,939||10,635,971||2010-11-01
|- bgcolor="lightyellow" class="sortbottom"
|(1)||Harbin {{small|(new district)}}{{efn|name=Harbin}}||244,898||825,634||{{small|''see Harbin''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|2||[[Daqing]]||1,433,698||1,649,825||2,904,532||2010-11-01
|-
|3||[[Qiqihar]]||1,314,720||1,553,788||5,367,003||2010-11-01
|-
|4||[[Mudanjiang]]||790,623||965,154||2,798,723||2010-11-01
|-
|5||[[Jixi]]||746,889||862,959||1,862,165||2010-11-01
|-
|6||[[Yichun, Heilongjiang|Yichun]]{{efn|name=Yichun|The stats are reorganized after Yichun reorganization in July 2019.}}||694,019||428,306||1,148,126||2010-11-01
|-
|7||[[Jiamusi]]||631,357||881,711||2,552,097||2010-11-01
|-
|8||[[Hegang]]||600,941||664,471||1,058,665||2010-11-01
|-
|9||[[Qitaihe]]||503,678||620,987||920,471||2010-11-01
|-
|10||[[Shuangyashan]]||481,110||501,827||1,462,626||2010-11-01
|-
|11||[[Suihua]]||364,225||877,114||5,418,153||2010-11-01
|-
|12||[[Zhaodong]]||358,606||903,067||{{small|''see Suihua''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|13||[[Shangzhi]]||269,699||585,386||{{small|''see Harbin''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|14||[[Wuchang, Heilongjiang|Wuchang]]||259,836||881,224||{{small|''see Harbin''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|15||[[Bei'an]]||248,471||436,444||{{small|''see Heihe''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|16||[[Tieli]]{{efn|name=Yichun}}||235,148||349,369||{{small|''see Yichun''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|17||[[Nehe]]||233,724||625,892||{{small|''see Qiqihar''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|18||[[Anda, Heilongjiang|Anda]]||223,486||472,826||{{small|''see Suihua''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|19||[[Hailin]]||216,633||400,859||{{small|''see Mudanjiang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|20||[[Fujin City|Fujin]]||215,237||437,165||{{small|''see Jiamusi''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|21||[[Hulin]]||193,028||317,884||{{small|''see Jixi''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|22||[[Hailun]]||188,461||769,437||{{small|''see Suihua''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|23||[[Mishan]]||176,612||407,451||{{small|''see Jixi''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|24||[[Wudalianchi]]||148,465||326,391||{{small|''see Heihe''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|25||[[Heihe]]||147,042||211,313||1,673,899||2010-11-01
|-
|26||[[Jiagedaqi District|Jiagedaqi]]{{efn|name=Jiagedaqi|Jiagedaqi Administrative Zone is a special urban area jurisdiction that is de jure part of [[Hulunbuir]], Inner Mongolia but, currently de facto under Daxing'anling Prefecture control.}}||142,465||154,359||{{small|''part of [[Daxing'anling Prefecture]]''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|27||[[Ning'an]]||128,469||437,452||{{small|''see Mudanjiang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|28||[[Suifenhe]]||128,363||132,315||{{small|''see Mudanjiang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|29||[[Muling]]||112,882||293,271||{{small|''see Mudanjiang''}}||2010-11-01
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
|(30)||[[Dongning, Heilongjiang|Dongning]]{{efn|name=Dongning|Dongning County is currently known as Dongning CLC after census.}}||112,425||200,716||{{small|''see Mudanjiang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|31||[[Tongjiang, Heilongjiang|Tongjiang]]||99,829||179,791||{{small|''see Jiamusi''}}||2010-11-01
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
|(32)||[[Fuyuan, Heilongjiang|Fuyuan]]{{efn|name=Fuyuan|Fuyuan County is currently known as Fuyuan CLC after census.}}||74,435||126,694||{{small|''see Jiamusi''}}||2010-11-01
|- bgcolor="lightyellow"
|(33)||[[Mohe, Heilongjiang|Mohe]]{{efn|name=Mohe|Mohe County is currently known as Mohe CLC after census.}}||71,307||83,414||{{small|''part of [[Daxing'anling Prefecture]]''}}||2010-11-01
|}
{{notelist}}
{{Largest cities
|largest = Most populous
|country = Heilongjiang
|kind = cities
|stat_ref = Source: ''China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018'' Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population<ref>{{cite book |author=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development]] of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) |url=http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |date=2019 |title=中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 |trans-title=China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 |language=zh |location=Beijing |publisher=China Statistic Publishing House |access-date=29 November 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718211023/http://www.mohurd.gov.cn/xytj/tjzljsxytjgb/jstjnj/w02020032722244243052500000.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|list_by_pop =

|city_1 = Harbin
|pop_1 = 4,860,000
|img_1 = Nangang, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China - panoramio (3).jpg

|city_2 = Daqing
|pop_2 = 1,425,000
|img_2 = 三永湖灯塔2017夏.jpg

|city_3 = Qiqihar
|pop_3 = 1,094,000
|img_3 = 国脉大厦28层俯瞰一马路 QQ696847 - panoramio.jpg

|city_4 = Yichun, Heilongjiang{{!}}Yichun
|pop_4 = 765,200
|img_4 = Sight of the city from the top of Xing'an Tower, Yichun, Heilongjiang, China.jpg

|city_5 = Jixi
|pop_5 = 674,500

|city_6 = Mudanjiang
|pop_6 = 672,000

|city_7 = Jiamusi
|pop_7 = 590,000

|city_8 = Hegang
|pop_8 = 526,000

|city_9 = Shuangyashan
|pop_9 = 457,000

|city_10 = Qitaihe
|pop_10 = 418,700

|city_11 = Suihua
|pop_11 = 375,100

|city_12 = Zhaodong
|pop_12 = 243,000

|city_13 = Anda, Heilongjiang{{!}}Anda
|pop_13 = 232,900

|city_14 = Wuchang, Heilongjiang{{!}}Wuchang
|pop_14 = 190,300

|city_15 = Shangzhi
|pop_15 = 156,600

|city_16 = Heihe
|pop_16 = 148,000

|city_17 = Hailun
|pop_17 = 138,000

|city_18 = Bei'an
|pop_18 = 130,700

|city_19 = Fujin City{{!}}Fujin
|pop_19 = 125,500

|city_20 = Tieli
|pop_20 = 116,300
}}

==Politics==
{{Prose|date=April 2020}}
{{further|List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China}}
[[File:黑龙江省人民政府大楼2017夏.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Heilongjiang Province People's Government]]

List of secretaries of the [[Chinese Communist Party]] Heilongjiang Committee:
#[[Zhang Qilong]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|张启龙}}; 1949–1950)
#[[Zhao Dezun]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|赵德尊}}; 1950–1953)
#[[Feng Jixin]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|冯纪新}}; 1953–1954)
#[[Ouyang Qin]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|欧阳钦}}; 1954–1965)
#[[Pan Fusheng]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|潘复生}}; 1965–1971)
#[[Wang Jiadao]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|汪家道}}; 1971–1974)
#[[Liu Guangtao]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|刘光涛}}; 1977)
#[[Yang Yichen (1914–1997)|Yang Yichen]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|杨易辰}}; 1977–1983)
#[[Li Li'an]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|李力安}}; 1983–1985)
#[[Sun Weiben]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|孙维本}}; 1985–1994)
#[[Yue Qifeng]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|岳岐峰}}; 1994–1997)
#[[Xu Youfang]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|徐有芳}}; 1997–2003)
#[[Song Fatang]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|宋法棠}}; 2003–2005)
#[[Qian Yunlu]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|钱运录}}; 2005–2008)
#[[Ji Bingxuan]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|吉炳轩}}; 2008–2013)
#[[Wang Xiankui]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|王宪魁}}; March 2013 – April 2017)
#[[Zhang Qingwei]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|张庆伟}}; April 2017 – October 2021)
#[[Xu Qin]] ({{lang|zh-Hans| 许勤}}; October 2021 - present)

List of governors:
#[[Yu Yifu]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|于毅夫}}; 1949–1952)
#[[Zhao Dezun]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|赵德尊}}; 1952–1953)
#[[Chen Lei (Heilongjiang)|Chen Lei]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|陈雷}}; 1953–1954)
#[[Han Guang]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|韩光}}; 1954–1956)
#[[Ouyang Qin]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|欧阳钦}}; 1956–1958)
#[[Li Fanwu]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|李范五}}; 1958–1966)
#[[Pan Fusheng]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|潘复生}}; 1967–1971)
#[[Wang Jiadao]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|汪家道}}; 1971–1974)
#[[Liu Guangtao]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|刘光涛}}; February 1977 – December 1977)
#[[Yang Yichen (1914–1997)|Yang Yichen]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|杨易辰}}; December 1977 – 1979)
#[[Chen Lei (Heilongjiang)|Chen Lei]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|陈雷}}; 1979–1985)
#[[Hou Jie]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|侯捷}}; 1985–1989)
#[[Shao Qihui]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|邵奇惠}}; 1989–1994)
#[[Tian Fengshan]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|田凤山}}; 1994–2000)
#[[Song Fatang]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|宋法棠}}; 2000–2003)
#[[Zhang Zuoji]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|张左己}}; 2003 – December 2007)
#[[Li Zhanshu]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|栗战书}}; December 2007 – August 2010)
#[[Wang Xiankui]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|王宪魁}}; August 2010 – March 2013)
#[[Lu Hao (born 1967)|Lu Hao]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|陆昊}}; March 2013 – March 2018)
#[[Wang Wentao]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|王文涛}}; March 2018 – December 2020)
#[[Hu Changsheng]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|胡昌升}}; February 2021 – December 2022)
#[[Liang Huiling]] ({{lang|zh-Hans|梁惠玲}}; December 2022 – present)

==Economy==
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2008}}

In 2022, Heilongjiang's GDP was 1.59 trillion [[Renminbi|RMB]] ($236 billion in GDP nominal), with a per capita GDP of {{CNY|51,906}} ({{US$|7,717}} in nominal).<ref name="data2022"/> Its primary, secondary, and tertiary industries contributed ¥360 billion (22.7%), ¥465 billion (29.2%), and ¥764 billion (48%) to GDP, respectively.<ref name="data2022"/>

Heilongjiang's GDP has been rising steadily since 2003, growing 37% from 2003 to 2007. The value of the private economy reached RMB234 billion in 2006 and accounted for 37.6 percent of the GDP. In that year, the tax revenue from private enterprises hit RMB20.5 billion.

Private enterprises in Heilongjiang led the overall economic growth of the province. Many leading private enterprises have begun to emerge. The province's three major private enterprises, namely the Heilongjiang Sunflower Medicine Ltd, Qitaihe Yidaxin Coal Co., and Heilongjiang Yiyang Group, each contributed more than RMB100 million in [[tax revenue]] in 2007.{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

During the first decade of this century, many private investors were involved in large construction projects in Heilongjiang. In 2006, 928 large projects absorbed private capital of RMB5 million each, and 101 projects attracted RMB100 million each within the province. In line with the central government's policy to revitalize the Northeast, Heilongjiang also restructured its six pillar industries, namely equipment manufacturing, petrochemicals, food processing, energy, pharmaceuticals, and [[forest]] and [[timber processing]].{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

===Agriculture===
Heilongjiang is home to China's largest plantations of [[rice]], [[maize|corn]] and [[soybeans]], with a total of {{convert|14.37|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of grain plantation area, including {{convert|4|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of rice plantation and {{convert|5.5|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=unit}} of corn.<ref>{{cite news |title=China Focus: "Grain barn" promotes new rice varieties for better yields |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-10/28/c_139472808.htm |access-date=31 August 2021 |agency=Xinhua |date=28 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Xinhua Headlines: China embraces bumper harvest with macro-adjusting in "grain barn" |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/15/c_138474111.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015164602/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/15/c_138474111.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2019 |access-date=31 August 2021 |agency=Xinhua |date=15 October 2019}}</ref> Heilongjiang has vast tracts of black soil ([[chernozem]]), one of the most fertile soil types.<ref name="Wen Dazhong"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zuo |first1=Mandy |title=Illegal trade in rich black soil from Heilongjiang is robbing farmers in China's cereal food bowl of a future |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/people-culture/environment/article/3131643/illegal-trade-rich-black-soil-heilongjiang-robbing |access-date=31 August 2021 |publisher=South China Morning Post |date=21 April 2021}}</ref> Since the early 20th century, cultivation in the black soil belt has expanded by almost 100-fold, and after the 1960s agriculture in the region transformed to modern agriculture with heavy mechanization and an increase of fertilizer use.<ref name="Wen Dazhong">{{cite journal |last1=Wen |first1=Dazhong |last2=Liang |first2=Wenju |title=Soil Fertility Quality and Agricultural Sustainable Development in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China |journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability |date=2001 |volume=3 |pages=41–43 |doi=10.1023/A:1011480228613 |s2cid=153085940 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1011480228613}}</ref> Heilongjiang is one of the Asia's leading production areas for [[japonica rice]], known for high quality brand rice varieties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Park |first1=Hong |title=The formation of high-class brand rice production area and functions of farmers' cooperatives in north east China: Case study of Wuchang City, Heilongjiang Province |journal=Review of Agricultural Economics of Hokkaido University |date=2010 |issue=65 |pages=101–115 |url=https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do;?recordID=JP2010004344 |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Harbin rice"/> The introduction of cold-resistant varieties, favorable policies and climate change have all contributed to a significant increase in rice production in recent years.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Yanan |title=Rice production and climate change in Northeast China: evidence of adaptation through land use shifts |journal=Environmental Research Letters |date=2019 |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=024014 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aafa55 |bibcode=2019ERL....14b4014H |doi-access=free }}</ref> Commercial crops grown include [[beet]]s, [[flax]], [[sunflower]]s.<ref name="Harbin rice">{{cite web
|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/regional/Harbinrice.html
|title=Harbin — the capital city of China's high-quality rice
|date=2017-10-17
|publisher=China Daily
|access-date=2019-10-20}}</ref>

Heilongjiang is also an important source of lumber for China. Pine, especially the [[Korean pine]] and [[larch]] are the most important forms of lumber produced in Heilongjiang. Forests are mostly found in the [[Greater Khingan Mountains]] and [[Lesser Khingan Mountains]], which are also home to protected animal species such as the [[Siberian tiger]], the [[red-crowned crane]], and the [[lynx]].

Herding in Heilongjiang is centered upon horses and cattle; the province has the largest number of milk cows and the highest production of milk among all the province-level divisions of China.

===Industry===
Heilongjiang is part of [[northeast China]], the country's traditional industrial base. Industry is focused upon coal, petroleum, lumber, machinery, and food. Due to its location, Heilongjiang is also an important gateway for trade with [[Russia]]. Since a wave of privatization led to the closure of uncompetitive factories in the 1990s, Manchuria has suffered from stagnation. As a result, the government has started the [[Northeast Area Revitalization Plan|Revitalize Northeast China]] campaign to deal with this problem, promoting the private sectors as the preferred method of [[Chinese economic reform|economic reform]].

[[Petroleum]] is of great importance in Heilongjiang, and the [[Daqing oilfields]] are an important source of petroleum for China. Coal, gold, and [[graphite]] are other important minerals to be found in Heilongjiang. Heilongjiang also has great potential for [[wind power]], with potential capacity for 134 gigawatts of power production.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Yuning|last2=Tang|first2=Ningning|last3=Niu|first3=Yuguang|last4=Du|first4=Xiaoze|date=2016-12-01|title=Wind energy rejection in China: Current status, reasons and perspectives|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=66|pages=322–344|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.008|issn=1364-0321|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Development zones===
* [[Daqing]] New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
:Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was constructed in April 1992 and was then approved as a national high-tech zone by the State Council later that year. Its initial zone area is {{cvt|208.54|km2}}, and it recently expanded the area by {{cvt|32.45|km2}}.<ref>[http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/daqing-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ RightSite.asia | Daqing New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone]</ref>
* [[Heihe]] Border Economic Cooperation Area
* [[Harbin]] Economic and Technological Development Zone
* [[Harbin]] New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone
:Harbin High-tech Zone was set up in 1988 and was approved by the State Council as a national development zone in 1991. It has a total area of {{cvt|34|km2}} in the centralized parks, subdivided into Nangang, Haping Road and Yingbin Road Centralized Parks. The Nangang Centralized Park is designated for the incubation of high-tech projects and research and development base of enterprises as well as tertiary industries such as finance, insurance, services, catering, tourism, culture, recreation and entertainment, where the headquarters of major well-known companies and their branches in Harbin are located; the Haping Road Centralized Park is a comprehensive industrial basis for the investment projects of automobile and automobile parts manufacturing, medicines, foodstuffs, electronics, textile; the Yingbin Road Centralized Park is mainly for high-tech incubation projects, high-tech industrial development.<ref>[http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/harbin-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ RightSite.asia | Harbin New & Hi-Tech Industrial Zone]</ref>
* Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone
:Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone was approved by the State Council in 2000 and was completed in 2005. The zone has a planned area of 275.4 hectares. The Chinese part of the zone has a 22-hectare trade center with four subsidiary areas, A, B, C, and D, in which more than 6,000 stalls are already set up, mainly dealing with clothes, household appliances, food, construction materials, etc.<ref>[http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/sino-russia-dongning-piurtaphca-trade-zone/ RightSite.asia | Sino-Russia Dongning-Piurtaphca Trade Zone]</ref>
* [[Suifenhe]] Border Economic Cooperation Area
:Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District (Suifenhe BECD) is located in the north of Suifenhe City, and borders Russia to the east. Suifenhe BECD is the largest among the three state-level border-trade zones of Heilongjiang, in terms of investor numbers. Suifenhe BECD has a convenient transport network. The Binzhou-Suifenhe Railway, which connects the Russian Far East Railway, is an important port for export. The railway distance between Suifenhe and Harbin is {{convert|548|km|abbr=on}}. Buguranikinai, the corresponding Russian port city, is {{convert|21|km|abbr=on}} away.<ref>[http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/suifenhe-border-economy-cooperation-district/ RightSite.asia | Suifenhe Border Economic Cooperation District]</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:China_Heilongjiang_pop_SbA5y_pyramid2019.png|thumbnail|355px|Heilongjiang [[population pyramid]] in 2019]]
{{Historical populations
|title = Historical population
|footnote = Established in 1923; dissolved in 1932 and incorporated into [[Manchukuo]] / Heilongjiang Province (present). Harbin part of Heilongjiang Province until 1947–1949 and 1953–1954. Dongsheng SAR dissolved in 1932 and incorporated into Manchukuo / Heilongjiang Province (present). [[Songjiang Province]] dissolved in 1955 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province. [[Hejiang Province]] dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Songjiang Province / Heilongjiang Province (present). [[Nenjiang Province]] dissolved in 1949 and incorporated into Heilongjiang Province.
|1912<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1912年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |2,029,000
|1928<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1928年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |3,725,000
|1936–37<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1936-37年中国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |3,751,000
|1947<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ja:1947年全国人口|url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> |2,844,000
|1954<ref name="census1954">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=2009-08-05 }}</ref> |11,897,309
|1964<ref name="census1964">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |script-title=zh:第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |archive-date=2012-09-14 }}</ref> |20,118,271
|1982<ref name="census1982">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |archive-date=2012-05-10 }}</ref> |32,665,546
|1990<ref name="census1990">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |archive-date=2012-06-19 }}</ref> |35,214,873
|2000<ref name="census2000">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |archive-date=2012-08-29 }}</ref> |36,237,576
|2010<ref name="census2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archive-date=2013-07-27 }}</ref> |38,312,224
|2020 |31,850,088
}}
Heilongjiang's population is estimated to be 30.9 million in 2022, down from its peak at 38.3 million in 2010.<ref name="data2022" /> {{As of|2021}}, the population is 65.7% urban and 34.3% rural.<ref name="data2022" />

The majority of Heilongjiang's population is [[Han Chinese]], while other [[List of Chinese nationalities|ethnic minorities]] include the [[Manchu]]s, [[Koreans]], [[Mongol]]s, [[Hui people|Hui]], [[Xibe people|Xibe]], and [[Hezhen]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
!colspan="3"| Ethnic groups in Heilongjiang (2000 census)</tr>
! [[Nationalities of China|Nationality]] !! Population !! Percentage</tr>
| [[Han Chinese]] || 34,465,039 || 95.20%</tr>
| [[Manchu]] || 1,037,080 || 2.86%</tr>
| [[Koreans]] || 388,458 || 1.07%</tr>
| [[Mongol]] || 141,495 || 0.39%</tr>
| [[Hui people|Hui]] || 124,003 || 0.34%</tr>
| [[Xibe people|Xibe]] || 43,608 || 0.12%</tr>
| [[Hezhe]] || 8,886 || 0.03%</tr>
|}
Excludes members of the [[People's Liberation Army]] in active service. 
Source:<ref>{{cite book |author=National Bureau of Population and Social Science and Technology Statistics Division of China ({{lang|zh-Hans|国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司}}) |author2=Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China ({{lang|zh-Hans|国家民族事务委员会经济发展司}}) |script-title=zh:《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[Publishing House of Minority Nationalities]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-7105054251 |language=zh-cn}}, 2 volumes</ref>

==Religion==
{{Further|Religion in Northeast China}}
[[File:ハルビン極楽寺玄関.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ji Le Temple]] (Temple of Bliss), a Buddhist temple in [[Harbin]]]]

Most of Heilongjiang's residents are either non-religious or practice [[Chinese folk religion]]s, including [[Taoism]]. [[Manchu shamanism]] is practiced by many [[Manchu people]]. [[Chinese Buddhism]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism]] have an important presence in the province.

==Culture==
Heilongjiang's culture is part of a [[Northeast China#Culture|culture of Northeast China]] that is relatively homogeneous across this region, known in Mandarin Chinese as "Dongbei" (the northeast).

==Media==
[[File:黑龙江日报报业集团2017.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Heilongjiang Daily Press Group]]

[[Heilongjiang Television]] and [[Harbin Economy Radio]] serve as broadcasters.

==Tourism==
[[File:Harbin Siberian Tiger Park 2.JPG|thumb|A [[Siberian tiger]] at [[Harbin Siberian Tiger Park]]]]

Harbin, the provincial capital, is a city of contrasts, with Chinese, [[Russia]]n, and eclectic worldwide influences clearly apparent. [[Bukui Mosque]], a national heritage site, is the largest glazed-tile building in the province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bukui Mosque - the Largest Glazed-Tile Building in Heilongjiang Province |url=http://www.foreignercn.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8110:bukui-mosque-the-largest-glazed-tile-building-in-heilongjiang-province&catid=106:travel-in-heilongjiang&Itemid=243 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.foreignercn.com}}</ref> [[Eastern Orthodox]], [[Roman Catholic]], and [[Protestant]] churches as well as [[synagogue]]s dot the city.<ref name="China Expat City Guide: Harbin">{{cite web |title=China Expat city Guide |url=http://www.chinaexpat.com/list/28 |publisher=China Expat |year=2008 |access-date=2009-02-08}}</ref>

The long, cold winter is the backdrop for its famed [[ice sculpture]] exhibitions. In 2007 already the 8th Ice and Snow World opened to visitors in Harbin. More than 2,000 [[ice sculpture]]s were on display at the annual event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ice and Snow Festival in Harbin -- china.org.cn |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/198585.htm |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.china.org.cn}}</ref>

Wudalianchi Lakes are a series of five lakes formed between 1719 and 1721 when volcanic eruption shaped one section of a tributary of the [[Amur River|Amur]] into five interconnected lakes. The second lake in particular is renowned for its irregular geological sights. [[Lake Jingbo]], in [[Ning'an]] County, is a section of the [[Mudan River]] that has been narrowed and shaped by volcanic eruption into a series of sights, including the [[Diaoshuilou Falls]].

The province has a [[zoo]]logical park called "[[Harbin Siberian Tiger Park]]".<ref name="DK2014">{{cite book |author=DK |title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: China |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |page=457 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B7mQAwAAQBAJ |date=2014-06-02 |isbn=978-1465430939}}</ref>

==Colleges and universities==
{{see also|List of universities and colleges in Heilongjiang}}

Partial list of universities:
*[[Daqing Staff and Workers University]]
*[[Harbin Institute of Technology]]
*[[Harbin Engineering University]]
*[[Harbin Medical University]]
*[[Harbin Normal University]]
*[[Harbin University of Science and Technology]]
*[[Heilongjiang August First Land Reclamation University]]
*[[Heilongjiang Commercial University]]
*[[Heilongjiang University]]
*[[Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine]]
*[[Heilongjiang International University]]
*[[Heilongjiang Institute of Technology]]
*[[Northeast Agricultural University]]
*[[Northeast Forestry University]]
*[[Northeast Petroleum University]]
*[[Qiqihar University]]

==Sports==
Heilongjiang is in the forefront of promoting winter sports and winter-featured sports industry in China.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://men.chinabandy.com/en/a/xinwen/2018/0115/126.html |title=2018 World Bandy Championship Men's Group B will be held in Harbin on 27th |access-date=2018-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118010912/http://men.chinabandy.com/en/a/xinwen/2018/0115/126.html |archive-date=2018-01-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> For example, it is promoting [[bandy]] as an [[Winter Olympic Games|Olympic sport]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161012045229/http://www.worldbandy.com/olympic.html Heilongjiang Province Promotes Bandy as Olympic Sport!]</ref>

===Events and leagues===
* [[2009 Winter Universiade]]
* [[2018 Bandy World Championship|2018 Bandy World Championship, Division B]]
* [[Asia League Ice Hockey]]

== Notable people ==


* [[Meng Nan]], singer-songwriter
* [[Zhang Shan Qi]], racing driver

== See also ==
{{Portal|China|Geography}}
* [[Major national historical and cultural sites (Heilongjiang)|Major national historical and cultural sites in Heilongjiang]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons|Heilongjiang}}
* [http://www.hlj.gov.cn/ Heilongjiang Government website]
* {{Wikivoyage-inline}}
* [http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/heilongjiang.htm Economic profile for Heilongjiang] at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]]
* [http://www.hiu.edu.cn Heilongjiang International University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501231457/http://www.hiu.edu.cn/ |date=1 May 2021 }}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Heilongjiang
|North = {{flag|Amur Oblast}}, {{flag|Russia}}
|Northeast = {{flag|Jewish Autonomous Oblast}} and {{flag|Khabarovsk Krai}}, {{flag|Russia}}
|East =
|Southeast = {{flag|Primorsky Krai}}, {{flag|Russia}}
|South = [[Jilin]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Inner Mongolia]]
|Northwest = {{flag|Zabaykalsky Krai}}, {{flag|Russia}}
}}

{{Heilongjiang topics}}
{{Heilongjiang}}
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Heilongjiang| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in China]]
[[Category:Manchuria]]

Sichuan

2023-11-20T07:01:05Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Short description|Province of China}}
{{stack begin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sichuan
| native_name = {{native name|zh|四川}}
| translit_lang1 = Name
| translit_lang1_type = {{nobold|Chinese}}
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|zh-Hans|四川省}} ({{transliteration|zh|Sìchuān Shěng}})
| translit_lang1_type1 = {{nobold|Abbreviation}}
| translit_lang1_info1 = SC / {{linktext|lang=zh-hans|川}} ({{zh|p=Chuān}})
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = 雪山下的成都市天际线 Chengdu skyline with snow capped mountains (cropped).jpg
| photo2a = Leshan Giant Buddha (1).jpg
| photo2b = 1 huanglong 2.jpg
| photo3a = Mount Emei - Sunrise above the clouds.jpg
| photo3b = Chengdu pandas eating.jpg
| position = center
| size = 280
| color = #F5F5F5
| border = 2
| color_border = white
}}
| image_caption = {{Center|(clockwise from top){{flatlist|
*Skyline of provincial capital [[Chengdu]]
*[[Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area|Huanglong]]
*[[Giant panda]]
*[[Mount Emei]]
*[[Leshan Giant Buddha]]}}
}}
| image_map = Sichuan in China (+all claims hatched).svg
| mapsize = 275px
| map_alt = Map showing the location of Sichuan Province
| map_caption = Map showing the location of Sichuan Province
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.5|N|102.5|E|type:adm1st|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[China]]
| seat_type = Capital {{nobold|(and largest city)}}
| seat = [[Chengdu]]
| seat1_type =
| seat1 =
| parts_type = Divisions
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 21 [[Prefectures of China|prefectures]]
| p2 = 181 [[Counties of China|counties]]
| p3 = 5011 [[Townships of China|townships]]
| government_type = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| governing_body = [[Sichuan Provincial People's Congress]]
| leader_title = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
| leader_name = [[Wang Xiaohui]]
| leader_title1 = [[Sichuan Provincial People's Congress|Congress]] chairman
| leader_name1 = Wang Xiaohui
| leader_title2 = [[Governor (China)|Governor]]
| leader_name2 = [[Huang Qiang (politician)|Huang Qiang]]
| leader_title3 = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] chairwoman
| leader_name3 = [[Tian Xiangli]]
| leader_title4 = [[National People's Congress]] Representation
| leader_name4 = 147 deputies
| area_footnotes = <ref name=mofcom>{{cite web |title=Doing Business in China – Survey |url=http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |publisher=Ministry Of Commerce – People's Republic Of China |access-date=5 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140526181645/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zt_business/lanmub/ |archive-date=26 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 485000
| area_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|5th]]
| elevation_max_m = 7556
| elevation_max_point = [[Mount Gongga]]
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_max_rank =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_point =
| elevation_min_ft =
| elevation_min_rank =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2021 |title=Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3) |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html |access-date=11 May 2021 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001130717/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_total = 83,674,866
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|5th]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_rank = [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population density|22nd]]
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition
| demographics1_info1 = [[Han Chinese|Han]] – 95% [[Yi people|Yi]] – 2.6% [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] – 1.5% [[Qiang people|Qiang]] – 0.4% Others – 0.5%
| demographics1_title2 = Languages and dialects
| demographics1_info2 = [[Southwestern Mandarin]] ([[Sichuanese (language)|Sichuanese]]), [[Khams Tibetan]], [[Hakka Chinese]]
| iso_code = CN-SC
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{nobold|(2021)}}
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 4.86 trillion USD 847 billion ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP|6th]])
| blank1_name_sec1 =  • per capita
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 64,357 USD 10,120 ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita|16th]])
| blank2_name_sec1 =  • growth
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2021)}}
| blank_info_sec2 = 0.740<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/?interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0 |title=Sub-national HDI – Subnational HDI – Global Data Lab |website=globaldatalab.org |access-date=2020-04-17 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015724/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/?interpolation=0&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> (high) ([[List of Chinese administrative divisions by Human Development Index|23rd]])
| website = {{url|https://www.sc.gov.cn|SC.gov.cn}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Province of Sichuan
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Sichuan_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Sichuan" in Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.425
| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|四川}}
| l = "Four Plains"<ref>The word ''chuān'', 川 normally means "river", but here means "plains". The name "Sichuan" is an abbreviation of "the four plain [[Circuit (administrative subdivision)|circuits]]" The four circuits consist of [[Yizhou Circuit|Yizhou]], [[Lizhou Circuit|Lizhou]], [[Zizhou Circuit|Zizhou]] & [[Kuizhou Circuit|Kuizhou]].</ref>
| p = Sìchuān
| gr = Syhchuan
| bpmf = ㄙˋ   ㄔㄨㄢ
| w = Ssŭ4-ch{{wg-apos}}uan1
| myr = Sz̀-chwān
| sic = Si4-cuan1
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|AUD|zh-Sichuan.ogg|si|4|.|ch|uan|1}}
| psp = Szechwan
| j = Sei3-cyun1
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|s|ei|3|.|c|yun|1}}
| y = Sei-chyūn
| wuu = Sy3-tshoe1
| poj = Sù-chhoan
| tl = Sì-tshuan
| h = Si-tshôn
| tib = སི་ཁྲོན་
| wylie = si khron
| zwpy = Sichoin
| othername =
| lang1 = [[Nuosu language|Yi]]
| lang1_content = {{lang|ii|ꌧꍧ}} {{transliteration|ii|syp chuo}}
| altname =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Former names
| altname = Ba (today's Chongqing municipalities) and Shu (today's Sichuan province)
| c2 = {{linktext|lang=zh|巴蜀}}
| p2 = Bāshǔ
| gr2 = Bashuu
| bpmf2 = ㄅㄚ   ㄕㄨˇ
| w2 = Pa1-shu3
}}
{{stack end}}

'''Sichuan''' ({{IPAc-en|s|ɪ|tʃ|ˈ|w|ɑː|n}};<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Sichuan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113014734/https://www.lexico.com/definition/sichuan |archive-date=13 January 2021 |title=Sichuan |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{lang-zh|c={{Audio|Sichuan.ogg|四川|help=no}}}}, {{IPA-cmn|sɹ̩̂.ʈʂʰwán|lang}}; {{lang-zh|p=Sìchuān}}; [[Postal romanization|alternatively romanized]] as '''Szechuan''' or '''Szechwan''') is a [[Provinces of China|province]] in [[Southwest China]] occupying most of the [[Sichuan Basin]] and the easternmost part of the [[Tibetan Plateau]] between the [[Jinsha River]] on the west, the [[Daba Mountains]] in the north and the [[Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau|Yungui Plateau]] to the south. Sichuan's capital city is [[Chengdu]]. The population of Sichuan stands at 83 million. Sichuan neighbors are [[Qinghai]] to the northwest, [[Gansu]] to the north, [[Shaanxi]] to the northeast, [[Chongqing]] (historically part of Sichuan until the late 20th century) to the east, [[Guizhou]] to the southeast, [[Yunnan]] to the south, and the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] to the west.

In antiquity, Sichuan was the home of the [[Ancient Chinese states|ancient state]] of [[Ba (state)|Ba]] and the [[Shu (kingdom)|ancient kingdom of Shu]]. Their conquest by [[Qin (state)|Qin]] strengthened it and paved the way for [[Qin Shi Huang]]'s [[Qin's wars of unification|unification]] of China under the [[Qin dynasty]]. During the [[Three Kingdoms]] era, [[Liu Bei]]'s state of [[Shu Han|Shu]] was based in Sichuan. The area was devastated in the 17th century by [[Zhang Xianzhong]]'s rebellion and the area's subsequent [[Qing dynasty|Manchu]] conquest, but recovered to become one of China's most productive areas by the 19th century. During [[World War II]], [[Chongqing]] served as the temporary capital of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], making it the focus of the [[Bombing of Chongqing|Japanese bombing]]. It was one of the last [[Mainland China|mainland]] areas captured by the [[People's Liberation Army]] during the [[Chinese Civil War]] and was divided into four parts from 1949 to 1952, with Chongqing restored two years later. It suffered gravely during the [[Great Chinese Famine]] of 1959–61 but remained China's [[List of Chinese provinces|most populous province]] until [[Chongqing Municipality]] was again separated from it in 1997.

The [[Han Chinese]] [[Sichuanese people|people]] of Sichuan speak distinctive [[Sichuanese dialects]] of [[Mandarin Chinese]]. The spicy [[Sichuan pepper]] is prominent in modern [[Sichuan cuisine]], featuring dishes—including [[Kung Pao chicken]] and [[mapo tofu]]—that have become staples of Chinese cuisine around the world.

Sichuan is the [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP|6th-largest provincial economy]] of China, the largest in [[Western China]] and the second largest among inland provinces after [[Henan]]. As of 2021, its nominal GDP was 5,385 billion yuan (US$847.68 billion), ahead of the GDP of Turkey of 815 billion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=Decoding China's 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers |url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=China Briefing News |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819091517/https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) - Turkiye {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=TR&year_high_desc=true |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915041741/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=TR&year_high_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref> Compared to a country, it would be the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|18th-largest economy]] as well as the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|19th most populous]] as of 2021.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?year_high_desc=true |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915071456/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?year_high_desc=true |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are many [[Giant panda|panda]] stations in the province and large reserves for these creatures, such as the [[Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding]].

=={{anchor|Etymology|Names}} Names==
It is commonly believed that the name ''Sichuan'' means "four [[rivers of China|rivers]]", and in [[folk etymology]], this is usually taken to mean four of the province's major rivers: the [[Jialing River|Jialing]], [[Jinsha River|Jinsha]] (or [[Wu River (Yangtze tributary)|Wu]]), [[Min River (Sichuan)|Min]], and [[Tuo River|Tuo]].<ref name=ruf>{{citation |last=Ruf |first=Gregory Anthony |title=Pillars of the State: Laboring Families, Authority, and Community in Rural Sichuan, 1937–1991 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |date=1994 |page=68}}</ref><ref name=rowan>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXYgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |title=Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries along the Yangzi River |first1=Rowan K. |last1=Flad |first2=Pochan |last2=Chen |page=26 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=21 January 2013 |isbn=978-0-521-89900-0 |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118183450/https://books.google.com/books?id=JXYgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Historical geography|historical geographer]] [[Tan Qixiang]], "four rivers" is an erroneous interpretation of the place's name.<ref name="谭其骧">{{cite journal |author1=谭其骧 |author2=王天良 |author3=邹逸麟 |author4=郑宝恒 |author5=胡菊兴 |date=1980 |script-title=zh:我国省区名称的来源 |trans-title=Etymology of our country's provinces |script-journal=zh:《复旦学报(社会科学版)》 |issue=S1 |page=128 |author1-link=Tan Qixiang}}</ref> The name of the province is a contraction of the phrases ''Sì Chuānlù'' {{nowrap|({{linktext|lang=zh|四|川|路}},}} "Four Plain [[Circuit (administrative subdivision)|Circuits]]") and ''Chuānxiá Sìlù'' ({{lang|zh|川峡四路}}, "Four Circuits of Chuanxia"),<ref group="note">''Si'' (四) means "four", ''Chuan'' (川) means "plain", and ''Xia'' ("峡") could be understood as "gorge". ''Sì Chuānlù'' and ''Chuānxiá Sìlù'' are general names for the Four Circuits,.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=张学君 |author2=四川省地方志编纂委员会 |script-title=zh:《四川省志·卷首》 |trans-title=Annals of Sichuan Province, Volume 1 |location=Beijing |publisher=方志出版社 |date=2003 |isbn=7-80122-933-9 |page=103}}</ref> referring to the division of the existing [[imperial China|imperial]] administrative circuit in the area into four during the [[Song dynasty|Northern Song dynasty]], which were [[Yi Province|Yizhou]], [[Lizhou District|Lizhou]], [[Zi Prefecture (Sichuan)|Zizhou]], and [[Kuizhou]].<ref>{{in lang|zh}}[http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html Origin of the Names of China's Provinces] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427100058/http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/1090/2435218.html |date=27 April 2016 }}, [[People's Daily Online]].</ref> The word ''chuan'' ({{linktext|lang=zh|川}}) here means "[[plain]]", not its normal meaning of "river" as popularly assumed.<ref>{{cite book |author=牛汝辰 |script-title=zh:《中国地名掌故词典》 |trans-title=Dictionary of Etymology of Chinese Places |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国社会出版社|中国社会出版社]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-7-5087-5238-9 |page=321 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=贾文毓 |author2=李引 |script-title=zh:《中国地名辞源》 |trans-title=Etymology of Chinese Places |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:华夏出版社|Huaxia Publishing House]] |date=2005 |isbn=7-5080-3790-1 |page=360}}</ref> In addition to its [[Postal Map Romanization|postal map]] and [[Wade-Giles]] forms, the name has also been irregularly romanized as '''Szű-chuan''' and '''Szechuan'''.

In antiquity, the area of modern Sichuan including the now separated Chongqing Municipality was known to the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] as {{nowrap|'''Ba-Shu'''}}, in reference to the [[states of ancient China|ancient state]] of [[Ba (state)|Ba]] and the [[Shu (kingdom)|ancient kingdom of Shu]] that once occupied the [[Sichuan Basin]]. '''Shu''' continued to be used to refer to the Sichuan region all through its history right up to the present day; several states formed in the area used the same name, for example, the [[Shu Han|Shu]] of the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, and [[Former Shu]] and [[Later Shu]] of the [[Ten Kingdoms]] period.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcH7PLTz3OIC&pg=PA71 |title=Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries Along the Yangzi River |author1=Rowan K. Flad |author2=Pochan Chen |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-89900-0 |page=71 |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=20 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120041516/https://books.google.com/books?id=RcH7PLTz3OIC&pg=PA71 |url-status=live }}</ref> Currently, both the characters for ''Shu'' and ''Chuan'' are commonly used as abbreviations for Sichuan.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://english.sc.gov.cn/SichuaninPerspective/BriefingaboutSichuan/200906/t20090624_770675.shtml |title=Historical Geographical Characteristics |publisher=General Office of Sichuan Provincial People's Government |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819023648/http://english.sc.gov.cn/SichuaninPerspective/BriefingaboutSichuan/200906/t20090624_770675.shtml |archive-date=19 August 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The region was formerly also referred to as "'''West China'''" or "'''Western China'''" by [[Protestantism in Sichuan|Protestant missions]].

==History==

===Prehistory===
The [[Sichuan Basin]] and adjacent areas of the [[Yangtze]] watershed were a cradle of indigenous civilizations dating back to at least the 15th century BC, coinciding with the [[Shang dynasty|Shang]] in northern China. The region had its own distinct religious beliefs and worldview. The earliest culture found in the region through archaeological investigation is the [[Baodun culture]] ({{circa}}2700–1750 BC) excavated in the [[Chengdu Plain]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3XG3H_WlM8C&pg=PT164 |title=A Companion to Chinese Archaeology |editor=Anne P. Underhill |chapter=Chapter 7: The Sichuan Basin Neolithic – The Baodun Culture |isbn=978-1-118-32578-0 |publisher=Wiley |year=2013 |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114001150/https://books.google.com/books?id=I3XG3H_WlM8C&pg=PT164 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RcH7PLTz3OIC&pg=PA74 |title=Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries Along the Yangzi River |author=Rowan K. Flad |author2=Pochan Chen
|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-521-89900-0 |page=74 |access-date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126050941/https://books.google.com/books?id=RcH7PLTz3OIC&pg=PA74 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ba and Shu Kingdoms===
[[File:三星堆出土青铜大立人像, 2017-09-17.jpg|thumb|upright|Bronze figure of a [[high priest]] from [[Sanxingdui]], dating from the [[Shu (kingdom)|Shu kingdom]]]]
[[File:太阳神鸟金箔片, 2017-09-17.jpg|thumb|[[Golden Sun Bird]] from [[Jinsha site]]]]
The most important native states were those of Ba and Shu.

[[Ba (state)|Ba]] stretched into Sichuan from the [[Han River (Shaanxi)|Han Valley]] in [[Shaanxi]] and [[Hubei]] down the [[Jialing River]] as far as its confluence with the [[Yangtze]] at [[Chongqing]].<ref name=kongzi>{{cite book |title=Ancient Sichuan and the Unification of China |author=Steven F. Sage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VDIrG7h_VuQC&pg=PA2 |publisher=State University of New York Press |pages=2–3 |year=2006 |isbn=0-7914-1038-2 |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130195606/https://books.google.com/books?id=VDIrG7h_VuQC&pg=PA2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Shu (kingdom)|Shu]] occupied the valley of the [[Min River (Sichuan)|Min]], including [[Chengdu]] and other areas of western Sichuan.<ref name=kongzi/> The existence of the early state of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China. It was, however, referred to in the ''[[Book of Documents]]'' as an ally of the Zhou.<ref>[http://ctext.org/shang-shu/speech-at-mu Shujing] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022051/http://ctext.org/shang-shu/speech-at-mu |date=17 November 2015 }} Original text: {{lang|zh-hant|王曰：「嗟！我友邦塚君御事，司徒、司鄧、司空，亞旅、師氏，千夫長、百夫長，及庸，蜀、羌、髳、微、盧、彭、濮人。稱爾戈，比爾干，立爾矛，予其誓。」}}</ref> Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the ''[[Chronicles of Huayang]]'' compiled in the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]],<ref name="sanxingdui">{{Cite book |last=Sanxingdui Museum |author2=Wu Weixi |author3=Zhu Yarong |title=The Sanxingdui site: mystical mask on ancient Shu Kingdom |publisher=[[:zh:五洲传播出版社|China Intercontinental Press]] |year=2006 |pages=7–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0UlsHXmv9IC |isbn=7-5085-0852-1 |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130195603/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0UlsHXmv9IC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |trans-title=[[Chronicles of Huayang]] |script-title=zh:華陽國志 |trans-chapter=Book 3 |script-chapter=zh:卷三 |author=Chang Qu |url=https://archive.org/stream/06061130.cn#page/n90/mode/2up |pages=90–91 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314081232/http://archive.org/stream/06061130.cn#page/n90/mode/2up |archive-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the Han-dynasty compilation ''{{ill|Chronicle of the Kings of Shu|zh|蜀王本紀}}''.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3XG3H_WlM8C&pg=PT182 |title=A Companion to Chinese Archaeology |editor=Anne P. Underhill |chapter=Chapter 8: The Sanxingdui Culture of Sichuan |author=Sun Hua |isbn=978-1-118-32578-0 |publisher=Wiley |date=2013 |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117130948/https://books.google.com/books?id=I3XG3H_WlM8C&pg=PT182 |url-status=live }}</ref> These contained folk stories such as that of {{ill|Duyu|lt=Emperor Duyu|zh|杜宇}} who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death.<ref name="perf"/> The existence of a highly developed civilization with an independent bronze industry in Sichuan eventually came to light with an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named [[Sanxingdui]] in [[Guanghan]], Sichuan.<ref name="perf">{{cite book |title=Ta Chʻeng, Great Perfection – Religion and Ethnicity in a Chinese Millennial Kingdom |author=Terry F. Kleeman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAJrw0yInnAC&pg=PA17 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-8248-1800-8 |pages=17–19, 22 |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130195605/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAJrw0yInnAC&pg=PA17 |url-status=live}}</ref> This site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts. Excavations by archaeologists in the area yielded few significant finds until 1986 when two major sacrificial pits were found with spectacular bronze items as well as artefacts in jade, gold, earthenware, and stone.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanxingdui Museum |author2=Wu Weixi |author3=Zhu Yarong |title=The Sanxingdui site: mystical mask on ancient Shu Kingdom |publisher=[[:zh:五洲传播出版社|China Intercontinental Press]] |year=2006 |pages=5–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0UlsHXmv9IC |isbn=7-5085-0852-1 |access-date=10 March 2016 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130195603/https://books.google.com/books?id=O0UlsHXmv9IC |url-status=live }}</ref> This and other discoveries in Sichuan contest the conventional historiography that the local culture and technology of Sichuan were undeveloped in comparison to the technologically and culturally "advanced" [[Yellow River]] valley of north-central China.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

===Qin dynasty===
The rulers of the expansionist state of [[Qin (state)|Qin]], based in present-day [[Gansu]] and [[Shaanxi]], were the first strategists to realize that the area's military importance matched its commercial and agricultural significance. The Sichuan basin is surrounded by the [[Hengduan Mountains]] to the west, the [[Qin Mountains]] to the north, and [[Yungui Plateau]] to the south. Since the Yangtze flows through the basin and then through the perilous Three Gorges to eastern and southern China, Sichuan was a staging area for amphibious military forces and a haven for political refugees.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Qin armies finished their conquest of the kingdoms of Shu and Ba by 316 BC. Any written records and civil achievements of earlier kingdoms were destroyed. Qin administrators introduced improved agricultural technology. [[Li Bing (Qin)|Li Bing]], engineered the [[Dujiangyan irrigation system]] to control the [[Min River (Sichuan)|Min River]], a major [[tributary]] of the Yangtze. This innovative hydraulic system was composed of movable weirs which could be adjusted for high or low water flow according to the season, to either provide irrigation or prevent floods. The increased agricultural output and taxes made the area a source of provisions and men for Qin's unification of China.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

===Han dynasty===
[[File:Gao Yi Que2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A stone-carved gate pillar, or ''[[que (tower)|que]]'', {{cvt|6|m}} in total height, located at the tomb of Gao Yi in Ya'an, Sichuan, built during the [[Eastern Han|Eastern Han dynasty]] (25–220 CE)]]
Sichuan was subjected to the autonomous control of kings named by the imperial family of the Han dynasty. During the 11 years hiatus between 25 and 36 AD, Sichuan was controlled by the [[Chengjia]] Kingdom. Following the declining central government of the [[Han dynasty]] in the second century, the Sichuan basin, surrounded by mountains and easily defensible, became a popular place for upstart generals to found kingdoms that challenged the authority of Yangtze Valley emperors over China.<ref name="Haw"/>
[[File:Warlords in 194.jpg|thumb|right|Warlords in China around 194; [[Liu Bei's takeover of Yi Province]] meant he seized the positions of [[Liu Biao]] and [[Zhang Lu (Han dynasty)|Zhang Lu]] eventually]]

===Three Kingdoms===
In 221, during the partition following the fall of the [[Eastern Han]] – the era of the [[Three Kingdoms]] – [[Liu Bei]] founded the southwest kingdom of [[Shu Han]] ({{zh|labels=no|t={{linktext|蜀|漢}}}}; 221–263) in parts of Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan, with [[Chengdu]] as its capital. Shu-Han claimed to be the successor to the Han dynasty.<ref name="Haw">{{cite book |title=A Traveller's History of China |first=Stephen G |last=Haw |publisher=Interlink Books |year=2008 |page=83}}</ref>

In 263, the [[Cao Wei]] of North China [[Conquest of Shu by Wei|conquered]] the Kingdom of Shu-Han as a step on the path to reuniting China. [[Salt in Chinese history|Salt production]] becomes a major business in [[Ziliujing District]]. During the [[Six Dynasties]] period of Chinese disunity, Sichuan began to be populated by non-[[Han Chinese|Han]] ethnic minority peoples, owing to the migration of [[Gelao people]] from the [[Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau]] to the Sichuan basin.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

===Tang dynasty===
[[File:Leshan Giant Buddha (2).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Leshan Giant Buddha]], built during the latter half of the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907).]]
Sichuan came under the firm control of a Chinese central government during the [[Sui dynasty]], but it was during the subsequent [[Tang dynasty]] that Sichuan regained its previous political and cultural prominence for which it was known during the Han. Chengdu became nationally known as a supplier of armies and the home of [[Du Fu]], who is sometimes called China's greatest poet. During the [[An Lushan Rebellion]] (755–763), [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang]] fled from [[Chang'an]] to Sichuan which became his refuge. The region was torn by constant warfare and economic distress as it was besieged by the [[Tibetan Empire]].<ref name="Tara">{{cite book |title=The Territories of the People's Republic of China |first1=Tara |last1=Boland-Crewe |first2=David |last2=Lea |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2004 |pages=187–189}}</ref>

===Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms===
In the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]], Sichuan became the centre of the [[Former Shu|Shu kingdom]] with its capital in [[Chengdu]] founded by [[Wang Jian (Former Shu)|Wang Jian]]. In 925 the kingdom was absorbed into [[Later Tang]] but would regain independence under [[Meng Zhixiang]] who founded [[Later Shu]] in 934. Later Shu would continue until 965 when it was absorbed by the [[Song dynasty|Song]].

===Song and Yuan dynasties===
During the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279), [[Sichuanese people|Sichuanese]] was able to protect themselves from [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] attacks with the help of the central government. There were rebellions against the Song by Li Shun in 994 and Wang Jun in 1000. Sichuan also saw cultural revivals like the great poets [[Su Xun]] ({{lang|zh-Hant|蘇洵}}), [[Su Shi]], and [[Su Zhe]].<ref name="Tara"/> Although paper currency was known in the Tang dynasty, in 1023 AD, the first true [[Banknote|paper money]] in human history, termed ''jiaozi'' ({{zh|labels=no|c=[[:zh:交子|交子]] |p=jiāozǐ}}), was issued in [[Chengdu]].<ref>Horesh Niv , 2012, "From Chengdu to Stockholm: A Comparative Study of the Emergence of Paper Money in East and West"</ref><ref>Hans G.Wiedemann & Gerhard Bayer, 1992, "Approach to ancient Chinese artifacts by means of thermal analysis", Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam</ref><ref>Pan Jixing, 1998, "On the origin of movable metal-type technique", Chinese Science Bulletin</ref>

It was also during the Song dynasty that the bulk of the native [[Ba (state)|Ba people]] of eastern Sichuan assimilated into the Han Chinese ethnicity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fei |first=Xiaotong |date=2017-12-18 |title=The formation and development of the Chinese nation with multi-ethnic groups |journal=International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=1 |doi=10.1186/s41257-017-0001-z |s2cid=256521035 |issn=2366-1003|doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Southern Song dynasty established coordinated defenses against the [[Mongols|Mongolian]] [[Yuan dynasty]], in Sichuan and [[Xiangzhou District, Xiangyang|Xiangyang]]. The Southern Song state monopolized the Sichuan tea industry to pay for warhorses, but this state intervention eventually brought devastation to the local economy.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of China |last=Roberts |first=John A.G. |isbn=978-0-230-34536-2 |series=Palgrave Essential Histories series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBpvOo_R854C |year=2011 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=109 | access-date = 15 November 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160604052529/https://books.google.com/books?id=rBpvOo_R854C | archive-date = 4 June 2016 | url-status = live}}</ref> The line of defense was finally broken through after the first use of [[firearm]]s in history during the six-year [[Battle of Xiangyang]], which ended in 1273. Allegedly there were a million pieces of unspecified types of skeleton bones belonging to war animals and both Song and Yuan soldiers who perished in the fighting over the city, although the figure may have been grossly exaggerated.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4MBZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP728|script-title=zh:成都录|quote={{lang|zh|城中骸骨一百四十万}}|title=Yi jia tang cong shu|last1=Yu|first1=Songnian|year=1840|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513003121/https://books.google.com/books?id=4MBZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP728|url-status=live}}</ref> The recorded number of families in Sichuan dropped from 2,640,000 families,<ref>{{lang|zh|李心傳}} [Li Xinchuan], "{{lang|zh-hant|建炎以來朝野雜記}}", {{lang|zh|文海出版公司}} [Wenhai Publishing Co.], 1967. 1st set,section 7, page 15</ref> as recorded from the census taken in 1162 AD, to 120,000 families<ref>{{lang|zh|李心傳}} [Li Xinchuan], "{{lang|zh-hant|建炎以來朝野雜記}}", {{lang|zh|文海出版公司}} [Wenhai Publishing Co.], 1967. 1st set,section 7, page 16</ref> in 1282 AD.<ref>C. P. Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</ref> Possible causes include forced population transfer to nearby areas, evacuation to nearby provinces, census under-reporting or inaccuracy, and war-related deaths.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}
One instance of the deportation of Sichuanese civilians to Mongolia occurred in the aftermath of a battle in 1259 when more than 80,000 people were taken captive from one city in Sichuan and moved to Mongolia.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SpADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA325 |title=State Power in China, 900–1325 |page=325 |isbn=978-0-295-99848-0 |last1=Ebrey |first1=Patricia Buckley |last2=Smith |first2=Paul Jakov |date=25 August 2016 |publisher=University of Washington Press |access-date=19 August 2019 |archive-date=12 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112095010/https://books.google.com/books?id=9SpADAAAQBAJ&pg=PA325 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ming dynasty===
[[File:"Suchuen, Imperii Sinarum provincia sexta. " (22065652598).jpg|thumb|Map of {{lang|la|Suchuen}} (Sichuan) from [[Willem Blaeu|Willem]] and [[Joan Blaeu]]'s 1659 ''[[Atlas Maior|Geographia Blaviana]]''.]]
The Ming dynasty defeated [[Ming Yuzhen]]'s Xia polity which ruled Sichuan.<ref name="MoteTwitchett1988">{{cite book |author1=Frederick W. Mote |author2=Denis Twitchett |title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA125 |date=26 February 1988 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24332-2 |pages=125–127 |access-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128142547/https://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA125 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Ming dynasty]], major architectural works were created in Sichuan. Buddhism remained influential in the region. [[Bao'en Temple (Pingwu)|Bao'en Temple]] is a well-preserved 15th-century monastery complex built between 1440 and 1446 during the [[Emperor Yingzong of Ming|Zhengtong Emperor]]'s reign (1427–64). Dabei Hall enshrines a thousand-armed wooden image of [[Guanyin]] and Huayan Hall is a repository with a revolving [[sutra]] cabinet. The wall paintings, sculptures, and other ornamental details are masterpieces of the Ming period.<ref name="pan">{{cite book |first=Pan |last=Guxi |year=2002 |title=Chinese Architecture – The Yuan and Ming Dynasties |edition=English |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000unse/page/245 245–246] |isbn=0-300-09559-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000unse/page/245}}</ref>

In the middle of the 17th century, the peasant rebel leader [[Zhang Xianzhong]] (1606–1646) from [[Yan'an]], [[Shaanxi]] Province, nicknamed ''Yellow Tiger'', led his peasant troop from north China to the south and conquered Sichuan. Upon capturing it, he declared himself emperor of the Daxi dynasty ({{lang|zh|大西王朝}}). In response to the resistance from local elites, he massacred a large number of people in Sichuan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0411/cn8-3.html |title=Skeletons of massacre victims uncovered at construction site |date=11 April 2002 |publisher=[[Shanghai Star]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060422024601/http://app1.chinadaily.com.cn/star/2002/0411/cn8-3.html | archive-date = 22 April 2006 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> As a result of the massacre as well as years of turmoil during the [[Qing conquest of the Ming|Ming-Qing transition]], the population of Sichuan fell sharply, requiring massive resettlement of people from the neighboring [[Huguang Province]] (modern Hubei and Hunan) and other provinces during the Qing dynasty.<ref name="parsons">{{cite journal |title=The Culmination of a Chinese Peasant Rebellion: Chang Hsien-chung in Szechwan, 1644–46 |author=James B. Parsons |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=387–400 |year=1957 |doi=10.2307/2941233 |jstor=2941233 |s2cid=162377335}}</ref><ref name="Dai"/><ref name="Dai2009">{{cite book |author=Yingcong Dai |title=The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA16 |year=2009 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-98952-5 |pages=16– |access-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128213258/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA16 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Qing dynasty===
{{see also|Hakka people#Sichuan}}
Sichuan was originally the origin of the Deng lineage until one of them was hired as an official in Guangdong during the Ming dynasty but during the Qing plan to increase the population in 1671 they came to Sichuan again. In 1904 [[Deng Xiaoping]] was born in Sichuan.<ref name="Dai2009 2">{{cite book |author=Yingcong Dai |title=The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA25 |year=2009 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-98952-5 |pages=25– |access-date=20 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128154047/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYHfVVAAf_kC&pg=PA25 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Qing dynasty]], Sichuan was merged with [[Shaanxi]] and [[Shanxi]] to create "Shenzhuan" during 1680–1731 and 1735–1748.<ref name="Tara"/> The current borders of Sichuan (which then included [[Chongqing]]) were established in the early 18th century. In the aftermath of the [[Sino-Nepalese War]] on China's southwestern border, the Qing gave Sichuan's provincial government direct control over the minority-inhabited areas of Sichuan west of [[Kangding]], which had previously been handled by an [[amban]].<ref name="Dai">{{cite book |title=The Sichuan Frontier and Tibet: Imperial Strategy in the Early Qing |first=Yingcong |last=Dai |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=2009 |pages=19–26, 145}}</ref>

A [[landslide dam]] on the [[Dadu River (Sichuan)|Dadu River]] caused by an earthquake gave way on 10 June 1786. The resulting flood killed 100,000 people.<ref>Schuster, R.L. and G. F. Wieczorek, "Landslide triggers and types" in ''Landslides: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Landslides'' 2002 A.A. Balkema Publishers. p.66 [https://books.google.com/books?id=psFSK_nUqqMC&dq=10+June+1786+dadu&pg=RA1-PA66] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031073437/https://books.google.com/books?id=psFSK_nUqqMC&pg=RA1-PA66&lpg=RA1-PA66&dq=10+June+1786+dadu&source=web&ots=baUnVQRMZA&sig=q7ExeDUuAmFl0JdFjZY0r-LthDc&hl=en|date=31 October 2015}}</ref>

===Republic of China===
[[File:Japanese bombing chinese main road.jpg|thumb|upright|Japanese bombers bombing a road in [[Chongqing]], then part of Sichuan province, during WW2]]
In the early 20th century, the newly founded [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] established the Chuanbian Special Administrative District ({{lang|zh-hant|川邊特別行政區}}) on the province's territories to the west of the [[Sichuan Basin]]. The Special District later became the province of [[Xikang]], incorporating the areas inhabited by [[Yi people|Yi]], [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], and [[Qiang people|Qiang]] ethnic minorities to its west, and eastern part of today's [[Tibet Autonomous Region]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

In the 20th century, as [[Beijing]], [[Shanghai]], [[Nanjing]], and [[Wuhan]] had all been occupied by the Japanese during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], the capital of the Republic of China had been temporarily relocated to [[Chongqing]], then a major city in Sichuan. An enduring legacy of this move is those nearby inland provinces, such as [[Shaanxi]], [[Gansu]], and [[Guizhou]], which previously never had [[History of education in China|modern Western-style universities]], began to be developed in this regard.<ref>{{cite book |title=Teachers' Schools and the Making of the Modern Chinese Nation-State, 1897–1937 |first=Xiaoping |last=Cong |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |page=203}}</ref> The difficulty of accessing the region overland from the eastern part of China and the foggy climate hindering the accuracy of the [[Sichuan invasion|Japanese bombing]] of the Sichuan Basin made the region the stronghold of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s [[Kuomintang]] government during 1938–45 and led to the [[Bombing of Chongqing]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

The [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] was soon followed by the resumed [[Chinese Civil War]], and the cities of East China are obtained by the Communists one after another, the Kuomintang government again tried to make Sichuan its stronghold on the mainland, although it already saw some Communist activity since it was one area on the road of the [[Long March]]. Chiang Kai-shek himself flew to Chongqing from [[Taiwan]] in November 1949 to lead the defense. But the same month Chongqing switched to the Communists, followed by Chengdu on 10 December. The Kuomintang general [[Wang Sheng (soldier)|Wang Sheng]] wanted to stay behind with his troops to continue the anticommunist guerilla war in Sichuan, but was recalled to Taiwan. Many of his soldiers made their way there as well, via [[Burma]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Marks |first=Thomas A. |title=Counterrevolution in China: Wang Sheng and the Kuomintang |publisher=Frank Cass |location=London |year=1998 |isbn=0-7146-4700-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04QiOlNKQGEC&pg=PA116 |pages=116–117 |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702194757/https://books.google.com/books?id=04QiOlNKQGEC&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===People's Republic of China===
The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, and it split Sichuan into four areas and separated Chongqing municipality. Sichuan was reconstituted in 1952, with Chongqing added in 1954, while the former [[Xikang]] province was split between [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] in the west and Sichuan in the east.<ref name="Tara"/>

The province was deeply affected by the [[Great Chinese Famine]] of 1959–1961, during which period some 9.4 million people (13.07% of the population at the time) died.<ref name="cao">{{cite book |last1=Cao |first1=Shuji (曹树基) |script-title=zh:大饑荒：1959－1961年的中国人口 |trans-title=Great Famine: China's population from 1959 to 1961 |publisher=香港時代國際出版有限公司 |location=Hong Kong |language=zh-hant |year=2005}}</ref>

In 1978, when [[Deng Xiaoping]] took power, Sichuan was one of the first provinces to experiment with the market economic enterprise.

From 1955 until 1997 Sichuan had been China's most populous province, hitting the 100 million mark shortly after the 1982 census figure of 99,730,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/China-UA.html |title=Citypopulation.de:China |access-date=19 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704001241/http://www.citypopulation.de/China-UA.html |archive-date=4 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> This changed in 1997 when the [[Sub-provincial city]] of Chongqing as well as the three surrounding prefectures of [[Fuling]], [[Wanxian]], and [[Qianjiang District|Qianjiang]] were split off into the new [[Chongqing|Chongqing Municipality]]. The new municipality was formed to spearhead China's effort to economically develop its western provinces, as well as to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the [[Three Gorges Dam]] project.

In 1997 when Sichuan split, the sum of the two parts was recorded to be 114,720,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/yearlydata/YB1998e/D4-3E.htm |title=National Statistics Agency Tables:4-3 Total Population and Birth Rate, Death Rate and Natural Growth Rate by Region (1997) |access-date=19 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091113223314/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/statisticaldata/yearlydata/YB1998e/D4-3E.htm |archive-date=13 November 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2010, Sichuan ranks as both the [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by area|3rd largest]] (the largest among Chinese [[List of People's Republic of China administrative divisions by population|provinces with a population greater than 50 million) and 4th most populous province]] in China.<ref name="bare_url">{{cite web |url=http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/sichuan-province/ |title=Sichuan Province: Economic News and Statistics for Sichuan's Economy |publisher=Thechinaperspective.com |access-date=2011-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008050304/http://thechinaperspective.com/topics/province/sichuan-province/ |archive-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2008, [[2008 Sichuan earthquake|an earthquake]] with a magnitude of 7.9/8.0 hit just {{cvt|79|km}} northwest of the provincial capital of Chengdu. Official figures recorded a death toll of nearly 70,000 people, and millions of people were left homeless.<ref name="data">{{cite news |url=http://news.sina.com.cn/pc/2008-05-13/326/651.html |date=2008-06-08 |access-date=2008-07-06 |title=Casualties of the Wenchuan Earthquake |publisher=[[Sina.com]] |language=zh-hans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519003228/http://news.sina.com.cn/pc/2008-05-13/326/651.html |archive-date=19 May 2008 |url-status=live}}, and {{cite news |url=http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-07-06/162615881691.shtml |date=2008-07-06 |access-date=2008-07-07 |title=Wenchuan Earthquake has already caused 69,196 fatalities and 18,379 missing |publisher=[[Sina.com]] |language=zh-hans |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610125546/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-07-06/162615881691.shtml |archive-date=10 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
{{main|List of administrative divisions of Sichuan|List of township-level divisions of Sichuan}}
Sichuan consists of twenty-one [[prefecture-level division]]s: eighteen [[Prefecture-level city|prefecture-level cities]] (including a [[Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China|sub-provincial city]]) and three [[autonomous prefecture]]s:

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan="9" |'''Administrative divisions of Sichuan'''
|-
| colspan="9" style="font-size:larger" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Sichuan.svg|width={{{1|702}}}|link=|font-size=85%}}
{{Image label|x=650|y=455|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Chengdu]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=735|y=615|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Zigong]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=410|y=905|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Panzhihua]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=860|y=680|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Luzhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=710|y=405|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Deyang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=730|y=325|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Mianyang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=845|y=270|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Guangyuan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=820|y=460|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Suining]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=755|y=575|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Neijiang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=630|y=625|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Leshan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=885|y=390|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Nanchong]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=655|y=530|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Meishan]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=750|y=700|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Yibin]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=920|y=480|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Guang'an]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=1045|y=375|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Dazhou]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=540|y=540|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Ya'an]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=965|y=300|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Bazhong]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=785|y=520|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Ziyang]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=480|y=240|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture|Ngawa (Aba) Tibetan and Qiang AP]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=280|y=460|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê (Ganzi) Tibetan AP]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=450|y=785|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text='''[[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Liangshan Yi AP]]'''}}
{{Image label|x=880|y=575|scale={{{1|702}}}/1170|text={{nobold|''[[Chongqing]]''}}}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China|Division code]]<ref>{{cite web |language=zh-hans |url=http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 |publisher=[[Ministry of Civil Affairs]] |access-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113603/http://files2.mca.gov.cn/cws/201502/20150225163817214.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Division
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Area in km2<ref name="nj2013">{{zh}}{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |script-title=zh:《深圳统计年鉴2014》 |url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm |access-date=2015-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184740/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2014/indexce.htm |archive-date=12 May 2015 }}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Population 2020<ref>{{cite book |author1=Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China |author2=Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China | script-title=zh:中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 |date=2012 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |location=Beijing |isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2 |edition=1}}</ref>
!! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Seat
!! scope="col" colspan="4" | Divisions<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |author=Ministry of Civil Affairs |script-title=zh:《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 |date=August 2014 |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-7130-9 |author-link=Ministry of Civil Affairs}}</ref>
|-
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[District (China)|Districts]]
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[Counties of the People's Republic of China|Counties]]
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China|Aut. counties]]
!! scope="col" style="width:45px;"| [[County-level city|CL cities]]
|- style="font-weight: bold"
! 510000 !! Sichuan Province
| 485,000.00 || 83,674,866 || [[Chengdu]] city || 55 || 105 || 4 || 19
|- style="background:#98fb98;"
! 510100 !! [[Chengdu]] city
| 12,163.16 || 20,937,757 || [[Wuhou District]] || 12 || 3 || style="background:gray;"| || 5
|-
! 510300 !! [[Zigong]] city
| 4,373.13 || 2,489,256 || [[Ziliujing District]] || 4 || 2 || style="background:gray;"| || style="background:gray;"|
|-
! 510400 !! [[Panzhihua]] city
| 7,423.42 || 1,212,203 || [[Dong District, Panzhihua|Dong District]] || 3 || 2 || style="background:gray;"| || style="background:gray;"|
|-
! 510500 !! [[Luzhou]] city
| 12,233.58 || 4,254,149 || [[Jiangyang District]] || 3 || 4 || style="background:gray;"| || style="background:gray;"|
|-
! 510600 !! [[Deyang]] city
| 5,951.55 || 3,456,161 || [[Jingyang District]] || 2 || 1 || style="background:gray;"| || 3
|-
! 510700 !! [[Mianyang]] city
| 20,267.46 || 4,868,243 || [[Fucheng District]] || 3 || 4 || 1 || 1
|-
! 510800 !! [[Guangyuan]] city
| 16,313.70 || 2,305,657 || [[Lizhou District]] || 3 || 4 || style="background:gray;"| || style="background:gray;"|
|-
! 510900 !! [[Suining]] city
| 5,323.85 || 2,814,196 || [[Chuanshan District]] || 2 || 2 || style="background:gray;"| || 1
|-
! 511000 !! [[Neijiang]] city
| 5,385.33 || 3,140,678 || [[Shizhong District, Neijiang|Shizhong District]] || 2 || 2 || style="background:gray;"| || 1
|-
! 511100 !! [[Leshan]] city
| 12,827.49 || 3,160,168 || [[Shizhong District, Leshan|Shizhong District]] || 4 || 4 || 2 || 1
|-
! 511300 !! [[Nanchong]] city
| 12,479.96 || 5,607,565 || [[Shunqing District]] || 3 || 5 || style="background:gray;"| || 1
|-
! 511400 !! [[Meishan]] city
| 7,173.82 || 2,955,219 || [[Dongpo District]] || 2 || 4 || style="background:gray;"| || style="background:gray;"|
|-
! 511500 !! [[Yibin]] city
| 13,293.89 || 4 588 804 || [[Cuiping District]] || 3 || 7 || style="background:gray;"| || style="background:gray;"|
|-
! 511600 !! [[Guang'an]] city
| 6,301.41 || 3,254,883 || [[Guang'an District]] || 2 || 3 || style="background:gray;"| || 1
|-
! 511700 !! [[Dazhou]] city
| 16,591.00 || 5,385,422 || [[Tongchuan District]] || 2 || 4 || style="background:gray;"| || 1
|-
! 511800 !! [[Ya'an]] city
| 15,213.28 || 1,434,603 || [[Yucheng District]] || 2 || 6 || style="background:gray;"| || style="background:gray;"|
|-
! 511900 !! [[Bazhong]] city
| 12,301.26 || 2,712,894 || [[Bazhou District]] || 2 || 3 || style="background:gray;"| || style="background:gray;"|
|-
! 512000 !! [[Ziyang]] city
| 7,962.56 || 2,308,631 || [[Yanjiang District]] || 1 || 2 || style="background:gray;"| || style="background:gray;"|
|-
! 513200 !! [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture]]
| 82,383.32 || 822,587 || [[Barkam]] city || style="background:gray;"| || 12 || style="background:gray;"| || 1
|-
! 513300 !! [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]]
| 147,681.37 || 1,107,431 || [[Kangding]] city || style="background:gray;"| || 17 || style="background:gray;"| || 1
|-
! 513400 !! [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture]]
| 60,422.67 || 4,858,359 || [[Xichang]] city || style="background:gray;"| || 14 || 1 || 2
|-
| colspan = "12" | {{legend|#98FB98|[[Sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China|Sub-provincial cities]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"
|-
! colspan="5" |Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
|-
! English !! Chinese !! Pinyin !! Sichuanese Romanzation
|-
| '''Sichuan Province''' || {{lang|zh|四川省}} || '''Sìchuān Shěng''' || '''si4 cuan1 sen3'''
|-
| [[Chengdu]] city || {{lang|zh|成都市}} || Chéngdū Shì || cen2 du1 si4
|-
| [[Zigong]] city || {{lang|zh|自贡市}} || Zìgòng Shì ||
|-
| [[Panzhihua]] city || {{lang|zh|攀枝花市}} || Pānzhīhuā Shì ||
|-
| [[Luzhou]] city || {{lang|zh|泸州市}} || Lúzhōu Shì || nu2 zou1 si4
|-
| [[Deyang]] city || {{lang|zh|德阳市}} || Déyáng Shì ||
|-
| [[Mianyang]] city || {{lang|zh|绵阳市}} || Miányáng Shì ||
|-
| [[Guangyuan]] city || {{lang|zh|广元市}} || Guǎngyuán Shì ||
|-
| [[Suining]] city || {{lang|zh|遂宁市}} || Sùiníng Shì || xu4 nin2 si4
|-
| [[Neijiang]] city || {{lang|zh|内江市}} || Nèijiāng Shì || nui4 jiang1 si4
|-
| [[Leshan]] city || {{lang|zh|乐山市}} || Lèshān Shì ||
|-
| [[Nanchong]] city || {{lang|zh|南充市}} || Nánchōng Shì || lan2 cong1 si4
|-
| [[Meishan]] city || {{lang|zh|眉山市}} || Méishān Shì || mi2 san1 si4
|-
| [[Yibin]] city || {{lang|zh|宜宾市}} || Yíbīn Shì || ni2 bin1 si4
|-
| [[Guang'an]] city || {{lang|zh|广安市}} || Guǎng'ān Shì ||
|-
| [[Dazhou]] city || {{lang|zh|达州市}} || Dázhōu Shì ||
|-
| [[Ya'an]] city || {{lang|zh|雅安市}} || Yǎ'ān Shì ||
|-
| [[Bazhong]] city || {{lang|zh|巴中市}} || Bāzhōng Shì ||
|-
| [[Ziyang]] city || {{lang|zh|资阳市}} || Zīyáng Shì ||
|-
| [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture]] || {{lang|zh|阿坝藏族羌族自治州}} || Ābà Zangzú Qiāngzú Zìzhìzhōu ||
|-
| [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]] || {{lang|zh|甘孜藏族自治州}} || Gānzī Zangzú Zìzhìzhōu ||
|-
| [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture]] || {{lang|zh|凉山彝族自治州}} || Liángshān Yízú Zìzhìzhōu ||
|}

The twenty [[Prefectures of the People's Republic of China|prefectures]] of Sichuan are subdivided into 183 [[county-level division]]s (53 [[District of China|district]]s, 17 [[county-level cities]], 109 [[County (People's Republic of China)|counties]], and 4 [[Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China|autonomous counties]]). At the end of the year 2017, the total population is 83.02 million.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm |title=中国统计年鉴—2018 |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106192400/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Urban areas===
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! colspan="6" | Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
|-
!#!!City!! style="background:#aaf;"|Urban area<ref name="2010PRCcensus"/>!! style="background:#afa;"|District area<ref name="2010PRCcensus"/>!! style="background:#faa;"|City proper<ref name="2010PRCcensus">{{cite book |author=国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 |date=2012 |script-title=zh:中国2010年人口普查分县资料 |location=Beijing |publisher=[[:zh:中国统计出版社|China Statistics Print]] |isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6}}</ref>!!Census date
|-
|1||'''[[Chengdu]]'''{{efn|name=Chengdu|New districts established after census: [[Shuangliu District|Shuangliu (Shuangliu County)]], [[Pidu District|Pidu (Pixian County)]]. These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}{{efn|name=Jianyang}}||6,316,922||7,415,590||15,118,839||2010-11-01
|- style="background:lightyellow;" class="sortbottom"
|(1)||Chengdu {{small|(new districts)}}{{efn|name=Chengdu}}||1,384,770||2,176,092||{{small|''see Chengdu''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|2||[[Mianyang]]{{efn|name=Mianyang|New district established after census: [[Anzhou District|Anxian County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||967,007||1,355,331||4,613,871||2010-11-01
|- style="background:lightyellow;" class="sortbottom"
|(2)||Mianyang {{small|(new district)}}{{efn|name=Mianyang}}||96,265||366,802||{{small|''see Mianyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|3||[[Nanchong]]||890,402||1,858,875||6,278,614||2010-11-01
|-
|4||[[Luzhou]]||742,274||1,371,233||4,218,427||2010-11-01
|-
|5||[[Leshan]]||678,752||1,211,237||3,235,759||2010-11-01
|-
|6||[[Zigong]]||666,204||1,262,064||2,678,899||2010-11-01
|-
|7||[[Panzhihua]]||631,258||787,177||1,214,121||2010-11-01
|-
|8||[[Neijiang]]||586,445||1,251,095||3,702,847||2010-11-01
|-
|9||[[Suining]]||549,826||1,295,885||3,252,619||2010-11-01
|-
|10||[[Yibin]]{{efn|name=Yibin|New districts established after census: [[Nanxi District, Yibin|Nanxi (Nanxi County)]], [[Xuzhou District|Xuzhou (Yibin County)]]. These new districts not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||549,650||836,340||4,471,896||2010-11-01
|- style="background:lightyellow;" class="sortbottom"
|(10)||Yibin {{small|(new districts)}}{{efn|name=Yibin}}||277,993||1,148,864||{{small|''see Yibin''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|11||[[Deyang]]{{efn|name=Deyang|New district established after census: [[Luojiang District, Deyang|Luojiang (Luojiang County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||530,122||735,070||3,615,758||2010-11-01
|- style="background:lightyellow;" class="sortbottom"
|(11)||Deyang {{small|(new district)}}{{efn|name=Deyang}}||79,269||212,185||{{small|''see Deyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|12||[[Bazhong]]||477,235||1,126,167||3283148||2010-11-01
|-
|13||[[Xichang]]||466,732||712,434||{{small|''part of [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture|Liangshan Prefecture]]''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|14||[[Guangyuan]]||407,756||859,246||2,484,122||2010-11-01
|-
|15||[[Dazhou]]{{efn|name=Dazhou|New district established after census: [[Dachuan District|Dachuan (Daxian County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||379,467||478,276||5,468,097||2010-11-01
|- style="background:lightyellow;" class="sortbottom"
|(15)||Dazhou {{small|(new district)}}{{efn|name=Dazhou}}||299,223||1,111,159||{{small|''see Dazhou''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|16||[[Ziyang]]{{efn|name=Jianyang}}||376,387||905,729||2,593,843||2010-11-01
|-
|17||[[Jianyang, Sichuan|Jianyang]]{{efn|name=Jianyang|Jianyang CLC was transferred from Ziyang PLC to Chengdu PLC's jurisdiction after census; the City proper count is reflected onto Chengdu PLC not Ziyang PLC.}}||365,386||1,071,214||{{small|''see Chengdu''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|18||[[Meishan]]{{efn|name=Meishan|New district established after census: [[Pengshan District|Pengshan (Pengshan County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||347,546||821,853||2,950,545||2010-11-01
|- style="background:lightyellow;" class="sortbottom"
|(18)||Meishan {{small|(new district)}}{{efn|name=Meishan}}||150,350||285,889||{{small|''see Meishan''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|19||[[Dujiangyan City|Dujiangyan]]||317,627||657,996||{{small|''see Chengdu''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|20||[[Guang'an]]||317,502||858,159||3,205,476||2010-11-01
|-
|21||[[Jiangyou]]||312,154||762,140||{{small|''see Mianyang''}}||2010-11-01
|- style="background:lightyellow;"
|(22)||[[Longchang]]{{efn|name=Longchang|Longchang County is currently known as Longchang CLC after census.}}||289,494||633,210||{{small|''see Neijiang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|23||[[Pengzhou]]||263,199||762,887||{{small|''see Chengdu''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|24||[[Langzhong]]||242,535||728,935||{{small|''see Nanchong''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|25||[[Guanghan]]||235,872||591,115||{{small|''see Deyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|26||[[Emeishan City|Emeishan]]||220,349||437,068||{{small|''see Leshan''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|27||[[Ya'an]]{{efn|name=Ya'an|New district established after census: [[Mingshan District, Ya'an|Mingshan (Mingshan County)]]. The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.}}||208,940||355,572||1,507,258||2010-11-01
|- style="background:lightyellow;" class="sortbottom"
|(27)||Ya'an {{small|(new district)}}{{efn|name=Ya'an}}||52,131||256,484||{{small|''see Ya'an''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|28||[[Chongzhou]]||206,448||661,120||{{small|''see Chengdu''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|29||[[Mianzhu]]||192,001||477,868||{{small|''see Deyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|30||[[Qionglai City|Qionglai]]||190,099||612753||{{small|''see Chengdu''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|31||[[Shifang]]||187,473||412,758||{{small|''see Deyang''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|32||[[Wanyuan]]||129,617||407,594||{{small|''see Dazhou''}}||2010-11-01
|-
|33||[[Huaying]]||119,228||278,359||{{small|''see Guang'an''}}||2010-11-01
|- style="background:lightyellow;"
|(34)||[[Kangding]]{{efn|name=Kangding|Kangding County is currently known as Kangding CLC after census.}}||60,439||130,142||{{small|''part of [[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Garzê Prefecture]]''}}||2010-11-01
|- style="background:lightyellow;"
|(35)||[[Barkam]]{{efn|name=Barkam|Barkam County is currently known as Barkam CLC after census.}}||28,783||58,437||{{small|''part of [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture|Ngawa Prefecture]]''}}||2010-11-01
|}
{{notelist}}

==Geography and biodiversity==
Sichuan consists of two geographically very distinct parts. The eastern part of the province is mostly within the fertile [[Sichuan basin]] (which is shared by Sichuan with Chongqing Municipality). The western Sichuan consists of numerous mountain ranges forming the easternmost part of the [[Tibetan Plateau]], which are known generically as the [[Hengduan Mountains]]. One of these ranges, the [[Daxue Mountains]], contains the highest point of the province [[Gongga Shan]], at {{cvt|7556|m|ft}} above sea level. The mountains are formed by the collision of the Tibetan Plateau with the [[Yangtze Plate]]. Faults here include the [[Longmenshan Fault]] which ruptured during the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Other mountain ranges surround the Sichuan Basin from north, east, and south. Among them are the [[Daba Mountains]], in the province's northeast.

The [[Yangtze River]] and its tributaries flow through the mountains of western Sichuan and the Sichuan Basin; thus, the province is upstream of the great cities that stand along the Yangtze River further to the east, such as [[Chongqing]], [[Wuhan]], [[Nanjing]], and [[Shanghai]]. One of the major tributaries of the Yangtze within the province is the [[Min River (Sichuan)|Min River]] of central Sichuan, which joins the Yangtze at [[Yibin]]. There are also a number of other rivers, such as the [[Jialing River]], [[Tuo River]], [[Yalong River]], [[Wu River (Yangtze tributary)|Wu River]], and [[Jinsha River]], and any four of the various rivers are often grouped as the "four rivers" that the name of Sichuan is commonly and mistakenly believed to mean.<ref name=ruf /><ref name=rowan />

Due to great differences in terrain, the climate of the province is highly variable. In general, it has strong [[monsoon]]al influences, with rainfall heavily concentrated in the summer. Under the [[Köppen climate classification]], the [[Sichuan Basin]] (including [[Chengdu]]) in the eastern half of the province experiences a [[humid subtropical climate]] (Köppen ''Cwa'' or ''Cfa''), with long, hot, wet summers and short, mild to cool, dry, and cloudy winters. Consequently, it has China's lowest sunshine totals. The western region has mountainous areas producing a cooler but sunnier climate. Having cool to very cold winters and mild summers, temperatures generally decrease with greater elevation. However, due to its high altitude and its inland location, many areas such as Garze County and Zoige County in Sichuan exhibit a [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dwc'')- featuring extremely cold winters down to −30 °C and even cold summer nights. The region is geologically active with landslides and earthquakes. Average elevation ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 meters; average temperatures range from 0 to 15 °C.<ref name=TibetansSichuan>{{cite journal |title=Study on Rural Poverty in Ecologically Fragile Areas-A Case Study of the Tibetan Areas in Sichuan Province |journal=Asian Agricultural Research |year=2012 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=27–31, 61 |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/133098/2/06.PDF |access-date=26 March 2013 |author=Lan Hong-xing |publisher=USA-China Science and Culture Media Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513063229/http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/133098/2/06.PDF |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The southern part of the province, including Panzhihua and Xichang, has a sunny climate with short, very mild winters and very warm to hot summers.

Sichuan borders [[Qinghai]] to the northwest, [[Gansu]] to the north, [[Shaanxi]] to the northeast, [[Chongqing]] to the east, [[Guizhou]] to the southeast, [[Yunnan]] to the south, and the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] to the west.

<gallery heights="150px" perrow="4" mode="packed">
File:Larix potaninii trees Huluhai.jpg|''[[Larix potaninii]]'' in autumn colour.
File:1 Seda facing south.jpg|[[Garzê Prefecture]]
File:Zitong-sichuan-china.jpg|[[Zitong County]]
File:A Typical Linpan unit in Pi County.jpg|[[Linpan in Chengdu Plain]] is a well-known landmark in [[Chengdu Plain]], Sichuan.
</gallery>

===Giant panda===

[[File:Chengdu-pandas-d10.jpg|thumb|[[Giant panda]]s eating bamboo in [[Chengdu]], Sichuan]]

[[Giant panda]]s live in [[Bamboo|bamboo forests]] and low mountainous areas such as the [[Min Mountains|Minshan Mountains]] in Sichuan.<ref>[https://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/giant_panda/panda/where_panda_lives_habitat/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161518/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/giant_panda/panda/where_panda_lives_habitat/|date=1 May 2018}}, Survey in Minshang Mountains by Michel</ref> The majority of the panda population lives in Sichuan, with their range spreading into [[Shaanxi]] and [[Gansu]]. As it is abundant where they live, pandas' diet consists of 99% bamboo, with small other plants, or small animals consisting of the other 1%. As the panda is native to China, they have become a national symbol of China.<ref>[http://www.spiritanimal.info/panda-spirit-animal/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424202525/http://www.spiritanimal.info/panda-spirit-animal/|date=24 April 2018}}, Panda Symbolism by Elena Harris.</ref>
==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Sichuan|List of current Chinese provincial leaders}}
The politics of Sichuan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in [[mainland China]].

The governor of Sichuan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Sichuan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Sichuan Communist Party of China's [[Party Committee Secretary]], colloquially termed the "Sichuan CPC Party Chief".

==Economy==
[[File:IFS Chengdu logo and Tower 2.jpg|thumb|right|Chengdu IFS]]
[[File:Tianfu Financial Center 2.jpg|thumb|[[Tianfu New Area]]]]

Sichuan is the [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP|6th-largest provincial economy]] of China, the largest in [[Western China]] and the second largest among inland provinces after [[Henan]]. As of 2021, its nominal GDP was 5,385 billion yuan (US$847.68 billion), ahead of the GDP of Turkey of 815 billion.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Compared to a country, it would be the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|18th-largest economy]] as well as the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|19th most populous]] as of 2021.<ref name=":1" /> As of 2021, its nominal GDP per capita was 64,357 RMB (US$10,120).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-07 |title=Decoding China's 2021 GDP Growth Rate: A Look at Regional Numbers |url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities/ |access-date=2022-09-15 |website=China Briefing News |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819091517/https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-2021-gdp-performance-a-look-at-major-provinces-and-cities/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, the per capita net income of rural residents was 17,575 yuan (US$2760). The per capita [[disposable income]] of the urbanites averaged 41,444 yuan (US$6510).

Sichuan has been historically known as the "Province of Abundance". It is one of the major agricultural production bases of China. Grain, including rice and wheat, is the major product with output that ranked first in China in 1999. Commercial crops include citrus fruits, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, peaches, and grapes. Sichuan also had the largest output of pork among all the provinces and the second largest output of silkworm cocoons in 1999. Sichuan is rich in mineral resources. It has more than 132 kinds of proven underground mineral resources including vanadium, titanium, and lithium is the largest in China. The Panxi region alone possesses 13.3% of the reserves of iron, 93% of titanium, 69% of vanadium, and 83% of cobalt in the whole country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tdctrade.com/mktprof/china/mpsic.htm |title=SICHUAN PROVINCE (hktdc.com) |access-date=5 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208093813/http://www.tdctrade.com/mktprof/china/mpsic.htm |archive-date=8 February 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sichuan also possesses China's largest proven natural gas reserves (such as the [[Dazhou gas field]]), the majority of which are transported to more developed eastern regions.<ref name="bare_url" />

Sichuan is one of the major industrial centers of China. In addition to heavy industries such as coal, energy, iron, and steel, the province has also established a light industrial sector comprising building materials, wood processing, food, and silk processing. [[Chengdu]] and [[Mianyang]] are the production centers for textiles and electronics products. [[Deyang]], [[Panzhihua]], and [[Yibin]] are the production centers for machinery, metallurgical industries, and wine, respectively. Sichuan's wine production accounted for 21.9% of the country's total production in 2000.

Great strides have been made in developing Sichuan into a modern hi-tech industrial base, by encouraging both domestic and foreign investments in electronics and information technology (such as software), machinery and metallurgy (including automobiles), hydropower, pharmaceutical, food and beverage industries.

The auto industry is an important and key sector of the machinery industry in Sichuan. Most of the auto manufacturing companies are located in Chengdu, Mianyang, [[Nanchong]], and [[Luzhou]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr111906e.html |title=International Market Research – AUTO PARTS INDUSTRY IN SICHUAN AND CHONGQING |access-date=5 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626154234/http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inimr-ri.nsf/en/gr111906e.html |archive-date=26 June 2006 }}</ref>

Other important industries in Sichuan include [[aerospace]] and defense (military) industries. A number of China's rockets ([[Long March rocket]]s) and [[satellite]]s were launched from the [[Xichang Satellite Launch Center]], located in the city of [[Xichang]].

Sichuan's landscapes and rich historical relics have also made the province a center for tourism.

The [[Three Gorges Dam]], the largest [[dam]] ever constructed, was built on the [[Yangtze River]] in nearby [[Hubei]] province to control flooding in the Sichuan Basin, neighboring [[Yunnan]] province, and downstream. The plan is hailed by some as China's efforts to shift towards alternative energy sources and to further develop its industrial and commercial bases, but others have criticised it for its potentially harmful effects, such as massive resettlement of residents in the reservoir areas, loss of archeological sites, and ecological damages.

===Minimum wage===
Starting in 2021, the minimum wage in Sichuan Province will be 2,100 yuan ($330).

===Economic development zones===

==== Chengdu Hi-tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone ====
Chengdu Hi-tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone was established with the approval of the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] on October 18, 2010, and passed the national acceptance on February 25, 2011. It was officially operated in May 2011. Chengdu High-tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone is integrated and expanded from the former Chengdu Export Processing Zone and Chengdu Bonded Logistics Center. it is located in the Chengdu West High-tech Industrial Development Zone, with an area of 4.68 square kilometers and divided into three areas A, B, and C. The industries focus on notebook computer manufacturing, tablet computer manufacturing, wafer manufacturing, chip packaging testing, electronic components, precision machining, and the biopharmaceutical industry. Chengdu Hi-Tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone has attracted the top 500 multinational enterprises such as Intel, Foxconn, Texas Instruments, Dell, Morse, and so on.

In 2020, the Chengdu Hi-Tech Comprehensive Free Trade Zone achieved a total import and export volume of 549.1 billion yuan (including the Shuangliu Sub-zone), accounting for 68% of the province's total foreign trade import and export volume, ranking first in the national comprehensive insurance zone import and export volume for three consecutive years.

====Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone====
Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone ({{zh|s=成都经济技术开发区|hp=Chéngdū jīngjì jìshù kāifā qū|links=no}}) was approved as state-level development zone in February 2000. The zone now has a developed area of {{cvt|10.25|km2|}} and a planned area of {{cvt|26|km2|}}. Chengdu Economic and Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) lies {{cvt|13.6|km|}} east of Chengdu, the capital city of Sichuan Province and the hub of transportation and communication in southwest China. The zone has attracted investors and developers from more than 20 countries to carry out their projects there. Industries encouraged in the zone include mechanical, electronic, new building materials, medicine, and food processing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-economic-technology-development-zone/ |title=Chengdu Economic & Technological Development Zone |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=2011-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507150656/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-economic-technology-development-zone |archive-date=7 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Chengdu Export Processing Zone====
Chengdu [[Export Processing Zone]] ({{zh|s=成都出口加工区|hp=Chéngdū chūkǒu jiāgōng qū|links=no}})) was ratified by the State Council as one of the first 15 export processing zones in the country in April 2000. In 2002, the state ratified the establishment of the Sichuan Chengdu Export Processing West Zone with a planned area of {{cvt|1.5|km2|}}, located inside the west region of the Chengdu Hi-tech Zone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-export-processing-zone/ |title=Chengdu Export Processing Zone |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=2011-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505062609/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-export-processing-zone |archive-date=5 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Chengdu Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone====
[[File:S. Renmin Road.jpg|thumb|Nijia Qiao, South Renmin Road, Chengdu]]
Established in 1988, Chengdu Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone ({{zh|s=成都高新技术产业开发区|hp=Chéngdū Gāoxīn Jìshù Chǎnyè Kāifā Qū|links=no}}) was approved as one of the first national hi-tech development zones in 1991. In 2000, it was open to APEC and has been recognized as a national advanced hi-tech development zone in successive assessment activities held by China's Ministry of Science and Technology. It ranks 5th among the 53 national hi-tech development zones in China in terms of comprehensive strength.

Chengdu Hi-tech Development Zone covers an area of {{cvt|82.5|km2|}}, consisting of South Park and West Park. By relying on the city sub-center, which is under construction, South Park is focusing on creating a modernized industrial park of science and technology with scientific and technological innovation, incubation R&D, modern service industry, and Headquarters economy playing leading roles. Priority has been given to the development of the software industry. Located on both sides of the "Chengdu-Dujiangyan-Jiuzhaigou" golden tourism channel, the West Park aims at building a comprehensive industrial park targeting industrial clustering with complete supportive functions. West Park gives priority to three major industries i.e. electronic information, biomedicine, and precision machinery.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ |title=Chengdu Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone |publisher=RightSite.asia |access-date=2011-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620200717/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/chengdu-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone |archive-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone====
Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone was established in 1992, with a planned area of {{cvt|43|km2|}}. The zone is situated 96 kilometers away from Chengdu and is {{cvt|8|km|}} away from Mianyang Airport. Since its establishment, the zone accumulated 177.4 billion yuan of industrial output, 46.2 billion yuan of gross domestic product, and fiscal revenue of 6.768 billion yuan. There are more than 136 high-tech enterprises in the zone and they accounted for more than 90% of the total industrial output.

The zone is a leader in the electronic information industry, biological medicine, new materials, and the production of motor vehicles and parts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/mianyang-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone/ |title=RightSite.asia {{!}} Mianyang Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone |access-date=21 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505065743/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/mianyang-hi-tech-industrial-development-zone |archive-date=5 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:卡萨湖.jpg|thumb|[[China National Highway 318|Sichuan–Tibet Highway]] passes by Lake Kasa in [[Luhuo County]].]]

For millennia, Sichuan's rugged and riverine landscape presented enormous challenges to the development of transportation infrastructure, and the lack of roads out of the Sichuan Basin contributed to the region's isolation. Since the 1950s, numerous highways and railways have been built through the Qinling in the north and the Bashan in the east. Dozens of bridges [[Yangtze River bridges and tunnels|across the Yangtze]] and its tributaries to the south and west have brought greater connectivity with Yunnan and Tibet.

===Airports===
[[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport]] is the 4th-busiest airport in mainland China. It was among the world's top 30 busiest airports in 2015, and the busiest in western and central China. It was also the fifth-busiest airport in terms of cargo traffic in China in 2013. Chengdu airport is the hub of [[Sichuan Airlines]], [[Chengdu Airlines]], [[Shenzhen Airlines]], [[Tibet Airlines]], [[China Southern Airlines]], [[China Eastern Airlines]], [[Lucky Air]], and [[Air China]]. Alongside Shuangliu Airport, [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport]] has opened in 2021.

Chengdu airports are also 144-hour transit visa-free airports for foreigners from 53 countries.

===Expressways===
On 3 November 2007, the Sichuan Transportation Bureau announced that the [[G93 Chengyu Ring Expressway|Suining-Chongqing Expressway]] was completed after three years of construction. After the completion of the Chongqing section of the road, the {{cvt|36.64|km|}} expressway connected [[G42 Shanghai–Chengdu Expressway|Chengdu-Nanchong Expressway]] and formed the shortest expressway from [[Chengdu]] to [[Chongqing]]. The new expressway is {{cvt|50|km|}} shorter than the pre-existing road between Chengdu and Chongqing; thus journey time between the two cities was reduced by an hour, now taking two and a half hours. The Sui-Yu Expressway is a four-lane overpass with a speed limit of {{cvt|80|km/h|}}. The total investment was 1.045 billion [[Chinese yuan|yuan]].

===Rail===
[[China Railway Chengdu Group]] is headquartered in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province, managing railway systems in Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou. Sichuan's major railways in Sichuan include the [[Baoji–Chengdu railway|Baoji–Chengdu]], [[Chengdu–Chongqing railway|Chengdu–Chongqing]], [[Chengdu–Kunming Railway|Chengdu–Kunming]], [[Neijiang–Kunming Railway|Neijiang–Kunming]], Suining–Chongqing, and Chengdu–Dazhou railways. [[High-speed rail]]ways in Sichuan include the [[Chengdu–Chongqing high-speed railway]], [[Xi'an–Chengdu high-speed railway|Xi'an-Chengdu high-speed railway]], [[Chengdu–Guiyang high-speed railway|Chengdu-Guiyang high-speed railway]], and Chengdu–Kunming high-speed railway. A suburban railway [[Chengdu–Dujiangyan intercity railway|connects Chengdu and Dujiangyan]].

==Demographics==
[[File:Yi-Minority.JPG|thumb|right|The Yi are the largest ethnic minority group in Sichuan.]]
{{Historical Populations
|title = Historical population
|width = 16em
|state = collapsed
|footnote = Chongqing was part of Sichuan Province until 1939 and 1954 to 1997. [[Xikang|Xikang Province]] dissolved in 1955 and parts were incorporated into Sichuan Province.
|1912<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1912年中国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html |access-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032922/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> |48,130,000
|1928<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1928年中国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm |access-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032924/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> |47,992,000
|1936–37<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1936–37年中国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm |access-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032925/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> |52,706,000
|1947<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ja:1947年全国人口 |url=http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm |access-date=6 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913053600/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm |archive-date=13 September 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> |47,437,000
|1954<ref name="census1954">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm |archive-date=5 August 2009}}</ref> |62,303,999
|1964<ref name="census1964">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |script-title=zh:第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm |archive-date=14 September 2012}}</ref> |67,956,490
|1982<ref name="census1982">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm |archive-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> |99,713,310
|1990<ref name="census1990">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |script-title=zh:中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm |archive-date=19 June 2012}}</ref> |107,218,173
|2000<ref name="census2000">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |script-title=zh:现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下 |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm |archive-date=29 August 2012}}</ref> |82,348,296
|2010<ref name="census2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |title=Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census |publisher=[[National Bureau of Statistics of China]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm |archive-date=27 July 2013}}</ref>
|80,418,200
|2020<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-society-census-takeaways-idUSL4N2MY2I6 |title=FACTBOX-Key takeaways from China's 2020 population census |newspaper=Reuters |date=11 May 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105133445/https://www.reuters.com/article/china-society-census-takeaways-idUSL4N2MY2I6 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|83,674,866
}}
The majority of the province's population is [[Han Chinese]] (95% of the provincial population), who are found scattered throughout the region except for the far western areas. Thus, significant minorities of [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], [[Yi people|Yi]], [[Qiang people|Qiang]], and [[Nakhi people]] reside in the western portion that is impacted by inclement weather and natural disasters, environmentally fragile, and impoverished. Sichuan's capital of [[Chengdu]] is home to a large community of Tibetans, with 30,000 permanent Tibetan residents and up to 200,000 Tibetan [[floating population]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-03/14/c_131467409_2.htm |title=Tibetans leave home to seek new opportunities |date=2012-03-14 |access-date=2014-01-04 |publisher=Xinhua |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407225031/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2012-03/14/c_131467409_2.htm |archive-date=7 April 2012 }}</ref> The [[Eastern Lipo]], included with either the Yi or the [[Lisu people]], as well as the [[A-Hmao]], also are among the ethnic groups of the provinces.

Sichuan was China's [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by population|most populous province]] before [[Chongqing]] became a directly controlled municipality; it is currently the fourth most populous, after Guangdong, Shandong, and Henan. As of 1832, Sichuan was the most populous of the 18 provinces in China, with an estimated population at that time of 21 million.<ref name=Roberts1>{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=Edmund |title=Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat |year=1837 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York |page=123 |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/123/ |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016074209/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/123/ |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was the third most populous sub-national entity in the world, after [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], and the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] until 1991, when the [[Soviet Union]] was dissolved. It is also one of the only eight subnational divisions to ever reach 100 million people (Uttar Pradesh, Russian RSFSR, [[Maharashtra]], Sichuan, [[Bihar]], [[Shandong]], [[Guangdong]], and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]). It is currently ranked 10th.

===Religion===
{{See also|Christianity in Sichuan|Islam in Sichuan}}
{{Pie chart
|caption = Religion in Sichuan<ref name="Wang2015">China General Social Survey (CGSS) 2009, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2007. Report by: [https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1 |date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Some of the data collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007 have been reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)<ref name="Wang2015"/> in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into [[Chinese lineage associations|lineage "churches"]] and [[ancestral shrine]]s). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et al.) were not reported by Wang and come from different sources.}}
|label1 = [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese religion]] (also including [[Confucianism|Confucians]], [[Taoism|Taoists]] and [[Chinese salvationist religions|sects]] other than Yiguandao), or [[irreligion|not religious]] people
|value1 = 71.31
|color1 = #C00000
|label2 = [[Buddhism]]{{refn|group=note|Based on a 2006 survey of the distribution of Buddhist institutions in China,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ji |first1=Zhe |url=http://www.fjzd.org/news/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=2268 |trans-title=Three Decades of Revival: Basic Data on Contemporary Chinese Buddhism |script-title=zh:复兴三十年：当代中国佛教的基本数据 |website=fjzd.org [China Buddhism System Research Center] |language=zh-hans |date=2011 |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427135345/http://www.fjzd.org/news/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=2268 |archive-date=27 April 2017 }}</ref> assuming that the percentage of institutions per capita is consistent with the percentage of Buddhists (which has been proved so by data on other regions), the Buddhist religion would account for between 10% and 20% (≈15%) of the population of Sichuan.}}
|value2 = 15
|color2 = Yellow
|label3 = [[Chinese ancestral religion]]
|value3 = 10.6
|color3 = DarkSlateBlue
|label4 = [[Yiguandao]]<ref name=YiguandaoSichuan>''Tokyo Sentaku'' [in Japanese]. 1 June 1999. "Cult Groups Seen Shaking Party Leadership" (FBIS-CHI-1999-0614 1 June 1999/WNC). Cited in: ecoi.net, ''[https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/171890/288221_de.html The Tian Dao (Yi Guan Dao, Yiguandao, Yi Guandao) sect and treatment of believers by the authorities] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009213708/https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/171890/288221_de.html |date=9 October 2016 }}''. [CHN32887.E] [ID 171890].</ref>
|value4 = 2.4
|color4 = Chartreuse
|label5 = [[Christianity in Sichuan|Christianity]]
|value5 = 0.68
|color5 = DodgerBlue
|label6 = [[Islam in Sichuan|Islam]]{{refn|group=note|As of 2010 there are 11,200 Muslims in Sichuan.<ref name="2010-Islam">Min Junqing. ''The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China''. JISMOR, 8. [https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf 2010 Islam by province, page 29] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427140204/https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/duar/repository/ir/18185/r002000080004.pdf |date=27 April 2017 }}. Data from: Yang Zongde, ''Study on Current Muslim Population in China'', Jinan Muslim, 2, 2010.</ref>}}
|value6 = 0.1
|color6 = Green
}}

[[File:Ashoka's Buddha Statue, Sichuan Museum.png|thumb|left|upright|"{{w|Ashoka}}-type Buddha", 551 {{smallcaps2|AD}}. An early example of Sichuanese Buddhist art with heavy Indian influence.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Howard |first=Angela F. |date=2008 |title=Pluralism of Styles in Sixth-Century China: A Reaffirmation of Indian Models |journal=[[Freer Gallery of Art#Scholarship|Ars Orientalis]] |volume=35 |pages=67–94 |jstor=25481908}}</ref>]]
The predominant religions in Sichuan are [[Chinese folk religion]]s, [[Taoism|Taoist traditions]], and [[Chinese Buddhism]]. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 10.6% of the population believes and is involved in [[Chinese ancestral religion|cults of ancestors]], while 0.68% of the population identifies as [[Christianity in Sichuan|Christian]].<ref name="Wang2015"/> According to the Japanese publication ''Tokyo Sentaku'' in 1999, there were 2 million members of [[Yiguandao]] (Tiandao) in Sichuan, equal to 2.4% of the province's population.<ref name=YiguandaoSichuan/>

The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; the vast majority of the population may be either irreligious or involved in the [[Chinese folk religion|worship of nature deities]], Buddhism, [[Confucianism]], Taoism, [[Chinese salvationist religions|folk religious sects]], and small minorities of [[Islam in Sichuan|Muslims]]. [[Tibetan Buddhism]] is widespread, especially in areas inhabited by ethnic Tibetans. Sichuan is one of the cradles of the early [[Zhengyi Taoism|Heavenly Masters' Taoist religious movements]].

According to "Vestiges of Zoroastrianism in Medieval Sichuan" ({{lang|zh-hant|唐宋時期巴蜀地區的火祆教遺痕}}) by Yao Chongxin, professor at Sun Yat-sen University, [[Zoroastrianism]] flourished during the period of [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] (618–907), [[Former Shu]] (907–925), [[Later Shu]] (934–965), and [[Song dynasty|Song]] (960–1279).<ref>{{cite book |last=Yao |first=Chongxin |editor-last1=Cheng |editor-first1=A-tsai |editor-last2=Wang |editor-first2=Chuan |date=1 October 2010 |chapter=唐宋時期巴蜀地區的火祆教遺痕 |trans-chapter=Vestiges of Zoroastrianism in Medieval Sichuan |title=張廣達先生八十華誕祝壽論文集 |trans-title=Papers in Celebration of the 80th Birthday of Zhang Guangda |language=zh-hant |location=New Taipei |publisher=Sin Wen Feng Publisher |pages=997–1028 |isbn=978-957-17-2120-0}}</ref>

A [[Chabad house|Chabad Jewish Center]] was established in [[Chengdu]] in 2012, after moving five times, a permanent location was secured at [[Wuhou District]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishchengdu.com/ |title=About Our Community: Building Dedication |author= |date= |website=jewishchengdu.com |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chabadchengdu.com/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/2042598/jewish/Address-and-Directions.htm |title=Chabad Jewish Center of Chengdu: Address and Directions |author= |date= |website=chabadchengdu.com |access-date=30 September 2023}}</ref>

<gallery caption="Religious sites in Sichuan">
File:Huanglong Sichuan China Multicolored-ponds-04.jpg|View of the Temple of the Yellow Dragon (Chinese Buddhism) in [[Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area|Huanglong]].
File:Litang8.jpg|Statues of buddhas at Litang Monastery of the Tibetan tradition.
File:Main altar before Shangqing Temple on Qingchengshan, in Chengdu, Sichuan.jpg|A pavilion of the Shangqing Temple (Taoist) in Qingchengshan, [[Chengdu]].
File:China - Mount Emei - EmeiShan - Sichuan 11.jpg|Golden Temple of [[Mount Emei]] (Chinese Buddhism).
File:巴巴寺.JPG|{{ill|Baba Mosque|zh|巴巴寺}}, a [[Menhuan|Chinese]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] mosque in [[Langzhong]].
File:Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Chengdu.png|[[Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Chengdu]] ([[Catholic Church in Sichuan|Catholic]])
File:St John's Cathedral, Paoning.jpg|[[St John's Cathedral, Langzhong]] ([[History of Anglicanism in Sichuan|Anglican]])
File:成都恩光堂.jpg|[[Sï-Shen-Tsï Methodist Church]] ([[History of Methodism in Sichuan|Methodist]])
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==Culture==
{{main|Ba–Shu culture}}
{{see|Sichuanese people}}
The ''Sichuanese people'' ([[Sichuanese Mandarin|Sichuanese]]: {{lang|zh|巴蜀人}} Ba1su2ren2; [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|[pa˥su˨˩zən˨˩]}}; alternatively {{lang|zh|川人}}, {{lang|zh|川渝人}}, {{lang|zh|四川人}} or {{lang|zh|巴蜀民系}}) are a subgroup of Han Chinese living in mostly Sichuan province and the neighboring [[Chongqing]] municipality. Beginning from the 9th century BC, [[Shu (kingdom)|Shu]] (on the [[Chengdu Plain]]) and [[Ba (state)|Ba]] (which had its first capital at [[Enshi City]] in [[Hubei]] and controlled part of the [[Han River (Shaanxi and Hubei)|Han Valley]]) emerged as cultural and administrative centers where two rival kingdoms were established. Although eventually, the [[Qin dynasty]] destroyed the kingdoms of Shu and Ba, the Qin government accelerated the technological and agricultural advancements of Sichuan making it comparable to that of the [[Yellow River]] Valley. The now-extinct [[Ba–Shu Chinese|Ba–Shu language]] was derived from Qin-era settlers and represents the earliest documented division from what is now called [[Middle Chinese]].

During the [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] and [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] dynasties, the population of the area was reduced through wars and the [[bubonic plague]], and settlers arrived from the area of modern Hubei, replacing the earlier common Chinese with a new standard.

The [[Li Bai]] Memorial, located in [[Jiangyou]], is a museum in memory of Li Bai, a Chinese poet of [[Tang dynasty|Tang China]] (618–907) built at the place where he grew up. The building was begun in 1962 on the occasion of the 1200th anniversary of his death, completed in 1981, and opened to the public in October 1982. The memorial is built in the style of the classic Tang garden.

In 2003, Sichuan had "88 art performing troupes, 185 culture centers, 133 libraries, and 52 museums". Companies based in Sichuan also produced 23 television series and one film.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsgd.com/specials/panprdforum/deltadetails/200405260039.htm |title=Sichuan: Education and Culture |date=2004-05-26 |access-date=2014-01-04 |publisher=newsgd.com |editor=Catherine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514051220/http://www.newsgd.com/specials/panprdforum/deltadetails/200405260039.htm |archive-date=14 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Main|Sichuanese dialects|l1=Sichuanese language|Ba–Shu Chinese}}
[[File:Sichuanese in China.png|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Extent of present-day Sichuanese language]]
The Sichuanese once spoke their variety of Spoken Chinese called Ba-Shu Chinese, or Old Sichuanese before it became extinct during the Ming dynasty. Now most of them speak Sichuanese Mandarin. The Minjiang dialects are thought by some linguists{{who|date=March 2019}} to be a bona fide descendant of Old Sichuanese, but there is no conclusive evidence whether Minjiang dialects are derived from Old Sichuanese or Southwestern Mandarin.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

The languages of Sichuan are primarily members of three subfamilies of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].

The most widely used variety of Chinese spoken in Sichuan is [[Sichuanese dialects|Sichuanese]], which is the [[lingua franca]] in Sichuan, [[Chongqing]], and parts of the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]]. Although Sichuanese is generally classified as a dialect of [[Mandarin Chinese]], it is highly divergent in phonology, vocabulary, and even grammar from [[Standard Chinese]].<ref name="《四川方言与巴蜀文化》">{{cite book |language=zh-hans |last1=Cui |first1=Rongchang (崔荣昌) |script-title=zh:《四川方言与巴蜀文化》 |year=1996 |publisher=[[Sichuan University]] Press |script-chapter=zh:第三章：四川的官话 |isbn=7-5614-1296-7}}</ref> The [[Minjiang dialect]] is especially difficult for speakers of other Mandarin dialects to understand.<ref>{{cite book |language=zh-hans |last1=Li |first1=Bin (李彬) |last2=Tu |first2=Minghua (涂鸣华) |script-title=zh:《百年中国新闻人（上册）》 |year=2007 |publisher=Fujian People's Press |page=563 |isbn=978-7-211-05482-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:四川交通："窗口"飞来普通话 |last1=Wu |first1=Dan (吴丹) |last2=Liang |first2=Xiaoming (梁晓明) |script-work=zh:中国交通报 |date=23 November 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:大学生村官恶补四川方言现在能用流利四川话和村民交流 |last1=Zhang |first1=Guosheng (张国盛) |last2=Yu |first2=Yong (余勇) |newspaper=[[:zh:北京晨报|Morning Post]] |date=1 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |language=zh-hans |script-title=zh:走进大山的志愿者 |script-work=zh:四川青年报 |trans-work=Sichuan Youth Paper |date=18 July 2009}}</ref>

[[Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]] and [[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture]] in western Sichuan are populated by [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] and [[Qiang people]]. Tibetans speak the [[Khams Tibetan|Khams]] and [[Amdo Tibetan]], which are [[Tibetic languages]], as well as various [[Qiangic languages]]. The Qiang speak Qiangic languages and often Tibetic languages as well. The [[Yi people]] of [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture]] in southern Sichuan speak the [[Nuosu language]], which is one of the [[Lolo-Burmese languages]]; Yi is written using the [[Yi script]], a [[syllabary]] standardized in 1974. The [[Southwest University for Nationalities]] has one of China's most prominent [[Tibetology]] departments and the Southwest Minorities Publishing House prints literature in minority languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tibetinfonet.net/content/update/143#fn2 |title=The Wuhou District (武侯区), a Tibetan enclave in Chengdu |date=2009-03-24 |access-date=2013-01-04 |issn=1864-1407 |publisher=TibetInfoNet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105045511/http://www.tibetinfonet.net/content/update/143#fn2 |archive-date=5 January 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the minority-inhabited regions of Sichuan, there is bilingual signage and public school instruction in non-Mandarin minority languages.

=== Sichuan brocade ===
{{main|Sichuan embroidery}}
[[File:Sichuan brocade, double bird pattern 2.png|thumb|Sichuan brocade manufactured between the 7th and early 10th century, featuring double-bird-within-floral-roundel pattern; collection of [[Chengdu Museum]].]]
Commonly known as "Shu brocade" ({{lang|zh-hant|蜀錦}}) in Chinese, Sichuan brocade is referred to as the "mother of brocade in China" given its age.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Yeting |date=2018 |title=Road Heritage: Ancient and Modern Shu brocade and Southern Silk Road |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328226896 |journal=Revista de Arquitetura IMED |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=165 |doi=10.18256/2318-1109.2018.v7i1.2933 |s2cid=134170907 |access-date=March 17, 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref> This technique of embroidery originates in the capital city of [[Chengdu]] during the time of the [[Shu (kingdom)|Ancient Kingdom of Shu]]. It enjoyed high popularity throughout the regions along the [[Silk Road]], which stimulated an "[[Exoticism|exoticization]]" of the embroidery designs during the 1st millennium, with most of the patterns imported from [[Sogdia]] and other parts of [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Cheng |first1=Si |last2=Qiao |first2=Hong |date=2022 |title=唐代蜀锦团窠纹的审美特征 |trans-title=Aesthetic Characteristics of ''Tuanke'' Pattern of Shu Brocade in Tang Dynasty |url=http://www.fzkjjz.com/UploadDoc/944_20220620135913.pdf |language=zh-hans |magazine=Progress in Textile Science & Technology |location=Chengdu |publisher=Sichuan Textile Science & Technology Intelligence Center; Sichuan Textile Engineering Academy |page=56 |access-date=March 17, 2023}}</ref> According to the ''[[Book of Sui]]'', in the year 605 AD, the head of the Sichuan ateliers producing silks in the "western style" was a certain He Chou, a name which betrays his Sogdian origins.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/compareti.html |title=The role of the Sogdian Colonies in the diffusion of the pearl roundels pattern |last=Compareti |first=Matteo |date=2003 |website=transoxiana.org |access-date=March 17, 2023}}</ref> Most of the silk products unearthed in [[Xinjiang]] ([[History of Xinjiang|Chinese Turkestan]]) and [[Qinghai]] ([[Tuyuhun|Tuyuhun Kingdom]]) confirmed to be manufactured in Sichuan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdmuseum.com/xinwen/202011/2005.html |title=凭什么说新疆、青海出土的锦，好多都是蜀锦？ |trans-title=Why are most of the brocades unearthed in Xinjiang and Qinghai made in Sichuan? |author= |date=December 2, 2017 |website=[[Chengdu Museum|cdmuseum.com]] |language=zh-hans |access-date=March 17, 2023}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{main|Sichuan cuisine}}
Sichuan is well known for its spicy cuisine and use of [[Sichuan pepper]]s due to its humid climate.
The Sichuanese are proud of their cuisine, known as one of the Four Great Traditions of [[Chinese cuisine]]. The cuisine here is of "one dish, one shape, hundreds of dishes, hundreds of tastes", as the saying goes, to describe its acclaimed diversity. The most prominent traits of Sichuanese cuisine are described by four words: spicy, hot, fresh, and fragrant.<ref>[http://www.5hpk.com/WebUI/InfoDir/pTopicTagSearch.html?SiteId=Whpk&DirId=ys&MainClassId=ys&tag=%u5DDD%u83DC Sichuanese Cuisine] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720061416/http://www.5hpk.com/WebUI/InfoDir/pTopicTagSearch.html?SiteId=Whpk&DirId=ys&MainClassId=ys&tag=%u5DDD%u83DC |date=20 July 2008 }} {{in lang|zh}} – Pictures, descriptions, history, and examples of Sichuan cuisine.</ref> Sichuan cuisine is popular in the whole nation of China, and so are Sichuan chefs.

Another famous Sichuan cuisine is [[hot pot]]. Hot pot is a Chinese soup containing a variety of East Asian foodstuffs and ingredients, prepared with a simmering pot of soup stock at the dining table. While the hot pot is kept simmering, ingredients are placed into the pot and cooked at the table. Typical hot pot dishes include thinly sliced meat, leaf vegetables, mushrooms, wontons, egg dumplings, tofu, and seafood. The cooked food is usually eaten with a dipping sauce.

<gallery widths="140px" heights="140px" mode="packed">
File:Kung-pao-shanghai.jpg|[[Kung Pao chicken]], one of the best known dishes of Sichuan cuisine
File:Mapodoufu.jpg|[[Mapo doufu]]
File:担担面 Dandan noodles.jpg|[[Dandan noodles]]
File:Mixed sauce noodles.JPG|[[Zhajiangmian| Zha Jiang Noodles]] ({{lang|zh-hans|杂酱面}})
</gallery>

==Education==
===Colleges and universities===

{{see also|List of universities and colleges in Sichuan}}As of 2022, Sichuan hosts 134 institutions of higher education, ranking first in the [[Western China]] region and fifth among all Chinese provinces after [[Jiangsu]], [[Guangdong]], [[Henan]] and [[Shandong]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=全国普通高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=https://hudong.moe.gov.cn/qggxmd/ |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=hudong.moe.gov.cn}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=全国高等学校名单 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站 |url=http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/s5743/s5744/A03/202206/t20220617_638352.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=www.moe.gov.cn}}</ref>
*[[Sichuan University]] ([[Chengdu]])
*[[Southwest Jiaotong University]] (Chengdu)
*[[University of Electronic Science and Technology of China]] (Chengdu)
*[[Southwestern University of Finance and Economics]] (Chengdu)
*[[Chengdu University of Technology]] (Chengdu)
*[[Chengdu University of Information Technology]] (Chengdu)
*[[Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (Chengdu)
*[[Civil Aviation Flight University of China]] ([[Guanghan]])
*[[Southwest University for Nationalities]] (Chengdu)
*[[Sichuan Normal University]] (Chengdu)
*[[Sichuan Agricultural University]] ([[Ya'an]], Chengdu, [[Dujiangyan]])
*[[Southwest Petroleum University]] ([[Nanchong]] and Chengdu)
*[[Xihua University]] (Chengdu)
*[[Southwest University of Science and Technology]] ([[Mianyang]])
*[[China West Normal University]] ([[Nanchong]])
*[[North Sichuan Medical College]] (Nanchong)
*Panzhihua University (Panzhihua)
*Sichuan Police College ([[Luzhou]])
*[[Sichuan University of Science and Engineering]] ([[Zigong]] and [[Yibin]])
*[[Chengdu University]] (Chengdu)
*Xichang University ([[Xichang]])
*Aba Teachers University ([[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture]])

==Tourism==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Beauty of Jiuzhaigou National Park - Apr 2017.png|[[Jiuzhaigou]]
File:Yading - panoramio (1).jpg|[[Yading]]
File:1 huanglong pools aerial 2011.jpg|[[Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area]]
File:Jiuzhaigou, Aba, Sichuan, China - panoramio - dayu490301.jpg|Waterfalls at Jiuzhaigou
File:毕棚沟.jpg|[[Bipenggou]] Valley
File:四姑娘山景区 Mount Siguniang Scenic Area 45.jpg|[[Mount Siguniang]] Scenic Area
File:大冰瀑布-Q30023595.jpg|[[Hailuogou]] Glacier Forest Park
File:Mount Emei - Sunrise above the clouds.jpg|alt=|[[Mount Emei]]
</gallery>
[[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s in Sichuan province and Chongqing municipality include:
*[[Dazu Rock Carvings]] and [[Wulong Karst]] ([[Chongqing]] [[municipality]])
*[[Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area]]
*[[Jiuzhaigou Valley]] Scenic and Historic Interest Area
*[[Mount Emei]] Scenic Area, including [[Leshan Giant Buddha]] Scenic Area
*[[Mount Qincheng]] and the [[Dujiangyan Irrigation System]]
*[[Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries]]

As of July 2013, the world's largest building, the [[New Century Global Center]] is located in the city of Chengdu. At {{cvt|328|ft|m}} high, {{cvt|1,640|ft|m}} long, and {{cvt|1,312|ft|m}} wide, the Center houses retail outlets, a 14-theater cinema, offices, hotels, the Paradise Island waterpark, an artificial beach, a {{cvt|164|yd|m}}-long [[Light-emitting diode|LED]] screen, skating rink, pirate ship, fake Mediterranean village, 24-hour artificial sun, and 15,000-spot parking area.<ref>{{cite web |title=The world's new largest building is four times the size of Vatican City |url=http://qz.com/100639/china-chengdu-world-new-largest-building-is-four-times-the-size-of-vatican-city/ |work=Quartz |access-date=4 July 2013 |author=Roberto A. Ferdman |date=3 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704121911/http://qz.com/100639/china-chengdu-world-new-largest-building-is-four-times-the-size-of-vatican-city/ |archive-date=4 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Visa-exemption Transit ==

=== 144-hour Visa-free Transit ===
Holders of passports issued by 53 countries do not require a visa for a 144-hour stay if they are transiting through [[Chengdu Tianfu International Airport]] and [[Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport]] of entry, provided that they: <ref>{{Cite web |title=成都恢复144小时过境免签政策 |url=http://sc.people.com.cn/n2/2023/0109/c379471-40258719.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=sc.people.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=成都天府国际机场口岸正式对外开放-中国民航网 |url=http://www.caacnews.com.cn/1/5/202303/t20230326_1365711.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.caacnews.com.cn}}</ref>

* hold passports valid for at least 3 months from the date of intended arrival and visas for the destination countries (if required); and
* hold ticket receipts (with confirmed seats, if applicable) departing in 144 hours, which shows that their first destination (including stopovers of any kind) outside China is located in a third country. Hong Kong and Macau are considered as third territories for transit purposes.

In order to qualify for the [[Visa policy of mainland China|144-hour visa-free transit]], the traveler's inbound and outbound flights must directly arrive at and depart from one of the acceptable ports of entry from or to a third territory (including one of the two SARs of Hong Kong and Macau). Both flights must have no stopovers of any kind within Mainland China prior to arrival or after departure at the port of entry, and the outbound flight's first stop or destination must be in a different territory than the inbound flight's. Travels between U.S. territories and the contiguous U.S. are also ineligible for the 144-hour TWOV, unless one of their flights has a stopover in a third country or a SAR.<ref>{{Cite web |title=144小时过境免签政策解读 |url=https://www.nia.gov.cn/n741435/n907688/n932720/n1008173/n1008185/n1008363/n1008431/c1009542/content.html#:~:text=%E7%BB%8F%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E6%89%B9%E5%87%86%EF%BC%8C%E8%87%AA2019,%E5%85%8D%E7%AD%BE%E5%81%9C%E7%95%99144%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6%E3%80%82 |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=www.nia.gov.cn}}</ref>

Travelers utilizing the 144-hour visa-free transit scheme at Chengdu (both Chengdu Tianfu International Airport and Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport) are authorized to travel within the region of 11 cities in [[Sichuan|Sichuan Province]] during the period, including [[Chengdu|Chengdu City]], [[Leshan|Leshan City]], [[Deyang|Deyang City]], [[Suining|Suining City]], [[Meishan|Meishan City]], [[Ya'an|Ya'an City]], [[Ziyang|Ziyang City]], [[Neijiang|Neijiang City]], [[Zigong|Zigong City]], [[Luzhou|Luzhou City]], and [[Yibin|Yibin City]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都航空口岸外国人过境144小时免办签证政策停留区域扩大至11个市 |url=http://gat.sc.gov.cn/scgat/c103407/2019/11/29/e5e5e25d520540d9818de2da9ce2f60c.shtml |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=gat.sc.gov.cn}}</ref>

==== Eligible countries<ref>{{Cite web |title=成都航空口岸外国人过境144小时免签停留范围政策答疑 |url=http://gat.sc.gov.cn/scgat/c103401/2019/11/29/bff1b11ee14a42749ec7b4c8bce80d6f.shtml |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=gat.sc.gov.cn}}</ref> ====
{| style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;"
|
* {{flagicon|European Union|}} All [[European Union citizenship|European Union citizens]]

{|
|
* {{flagcountry|Albania}}
* {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
* {{flagcountry|Australia}}
* {{flagcountry|Belarus}}2
* {{flagcountry|Bosnia}}2
* {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
* {{flagcountry|Brunei}}2
* {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| valign="top" |
* {{flagcountry|Chile}}
* {{flagcountry|Iceland}}
* {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
* {{flagcountry|Japan}}
* {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}2
* {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
* {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
* {{flagcountry|Monaco}}
| valign="top" |
* {{flagcountry|Montenegro}}
* {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
* {{flag|North Macedonia}}
* {{flagcountry|Norway}}
* {{flagcountry|Philippines}}
* {{flagcountry|Qatar}}2
* {{flagcountry|Russia}}
* {{flagcountry|Serbia}}2
| valign="top" |
* {{flagcountry|Singapore}}2
* {{flagcountry|South Korea}}
* {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
* {{flagcountry|Thailand}}
* {{flagcountry|UAE}}2
* {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}1
* {{flagcountry|United States}}
|}
|}
{{smalldiv|# for British passport holders, only British citizens are eligible.
# Visa exemption in general}}

=== 24-hour Visa-free Transit ===
Under the [[Visa policy of mainland China|24-hour Visa-exemption policy]], visa is not required for travelers who:

* hold a passport valid for at least 3 months from the date of entry;
* arrive by air, cruise ship or train (except for arriving at certain airports listed below);
* hold confirmed air, cruise ship or train tickets to a third-country final destination outside mainland China departing in 24 hours (standby tickets are not allowed); and,
* depart Mainland China on a flight, cruise ship or train within 24 hours after arrival.

Most nationalities are eligible for the 24-hour Visa-exemption International Transit.

==Notable individuals==
*[[Ba Jin]] (25 November 1904 – 17 October 2005), novelist and writer
*[[Bai Ling]], actress
*[[Bao Sanniang]], a possibly fictional woman warrior of the [[Three Kingdoms]] period.
*[[Zhang Qun|Chang Chün]], premier of the Republic of China
*[[Chang Dai-chien]], artist
*[[Che Yongli]] (28 January 1980), actress
*[[Chen Kenmin]] (27 June 1912 – 12 May 1990), chef who specialized in [[Szechwan cuisine]]. Father of well-known [[Iron Chef]], [[Chen Kenichi]].
*[[Chen Pokong]] (1963–), author, political commentator and democracy activist
*[[Chen Shou]], official and writer
*[[Cheung Chung-kiu]], business magnate
*[[Deng Xiaoping]], Chinese Paramount Leader during the 1980s, his [[Deng Xiaoping's Former Residence|former residence]] is now a museum.
*[[Guifeng Zongmi]] (780–841), Tang dynasty Buddhist scholar-monk, fifth patriarch of the [[Huayan]] school as well as a patriarch of the Heze lineage of Southern Chan
*[[Guo Moruo]], author, poet, historian, archaeologist, and government official
*[[Akio Hong]], broadcaster
*[[Huang Jiguang]], highly decorated soldier during the Korean War
*[[Jiang Zhuyun]], revolutionary martyr
*[[Li Bai]] (701–762), poet of the Tang dynasty
*[[Li Bifeng]], activist
*[[Li Ching-Yuen]] (died 6 May 1933), [[Herbalism|herbalist]], [[Martial arts|martial artist]] and tactical advisor, also known for extreme [[longevity claim]]s
*Li Shou-min, better known as [[Huanzhulouzhu]] (1902–1961), novelist of the [[xianxia]] genre
*[[Li Shunxian]] ({{circa|900}}–926), [[Iranians in China#Former Shu|Persian-Sichuanese]] poet, concubine of Emperor [[Wang Zongyan]] of [[Former Shu]]
*[[Li Yifeng]], actor and singer
*[[Li Yuchun]], singer, songwriter, and actress
*[[Liao Yiwu]], author, reporter, musician, and poet
*[[Liu Yonghao]], businessman
*[[Luo Ruiqing]], army officer and politician
*[[Ouyang Xiu]] (1007–22 September 1072), Confucian historian, essayist, calligrapher, poet, and official bureaucrat of the Song dynasty
*[[Sanyu (painter)]]
*[[Song Cheng-tsi]] (1892–1955), Anglican bishop
*[[Song Yonghua]], scholar
*[[Su Shi]] (8 January 1037 – 24 August 1101), Confucian bureaucrat official, poet, artist, calligrapher, pharmacologist, gastronome, and official bureaucrat of the Song dynasty
*[[Su Xun]] (1009–1066), poet and prose-writer of the Song dynasty
*[[Su Zhe]] (1039–1112), poet and essayist, a Confucian bureaucratic official of the Song dynasty
*[[Tan Weiwei]], singer and actress
*[[Tang Chun-i]], philosopher and scholar
*[[Wang Jiujiang]] (1957–), painter
*[[Wang Jianlin]], business magnate, investor, and philanthropist
*[[Wang Xiaoya]], television host and media personality
*[[Wang Yi (pastor)]] (1973–)
*[[Wuzhun Shifan]] (1178–1249), Zen Buddhist monk
*[[SM Rookies#Former members|Xu Yiyang]] (12 August 1997), singer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.soompi.com/article/898975wpp/smrookies-introduces-2-new-female-trainees |title=SMROOKIES Introduces 2 New Female Trainees |date=19 September 2016 | access-date=14 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112223341/https://www.soompi.com/article/898975wpp/smrookies-introduces-2-new-female-trainees | archive-date=12 November 2018 | url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Xu Youyu]], scholar
*[[Yang Xiong (author)|Yang Xiong]], poet, philosopher, and politician
*[[Y. C. James Yen]] (1890/1893–1990), educator
*[[Lucy Yi Zhenmei]] (1815–1862), Roman Catholic saint
*[[Yu Jie]] (1973–), Calvinist democracy activist
*[[Zhang Aiping]], from Tongchuan District, Dazhou City, Vice Premier, State Councilor, and Minister of Defense
*[[Jane Zhang]], singer and songwriter
*[[Zhang Lan]], political activist
*[[Zhang Yong (restaurateur)]], Singapore's richest man in 2019
*[[Zhao Yiman]], resistance fighter
*[[Zheng Ji (biochemist)|Zheng Ji]], nutritionist, and pioneering biochemist
*[[Zhu De]], general, warlord, politician, and revolutionary
*[[Zhuo Wenjun]], poet
*[[Zou Rong]], revolutionary martyr

==Sports==
Professional sports teams in Sichuan include:
*[[Chinese Basketball Association]]
**[[Sichuan Blue Whales]]
*[[Chinese Super League]]
**[[Chengdu Rongcheng F.C.]]
*[[China League One]]
**[[Sichuan Jiuniu F.C.]]
*[[Chinese Volleyball League]]
**[[Sichuan Volleyball Team]]
*[[China Table Tennis Super League]]
**[[Sichuan Quan-Xing Table-Tennis Team]]

==Sister states and regions==
{{Div col}}
*{{flagdeco|US}} [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States (1982)
*{{flagdeco|US}} [[Michigan]], United States (1982)
*{{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Hiroshima Prefecture]], Japan (1984)
*{{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Yamanashi Prefecture]], Japan (1985)
*{{flagdeco|North Korea}} [[South P'yŏngan]], North Korea (1985)
*{{flagdeco|France}} [[Midi-Pyrénées]], France (1987)
*{{flagdeco|Germany}} [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], Germany (1988)
*{{flagdeco|UK}} [[Leicestershire]], United Kingdom (1988)
*{{flagdeco|Italy}} [[Piedmont]], Italy (1990)
*{{flagdeco|Brazil}} [[Pernambuco]], Brazil (1992)
*{{flagdeco|Hungary}} [[Tolna (county)|Tolna County]], Hungary (1993)
*{{flagdeco|Spain}} [[Valencian Community]], Spain (1994)
*{{flagdeco|Belgium}} [[Brussels-Capital Region]], Belgium (1995)
*{{flagdeco|Venezuela}} [[Barinas State]], Venezuela (2001)
*{{flagdeco|Netherlands}} [[Friesland]], Netherlands (2001)
*{{flagdeco|Kazakhstan}} [[Almaty Province]], Kazakhstan (2001)
*{{flagdeco|RSA}} [[Mpumalanga]], South Africa (2002)
*{{flagdeco|Thailand}} [[Suphan Buri]], Thailand (2010)
*{{flagdeco|Australia}} [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia (2015)
*{{flagdeco|Uruguay}} [[Lavalleja]], Uruguay (2020)
{{Div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
*[[2008 Sichuan earthquake]]
*[[Bashu culture]]
*''[[Chronicles of Huayang]]''
*[[Eight Immortals from Sichuan]]
*''[[The Good Person of Szechwan]]''
*[[List of prisons in Sichuan]]
*[[Major national historical and cultural sites (Sichuan)]]
*[[Qutang Gorge]]
*[[Sichuan Airlines]]
*[[Sichuan cuisine]]
*[[Sichuan dialect]]
*[[Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries]]
{{Div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons and category|Sichuan}}
{{Wikivoyage|Sichuan}}
*{{Official website|http://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/wza2012/english/english.shtml}}
*[http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/sichuan.htm Economic profile for Sichuan] at [[Hong Kong Trade Development Council|HKTDC]]
*[https://www.dragondollar.com/coins/chinese-coins-2/szechuan-dollar-3-musketeers/ Ancient silver coins of Sichuan]
*{{OSM relation|913068}}

{{-}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Sichuan
|North = [[Gansu]]
|Northeast = [[Shaanxi]]
|East = [[Chongqing]]
|Southeast = [[Guizhou]]
|South = [[Yunnan]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]]
|Northwest = [[Qinghai]]
}}

{{Sichuan topics}}
{{Sichuan}}
{{Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}
{{Provincial capitals of China}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sichuan| ]]
[[Category:Provinces of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Western China]]

2023 Korean Series

2023-11-15T00:30:17Z

121.171.233.10:

{{Infobox baseball championship series
| image =2023 Korean Series Logo.png
| caption =
| year = 2023
| country = Korean
| champion = [[LG Twins]] (4)
| champion_manager = [[Youm Kyoung-youb]]
| champion_games = {{win-loss record|w=86|l=56|t=2}} ({{winpct|86|56}})
| runnerup = [[KT Wiz]] (1)
| runnerup_manager = [[Lee Kang-chul]]
| runnerup_games = {{win-loss record|w=79|l=62|t=3}} ({{winpct|79|62}})
| date = November 7 – 15
| MVP = [[Oh Ji-hwan]]
| television =
| announcers =
| radio_network =
| radio_announcers =
| umpires =
}}
The '''2023 Korean Series''' (known as ''2023 [[Shinhan Bank|Shinhan Bank SOL]] Korean Series'' for sponsorship reasons) is the [[Korean Series|championship series]] of the [[2023 KBO League season]]. The series started on November 7.<ref name=ready>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/sports/2023/11/600_362357.html|title=LG Twins manager says team ready against anyone in Korean Series|date=November 1, 2023|website=koreatimes}}</ref> The [[LG Twins]] clinched the best record of the 2023 season and advanced to the Korean Series,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/sports/2023/11/600_360369.html|title=LG Twins clinch KBO pennant, advance to Korean Series|date=October 3, 2023|website=koreatimes}}</ref> where they are facing the [[KT Wiz]], who defeated the [[NC Dinos]] in the KBO League playoffs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2023-11-05/sports/Baseball/Wiz-beat-Dinos-to-advance-to-Korean-Series/1906238|title=Wiz beat Dinos to advance to Korean Series|date=2023-11-05|newspaper=Korea JoongAng Daily}}</ref>

The LG Twins win the Korean Series 4-1 for the first time in 29 years.

==Summary==
{{Baseball playoff summary
| summary = [[LG Twins]] (4) vs. [[KT Wiz]] (1)
| winner = LG Twins
| leader = LG Twins
| score = 4–1

| date1 = November 7
| score1 = '''KT Wiz – 3''', LG Twins – 2
| loc1 = [[Jamsil Baseball Stadium]]
| att1 = 23,750
| time1 = 3:14
| ref1 =

| date2 = November 8
| score2 = KT Wiz – 4, '''LG Twins – 5'''
| loc2 = [[Jamsil Baseball Stadium]]
| att2 = 23,750
| time2 = 3:07
| ref2 =

| date3 = November 10
| score3 = '''LG Twins – 8''', KT Wiz – 7
| loc3 = [[Suwon Baseball Stadium]]
| att3 = 17,600
| time3 = 4:06
| ref3 =

| date4 = November 11
| score4 = '''LG Twins – 15''', KT Wiz – 4
| loc4 = [[Suwon Baseball Stadium]]
| att4 = 17,600
| time4 = 3:46
| ref4 =

| date5 = November 13
| score5 = KT Wiz – 2, '''LG Twins – 6'''
| loc5 = [[Jamsil Baseball Stadium]]
| att5 = 23,750
| time5 = 2:56
| ref5 =
}}

==Matchups==
===Game 1===
{{linescore
| Date = November 7, 2023
| Time = 18:30 [[Korea Standard Time|KST]]
| Location = [[Jamsil Baseball Stadium]]
| Other =
| Road = '''[[KT Wiz]]''' | RoadAbr = KT
| R1=1|R2=0|R3=0|R4=1|R5=0|R6=0|R7=0|R8=0|R9=1| RR = 3 | RH = 7 | RE = 1
| Home = [[LG Twins]] | HomeAbr = LG
| H1=2|H2=0|H3=0|H4=0|H5=0|H6=0|H7=0|H8=0|H9=0| HR = 2 | HH = 7 | HE = 4
| WP = [[Son Dong-hyun]] (1–0) | LP = [[Go Woo-suk]] (0–1) | SV = [[Park Yeong-hyun]] (1)
| RoadHR =
| HomeHR =
| Notes =
| BoxURL = http://eng.koreabaseball.com/Schedule/Scoreboard.aspx?searchDate=2023-11-07
}}

===Game 2===
{{linescore
| Date = November 8, 2023
| Time = 18:30 [[Korea Standard Time|KST]]
| Location = [[Jamsil Baseball Stadium]]
| Other =
| Road = [[KT Wiz]] | RoadAbr = KT
| R1=4|R2=0|R3=0|R4=0|R5=0|R6=0|R7=0|R8=0|R9=0| RR = 4 | RH = 8 | RE = 0
| Home = '''[[LG Twins]]''' | HomeAbr = LG
| H1=0|H2=0|H3=1|H4=0|H5=0|H6=1|H7=1|H8=2|H9=0| HR = 5 | HH = 10 | HE = 0
| WP = [[Ham Deok-ju]] (1–0) | LP = [[Park Yeong-hyun]] (0–1) | SV = [[Go Woo-suk]] (1)
| RoadHR =
| HomeHR = [[Oh Ji-hwan]] (1), [[Park Dong-won]] (1)
| Notes =
| BoxURL = http://eng.koreabaseball.com/Schedule/Scoreboard.aspx?searchDate=2023-11-08
}}

===Game 3===
{{linescore
| Date = November 10, 2023
| Time = 18:30 [[Korea Standard Time|KST]]
| Location = [[Suwon Baseball Stadium]]
| Other =
| Road = '''[[LG Twins]]''' | RoadAbr = LG
| R1=0|R2=0|R3=3|R4=0|R5=0|R6=2|R7=0|R8=0|R9=3| RR = 8 | RH = 11 | RE = 2
| Home = [[KT Wiz]] | HomeAbr = KT
| H1=0|H2=0|H3=1|H4=0|H5=3|H6=0|H7=0|H8=3|H9=0| HR = 7 | HH = 15 | HE = 1
| WP = [[Go Woo-suk]] (1–0) | LP = [[Jae Yun Kim (baseball)|Jae Yun Kim]] (0–1) | SV = [[Yi Jung-yong]] (1)
| RoadHR = [[Austin Dean]] (1), [[Park Dong-won (baseball)|Park Dong-won]] (1), [[Oh Ji-hwan]] (1)
| HomeHR = [[Park Byung-ho]] (1)
| Notes =
| BoxURL = http://eng.koreabaseball.com/Schedule/Scoreboard.aspx?searchDate=2023-11-10
}}

===Game 4===
{{linescore
| Date = November 11, 2023
| Time = 14:00 [[Korea Standard Time|KST]]
| Location = [[Suwon Baseball Stadium]]
| Other =
| Road = '''[[LG Twins]]''' | RoadAbr = LG
| R1=2|R2=0|R3=0|R4=0|R5=1|R6=2|R7=7|R8=3|R9=0| RR = 15 | RH = 17 | RE = 0
| Home = [[KT Wiz]] | HomeAbr = KT
| H1=0|H2=0|H3=0|H4=0|H5=0|H6=1|H7=0|H8=2|H9=1| HR = 4 | HH = 6 | HE = 0
| WP = [[Kim Yun-sik (baseball)|Kim Yun-sik]] (1–0) | LP = [[Um Sang-back]] (0–1) |
| RoadHR = [[Kim Hyun-soo]] (1), [[Moon Bo-gyeong (baseball)|Moon Bo-gyeong]] (1), [[Oh Ji-hwan]] (1)
| HomeHR =
| Notes =
| BoxURL = http://eng.koreabaseball.com/Schedule/Scoreboard.aspx?searchDate=2023-11-11
}}

===Game 5===
{{linescore
| Date = November 13, 2023
| Time = 18:30 [[Korea Standard Time|KST]]
| Location = [[Jamsil Baseball Stadium]]
| Other =
| Road = [[KT Wiz]] | RoadAbr = KT
| R1=0|R2=0|R3=0|R4=0|R5=1|R6=0|R7=1|R8=0|R9=0| RR = 2 | RH = 7 | RE = 3
| Home = [[LG Twins]] | HomeAbr = LG
| H1=0|H2=0|H3=3|H4=0|H5=2|H6=1|H7=0|H8=0|H9=0| HR = 6 | HH = 11 | HE = 2
| WP = [[Casey Kelly]] (1–0) | LP = [[Ko Young-pyo]] (0–1) |
| RoadHR =
| HomeHR =
| Notes =
| BoxURL = http://eng.koreabaseball.com/Schedule/Scoreboard.aspx?searchDate=2023-11-13
}}

==See also==
*[[2023 Japan Series]]
*[[2023 World Series]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Korean Series}}
{{LG Twins}}
{{KT Wiz}}

[[Category:Korean Series]]
[[Category:LG Twins postseason]]
[[Category:KT Wiz postseason]]
[[Category:2023 in baseball|Korean Series]]
[[Category:2023 in South Korean sport|Korean Series]]
[[Category:November 2023 sports events in South Korea|Korean Series]]
{{Korea-baseball-stub}}