Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Elastic modulus

2019-03-02T14:54:38Z

125.63.113.138:

{{refimprove|date=November 2010}}
An '''elastic modulus''' (also known as '''modulus of elasticity''') is a quantity that measures an object or substance's resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]] is applied to it. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the [[slope]] of its [[stress–strain curve]] in the elastic deformation region:<ref>{{cite book| last = Askeland| first = Donald R.| last2 = Phulé| first2 = Pradeep P.| title = The science and engineering of materials| year = 2006| publisher = Cengage Learning| page = 198| edition = 5th| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fRbZslUtpBYC&pg=PA198| isbn = 978-0-534-55396-8}}</ref> A elastic material will have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic modulus has the form:

:<math>\lambda \ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ \frac {\text{stress}} {\text{strain}}</math>

where <var>[[stress (physics)|stress]]</var> is the force causing the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied and <var>[[strain (materials science)|strain]]</var> is the ratio of the change in some parameter caused by the deformation to the original value of the parameter. If stress is measured in [[pascal (unit)|pascal]]s, then since strain is a dimensionless quantity, the units of <var>λ</var> will be pascals as well.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beer | first = Ferdinand P. | last2 = Johnston | first2 = E. Russell | last3 = Dewolf | first3 = John | last4 = Mazurek | first4 = David | title = Mechanics of Materials | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw Hill | page = 56 | isbn = 978-0-07-015389-9}}</ref>

Specifying how stress and strain are to be measured, including directions, allows for many types of elastic moduli to be defined. The three primary ones are:
# ''[[Young's modulus]]'' (<var>E</var>) describes tensile [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]], or the tendency of an object to deform along an axis when opposing forces are applied along that axis; it is defined as the ratio of [[tensile stress]] to [[Deformation_(mechanics)#Strain|tensile strain]]. It is often referred to simply as the ''elastic modulus''.
# The ''[[shear modulus]]'' or ''modulus of rigidity'' (<var>G</var> or <math>\mu \,</math>) describes an object's tendency to shear (the deformation of shape at constant volume) when acted upon by opposing forces; it is defined as [[shear stress]] over [[shear strain]]. The shear modulus is part of the derivation of [[viscosity]].
# The ''[[bulk modulus]]'' (<var>K</var>) describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform in all directions when uniformly loaded in all directions; it is defined as [[Stress (physics)#Stress deviator tensor|volumetric stress]] over volumetric strain, and is the inverse of [[compressibility]]. The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions.

Three other elastic moduli are [[Poisson's ratio]], [[Lamé's first parameter]], and [[P-wave modulus]].

Homogeneous and [[isotropic]] (similar in all directions) materials (solids) have their (linear) elastic properties fully described by two elastic moduli, and one may choose any pair. Given a pair of elastic moduli, all other elastic moduli can be calculated according to formulas in the table below at the end of page.

[[Inviscid fluids]] are special in that they cannot support shear stress, meaning that the shear modulus is always zero. This also implies that Young's modulus for this group is always zero.

In some English texts the here described quantity is called ''elastic constant'', while the inverse quantity is referred to as ''elastic modulus''.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Bending stiffness]]
* [[Dynamic modulus]]
* [[Elastic limit]]
* [[Elastic wave]]
* [[Flexural modulus]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
* [[Impulse excitation technique]]
* [[Proportional limit]]
* [[Stiffness]]
* [[Tensile strength]]
* [[Transverse isotropy]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
| last = Hartsuijker
| first = C.
| last2 = Welleman
| first2 = J. W.
| title = Engineering Mechanics
| series = Volume 2
| year = 2001
| publisher = Springer
| isbn = 978-1-4020-4123-5}}

*{{cite journal
| last1 = De Jong | first1 = Maarten
| last2 = Chen | first2 = Wei
| year = 2015
| title = Charting the complete elastic properties of inorganic crystalline compounds
| journal = [[Scientific Data (journal)|Scientific Data]]
| volume = 2
| doi = 10.1038/sdata.2015.9
| pages=150009| bibcode = 2013NatSD...2E0009D}}

{{Elastic moduli}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elastic Modulus}}
[[Category:Elasticity (physics)]]
[[Category:Deformation (mechanics)]]

Elastic modulus

2019-03-02T14:53:54Z

125.63.113.138:

{{refimprove|date=November 2010}}
An '''elastic modulus''' (also known as '''modulus of elasticity''') is a quantity that measures an object or substance's resistance to being deformed elastically (i.e., non-permanently) when a [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]] is applied to it. The elastic modulus of an object is defined as the [[slope]] of its [[stress–strain curve]] in the elastic deformation region:<ref>{{cite book| last = Askeland| first = Donald R.| last2 = Phulé| first2 = Pradeep P.| title = The science and engineering of materials| year = 2006| publisher = Cengage Learning| page = 198| edition = 5th| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fRbZslUtpBYC&pg=PA198| isbn = 978-0-534-55396-8}}</ref> A elastic jitendra material will have a higher elastic modulus. An elastic modulus has the form:

:<math>\lambda \ \stackrel{\text{def}}{=}\ \frac {\text{stress}} {\text{strain}}</math>

where <var>[[stress (physics)|stress]]</var> is the force causing the deformation divided by the area to which the force is applied and <var>[[strain (materials science)|strain]]</var> is the ratio of the change in some parameter caused by the deformation to the original value of the parameter. If stress is measured in [[pascal (unit)|pascal]]s, then since strain is a dimensionless quantity, the units of <var>λ</var> will be pascals as well.<ref>{{cite book | last = Beer | first = Ferdinand P. | last2 = Johnston | first2 = E. Russell | last3 = Dewolf | first3 = John | last4 = Mazurek | first4 = David | title = Mechanics of Materials | year = 2009 | publisher = McGraw Hill | page = 56 | isbn = 978-0-07-015389-9}}</ref>

Specifying how stress and strain are to be measured, including directions, allows for many types of elastic moduli to be defined. The three primary ones are:
# ''[[Young's modulus]]'' (<var>E</var>) describes tensile [[Elasticity (physics)|elasticity]], or the tendency of an object to deform along an axis when opposing forces are applied along that axis; it is defined as the ratio of [[tensile stress]] to [[Deformation_(mechanics)#Strain|tensile strain]]. It is often referred to simply as the ''elastic modulus''.
# The ''[[shear modulus]]'' or ''modulus of rigidity'' (<var>G</var> or <math>\mu \,</math>) describes an object's tendency to shear (the deformation of shape at constant volume) when acted upon by opposing forces; it is defined as [[shear stress]] over [[shear strain]]. The shear modulus is part of the derivation of [[viscosity]].
# The ''[[bulk modulus]]'' (<var>K</var>) describes volumetric elasticity, or the tendency of an object to deform in all directions when uniformly loaded in all directions; it is defined as [[Stress (physics)#Stress deviator tensor|volumetric stress]] over volumetric strain, and is the inverse of [[compressibility]]. The bulk modulus is an extension of Young's modulus to three dimensions.

Three other elastic moduli are [[Poisson's ratio]], [[Lamé's first parameter]], and [[P-wave modulus]].

Homogeneous and [[isotropic]] (similar in all directions) materials (solids) have their (linear) elastic properties fully described by two elastic moduli, and one may choose any pair. Given a pair of elastic moduli, all other elastic moduli can be calculated according to formulas in the table below at the end of page.

[[Inviscid fluids]] are special in that they cannot support shear stress, meaning that the shear modulus is always zero. This also implies that Young's modulus for this group is always zero.

In some English texts the here described quantity is called ''elastic constant'', while the inverse quantity is referred to as ''elastic modulus''.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Bending stiffness]]
* [[Dynamic modulus]]
* [[Elastic limit]]
* [[Elastic wave]]
* [[Flexural modulus]]
* [[Hooke's Law]]
* [[Impulse excitation technique]]
* [[Proportional limit]]
* [[Stiffness]]
* [[Tensile strength]]
* [[Transverse isotropy]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
| last = Hartsuijker
| first = C.
| last2 = Welleman
| first2 = J. W.
| title = Engineering Mechanics
| series = Volume 2
| year = 2001
| publisher = Springer
| isbn = 978-1-4020-4123-5}}

*{{cite journal
| last1 = De Jong | first1 = Maarten
| last2 = Chen | first2 = Wei
| year = 2015
| title = Charting the complete elastic properties of inorganic crystalline compounds
| journal = [[Scientific Data (journal)|Scientific Data]]
| volume = 2
| doi = 10.1038/sdata.2015.9
| pages=150009| bibcode = 2013NatSD...2E0009D}}

{{Elastic moduli}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elastic Modulus}}
[[Category:Elasticity (physics)]]
[[Category:Deformation (mechanics)]]

Yasin Malik

2010-01-17T12:12:48Z

125.63.113.138:

'''Yasin Malik''' is the the chairman of one of the two faction of [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]], the chairman for other faction is Farooq Siddiqi (farooq Papa).the organisation Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front split[http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/84588/] in two after the senior leaders of the party disagreed with his policy of dealing Kashmir issue on bilateral level with India on the basis as was done in [[Nagaland|NagaLand]], for which he held secret meetings with [[Prime Minister of India]] Manmohan Sing [http://www.thehindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012506451400.htm]. He started his movement for liberation of Jammu Kashmir. He spent almost 6 years of his life in jail and in interrogations. Yasin Malik originally came to prominence as a militant area commander under the chief commander of JKLF Ishfaq wani who was killed in an encounter with [[Indian Army|Indian army]] . In 1994 Yasin Malik renounced violence after he was released from jail and from then he and the organisation he heads Jammu Kashmir liberation front calls for strictly peaceful methods to come to a settlement on the Kashmir Conflict[1].

== Personal Life ==
Yasin Malik was born in 1963 in a modest Kashmir household of Maisuma Bazar in the Centre of Srinagar. Thirty-five years later he still resides in the same house with his family consisting of his parents and three sisters. In January 2009 married a British-Pakistan painter Mushaal Malik who is famous for her woman-based paintings. [3]

== Terrorism ==
His introduction to freedom fighter occurred 16 while he was still in school. He was beaten by the police for showing boyish awareness of his rights as a citizen of a state that. He was not the only one of his age, and time, to be treated in this manner what set him apart from his peers, however, was that he understood the intent and attitude behind the treatment he had received and resisted. He allowed himself to be an freedom fighter. By 1986, two years later, he was engaged in [[full time]] millitant activity. He became a founder member, and general secretary, of the J&K Students League, an organization devoted to publicizing panislam. He began to organize pakistani millitants and distributed antiindia literature that advocated a final solution to J&K problem by killng hindus. This time he was caught, and imprisoned for twenty days. Soon thereafter he joined Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front backed by pakistan.

Yasin Malik has spent almost 2 years in terrorist camps in pakistan and 6 years of his life in jail and in interrogations. In 1987 he was arrested, taken to an interrogation centre for twenty days and then imprisoned for a year under the Public Safety Act. It was during this period that the four core activist member of the JKLF, Hamid Sheikh, Ashfaq A. Wani, Javid Mir and Yasin Malik met to form the famous HAJY group, an acronym formed of the first letters of their first names. Frustrated by the intransigence of the [[Government of India|Indian government]] to consider a debate on the islamic status of the state, they resort to an armed insurgency. One of its primary objectives was to bring the Kashmir under pakistan and to kill hindus.

Yasin Malik has admitted to having killed many innocent civilian Kashmiri Hindus and also a group of unarmed Airforce men while they were waiting for their transportation to arrive in period of 1989-1994 - in his interview with Tim Sebastian ([3]). He also guided one islamic terrorist Bitta Karate in the killing of about 45 kashmiri hindus. This resulted in the communal cleansing of all hindus from kashmir.

Two members of the HAJY Group Hamid and Ashfaq, were killed during the armed struggle. Yasin Malik and Javid Mir were caught, imprisoned until 1994. In that year, Mr. Malik was released on grounds of ill- health. Soon after his release, he announced a unilateral [[Ceasefire|cease-fire]] on the part of his party.,he has stuck, to this day, to his commitment of reverting to a [[Nonviolence|non-violent]] struggle. Even since his release in 1994 he has been arrested numerous times and had six attempts made on his life..Yet despite this he has sought to moderate the attitudes of fellow party workers. Meanwhile the years of imprisonment have left him frail. Yasin Malik recently completed two lengthy visits to the United State for health reasons. During his stay in the United States Yasin Malik spent most of his time in las vegas. He undertook campaigns to educate the U.S public and garner support for the cause of Kashmiri struggle.

Yasin Malik was arrested in October 1999 Indian Authorities under the Public Safety Act and was again arrested on March 26, 2002 under the POTA. He was detained for almost a year. In recent times Yasin has had one to one meetings with [[President of Pakistan]], Prime Minister Pakistan, Prime Minister of India and other world leaders. In 2007 Yasin Malik and his party launched a peaceful campaign known as Safar-I-Azadi (journey to freedom). This journey was to create an atmosphere for peaceful negotiated settlement of Jammu Kashmir dispute. This journey lasted for one year and during it, Yasin Malik and his colleagues visited about 3500 towns and villages of Kashmir.
Some of his prominent party workers include Adv. Bashir Butt, Enj. Ghulam Rasool Dar, Noor Mohammed Kalwal, Showkat Ahmed Bakhshi and Mohammed Hussain Khan Altaf etc. Yasin Malik has shaheed Maqbool Bhat,zia ul haq,Jinnah & Yaser Arafat as his ideals. Yasin has studied only up to 5th standard but claims that most of the studies he has done are self studies done in various jails. He loves poetry of [[Muhammad Iqbal|Allama Iqbal]] and writings of Imam Gazali.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*http://www.thehindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012506451400.htm
*http://www.kashmirnewsline.com/2009/02/13/sacrifices-wont-go-waste-says-siddiqi/
*http://www.youtube.com/results?search_type=&search_query=jklfmaqboolmanzil.
*http://www.newsline.com.pk/newsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm -
*http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/.../Militant-kashmiri-leader-Yasin-Malik-to-marry-racy-artist-Mushaal-Mullick.html -
*http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=8652 -
*http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/21/stories/2004012103871200.htm -
*http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/21/stories/2004012103871200.htm -
*http://www.khalidhasan.net/2005/12/18/yasin-malik%E2%80%99s-dream/
*http://www.jamespot.com/a/115935-Pro-independence-Jammu-Kashmir-Liberation-Front-chairman-Mohamme.html -
*http://www.conclave.digitaltoday.in/conclave2008/index.php?option=com_magazine&opt=section&sectionid=3...32...T... -
*http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1413145.cms -
*http://www.outlookindia.com/author.asp?name=Mohammad+Yasin+Malik -
*http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2008/kashmir20080617a.html
*http://www.dawn.com/2008/06/18/local.htm
*http://www.newsline.com.pk/newsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm -
*http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsJuly2008/profilejuly.htm -
*http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/04/12/08/142842.html

==External links==
*[http://www.Liberationfront.org/ JKLF Website]
*[http://www.geocities.com/jklf-kashmir/ JKLF Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Yasin}}
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir politicians]]

Yasin Malik

2010-01-17T11:51:16Z

125.63.113.138: /* External links */

'''Yasin Malik''' is the the chairman of one of the two faction of [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]], the chairman for other faction is Farooq Siddiqi (farooq Papa).the organisation Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front split[http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/84588/] in two after the senior leaders of the party disagreed with his policy of dealing Kashmir issue on bilateral level with India on the basis as was done in [[Nagaland|NagaLand]], for which he held secret meetings with [[Prime Minister of India]] Manmohan Sing [http://www.thehindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012506451400.htm]. He started his movement for liberation of Jammu Kashmir. He spent almost 6 years of his life in jail and in interrogations. Yasin Malik originally came to prominence as a militant area commander under the chief commander of JKLF Ishfaq wani who was killed in an encounter with [[Indian Army|Indian army]] . In 1994 Yasin Malik renounced violence after he was released from jail and from then he and the organisation he heads Jammu Kashmir liberation front calls for strictly peaceful methods to come to a settlement on the Kashmir Conflict[1]. Yasin Malik also considers the Hindu Kashmiris to be an integral part of Kashmiri society and has insisted on their [[right of return]].[2]

== Personal Life ==
Yasin Malik was born in 1963 in a modest Kashmir household of Maisuma Bazar in the Centre of Srinagar. Thirty-five years later he still resides in the same house with his family consisting of his parents and three sisters. In January 2009 married a British-Pakistan painter Mushaal Malik who is famous for her woman-based paintings. [3]

== Terrorism ==
His introduction to freedom fighter occurred 16 while he was still in school. He was beaten by the police for showing boyish awareness of his rights as a citizen of a state that. He was not the only one of his age, and time, to be treated in this manner what set him apart from his peers, however, was that he understood the intent and attitude behind the treatment he had received and resisted. He allowed himself to be an freedom fighter. By 1986, two years later, he was engaged in [[full time]] millitant activity. He became a founder member, and general secretary, of the J&K Students League, an organization devoted to publicizing panislam. He began to organize pakistani millitants and distributed antiindia literature that advocated a final solution to J&K problem by killng hindus. This time he was caught, and imprisoned for twenty days. Soon thereafter he joined Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front backed by pakistan.

Yasin Malik has spent almost 2 years in terrorist camps in pakistan and 6 years of his life in jail and in interrogations. In 1987 he was arrested, taken to an interrogation centre for twenty days and then imprisoned for a year under the Public Safety Act. It was during this period that the four core activist member of the JKLF, Hamid Sheikh, Ashfaq A. Wani, Javid Mir and Yasin Malik met to form the famous HAJY group, an acronym formed of the first letters of their first names. Frustrated by the intransigence of the [[Government of India|Indian government]] to consider a debate on the islamic status of the state, they resort to an armed insurgency. One of its primary objectives was to bring the Kashmir under pakistan and to kill hindus.

Yasin Malik has admitted to having killed many innocent civilian Kashmiri Hindus and also a group of unarmed Airforce men while they were waiting for their transportation to arrive in period of 1989-1994 - in his interview with Tim Sebastian ([3]). He also guided one islamic terrorist Bitta Karate in the killing of about 45 kashmiri hindus. This resulted in the communal cleansing of all hindus from kashmir.

Two members of the HAJY Group Hamid and Ashfaq, were killed during the armed struggle. Yasin Malik and Javid Mir were caught, imprisoned until 1994. In that year, Mr. Malik was released on grounds of ill- health. Soon after his release, he announced a unilateral [[Ceasefire|cease-fire]] on the part of his party.,he has stuck, to this day, to his commitment of reverting to a [[Nonviolence|non-violent]] struggle. Even since his release in 1994 he has been arrested numerous times and had six attempts made on his life..Yet despite this he has sought to moderate the attitudes of fellow party workers. Meanwhile the years of imprisonment have left him frail. Yasin Malik recently completed two lengthy visits to the United State for health reasons. During his stay in the United States Yasin Malik spent most of his time in las vegas. He undertook campaigns to educate the U.S public and garner support for the cause of Kashmiri struggle.

Yasin Malik was arrested in October 1999 Indian Authorities under the Public Safety Act and was again arrested on March 26, 2002 under the POTA. He was detained for almost a year. In recent times Yasin has had one to one meetings with [[President of Pakistan]], Prime Minister Pakistan, Prime Minister of India and other world leaders. In 2007 Yasin Malik and his party launched a peaceful campaign known as Safar-I-Azadi (journey to freedom). This journey was to create an atmosphere for peaceful negotiated settlement of Jammu Kashmir dispute. This journey lasted for one year and during it, Yasin Malik and his colleagues visited about 3500 towns and villages of Kashmir.
Some of his prominent party workers include Adv. Bashir Butt, Enj. Ghulam Rasool Dar, Noor Mohammed Kalwal, Showkat Ahmed Bakhshi and Mohammed Hussain Khan Altaf etc. Yasin Malik has shaheed Maqbool Bhat,zia ul haq,Jinnah & Yaser Arafat as his ideals. Yasin has studied only up to 5th standard but claims that most of the studies he has done are self studies done in various jails. He loves poetry of [[Muhammad Iqbal|Allama Iqbal]] and writings of Imam Gazali.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*http://www.thehindu.com/2006/01/25/stories/2006012506451400.htm
*http://www.kashmirnewsline.com/2009/02/13/sacrifices-wont-go-waste-says-siddiqi/
*http://www.youtube.com/results?search_type=&search_query=jklfmaqboolmanzil.
*http://www.newsline.com.pk/newsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm -
*http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/.../Militant-kashmiri-leader-Yasin-Malik-to-marry-racy-artist-Mushaal-Mullick.html -
*http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=8652 -
*http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/21/stories/2004012103871200.htm -
*http://www.hindu.com/2004/01/21/stories/2004012103871200.htm -
*http://www.khalidhasan.net/2005/12/18/yasin-malik%E2%80%99s-dream/
*http://www.jamespot.com/a/115935-Pro-independence-Jammu-Kashmir-Liberation-Front-chairman-Mohamme.html -
*http://www.conclave.digitaltoday.in/conclave2008/index.php?option=com_magazine&opt=section&sectionid=3...32...T... -
*http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1413145.cms -
*http://www.outlookindia.com/author.asp?name=Mohammad+Yasin+Malik -
*http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2008/kashmir20080617a.html
*http://www.dawn.com/2008/06/18/local.htm
*http://www.newsline.com.pk/newsJan2005/int1jan2005.htm -
*http://www.newsline.com.pk/NewsJuly2008/profilejuly.htm -
*http://archive.gulfnews.com/articles/04/12/08/142842.html

==External links==

*[http://www.kashmiris-in-exile.blogspot.com// Roots In Kashmir Campaign Blog]
*[http://www.Liberationfront.org/ JKLF Website]
*[http://www.geocities.com/jklf-kashmir/ JKLF Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Yasin}}
[[Category:Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir politicians]]