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Alan Taylor (director)

2024-11-15T02:47:50Z

136.32.60.170: /* Career */

{{short description|American television and film director (born 1959)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alan Taylor
| image = Alan Taylor 2013 crop.jpg
| caption = Taylor in 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|1|13}}
| birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]], U.S.
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nicki Ledermann]]|2005|2020}}
| children = Willa Taylor, Ginger Taylor, Jem Taylor
| alma_mater = [[New York University]]
| occupation = Television director, film director, screenwriter, television producer
| years_active = 1990–present
}}
'''Alan Taylor''' (born January 13, 1959)<ref name="canada">{{cite news | url = http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=4fb74f07-32b3-4e88-98fc-960d447e8750 | website = Canada.com | title = Ottawa-educated director took Emmy for Sopranos' famed snuff-out episode | publisher = [[The Ottawa Citizen]] | date = September 20, 2007 | access-date = December 15, 2013 | quote = ...the 48-year-old TV director... | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131115184825/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=4fb74f07-32b3-4e88-98fc-960d447e8750 | archive-date = November 15, 2013 }}</ref> is an American television director, film director, screenwriter, and television producer. He is best known for his work on television series such as ''[[The Sopranos]]'', ''[[Sex and the City]]'', ''[[Mad Men]]'', and ''[[Game of Thrones]]''. He also directed films such as ''[[Palookaville (film)|Palookaville]]'', ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'', ''[[Terminator Genisys]]'', and ''[[The Many Saints of Newark]]''.

In 2007, Taylor won a [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series]] for ''The Sopranos'' episode "[[Kennedy and Heidi]]". In 2008 and 2018, he was also nominated in the same category for the ''Mad Men'' episode "[[Smoke Gets in Your Eyes (Mad Men)|Smoke Gets in Your Eyes]]" and the ''Game of Thrones'' episode "[[Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)|Beyond the Wall]]", respectively.

== Early life ==
Taylor's father, [[James J. Taylor]], was a private in the U.S. army translating for [[Voice of America]], stationed in Yokohama, who subsequently held numerous jobs before becoming a [[videographer]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] Taylor's mother, [[Mimi Cazort]], was ''curator emerita'' for the [[National Gallery of Canada]]. His sister is the [[indie rock]] musician [[Anna Domino]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thewashingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A20021-2005Feb12.html | title = James Taylor Dies; Put Theater on Video | first= Louie | last= Estrada | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]] | date = February 13, 2005 | page = C11 | archive-date = September 28, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928155102/http://www.thewashingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A20021-2005Feb12.html}}</ref>

He spent part of his life in [[Manor Park, Ottawa]], Canada, and attended Manor Park Public School and [[Lisgar Collegiate Institute]] high school. As part of the Communications Club at Lisgar, he acted in its production of ''[[The Mouse That Roared]]''. He went on to major in history at the [[University of Toronto]] and then at [[New York City]]'s [[Columbia University]] before transferring to [[New York University]] in his late 20s to study film under instructors including director [[Martin Scorsese]].<ref name="canada" /><ref name="TaylorsRediscovery">{{Cite web |last=Hibberd |first=James |date=August 12, 2021 |title=Director Alan Taylor's Tortuous Journey to the 'Sopranos' Movie: "The Hardest Job I've Ever Done" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/director-alan-taylor-sopranos-movie-the-many-saints-of-newark-1234995623/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813102805/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/director-alan-taylor-sopranos-movie-the-many-saints-of-newark-1234995623/ |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=August 14, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Taylor has directed for numerous programs on both network television and premium cable, most often on [[HBO]].

Taylor's early work on television include work on ''[[The Sopranos]]'', ''[[Sex and the City]]'', and ''[[The West Wing]]''. Taylor joined the crew of the HBO western drama ''[[Deadwood (TV series)|Deadwood]]'' as a director for the first season in 2004. Taylor directed the pilot episodes of ''[[Mad Men]]'' ("[[Smoke Gets in Your Eyes (Mad Men)|Smoke Gets in Your Eyes]]") and ''[[Bored to Death]]'' as well as subsequent episodes of each. He joined the HBO series ''[[Game of Thrones]]'', directing seven episodes including critically acclaimed [[Game of Thrones season 1|season 1]] episode "[[Baelor]]."<ref>Goldberg, Lesley (September 12, 2011). [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/game-thrones-neil-marshall-season-234126 "'Game of Thrones': Neil Marshall Among Season 2 Directors"]. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''</ref><ref name="EW">{{cite magazine|last=Hibberd|first=James|date=June 29, 2016|title=Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed|url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/06/29/game-thrones-season-7|access-date=June 29, 2016|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> He worked on a television adaptation of [[Arkady and Boris Strugatsky|the Strugatsky brothers]]' 1971 science fiction novel ''[[Roadside Picnic]]'' for the [[WGN America]] network.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schwartz|first1=Terri|date=September 11, 2015|title=''Terminator Genisys'' Alan Taylor returning to TV with ''Roadside Picnic'' adaptation at WGN America|publisher=Zap2It|url=http://zap2it.com/2015/09/alan-taylor-roadside-picnic-adaptation-wgn-america/|access-date=September 12, 2015|archive-date=September 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914171510/http://zap2it.com/2015/09/alan-taylor-roadside-picnic-adaptation-wgn-america/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Besides his television work, Taylor's early films include ''[[Palookaville (film)|Palookaville]]'', ''[[The Emperor's New Clothes (2001 film)|The Emperor's New Clothes]]'', and ''[[Kill the Poor (film)|Kill the Poor]].''

In the 2010s, Taylor began working on large budget blockbuster films. He was hired to direct ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'' (2013) a superhero film and sequel to 2011's ''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://variety.com/2013/film/news/game-of-thrones-thor-the-dark-world-terminator-1200599988/ | title = 'Thrones' and 'Thor: The Dark World' Helmer Eyed to Direct Next 'Terminator' | date= September 5, 2013 | first=Justin | last = Kroll | work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | access-date = November 3, 2013}}</ref> He was approached by [[Marvel Studios|Marvel]] producer [[Kevin Feige]] following director [[Patty Jenkins]] exit from the project and hoped he would inject a darker tone into the project after seeing Taylor's work on ''Game of Thrones''. Taylor's next film was ''[[Terminator Genisys]],'' a film that Taylor hoped to fix following his reading of the script, citing his love of the first two [[Terminator (franchise)|''Terminator'']] films.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://bloody-disgusting.com/videos/3337868/terminator-genisys-reimagines-james-camerons-terminator-films/ | title = Terminator: Genisys| date= September 5, 2013 | first=Justin | last = Kroll | work = [[Bloody Disgusting]] | access-date = November 3, 2013}}</ref> After directing nine episodes for the HBO series ''The Sopranos'', Taylor was approached by show creator [[David Chase]] to return to direct the 2021 prequel film ''[[The Many Saints of Newark]].''

In August 2022, it was announced that Taylor was hired to direct multiple episodes of the second season of ''[[House of the Dragon]]''.

== Personal life ==
Taylor currently lives in Tyler Hill, Pennsylvania. He has three children with award-winning makeup artist [[Nicki Ledermann]].

== Directing filmography ==
'''Film'''
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Writer
! Notes
|-
|1990
|''That Burning Question''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Short film
|-
|1995
|''[[Palookaville (film)|Palookaville]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
|2001 ||''[[The Emperor's New Clothes (2001 film)|The Emperor's New Clothes]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Kill the Poor (film)|Kill the Poor]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Thor: The Dark World]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Terminator Genisys]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
|2021
|''[[The Many Saints of Newark]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|
|-
|}

'''Television'''
*''That Burning Question'' (1988) TV special
*''[[Homicide: Life on the Street]]'' (1993) TV series
**episode 1.07 "[[A Dog and Pony Show (Homicide: Life on the Street)|A Dog and Pony Show]]"
**episode 4.03 "Autofocus"
**episode 4.20 "The Wedding"
**episode 5.08 "The True Test"
**episode 6.01 "[[Blood Ties (Homicide: Life on the Street)|Blood Ties]], Part 1"
**episode 6.16 "Mercy"
**episode 7.22 "Forgive Us Our Trespasses"
*''[[Oz (TV series)|Oz]]'' (1997) TV series
**episode 1.06 "To Your Health"
**episode 2.06 "Strange Bedfellows"
*''[[Trinity (U.S. TV series)|Trinity]]'' (1998) TV series
**episode 1.08 "Breaking In, Breaking Out, Breaking Up, Breaking Down"
*''[[Sex and the City]]'' (1998) TV series
**episode 2.09 "Old Dogs, New Dicks"
**episode 2.14 "The Fuck Buddy"
**episode 4.15 "Change of a Dress"
**episode 4.16 "Ring a Ding-Ding"
**episode 6.07 "The Post-it Always Sticks Twice"
**episode 6.08 "The Catch"
*''[[Now and Again]]'' (1999) TV series
**episode 1.03 "Over Easy"
*''[[The Sopranos]]'' (1999) TV series
**episode 1.06 "[[Pax Soprana]]"<ref>{{cite web |publisher = [[HBO]] |title="Pax Soprana" on ''The Sopranos'' episode guide |url = http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos#/the-sopranos/episodes/1/06-pax-soprana/synopsis.html |access-date = February 11, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100214130231/http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos| archive-date= February 14, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
**episode 4.10 "[[The Strong, Silent Type]]"<ref>{{cite web |author = HBO |author-link = HBO |title="The Strong, Silent Type" on ''The Sopranos'' episode guide |url = http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos#/the-sopranos/episodes/4/49-the-strong-silent-type/synopsis.html |access-date = February 11, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100214130231/http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos| archive-date= February 14, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
**episode 5.02 "[[Rat Pack (The Sopranos)|Rat Pack]]"<ref>{{cite web |publisher = HBO|title="Rat Pack" on ''The Sopranos'' episode guide |url = http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos#/the-sopranos/episodes/5/54-rat-pack/synopsis.html |access-date = February 11, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100214130231/http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos| archive-date= February 14, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
**episode 6.04 "[[The Fleshy Part of the Thigh]]"<ref>{{cite web |publisher = HBO|title="The Fleshy Part of the Thigh" on ''The Sopranos'' episode guide |url = http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos#/the-sopranos/episodes/6/69-the-fleshy-part-of-the-thigh/synopsis.html |access-date = February 11, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100214130231/http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos| archive-date= February 14, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
**episode 6.09 "[[The Ride (The Sopranos)|The Ride]]"<ref>{{cite web |publisher = HBO |title="The Ride" on ''The Sopranos'' episode guide |url = http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos#/the-sopranos/episodes/6/74-the-ride/synopsis.html |access-date = February 11, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100214130231/http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos| archive-date= February 14, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
**episode 6.12 "[[Kaisha (The Sopranos)|Kaisha]]"<ref>{{cite web|publisher = HBO|title="Kaisha" on ''The Sopranos'' episode guide |url = http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos#/the-sopranos/episodes/6/77-kaisha/synopsis.html |access-date = February 11, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100214130231/http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos| archive-date= February 14, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
**episode 6.14 "[[Stage 5 (The Sopranos)|Stage 5]]"<ref>{{cite web |publisher = HBO |title="Stage 5" on ''The Sopranos'' episode guide |url = http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos#/the-sopranos/episodes/6/79-stage-5/synopsis.html |access-date = February 11, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100214130231/http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos| archive-date= February 14, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
**episode 6.18 "[[Kennedy and Heidi]]"<ref>{{cite web |publisher = HBO|title="Kennedy and Heidi" on ''The Sopranos'' episode guide |url = http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos#/the-sopranos/episodes/6/83-kennedy-and-heidi/synopsis.html |access-date = February 11, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100214130231/http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos| archive-date= February 14, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
**episode 6.20 "[[The Blue Comet]]"<ref>{{cite web |publisher = HBO|title="Blue Comet" on ''The Sopranos'' episode guide |url = http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos#/the-sopranos/episodes/6/85-the-blue-comet/synopsis.html |access-date = February 11, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100214130231/http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos| archive-date= February 14, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
*''[[The West Wing]]'' (1999) TV series
**episode 1.08 "Enemies"
**episode 1.16 "20 Hours in L.A."
*''[[Six Feet Under (TV series)|Six Feet Under]]'' (2001) TV series
**episode 2.08 "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year"<ref>{{cite web |publisher = HBO|title="It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year" on ''Six Feet Under'' episode guide |url = http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos/index.html#/six-feet-under/episodes/2/21-its-the-most-wonderful-time-of-the-year/synopsis.html |access-date = February 11, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100130105155/http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos/index.html| archive-date= January 30, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
*''[[Keen Eddie]]'' (2003)
** episode 1.11 "Sticky Fingers"
*''[[Carnivàle]]'' (2003) TV series
**episode 2.07 "Damascus, NE"
*''[[Deadwood (TV series)|Deadwood]]'' (2004) TV series
**episode 1.04 "Here Was a Man"<ref name="Here Was a Man">{{cite episode|title=Here Was a Man|series=Deadwood|series-link=Deadwood (TV series)|first1=Elizabeth|last1=Sarnoff|network=HBO|airdate=April 11, 2004|season=1|number=4}}</ref>
**episode 2.04 "Requiem for a Gleet"<ref name="Requiem for a Gleet">{{cite episode|title=Requiem for a Gleet|series=Deadwood|first1=Ted|last1=Mann|network=HBO|airdate=March 27, 2005|season=2|number=4}}</ref>
*''[[Lost (2004 TV series)|Lost]]'' (2004) TV series
**episode 2.04 "[[Everybody Hates Hugo]]"
*''[[Rome (TV series)|Rome]]'' (2005) TV series
**episode 1.10 "[[Triumph (Rome)|Triumph]]"
**episode 1.12 "[[Kalends of February]]"
*''[[Big Love]]'' (2006) TV series
**episode 1.05 "[[Affair (Big Love)|Affair]]"<ref>{{cite web |publisher = HBO|title="Affair" on ''Big Love'' episode guide |url = http://www.hbo.com/big-love/index.html#/big-love/episodes/1/05-affair/synopsis.html |access-date = February 12, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100129180638/http://www.hbo.com/big-love/index.html| archive-date= January 29, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
*''[[Mad Men]]'' (2007) TV series
**episode 1.01 "[[Smoke Gets in Your Eyes (Mad Men)|Smoke Gets in Your Eyes]]"<ref>{{cite web |author = AMC |title="Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" on ''Mad Men'' episode guide |url = http://www.amctv.com/originals/madmen/episode1 |access-date = February 12, 2010 |author-link = AMC (TV channel) |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100128065716/http://www.amctv.com/originals/madmen/episode1 |archive-date = January 28, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
**episode 1.02 "[[Ladies Room (Mad Men)|Ladies Room]]"<ref>{{cite web |author = AMC |title="Ladies Room" on ''Mad Men'' episode guide |url = http://www.amctv.com/originals/madmen/episode2 |access-date = February 12, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100204051404/http://www.amctv.com/originals/madmen/episode2 |archive-date = February 4, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
**episode 1.12 "Nixon vs. Kennedy"<ref>{{cite web |author = AMC |title="Nixon vs. Kennedy" on ''Mad Men'' episode guide |url = http://www.amctv.com//originals/madmen/episode12 |access-date = February 12, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100204050608/http://www.amctv.com/originals/madmen/episode12 |archive-date = February 4, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
**episode 2.12 "The Mountain King"<ref>{{cite web |author = AMC |title="The Mountain King" on ''Mad Men'' episode guide |url = http://www.amctv.com//originals/madmen/episode212 |access-date = February 12, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100129173106/http://www.amctv.com/originals/madmen/episode212 |archive-date = January 29, 2010 |url-status = dead }}</ref>
*''[[Boardwalk Empire]]'' (2010) TV series
**episode 1.05 "[[Nights in Ballygran]]"<ref>{{Cite web |publisher = HBO|title = ''Boardwalk Empire'' episode "Nights in Ballygran" synopsis |url = http://www.hbo.com/boardwalk-empire/episodes/01/05-nights-in-ballygran/synopsis.html |access-date = October 24, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101029011314/http://www.hbo.com/boardwalk-empire/episodes/01/05-nights-in-ballygran/synopsis.html| archive-date= October 29, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
*''[[Game of Thrones]]'' (2011) TV series
**episode 1.09 "[[Baelor]]"
**episode 1.10 "[[Fire and Blood (Game of Thrones)|Fire and Blood]]"
**episode 2.01 "[[The North Remembers]]"
**episode 2.02 "[[The Night Lands]]"
**episode 2.08 "[[The Prince of Winterfell]]"
**episode 2.10 "[[Valar Morghulis]]"
**episode 7.06 "[[Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones)|Beyond the Wall]]"
*''[[Electric Dreams (2017 TV series)|Electric Dreams]]'' (2017) TV series
**episode 1.09 "[[Safe and Sound (Electric Dreams)|Safe and Sound]]"
*''[[Interview with the Vampire (TV series)|Interview with the Vampire]]'' (2022) TV series
**episode 1.01 "[[In Throes of Increasing Wonder...]]"
**episode 1.02 "[[...After the Phantoms of Your Former Self]]"
* ''[[The Crowded Room]]'' (2023) TV Miniseries
**episode 07 "The Crowded Room"
*''[[House of the Dragon]]'' (2024) TV series
**episode 2.01 "[[A Son for a Son]]"
**episode 2.04 "[[The Red Dragon and the Gold]]"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|851930}}

{{Alan Taylor}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Alan Taylor
|list =
{{DirectorsGuildofAmericaOutstandingDirectingDramaSeries 1990–2009}}
{{EmmyAward DirectingDrama 2001–2025}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Alan}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Film directors from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:American television directors]]
[[Category:Television producers from New York City]]
[[Category:Hugo Award winners]]
[[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Directors Guild of America Award winners]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from New York City]]
[[Category:Writers from Brooklyn]]

Gleaming Spires

2024-11-13T01:06:43Z

136.32.60.170: /* Background */

{{Short description|American new wave pop group}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Gleaming Spires
| image = Gleaming Spires 1985.jpeg
| caption = [[David Kendrick]] (left) and [[Leslie Bohem]] (right)
| landscape = yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[New wave music|New wave]]
}}
| years_active = {{flatlist|
*1981–1985
}}
| label = [[Posh Boy Records|Posh Boy]], PVC, The Vodka Label, Tabb, [[Omnivore Recordings]]
| associated_acts = [[Sparks (band)|Sparks]]
| past_members = * [[Leslie Bohem]]
* [[David Kendrick]]
* Bob Haag
* Jim "Jimbo" Goodwin
* Greg Penny
}}
'''Gleaming Spires''' was an American [[New wave music|new wave]] [[Pop music|pop]] group in the 1980s.

==Background==
Performing as Bates Motel, they were enlisted by brothers [[Ron Mael|Ron]] and [[Russell Mael]] to be a part of the 1981–85 incarnation of their band, [[Sparks (band)|Sparks]]. After completing demos with neophyte producer [[Stephen Hague]], principal members [[Leslie Bohem]] and [[David Kendrick]] (later of [[Devo]], [[Xiu Xiu]]) recruited fellow Sparks members Jim Goodwin and Bob Haag to form Gleaming Spires with the blessing of the Mael brothers.

Following promotional materials by graphic artist Kevin J. Walker (who designed [[Punk rock|punk]] band covers for [[T.S.O.L.]] and [[Channel 3 (band)|Channel 3]], among others), they were signed to [[Posh Boy Records]] on the strength of what had been intended by the group as a non-LP B-side, "Are You Ready for the Sex Girls?". "Sex Girls" became a hit on Los Angeles' [[KROQ-FM]] radio station and was later featured in the films ''[[The Last American Virgin]]'' and ''[[Revenge of the Nerds]]'', the latter of which also featured the Gleaming Spires song "All Night Party".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gleaming-spires-mn0000558007/biography|title=Gleaming Spires {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|website=AllMusic|access-date=2016-11-18}}</ref> The cover art for Gleaming Spires' ''[[Walk on Well Lighted Streets]]'' album was designed by artist [[Mark Kostabi]], who later went on to design album covers for [[Guns N' Roses]] (''[[Use Your Illusion]]'') and the [[Ramones]] (''[[¡Adios Amigos!]]'').

Though the band's three studio albums were not issued on [[compact disc|CD]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Gleaming-Spires-Songs-Of-The-Spires/master/324319|title=Gleaming Spires - Songs Of The Spires|website=Discogs.com|accessdate=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Gleaming-Spires-Walk-On-Well-Lighted-Streets/master/286849|title=Gleaming Spires - Walk On Well Lighted Streets|website=Discogs.com|accessdate=3 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/Gleaming-Spires-Welcoming-A-New-Ice-Age/release/4003837|title=Gleaming Spires - Welcoming A New Ice Age|website=Discogs.com|accessdate=3 October 2020}}</ref> until 2021,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Gleaming Spires – Omnivore Recordings|url=http://omnivorerecordings.com/gleaming-spires/|access-date=2021-09-17|language=en-US}}</ref> "Are You Ready for the Sex Girls?" has been featured on numerous various artists compilation albums,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/313262-Gleaming-Spires|title=Gleaming Spires|website=Discogs.com|accessdate=3 October 2020}}</ref> including [[Rhino Records]]' ''[[Just Can't Get Enough: New Wave Hits of the '80s#Volume 3|Just Can't Get Enough: New Wave Hits of the '80s, Volume 3]]''. In 2014, the Gleaming Spires' debut album, ''[[Songs of the Spires]]'', was remastered and reissued on 180 gram [[vinyl record|LP]] by the Futurismo Inc. label, in two different color variations ("Lemon Meringue" and "Blue Movie"). The package was housed in a gloss laminate sleeve, featuring new artwork from original illustrations by artist Kevin J. Walker, and included an Artzine booklet, as well as one bonus track, "Walk Right".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://store.futurismoinc.com/product/gleaming-spires-br-songs-of-the-spires-lp-br-blue-movie|title=Maintenance|website=Store.futurismoinc.com|accessdate=3 October 2020}}</ref>

On September 17, 2021, the band's three studio albums, ''[[Songs of the Spires]], [[Walk on Well Lighted Streets]],'' and ''[[Welcoming a New Ice Age]],'' were reissued on CD and streaming services, each containing a myriad of bonus tracks and memorabilia (including the ''Life Out on the Lawn'' and ''Party'' EPs) by Omnivore Recordings.<ref name=":0" />

==Members==
*Leslie Bohem – lead vocals, [[bass guitar]], [[Steel-string acoustic guitar|acoustic guitar]], synthesizers
*David Kendrick – [[drum]]s, [[Percussion instrument|percussion]]

===Other members===
*Bob Haag – [[guitar]]s, background vocals
*Jim "Jimbo" Goodwin – [[Keyboard instrument|keyboards]], [[alto saxophone]]
*Greg Penny – [[synthesizer]]s, guitars, background vocals

===Additional musicians===
*[[Paul B. Cutler|Paul Cutler]] – guitar
*[[Stephen Hague]] – synthesizer, producer
*"The Horns of Desire" – Bobby Moore ([[saxophone]]), Dana Wylie ([[trumpet]]s)
*"The Passionettes" (background vocalists) – Katia Empkowicz Penny, Patty Foley, Beau Wesley, The Happy Boy, The Party God, Fanny Penny
*[[Rob Goraieb]] – background vocals on the ''Funk for Children'' EP
*Alan D. Generes (formerly of the Bösendorfers<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frogshavebigheads.wordpress.com/2010/02/14/the-bosendorfers/|title=The Bösendorfers|website=Frogshavebigheads.wordpress.com|date=15 February 2010|accessdate=3 October 2020}}</ref>) – percussion

==Discography==
===Albums===
*''[[Songs of the Spires]]'' (1981)
*''[[Walk on Well Lighted Streets]]'' (1983)
*''[[Welcoming a New Ice Age]]'' (1985)

=== Extended Plays ===

*''Life Out on the Lawn'' (1982)
*''Party EP'' (aka the ''Funk for Children EP)'' (1984)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:American new wave musical groups]]

{{US-pop-band-stub}}

Cock throwing

2024-11-10T01:15:57Z

136.32.60.170:

{{short description|Blood sport widely practised in England until the late 18th century}}
[[Image:cruelty1.JPG|thumb|right|250px|William Hogarth's ''First Stage of Cruelty'' shows schoolboys cock throwing, though it was dangerous practice to hold the rooster while others threw at it.]]

'''Cock throwing''', also known as '''cock-shying''' or '''throwing at cocks''', was a [[blood sport]] widely practised in England until the late 18th century. A [[rooster]] was tied to a post, and people took turns throwing weighted sticks called "coksteles" at the bird until it died. Cock throwing was traditionally associated with [[Shrove Tuesday]]. A contributor to ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'' in 1737, during an anti-Gallican phase of British culture, was of the opinion that cock throwing arose from traditional enmity towards the French, for which the cock played an emblematic role.<ref name="GM">{{cite web|url=http://animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-timeline/animal-rights-g/gentlemans-magazine/1737-01-enquiry.htm|title=Gentleman's Magazine:An Enquiry into the Original Meaning of Cock-Throwing on Shrove-Tuesday|date=1737|accessdate=19 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424093330/http://www.animalrightshistory.org/animal-rights-timeline/animal-rights-g/gentlemans-magazine/1737-01-enquiry.htm|archive-date=24 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Cock throwing was a popular pastime with people of all classes, especially with children, and although widespread, was less common than [[cockfighting]].<ref name="TBRS">{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Traditional British Rural Sports|author=Wray Vamplew|publisher=Routledge|date=2005|pages=301|isbn=0-415-35224-X}}</ref> Sir [[Thomas More]] referred to his skill in casting a cokstele as a boy. If the bird had its legs broken or was lamed during the event, it was sometimes supported with sticks in order to prolong the game. The cock was also sometimes placed inside an earthenware jar to prevent it from moving.<ref name="Pastimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/spe/index.htm|title=Sports and Pastimes of the People of England: Chapter VII|author=Joseph Strutt|date=1903|accessdate=19 January 2007}}</ref> Variations on the theme included goose quailing (or squailing), when a goose was substituted, and cock thrashing or cock whipping, which involved a cock being placed in a pit where the blindfolded participants would attempt to hit it with their sticks. A [[Sussex]] variation was similar to [[bull-baiting]] with the rooster tied to a {{convert|4|or|5|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} cord.<ref name="TBRS" />

[[Image:Cockthrowing.png|thumb|left|[[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]] appears as the cock in this cartoon depicting cock throwing from around the 1820s.]]

In 1660, an official pronouncement by Puritan officials in [[Bristol]] to forbid cock throwing (as well as cat and dog tossing) on Shrove Tuesday resulted in a riot by the apprentices.<ref name="bristol">{{cite web|url=http://weldgen.tripod.com/bristol-history/ |title=A Pictorial Record of Bristol's History |accessdate=19 January 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313151113/http://weldgen.tripod.com/bristol-history/ |archivedate=13 March 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Cock throwing's popularity slowly waned in England, as social values changed and animal welfare became a concern. [[William Hogarth]] depicted it as a barbarous activity, the first stage in a "[[slippery slope]]", in ''[[The Four Stages of Cruelty]]'' in 1751, and [[Nathan Drake (essayist and physician)|Nathan Drake]] credited this in part for changes in public attitudes to the sport. The Anglican divine and political economist [[Josiah Tucker]] also dismissed the sport as a "most cruel and barbarous diversion' in his 'Earnest and Affectionate Address to the Common People of England Concerning their Usual Recreations on Shrove Tuesday' (1753), drawing attention to the suffering and 'lingering tortures' of a 'poor innocent creature'. From the middle of the 18th century, magistrates began to deal with the problem more harshly, a marker of its loss in popularity among the "respectable" classes, imposing fines for public order offences, and local by-laws banned the practice in many places.

By the early 19th century, the tradition was all but forgotten, lingering as isolated incidents into the 1840s.<ref name="TBRS" />

{{Clear}}

==See also==
*[[Bull-baiting]]
*[[Fox tossing]]
*[[Goose pulling]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cock Throwing}}
[[Category:Animal festival or ritual]]
[[Category:Animal rights]]
[[Category:Obsolete blood sports]]
[[Category:Animal cruelty incidents]]

Dwarf-tossing

2024-11-10T01:07:11Z

136.32.60.170: /* In popular culture */

{{Short description|Type of bar entertainment}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}

'''Dwarf-tossing''', also called '''midget-tossing''', is a [[Public house|pub]]/[[Bar (establishment)|bar]] attraction or activity in which people with [[dwarfism]], wearing special padded clothing or [[Velcro]] costumes, are thrown onto mattresses or at Velcro-coated walls. Participants compete to throw the person with dwarfism the farthest. Dwarf-tossing was started in Australia as a form of [[pub games|pub entertainment]] in the early 1980s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} A related, formerly practiced activity was dwarf-bowling, in which a person with dwarfism was placed on a skateboard and used as a bowling ball.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dwarf Bowling on Staten Island Lands in Gutter |url=http://gothamist.com/news/dwarf-bowling-on-staten-island-lands-in-gutter |date=28 February 2008 |website=Gothamist |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701002832/http://gothamist.com/2008/02/28/dwarf_bowling_o.php |archive-date=1 July 2015 |access-date=24 May 2020}}</ref>

Since its inception in the 1980s, the activity, due to its problematic name and nature, has been highly controversial and remains so in the early 21st century.

== Medical risks ==
Individuals with skeletal dysplasia, such as dwarfism, often have specific medical conditions and vulnerabilities that increase the risk of complications. Throwing or tossing individuals with a growth disorder can have serious consequences, especially in cases involving [[kyphosis]] and [[scoliosis]].

Kyphosis is a condition where the spine bends forward, leading to a curvature of the back. Scoliosis is a lateral curvature of the spine. Both conditions can cause pain, limited mobility, and respiratory problems. Dwarf tossing can increase the risk of injury and exacerbate these conditions, as it applies forces to the spine and other vulnerable parts of the body.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://komonews.com/news/local/its-not-okay-victims-share-testimonies-at-hearing-to-ban-dwarf-tossing |title='It's not okay': Victims share testimonies at hearing to ban dwarf tossing |last=News |first=Keith Eldridge / KOMO |date=2019-01-31 |accessdate=2023-12-04 |work=KOMO |language=en}}</ref>

Various medical sources and organizations have warned about the dangers of dwarf tossing for individuals with growth disorders.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lpaonline.org/dwarf-tossing-in-florida-press-release |title=Dwarf Tossing in Florida Press Release |accessdate=2023-12-04 |work=www.lpaonline.org}}</ref> There are known cases where individuals with growth disorders have suffered severe injuries and even died as a result of dwarf tossing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2019/jan/31/dwarf-tossing-denounced-defended-to-senate-panel/ |title=Dwarf tossing denounced, defended to Senate panel {{!}} The Spokesman-Review |accessdate=2023-12-04 |work=www.spokesman.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGee |first=Robert W. |date=1998 |title=If Dwarf Tossing is Outlawed, Only Outlaws Will Toss Dwarfs: Is Dwarf Tossing a Victimless Crime? |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.116928 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.116928 |issn=1556-5068}} </ref>

==Controversy==
{{npov section|date=December 2023}}

Due to its nature and name, dwarf tossing has been controversial. The criticism centers on concerns about human dignity and the exploitation of little persons, raising questions about the appropriateness of the practice. In the 1980s, opposition to the practice of dwarf tossing began to take shape. Advocates for banning this activity argued that it objectifies the individuals involved, reducing them to mere objects used for entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-26 |title="Dwarf Tossing", Human Dignity and Individual Agency |url=https://intergentes.com/dwarf-tossing-human-dignity-and-individual-agency/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Inter Gentes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=1989-07-03 |title=Little People Oppose Events In Which Dwarfs Are Objects |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/03/us/little-people-oppose-events-in-which-dwarfs-are-objects.html |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lancer de nains : l'interdiction a brisé sa vie |url=https://www.estrepublicain.fr/actualite/2014/02/16/petite-taille-grande-rancoeur-nwdg |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=www.estrepublicain.fr |language=FR-fr}}</ref>

Critics of dwarf tossing assert that the practice dehumanizes the participants, treating them as if they were objects or toys. This dehumanization is perceived as detrimental because it undermines the concept of inherent human dignity, suggesting that individuals can be used in a way that disregards their autonomy and respect. This perspective is supported by research highlighting the fundamental role of human dignity in moral and legal frameworks.<ref>Verplaetse, Jan. "The Why of Dignity. On the Deeper Ground of a Fundamental Moral and Legal Principle." Retrieved on December 6, 2023, from https://backoffice.biblio.ugent.be/download/3151745/6787039</ref>

The moral objections to dwarf tossing are rooted in the idea that reducing individuals to throwing objects for amusement denies their humanity and respect. This concept has been explored in various contexts, where objectification for entertainment raises broader ethical concerns. The practice can be viewed as a form of exploitation, disregarding the feelings, integrity, and self-respect of the participants.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bijnaderinzien.com/2014/10/09/de-morele-grenzen-van-de-markt-volgens-michael-sandel-en-debra-satz/ |title=The Moral Limits of the Market – According to Michael Sandel and Debra Satz |last=Schreef |first=Williambalk |date=2014-10-09 |access-date=2023-12-06 |work=Bij Nader Inzien |language=nl-NL}}</ref>

Further examination of this issue reveals a broader societal challenge, where dehumanization in various forms is concerning. The treatment of individuals as objects, even for entertainment, can have significant implications for human rights and the understanding of human dignity.<ref>Macklin, R. "Dignity is a useless concept." British Medical Journal (BMJ), 2003 (327), 1419.</ref><ref>Pinker, S. "The stupidity of dignity." The New Republic, May 28, 2008. Available online at http://pinker.wjh.harvard.edu/articles/media/The%20Stupidity%20of%20Dignity.htm </ref><ref>Let the Animals Live v. Hamat Gader Spa Village Inc (1997), cited in McCrudden, Ch. "Human Dignity and Judicial Interpretation of Human Rights." Supra 2, 708.</ref>

==Legality==

===Australia===
[[Australia]] is commonly thought of as the place where dwarf-tossing originated as a form of [[pub games|pub entertainment]] in the early 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Dwarf Tossing coming to Melbourne? {{!}} The Australian News |url=http://www.ozzienews.com/news/is-dwarf-tossing-coming-to-melbourne/ |website=www.ozzienews.com |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World according to Midget Throwing |url=http://twistededge.org/Funny_As_Hell/World_According/Midget_Throwing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824081755/http://twistededge.org/Funny_As_Hell/World_According/Midget_Throwing/ |archive-date=24 August 2014 |access-date=29 January 2009}}</ref>
Laws may prohibit dwarf-tossing implicitly, but there are not explicit laws preventing a consenting dwarf from being "tossed".

===Canada===
In [[Ontario]], [[Canada]], the Dwarf Tossing Ban Act was introduced in 2003 by [[Windsor West (federal electoral district)|Windsor West]] [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPP]] [[Sandra Pupatello]] in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]].<ref name="OntLA1">{{Cite web |title=Dwarf Tossing Ban Act, 2003 |url=https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/bills/parliament-37/session-4/bill-97 |website=Legislative Assembly of Ontario |language=en |access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> This [[private member's bill|private member's public bill]] did not proceed beyond its introduction to second or third readings, nor did it receive royal assent, and therefore died at the close of the 37th [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario|Legislature]].<ref name="OntLA1" /> The bill proposed a fine of not more than $5,000 and/or imprisonment of not more than six months. The bill was hastily advanced in response to a dwarf-tossing contest<ref name="OntLA2">{{Cite web |title=Hansard Transcripts 2003-Jun-12 {{!}} Legislative Assembly of Ontario |url=https://www.ola.org/en/legislative-business/house-documents/parliament-37/session-4/2003-06-12/hansard |website=www.ola.org |date=12 June 2003 |access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> that was held at Leopard's Lounge in [[Windsor, Ontario|Windsor]], Ontario with a dwarf nicknamed "Tripod".<ref name="GlobeAndMail1">{{Cite news |last=Canadian Press |author-link=Canadian Press |date=2003-06-12 |title=Ontario MLA sweats the small stuff |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |location=[[Toronto]] |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/incoming/ontario-mla-sweats-the-small-stuff/article1162772/ |access-date=17 June 2014 |issn=0319-0714 |quote=The organizer of a dwarf-tossing contest vowed the show would go on Thursday even as an angry Ontario politician made an 11th-hour bid to stop the event.}}</ref>

===France===
The [[mayor]] of the small French town of [[Morsang-sur-Orge]] prohibited dwarf-tossing. The case went through the appeal chain of administrative courts to the ''[[Council of State (France)|Conseil d'État]]'', which found that an administrative authority could legally prohibit dwarf-tossing on grounds that the activity did not respect human [[dignity]] and was thus contrary to public order.<ref>{{Citation |title=Conseil d'Etat, Assemblée, du 27 octobre 1995, 136727, publié au recueil Lebon |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?oldAction=rechJuriAdmin&idTexte=CETATEXT000007877723 |access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref> It raised legal questions as to what was admissible as a motive for an administrative authority to ban an activity for motives of public order, especially as the ''conseil'' did not want to include "public morality" in public order. The ruling was taken by the full assembly and not a smaller panel—proof of the difficulty of the question.<ref>[http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/presentation-des-grands-arrets/27-octobre-1995-commune-de-morsang-sur-orge.html Commentary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062531/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/fr/presentation-des-grands-arrets/27-octobre-1995-commune-de-morsang-sur-orge.html |date=27 September 2011 }} of the ruling on the Conseil d'État's site</ref> The ''conseil'' ruled similarly in another case between an entertainment company and the city of [[Aix-en-Provence]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Conseil d'Etat, Assemblée, du 27 octobre 1995, 143578, inédit au recueil Lebon |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichJuriAdmin.do?oldAction=rechJuriAdmin&idTexte=CETATEXT000007882056& |access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>

The [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]] decided on 26 July 2002 that the ban was not discriminatory with respect to dwarfs. It ruled that the ban could be considered as "necessary to protect public order, which brings into play considerations of human dignity".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jurisprudence |url=https://juris.ohchr.org/Search/Details/1010 |website=juris.ohchr.org |access-date=2019-07-05}}</ref>

Nevertheless, dwarf-tossing is not prohibited outright in [[France]]. The ''Conseil d'État'' decided that a public authority could use gross infringement on human dignity as a motive of public order to cancel a spectacle, and that dwarf-tossing constituted such a gross infringement. However, it is up to individual authorities to make specific decisions regarding prohibition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legality and Morality of Dwarf Tossing - Debate - Retired Forums - Retired Forums - MTG Salvation Forums - MTG Salvation |url=https://www.mtgsalvation.com/forums/retired-forums/retired-forums/debate/449513-the-legality-and-morality-of-dwarf-tossing |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=www.mtgsalvation.com}}</ref>

===United States===
Robert and Angela Van Etten, [[Florida]] members of the [[Little People of America]], convinced the [[Florida Legislature]] in 1989 to make dwarf-tossing illegal. A measure banning dwarf-tossing was passed by a wide margin. The [[New York State Legislature]] later followed suit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Midget Throwing: A Lost Art |url=http://twistededge.org/Funny_As_Hell/World_According/Midget_Throwing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824081755/http://twistededge.org/Funny_As_Hell/World_According/Midget_Throwing/ |archive-date=24 August 2014 |access-date=29 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 July 1990 |title=Cuomo Signs Bill to Ban Dwarf Tossing |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-25-mn-1001-story.html}}</ref>

In 2001, Dave Flood, who appeared on the MJ Morning Show as "Dave the Dwarf", filed a lawsuit seeking to overturn the 1989 law allowing the state to fine or revoke the [[liquor license]] of a bar that allows dwarf-tossing. The pastime was popular in some Florida bars in the late 1980s.<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lQFQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=r1UDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1342,4094341 "Florida Radio Personality Files Suit to Allow Return of 'Dwarf Tossing'"]. ''Ludington Daily News'', 1 December 2001.</ref>

In October 2011, [[Ritch Workman]], a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] member of the [[Florida House of Representatives]], introduced legislation that would overturn the ban on dwarf-tossing, claiming such a ban to be an "unnecessary burden on the freedom and liberties of people" and "an example of Big Brother government". Although not a personal advocate of the activity, Workman stated "if a little person wants to make a fool out of themselves for money, they should have the same right to do so as any average sized person".<ref name="PBP dwarves">{{Cite news |last=Cerabino |first=Frank |date=2011-10-05 |title=Lawmaker Wants State to Reinstate Dwarf Tossing |work=The Palm Beach Post |url=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/cerabino-lawmaker-wants-state-to-reinstate-dwarf-tossing-1898183.html}}</ref>

== Origin ==
The origin of dwarf tossing appears to stem from historical human fascination with throwing living beings, be it roosters, foxes, or people, as a form of entertainment. [[Cock throwing|Throwing at roosters]] and [[fox tossing]], also known as [[blood sport]], illustrates the human tendency to use living beings as objects in unusual forms of amusement. Although initially considered folk sports, these customs were eventually criticized and suppressed due to ethical concerns and the well-being of the involved animals. This evolution emphasizes the relationship between human entertainment, ethics, and the treatment of living beings as objects for amusement, with contemporary societies becoming more aware of the need to respect the dignity and well-being of individuals and animals. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2017/11/03/throwing-sticks-roosters-dwarf-tossing/ |title=From Throwing Sticks at Roosters to Dwarf Tossing |last=McWilliams |first=James |date=2017-11-03 |access-date=2023-12-13 |work=The Paris Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>Walter, Just, "Dieren in dienst," ''[[NRC Handelsblad]]'', August 6, 1992. Archived on April 17, 2021. Accessed on May 25, 2019.</ref>

==In popular culture==
The American television drama ''[[L. A. Law]]'' (season 4, episode 4, 11/23/89 "The Mouse That Soared") featured a lawsuit to stop dwarf tossing at a local pub.

A scene in the 2002 film ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'' shows the dwarf [[Gimli (Middle-earth)|Gimli]] reluctantly requesting the character [[Aragorn]] to "toss" him across a dangerous gap that he cannot jump. Gimli asks Aragorn not to tell "the elf", their comrade [[Legolas]], and Aragorn promises.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mello |first=Nicole |date=2019-11-08 |title=The Lord Of The Rings: 15 Best Gimli Quotes |url=https://screenrant.com/lord-rings-gimli-quotes-best/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}</ref> A stunt double, Brett Beattie, was the person actually thrown in the scene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grebey |first=James |date=2021-06-16 |title=Lord of the Rings' uncredited Gimli double finally tells his tale |url=https://www.polygon.com/lord-of-the-rings/22535564/lotr-gimli-actor-double-brett-beattie-cast-fellowship-tattoo |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Polygon |language=en-US}}</ref> In the preceding 2001 film, ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring]]'', Gimli refused similar assistance, declaring, "No one tosses a dwarf!", and then almost fell to his death.

In the 2013 film [[The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)|''The Wolf of Wall Street'']], a room full of boisterous stockbrokers can be seen taking turns hurling two dwarfs wearing helmets at a large dartboard, with the main character, Jordan Belfort, offering a $25,000 reward to the first "cock-sucker to nail a bullseye".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dwarfparents.com/wolf-of-wall-street | title=Wolf of Wall Street | Dwarf Parents }}</ref> Before the film's release, protests were made to distributor [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] to remove the scene. The non-profit organization Little People of America released a statement stating they were "angry, disappointed and concerned" that the film "includes dwarf tossing scenes. [...] No matter the intent of ''The Wolf of Wall Street'', any portrayal of dwarf tossing carries
the risk of condoning the objectification of and abuse against people with dwarfism. As ''The Wolf of Wall Street'' continues to play in theaters, Little People of America hopes that movie audiences, Martin Scorsese, and Leonardo DiCaprio join us in condemning dwarf tossing and the threatening behavior it promotes."<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement from Little People of America in response to The Wolf of Wall Street |url=https://lpa.memberclicks.net/assets/2013-wolfofwallstreet-statement-post-release%202.pdf |publisher=Little People of America |access-date=8 May 2023 |date=3 January 2014}}</ref> In the book ''[[The Wolf of Wall Street (book)|The Wolf of Wall Street]]'' that the film is based on, the tossing of little people is only discussed as a possibility and Belfort said (through a representative) that he merely heard from several people that they were thrown sometime after he left the firm.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.motherjones.com/media/2013/12/wolf-wall-street-martin-scorsese-jonah-hill-danny-porush-jordan-belfort/ | title=Dwarf-tossing, three-way with teen employee never happened, says real "Wolf of Wall Street" exec }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Midget professional wrestler]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite web |title=Analyse des grands arrêts du Conseil d'État et du Tribunal des conflits |url=http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurisp/index_ju_la47.shtml |date=27 October 1995 |website=Conseil d'État |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205040152/http://www.conseil-etat.fr/ce/jurisp/index_ju_la47.shtml |archive-date=2008-02-05 |access-date=23 June 2014}} Analysis of dwarf tossing prohibition in Morsang-sur-Orge, Paris, France.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web |title=Midget Throwing: A Lost Art |url=http://twistededge.org/articles/Midget_Throwing/ |date=11 September 2012 |website=TwistedEdge |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213024646/http://twistededge.org/articles/Midget_Throwing/ |archive-date=13 February 2007 |access-date=16 May 2006}}
*Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/NZ2KvpnMkIc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20111126161005/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ2KvpnMkIc Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite web |title=Midget tossing - Lancer du nain | website=[[YouTube]] | date=26 October 2007 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ2KvpnMkIc}}{{cbignore}} Video on YouTube of midget-tossing as part of the Marto Napoli show at the Balteck, Thetford Mines, Quebec, Canada.

[[Category:Individual sports]]
[[Category:Drinking culture]]
[[Category:Sports entertainment]]
[[Category:Throwing sports]]
[[Category:Human rights]]

Caleuche

2024-10-26T15:34:31Z

136.32.60.170: /* In media */

{{Short description|Mythical ghost ship in Chilean mythology}}
{{Italic title}}
{{About||the film and television honors|Caleuche Awards}}
{{Expand Spanish|Caleuche|topic=culture|date=December 2009}}
{{no footnotes|date=March 2017}}

The '''Caleuche''' (from the [[Mapudungun]] ''kalewtun,'' "to transform, to change" and ''che'', "people": "transformed people"), also called '''The Enchanted Ship''', '''Barcoiche''', '''The Ghost Ship''', or '''The Warlocks' Ship''', is a legendary [[ghost ship]] from [[Chilote mythology]] in southern [[Chile]].

== Origin of the legend and versions ==
The legend of Caleuche is related to many aspects of history and the beliefs of the Chiloé archipelago.

Renato Cárdenas‘s book of Chiloé mythology is a collection of stories, legends and magic derived from oral tradition.

The Caleuche is also known as the Marino, the Ship of Magic, the Ship of Fire, or the Barcoiche. They are all names given to the Caluche, a marvelous ship of music and lights that travels along Chiloé canals. Certain conditions, such as foggy days, make it possible to sense and see the ship. Sounds of chains, parties, music, and the dominating outline of the ship makes it unmistakable. For some it is a mesmerizing sight and can pass right through other vessels, while others claim to have attended parties inside the ship - though they would have preferred it be on land and in the company of women! For those parties they make a deal with merchants who have daughters, and The Caleuche provides them with merchandise in exchange; thus the locals explain the rapid appearance of merchants who are never seen buying anything, but prosper quickly. Those protected by The Caleuche generally have black hens and tarred boats with ropes of [[Luzuriaga radicans|quilineja]].

The Caleuche can both disappear and take on the appearance of whatever it desires so as to not be seen; its sailors can transform into wolves or dolphins. Another one of the ship’s features is its extraordinary speed. In order to witness these phenomena without being seen, one must cover one’s mouth: the first thing it senses is breath. There are also varieties of trees behind which one can hide so as to not be captured by the Caleuche, some being the [[Aristotelia chilensis|Chilean wineberry]] and the [[Aextoxicon|olivillo]]. People fear being captured by the Magical Ship: one can never be too cautious.

Many believe that the sailors of this ship have a leg attached to their spine, similar to the Imbunche, while others describe them as well-presented, wearing special clothing and having cold hands upon greeting. In general, they are honest in their behaviour, and with the help of their crewmates they rescue shipwreck survivors. Some believe that their final destination is the port named City of the Caesars, a marvellous place hidden away somewhere along the Andes where its residents eternally reside. Chiloé sailors recommend that one is very respectful when trying to navigate through the area; they suggest that one not sing nor whistle, as it angers the Caleuche and gives rise to the misfortune it may bring.

Between the various hypotheses that have been proposed on the origin of the legend, it is suggested that it could be a readaptation of the European legend of the ghost ship known as The Flying Dutchman. It has also been argued that it was based on real events, such as the disappearance of the Dutch ship "The Calanche" or the mysterious disappearances of the Spanish Estrecho de Magallanes. Another possibility is that the legend has origins based on the arrival of ships to the archipelago of the Netherlands, led by Baltazar de Cordes, in an expedition that captured the island for a brief period in the year 1600. Another interpretation is that it was originally only an invention to hide contraband operations in the Chiloé Archipelago.

There are some who credit its origin to the phenomenon of the osnis (unidentified submersible objects).

Overall, there are various versions that complement and/or differ from each other in detail. Nevertheless, what they all share in common is that it is a ship that can appear and disappear in the middle of the night, and that is it dangerous to find oneself among the mythical ship. The most widely-accepted theory is that the ship recovers the dead and revive them to live eternally on the ship, surrounded by parties and celebrations.

=== Magical Ship of the Drowned ===
A popular version of this tale states that the ship recovers bodies of the dead from the water and gives them a new life as crewmembers who will pass eternity partying and celebrating. The Magical Ship was created by el Millalobo for la Pincoya and her brothers for this purpose.

=== Cursed Ship of Sailors and Enslaved Fishermen ===
Another version of this tale says that the Mystical Ship would also appear in the seas of Chiloé to fascinate the fishermen with beautiful music, and upon doing so they would be converted to enslaved crewmembers who are cursed forever with a leg attached to their back as an Ivunche, forced to work on the ship for all of eternity.

=== Magical Transport Ship of Sorcerers of Chiloé ===
As common as the tale of a haunted ship of dead and enslaved sailors, there also exists a version of this tale where the Magical Ship houses sorcerers of Chiloé, and they party and transport merchandise. It is also stated that the sorcerers return from a voyage that they make every 3 months in order to strengthen their powers. It is said that only crewmembers can board the ship and use the Caballo marino Chilote as a form of transportation. Per Millalobo’s orders, it is prohibited that others board or enter the ship by any means.

Another version is that the crew of the ''Caleuche'' makes magical pacts with certain traders ensuring them prosperity in exchange for favors such as using their houses for parties or other illegal or dark purposes. Because of this version of the legend when a person in Chiloé gets rich quickly, it is often attributed to his having made a pact with the crew of the ''Caleuche''. Rumors like these were rampant following the [[1960 Valdivia earthquake]] because some houses were untouched by the fires that swept through Chiloé afterwards. In that same decade there were stories that the sounds of a ship dropping anchor could be heard around the houses of many prosperous merchants in the Chiloé archipelago. These were supposedly the sounds of the ''Caleuche'' stealthily delivering goods and treasures to those with whom it had a pact. However, most people rejected this supernatural explanation and instead blamed the merchant's prosperity on mortal, rather than supernatural, smugglers.

==In media==
The legend of the ''Caleuche'' is referred to in [[Alastair Reynolds]]' 2001 novel ''[[Chasm City]]'', when the Chilean crewmembers of a [[generation ship]] discover a "ghost ship" trailing the flotilla of colony vessels and dub the ship ''Caleuche''.

The ''Caleuche'' is a living vessel which travels the world, carrying a crew of monster hunters in [[The Luke Coles Book Series]] by [[Josh Walker (author)|Josh Walker]].

The ''Caleuche'' is a ghost pirate ship that sails around the globe, captained by the Sirena Chilota mermaid from the original legends in The Vampire Blade Book Series by M.C. Waring.

In film and television, [[Raúl Ruiz (director)|Raúl Ruiz]]'s ''[[Three Crowns of the Sailor]]'' (1983) and ''[[Litoral (film)|Litoral]]'' (2008) and [[Jorge Olguín (director)|Jorge Olguín]]'s ''Caleuche: The Call of the Sea'' (2012) are all loosely inspired by the legend.

==Scientific namesakes==
[[Caleuche Chasma]], the deepest canyon on the moon [[Charon (moon)|Charon]], is named after the ''Caleuche''.<ref name="IAU 2018">{{cite web | title=International Astronomical Union | website=IAU | date=2018-04-11 | url=https://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau1803/ | access-date=2020-09-07}}</ref> The exoplanet [[HD 164604 b]] is also formally named Caleuche.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nameexoworlds.iau.org/final-results|title=Approved names|website=NameExoworlds|language=en|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Mapuche mythology]]
*[[Chilean mythology]]
*[[Chiloé]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Cárdenas, Antonio. ''El Triángulo del Pacífico.'' Imprenta ARCA. 1996. 74 p. (Spanish)
* Mancilla Pérez, Juan. ''Magia y brujería en Chiloé. Secretos de Mitología.'' Medicina Popular. 2006. 74 p. (Spanish)
* Michel Meurger, Claude Gagnon. Lake monster traditions: a cross-cultural analysis. Fortean Tomes, 1988.
*Conte, Jeanne (1999). "Tapestry of Horrors". ''World & I.'' Volume 14:192-200-Via MasterFILE Complete
*Torres, Sergio Mansilla (2009). "Mutaciones culturales de Chiloé: los mitos y las leyendas en la modernidad neoliberal isleña" ''Convergencia: Revista de Ciencias Sociales'', volume 17, issue 51, starting on page 271-VIa Fuente Académica Premier.
*Pérez, Floridor (2007). ''Mitos y leyendas de Chile.'' Santiago de Chile: Zig-Zag.
[[Category:Chilote mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological ships]]
[[Category:Afterlife places]]
[[Category:Legendary ghost ships]]

Michael Carter (actor)

2024-10-21T21:16:37Z

136.32.60.170: /* Television */

{{Short description|Scottish actor (born 1947)}}
{{Other people|Michael Carter}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Mike Carter.JPG|
| imagesize = 150px |
| name = Michael Carter
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|06|29}}
| birth_place = [[Dumfries]], [[Dumfriesshire]], Scotland
| alma mater = [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
| occupation = Actor, writer
| years_active = 1971–present
| known_for =
{{unbulleted list
|''[[Return of the Jedi]]''
|''[[An American Werewolf in London]]''
}}
| spouse =
}}

'''Michael Carter''' (born 29 June 1947) is a Scottish [[actor]] of [[film]], [[Theatre|stage]] and [[television]], known for portraying Gerald Bringsley in ''[[An American Werewolf in London]]'', [[Bib Fortuna]] in ''[[Star Wars: Return of the Jedi]]'', and Von Thurnburg in ''[[The Illusionist (2006 film)|The Illusionist]]''.

==Early life==
Michael Carter was born 29 June 1947,<ref name="BFI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160311164902/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba0eb2202 "Michael Carter"]. ''BFI''. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</ref> and brought up in [[Dumfries]], Scotland, and educated at Dumfries Academy, where he was goalkeeper in the school football team. He trained at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts]] (RADA) in [[London]], graduating in 1969.<ref>[https://www.rada.ac.uk/profiles/michael-carter "Student and Graduate Profiles: Michael Carter"] rada.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</ref>

==Career==

===Early work===
Carter's earliest television role was in the ''[[Doctor Who]]'' serial ''[[The Mind of Evil]]'' (1971), in which he played a UNIT soldier and a prisoner.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}} He made his film debut in ''[[An American Werewolf in London]]'' (1981) as London Underground passenger Gerald Bringsley who is killed by the werewolf.

===''Star Wars''===
In 1983, Carter portrayed [[Bib Fortuna]] in ''[[Return of the Jedi]]'' (1983) he had come to the attention of casting director Mary Selway, who saw him perform in a musical in the [[West End theatre]] section of [[London]] in the early 1980s.<ref>{{harvnb|Carter|Townley|2016|loc=0:30–0:44 Townley: "Let's go back to the early 80s real quick: you're doing a musical in the West End, and casting directly Mary Selway sees you in it." Carter: "That's right, yeah." Townley: "What, what happened, what happened next?" Carter: "I got a call from an agent to go and see a director about a film called ''Blue Harvest''."}}</ref> Director Richard Marquand had also seen and enjoyed Carter's theater work, and wanted to cast him as Fortuna;<ref name="Rinzler100">{{Harvnb|Rinzler|2013|p=100}}</ref><ref name="Waddell44">{{Harvnb|Waddell|2014|p=44}}</ref> Marquand, who described Carter as a "terrific actor", was drawn to him for the role because he wanted Fortuna to be very tall, and Carter was about six feet tall.<ref name="Rinzler100"/> Marquand invited Carter to meet at a studio in [[Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)|Elstree Studios]] to discuss a role he was casting in a film, which Marquand would only identify by its fake working title ''Blue Harvest''.<ref name="Waddell44"/> Carter was performing on a television series at the time.<ref name="Chernoff22">{{Harvnb|Chernoff|1996|p=22}}</ref> Carter's train was late and Marquand was in a meeting when he arrived, and the front desk forgot to inform Marquand that he arrived, so Carter waited for an hour without being called in.<ref name="Waddell44"/><ref>{{harvnb|Carter|Townley|2016|loc=0:45–0:56 Carter: "I almost didn't see him because the train was late, and then when I got into the film studio and said I was there to see Richard Marquand, they didn't phone upstairs, so they didn't know I was here."}}</ref> Marquand happened upon Carter as he was leaving for the day,<ref name="Waddell44"/> and the meeting took place.<ref name="Waddell45">{{Harvnb|Waddell|2014|p=45}}</ref> During the 30-minute meeting,<ref name="Chernoff22"/> Marquand informed him the part was an alien in a science-fiction film,<ref name="Waddell45"/><ref name="Derrick1026">{{cite news |last=Derrick |first=Paul |title=The force is strong with sci-fi exhibition in Bury St Edmunds |work=[[Bury Free Press]] |date=October 26, 2015 |url=https://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/the-force-is-strong-with-sci-fi-exhibition-in-bury-st-edmunds-1-7031810/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001153756/https://www.buryfreepress.co.uk/news/the-force-is-strong-with-sci-fi-exhibition-in-bury-st-edmunds-1-7031810/ |archive-date=October 1, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> also describing it as a children's film,<ref name="Chernoff22"/> and that Carter could have the role without auditioning if he wanted it, but Marquand could not discuss any details about the character or film because it was a "top secret [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] movie".<ref name="Waddell45" /> Carter was initially not sure the part interested him, but Marquand persisted,<ref>{{harvnb|Carter|Townley|2016|loc=1:02–1:18 Carter: "I went in, saw Richard; he said, 'We're doing this science-fiction film in about four months, would you be interested in playing the part of an alien? You speak a very funny language.' I said, 'Ehh, I don't know if I am, really,' but he kind of worked on me."}}</ref> and Carter reluctantly agreed. Only then did Marquand reveal that it was a ''Star Wars'' film.<ref name="Chernoff22" /><ref name="Waddell45" /> Carter was sworn to secrecy about the role, but he told his family about the part anyway, and the next day his daughter discussed it publicly with a friend at her school.<ref name="Derrick1026"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Waddell|2014|pp=45–46}}</ref>

Carter had never seen the original ''Star Wars'' film,<ref name="Derrick1026"/><ref name="Waddell4647">{{Harvnb|Waddell|2014|pp=46–47}}</ref> and had only seen the sequel, ''The Empire Strikes Back'', because he was working at the time in a theater production with [[Anthony Daniels]], who played C-3PO in the film.<ref name="Waddell4647"/> Carter spent three months undergoing extensive makeup casts and tests for the character at Elstree Studios before shooting began. Molds were made from his hands and head.<ref name="Waddell46"/> Several foam appliances were sculpted to conform to Carter's face, and molds were made and cast into foam latex, which were then trimmed and carefully glued to the actor's face.<ref name="Rinzler137">{{Harvnb|Rinzler|2013|p=137}}</ref> It took about eight-and-a-half hours to apply the makeup to Carter the first time,<ref name="Chernoff22"/><ref name="Rinzler137"/><ref name="Jennings0613">{{cite news |last=Jennings |first=Dan |title=Much to Learn You Still Have: 7 Things You Might Not Know About Twi'leks |work=[[StarWars.com]] |date=June 13, 2016 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/much-to-learn-you-still-have-7-things-you-might-not-know-about-twileks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006050110/https://www.starwars.com/news/much-to-learn-you-still-have-7-things-you-might-not-know-about-twileks |archive-date=October 6, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> though the process was eventually reduced to slightly under an hour.<ref name="Chernoff22"/><ref name="Jennings0613"/> Carter had been told a great deal of makeup would be involved with the part, but he said, "I did not know what I was letting myself in for when it came to having to wear so much makeup. It did come as a bit of a shock."<ref name="Waddell46">{{Harvnb|Waddell|2014|p=46}}</ref>

Following his appearance in ''Return of the Jedi'', Carter was offered several alien roles or parts that involved heavy amounts of prosthetics. For example, he was cast in the role of Radu Molasar, a monster and warlord in the [[Michael Mann]] film ''[[The Keep (film)|The Keep]]'' (1983), as a direct result of his work in ''Return of the Jedi''.<ref name="Chernoff22"/> Carter has continued to receive letters and autograph requests from ''Star Wars'' fans for decades after the film's release,<ref name="Chernoff22" /><ref>{{Harvnb|Waddell|2014|p=47}}</ref> and he has made appearances at sci-fi and fantasy conventions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Actors from Star Wars, Dr Who, Mission Impossible and Batman appearing at sci-fi event at The Collection in Lincoln |work=Sleaford Standard |date=September 17, 2015 |url=https://www.sleafordstandard.co.uk/whats-on/entertainment/actors-from-star-wars-dr-who-mission-impossible-and-batman-appearing-at-sci-fi-event-at-the-collection-in-lincoln-1-6964070 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001022618/https://www.sleafordstandard.co.uk/whats-on/entertainment/actors-from-star-wars-dr-who-mission-impossible-and-batman-appearing-at-sci-fi-event-at-the-collection-in-lincoln-1-6964070 |archive-date=October 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Y la Fuerza los acompaña... |work=[[El Norte (Monterrey)|El Norte]] |date=July 4, 1999 |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lane |first=Matthew |title=Celebrities, games and more at this year's Conapalooza |work=[[Kingsport Times-News]] |date=October 9, 2018}}</ref> Carter was offered the opportunity to reprise the role of Bib Fortuna in the prequel ''[[The Phantom Menace]]'', but he declined due to the rigors associated with the makeup application.<ref name="Alders1030">{{cite news |last=Alders |first=Mark |title=''Star Wars'' in the UK: ''Star Wars Night'' with the CBSO |work=[[StarWars.com]] |date=October 30, 2015 |url=https://www.starwars.com/news/star-wars-in-the-uk-star-wars-night-with-the-cbso |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008024744/https://www.starwars.com/news/star-wars-in-the-uk-star-wars-night-with-the-cbso |archive-date=October 8, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Other roles===
He co-wrote the 1991 film ''[[One Man's War]]'' starring [[Anthony Hopkins]].

On stage Carter has appeared at the National Theatre, in the [[West End theatre|West End]], and in [[Broadway theatre]].

His appearances on television include ''[[Rebus (2000 TV series)|Rebus]]'' with both [[John Hannah (actor)|John Hannah]] and Ken Stott, and ''[[Taggart]]''. He starred as the [[Polygyny|polygynist]] husband of [[Brenda Fricker]] and [[Josette Simon]] in the 1992 TV mini-series ''[[Seekers (TV series)|Seekers]]'', and as Tulloch, head of the Helicopter Emergency Medical Service in Thames TV's seven part series ''[[Call Red]]''. He also portrayed [[List of House of the Dragon characters#House Targaryen|King Jaehaerys I Targaryen]] in the HBO fantasy series ''[[House of the Dragon]]'', a prequel to ''[[Game of Thrones]]''. Carter created the role of Douglas Raeburn in twenty two episodes of BBC Scotland's ''[[Two Thousand Acres of Sky]]''.{{episode needed|date=October 2022}}

He has performed voice work in the video games ''[[Demon's Souls]]'', and ''[[Dark Souls (video game)|Dark Souls]]''.

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1981
| ''[[An American Werewolf in London]]''
| Gerald Bringsley
|
|-
| 1982
| ''[[The Draughtsman's Contract]]''
| Mr Clarke
| Credited as Mike Carter
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1983
| ''[[Return of the Jedi]]''
| [[Bib Fortuna]]
|
|-
| ''[[The Keep (film)|The Keep]]''
| Radu Molasar
|
|-
| 1985
| ''Out of the Darkness''
| Julian Reid
|
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Young Adam]]''
| Prosecutor
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006
| ''[[The Illusionist (2006 film)|The Illusionist]]''
| Von Thurnburg
|
|-
| ''[[Attack Force (film)|Attack Force]]''
| Admiral Morgan
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Centurion (film)|Centurion]]''
| General Antoninus
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Falling Into Place (2023 film)|Falling Into Place]]''
| John
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1971
| ''[[Doctor Who]]''
| Prisoner/UNIT Soldier
| Episodes: "[[The Mind of Evil]]", Uncredited
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1982
| ''[[Nobody's Hero (TV series)|Nobody's Hero]''
| Dodge
| 5 episodes
|-
| ''Saturday Night Thriller''
| Ringer
| Episode: "Grass"
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1983
| ''Heather Ann''
| Geoffrey
| TV movie
|-
| ''Agatha Christie's Partners in Crime''
| Rodriguez
| Episode: "The Ambassador's Boots"
|-
| 1984
| ''[[A Christmas Carol (1984 film)|A Christmas Carol]]''
| [[Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come]]
| TV movie
|-
| 1986–2005
| ''[[Taggart]]''
| Jack Stobo/Sandy Russell
| 2 episodes
|-
| 1991
| ''[[One Man's War]]''
|
| TV movie Writer Only
|-
| 1992
| ''[[Civvies (TV series)|Civvies]]''
| Arnie
| 4 episodes
|-
| rowspan=2|1993
| ''[[The Chief (British TV series)|The Chief]]''
| Thomas Setter
| Episode: "The Trust of Justice"
|-
| ''[[The Bill]]''
| Ronnie Gurman
| Episode: "Soft Touch"
|-
| 1994
| ''How High the Moon''
|
| Miniseries
|-
| 1995
| ''[[The Tales of Para Handy]]''
| Rankin
| Episode: "Para Handy's Piper"
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Call Red]]''
| Philip Tulloch
|
|-
| 1999
| ''C15: The New Professionals''
| Superintendent
| Episode: "Hostage"
|-
| 2000–07
| ''[[Rebus (2000 TV series)|Rebus]]''
| Rev John Carson/Joe Toal
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2001–03
| ''[[Two Thousand Acres of Sky]]''
| Douglas Raeburn
| 13 episodes
|-
| 2003
| ''Seven Wonders of the Industrial World''
| [[John Scott Russell]]
| Episode: "The Great Ship"
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2004
| ''[[Red Cap (TV series)|Red Cap]]''
| Maj. Gen. Guy Walpole
| Episode: "Betrayed"
|-
| ''[[Rosemary & Thyme]]''
| Professor Reeves
| Episode: "Swords into Ploughshares"
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]''
| Michael de Fraine
| 4 episodes
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Spooks (TV series)|Spooks]]''
| Sir Maurice Clark
| Series 5 episode 10, Also known as ''MI-5''
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Hunted (2012 TV series)|Hunted]]''
| Vincent Cage
| Episode: "Kismet"
|-
| 2017
| ''[[The Halcyon]]''
| Wilfred Reynolds
|-
| 2022
| ''[[House of the Dragon]]''
| [[List of House of the Dragon characters#House Targaryen|Jaehaerys I Targaryen]]
| Episode: "[[The Heirs of the Dragon]]"
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Demon's Souls]]''
| Biorr of the Twin Fangs Blacksmith Boldwin Blacksmith Ed
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Dark Souls]]''
| Hawkeye Gough
|}

==References==

===Inline citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite AV media |last1=Carter |first1=Michael |author-link1=Michael Carter (actor) |last2=Townley |first2=Peter |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOhJJhI5K60 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/EOhJJhI5K60 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|date=July 15, 2016 |title=The Star Wars Show Live! Celebration Europe 2016 |medium=[[YouTube]] |language=English |publisher=[[StarWars.com]] }}{{cbignore}}
* {{cite journal |last=Chernoff |first=Scott |date=Fall 1996 |title=Michael Carter: Fortuna(te) Son? |journal=[[Star Wars Insider]] |issue=31 }}
* {{cite book |last=Rinzler |first=J.W. |date=October 1, 2013 |title=The Making of Return of the Jedi |publisher=[[Del Rey Books]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-345-51146-1 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Waddell |first=Calum |date=January 21, 2014 |title=Bad to the Bib |journal=[[Star Wars Insider]] |issue=147 }}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0141816|name=Michael Carter}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160311164902/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2ba0eb2202 Michael Carter] [[BFI]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carter, Michael}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Scottish male actors]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from Dumfries]]
[[Category:Scottish male film actors]]
[[Category:Scottish male television actors]]
[[Category:Scottish male stage actors]]
[[Category:Scottish male video game actors]]
[[Category:Scottish male voice actors]]
[[Category:Scottish screenwriters]]

Moss Park

2024-10-21T21:02:49Z

136.32.60.170: /* In popular culture */

{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Moss Park
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Moss Park Apartments 2023.jpg
| image_caption = In the 1960s, many buildings were demolished to make way for large [[public housing]] towers
| image_map = Moss Park map.PNG
| mapsize = 275px
| map_caption = The Moss Park towers all lie south of Shuter St, but the area north to Dundas is also sometimes considered part of the neighbourhood
| pushpin_map = Canada Toronto
| pushpin_label_position = none
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Toronto
| pushpin_mapsize = 275
| coordinates = {{coord|43.655709|-79.367316|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{CAN}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Canada|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{ON}}
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Toronto]]
}}
'''Moss Park''' is a residential neighbourhood located in downtown [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Louis-McBurnie|first=Keisha St|last2=Pagaling|first2=Nikki Mary|last3=Roberts|first3=David J.|date=2021|title=The work of crisis framing: Claims of social justice obscuring a history and, likely future, of uneven investment in Moss Park, Toronto|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1863816|journal=Journal of Urban Affairs|doi=10.1080/07352166.2020.1863816|issn=0735-2166}}</ref> The area known as Moss Park is typically considered to be between [[Jarvis Street]] and [[Parliament Street (Toronto)|Parliament Street]], south of Dundas Street, an area dominated by [[public housing]] projects. According to one set of boundaries of the City of Toronto, it is roughly L-shaped, bounded on the north by Carlton Street to Parliament Street, on the east by Parliament Street to [[Queen Street East]] and the [[Don River (Ontario)|Don River]], on the south by [[Eastern Avenue (Toronto)|Eastern Avenue]] and [[Front Street (Toronto)|Front Street]], and on the west by Jarvis Street. This larger concept of the area includes the neighbourhoods known as [[Corktown, Toronto|Corktown]] and the [[Garden District, Toronto|Garden District]], as well as a portion of [[Cabbagetown, Toronto|Cabbagetown]].

==Character==
[[File:MossPark.jpg|thumb|left|'Moss Park', home of [[George William Allan|George Allan]]]]
The neighbourhood is named for the abundant moss that grew on the original estate of the Allan family (which included [[William Allan (banker)|William Allan]] and his son, [[George William Allan|George Allan]]), whose mansion stood on the west side of [[Sherbourne Street, Toronto|Sherbourne]] street, between Queen and Shuter streets.<ref name=Lee>{{cite book|author=Robert C. Lee|title=The Canada Company and the Huron Tract, 1826-1853: Personalities, Profits and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BLsfrDfyH98C&pg=PA90|date=20 August 2004|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-896219-94-3|page=90}}</ref> The Allan family's former mansion was later demolished during the 1960s 'urban renewal' redevelopment of the area into a housing project, with a large park and community centre on the site of the old estate.

[[File:NW corner of Parliament and Queen, 2013 10 23 (5).JPG - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|View of Moss Park from Queen Street East and [[Parliament Street (Toronto)|Parliament Street]]]]
Much of the Moss Park area was originally built to supply homes for the workers in the industrial area to the south of the neighbourhood. During the 1960s, a large number of these buildings were demolished to make way for the Moss Park [[public housing]] project, a group of three large towers at Queen and Parliament streets (run by the [[Toronto Community Housing Corporation]]).

The neighbourhood immediately around the housing complex is the area typically meant when referring to Moss Park today. This neighbourhood consists almost exclusively of rental units, and it houses many low-income families. According to ''[[Toronto Life]]'', "Moss Park has long had a reputation among Torontonians as a notoriously downtrodden and dangerous neighbourhood." It is home to several [[homeless shelters]].

The northeast corner of Jarvis and Queen streets is occupied by [[Moss Park Armoury]], which is used by several regiments of the [[Canadian Forces]] [[Primary Reserve]]. These include the [[25 Field Ambulance]], the [[48th Highlanders of Canada]], the [[7th Toronto Regiment, RCA|7th Toronto Regiment Royal Canadian Artillery]], and [[the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada]]. Several cadet units also use the facility.

Along Queen Street, the predominant building style is the three to five-storey building, with retail businesses on the ground floor and walk-up apartments on upper floors.

===Landmarks===
* [[Moss Park Armoury]]
* 252 Queen Street East – [[Kim's Convenience]] store front used by the television show of the same name

==Transportation==
The [[501 Queen|501 Queen Street]] and [[505 Dundas|505 Dundas Street]] streetcar routes operate east-west in the neighbourhood. Bus routes include the 75 Sherbourne along Sherbourne from Rosedale to Queen's Quay, and the 65 Parliament Street bus from Castle Frank subway station south to the Esplanade.

The [[Ontario Line]] light metro line will have an underground station located in the neighborhood named Moss Park located under [[Queen Street, Toronto|Queen Street]] East between George Street and Sherbourne Street. The line will provide a fast connection to [[Downtown Toronto]], [[Exhibition Place]], and transfers with three other lines in the [[Toronto subway]] network.

==In popular culture==
The neighbourhood is the main setting for the TV series ''[[Kim's Convenience]]''<ref>{{Cite episode |title= Birds of a Feather |episode-link= |url= |access-date= |series= Kim's Convenience |series-link= Kim's Convenience |first= |last= |network= |station= |date= March 17, 2020 |season= 4 |series-no= |number= 50 |minutes= |time= |transcript= |transcript-url= |quote= |language=}}</ref> and features in many on-location shoots.

The Canadian TV series ''Murdoch Mysteries'', Season 15-episode 18, “Patriot Games” (set in the year 1909) includes a fictional Korean family with the surname Park. In the final moments of the episode the series pays homage to Moss Park, as the characters are brainstorming the creation of a Korean neighborhood in Toronto’s future.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Moss Park (neighbourhood)}}
*[http://www.toronto.ca/demographics/cns_profiles/cns73.htm City of Toronto - Moss Park Neighbourhood Profile]
*[http://www.torontoneighbourhoods.net/neighbourhoods/downtown/moss-park?overview Toronto neighbourhoods - Moss Park]
*[https://torontolife.com/neighbourhood-rankings/#Moss%20Park Toronto Life rankings - Moss Park]
*[http://www.lostrivers.ca/content/points/mosspark.html Moss Park Home of William Allan] – Lost Rivers

{{Geographic location
| North = [[Cabbagetown, Toronto|Cabbagetown]]
| Northeast = [[Regent Park]]
| East = [[Trefann Court]]
| Southeast = [[Corktown, Toronto|Corktown]]
| South = [[Old Town, Toronto|Old Town]]
| West = [[Garden District, Toronto|Garden District]]
| Center = Moss Park
}}

{{Toronto Neighbourhoods}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Toronto]]

4x4 house

2024-10-19T22:35:12Z

136.32.60.170:

{{distinguish|text=a [[breezeway house]], a type of house built in the US from the 1700s until the early 20th Century.}}

The '''4x4 house''' is a private residential house designed by the Japanese architect [[Tadao Ando]] and located in [[Tarumi-ku, Kobe]], Hyogo, on the coast of the Inland Sea in Japan.

==History==
The 4x4 house plan was built in the aftermath of the [[Great Hanshin earthquake]]. The architecture magazine ''Brutus'' invited its readers to submit development ideas to a selection of architects. The latter picked this sea-front site idea.<ref name="architectboy 4x4">{{Cite web|url=https://architectboy.com/4x4-house-tadao-ando/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625123522/https://architectboy.com/4x4-house-tadao-ando/|title=4×4 house by Tadao Ando - Architect Boy|work=Architect Boy|access-date=2017-10-17|archive-date=2021-06-25|url-status=dead|language=en-US}}</ref> The redevelopment project was comprised or narrow and chaotic strips of lands. The house was built in 2003.<ref name="wikiarquitectura 4x4">[https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/4x4-house/ 4×4 House], ''Wikiarquitectura.com''</ref>

The lot, about 65 square meters, was the property of Yoshinari Nakata. 1/4 of the land is regularly flooded by seawater. Nakata was the reader who suggested his own lot to the [[Brutus (magazine)|''Brutus'']] call-to-submission. Tadao Ando was interested by the site's limitations and its closeness to the 1995 earthquake.<ref name="nytimes fancy">Miki Tanikawa, [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/15/greathomesanddestinations/15iht-refour.html Odd Building Sites Force Architects Into Flights of Fancy], ''Nytimes.com'', 14 October 2010</ref>

An identical house (4x4 house II) was commissioned to Ando Tadao by the neighbor of the adjacent plot (built in 2004), but the two twin houses were built using different materials. The 4x4 has a staircase and is made of concrete, and its copy has an elevator and is made of wood (laminated pine from Oregon and Paulownia wood). Using different materials was a suggestion made by the architect.<ref name="wikiarquitectura 4x4"/> The architect has often worked on twin and/or dualistic structures (and he has a twin brother). This brutalist modernist house on the beach is close to surrealistic.<ref name="architectboy 4x4"/>

The architect has also published an addition proposition for the house, a straight concrete staircase descending from the house to the sandy beach, with a square concrete patio at the base of the stairs that sinks under water when the sea is at full tide.<ref name="architectboy 4x4"/>

Before the construction of the 4x4 house, the authorities did not consider this strip of land to be constructible.<ref name="nytimes fancy"/>

==Description==
The 4x4x house is a four story tower with 4m x 4m dimensions (13x13 feet) in a 16.5 foot-square space.<ref name="architectboy 4x4"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://architizer.com/projects/ando-4x4-house/|title=Ando 4x4 House|website=Architizer|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> The overall shape and location of the building is evocative of a watchtower.<ref name="thomashawkins 4x4">Thomas Hawkins, [https://www.thomas-hawkins.com/articles/2018/10/1/the-4x4-house-tadao-ando The 4x4 House - Tadao Ando], ''Thomas-hawkins.com'', 21 October 2018</ref>

The house is encased in concrete and deep in the ground to resist to lateral forces. The bedrooms are on the intermediary floors, and the kitchen and living room are on the top floor. The organization of the house follows the principles of the Ken organisational framework,<ref name="wikiarquitectura 4x4"/> and is often mentioned as an example of [[Jutaku]] houses.<ref name="thomashawkins 4x4"/>

The last floor is a 4x4m cube that is displaced exactly 1m from the vertical axis of the building<ref name="wikiarquitectura 4x4"/> in the direction of the water, giving a sensation of being at sea when looking at the horizon. The house has a direct view on the [[Akashi Kaikyō Bridge]].<ref name="architectboy 4x4"/><ref name="nytimes fancy"/> Located next to a rail track, a major road, a sea corridor, and an airport, the house is very noisy.<ref name="nytimes fancy"/>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Tadao Ando buildings|*]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kobe]]
[[Category:Houses in Japan]]

Genghis Khan in popular culture

2024-10-15T01:20:20Z

136.32.60.170:

{{Short description|Notable depictions of Mongol leader}}
{{Genghis Khan}}
There have been numerous works of [[literature]], [[films]] and other works based on the Mongolian ruler [[Genghis Khan]] and his legacy. Products and places are often named after him, a trend that has attracted some concern.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/the-cult-of-genghis-khan-490264.html |title=The cult of Genghis Khan |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=10 May 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/features/food/mongolian-professor-says-japan%E2%80%99s-name-for-mongolian-barbecue-%27genghis-khan-%27-is-disrespectful|title=Mongolian professor says Japan's name for Mongolian barbecue, 'Genghis Khan,' is disrespectful|website=Japan Today}}</ref>

==Literature==
* "Genghis Khan with a [[telegraph]]" is a Russian idiom which means the use of technological progress to strengthen despotism. It was first used by [[Alexander Herzen]] in 1857 and then widely used until the 1970s, sometimes modified with doomsday weaponry: "Genghis Khan with nuclear bomb", "with hydrogen bomb", "with [ballistic] rockets".<ref name=Dushenko>''[[Konstantin Dushenko]]'' [https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/chingishan-s-telegrafom/#_ftnref17 От «Чингисхана с телеграфом» до «Верхней Вольты с ракетами».] [https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/chingishan-s-telegrafom/#_ftnref17 Превращения политической метафоры]</ref> Compare "[[Upper Volta with rockets]]", in reference to the Soviet Union.
* "[[The Squire's Tale]]", one of ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], is set at the court of Genghis Khan.
* ''[[Zingis (play)|Zingis]]'', a 1768 [[tragedy]] by the British writer [[Alexander Dow]] set during the reign of [[Tamerlane]].
* ''{{Ill|Mongol invasion (trilogy)|ru|Нашествие монголов (трилогия)}}'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/work/13482151--|title=Chengiz Khan: The Devil's Son, God's Gory Butcher|website=Goodreads}}</ref> a 1939 epic trilogy by [[Vasily Yan]] and winner of a [[USSR]] state prize in 1942.
* ''The End of Genghis'', a 1953 poem by [[F. L. Lucas]], in which the dying Khan, attended by his [[Khitan people|Khitan]] counsellor [[Yelü Chucai]], looks back on his life.<ref>Lucas, F. L., ''From Many Times and Lands'' (London, 1953), pp. 148–155</ref>
* ''[[The Legend of the Condor Heroes]]'', a 1957 Chinese [[wuxia]] novel by [[Jin Yong]]
* "[[The Private Life of Genghis Khan]]", a short story based on the 1975 TV show pilot ''[[Out of the Trees]]'' by [[Douglas Adams]] and [[Graham Chapman]].
* ''White Cloud of Genghis Khan'', a novella originally published together with the 1980 novel ''[[The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years]]'' by [[Chingiz Aitmatov]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kulturarb.ru/en/news/v-ufe-sostoyalas-premera-spektaklya-beloe-oblako-chingishana-chingiza-ajtmatova|title=In Ufa held the premiere of 'White Cloud of Genghis Khan' Chingiz Aitmatov|date=February 21, 2019}}</ref>
* ''[[Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World]]'', a popular 2004 history book by [[Jack Weatherford]]
* ''[[Conqueror (novel series)|The Conqueror]]'', a series of historical fiction novels by [[Conn Iggulden]] published 2007-2011.

==Films==
* ''[[Genghis Khan (1950 film)|Genghis Khan]]'', a 1950 Philippine film directed by [[Manuel Conde]].
* ''[[The Conqueror (1956 film)|The Conqueror]]'', a 1956 American [[Epic film|epic]] [[historical drama film]] starring [[John Wayne]] as Temüjin and [[Susan Hayward]] as Börte.
* ''Changez Khan'', a 1957 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Kedar Kapoor, starring [[Sheikh Mukhtar]] as the emperor along with [[Bina Rai]] and [[Prem Nath]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hervé Dumont|title=L'Antiquité au cinéma: vérités, légendes et manipulations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ke0nAQAAIAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Nouveau Monde|isbn=978-2-84736-476-7|page=242}}</ref>
* ''[[Changez Khan]]'', a 1958 Pakistani [[Historical film|historical]] film directed by Rafiq Sarhadi. It was based on [[Naseem Hijazi]]'s novel ''[[Akhari Chattan]]''.
* ''[[Genghis Khan (1965 film)|Genghis Khan]]'', a 1965 American film starring [[Omar Sharif]].
* [[Genghis Khan (1998 film)|''Genghis Khan'']], a 1998 Chinese film directed by [[Sai Fu]] and [[Mai Lisi]].
* ''[[Genghis Khan: To the Ends of the Earth and Sea]]'', also known as ''The Descendant of Gray Wolf'', a 2007 Japanese-Mongolian film directed by [[Shinichiro Sawai]].
* ''[[Mongol (film)|Mongol]]'', a 2007 Russian-German-Kazakh film directed by [[Sergei Bodrov]], starring [[Tadanobu Asano]] as Temüjin and [[Chuluuny Khulan]] as Börte. It was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film]] at the [[80th Academy Awards]].
* ''[[No Right to Die – Chinggis Khaan]]'', a 2008 Mongolian film.
* ''{{Ill|By the Will of Chingis Khan|ru|Тайна Чингис Хаана}}'', a 2009 Russian film.
* ''[[Genghis Khan (2018 film)|Genghis Khan]]'', a 2018 Chinese historical fantasy epic film.

==Television series==
* ''[[Genghis Khan (TVB TV series)|Genghis Khan]]'', a 1987 Hong Kong television series produced by [[Television Broadcasts Limited|TVB]], starring [[Alex Man]].
* ''[[Genghis Khan (ATV TV series)|Genghis Khan]]'', a 1987 Hong Kong television series produced by [[Asia Television|ATV]], starring [[Tony Liu]].
* ''[[Genghis Khan (2004 TV series)|Genghis Khan]]'', a 2004 Chinese-Mongolian co-produced television series, starring [[Batdorj-in Baasanjab]], a descendant of Genghis Khan's second son [[Chagatai Khan|Chagatai]].
* [[Genghis Khan (TV programme)|''Genghis Khan'']], a 2005 [[BBC]] documentary.

== Music ==

* "[[Dschinghis Khan (song)|Dschinghis Khan]]", a 1979 disco song by a [[Dschinghis Khan|band of the same name]].

==Video games==
* ''[[Genghis_Khan_(video_game)|Genghis Khan]]'', a Genghis Khan-themed Japanese game series from 1987.
* ''[[Temüjin (video game)]]'', a 1997 computer game.
* ''[[Genghis Khan (video game)]]'', Genghis Khan-themed Japanese game series.
* Genghis Khan is a frequently used leader representing the Mongols in the ''[[Civilization (series)|Civilization]]'' series.
* ''[[Age of Empires II]]'', a 1999 real-time strategy video game features a Mongol conquests campaign with Genghis Khan as a playable character.

== Other uses ==

* [[Jingisukan]], a Japanese dish of grilled mutton, named after the emperor

== See also ==

* [[Temujin (disambiguation)]]
* [[Genghis (disambiguation)]]
* [[Genghis Khan (disambiguation)]]
* [[Chinggis (disambiguation)]]
* [[Dschinghis Khan (disambiguation)|Dschinghis Khan]], German form
* [[Cengiz]], in Turkish form
* [[Changezi]], Urdu/Hindi form
* [[Changizi]], Persian form

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cultural depictions of Genghis Khan| ]]

Celebrity Theatre

2024-10-07T22:17:41Z

136.32.60.170: /* Notable performances */

{{Short description|Theatre in Phoenix, Arizona}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Celebrity Theatre
| image = Phoenix-Phoenix Star Theatre Celebrity Theatre-1963.JPG
| image_caption = Celebrity Theatre (once known as "Phoenix Star Theatre")
| former names = Phoenix Star Theatre (1963-1968) Travelodge Center (1968-1972)
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masley |first=Ed |date=2024-02-19 |title=This historic Phoenix music venue got a major makeover at 60 |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/music/2024/02/19/celebrity-theatre-phoenix-60th-anniversary-makeover/72620067007/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=AZCentral |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1972-06-18 |title=Celebrity Theatre Names Ad Agency |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/117516639/?match=1&terms=%22Celebrity%20theatre%20%22 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Arizona Republic at Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-04 |title=STAR THEATRE / CELEBRITY THEATRE|url=https://phoenixtheaterhistory.com/companies/star-theatre-celebrity-theatre/#:~:text=In%201972%2C%20the%20theater%20was,Danny%20Thomas%20and%20Sergio%20Franchi.|access-date=2024-08-05 |website=phoenixtheaterhistory.com |language=en}}</ref>
| address = 440 N 32nd Street [[Phoenix, Arizona]] 85008 [[United States]]
| coordinates =
| type = [[Theater in the round]]
| built =
| opened = 1963
| owner = Heidi Hazelwood - Celebrity Theatre, LLC
| construction_cost =
| architect = Perry Neuschatz
| builder =
| structural engineer = [[T. Y. Lin International]]
| seating_capacity = 2,650<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masley |first=Ed |date=2020-05-27 |title='People need art': Phoenix's historic Celebrity Theatre looks to the future of concerts |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/music/2020/05/28/when-concerts-live-music-return-phoenix-arizona-celebrity-theatre/3112459001/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=AZCentral |language=en}}</ref>
| general contractor = E. L. Farmer Construction Company
| website = {{url|http://www.celebritytheatre.com}}
}}

'''Celebrity Theatre''' is a [[theater in the round]] located in [[Phoenix, Arizona]].

== Construction and features ==
[[File:Phoenix Star Theatre front.jpg|thumb|Theater in the 1960s when it was known as the "Phoenix Star Theatre"]]
Beverly Hills architect Perry Neuschatz designed the 196 foot-diameter building as a multipurpose conference and cultural center.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Romine |first=Stepfanie |title=Story from Celebrity Theatre: A look back at the epic 60-year history of Celebrity Theatre |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/sponsor-story/celebrity-theatre/2024/03/11/a-look-back-at-the-epic-60-year-history-of-celebrity-theatre/72879337007/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=The Arizona Republic |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 1963 |title=Arizona’s Largest Convention Auditorium |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/20083827/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Arizona Republic via Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> He received the 1964 top award from the [[Prestressed concrete#Design agencies and regulations|Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)]] for his outstanding design. Gary Call was the associate architect. [[T. Y. Lin International]] was the structural engineer and E. L. Farmer Construction Company was general contractor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=24 Apr 1963, Page 46 - Arizona Republic at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/20083827/?terms=Perry%20Neuschatz&match=1 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> Owners planned to use Celebrity Theatre as a concert venue during the winter. It was further renovated significantly in 1995. The venue underwent another significant renovation in 2021, replacing plumbing, redoing the restrooms, and reimagine the lower level. The lower level was renamed the Encore Lounge with a new bar and secondary stage for smaller acts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuoco-Karasinski |first=Christina |last2= |first2= |last3= |date=2024-02-22 |title=Celebrity Theatre Unveils Encore Lounge - VenuesNow |url=https://venuesnow.com/celebrity-theatre-unveils-encore-lounge/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=Iconic Valley venue Celebrity Theatre gets a new feature {{!}} Rediscover Arizona |url=https://www.12news.com/article/travel/destinations/rediscover-arizona/phoenix-venue-celebrity-theatre-new-lounge-rediscover-arizona/75-fd282b0a-ad49-4c03-aed3-68b6b6593268 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=12news.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The building was listed on the [[Phoenix Historic Property Register]] in 2013 and the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 2019.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2023 |title=Phoenix Historic Property Register |url=https://www.phoenix.gov/pddsite/Documents/HP/pdd_hp_pdf_00118.pdf |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Phoenix.gov}}</ref>

The stage is 30 feet in diameter and completely round, exposed to the audience on all sides. An unusual feature of the theater is that the entire stage can turn through a complete revolution at a speed of up to 0.5 revolutions per hour, thus allowing everyone in the audience to see every part of the stage at some point during a two-hour performance.<ref name=":2" /> For the first six years of the theatre's operation, the stage had to be rotated manually after [[Liberace]] recommended that stage spin, before being upgraded to an electric motor in 1969.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=See what's new at the Celebrity Theatre in Phoenix |url=https://www.12news.com/video/travel/destinations/rediscover-arizona/see-whats-new-at-the-celebrity-theatre-in-phoenix/75-6ac8911c-73b0-4f11-ba69-cb67ffdd7b07 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=12news.com |language=en-US}}</ref> None of the 2650 seats in the theater are more than 70 feet from the stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrity Theatre - Phoenix, AZ |url=https://www.visitphoenix.com/listing/celebrity-theatre/3637/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=www.visitphoenix.com |language=en-us}}</ref> The theater is equipped with an orchestra pit and can be reconfigured as a [[proscenium]] stage if necessary, although this reduces the seating capacity by 25% to 50% depending on configuration.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Dominic |first=Serene |title=The Lost and Found History of Celebrity Theatre |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/music/celebrity-theatre-in-phoenix-a-history-9854117 |access-date=2024-08-05 |website=Phoenix New Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable performances==
The theatre opened on January 13, 1964 with the musical ''[[South Pacific (musical)|South Pacific]]'' starring [[Betsy Palmer]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[George Carlin]] filmed his second [[HBO]] special, ''[[George Carlin: Again!]]'', here in 1978. It was considered the first stand-up comedy routine done "in the round".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carlin |first=Kelly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNCOCgAAQBAJ&dq=Celebrity+Theatre+George+Carlin&pg=PA89 |title=A Carlin Home Companion: Growing Up with George |date=2015-09-15 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-250-05825-6 |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2013, [[Louis C.K.]] filmed his [[HBO]] special ''[[Oh My God (Louis C.K. special)|Oh My God]]'', his fifth full-length comedy special. The round stage was made blue in color, to resemble the way it appeared when George Carlin filmed ''George Carlin: Again!''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willmore |first=Alison |date=2013-03-08 |title=Watch: Louis C.K. Goes Meta in the Trailer for His New HBO Comedy Special 'Louis C.K.: Oh My God' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2013/03/watch-louis-c-k-goes-meta-in-the-trailer-for-his-new-hbo-comedy-special-louis-c-k-oh-my-god-40307/ |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=IndieWire |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2022, [[Nate Bargatze]] filmed his special, ''Hello World'', released in January 2023 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Hershal |date=2023-01-18 |title=Nate Bargatze Will Greet the World in New Amazon Special |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/nate-bargatze-hello-world-special-trailer-amazon.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=Vulture |language=en}}</ref>

[[Tom Segura]] filmed four sold-out shows in November 2022 for his [[Netflix]] special ''Tom Segura: Sledgehammer'', released in 2023.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Celebrity Theatre {{!}} Concert & Event Venue {{!}} Phoenix, AZ |url=https://www.celebritytheatre.com/ |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.celebritytheatre.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Theater in the round]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.celebritytheatre.com}}

{{Coord|33.4544|N|112.0147|W|display=title}}

{{Music venues of Arizona}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1963 establishments in Arizona]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Arizona]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Phoenix, Arizona]]
[[Category:Music venues in Arizona]]
[[Category:Theatres in Arizona]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Phoenix, Arizona]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Phoenix, Arizona]]

Ridgewood, Queens

2024-10-06T22:52:36Z

136.32.60.170: /* Notable people */

{{Short description|Neighborhood in New York City}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ridgewood
| settlement_type = [[Neighborhoods of Queens|Neighborhood of Queens]]
| image_skyline = MyrtleAvenue.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt = Myrtle Avenue's Business Improvement District is located in Ridgewood.
| image_caption =[[Myrtle Avenue]]'s [[Business Improvement District]] runs from Wyckoff Avenue to Fresh Pond Road in Ridgewood where the elevated [[Bay Ridge Branch]] of the LIRR crosses over Myrtle Avenue and serves as a border between Ridgewood and the neighboring "lower" portion of Glendale.
| image =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|zoom=12|type=shape|from=Neighbourhoods/New York City/Ridgewood.map}}
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location within New York City
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| coordinates = {{coord|40|42|17|N|73|54|07|W|region:US-NY_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|United States}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|New York}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[New York City]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of counties in New York|County]]/[[Borough (New York City)|Borough]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Queens]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Community boards of Queens|Community District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Queens Community Board 5|Queens 5]]<ref name="NYCPlanning">{{cite web |title=NYC Planning {{!}} Community Profiles |url=https://communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov/queens/5 |website=communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov |publisher=New York City Department of City Planning |access-date=April 7, 2018}}</ref>
| established_title =
| established_date =
| established_title1 =
| established_date1 =
| founder =
| named_for =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=PLP5/>
| population_total = 69,317
| population_as_of = [[2010 United States Census|2010]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=PLP3A/>
| demographics1_title1 = Hispanic
| demographics1_info1 = 49.0%
| demographics1_title2 = White
| demographics1_info2 = 39.8%
| demographics1_title3 = Asian
| demographics1_info3 = 7.7%
| demographics1_title4 = Black
| demographics1_info4 = 2.0%
| demographics1_title5 = Other/Multiracial
| demographics1_info5 = 1.5%
| demographics_type2 = Economics
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=U.S. Census website |author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS) |work=census.gov}}</ref><ref name="bestplaces">{{cite web |url=http://www.bestplaces.net/people/zip-code/new_york/ridgewood/11385 |title=People in Ridgewood (zip 11385), New York |work=bestplaces.net}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Median household income|Median income]]
| demographics2_info1 = $42,049
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone (North America)|EST]]
| utc_offset = −05:00
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −04:00
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]
| postal_code = 11385
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code]]s
| area_code = [[Area codes 718, 347, and 929|718, 347, 929]], and [[Area code 917|917]]
}}
'''Ridgewood''' is a neighborhood in the [[New York City]] [[Borough (New York City)|borough]] of [[Queens]]. It borders the Queens neighborhoods of [[Maspeth, Queens|Maspeth]] to the north, [[Middle Village, Queens|Middle Village]] to the east, and [[Glendale, Queens|Glendale]] to the southeast, as well as the [[Brooklyn]] neighborhoods of [[Bushwick, Brooklyn|Bushwick]] to the southwest and [[East Williamsburg, Brooklyn|East Williamsburg]] to the west. Historically, the neighborhood straddled the Queens-Brooklyn boundary.

The [[etymology]] of Ridgewood's name is disputed, but it may have referred to [[Ridgewood Reservoir]], the local geography, or a road. The British settled Ridgewood in the 17th century, while the Dutch settled nearby Bushwick. The adjacent settlements led to decades of disputes over the boundary, which later became the border between Queens and Brooklyn. Bushwick was developed rapidly in the 19th century, but Ridgewood remained sparsely populated until the early 20th century, when [[Terraced house|rowhouses]] were built for its rapidly growing, predominantly German population. Ridgewood has become more ethnically diverse since the mid-20th century. Large parts of the neighborhood are national and city historic districts.

Ridgewood is patrolled by the [[New York City Police Department]]'s 104th Precinct.<ref name="NYPD 104th Precinct" /> It is represented by the [[New York City Council]]'s 30th District.<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/dc/downloads/pdf/queens.pdf Current City Council Districts for Queens County] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222003335/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dc/downloads/pdf/queens.pdf |date=December 22, 2016 }}, [[New York City]]. Accessed May 5, 2017.</ref>

== Etymology ==
The origin of the neighborhood's name is disputed. One theory is that it came from the [[Ridgewood Reservoir]] in [[Highland Park (Brooklyn)|Highland Park]], in [[Brooklyn]] just south of Ridgewood. The reservoir was on a high ridge in the middle of the [[Harbor Hill Moraine]], a [[terminal moraine]] that runs the length of [[Long Island]].<ref name="Presa 2000 p. 2" /><ref name="Schubel p. 3">{{harvnb|ps=.|Schubel|1913|p=3}}</ref> Another possible etymology is the forests that covered the area before colonial settlement, and that early English settlers called the moraine the "ridge" of Long Island. Yet another possible etymology is "Ridge Road".<ref name="Schubel p. 3"/>

The name was originally applied by the government of Kings County (now coextensive with Brooklyn), and referred to an area within Brooklyn along the border between Kings and Queens Counties. In the early 20th century, developers gave the area various names, including Germania Heights, St. James Park, Ridgewood Heights, Wyckoff Heights, and Knickerbocker Heights, but only "Ridgewood" gained enough popularity past the 1910s.<ref name="Schubel p. 3"/>

==History==

=== Early settlement ===
Ridgewood is adjacent to [[Bushwick, Brooklyn]], and the two neighborhoods have similar histories. Both were initially settled by the [[Lenape]] Native Americans, specifically the Mespachtes tribe (for whom the adjacent neighborhood of [[Maspeth, Queens|Maspeth]] is named).<ref name="Presa 2000 p. 2">{{harvnb|Presa|2000|ps=.|p=2}}</ref><ref name="Schubel p. 6"/> In 1638, the [[Dutch West India Company]] secured a deed from the Lenape; subsequently, [[Peter Stuyvesant]] chartered present-day Bushwick in 1661 under the name ''Boswijck'', meaning "neighborhood in the woods" in 17th-century Dutch.<ref name="Citycyclopedia">{{cite enc-nyc}}</ref>{{Rp|171}}<ref>[http://www.blockmagazine.com/block_stock_barrel.php Block, Stock & Barrel] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520140551/http://www.blockmagazine.com/block_stock_barrel.php|date=May 20, 2012}}. ''Block Magazine''.</ref><ref name="Armbruster 1912">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oQYCAAAAYAAJ |title=The Eastern District of Brooklyn |last=Armbruster |first=E.L. |publisher=publisher not identified |year=1912 |access-date=October 10, 2019}}</ref> Likewise, Ridgewood was part of [[Elmhurst, Queens|Newtown]], one of the three initial towns in Queens, and was settled by the British.<ref name="Schubel p. 3"/>

In both neighborhoods, British and Dutch families tilled farms and grew crops for Brooklyn's and Manhattan's markets. Many of these farms also had slaves.<ref name="Citycyclopedia" />{{Rp|1001}}<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 5">{{harvnb|Presa|2014|ps=.|p=5}}</ref><ref name="Onderdonk 1865">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOMVAAAAYAAJ |title=Queens County in Olden Times: Being a Supplement to the Several Histories Thereof |last=Onderdonk |first=H. |publisher=C. Welling |year=1865 |series=New York county and regional histories and atlases |access-date=October 10, 2019}}</ref>{{Rp|48}} The only known remaining Dutch farmhouse in the neighborhood is the [[Vander Ende-Onderdonk House Site|Onderdonk House]], which was erected in 1709.<ref name="GRHS Onderdonk house">{{cite web |title=The Vander Ende-Onderdonk House |url=http://onderdonkhouse.org/default.aspx |publisher=Greater Ridgewood Historical Society |access-date=October 15, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104181441/http://onderdonkhouse.org/default.aspx |archive-date=November 4, 2010}}</ref> Also at the Onderdonk House site is [[Arbitration Rock]], a marker for the disputed boundary between Bushwick and Newtown, and by extension Brooklyn and Queens (see {{Section link||Border with Bushwick}}).<ref name="Schubel p. 7">{{harvnb|ps=.|Schubel|1913|p=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/16/nyregion/it-s-boulder-all-right-but-was-it-once-border-marker-lost-history-found-maybe.html |title=It's a Boulder, All Right, But Was It Once a Border?; Marker Lost to History Is Found (Maybe) |last=Kershaw |first=Sarah |date=May 16, 2002 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 10, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The land remained rural through the [[American Revolutionary War]], though there may have been a burial ground in the area.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 5" /> Ridgewood's oldest streets are [[Myrtle Avenue]], [[Metropolitan Avenue]], and Fresh Pond Road, which were used by farmers to take their goods to markets.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 6">{{harvnb|Presa|2014|ps=.|p=6}}</ref> Fresh Pond Road was formerly a Native American trail; the other roads were laid out as plank roads in the early to mid-19th century.<ref name="Schubel p. 6">{{harvnb|ps=.|Schubel|1913|p=6}}</ref>

=== 19th-century development ===
The development of public transportation, starting with horse-drawn cars in the mid-19th century and later succeeded by trolleys and elevated trains, helped to spur residential and retail development.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/09/realestate/a-neat-enclave-enriched-by-waves-of-immigrants.html |title=A Neat Enclave Enriched by Waves of Immigrants |last=Wilson |first=Claire |date=April 9, 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 10, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The first transit line to arrive in the neighborhood was the [[Myrtle Avenue Line (Brooklyn surface)|Myrtle Avenue horsecar]], which was extended to Brooklyn's [[Broadway (Brooklyn)|Broadway]] in 1855.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 5" /><ref name="Presa 2000 p. 3">{{harvnb|Presa|2000|ps=.|p=3}}</ref> Following this, the [[Bay Ridge Branch]] opened in 1878, connecting to [[Sheepshead Bay]], [[Manhattan Beach, Brooklyn|Manhattan Beach]], and the Brooklyn shorefront via the [[Manhattan Beach Branch|Manhattan Beach Railroad]].<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 6" /><ref name="PRRC 1878">{{cite web |url=http://www.prrths.com/Hagley/PRR1878%20June%2006.pdf |title=PRR Chronology, 1878}} {{small|(126 [[Kibibyte|KiB]])}}, June 2006 Edition</ref> The [[BMT Myrtle Avenue Line|Myrtle Avenue elevated railroad]], running above Myrtle Avenue within Brooklyn, was extended to the Queens border in 1889.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lost the Second Game |date=July 21, 1889 |work=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]] |location=[[Brooklyn|Brooklyn, NY]] |page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1889/08/03/archives/travel-in-brooklyn-a-person-can-go-all-over-the-city-on-the.html |title=Travel in Brooklyn.; a Person Can Go All Over the City on the Elevated for Five Cents. |date=August 3, 1889 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 10, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> An electric trolley line through Ridgewood, running to [[All Faiths Cemetery|Lutheran Cemetery]], was opened along a private right-of-way in 1894. Ten years later, the Myrtle Avenue Elevated was extended on a ground level alignment over that trolley line.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 6" /> The current elevated structure would be erected along the Lutheran Cemetery line's [[Right-of-way (transportation)|right-of-way]] in 1915.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1915/02/21/archives/article-11-no-title.html |title=Article 11 -- No Title |date=February 21, 1915 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 10, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Simultaneously, northern Brooklyn was seeing an increase in the number of [[German American#19th century|German immigrants]].<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 5" /> Many of the city's German immigrants had originally settled in Manhattan's [[Little Germany, Manhattan|Little Germany]], located mostly within the [[East Village, Manhattan|East Village]] and [[Lower East Side]], in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{Cite gotham |page=745}}</ref> By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, German immigrants had moved to other enclaves such as [[Yorkville, Manhattan]]; [[Steinway, Queens]]; and the north Brooklyn/Ridgewood area.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 8">{{harvnb|Presa|2014|ps=.|p=8}}</ref> The discovery of freshwater under northern Brooklyn resulted in the development of [[Brewery|breweries]], where many Germans worked.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 5" /> By 1880, there were 35 breweries in Brooklyn, including a 14-block "brewer's row" within Bushwick that contained at least 11 breweries.<ref name="Presa 2000 p. 3" /><ref name="Presa 2014 p. 6" /> Factories and knitting mills were also opened within the communities, and speculative German developers built houses, consisting mostly of multi-family stock that were three or four stories tall.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 6" /> "Brewer's Row" had grown to 14 breweries by 1890.<ref name="WlkTrs">{{cite web |url=https://freetoursbyfoot.com/new-york-tours/brooklyn-tours/bushwick-brooklyn-walking-tour/ |title=Bushwick Brooklyn Walking Tour {{!}} Self-Guided|work=Free Tours by Foot |access-date=March 7, 2008}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/01/nyregion/builders-and-brewers-look-to-tap-into-brooklyns-beer-heritage.html |title=Builders and Brewers Honor Brooklyn's Beer Heritage |last=Chaban |first=Matt A. V. |date=August 31, 2015 |work=The New York Times |access-date=July 8, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== 20th-century development ===

==== Residential construction ====
[[File:Stock-De_Kalb-Hart_Av_Historic_Dist_Bushwick_jeh.jpg|alt= |thumb|One of the rowhouse developments in Ridgewood, preserved as part of the [[Stockholm–DeKalb–Hart Historic District]]]]
Ridgewood remained rural until the unification of New York City's boroughs in 1898, even as Bushwick had become fully developed. Development in Ridgewood in the 19th century consisted mostly of picnicking locations, beer gardens, racetracks, and amusement areas for the residents of Bushwick. By the end of the century, developers had bought these sites and started constructing rowhouses and tenements, usually two to three stories high.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 6" /><ref name=":1">{{cite periodical |date=December 25, 1909 |title=Growth of Queens |url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/pdf_files/ldpd_7031148_044_26.pdf |periodical=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide |volume=84 |issue=2180 |page=1200 |via=[[Columbia University]]}}</ref> The Ridgewood Board of Trade, created in 1902, was organized to develop the streets and utilities, and to improve the transit infrastructure.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 6" /><ref name="Schubel p. 70">{{harvnb|Schubel|1913|ps=.|p=70}}</ref>

Much of the housing stock was erected between 1905 and 1915.<ref>''WPA Guide to New York City: The Federal Writers' Project Guide to 1930s New York''. 1939.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/25/nyregion/germans-came-now-they-are-us-ethnic-queens-neighborhood-melting-away-into.html |title=The Germans Came; Now They Are Us; An Ethnic Queens Neighborhood Is Melting Away Into America |last=Berger |first=Joseph |date=October 25, 2003 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 11, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Most of the houses built before 1905 were wood-frame houses; that year, a zoning ordinance was passed, requiring new buildings to be made of masonry.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 6" /><ref name="Presa 2014 p. 7">{{harvnb|Presa|2014|ps=.|p=7}}</ref> The area was developed more quickly after the [[Queensboro Bridge]] opened in 1909, connecting Queens to [[Manhattan]].<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 7" /> According to a 1909 issue of the ''Real Estate Record and Guide'', development was concentrated in a 150-block area around [[East Williamsburg, Brooklyn|East Williamsburg]] in Brooklyn, namely the present-day area of Ridgewood.<ref name=":1" /> More than five thousand buildings were built from the beginning of the 20th century to [[World War I]]'s start in the mid-1910s. Residential construction predominated in the southern part of Ridgewood while industrial factories and mills were prevalent in the northern section, near [[Newtown Creek]].<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 7" />

Construction slowed down during World War I, but resumed shortly after the war's end, and by the 1930s the last farmland in Ridgewood had been developed. Some of the later houses were single-family homes with garages.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 7" /><ref name="Presa 2000 p. 4">{{harvnb|Presa|2000|ps=.|p=4}}</ref> Two of the more drastic changes to Ridgewood's character in the 1920s were the implementation of a street numbering system across Queens in 1925,<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 22">{{harvnb|Presa|2014|ps=.|p=22}}</ref> followed by the opening of the [[BMT Canarsie Line|Canarsie subway]] on the neighborhood's southern border in 1928.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/59894184/?terms=subway+opening |title=Last Link of New 14th St-E.D. Subway To Be Opened Today: First Train This Afternoon Will Carry Officials – Citizens to Celebrate |date=July 14, 1928 |access-date=August 25, 2015 |newspaper=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/07/15/archives/celebrate-opening-of-new-b-m-t-line-officials-and-civic-association.html |url-access=subscription |title=CELEBRATE OPENING OF NEW B. M. T. LINE; Officials and Civic Association Members Fill First Train From Union Square. MET BY BAND AT CANARSIE Crowds Cheer Passing Cars at Stations Along New Route to Jamaica Bay. |date=July 15, 1928 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=October 14, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==== Ethnic changes ====
Ridgewood was among New York City's most quickly-developing neighborhoods between at least 1906<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 21">{{harvnb|Presa|2014|ps=.|p=21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Huge Volume of Trading in Brooklyn Properties |date=March 25, 1906 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|96665470}}}}</ref> and 1911.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 21" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/08/20/archives/ridgewood-heights-boom-builders-find-ready-market-for-small.html |title=RIDGEWOOD HEIGHTS BOOM.; Builders Find Ready Market for Small Apartment Houses. |date=August 20, 1911 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 13, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Much of the new housing was originally settled by Germans, who had mostly moved from other neighborhoods such as [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]]. To the German newcomers, the modern and more expansive houses in Ridgewood provided an improvement over the cramped housing stock in their former neighborhoods.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 21" /> A 1913 ''Real Estate Record'' article stated that, for several years, Germans had been moving to Ridgewood from the city's other boroughs.<ref>{{cite periodical |date=October 18, 1913 |title=Opportunities in Ridgewood |url=https://rerecord.library.columbia.edu/pdf_files/ldpd_7031148_052_16.pdf |periodical=The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide |volume=92 |number=2379 |page=703 |via=[[Columbia University]]}}</ref> Figures from the [[1910 United States Census]] indicated that much of Ridgewood's population was working-class and of German or Eastern European descent, and many homes were owner-occupied.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 22" /><ref name="Presa 2000 p. 7">{{harvnb|Presa|2000|ps=.|p=7}}</ref><ref name="Harrison 2009 p. 19">{{harvnb|Harrison|2009|ps=.|p=19}}</ref> Ridgewood's German population was so large that the [[Ridgewood Times]]' first issue in 1908 was published in both English and German.<ref name=":0" />

After World War I, the population expanded with an influx of [[Gottscheers]], an ethnic German population from [[Slovenia]] who were dislocated in the aftermath of World War I, and spoke the [[Gottscheerish]] dialect.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://qns.com/story/2019/07/27/a-ridgewood-social-hall-built-by-immigrants-our-neighborhood-the-way-it-was/ |title=A Ridgewood social hall built by immigrants: Our Neighborhood, The Way it Was |date=July 27, 2019 |website=QNS.com |access-date=October 14, 2019}}</ref> Other Eastern Europeans came as well. As recorded in the [[1920 United States Census]], the population of Ridgewood was mostly working-class homeowners from Germany, Austria, or Italy, with a smaller population from Hungary, Ireland, Poland, and Sweden.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 22" /><ref name="Presa 2000 p. 7" /><ref name="Harrison 2009 p. 19" /><ref name="Harrison 2010 p. 20">{{harvnb|Harrison|2010|ps=.|p=20}}</ref> The demographic figures remained relatively unchanged through the [[1930 United States Census]].<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 22" /><ref name="Harrison 2010 p. 20" /> The large German presence led to disputes following the rise of [[Nazi Germany]], and a large, 9,000-person boycott of Nazi Germany in April 1934 resulted in brawls between Nazi sympathizers and about 200 Communists, members of the Anti-Fascist League of Brooklyn, as well as several hundred members of the Blue Shirt Minutemen of Brownsville and members of the Jewish War Veterans League.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/04/09/archives/fists-fly-at-rally-of-9000-nazis-here-hitler-adherents-clash-with.html |title=FISTS FLY AT RALLY OF 9,000 NAZIS HERE; Hitler Adherents Clash With Rival Groups in 18 Brawls at Queens Meeting |date=April 9, 1934 |work=The New York Times |access-date=October 14, 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Still, in the 1939 [[American Guide Series|WPA Guide]] to New York City, workers for the [[Federal Writers' Project]] described Ridgewood and Bushwick as "old-fashioned and respectable", and said that Ridgewood "rivals Manhattan's Yorkville as a German center."<ref>{{cite fednyc |page=460 |pages= }}</ref>

By the [[1940 United States Census]], Southern Europeans were also recorded as having moved into Ridgewood.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 22" /> In the mid-20th century, [[Romanian American|Romanians]], [[Serbs]], and [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Ricans]] arrived. By the late 20th century, [[Polish Americans|Poles]], [[Dominican Americans|Dominicans]],<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/01/realestate/ridgewood-queens-living-in-architectural-eye-candy.html New York Times: "Living in Ridgewood, Queens] December 30, 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.gerarddemarigny.com/1/post/2010/3/growing-up-in-ridgewood-new-york-in-the-1960s1970s-part-1.html "Growing up in Ridgewood, New York in the 1960s–1970s – Part 1" by Gerard Demarigny] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426082905/http://www.gerarddemarigny.com/1/post/2010/3/growing-up-in-ridgewood-new-york-in-the-1960s1970s-part-1.html |date=April 26, 2012 }} March 23, 2010</ref><ref>[http://shukakalantari.com/polish_migration/ Polish Migrations: From Brooklyn to Queens, and back to Europe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426083541/http://shukakalantari.com/polish_migration/ |date=April 26, 2012 }} by Shuka Kalantari and Daniel Macht; retrieved January 1, 2012</ref> and [[Ecuadorian American|Ecuadorians]]—including a significant population of [[Kichwa|Quechua]]-speaking Amerindians from the [[Imbabura Province|Imbabura]] and [[Cañar Province, Ecuador|Cañar]] provinces of [[Ecuador]]—had moved to Ridgewood.<ref>[http://www.bcnychurchplanting.org/uploaded_files/Quichua%20Profile.pdf All Peoples Initiative: Quichua in New York and New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426065514/http://www.bcnychurchplanting.org/uploaded_files/Quichua%20Profile.pdf |date=April 26, 2012 }} August 2007</ref> Other large populations included [[Yugoslav Americans|Yugoslavians]], [[Chinese Americans|Chinese]], [[Korean Americans|Koreans]], and [[Slovene Americans|Slovenians]].<ref name="Presa 2000 p. 10">{{harvnb|Presa|2000|ps=.|p=10}}</ref><ref name="Presa 2014 p. 23">{{harvnb|Presa|2014|ps=.|p=23}}</ref>

=== Late 20th century ===
Originally, Ridgewood and Glendale shared ZIP Code 11227 with Bushwick. Following the [[1977 blackout]], the communities of Ridgewood and Glendale expressed a desire to disassociate themselves from Bushwick.<ref name="Lee 2007" /> Residents voted on a proposal to create a new ZIP Code, and a majority of votes were cast in favor of the proposal.<ref name="NYDN-Vote-1979" /> The communities were given the ZIP Code 11385 in 1980.<ref name="NYDN-New-Zip-1979" />

By the mid-1980s, parts of Ridgewood had been given federal landmark designations. Young professionals were also moving to the neighborhood in large numbers, and Ridgewood's homeownership rates increased.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/24/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-ridgewood.html |title=If You're Thinking of Living in Ridgewood |last=Sherman |first=Beth |date=March 24, 1985 |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 31, 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Based on data from the [[2010 United States Census]], the population of Ridgewood was 69,317, a decrease of 138 (0.2%) from the 69,455 counted in [[2000 United States Census|2000]]. Covering an area of {{cvt|1,156.31|acres}}, the neighborhood had a population density of {{cvt|59.9|PD/acre|PD/sqmi PD/sqkm}}.<ref name="PLP5">[http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610175331/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p5_nta.pdf |date=June 10, 2016 }}, Population Division – [[New York City]] Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.</ref>

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 39.8% (27,558) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 2.0% (1,380) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.1% (93) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 7.7% (5,331) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.0% (19) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.3% (204) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.1% (765) from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 49.0% (33,967) of the population.<ref name="PLP3A">[http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin – New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610170733/http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/planning/download/pdf/data-maps/nyc-population/census2010/t_pl_p3a_nta.pdf |date=June 10, 2016 }}, Population Division – [[New York City]] Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.</ref> The entirety of Community Board 5, which comprises Maspeth, Ridgewood, Middle Village, and Glendale, had 166,924 inhabitants as of [[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene|NYC Health]]'s 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.4 years.<ref name="CHP2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/data/2018chp-qn5.pdf |title=Ridgewood and Maspeth (Including Glendale, Maspeth, Middle Village and Ridgewood) |date=2018 |website=nyc.gov |publisher=NYC Health |access-date=March 2, 2019}}</ref>{{Rp|2, 20}} This is about equal to the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/tcny/community-health-assessment-plan.pdf |title=2016-2018 Community Health Assessment and Community Health Improvement Plan: Take Care New York 2020 |date=2016 |website=[[government of New York City|nyc.gov]] |publisher=[[New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene]] |access-date=September 8, 2017}}</ref>{{Rp|53 (PDF p. 84)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=New Yorkers are living longer, happier and healthier lives |website=New York Post |last=Short |first=Aaron |date=June 4, 2017 |url=https://nypost.com/2017/06/04/new-yorkers-are-living-longer-happier-and-healthier-lives/ |access-date=March 1, 2019}}</ref> Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 22% are between the ages of 0–17, 31% between 25 and 44, and 26% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 8% and 13% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|2}}

As of 2017, the median [[household income]] in Community Board 5 was $71,234.<ref name="CB6PUMA">{{cite web |url=https://censusreporter.org/profiles/79500US3604110-nyc-queens-community-district-5-ridgewood-glendale-middle-village-puma-ny/ |title=NYC-Queens Community District 5--Ridgewood, Glendale & Middle Village PUMA, NY |publisher=Census Reporter |access-date=July 17, 2018}}</ref> In 2018, an estimated 19% of Ridgewood and Maspeth residents lived in poverty, compared to 19% in all of Queens and 20% in all of New York City. One in seventeen residents (6%) were unemployed, compared to 8% in Queens and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 46% in Ridgewood and Maspeth, lower than the boroughwide and citywide rates of 53% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, {{as of|2018|lc=y}}, Maspeth, Ridgewood, Middle Village, and Glendale are considered to be high-income relative to the rest of the city and not [[gentrification|gentrifying]].<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|7}}

==Land use and terrain{{anchor|Topography|Geography|Land use}}==
[[File:OL Miraculous Medal RCC Bleecker St 60th Pl jeh.jpg|thumb|Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Church]]Ridgewood is zoned for various land uses, but is mostly commercial along main streets and residential alongside streets. Large parts of the neighborhood are residential historic districts. In addition, the large [[Cemetery Belt]] is located directly to the south.<ref name="zola-planning-map">{{cite web |title=NYC's Zoning & Land Use Map |publisher=[[Government of New York City|nyc.gov]] |url=https://zola.planning.nyc.gov/ |access-date=November 17, 2018}}</ref>

The majority of the neighborhood covers a large hill, part of the [[glacial moraine]] that created [[Long Island]], which starts at [[Metropolitan Avenue]], rises steeply for about two blocks, then slopes down gently. For instance, at [[Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal Parish]] on 60th Place, the front entrance of the church is almost level with the second floor of the Parish school next door.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}} Part of Ridgewood around the [[Linden Hill Cemetery]], centered around Flushing and Metropolitan Avenues, was once known as Linden Hill, distinct from the neighborhood of [[Linden Hill, Queens|Linden Hill]] in [[Flushing, Queens]]. Linden Street is named after this subsection of Ridgewood.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://forgotten-ny.com/2018/05/linden-hill-cemetery-ridgewood/ |title=LINDEN HILL CEMETERY, Ridgewood - Forgotten New York |last=Walsh |first=Kevin |date=May 24, 2018 |language=en-US |access-date=May 17, 2019}}</ref>

===Residential===
[[File:Ridgewood Houses.jpg|thumb|left|A typical block in Ridgewood]]Ridgewood is a densely settled neighborhood, with housing stock ranging from six-family buildings near the Brooklyn border to two-family and single-family [[row house]]s deeper into Queens.<ref name="zola-planning-map" /> Ridgewood is visually distinguished by the large amount of yellow face brick construction, which is characteristic of the early-20th-century rowhouses built in the neighborhoods.<ref name="Presa 2000 p. 1" /><ref name="Harrison 2009 p. 1" /><ref name="Harrison 2010 p. 2" /><ref name="Presa 2014 p. 4" />

Most of Ridgewood was developed block-by-block around the turn of the 20th century. Most of the buildings were designed by local architect [[Louis Berger & Co.]], which designed more than 5,000 buildings in the area.<ref name="RidgewoodMRA">{{cite web |url={{NRHP url |id=64000586}} |title=Ridgewood MRA}}</ref> The neighborhood has been largely untouched by construction since then, leaving many centrally planned blocks of houses and tenements still in the same state as their construction. These blocks include the [[Mathews Flats]] (six-family [[Cold water flat|cold water tenements]]), [[Ring-Gibson Houses]] (two- and four-family houses with stores), and [[Stier Houses]] (curved two-family rowhouses). Many of these houses are well-kept and retain much of their early 20th century appeal.<ref>Wilkinson, Christina. [http://forgotten-ny.com/2005/07/ridgewood-queens/ Forgotten New York: Ridgewood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507112233/http://forgotten-ny.com/2005/07/ridgewood-queens/ |date=May 7, 2013 }}</ref>

{{clear left}}

===Commercial===
[[File:Ridgewood Savings Bank jeh.JPG|thumb|Ridgewood Savings Bank headquarters since 1929, located in Ridgewood]]
There are low-density commercial districts along Myrtle, Forest, and Metropolitan Avenues and Fresh Pond Road.<ref name="zola-planning-map"/>

Ridgewood is home to [[Ridgewood Savings Bank]], the largest mutual savings bank in [[New York State]]. Their headquarters is located at the intersection of Myrtle and Forest Avenues and was built in 1929. The building architects were [[Mancini•Duffy|Halsey, McCormack and Helmer, Inc.]] and the general contractors were Stamarith Construction Corporation.<ref>{{cite web |title=NOTABLES ATTEND FORMAL OPENING OF BANK'S HOME |url=http://www.fultonhistory.com/Fulton.html |publisher=THE DAILY STAR |access-date=February 5, 2013 |format=PDF |date=March 17, 1930}}</ref> The building's exterior is made of limestone and contains an eight-foot granite base. The interior has [[travertine]] walls and marble floors.

===Landmarks===
====Historic districts====
In Ridgewood 10 national [[Historic district (United States)|historic districts]] were listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1983.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2009a}}</ref>

*[[68th Avenue-64th Place Historic District]]
*[[Central Ridgewood Historic District]]
*[[Cornelia-Putnam Historic District]]
*[[Cypress Avenue East Historic District]]
*[[Cypress Avenue West Historic District]]
*[[Fresh Pond-Traffic Historic District]]
*[[Madison-Putnam-60th Place Historic District]]
*[[Seneca Avenue East Historic District]]
*[[Stockholm-DeKalb-Hart Historic District]]
*[[Summerfield Street Row Historic District]]

{{maplink
|from1=Neighbourhoods/New York City/Central Ridgewood Historic District.map|type1=shape|text1=Central Ridgewood Historic District
|from2=Neighbourhoods/New York City/Ridgewood North Historic District.map|type2=shape|text2=Ridgewood North Historic District
|from3=Neighbourhoods/New York City/Ridgewood South Historic District.map|type3=shape|text3=Ridgewood South Historic District
|from4=Neighbourhoods/New York City/Stockholm Street Historic District.map|type4=shape|text4=Stockholm Street Historic District
|frame=yes |frame-width=300 |frame-height=300 |coord={{coord|40.70673|-73.90421}}|zoom=13
|text=Map of New York City Historic Districts in Ridgewood}}

In addition, the [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]] has designated four landmark districts in Ridgewood:

*Stockholm Street Historic District, designated 2000. This historic district consists of 36 two-story brick rowhouses, two garages, and a stable built primarily in 1907-1910 by Joseph Weiss & Company along Stockholm Street, the only remaining brick street in Ridgewood.<ref name="Presa 2000 p. 1">{{harvnb|Presa|2000|ps=.|p=1}}</ref>
*Ridgewood North Historic District, designated 2009. This historic district includes 96 buildings, mostly three-story brick rowhouses called "Mathews Model Flats", built in 1908-1914 by the G.X. Mathews Company.<ref name="Harrison 2009 p. 1">{{harvnb|Harrison|2009|ps=.|p=1}}</ref>
*Ridgewood South Historic District, designated 2010. This historic district includes 210 buildings, a large collection of three-story brick rowhouses as well as the St. Matthias Roman Catholic Church, built in 1911-1912 by the G.X. Mathews Company.<ref name="Harrison 2010 p. 2">{{harvnb|Harrison|2010|ps=.|p=2}}</ref>
*Central Ridgewood Historic District, designated 2014. This historic district includes 990 buildings, mostly brick rowhouses, constructed in 1906-1915 by various small builders.<ref name="Presa 2014 p. 4">{{harvnb|Presa|2014|ps=.|p=4}}</ref>

====Individual landmarks====
There are two individual city-designated landmarks:
*The [[Vander Ende-Onderdonk House]], built in the mid-to-late 18th century and designated in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adrian and Ann Wyckoff Onderdonk House Designation Report |url=http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1980OnderdonkHouse.pdf |publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission |access-date=October 10, 2013 |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119082853/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1980OnderdonkHouse.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The house was a crucial point in the 1769 survey that established the Kings–Queens county border.<ref name="Schubel p. 7" />
*The Ridgewood Theater Building was built 1916 and designated in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ridgewood Theater Building Designation Report |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/ridgewoodQ.pdf |publisher=New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission |access-date=October 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302191155/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/ridgewoodQ.pdf |archive-date=March 2, 2010 }}</ref> The 1,950 seat [[William Fox (producer)|William Fox]] moviehouse operated until 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theater/4021/ |title=Ridgewood Theatre in Ridgewood, NY – Cinema Treasures |website=cinematreasures.org}}</ref> and is now a Blink Fitness.

The Vander Ende-Onderdonk House, the [[Evergreens Cemetery]], and [[St. Matthias Roman Catholic Church|St. Matthias Roman Catholic Church Complex]] are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<ref name="nris"/><ref name="nps">{{cite web |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20120914.htm |title=National Register of Historic Places Listings |date=September 14, 2012 |work=Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 9/04/12 through 9/07/12 |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=December 31, 2015 |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093028/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20120914.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Police and crime==
Maspeth, Ridgewood, Middle Village, and Glendale are patrolled by the 104th Precinct of the [[New York City Police Department|NYPD]], located at 64-02 Catalpa Avenue.<ref name="NYPD 104th Precinct">{{Cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/site/nypd/bureaus/patrol/precincts/104th-precinct.page |title=NYPD – 104th Precinct |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=October 3, 2016}}</ref> The 104th Precinct ranked 21st safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010. However, the precinct covers a large diamond-shaped area, and Maspeth and Middle Village are generally seen as safer than Ridgewood.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/queens/middle-village/ |title=Middle Village, Ridgewood, Glendale, and Maspeth – DNAinfo.com Crime and Safety Report |website=www.dnainfo.com |access-date=October 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415060738/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/crime-safety-report/queens/middle-village |archive-date=April 15, 2017 }}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, with a non-fatal assault rate of 19 per 100,000 people, Ridgewood and Maspeth's rate of [[violent crime]]s per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 235 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|8}}

The 104th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 87.4% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 2 murders, 17 rapes, 140 robberies, 168 felony assaults, 214 burglaries, 531 grand larcenies, and 123 grand larcenies auto in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/nypd/downloads/pdf/crime_statistics/cs-en-us-104pct.pdf |title=104th Precinct CompStat Report |website=www.nyc.gov |publisher=[[New York City Police Department]] |access-date=July 22, 2018}}</ref>

== Fire safety ==
[[File:Engine_291_H&L_40_5607_Metropolitan_Av_jeh.jpg|thumb|Engine Co. 291/Ladder Co. 40]]
Ridgewood contains a [[New York City Fire Department]] (FDNY) fire station, Engine Co. 291/Ladder Co. 140, at 56-07 Metropolitan Avenue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine Company 291/Ladder Company 140 |website=FDNYtrucks.com |url=http://www.fdnytrucks.com/files/html/queens/e291.htm |access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite FDNY locations}}</ref>

==Health==
{{As of|2018}}, [[preterm birth]]s and births to teenage mothers are less common in Ridgewood and Maspeth than in other places citywide. In Ridgewood and Maspeth, there were 70 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 17.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|11}} Ridgewood and Maspeth have a low population of residents who are [[Health insurance coverage in the United States|uninsured]]. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 13%, slightly higher than the citywide rate of 12%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|14}}

The concentration of [[particulates|fine particulate matter]], the deadliest type of [[air pollution|air pollutant]], in Ridgewood and Maspeth is {{cvt|0.008|mg/m3|oz/ft3}}, more than the city average.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|9}} Twenty percent of Ridgewood and Maspeth residents are [[Smoking|smokers]], which is higher than the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} In Ridgewood and Maspeth, 19% of residents are [[Obesity|obese]], 7% are [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetic]], and 20% have [[hypertension|high blood pressure]]—compared to the citywide averages of 22%, 8%, and 23% respectively.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|16}} In addition, 19% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|12}}

Ninety-two percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is higher than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 78% of residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", equal to the city's average of 78%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|13}} For every supermarket in Ridgewood and Maspeth, there are 5 [[convenience store|bodegas]].<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|10}}

The nearest major hospitals are [[Elmhurst Hospital Center]] in [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Finkel |first=Beth |title=Guide To Queens Hospitals |website=Queens Tribune |date=February 27, 2014 |url=http://queenstribune.com/guide-to-queens-hospitals/ |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204185507/http://queenstribune.com/guide-to-queens-hospitals/ |archive-date=February 4, 2017 }}</ref> and the [[Wyckoff Heights Medical Center]] in Bushwick.

==Post offices and ZIP Code==
Ridgewood is covered by [[ZIP Code]] 11385, which it shares with neighboring Glendale.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zip Code 11385, New York Zip Code Boundary Map (NY) |website=United States Zip Code Boundary Map (USA) |url=https://www.zipmap.net/zips/11385.htm |access-date=May 1, 2019}}</ref> The [[United States Post Office]] operates three post offices nearby:
*Fresh Pond Station – 60-80 Woodbine Street<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: Fresh Pond |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=11374&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1364163&locationName=FRESH+POND&address2=&address1=6080+WOODBINE+ST |access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref>
*Ridgewood Station – 60-60 Myrtle Avenue<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: Ridgewood |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=11374&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1379324&locationName=RIDGEWOOD&address2=&address1=6060+MYRTLE+AVE |access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref>
*Wyckoff Heights Station – 86 Wyckoff Avenue<ref>{{cite web |title=Location Details: Wyckoff Heights |website=USPS.com |url=https://tools.usps.com/go/POLocatorDetailsAction!input.action?locationTypeQ=po&address=11374&radius=20&locationType=po&locationID=1388370&locationName=WYCKOFF+HEIGHTS&address2=&address1=86+WYCKOFF+AVE |access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref>

===Border with Bushwick===
[[File:Arbitration_Rock_m.jpg|thumb|[[Arbitration Rock]], where the county border was set in 1769]]
Today, Ridgewood's land area lies within Queens County. However, its political boundary with Brooklyn causes confusion and debate about where the western boundary of Ridgewood truly lies and whether part of Ridgewood is considered to be actually part of Brooklyn. The political dispute dates to the 17th century, when Newtown was under English rule and Boswijck was under Dutch rule. Disputes over the boundary between the two settlements continued until 1769, when a boundary line was drawn through what later became known as the [[Arbitration Rock]].<ref name="Schubel p. 7"/><ref name="Williams 2016"/><ref name="qns 2018"/> The street [[grid plan]] in Ridgewood and Bushwick was laid out in the late 19th century. Because the Arbitration Rock lay along a diagonal with this grid plan, numerous houses were built on the Brooklyn-Queens boundary, their owners sometimes subject to taxes from both counties.<ref name="Schubel p. 8"/><ref name="Williams 2016"/> During the 19th century, this resulted in situations where some houses received water and fire protection from what was then the city of Brooklyn, while their neighbors in Queens had to rely on volunteer firefighting squads and paid exorbitant water bills to private utilities in Elmhurst.<ref name="Schubel p. 8">{{harvnb|ps=.|Schubel|1913|p=8}}</ref>

In 1925, the political boundary was adapted to the street grid, resulting in a zig-zag pattern.<ref name="Williams 2016">{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Keith |title=How Bushwick and Ridgewood, Once Entwined, Became Distinct Neighborhoods |website=Curbed NY |date=May 24, 2016 |url=https://ny.curbed.com/2016/5/24/11755562/how-bushwick-and-ridgewood-once-entwined-became-distinct-neighborhoods |access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref><ref name="qns 2018">{{cite web |title=The big rock that helped defined the Ridgewood/Brooklyn border: Our Neighborhood, The Way it Was |website=QNS.com |date=August 11, 2018 |url=https://qns.com/story/2018/08/11/big-rock-helped-defined-ridgewoodbrooklyn-border-neighborhood-way/ |access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref>{{efn|Traveling south from the [[Newtown Creek]], the border traveled on the following streets:
*Southeast onto Onderdonk Avenue
*Southwest onto [[Flushing Avenue]]
*Southeast onto Cypress Avenue
*Southwest onto Grove Street
*Southeast onto St. Nicholas Avenue
*Southwest onto Palmetto Street
*Southeast onto Wyckoff Avenue
*Southwest onto Covert Street
*Southeast onto Irving Avenue
The border then entered [[Most Holy Trinity Cemetery]] and the [[Cemetery of the Evergreens]].<ref name="qns 2018"/>}} The change resulted in 2,543 persons' addresses being reassigned from Queens to Brooklyn, and 135 persons' addresses reassigned from Brooklyn to Queens.<ref name="qns 2018"/> Modern addresses in the two boroughs can be distinguished by the presence or absence of a hyphen in the house number.<ref name="NYC ITT"/> Queens's [[house numbering]] system uses a hyphen between the closest cross-street (which comes before the hyphen) and the actual address (which comes after the hyphen).<ref>{{cite web |last=Bayona |first=Jose |title=Balderdash! Queens residents question need for dash in postal addresses |website=nydailynews.com |date=August 21, 2011 |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/queens/balderdash-queens-residents-question-dash-postal-addresses-article-1.949172 |access-date=January 27, 2020}}</ref> While buildings fronting on streets that are west of Forest Avenue and the [[Bay Ridge Branch]] follow the Queens address numbering system, the avenues which run parallel to the county line—bounded by Metropolitan Avenue to the north, Forest Avenue to the east, and the Brooklyn border to the south—do not follow this address numbering system. Streets in this area that run perpendicular to the county line are demarcated by a jump in numbering sequence between the two boroughs.<ref name="NYC ITT">{{cite web |title=NYCityMap |publisher=[[New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications]] |website=NYC.gov |url=http://maps.nyc.gov/doitt/nycitymap/ |access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref>

=== ZIP Code changes ===
Since at least 1898, when the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens were created as part of the [[City of Greater New York]], Glendale and Ridgewood's postal mail had been routed through the main Brooklyn post office in [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]], rather than the main post office in [[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], because they are located closer to Williamsburg.<ref name="rainie2">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43429799/ |title=Zip-zero to Queensites |last=Rainie |first=Harrison |date=February 21, 1979 |newspaper=New York Daily News |access-date=February 1, 2020 |page=580 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> When [[ZIP Code]]s were assigned in 1963, the neighborhoods were assigned Brooklyn ZIP Codes with the 112 prefix, along with all areas whose mail was routed through a Brooklyn post office.<ref name="rainie2" /> This gave Glendale and Ridgewood a Brooklyn mailing address despite actually being located in Queens.<ref name="rainie2" /> The neighborhoods' ZIP Code of 11227 was shared with [[Bushwick, Brooklyn]], as well as with [[Wyckoff Heights, New York|Wyckoff Heights]] on the border of the two boroughs. After the [[1977 New York City blackout]], newspapers around the country published [[United Press International|UPI]] and ''[[Associated Press]]''{{'}} photos of Bushwick residents with stolen items and a police officer beating a suspected looter, and Bushwick became known for riots and looting.<ref>Examples: "[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43434404/ Policeman Discourages a Looting Suspect in the Bushwick Section of Brooklyn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219000300/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43434404/philadelphia-daily-news/ |date=December 19, 2022 }}" (photo). ''[[United Press International]]''. Philadelphia Daily News. July 15, 1977. – via Newspapers.com "[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43433117/ Police Collars Looter in Bushwick Section of Brooklyn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219000308/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43433117/blackout/ |date=December 19, 2022 }}" (photo). ''[[United Press International|UPI Telephoto]]''. Florida Today (Cocoa, Florida). July 15, 1977. – via Newspapers.com "[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43435792/ His Share of Booty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219000259/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43435792/his-share-of-booty/ |date=December 19, 2022 }}" (photo). ''Associated Press''. Muncie Evening Press (Muncie, Indiana). July 15, 1977. – via Newspapers.com </ref> Afterward, the communities of Ridgewood and Glendale expressed a desire to disassociate themselves from Bushwick.<ref name="Lee 2007">{{cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/02/is-ridgewood-the-new-east-bushwick/ |title=Is Ridgewood the New East Bushwick? |last=Lee |first=Jennifer 8. |date=November 2, 2007 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=August 21, 2009 |author-link=Jennifer 8. Lee |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Following complaints from residents, [[Postmaster General]] [[William Bolger]] proposed that the ZIP Codes would be changed if [[United States House of Representatives|United States Representative]] [[Geraldine Ferraro]] could produce evidence that 70% of residents supported it.<ref name="rainie2" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43429931/ |title=Zip, Zip, Queensite Please Pick Your Zip |last=Rabin |first=Bernard |date=February 21, 1979 |newspaper=New York Daily News |access-date=February 1, 2020 |page=580 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> After Ferraro's office distributed ballots to residents, 93 percent of the returned ballots voted for the change.<ref name="NYDN-Vote-1979">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43430121/ |title=Zip Code Vote Overwhelmingly for Queens |last=Rabin |first=Bernard |date=May 31, 1979 |newspaper=New York Daily News |access-date=February 1, 2020 |page=615 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> The change to ZIP Code 11385 was made effective January 13, 1980.<ref name="NYDN-New-Zip-1979">{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43430062/ |title=Two Communities Will Receive New Zip Code Numbers |last=Rabin |first=Bernard |date=October 3, 1979 |newspaper=New York Daily News |access-date=February 1, 2020 |page=622 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

== Newspaper ==
The ''[[Ridgewood Times]]'', established in 1908 and now known as the ''Times Newsweekly'', serves as the community [[newspaper]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kilgannon |first=Corey |title=Falling Into a Queens Time Warp |website=City Room |date=July 6, 2017 |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/04/falling-into-a-queens-time-warp/ |access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref> It is published in English and was formerly published in German as well.<ref name=":0" />

The ''Ridgewood Post'' is an online version of the community newspaper. It is a part of the Queens Post group, a subsidiary of Outer Boro Media, which publishes seven local news sites in Queens and one in North Brooklyn.

== Education ==
Ridgewood and Maspeth generally have a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city {{as of|2018|lc=y}}. While 33% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 16% have less than a high school education and 50% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 39% of Queens residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} The percentage of Ridgewood and Maspeth students excelling in math rose from 36% in 2000 to 67% in 2011, and reading achievement rose from 42% to 49% during the same time period.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |url=http://furmancenter.org/files/sotc/QN_05_11.pdf |title=Ridgewood/Maspeth – QN 05 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy]] |access-date=October 5, 2016}}</ref>

Ridgewood and Maspeth's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is less than the rest of New York City. In Ridgewood and Maspeth, 14% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per [[school year]], lower than the citywide average of 20%.<ref name=":21" />{{Rp|24 (PDF p. 55)}}<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}} Additionally, 82% of high school students in Ridgewood and Maspeth graduate on time, more than the citywide average of 75%.<ref name="CHP2018" />{{Rp|6}}

===Schools===
Ridgewood's public schools are operated by the [[New York City Department of Education]]. Ridgewood contains the following public elementary schools, which serve grades PK-5 unless otherwise indicated:

*PS 68<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/Q068 |title=P.S. 068 Cambridge |website=New York City Department of Education |access-date=December 29, 2019}}</ref>
*PS 71<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/Q071 |title=P.S. 071 Forest |website=New York City Department of Education |access-date=December 29, 2019}}</ref>
*PS 81<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/Q081 |title=P.S. 81Q Jean Paul Richter |website=New York City Department of Education |access-date=December 29, 2019}}</ref>
*PS 88<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/Q088 |title=P.S. 088 Seneca |website=New York City Department of Education |access-date=December 29, 2019}}</ref>
*PS 239 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/Q239 |title=P.S. 239 |website=New York City Department of Education |access-date=December 29, 2019}}</ref>
*PS 305 (PK-3)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/Q305 |title=Learners and Leaders |website=New York City Department of Education |access-date=December 29, 2019}}</ref>

The following middle schools are located in Ridgewood:

*IS 77<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/Q077 |title=I.S. 077 |website=New York City Department of Education |access-date=December 29, 2019}}</ref>
*IS 93<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/Q093 |title=I.S. 093 Ridgewood |website=New York City Department of Education |access-date=December 29, 2019}}</ref>

[[Grover Cleveland High School (New York City)|Grover Cleveland High School]] is the only high school in Ridgewood, and is the zoned public high school to most of Ridgewood.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.schools.nyc.gov/schools/Q485 |title=Grover Cleveland High School |website=New York City Department of Education |access-date=December 29, 2019}}</ref>

There are two Catholic grammar schools located in the neighborhood. The first one is the Notre Dame Catholic Academy (formerly known as Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal School) located on Bleecker and 61st Streets. The second one is St. Matthias Catholic Academy located on Catalpa Avenue between Onderdonk and Woodward Avenues.

===Libraries===
The [[Queens Public Library]]'s Ridgewood branch is located at 20-12 Madison Street.<ref>{{cite web |title=Branch Detailed Info: Ridgewood |website=Queens Public Library |url=https://www.queenslibrary.org/about-us/locations/Ridgewood/ |access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref>

The [[Brooklyn Public Library]]'s Washington Irving branch is located at 360 Irving Avenue near Woodbine Street, just across Ridgewood's border with Bushwick.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bklynlibrary.org/locations/washington-irving |title=Washington Irving Library |date=August 22, 2011 |website=Brooklyn Public Library |access-date=February 21, 2019}}</ref> The Queens and Brooklyn Public Libraries are separate library systems and are not interchangeable.<ref>{{cite web |title=Different Boroughs, Different Library Systems |website=The New York Times |date=December 7, 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/07/nyregion/different-boroughs-different-library-systems.html |access-date=March 10, 2019}}</ref>

==Transportation==
The [[New York City Subway]]'s [[BMT Myrtle Avenue Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Myrtle north}}) runs through the heart of Ridgewood with stops at {{stn|Seneca Avenue}}, {{stn|Forest Avenue}}, and {{stn|Fresh Pond Road}}. Additionally, the [[Myrtle–Wyckoff Avenues station]], in the southern portion of Ridgewood, is a transportation hub serving the Myrtle Avenue Line, the [[BMT Canarsie Line]] ({{NYCS trains|Canarsie}}), and several buses.<ref>{{NYCS const|map}}</ref> At the end of the Myrtle Avenue Line is the [[Fresh Pond Yard]], a storage yard for the {{NYCS trains|Myrtle|time=nolink}}. [[Halsey Street (BMT Canarsie Line)|Halsey Street]] ({{NYCS trains|Canarsie|time=nolink}}) has entrances in both Ridgewood and Bushwick.<ref>{{cite NYC neighborhood map|Ridgewood}}</ref>

The Ridgewood Terminal at the Myrtle–Wyckoff Avenues station serves [[New York City Bus]]' {{NYC bus link|B13|B26|B52|B54|Q55|Q58|prose=y}} lines. The {{NYC bus link|B20|B38|B57|Q39|Q54|Q67|prose=y}} bus lines also serve Ridgewood.<ref>{{cite NYC bus map|Q}}</ref> In addition, the neighborhood is home to the large [[Fresh Pond Bus Depot]], which services many of the buses that run throughout Brooklyn and Queens.

==Parks and recreation==
{{Expand section|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Ridgewood Veterans Triangle jeh.JPG|thumb|Ridgewood Veterans Triangle]]
The [[Ridgewood Park (baseball ground)|Ridgewood Park]] baseball ground, built on land owned by William Wallace,<ref name="retrosheetWallace">{{cite web |url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/N/PK_NYC18.htm |title=Wallace's Ridgewood Park |publisher=Retrosheet.org |access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> was part of a larger entertainment area bounded by Wyckoff Avenue, Covert Street, Halsey Street, and Irving Avenue. From 1886 to 1889, it was home to the Brooklyn Bridegrooms (later the Brooklyn Dodgers and now the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]]) for their Sunday games.<ref>[http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/ballparks.jsp Ballparks: 1862 – Present] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025934/http://losangeles.dodgers.mlb.com/la/history/ballparks.jsp |date=November 7, 2017 }}, [[Brooklyn Dodgers]]. Accessed August 21, 2007.</ref> The property continued to operate until 1959.<ref name="Dyte">{{cite web |url=http://www.covehurst.net/ddyte/brooklyn/ridgewood.html |title=BrooklynBallParks.com - Ridgewood |publisher=Covehurst.net |access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref> Another similarly named site, called Grauer's Ridgewood Park, was located between [[Myrtle Avenue]], Cypress Avenue, Seneca Avenue, and Decatur Street, and was used mainly as a picnic site.<ref name="retrosheetGrauer">{{cite web |url=http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/N/PK_NYC07.htm |title=Grauer's Ridgewood Park |publisher=Retrosheet.org |access-date=March 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Schubel p. 11">{{harvnb|ps=.|Schubel|1913|p=11}}</ref>

[[Mafera Park]], named after former Queens borough president [[Joseph F. Mafera]], is located south of the [[Fresh Pond Junction]], between the Myrtle Avenue elevated line to the west and the Bay Ridge Branch to the east.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mafera Park Highilghts |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/mafera-park/history |website=NYC Parks |access-date=September 6, 2019}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Category see also|People from Ridgewood, Queens}}
Notable current and former residents of Ridgewood include:
* [[Pedro Beato]] (born 1986), pitcher who played for the [[New York Mets]]<ref>Castillo, Jorge. [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/18/sports/baseball/mets-rookie-pedro-beato-finds-new-home-in-bullpen.html "From a Long Toss From Shea to a Mets Closer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211004259/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/18/sports/baseball/mets-rookie-pedro-beato-finds-new-home-in-bullpen.html |date=February 11, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 17, 2011. Accessed June 15, 2016. "Beato and his family settled in Woodside, Queens, a long toss from Shea Stadium, where his adopted hometown team, the Mets, played. His family would later move to Ridgewood, on the Queens-Brooklyn border, and he attended Xaverian High School in Brooklyn."</ref>
* [[James Cagney]] (1899–1986), actor<ref>{{cite news |title=Close-Up On: Ridgewood, Queens |first=Krista |last=Garcia |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/nyclife/0232,garcia,37188,15.html |newspaper=[[Village Voice]] |date=August 2, 2002 |access-date=March 8, 2008}}</ref>
* [[Peter Daempfle]] (born 1970), author<ref>[https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/9640740/delhi-people-sept-03-suny-delhi "Q&A with... Peter Daempfle"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202093620/https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/9640740/delhi-people-sept-03-suny-delhi |date=February 2, 2021 }}, ''Delhi People'', November 2004, Vol. 3, No. 2. Accessed January 25, 2021. "Birthplace: Ridgewood, Queens, NY"</ref>
* [[Chris Distefano]] (born 1984), comedian<ref>Fraser, Lisa A. [http://queensledger.com/view/full_story/13504369/article-Chris-Distefano--Comedian?instance=lead_story_left_column "Chris Distefano, Comedian"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131141852/http://queensledger.com/view/full_story/13504369/article-Chris-Distefano--Comedian?instance=lead_story_left_column |date=January 31, 2021 }}, ''Queens Ledger'', May 31, 2011. Accessed January 25, 2021. "The Ridgewood-born comedian polishes his routine everyday. And he often does shows at local places in Queens, Brooklyn and Manhattan."</ref>
* [[Joe Duplantier]] (born 1976), [[France|French]]-American musician and producer, owner of Silver Cord Studio (Rockwall studios complex on the [[Halsey Street station (BMT Canarsie Line)|Halsey stop]])<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramanand |first=Liz |date=19 May 2016 |title=5 Questions With Gojira's Joe and Mario Duplantier |url=https://loudwire.com/5-questions-gojira-new-album-magma-building-studio-more/ |url-status=live |work=[[Loudwire]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210129211805/https://loudwire.com/5-questions-gojira-new-album-magma-building-studio-more/ |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Grow |first=Kory |date=30 March 2016 |title=Gojira Preview 'Emotional', 'Epic' New Album |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/gojira-preview-emotional-epic-new-album-162261/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609152121/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/gojira-preview-emotional-epic-new-album-20160330?page=3 |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>
* [[Ron Eldard]] (born 1965), actor<ref>Yarrow, Andrew L. [https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/29/movies/new-faces-annabella-sciorra-ron-eldard-actors-who-gave-life-couple-true-love.html "New Faces: Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard; The Actors Who Gave Life To the Couple in 'True Love'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201215953/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/29/movies/new-faces-annabella-sciorra-ron-eldard-actors-who-gave-life-couple-true-love.html |date=February 1, 2021 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 29, 1989. Accessed January 25, 2021. "I've always been disturbed at how Italian-Americans are usually portrayed in movies, but Nancy and Rich made it clear they weren't looking for stereotypes,' Mr. Eldard said. 'Half my family is Sicilian, and where I lived in Queens, in Ridgewood, is very Italian."</ref>
* [[Philip Giaccone]] (1932–1980), [[Bonanno crime family]] [[Caporegime|capo]]{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* [[Nick Hakim]] (born 1992), singer-songwriter<ref>Pulgar, E. R. [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/nick-hakim-cometa-tour-1234666518/ "Nick Hakim Is Ready to Share His Quiet Explorations With the World"], ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', January 23, 2023. Accessed January 24, 2024. "Nick Hakim seems to inherently understand the value of silence, of sparseness. The child of a Peruvian father and a Chilean mother, Hakim was born in Washington, D.C., and now resides in a quiet pocket of the Ridgewood neighborhood in Queens, New York, along the Brooklyn border."</ref>
* [[Mitski]] (born 1990), singer-songwriter<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live at Brooklyn Magazine: Mitski - YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hZOzIAaw6AI&feature=youtu.be |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/hZOzIAaw6AI |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live |access-date=2020-12-15 |website=www.youtube.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[Jeannie Ortega]] (born 1986), recording artist, songwriter, actress{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
* [[Rosie Perez]] (born 1964), actress (attended school in Ridgewood)
* [[Tommy Ramone]] (1949–2014), musician, original member of the [[Ramones]]<ref>[[Ben Sisario|Sisario, Ben]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/13/nyregion/tommy-ramone-65-dies-gave-punk-rock-its-pulse.html "Tommy Ramone Dies at 65; He Gave Punk Rock Its Pulse"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822223121/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/13/nyregion/tommy-ramone-65-dies-gave-punk-rock-its-pulse.html |date=August 22, 2017 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', July 12, 2014. Accessed June 15, 2016. "Tom Erdelyi, better known as Tommy Ramone, the founding drummer and last surviving original member of the Ramones, the New York City band whose dizzying, short blasts of melody codified the sound of punk rock, died on Friday at his home in Ridgewood, Queens."</ref>
* [[Katie Sandwina]] (1884–1952), circus strongwoman and one time "Strongest Woman in the World" opened a restaurant at 70–02 Cypress Hills Street in 1942<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.timesnewsweekly.com/sites/www.timesnewsweekly.com/files/archives/Archives2006/Oct.-Dec.2006/110206/NewFiles/OURNEIGH.html |title=Times Newsweekly/Our Neighborhood The Way It Was |website=www.timesnewsweekly.com |access-date=July 26, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Dan Schneider (writer)|Dan Schneider]] (born 1965), poet and critic
* [[Genesis P-Orridge]] (1950–2020), avant-garde musician ([[Throbbing Gristle]], [[Psychic TV]])<ref>Dodero, Camille. [https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/02/16/artist-provocateur-genesis-breyer-p-orridge-lives-by-the-last-exit-to-brooklyn/ "Artist Provocateur Genesis Breyer P-Orridge Lives By the Last Exit To Brooklyn"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016125954/https://www.villagevoice.com/2011/02/16/artist-provocateur-genesis-breyer-p-orridge-lives-by-the-last-exit-to-brooklyn/ |date=October 16, 2018 }}, ''[[The Village Voice]]'', February 16, 2011. Accessed October 15, 2018. "Purchased a year ago for $325,000 and requiring $60,000 in renovations, this has been Genesis's nest since June 2010, when she (or s/he, as Gen specifies) sold the Ridgewood, Queens, brownstone that she and her late wife, Lady Jaye, had shared for more than a decade."</ref>
* [[Bob Sheppard]] (1910–2010), public address announcer for the [[New York Yankees]] and [[New York Giants]]<ref>Coffey, Wayne. [http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/60-years-bob-sheppard-set-tone-yankee-stadium-article-1.323699 "For nearly 60 years Bob Sheppard has set tone of Yankee Stadium"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808090533/http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/baseball/yankees/60-years-bob-sheppard-set-tone-yankee-stadium-article-1.323699 |date=August 8, 2016 }}, ''[[New York Daily News]]'', September 20, 2008. Accessed June 15, 2016. "The son of a New York City building inspector, Sheppard was born in Ridgewood, Queens before the family moved to Richmond Hill."</ref>
* [[Gus Van]] (1886–1968), singer and vaudeville star, part of the team of Van & Schenck
* [[Reginald VelJohnson]] (born 1952), actor
* [[John Ventimiglia]] (born 1963), actor who played [[Artie Bucco]] on ''[[The Sopranos]]''<ref>LaSala, Anthony. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wlCssNO1GY8C&q=john+ventimiglia+ridgewood ''The Brooklynites''], p. 129. [[powerHouse Books]], 2007. {{ISBN|9781576873984}}. Accessed February 6, 2024. "I grew up in Teaneck, New Jersey. My parents came here from Sicily and they moved to what was actually Queens, but they called Brookalino. It was Ridgewood, which is on the Brooklyn / Queens border."</ref>
* [[John Wilson (filmmaker)|John Wilson]] (born 1986), documentary filmmaker <ref>Abebe, Nitsuh. [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/07/magazine/how-to-john-wilson.html "The Genius Behind the Weirdest Show on TV"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212044538/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/07/magazine/how-to-john-wilson.html |date=December 12, 2021 }}, ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'', December 7, 2021. Accessed December 11, 2021. "A morning stroll near his building, in Ridgewood, Queens, did not offer up anything with the kind of Wilsonian surreality the show specializes in."</ref>

==In popular culture==
*[[Parquet Courts]]' 2013 song "Stoned and Starving" includes the lyric "I was walking through Ridgewood, Queens".<ref>Sheffield, Rob. [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/parquet-courts-so-stoned-so-starving-63768/ "Parquet Courts: So Stoned, So Starving"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055541/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/parquet-courts-so-stoned-so-starving-63768/ |date=December 22, 2021 }}, ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', October 10, 2013. Accessed December 22, 2021.</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|}}
*{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2319.pdf |title=Ridgewood North Historic District |last=Harrison |first=Tara |date=September 15, 2009 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}}
*{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2348.pdf |title=Ridgewood South Historic District |last=Harrison |first=Tara |date=October 26, 2010 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}}
*{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2448.pdf |title=Central Ridgewood Historic District |last=Presa |first=Donald |date=December 9, 2014 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}}
*{{cite web |url=http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2081.pdf |title=Stockholm Street Historic District |last=Presa |first=Donald |date=November 28, 2000 |publisher=[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]}}
*{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/illustratedhisto01schu/illustratedhisto01schu_djvu.txt |title=Illustrated history of Greater Ridgewood, together with brief sketches of its industries, organizations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men |last=Schubel |first=George |date=1913 |publisher=Ridgewood Times Printing and Publishing Company |via=Internet Archive |oclc=306313}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{Commons category|Ridgewood, Queens}}

*{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/02/realestate/one-family-makes-a-move-and-four-others-follow.html |title=One Family Makes a Move, and Four Others Follow |date=January 2, 2005 |website=The New York Times |access-date=October 11, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://cinematreasures.org/theater/4021 |title=Ridgewood Theatre in Ridgewood, NY |date=December 23, 1916 |website=Cinema Treasures |access-date=October 11, 2019}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.ridgewoodny.com/history-of-ridgewood-ny/ |title=History of Ridgewood, NY |date=October 10, 2019 |website=Ridgewood NY |access-date=October 11, 2019 |archive-date=July 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716235031/http://www.ridgewoodny.com/history-of-ridgewood-ny/ |url-status=dead }}

{{Portal bar|New York City}}
{{Queens}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ridgewood, Queens| ]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in Queens, New York]]
[[Category:Albanian-American culture in New York City]]
[[Category:Polish-American culture in New York City]]
[[Category:Serbian-American culture]]

Bonanno crime family

2024-10-06T22:46:28Z

136.32.60.170: /* List of casualties of the "Banana War" */

{{short description|Italian-American organized crime group}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox criminal organization
| name = 
| image = {{multiple image
|align = none
|direction = horizontal
|image1 = Joseph Bonanno (cropped).jpg
|width1 = 84
|caption1 = '''[[Joseph Bonanno]]'''
|image2 = Joeymassinocrop.jpg
|width2 = 86
|caption2 = '''[[Joseph Massino]]'''
|image3 = Vincent Basciano (cropped)(b).jpg
|width3 = 95
|caption3 = '''[[Vincent Basciano]]'''}}
| founded = {{circa}} {{start date and age|1890s}}
| founder = [[Salvatore Maranzano]]
| named_after = [[Joseph Bonanno]]
| founding_location = [[New York City]], New York, United States
| years_active = {{circa|1890s{{ndash}}present}}
| territory = Primarily New York City, with additional territory in [[Long Island]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], [[New Jersey]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[South Florida]], [[Arizona]], [[Las Vegas]], [[Northern California]] and [[Montreal]]<ref>
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/us-jury-convicts-eight-as-members-of-mob-commission.html U.S. Jury Convicts Eight as Members of Mob Commission] Arnold H. Lubasch, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (November 20, 1986) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202211751/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/us-jury-convicts-eight-as-members-of-mob-commission.html |date=February 2, 2024 }}
* [https://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/jul/02/organized-crime-loses-its-foothold/ Organized crime loses its foothold] ''[[Las Vegas Sun]]'' (July 2, 2002) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316010816/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2002/jul/02/organized-crime-loses-its-foothold/ |date=March 16, 2023 }}
* [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/reputed-boss-of-montreal-mafia-arrested-in-murder-case/article4086398/ Reputed boss of Montreal Mafia arrested in murder case] Tu Thanh Ha and Colin Freeze, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' (January 21, 2004) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413164834/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/reputed-boss-of-montreal-mafia-arrested-in-murder-case/article4086398/ |date=April 13, 2024 }}
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wzFiBwAAQBAJ&dq=anthony+delmonti+rochester+bonanno&pg=PA15 Truth and Justice for Fun and Profit: Collected Reporting]'' Michael Heaton (2007) {{ISBN|9781598510393}}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/16/nyregion/new-york-mob-families-racketeering-charges.html Two of New York’s Oldest Mafia Clans Charged in Money Laundering Scheme] Troy Closson, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (August 16, 2022) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816185503/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/16/nyregion/new-york-mob-families-racketeering-charges.html |date=August 16, 2022 }}
</ref>
| ethnicity = [[Italians]] as "[[Made man|made men]]" and other ethnicities as associates
| membership_est = 195 made members and 500 associates (1986)<ref name="Jury Convicts Eight">[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/us-jury-convicts-eight-as-members-of-mob-commission.html U.S. Jury Convicts Eight as Members of Mob Commission] Arnold H. Lubasch, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (November 20, 1986) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202211751/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/20/nyregion/us-jury-convicts-eight-as-members-of-mob-commission.html |date=February 2, 2024 }}</ref>
| leaders =
| activities = Racketeering, loansharking, money laundering, murder, drug trafficking, extortion, illegal gambling, labor union corruption, fraud, prostitution and pornography<ref>
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1973/09/08/archives/police-raid-huge-smutfilm-operation.html Police Raid Huge Smut-Film Operation] Morris Kaplan, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (September 8, 1973) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206114922/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/09/08/archives/police-raid-huge-smutfilm-operation.html |date=February 6, 2018 }}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/07/archives/bookmaking-raids-net-six-men-linked-to-bonanno-family.html Bookmaking Raids Net Six Men Linked To Bonanno Family] Max H. Seigel, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (January 7, 1978) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240617223322/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/01/07/archives/bookmaking-raids-net-six-men-linked-to-bonanno-family.html |date=June 17, 2024 }}
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/01/27/3-acquitted-of-obscenity-in-film-case/4bac3724-e294-43bd-847a-70d2d9353c39/ 3 Acquitted Of Obscenity In Film Case] Timothy S. Robinson, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (January 27, 1978) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828161733/https://www.washingtonpost.com/web/20170828161733/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/01/27/3-acquitted-of-obscenity-in-film-case/4bac3724-e294-43bd-847a-70d2d9353c39/?utm_term=.2b791f81a04a |date=August 28, 2017 }}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/05/archives/sex-business-linked-to-alleged-mobster-zaffaranos-listing-name-as.html Sex Business Linked To Alleged Mobster] [[Selwyn Raab]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (March 5, 1978) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106132627/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/05/archives/sex-business-linked-to-alleged-mobster-zaffaranos-listing-name-as.html |date=November 6, 2023 }}
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/02/15/area-porn-distributor-indicted/c2647b5e-56a9-4727-9884-61565ce6f15d/ Area Porn Distributor Indicted] Eugene Meyer, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (February 15, 1980) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708190433/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/02/15/area-porn-distributor-indicted/c2647b5e-56a9-4727-9884-61565ce6f15d/ |date=July 8, 2023 }}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/10/nyregion/31-charged-by-us-with-running-a-1.65-billion-heroin-operation.html 31 Charged By U.S. With Running A 1.65 Billion Heroin Operation] Arnold H. Lubasch, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (April 10, 1984) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809062004/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/10/nyregion/31-charged-by-us-with-running-a-1.65-billion-heroin-operation.html |date=August 9, 2022 }}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/13/nyregion/prosecutor-in-bonanno-trial-describes-union-slush-fund.html Prosecutor In Bonanno Trial Describes Unio Slush Fund] Leonard Buder, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (May 13, 1986) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524191143/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/13/nyregion/prosecutor-in-bonanno-trial-describes-union-slush-fund.html |date=May 24, 2015 }}
* [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-27-mn-4493-story.html U.S. Attempts to Enjoin Bonanno Mafia Family] Ronald J. Ostrow, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' (August 27, 1987) {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20240617220825/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-27-mn-4493-story.html |date=June 17, 2024 }}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/29/nyregion/mafia-family-s-second-wind-authorities-say-bonannos-all-but-written-off-are-back.html A Mafia Family's Second Wind; Authorities Say Bonannos, All but Written Off, Are Back] [[Selwyn Raab]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (April 29, 2000) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606065746/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/29/nyregion/mafia-family-s-second-wind-authorities-say-bonannos-all-but-written-off-are-back.html |date=June 6, 2023 }}
* [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-aug-12-mn-33229-story.html Bonanno Crime Family Finds Wealth, Turmoil] Larry McShane, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' (August 12, 2001) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123220535/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-aug-12-mn-33229-story.html |date=November 23, 2020 }}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.state.nj.us/sci/pdf/ocreport.pdf|title=The Changing Face of organize crime in New Jersey|publisher=State of New Jersey Commission of Investigation|date=May 2004}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611183158/https://www.nj.gov/sci/pdf/ocreport.pdf |date=June 11, 2020 }}
* [https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/da-members-of-bonnano-crime-crew-indicted-in-nyc-mob-crackdown/ DA: Members Of Bonanno Crime Crew Indicted In NYC Mob Crackdown] [[CBS News]] (July 9, 2013) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729110416/https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/da-members-of-bonnano-crime-crew-indicted-in-nyc-mob-crackdown/ |date=July 29, 2022 }}
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/16/nyregion/new-york-mob-families-racketeering-charges.html Two of New York’s Oldest Mafia Clans Charged in Money Laundering Scheme] Troy Closson, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (August 16, 2022) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816185503/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/16/nyregion/new-york-mob-families-racketeering-charges.html |date=August 16, 2022 }}
</ref>
| allies = {{plainlist|
* [[Buffalo crime family]]
* [[Francesco Domingo|Castellammarese Mafia clan]]
* [[Chicago Outfit]]
* [[Colombo crime family]]
* [[Cotroni crime family]]
* [[DeCavalcante crime family]]
* [[Gambino crime family]]
* [[Genovese crime family]]
* [[Lucchese crime family]]
* [[Milwaukee crime family]]
* [[Rizzuto crime family]] (formerly)<ref name="The Globe and Mail">* {{Cite news |date=2011-11-24 |title=Shot down in a 'sloppy' hit, another Montreal mobster dies |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/shot-down-in-a-sloppy-hit-another-montreal-mobster-dies/article4181539/ |access-date=2023-06-15}}
* {{Cite news |last=Enos |first=Elysha |date=March 30, 2016 |title=7 accused in Salvatore Montagna killing strike plea bargain |work=CBC News |url=https://www.cbc.ca/amp/1.3513305}}</ref>
* [[Rochester crime family]]
* [[San Francisco crime family]]
* [[San Jose crime family]]
* [[Trafficante crime family]]
* [[East Harlem Purple Gang|Purple Gang]]<ref name="Legacy">[https://medium.com/tftunderworld/the-legacy-of-east-harlems-purple-gang-is-one-of-fear-and-violence-039c7754f8fc#:~:text=Named%20after%20the%20famous%20Purple,the%20Bonanno%20and%20Genovese%20families. The Legacy of East Harlem’s Purple Gang Is One of Fear and Violence] Tim Reynolds, [[Medium (website)|Medium]] (October 12, 2023) {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20240414234643/https://medium.com/tftunderworld/the-legacy-of-east-harlems-purple-gang-is-one-of-fear-and-violence-039c7754f8fc |date=April 14, 2024 }}</ref>
}}
| rivals = {{plainlist|
* [[Rizzuto crime family]]<ref name="The Globe and Mail"/>
* and various gangs in New York City, including their allies
}}
| notable_members =
}}
The '''Bonanno crime family''' (pronounced {{IPA|it|boˈnanno|}}) is an [[Italian Americans|Italian-American]] [[American Mafia|Mafia]] [[crime family]] and one of the "[[Five Families]]" that dominate [[organized crime]] activities in [[New York City]] as part of the criminal phenomenon known as the [[American Mafia]].

The family was known as the '''Maranzano crime family''' until its founder [[Salvatore Maranzano]] was murdered in 1931. [[Joseph Bonanno]] was awarded most of Maranzano's operations when [[Lucky Luciano|Charles "Lucky" Luciano]] oversaw the creation of [[The Commission (mafia)|the Commission]] to divide up criminal enterprises in New York City among the Five Families. Under the leadership of Bonanno between the 1930s and 1960s, the family was one of the most powerful in the country.

However, in the early 1960s, Bonanno attempted to overthrow several leaders of the Commission, but failed. Bonanno disappeared from 1964 to 1966, triggering an intra-family war colloquially referred to as the "Banana War" that lasted until 1968, when Bonanno retired to Arizona.

Between 1976 and 1981, the family was infiltrated by [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent [[Joseph D. Pistone|Joseph Pistone]], who went undercover using the alias, "Donnie Brasco". This resulted in the Bonannos becoming the first of the New York families to be expelled from the Commission.<ref>{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|422062807}} |last1=Getlin |first1=Josh |title=The Nation; A Simple Queens Caterer, or 'Big Joey' the Mob Killer?; Joseph Massino, the reputed head of the Bonanno family, faces a murder trial this month |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=3 May 2004 |page=A.1 }}</ref> It took until the 1990s for the family to recover, a process overseen by new boss [[Joseph Massino]]. Despite these issues, by the dawn of the new millennium, the Bonanno family had not only regained their seat on the Commission but had also become the second-most powerful family in New York after the [[Genovese crime family|Genovese family]].<ref name="Second Wind">[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/29/nyregion/mafia-family-s-second-wind-authorities-say-bonannos-all-but-written-off-are-back.html A Mafia Family's Second Wind; Authorities Say Bonannos, All but Written Off, Are Back] [[Selwyn Raab]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' (April 29, 2000) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606065746/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/29/nyregion/mafia-family-s-second-wind-authorities-say-bonannos-all-but-written-off-are-back.html |date=June 6, 2023 }}</ref>

However, in the early 2000s, a rash of convictions culminated in Massino himself becoming a government [[informant]], the first boss of one of the Five Families in New York City to do so. The Bonanno family was seen as the most brutal of the Five Families during the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joe Bonanno Interview Documentary Bonanno Crime Family Mafia Boss Biography 60 Min. / 18:11 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJu5fIRrK8I&t=2023s |website=YouTube |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Sicilian origins ===
The origins of the Bonanno crime family can be traced back to the town of [[Castellammare del Golfo]] located in the [[Province of Trapani]], [[Sicily]], their boss Giuseppe "Peppe" Bonanno, and his older brother and advisor, Stefano.<ref name="Bonanno p.24-28">A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno By Joseph Bonanno [https://books.google.com/books?id=UWs3CV9HN_gC&dq=Felice+Buccelato&pg=PA26 p.24-28]</ref> The clan's strongest ally was the leader of the Magaddino clan [[Stefano Magaddino]], the brother of Joseph Bonanno's maternal grandmother. During the 1900s, the two clans feuded with Felice Buccellato, the boss of the Buccellato clan.

In 1902, Magaddino arrived in New York and became a powerful member of the Castellammarese clan.<ref name="Capeci p.49-52">[[Jerry Capeci]] ''The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Mafia'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=GhfExAeLSBAC&dq=Paul+Sciacca&pg=PA51 pg.49–52]</ref> After the murders of Stefano and Giuseppe Bonanno, their younger brother, Salvatore, took revenge by killing members of the Buccellatos.

In 1903, Salvatore Bonanno married Catherine Bonventre and on January 18, 1905, she gave birth to [[Joseph Bonanno]]. Three years later Salvatore moved his family to New York City, and began establishing dominance and control in the Castellammarese community of [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn]]. While operating in Brooklyn, the Castellammarese leaders were able to secure the criminal organization's future.<ref name="Bonanno p.24-28"/>

In 1911, Salvatore returned to Sicily, where he died of a heart attack in 1915.<ref>Organized Crime by Howard Abadinsky [https://archive.org/details/organizedcrime00howa/page/104  pg.104–107]</ref> In 1921, Magaddino fled to [[Buffalo, New York]] to avoid murder charges<ref name="Capeci p.49-52"/> and the Castellammarese clan was taken over by [[Nicolo Schiro|Nicolo "Cola" Schirò]].<ref>The Last Testament of Bill Bonanno: The Final Secrets of a Life in the Mafia By Bill Bonanno, Gary B. Abromovitz [https://books.google.com/books?id=9xPNd0hLcaAC&dq=Joe+Parrino&pg=PA58 pg.57–58]</ref>

=== Castellammarese War ===
[[File:Cola Schiro.JPG|140px|thumb|"Cola" Schirò in 1923]]
{{Main|Castellammarese War}}
In 1930, violence broke out between a faction led by [[Giuseppe Masseria|Giuseppe "Joe the Boss" Masseria]] and members of the Castellammareses over the theft of Masseria's bootleg liquor. This soon developed into a full out war known as the [[Castellammarese War]].<ref name="Raab">[[Selwyn Raab|Raab, Selwyn]]. ''The Five Families: The Rise, Decline & Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empire''. New York: St. Martins Press, 2005.</ref> At the time, the Castellammareses were led by Nicolo "Cola" Schirò, who tried to work with Masseria. Schirò was replaced by [[Salvatore Maranzano]], who wanted to take control over New York's underworld. Under Maranzano's leadership, the bloodshed continued.<ref name="Raab"/>

The Castellammarese faction was more organized and unified than the [[Genovese crime family|Masseria clan]]. Maranzano's allies were Buffalo family boss [[Stefano Magaddino]], Detroit family boss [[Gaspar Milazzo]] and Philadelphia family boss [[Salvatore Sabella]], all Castellammarese.<ref name="Raab"/> The family included mobsters [[Joseph Bonanno]], [[Carmine Galante]], and [[Gaspar DiGregorio]]. Maranzano was also close to [[Joseph Profaci]], future boss of the New York [[Colombo crime family|Profaci family]]. Finally, they established a secret alliance with the Bronx [[Lucchese crime family|Reina family]] boss [[Gaetano Reina]], a nominal Masseria ally.

After Reina's murder on February 26, 1930, members of the Masseria faction began to defect to Maranzano.<ref name="Raab"/> By 1931, momentum had shifted to the Castellammarese faction. That spring, a group of younger Mafiosi from both camps, known as the "Young Turks", decided to switch to Maranzano and end the war. This group included future mob bosses [[Lucky Luciano|Charles "Lucky" Luciano]], [[Vito Genovese]], [[Frank Costello]], [[Tommy Lucchese]], [[Albert Anastasia]] and [[Joe Adonis]].<ref name="MafEnc"/> As leader of the Young Turks, Luciano concluded a secret deal with Maranzano and promised to kill Masseria. The war finally came to end when Masseria was killed on April 15, 1931.<ref name="Raab"/>

=== Maranzano's murder and the Commission ===
{{Main|The Commission (American Mafia)}}
[[File:Lucky Luciano mugshot 1931.jpg|thumb|Luciano seized control of the commission after murdering Maranzano]]
After Masseria's death, Maranzano outlined a peace plan to all the Sicilian and Italian Mafia leaders in the United States. There would be 24 organizations (to be known as "families") throughout the United States, each of which would choose its own ''boss''.<ref name="Raab"/> In New York City, Maranzano established five Cosa Nostra families: the [[Genovese crime family|Luciano family]] under [[Lucky Luciano]], the [[Gambino crime family|Mangano family]] under [[Vincent Mangano]], the [[Lucchese crime family|Gagliano family]] under [[Tommy Gagliano]], the [[Colombo crime family|Profaci family]] under [[Joseph Profaci]], and the Maranzano crime family under himself. Maranzano created an additional post for himself, that of ''[[capo di tutti capi]]'', or boss of bosses.<ref name="Raab"/>

Although Maranzano was more forward-looking than Masseria, at core he was still a "[[Mustache Pete]]". It did not take long for Maranzano and Luciano to come into conflict: Luciano was not pleased that Maranzano had reneged on his promise of equality, and soon came to believe he was even more hidebound and greedy than Masseria had been. At the same time, Maranzano had grown uncomfortable with Luciano's ambitions and growing power and secretly plotted to have him killed. When [[Tommy Lucchese]] alerted Luciano that he and [[Vito Genovese]] had been marked for death, Luciano felt he had to strike first.

On September 10, 1931, gangsters hired by Luciano, who were not known to Maranzano or his men, murdered Maranzano in his office.<ref name="Raab"/> Luciano had become the dominant crime boss in America and replaced the "boss of bosses" title with The Commission to regulate the [[American Mafia|Mafia]]'s national affairs and mediate disputes between families. He also awarded Joseph Bonanno leadership of the Maranzano family.<ref name="Raab"/>

=== The Bonanno era ===
After Maranzano's death, Joseph Bonanno was awarded most of Maranzano's operations. At 26 years old, Bonanno was the youngest Mafia leader in the nation.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/12/nyregion/joe-bonanno-dies-mafia-leader-97-who-built-empire.html?pagewanted=1 | work=The New York Times | title=Joe Bonanno Dies; Mafia Leader, 97, Who Built Empire | first=Selwyn | last=Raab | author-link=Selwyn Raab | date=May 12, 2002 | access-date=April 26, 2010}}</ref>

Years later, Bonanno claimed not to have known about the plot to eliminate Maranzano, and only learned later that Maranzano had planned to kill Luciano due to a falling-out over influence in the [[Garment District, Manhattan|Garment District]]. By Bonanno's account, he believed a renewed war with Luciano would serve no purpose, since Luciano only wanted to run his own rackets.<ref>Bonanno, pp. 137–141</ref> However, mob expert Anthony Bruno has argued that it was very unlikely that Luciano would have allowed him to live had he still backed Maranzano.<ref name="man honor">{{cite web|last=Bruno|first=Anthony|title=The Bonanno Family: The Man of Honor|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/bonanno/2.html|work=TruTV Crime Library|access-date=April 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604225240/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/bonanno/2.html|archive-date=June 4, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Bonanno directed his family into illegal gambling, [[loansharking]], and [[narcotics]]. The family also built significant criminal interests in [[California]] and [[Arizona]]. With the support of [[Buffalo crime family]] boss Stefano Magaddino, Bonanno also expanded into Canada.<ref name=Trutv>{{cite web|last=Bruno|first=Anthony|title=The Bonanno Family: "What's There to Say?"|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/bonanno/1.html|work=TruTV Crime Library|access-date=April 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514134416/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/bonanno/1.html|archive-date=May 14, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Like Maranzano before him, Joseph Bonanno embraced the Old World Mafia traditions of "honor", "tradition", "respect" and "dignity" as principles for ruling his family. He was more steeped in these traditions than other mobsters of his generation.<ref name="MafEnc">{{cite book |title=The Mafia Encyclopedia |url=https://archive.org/details/mafiaencyclopedi00sifa |url-access=registration |last=Sifakis |first=Carl |year=1987 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York City |isbn=0-8160-1856-1 }}</ref> For instance, he considered himself the "Father" of his family, as Maranzano had before him.<ref>Bonanno, pp. 137-141></ref> The Bonanno family was considered the closest knit of the Five Families because Joseph tried to restrict membership to Castellammarese Sicilians. He strongly believed that blood relations and a strict Sicilian upbringing were the only way to uphold the traditional values of the Mafia.<ref name="Bill Bonanno 241">The Last Testament of Bill Bonanno: The Final Secrets of a Life in the Mafia By Bill Bonanno, Gary B. Abromovitz pg.241</ref>

Over the years, Joseph became a powerful member of the Commission, owing to his close relationship with fellow boss Joe Profaci. The bond between the two became even stronger when Joseph's son [[Salvatore Bonanno|Salvatore "Bill" Bonanno]] married Profaci's niece Rosalie in 1956.<ref name="Bonanno">Bonanno, Joe ''A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno''. New York: St Martin's Paperbacks., 1983. {{ISBN|0-312-97923-1}}</ref> The Bonanno-Profaci alliance deterred the other three families from trying to move in on their rackets.

The stable power relationship between the families collapsed with the death of Profaci in 1962. Joseph Bonanno was now threatened by an alliance of [[Tommy Lucchese]] and new boss [[Carlo Gambino]], and rising discontent within his own family. Many of the family members had begun to complain that Joseph spent too much time at his second home in [[Tucson, Arizona]].<ref name="Bonanno"/>

In 1963, Bonanno made plans to assassinate several rivals on the Commission—bosses Tommy Lucchese, Carlo Gambino, and Stefano Magaddino, as well as [[Frank DeSimone]].<ref name="Life Magazine 1967">Staff (September 1, 1967) [https://books.google.com/books?id=UFYEAAAAMBAJ&q=Colombo&pg=PA18 "The Mob: How Joe Bonanno Schemed to kill – and lost"] ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' p.15-21</ref> Bonanno sought and got the support of Profaci's successor, [[Joseph Magliocco]]. Not only was Magliocco bitter at being denied a seat on the Commission, but Bonanno and Profaci had been close allies for over 30 years prior to Profaci's death. Bonanno's audacious goal was to take over the Commission and make Magliocco his right-hand man.<ref name=trouble />

Magliocco was assigned the task of killing Lucchese and Gambino and gave the contract to one of his top hit men, [[Joseph Colombo]]. However, the opportunistic Colombo revealed the plot to its targets. The other bosses quickly realized that Magliocco could not have planned this himself. Knowing how close Bonanno was with Magliocco (and before him, Profaci), as well as their close ties through marriages, the other bosses concluded Bonanno was the real mastermind.<ref name=trouble>{{cite web|last=Bruno|first=Anthony|title=Colombo Crime Family: Trouble and More Trouble|url=https://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/4.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914110850/https://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/colombo/4.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2008|work=TruTV Crime Library|access-date=27 November 2011}}</ref>

The Commission summoned Bonanno and Magliocco to explain themselves. Fearing for his life, Bonanno went into hiding in [[Montreal]], leaving Magliocco to deal with the Commission. Badly shaken and in failing health, Magliocco confessed his role in the plot. The Commission spared Magliocco's life, but forced him to retire as Profaci family boss and pay a $50,000 fine. As a reward for turning on his boss, Colombo was awarded the Profaci family.<ref name=trouble />

In October 1964, Bonanno returned to [[Manhattan]], but on October 21, 1964, the day he was scheduled to testify before a grand jury, Bonanno was allegedly kidnapped by Magaddino's men as he entered the apartment house on Park Avenue and East 36th Street where one of his lawyers lived.<ref name=life>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/12/nyregion/joe-bonanno-dies-mafia-leader-97-who-built-empire.html?pagewanted=1 | work=The New York Times | title=Joe Bonanno Dies; Mafia Leader, 97, Who Built Empire | first=Selwyn | last=Raab | author-link=Selwyn Raab | date=May 12, 2002 | access-date=March 11, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Mafia Easy pg.173">The Mafia Made Easy: The Anatomy and Culture of La Cosa Nostra by Peter J. Devico [https://books.google.com/books?id=vyIXw1oq56YC&q=Evola (pg. 173)]</ref> FBI recordings of New Jersey boss [[Sam DeCavalcante|Sam "the Plumber" Decavalcante]] revealed that the other bosses were taken by surprise when Bonanno disappeared, and other FBI recordings captured angry Bonanno [[Soldato|soldiers]] saying, "That son-of-a-bitch took off and left us here alone."<ref name="ff 165">Raab, pp. 165–166</ref>

=== The "Banana War" ===
During Bonanno's two-year absence, [[Gaspar DiGregorio]] took advantage of family discontent over Bill's role to claim family leadership. The Mafia Commission named DiGregorio as Bonanno family boss and the DiGregorio revolt led to four years of strife in the Bonanno family, labeled by the media as the "Banana War".<ref name="MafEnc"/> This led to a divide in the family between loyalists to Bill and loyalists to DiGregorio.<ref name="MafEnc"/>

In early 1966, DiGregorio allegedly contacted Bill about having a peace meeting. Bill agreed and suggested his grand-uncle's house on Troutman Street in [[Brooklyn]] as a meeting site. On January 28, 1966, as Bill and his loyalists approached the house, they were met with gunfire. No one was wounded during this confrontation.<ref name="greg">[https://books.google.com/books?id=yuYCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA32 "Part II: The Mafia at War] New York Magazine, July 17, 1972, page 32</ref>

Joe Bonanno reappeared on May 17, 1966, at [[Foley Square]].<ref name="greg"/> In 1968, DiGregorio was wounded by machine gun fire and later suffered a heart attack.<ref name=greg/> The Commission eventually became dissatisfied with DiGregorio's efforts at quelling the family rebellion, dropped DiGregorio, and swung their support to [[Paul Sciacca]]. In 1968, after a heart attack, Joe Bonanno ended the family warfare by agreeing to retire as boss and move to Arizona. As part of this peace agreement, Bill also resigned as consigliere and moved out of New York with his father.<ref name="MafEnc"/><ref name="Bonanno"/>

=== Rastelli regime ===
[[File:Carmine Galante.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Mugshot of Carmine Galante in 1943]]
Sciacca only held the position of boss for a few years, giving way to [[Natale Evola|Natale "Joe Diamonds" Evola]], a Bonanno loyalist, in 1971.<ref name="Sifakis p.28-29">The Mafia Encyclopedia By Carl Sifakis [https://books.google.com/books?id=jgCpxTpPCPcC&dq=Paul+Sciacca&pg=PA29 pg.28–29]</ref> Evola's leadership was also short-lived, and his death in 1973, from natural causes, brought [[Philip Rastelli|Philip "Rusty" Rastelli]] to the head position.<ref name="Mafia Easy pg.173"/><ref name="Donnie Brasco">Pistone, Joseph D. ''Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=BcPAL4rXbcgC&q=street+boss+&pg=PT186 chapter 12 "Sonny Black"]</ref> On February 23, 1974, at a meeting at the [[Americana Hotel]] in [[Manhattan]], the Commission named Rastelli as boss.<ref name="schneider 267">{{cite book|last=Schneider|first=Stephen|title=Iced : the story of organized crime in Canada|year=2009|publisher=Wiley|location=Mississauga, Ont.|isbn=978-0-470-83500-5|pages=267|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO8jKSn25DAC&q=americana+hotel&pg=PA267}}</ref>

On March 6, 1975, Rastelli was indicted on racketeering charges involving [[extortion]]. Nine years earlier, Rastelli had established a trade association of [[lunch wagon]] operators and taken control of the industry. Any operator who refused to join the Association and pay its stiff fees faced vandalism and physical assault.<ref name="lunch wagon">{{cite news|last=Seigel|first=Max H|title=Crime Figure is Accused in Lunch Wagon racket|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1975/03/07/76538379.pdf|access-date=14 March 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=March 7, 1975}}</ref> On April 23, 1976, Rastelli was convicted of extortion in United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.<ref name=shakedown>{{cite news|last=Seigel|first=Max H|title=U.S. Convicts Reputed Leader of Crime Group in Shakedown|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1976/04/24/75241476.pdf|access-date=14 March 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=April 24, 1976}}</ref> On August 27, 1976, Rastelli was sentenced to 10 years in prison, to be served consecutively after a four-year state sentence for conspiracy, criminal contempt of court, and [[usury]].<ref name=law>{{cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/610/961/1469070/|title=Rastelli v. WARDEN, METRO. CORRECTIONAL CENTER, 610 F. Supp. 961 (S.D.N.Y. 1985)|date=June 9, 1985}}</ref>

In Rastelli's absence, Galante seized control of the Bonannos as unofficial acting boss.<ref name="Raab, pp. 203–205">Raab, pp. 203–205</ref> The New York crime families were alarmed at Galante's brazen attempt at taking over the narcotics market.<ref name="Raab, pp. 203–205"/> Genovese crime family boss [[Frank Tieri (mobster)|Frank Tieri]] began contacting Cosa Nostra leaders to build a consensus for Galante's murder, even obtaining approval from the retired Joseph Bonanno.<ref>Sifkakis, Carl (2005). p. 443.</ref>

In 1979, they received a boost when Rastelli and [[Joseph Massino]] sought Commission approval to kill Galante; the request was granted.<ref name=raab>{{cite book|last=Raab|first=Selwyn|author-link=Selwyn Raab|title=Five families : the rise, decline, and resurgence of America's most powerful Mafia empires|year=2006|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|location=New York|isbn=0-312-36181-5|edition=1st St. Martin's Griffin|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_s8f3}}</ref><ref>Raab, pp. 607–608</ref> On July 12, 1979, Galante was shot dead by three men at a restaurant in the [[Bushwick]] area of [[Brooklyn]].<ref name="galante shot">{{cite news|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|author-link=Robert D. McFadden|title=Galante and 2 Shot to Death in Brooklyn Restaurant|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1979/07/13/284374132.pdf|access-date=20 January 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 13, 1979}}</ref><ref name=Reppetto>{{cite book|last=Reppetto|first=Thomas A.|author-link=Thomas Reppetto|title=Bringing down the mob : the war against the American Mafia|year=2007|publisher=Henry Holt|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8050-8659-1|pages=185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6HLk7E0BeecC&q=galante+murder&pg=PA186}}</ref>

=== Donnie Brasco and the three capos murder ===
[[File:JosephPistone.jpg|100px|thumb|left|Joseph D. Pistone, alias Donnie Brasco]]
[[Joseph Pistone]], alias Donnie Brasco, was an [[undercover]] FBI agent tasked with infiltrating the Bonanno family. After months of planning, in September 1976, Pistone started his undercover operation—an operation that was initially intended to last for around six months, but which turned into several years.<ref name=donnie>{{cite book|last1 = Pistone|first1 = Joseph|year = 1997|title = Donnie Brasco|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BcPAL4rXbcgC&q=%22Who+wouldn%27t+want+to+be+a+wiseguy&pg=PT304|publisher = [[Penguin Books]]|isbn = 9781101154069|access-date = 2018-05-16}}</ref>

Pistone first spent six months in the Colombo family before he shifted to the Bonanno family by developing a relationship with [[Anthony Mirra]].<ref name="crime beat"/> When Mirra was sent to prison, Pistone was tutored in the ways of the Mafia by Bonanno soldier [[Benjamin Ruggiero|Benjamin "Lefty" Ruggiero]], whose [[Caporegime|captain]] was [[Michael Sabella|Mike "Mimi" Sabella]].<ref name="crime beat"/> After the murder of Galante, Pistone reported to captain [[Dominick Napolitano|Dominick "Sonny Black" Napolitano]].<ref name="crime beat">{{cite news|title=Donnie Brasco: Unfinished Business|publisher=Orchard Press Mysteries|date=2007-12-30|isbn=9780786741199|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhBwVP1t16MC&q=donnie+brasco+jilly+greca&pg=PA78}}</ref><ref name=donnie/>

Following the Galante hit, Massino began jockeying for power with Napolitano. Both men were themselves threatened by another faction seeking to depose the absentee boss led by capos [[Al Indelicato|Alphonse "Sonny Red" Indelicato]], [[Dominick Trinchera|Dominick "Big Trin" Trincera]] and [[Philip Giaccone]].<ref name="king99">DeStefano 2007, pp. 99, 101–103</ref> The Commission initially tried to maintain neutrality, but in 1981, Massino got word from his informants that the three capos were stocking up on [[Automatic firearm|automatic weapons]] and planning to kill the Rastelli loyalists within the Bonanno family to take complete control. Massino turned to [[Colombo crime family]] boss [[Carmine Persico]] and Gambino boss Paul Castellano for advice; they told him to act immediately.<ref name="king99"/>

Massino, Napolitano and [[Gerlando Sciascia]], a Sicilian-born capo linked to the [[Montreal]] [[Rizzuto crime family]], arranged a meeting at a Brooklyn social club with the three capos for May 5, 1981. They had four gunmen, including Vitale and Bonanno-affiliated Montreal boss [[Vito Rizzuto]], hiding in a closet to ambush them.<ref name="FF 610">Raab, pp. 610–613</ref> When Trinchera, Giaccone and Indelicato arrived with [[Frank Lino|Frank "Curly" Lino]] to meet Massino, they were shot to death, with Massino himself stopping Indelicato from escaping.<ref name="nomerta">{{cite news |title= Nomerta! Mafia boss a squealer|author= Mitchel Maddux|author2= Jeremy Olshan|url= https://nypost.com/2011/04/13/nomerta-mafia-boss-a-squealer/|newspaper= New York Post|date= 2011-04-13|access-date=2014-01-03}}</ref><ref name="FF 610"/> Lino escaped unscathed by running out the door.<ref name="FF 610"/> The hit further improved Massino's prestige, but was marred by both Lino's escape and the discovery of Indelicato's body on May 28.<ref>Crittle, pp. 86, 92</ref><ref>DeStefano 2007, pp. 114–115</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/08/05/An-FBI-agent-who-infiltrated-the-Bonanno-crime-family/5470397368000/|title=An FBI agent who infiltrated the Bonanno crime family...|publisher=upi.com|date=August 5, 1982}}</ref>

Massino quickly won Lino over to his side,<ref>Raab, p. 615</ref> but Indelicato's son, [[Anthony Indelicato|Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato]], vowed revenge.<ref name="king112">DeStefano 2007, pp. 112, 117</ref> Napolitano assigned the associate he knew as Donnie Brasco, whom he hoped to make a [[made man]], to kill Indelicato.<ref name="king112"/> However, Brasco's operation was ended on July 26, 1981.<ref name=donnie/> Pistone's undercover work led to over 200 indictments and over 100 convictions of Mafia members.<ref name=donnie/>

On August 17, 1981, Napolitano was shot and killed in a basement by Ronald Filocomo and Lino as punishment for admitting Pistone into his crew.<ref name="Donnie Brasco: Undercover Life">Pistone, Joseph D.; & Woodley, Richard (1999) ''Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia'', Hodder & Stoughton. {{ISBN|0-340-66637-4}}.</ref><ref name="Donnie Brasco: Way Wiseguy">Pistone, Joseph D. (2004). ''The Way of the Wiseguy'', Running Press. {{ISBN|0-7624-1839-7}}.</ref><ref name="Donnie Brasco: Unfinished Business">Pistone, Joseph D.; & Brandt, Charles (2007). ''Donnie Brasco: Unfinished Business'', Running Press. {{ISBN|0-7624-2707-8}}.</ref> On August 29, 1981, the FBI intercepted and arrested Ruggiero.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/552/465/1526102/|title=United States v. Napolitano, 552 F. Supp. 465 (S.D.N.Y. 1982)|date=January 19, 1982}}</ref> Ruggiero received 15 years under the [[RICO]] act.<ref name=donnie/> In February 1982, Anthony Mirra, the man who had brought Pistone to the family, was also killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2004/06/17/tight-hit-family-close-cuz-chosen-to-kill-brasco-wiseguy/|publisher=nypost.com|title=TIGHT-HIT FAMILY – CLOSE CUZ CHOSEN TO KILL 'BRASCO' WISEGUY|date=June 17, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2004/06/17/family-ties-made-it-easy-to-whack-cuz-mob-thug/|title=FAMILY TIES MADE IT EASY TO WHACK CUZ: MOB THUG|publisher=nypost.com|date=June 17, 2004}}</ref>

In 1985, Rastelli was indicted along with other Cosa Nostra leaders in the [[Mafia Commission Trial]], however, when Rastelli was indicted on separate labor racketeering charges, prosecutors decided to remove him from the Commission trial. Having previously lost their seat on the Commission due to the Brasco infiltration, the Bonanno family suffered less exposure than the other families in this case.<ref name="destefano king">{{cite book|last=DeStefano|first=Anthony M.|title=King of the godfathers|year=2008|publisher=Citadel Press/Kensington Publishing|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8065-2874-8|pages=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJkauwXIee0C&q=%22Philip+Rastelli%22&pg=PA158|edition=Trade paperback ed. (updated).}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/14/nyregion/judge-sentences-8-mafia-leaders-to-prison-terms.html?scp=4&sq=Gerry%20Lang&st=cse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306204614/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/14/nyregion/judge-sentences-8-mafia-leaders-to-prison-terms.html?scp=4&sq=Gerry%20Lang&st=cse|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 6, 2016|title=JUDGE SENTENCES 8 MAFIA LEADERS TO PRISON TERMS|publisher=nyimes.com|date=January 14, 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/289976/fact-file-who-is-joe-pistone-a-k-a-donnie-brasco/|publisher=globalnews.ca|date=September 24, 2012|title=Fact file: Who is Joe Pistone – a.k.a. Donnie Brasco?}}</ref>

=== Under Massino's command ===
Rastelli died on June 24, 1991.<ref name="rastelli dies">{{cite news|last=Narvaez|first=Alfonso|title=Philip Rastelli, 73, A Reputed Leader Of a Crime Family|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/27/obituaries/philip-rastelli-73-a-reputed-leader-of-a-crime-family.html?scp=1&sq=%22Philip%20Rastelli%22&st=cse|access-date=13 March 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=June 27, 1991}}</ref> Soon afterward, Massino's brother-in-law, [[Salvatore Vitale]], convened a meeting of the family's capos where Massino was acclaimed as boss. Vitale and other capos had pressed Massino to become boss since the late 1980s. However, Massino was reluctant to take this step as long as Rastelli was alive, citing long-standing Mafia tradition that a boss retains his title until he retires or dies. He did, however, designate Vitale as his messenger while he was incarcerated, and ordered Vitale to "make me boss" as soon as Rastelli died.<ref name="ff 634">Raab, pp. 633–635, 637</ref>

Massino was 49 years old at the time he formally became boss, and knew he potentially had a long reign ahead of him if he could avoid the pitfalls that landed other bosses in prison. With this in mind, Massino adopted a more secretive way of doing business than had been the case for mafiosi during much of the 20th century. He shut down the family's social clubs, believing they were too easy to bug. He all but ended joint rackets with other families, believing that there was too much risk in depending on other families. He also streamlined the family's chain of command, assigning a group of capos to oversee a particular enterprise and report to Vitale, whom he named underboss. When Massino was granted supervised release in 1992, he retained Vitale as his messenger until 1995 since Massino was not allowed to associate with known mafiosi. However, since Vitale had never been convicted of a mob-related crime, the FBI had no reason to be suspicious of the two brothers-in-law meeting together.<ref>Raab, pp. 637–639.</ref>

Massino was angered by family namesake Bonanno's tell-all book, ''A Man of Honor'', considering it a gross violation of the code of ''omertà''. To that end, he changed the family's name to "the Massino family". At the same time, he barred family members from speaking his name. Instead, they were to point to their ears when referring to him—a nod to how Genovese boss [[Vincent Gigante]] told his men to point to their chins rather than use his name. Remembering how close Pistone/Brasco had come to actually being made, Massino required any prospective soldier to be "on record" with a made man for at least eight years before becoming made himself. He also strongly encouraged his men to volunteer their sons for membership, believing that they would be less likely to turn informer and be more loyal.<ref>Raab, pp. 638–640.</ref>

However, the family already had a reputation for loyalty. It had been the only family in the modern history of the New York Mafia (i. e., since the [[Castellammarese War]]) to have never had a made man turn informant or government witness. Massino used this as a point of pride to rally his crime family.<ref name=Donfall>{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=The Rise & Fall Of New York's Last Don. Pale. Bloated. Shuffling.|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/rise-fall-new-york-don-pale-bloated-shuffling-article-1.583721|access-date=2012-12-24|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=2005-04-10}}</ref> Under Massino's leadership, the number of "made" members in the Bonanno family increased from approximately 80 in the early 1990s to around 110 by the end of the decade.<ref name="Second Wind"/>

Within a few years, the Bonannos had regained their Commission seat with Gotti's help. By 1998, a rash of convictions in other families left Massino as the only full-fledged New York boss who was not in prison. The FBI reckoned him as the most powerful boss in the nation. His stature put him in a position to set general policies for the entire New York Mafia.<ref>Raab, p. 644.</ref> The Bonanno family overtook the Gambino family to become the second-most powerful Mafia family in New York, behind the Genovese family.<ref name="Second Wind"/>

===Downfall and Massino turns state's evidence===
[[File:Joseph Massino.jpg|300px|thumb|right|FBI mugshot of Joseph Massino]]
The family managed to avoid being ensnared by the FBI until 2000, when a pair of forensic accountants who normally worked on financial fraud cases discovered that Barry Weinberg, a businessman who had partnered with capo [[Richard Cantarella]] in several parking lots, had failed to report millions of dollars worth of income over a decade. Told he faced a long prison term unless he wore a wire and incriminated his Bonanno partners, Weinberg agreed to cooperate. One of Weinberg's other partners, Augustino Scozzari, also agreed to cooperate. Between them, Weinberg and Scozzari captured hundreds of incriminating statements from Cantarella and his crew.<ref>Raab, p. 665-667.</ref>

In October 2002, armed with this evidence, the government obtained a 24-count RICO indictment against 21 Bonanno soldiers and associates. The biggest names on the indictment were Cantarella—who was serving as acting underboss while Vitale was awaiting sentencing for loansharking and money laundering—and capo [[Frank Coppa]].<ref>Raab, p. 668-669.</ref> Already serving time for fraud, Coppa agreed to turn informer rather than face the prospect of an additional conviction that would effectively send him to prison for life. He was the first made man in the Bonanno family's history to turn informer.<ref>DeStefano 2007, pp. 204–206</ref><ref>Raab, pp. 669–670</ref>

He was followed shortly afterward by acting underboss Cantarella, a participant in the Mirra murder,<ref name="FF617">Raab, pp. 617–620</ref> who was facing racketeering and murder charges<ref>Crittle, pp. 234–235</ref> and whom Coppa had implicated in the Perrino murder along with Vitale.<ref>Raab, pp. 669–670.</ref> A third, Joseph D'Amico, subsequently turned state's evidence with the knowledge that Cantarella could implicate him in murder as well.<ref>Raab, p. 677</ref> All of these defections left Massino, at last, vulnerable to serious charges.<ref>DeStefano 2007, p. 207</ref>

On January 9, 2003, Massino was arrested and indicted, alongside Vitale, Frank Lino and capo Daniel Mongelli, in a comprehensive racketeering indictment. The charges against Massino himself included ordering the 1981 murder of Napolitano.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rashbaum|first=William|title=Reputed Boss Of Mob Family Is Indicted|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/10/nyregion/reputed-boss-of-mob-family-is-indicted.html|access-date=2012-03-25|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2003-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Top Bonanno Charged In '81 Mobster Rubout|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/top-bonanno-charged-81-mobster-rubout-article-1.664832|access-date=2012-12-24|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=2003-01-10}}</ref> Massino was denied bail,<ref name="Feds Mull Whacking Mobster">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Feds Mull Whacking Mobster|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/feds-mull-whacking-mobster-article-1.528153|access-date=2012-12-24|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=2003-08-21}}</ref> and [[Vincent Basciano]] took over as acting boss in his absence.<ref>{{cite news|last=Robbins|first=Liz|title=Ex-Mob Boss Tells Jury, Calmly, About Murders|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/15/nyregion/ex-mob-boss-joseph-massino-details-a-few-murders.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss|access-date=2012-04-18|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2011-04-14}}</ref> Massino hired David Breitbart, an attorney he had originally wanted to represent him in his 1987 trial, for his defense.<ref>DeStefano 2007, pp. 220–221</ref>

Three more Bonanno made men would choose to cooperate before Massino came to trial. The first was James Tartaglione; anticipating he would shortly be indicted as well he went to the FBI and agreed to wear a wire while he remained free.<ref name="KotG 230">DeStefano 2007, pp. 230–232</ref> The second was Salvatore Vitale. In custody, Massino again put out the word, to a receptive Bonanno family, that he wanted Vitale killed.<ref name="FF674">Raab, pp. 674–675</ref> After learning of Massino's earlier plans to kill his brother-in-law from Coppa and Cantarella, prosecutors informed Vitale.<ref name="FF674"/> Vitale was already dissatisfied by the lack of support he and his family received from Massino after his arrest.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Mob Rat: Boss is Kin, But He Don Me Wrong|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/mob-rat-boss-kin-don-wrong-article-1.550042|access-date=2012-05-02|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=2004-07-02}}</ref> On the day he was arraigned with Massino, Vitale decided to flip as soon as it was safe to do so; he formally reached a deal with prosecutors in February.<ref name="FF674"/><ref>DeStefano 2007, p. 222</ref> He was followed in short order by Lino, knowing Vitale could implicate him in murder as well.<ref name="KotG 230"/> Also flipping was longtime Bonanno associate Duane Leisenheimer, concerned for his safety after an investigator for Massino's defense team visited to find out whether he intended to flip.<ref>Raab, pp. 678–679</ref>

By the time the trial started, Massino faced 11 RICO counts for seven murders (due to the prospect of prosecutors seeking the death penalty for the Sciascia murder, that case was severed to be tried separately), arson, extortion, loansharking, illegal gambling, and money laundering.<ref>Raab, p. 679</ref> By this time, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] magazine had dubbed Massino as "the Last Don", in reference to his status as the only New York boss not serving a prison sentence at that point.<ref name="time magazine">{{cite magazine|author2=Simon Crittle|title=The Last Don|magazine=Time|date=2004-03-29|volume=163|issue=13|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993685,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050803075523/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993685,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 3, 2005|access-date=2012-09-14|author=Richard Corliss}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Glaberson|first=William|title=An Archetypal Mob Trial: It's Just Like in the Movies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/23/nyregion/23mob.html?pagewanted=print&position=|access-date=2012-05-23|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2004-05-23}}</ref> The name stuck.<ref name="NYT verdict">{{cite news|last=Glaberson|first=William|title=Career of a Crime Boss Ends With Sweeping Convictions|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/31/nyregion/career-of-a-crime-boss-ends-with-sweeping-convictions.html?ref=josephcmassino|access-date=2012-04-16|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2004-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Daly|first=Michael|title=Smoking Out the Real Killers|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/smoking-real-killers-article-1.643989|access-date=2012-04-21|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=2004-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Leonard|first=Tom|title=New York's mafia under threat as 'code of silence' is broken|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/4948532/New-Yorks-mafia-under-threat-as-code-of-silence-is-broken.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/4948532/New-Yorks-mafia-under-threat-as-code-of-silence-is-broken.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2012-05-23|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=2009-03-06}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

After deliberating for five days, the jury found Massino guilty of all eleven counts on July 30, 2004. His sentencing was initially scheduled for October 12, and he was expected to receive a sentence of [[life imprisonment]] with no possibility of parole.<ref name="NYT verdict"/> The jury also approved the prosecutors' recommended $10 million [[Asset forfeiture|forfeiture]] of the proceeds of his reign as Bonanno boss on the day of the verdict.<ref>DeStefano 2007, p. 312</ref>

Immediately after his July 30 conviction, as court was adjourned, Massino requested a meeting with Judge Garaufis, where he made his first offer to cooperate.<ref name="KotG 314">DeStefano 2007, pp. 314–315</ref> He did so in hopes of sparing his life; he was facing the death penalty if found guilty of [[Gerlando Sciascia]]'s murder. Indeed, one of [[John Ashcroft]]'s final acts as Attorney General was to order federal prosecutors to seek the death penalty for Massino.<ref>{{cite news|last=Glaberson|first=William|title=Judge Objects to Ashcroft Bid for a Mobster's Execution|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/13/nyregion/13mob.html?ref=roslynnrmauskopf&pagewanted=print&position=|access-date=2012-04-21|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2004-11-13}}</ref> Massino thus stood to be the first Mafia boss to be executed for his crimes, and the first mob boss to face the death penalty since [[Louis Buchalter|Lepke Buchalter]] was executed in 1944.<ref>{{cite news|title='Last don' faces execution|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/nov/13/usa|access-date=2013-04-03|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2004-11-13|agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

Massino subsequently claimed he decided to turn informer due to the prospect of his wife and mother having to forfeit their houses to the government.<ref name="forfeiture NYDN">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Joseph Massino, ex-Bonanno crime boss turned mob rat, gave feds $7 million he hid in his attic|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-04-14/news/29449145_1_dominick-trinchera-philip-giaccone-mob-rat|access-date=2012-04-23|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=2011-04-14}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Mob authors and journalists Anthony D. DeStefano and [[Selwyn Raab]] both consider the turning of so many made men as a factor in disillusioning Massino with Cosa Nostra,<ref name="KotG 314"/><ref>Raab, p. 687</ref> the former also assuming Massino had decided to flip "long before the verdict".<ref name="KotG 314"/> Massino was the first sitting boss of a New York crime family to turn state's evidence, and the second in the history of the American Mafia to do so<ref name="ff 688">Raab, p. 688.</ref> ([[Philadelphia crime family]] boss [[Ralph Natale]] had flipped in 1999 when facing drug charges).<ref>{{cite news|last=Braun|first=Stephen|title=This Mob Shot Its Brains Out|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-04-mn-59280-story.html|access-date=2012-05-05|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=2001-05-04}}</ref>

=== Basciano and Montagna's leadership ===
[[File:Vincent Basciano.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Vincent Basciano]]
In July 2004, federal prosecutors in Brooklyn claimed to have convicted 75 mobsters or associates of the Bonanno family in the four preceding years.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/03/nyregion/03mob.html?pagewanted=print "Mob Family's Undoing, a Turncoat at a Time"], by William K. Rashbaum, news article in ''The New York Times'', July 3, 2006, Web page accessed on July 3, 2006</ref> In June 2005, 12 Bonanno family members and associates, seven over the age of 70, including acting consigliere Anthony Rabito, were indicted and arrested on charges of operating a $10 million a year gambling ring."<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/18/AR2005061800909.html "Gambling Probe Nets mob's Aged "Mr. Fish" and Mature Associates"], by Michael Powell, news article in ''Washington Post'', June 19, 2005, Web page accessed on November 21, 2006</ref>

After the arrest of Massino, [[Vincent Basciano]] became acting boss.<ref>{{cite news |title= Bonannos' new boss is salon owner, trial is told|author= John Marzulli|url= http://articles.nydailynews.com/2004-05-26/news/18259415_1_crime-family-joseph-bonanno-mafia-commission|archive-url= https://archive.today/20120701153641/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2004-05-26/news/18259415_1_crime-family-joseph-bonanno-mafia-commission|url-status= dead|archive-date= July 1, 2012|newspaper= New York Daily News|date= 2004-05-26|access-date=March 22, 2011}}</ref> In 2006, Basciano was convicted in a racketeering trial for attempted murder and running an [[Gaming law|illegal gambling]] operation. However, due to a [[hung jury]], Basciano was not convicted of the 2001 murder of Frank Santoro.<ref name="NYT 2006">{{cite news |title= Former Salon Owner Is Convicted of Racketeering, but Not Murder|author= William K. Rashbaum|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/nyregion/10gorgeous.html|newspaper= The New York Times|date= 2006-05-10|access-date=March 22, 2011}}</ref><ref name="NYDN 2006">{{cite news |title= More trials for Basciano|author= John Marzulli|url= http://articles.nydailynews.com/2006-05-11/local/18336297_1_basciano-bonanno-levin|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110727061301/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2006-05-11/local/18336297_1_basciano-bonanno-levin|url-status= dead|archive-date= July 27, 2011|newspaper= New York Daily News|date= 2006-05-11|access-date=March 22, 2011}}</ref>

After Basciano's first murder trial, prosecutors retried him on those counts on which the jury hung in the first trial. On August 1, 2007, Basciano was convicted of murdering Santoro, who tried to kidnap Basciano's son,<ref>{{cite news |title= Pretty quickly, Gorgeous found guilty in '01 slay|author= John Marzulli|url= http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/pretty-quickly-gorgeous-found-guilty-01-slay-article-1.239454|newspaper= New York Daily News|date= 2007-08-01|access-date=2012-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2007/08/01/Vinny-Gorgeous-guilty-of-murder/UPI-15391185995483/|title= 'Vinny Gorgeous' guilty of murder|date= 2007-08-01|work= UPI.com|publisher= United Press International|access-date=March 22, 2011}}</ref> and was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |title= Bonanno crime boss Vincent Basciano sentenced to life in prison|author= John Marzulli|url= http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/bonanno-crime-boss-vincent-basciano-sentenced-life-prison-article-1.282600|newspaper= New York Daily News|date= 2010-01-18|access-date=2012-01-29}}</ref> He named Brooklyn business owner [[Salvatore Montagna|Salvatore "Sal the Ironworker" Montagna]] as his "acting boss" during his trials.<ref name="NYDN 2006"/><ref name="Vinny vs Andres">{{cite news|last=Moynihan|first=Colin|title=Ex-Mob Boss Says Deputy Sought to Kill Prosecutor|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/nyregion/massino-returns-to-stand-to-testify-against-basciano.html|access-date=2012-03-25|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2011-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Ex-Bonanno Mafia boss Joseph Massino was scared of his wife, recordings reveal|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-04-14/news/29445261_1_basciano-randolph-pizzolo-vinny-gorgeous|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707010308/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-04-14/news/29445261_1_basciano-randolph-pizzolo-vinny-gorgeous|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 7, 2012|access-date=2012-04-26|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=2011-04-14}}</ref> Montagna was closely associated with the Bonanno Sicilian faction, including Baldo Amato and capo [[Cesare Bonventre]]. [[Nicholas Santora|Nicholas "Nicky Mouth" Santora]] served as "acting underboss" and Anthony Rabito as the alleged ''consigliere''.<ref name="last don">{{cite web|last=Bruno|first=Anthony|title=The Bonanno Family: The Last Don|url=http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/bonanno/6.html|work=TruTV Crime Library|access-date=April 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604224606/http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/gangsters_outlaws/family_epics/bonanno/6.html|archive-date=June 4, 2012|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

On February 6, 2007, acting underboss Nicholas Santora, acting consigliere Anthony Rabito, captains or former captains Jerome Asaro, Joseph Cammarano Jr. and Louis Decicco were indicted on racketeering charges.<ref name="newyork.fbi.gov">[https://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2007/2007Feb06.html "BONANNO FAMILY ACTING UNDERBOSS, ACTING CONSIGLIERE AND 17 CAPOS, SOLDIERS, AND ASSOCIATES INDICTED FOR RACKETEERING, RACKETEERING CONSPIRACY, AND OTHER CHARGES"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830064454/http://www.justice.gov/usao/nye/pr/2007/2007Feb06.html |date=August 30, 2010 }} Federal Bureau of Investigation New York Division Department of Justice Press Release 2007</ref>

Following the deportation of Montagna to Canada in 2009, he was succeeded by [[Vincent Badalamenti]] as Bonanno family acting boss.<ref name="nydn deport">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Bonanno big Salvatore Montagna booted back to boondocks|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/bonanno-big-salvatore-montagna-booted-back-boondocks-article-1.363045|access-date=2011-11-24|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=2009-04-14}}</ref>

=== Mancuso and acting boss Cammarano Jr.===
In 2013, [[Michael Mancuso]] was named the new official boss of the Bonanno family, while serving time in prison.<ref name="Mancuso June 2013">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Bonanno crime family sniffs out Michael 'The Nose' Mancuso as new boss: sources|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/bonanno-family-names-nose-new-boss-article-1.1380609|work=New York Daily News|date=June 24, 2013|access-date=June 24, 2013}}</ref> Mancuso's underboss Thomas DiFiore took over as acting boss in his absence,<ref name="Mancuso June 2013"/> but was replaced by Joseph Cammarano, Jr in 2014 following DiFiore's arrest, guilty plea and 21-month prison sentence.<ref name="NYDN Luft arrest">{{cite news|title=Feds charge mobster in $6 million Lufthansa heist at Kennedy Airport that was portrayed in 'Goodfellas'|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/feds-charge-mobster-1978-lufthansa-heist-kennedy-airport-article-1.1588523|access-date=January 23, 2014|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=January 24, 2014|author=Larry McShane|author2=John Marzulli}}</ref> In December 2016, the FBI observed over a dozen ranking members of the family host a dinner together in recognition of Cammarano Jr.'s new position.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/federal-judge-reacts-staten-island-mob-christmas-party-article-1.2505426|title=Judge who presided over Bonanno crime family prosecutions reacts to Christmas bash for the mob – NY Daily News|first=John|last=Marzulli|website=nydailynews.com|date=January 21, 2016 }}</ref>

Bonanno associate, Charles "Charlie Pepsi" Centaro, was sentenced to 33 months in prison on September 15, 2015, after being convicted of money laundering; it was alleged that he had laundered over $500,000.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reputed Bonanno mobster Charles (Charlie Pepsi) Centaro gets 33 months in prison for money laundering|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/reputed-bonanno-mobster-33-months-prison-article-1.2361449|access-date=30 December 2017|agency=The New York Daily News|publisher=John Marzulli|date=September 15, 2015}}</ref> Centaro, along with Bonanno/[[Gambino crime family|Gambino]] associate Franco Lupoi were involved in a large cocaine, heroin and weapons trafficking operation that stretched from New York to Italy. The Gambino crime family from New York and the [['ndrangheta|'Ndrangheta Mafia]] from Calabria were also involved.

In November 2017, the FBI arrested several individuals in New York City, including members and associates of the Bonanno and Gambino crime families, on charges of narcotics trafficking, loansharking and firearms offenses. They included Damiano Zummo, a reputed acting captain in the Bonanno crime family.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/members-and-associates-gambino-and-bonanno-organized-crime-families-arrested|title=Members and Associates of Gambino and Bonanno Organized Crime Families Arrested in Coordinated U.S.-Canadian Takedown|date=November 9, 2017|website=justice.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Mafia-Family-Bust-New-York-Cocaine-Gelato-Federal-Indictment-456469383.html|title=Cocaine Sold From NYC Gelato Shop in Mafia Scheme: Feds|website=nbcnewyork.com|date=November 9, 2017 }}</ref> In November 2015, Zummo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/members-and-associates-gambino-and-bonanno-organized-crime-families-arrested|title=Members and Associates of Gambino and Bonanno Organized Crime Families Arrested in Coordinated U.S.-Canadian Takedown|website=www.justice.gov|date=November 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Mafia-Family-Bust-New-York-Cocaine-Gelato-Federal-Indictment-456469383.html|title=Cocaine Sold From NYC Gelato Shop in Mafia Scheme: Feds|date=November 9, 2017 }}</ref> was involved in the [[Mafia initiation ritual|induction ceremony]] of an undercover police agent, which was secretly recorded, in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/12/04/hamilton-trafficking-convictions-tied-to-rare-mafia-initiation-ceremony-secretly-videotaped-by-a-police-informant.html|title=Hamilton trafficking convictions tied to rare Mafia initiation ceremony secretly videotaped by a police informant|work=thestar.com|date=4 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/congratulations-undercover-agent-inducted-into-mafia-in-secret-ceremony-in-canada-captured-on-video-by-police|title='Congratulations': Undercover agent inducted into Mafia in secret ceremony captured on video by police|newspaper=National Post|date=10 November 2017|last1=Humphreys|first1=Adrian}}</ref> Zummo played a major role in the ceremony and named others at a higher level in the organization on the recording.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/mob-indictment-induction-ceremony-1.14873268|title=Feds: Case includes recording of mob induction|date=November 9, 2017|access-date=November 16, 2017|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117065725/https://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/mob-indictment-induction-ceremony-1.14873268|url-status=dead}}</ref> A Brooklyn court official later said, "The recording of a secret induction ceremony is an extraordinary achievement for law enforcement and deals a significant blow to La Cosa Nostra." The recording also led to the arrest of 13 mobsters.<ref>{{cite web|title=FBI releases transcript of mafia initiation ceremony|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/fbi-releases-transcript-of-mafia-initiation-ceremony-a3689506.html|website=Evening Standard|date=November 13, 2017|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref>

On January 12, 2018, eight members of the Bonanno family were arrested and charged with racketeering, extortion and related offenses. Street boss Joseph Cammarano Jr. and [[consigliere]] John "Porky" Zancocchio were included. [[Genovese crime family|Genovese]] and [[Lucchese crime family|Lucchese]] crime family members Ernest Montevecchi and [[List of Lucchese crime family mobsters#Eugene Castelle|Eugene "Boopsie" Castelle]] were also arrested.<ref name="Cammarano Jr busted 2018">{{cite news|last=Bekiempis|first=Victoria|author2=McShane, Larry|title=Acting Bonanno mob boss, high-ranking family leaders busted in racketeering takedown|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/suspected-bonanno-mobsters-busted-racketeering-related-charges-article-1.3753152|access-date=14 January 2018|agency=NY Daily News|date=January 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=DeGregory|first=Priscilla|author2=Italiano, Laura|title='Boobsie','Porky' among names in Bonanno mob bust|url=https://nypost.com/2018/01/12/boobsie-grumpy-among-names-in-bonanno-mob-bust/|access-date=14 January 2018|agency=NY Post|date=January 12, 2018}}</ref> The charges were assault and aid resulting in serious bodily injury, extortion, loansharking, wire and mail fraud, narcotics distribution, conspiracy to commit murder, extortion conspiracy, racketeering and racketeering conspiracy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Acting Bonanno Crime Family Boss, Others With Colorful Nicknames, Face Racketeering Charges|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2018/01/12/bonanno-crime-family-arrests/|access-date=14 January 2018|agency=CBS NEWS|date=January 12, 2018}}</ref> Joseph "Joe Valet" Sabella was identified as a [[Caporegime|captain]] and George Tropiano as an acting capo.<ref name=":10">{{cite web |title=Acting Boss of Bonanno organized crime family and 9 other members of La Cosa Nostra indicted for racketeering and related charges |url=https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/acting-boss-bonanno-organized-crime-family-and-9-other-members-la-cosa-nostra-indicted |website=ICE.gov |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Acting Boss Of Bonanno Organized Crime Family And 9 Other Members Of La Cosa Nostra Charged In Manhattan Federal Court With Racketeering And Related Offenses|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/acting-boss-bonanno-organized-crime-family-and-9-other-members-la-cosa-nostra-charged|website=United States Department of Justice|date=January 12, 2018|access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref> [[Soldato|Made members]] Domenick Miniero, Albert "Al Muscles" Armetta and Joseph "Joey Blue Eyes" Santapaolo were charged with [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act|RICO and extortion conspiracy]], Armetta was accused of assaulting a person on Halloween in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Feds: Acting boss of Bonanno crime family among 10 arrested in mob bust |url=https://abc7ny.com/feds-acting-bonanno-boss-among-10-arrested-in-mob-bust/2935111/ |website=ABC |date=January 12, 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref>

On August 15, 2018, Judge [[Dora Irizarry]] sentenced Ronald Giallanzo, nephew of [[Vincent Asaro]] and former Bonanno acting captain, to 14 years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |title='Goodfellas' mobster's nephew gets 14 years for loan shark scheme |url=https://nypost.com/2018/08/15/goodfellas-mobsters-nephew-gets-14-years-for-loan-shark-scheme/ |website=NY POST |date=August 15, 2018 |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Acting Captain of the Bonanno Crime Family Sentenced to 14 Years' Imprisonment for Racketeering Conspiracy |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/acting-captain-bonanno-crime-family-sentenced-14-years-imprisonment-racketeering |website=United States Department of Justice |date=August 15, 2018 |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref> Giallanzo was previously arrested in March 2017 alongside Bonanno soldiers Michael Palmaccio and Nicholas Festa. Festa and Palmaccio admitted to the extortion of seven individuals and each paid $500,000 in forfeiture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Acting Captain and Two Soldiers in The Bonanno Crime Family Plead Guilty to Racketeering Conspiracy, Agree to Pay $2.25 Million in Forfeiture |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/acting-captain-and-two-soldiers-bonanno-crime-family-plead-guilty-racketeering |website=United States Department of Justice |date=March 19, 2018 |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref> Giallanzo was accused of operating a [[Loan shark|loansharking]] and illegal gambling business from 1998 to 2017. He agreed to pay $1.25 million in forfeiture and to sell his five-bedroom mansion in [[Howard Beach, Queens]], which was constructed using the criminal proceeds of his loansharking business. He was ordered to pay $268,000 in restitution to his victims and admitted to his participation in extending and collecting extortionate loans from five individuals.

In October 2018, Sylvester Zottola ("Sally Daz"), age 71, an associate of the Bonanno family, was fatally shot at a [[McDonald's]] on [[Webster Avenue]] in the [[Bronx]]; authorities described the killing as a Mafia-style assassination. The killing occurred after several attacks targeting Zottola, and his son, Salvatore Zottola, over the preceding months.<ref name=BoyerMcShane>Trevor Boyer and Larry McShane, [https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-bronx-mob-hit-20190730-37fvhfoeqzbwjb4gq3t7un6qmy-story.html Death penalty hangs over 10 defendants in Bronx drive-through murder of mobster 'Sally Daz' Zottola, failed hit on his son], ''Daily News'' (July 30, 2019).</ref><ref name=WatkinsPalmer>{{cite news|author=Ali Watkins and Emily Palmer|title=Hunted for Months, Reputed Mobster Is Gunned Down at McDonald's|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/nyregion/sylvester-zottola-dead-bonanno-bronx.html|newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 4, 2018}}</ref> According to the court records, the elder Zottola had been a close associate of [[Vincent Basciano]].<ref name=WatkinsPalmer/> In October 2018, federal prosecutors indicted Bushawn Shelton, allegedly a high-ranking member of the [[Bloods]] gang, with attempting to hire a hitman to kill Sylvester and Salvatore Zottola.<ref>Zolan Kanno-Youngs, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/alleged-gang-member-is-charged-in-attempted-murders-1539305969 Alleged Gang Member Is Charged in Attempted Murders], ''Wall Street Journal'' (October 11, 2018).</ref> In June 2019, federal prosecutors issued a superseding indictment, charging Anthony Zottola Sr. (the son of Sylvester Zottola and brother of Salvatore Zottola), Shelton, and six others with a murder-for-hire conspiracy and related charges. The charging document alleged that Anthony Zottola Sr. hired Shelton to arrange the hit,<ref>Zolan Kanno-Youngs, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/alleged-gang-member-is-charged-in-attempted-murders-1539305969 Son of Victim Slain at McDonalds Drive-Through Indicted in Murder-For-Hire Conspiracy], ''Wall Street Journal'' (October 11, 2018).</ref> and that "Shelton in turn outsourced the job to several other members of the Bloods."<ref>Michael Wilson, [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/18/nyregion/mafia-zottolo-mcdonalds-killing.html Killing of Mobster at McDonald's Was Ordered by His Son, Prosecutors Say], ''New York Times'' (June 18, 2019).</ref> The case is awaiting trial, with federal authorities possibly pursuing the death penalty.<ref name=BoyerMcShane/>

On March 13, 2019, Cammarano Jr. and Zancocchio were acquitted of racketeering and conspiracy to commit [[extortion]] charges.<ref name=acquit>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/13/briefing/frank-cali-gambino-shot.html Francesco Cali, Reputed Gambino Crime Boss, Shot and Killed on Staten Island], ''The New York Times'', March 13, 2019</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/03/13/reputed-mobsters-acquitted-in-racketeering-and-extortion-case/|title=Reputed mobsters acquitted in racketeering and extortion case|publisher=nypost.com|date=13 March 2019}}</ref> On May 25, 2019, former family consigliere Anthony Graziano died.<ref>{{cite web|author=McShane, Larry|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-20190525-yxbnarzozzhgbdop3oc5hxsvge-story.html|title=Bonanno crime family consigliere Anthony Graziano, father of "Mob Wives" stars, dies at age 78|work=New York Daily News|date=May 25, 2019}}</ref>

According to author Scott Burnstein, in 2019, Ernie Aiello was promoted to family Underboss after he was released from prison and Vincent Badalamenti became the family's new consigliere.<ref name="New underboss Aiello">{{cite news |last1=Burnstein |first1=Scott M. |title=GR SOURCES: Bonanno Mob Chief "Mikey Nose" Mancuso Gave, "Pitbull," Ernie Aiello, Underboss Job On Heels Of '19 Prison Release |url=https://gangsterreport.com/gr-sources-bonanno-mob-chieftain-mikey-nose-mancuso-gave-pitbull-ernie-aiello-underboss-job-on-heels-of-19-prison-release/ |access-date=13 May 2023 |agency=News |publisher=Gangster Report |date=10 May 2023}}</ref>

=== Castellammarese connection ===
In 2020, the Italian police together with the [[FBI]] discovered a strong link between the Bonannos and the Castellammare del Golfo Mafia family, in particular to [[Francesco Domingo]]. During the investigations, several meetings between Domingo and members of the Bonanno family were monitored.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sicilia-Usa, i summit di mafia a Castellammare: casa di Domingo base per gli italoamericani|url=https://trapani.gds.it/articoli/cronaca/2020/06/16/mafia-sicilia-usa-i-summit-a-castellammare-la-casa-di-francesco-domingo-base-per-gli-italoamericani-7ea319b1-1ca6-4059-927d-e8bf75a49402/|access-date=2020-09-03|website=Giornale di Sicilia|date=June 16, 2020 |language=it}}</ref> According to the reports, the Sicilian boss is considered the point of reference to the Bonannos' affiliates in Sicily. Most of the summits and meetings were held at Domingo's house in the Gagliardetta district, in Castellammare del Golfo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I rapporti di Cosa nostra sull'asse New York-Sicilia. Le "camminate" del boss per assunzioni e consigli.|url=https://meridionews.it/articolo/88019/i-rapporti-di-cosa-nostra-sullasse-new-york-sicilia-le-camminate-del-boss-per-assunzioni-e-consigli/|access-date=2020-09-03|website=MeridioNews|date=June 18, 2020 }}</ref>

=== Current position of the family ===
As of 2022, Michael Mancuso remains the official boss of the Bonanno family. On March 9, 2022, boss Michael Mancuso was arrested and is under investigation for violating the terms of his supervised release by associating with members of organized crime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Noah |title=Reputed Bonanno crime family boss released on $500K bail after he's accused of associating with organized crime |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-bonanno-boss-michael-mancuso-released-500-thousand-bond-mob-mafia-20220315-rd63gzsjljbl5e4d6agc4cztaa-story.html |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=nydailynews.com|date=March 15, 2022 }}</ref>

Vito Grimaldi, a former capo in the family and Joseph Cammarano Jr.'s father-in-law, died on July 15, 2022.<ref name=":3" /> Mancuso ordered Cammarano Jr. not to attend Grimaldi's wake on July 19, 2022, but he disobeyed Mancuso and went to the Glen Cove funeral home where the wake was being held anyway.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Capeci |first=Jerry |date=July 28, 2022 |title='Shelved' Wiseguy Assaulted At A Wake Allegedly On Orders From His Mafia Boss Turns The Tables On His Attackers And Leaves Several Bonanno Mobsters Battered And Bloodied |work=Gangland News |url=https://www.ganglandnews.com/ |access-date=July 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729084738/https://ganglandnews.com/ |archive-date=July 29, 2022}}</ref> There, some Bonanno mobsters confronted Cammarano Jr. as he approached Grimaldi's casket and assaulted him, knocking him to the ground, but he and his brother Dino, also present, were protected by a multitude of bikers from the Crazy Pistons Motorcycle Club in Brooklyn, who, along with the Cammaranos, got into a confrontation with the other mobsters.<ref name=":2" /> After the scuffle ended, Bonanno family capos Ernest "Ernie" Aiello and John "Johnny Mulberry" Sciremammano, as well as soldier John "Johnny Joe" Spirito Jr., were left bloodied and battered on the floor.<ref name=":2" /> When questioned about the incident, Mancuso's attorney Stacey Richman said "I categorically deny the allegation" with regards to Mancuso having ordered the assault on Cammarano Jr.<ref name=":2" /> A law enforcement source stated "It's hard to predict whether there will be retaliation, a violent reaction would have been a knee-jerk response a few decades ago, but the mob has stopped whacking people these days, but that is still a fear."<ref name=":2" /> On December 18, 2022, Cammarano, Jr.'s Long Island home was shot up in a drive by, allegedly ordered by Mancuso who is still upset about the funeral home beatdown. After the Long Island shooting, one of the Cammarano brothers' businesses was vandalized and firebombed.<ref>[https://gangsterreport.com/trying-for-a-holiday-kill-drive-by-shooting-at-joe-cammarano-jr-s-long-island-residence-occurred-just-before-christmas/ Trying For A Holiday Mob Kill: Drive-By Shooting At Joe Cammarano, Jr.’s Long Island Residence Occurred Just Before Christmas] Scott Burnstein, GangsterReport.com February 2, 2023</ref>

On August 16, 2022, two indictments out of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York|Eastern District of New York]] charged nine members and associates of the Bonanno and [[Genovese crime family|Genovese]] crime families with racketeering, illegal gambling, money laundering conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and other offenses.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=U.S. Attorney's Office |first=Eastern District of New York |date=August 16, 2022 |title=Nine Members and Associates of Genovese and Bonanno Organized Crime Families Charged with Racketeering and Illegal Gambling Offenses |work=U.S. Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/nine-members-and-associated-genovese-and-bonanno-organized-crime-families-charged |access-date=August 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220818095932/https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/nine-members-and-associated-genovese-and-bonanno-organized-crime-families-charged |archive-date=August 18, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Kliger |first=Hannah |date=August 16, 2022 |title=9 alleged mob members indicted on federal charges in Brooklyn |work=[[CBS New York]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/genovese-bonanno-crime-families-indictment-brooklyn/ |access-date=August 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220818100744/https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/genovese-bonanno-crime-families-indictment-brooklyn/ |archive-date=August 18, 2022}}</ref> The Bonanno mobsters indicted included capo Anthony "Little Anthony" Pipitone, soldier Vito Pipitone, who was arrested in [[Wellington, Florida]], and appeared in federal court in [[Miami]], associate Agostino Gabriele, and corrupt [[Nassau County Police Department]] detective Hector Rosario.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> The indictment alleged the Bonannos and Genoveses operated a joint illegal gambling establishment in [[Lynbrook, New York|Lynbrook]] called the Gran Caffe. The revenues from that operation were laundered through cash transfers to the defendants and then given to the family leaders.<ref name=":8" /> In addition, the two families controlled illegal gambling parlours at several other establishments, with the Bonanno family operating them at La Nazionale Soccer Club, the Glendale Sports Club and the Soccer Club at Rockaway Avenue, [[Valley Stream, New York|Valley Stream]].<ref name=":8" /> Detective Rosario allegedly accepted bribes by the Bonanno family members in exchange for offering to arrange police raids of competing gambling locations.<ref name=":8" /> He was charged with obstructing a grand jury investigation and lying to the FBI, and subsequently suspended without pay from the Police Department, and shortly thereafter, fired.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />

On September 14, 2023, former boss turned informant Joseph Massino died.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crane |first1=Emily |title=Joseph 'Big Joey' Massino, first ex-NY mob-boss-turned-rat, dead at 80 |url=https://nypost.com/2023/09/22/ex-ny-mob-boss-turned-rat-joseph-massino-dies-aged-80/ |access-date=24 September 2023 |agency=News |publisher=New York Post |date=22 September 2023}}</ref>

On August 26, 2024, former capo turned government informant Frank Coppa died in [[Sarasota, Florida]] at the age of 82, while living under an assumed name.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Burnstein |first1=Scott |title=First Bonanno Mob Figure To Flip, Fmr. Skipper Frank Coppa Gone At 82, Cashes In Chips From WitSec |url=https://gangsterreport.com/breaking-news-first-bonanno-mob-figure-to-flip-fmr-skipper-frank-coppa-gone-at-82-cashes-in-chips-from-witsec/ |access-date=27 August 2024 |publisher=The Gangster Report |date=27 August 2024}}</ref>

== Historical leadership ==

=== Boss (official and acting) ===
*1890s–1909 – Paolo Orlando
*1909–1912 – [[Sebastiano DiGaetano]] – stepped down
*1912–1930 – [[Nicolo Schiro|Nicolo Schirò]] – fled
*1930–1931 – [[Salvatore Maranzano]] – murdered on September 10, 1931<ref name="Raab"/>
*1931–1968 – [[Joseph Bonanno|Joseph "Joe Bananas" Bonanno]] – on October 21, 1964, Bonanno disappeared; forcibly replaced as boss by the commission;<ref name="Sifakis p.28-29"/> crime family split into two factions; in May 1966, Bonanno reappeared; officially retired after heart attack in 1968
**''Disputed'' 1964–1966 – [[Gaspar DiGregorio|Gaspar "Gasparino" DiGregorio]] – installed when Bonanno disappeared and later forcibly replaced by the Commission<ref name="Sifakis p.28-29"/>
**''Acting'' 1966–1968 – [[Paul Sciacca]]<ref name="Mafia Easy pg.173"/> – for the DiGregorio faction
*1968–1971 – [[Paul Sciacca]] – stepped down
*1971–1973 – [[Natale Evola|Natale "Joe Diamonds" Evola]]<ref name="Mafia Easy pg.173"/> – died on August 28, 1973<ref name="evola dead">{{cite news|last=Gage|first=Nicholas|title=Natale Evola, Mafia Figure, Is Dead at 66|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/08/31/90473202.pdf|access-date=17 March 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=August 31, 1973}}</ref>
*1974–1991 – [[Philip Rastelli|Phillip "Rusty" Rastelli]]<ref name="Mafia Easy pg.173"/> – imprisoned 1976–1983 and 1987–1991<ref name="Trutv"/>
**''de facto''<ref name="Raab, pp. 203–205"/> 1976–1979 – [[Carmine Galante|Carmine "Cigar" Galante]]<ref name="Mafia Easy pg.173"/> – murdered on July 12, 1979<ref name="Trutv"/>
**''Acting'' 1979–1983 – Salvatore "Sally Fruits" Farrugia – appointed by the Commission<ref>Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia By Joseph D. Pistone [https://books.google.com/books?id=BcPAL4rXbcgC&dq=Salvatore+%22Sally+Fruits%22+Farrugia&pg=PT264 read]</ref>
**''Acting'' 1987–1991 – [[Anthony Spero|Anthony "Old Man" Spero]]<ref name="Mafia Easy pg.173"/> – sentenced to life imprisonment in 2002, died in 2008
*1991–2004 – [[Joseph Massino|Joseph "Big Joey" Massino]] – imprisoned January 2003, became government informant in October 2004
**''Acting'' 1991–1993 – Anthony "Old Man" Spero
**''Acting'' 2003–2004 – Anthony "Tony Green" Urso – imprisoned January 2004
**''Acting'' 2004 – Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano – became official boss
*2004–2011 – [[Vincent Basciano|Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano]] – imprisoned November 2004, in July 2007 received a life sentence, stepped down
**''Acting'' 2004–2006 – [[Michael Mancuso|Michael "The Nose" Mancuso]] – imprisoned February 2006
**''Acting'' 2006–2009 – [[Salvatore Montagna|Salvatore "Sal the Iron Worker" Montagna]] – deported to Canada in April 2009,<ref name="canadian">[http://mafiatoday.com/bonanno-family/canadian-officials-aware-of-imminent-return-to-montreal-of-alleged-mafia-boss/ "Canadian officials aware of imminent return to Montreal of alleged Mafia boss"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130128064305/http://mafiatoday.com/bonanno-family/canadian-officials-aware-of-imminent-return-to-montreal-of-alleged-mafia-boss/ |date=January 28, 2013 }} Mafia Today April 20, 2009</ref> shot and killed in November 2011
**''Acting'' 2010–2012 – [[Vincent Badalamenti|Vincent "Vinny T.V." Badalamenti]] – imprisoned in January 2012<ref name="VTV pinch">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Feds bust 5 mob suspects, including alleged Bonanno boss Vincent (Vinny TV) Badalamenti|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/feds-bust-5-mob-suspects-including-alleged-bonanno-boss-vincent-vinny-tv-badalamenti-article-1.1012873|access-date=January 27, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=January 27, 2012}}</ref>
*2013–present – [[Michael Mancuso|Michael "The Nose" Mancuso]]<ref name="Mancuso June 2013"/> – imprisoned 2013–2019 and 2023–2024
**''Acting'' 2013–2014 – Thomas "Tommy D" DiFiore<ref>{{cite news|last=Capeci|first=Jerry|author-link=Jerry Capeci|title=New Bonanno Boss Speaks Softly; Hides in the Bushes|url=http://www.ganglandnews.com/index.html|publisher=Gang Land News|date=June 13, 2013|access-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref> – arrested on January 23, 2014
**''Acting'' 2014–2015 – John "Johnny Skyway" Palazzolo – arrested on March 27, 2015, for violating parole<ref>{{cite news|last=Yaniv|first=Oren|title=Bonanno crime family street boss locked up after feds catch him meeting with other mobsters – violating his parole|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/mobster-locked-meeting-mobsters-violating-parole-article-1.2165308|work=New York Daily News|date=March 28, 2015|access-date=May 5, 2015}}</ref>
**''Acting'' 2015–2019 – Joseph "Joe Saunders" Cammarano Jr.<ref name="Cammarano Jr">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=EXCLUSIVE: Mob boss rebuilding what's left of Bonanno crime family|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/exclusive-mob-boss-rebuilding-left-crime-family-article-1.2499943|work=New York Daily News|date=January 18, 2016|access-date=January 22, 2016}}</ref> – indicted on racketeering and extortion charges on January 12, 2018, acquitted March 13, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/exclusive-mob-boss-rebuilding-left-crime-family-article-1.2499943|title=EXCLUSIVE: Mob boss rebuilding what's left of Bonanno crime family – NY Daily News|first=John|last=Marzulli|website=nydailynews.com|date=January 18, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/suspected-bonanno-mobsters-busted-racketeering-related-charges-article-1.3753152|title=Acting Bonanno mob boss, high-ranking family leaders busted in racketeering takedown – NY Daily News|first=VICTORIA BEKIEMPIS, Larry|last=McShane|website=nydailynews.com|date=January 12, 2018 }}</ref><ref name="Cammarano Jr busted 2018"/><ref name=acquit/>

=== Street boss ===
The ''Street boss'' is responsible for passing on orders to lower ranking members. In some instances a ''ruling panel'' (of capos) substituted the Street boss role. The family may choose to assemble a ruling panel of capos if the boss dies, goes to prison, or is incapacitated. During the 1960s family war, a ruling panel of capos controlled the decisionmaking for the family. In some instances the Acting boss uses a Street boss to divert law enforcement attention.

*1964–1968 – Frank Labruzzo – led Bonanno faction
*1964– ''Ruling panel'' – Gasparino DiGregorio, Angelo Caruso, Nicolino Alfano, Joseph Notaro, Thomas D'Angelo, Natale Evola, Joseph DeFilippo, Peter Crociata and Paul Sciacca
*1964–1965 – ''Ruling panel'' – Gasparino DiGregorio, Angelo Caruso, and Nicolino Alfano
*1977 – ''Ruling panel'' – Nicholas "Nicky Glasses" Marangello, Mickey Zaffarano and Stefano "Stevie Beefs" Cannone
*2009–2010 – ''Ruling panel'' – Joseph Sammartino Sr. (capo in New Jersey),<ref name="Samartino 2009">{{cite news|last=Sampson|first=Peter J.|date=October 14, 2009|title=N. Arlington man jailed on loansharking charges|newspaper=North Jersey.com|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/crime_courts/64191577.html|url-status=dead|access-date=October 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513190817/http://www.northjersey.com/news/crime_courts/64191577.html|archive-date=May 13, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="Samartino -Daily News">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|date=November 23, 2009|title=No bail for alleged Bonanno mob extort man who 'found' 10G in Bahamas|newspaper=New York Daily News|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/no-bail-alleged-bonanno-mob-extort-man-found-10g-bahamas-article-1.415237?barcprox=true|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> the other members are unknown
*2010–2012 – Joseph "Joe Bosch" Bosco – worked with Vincent Badalamenti
*2012–2013 – ''Ruling panel'' – [[Vincent Asaro]], Anthony Rabito, and Thomas DiFiore<ref>[http://mobdaily.com/bonanno-family-ruling-panel-revealed/ Bonanno family ruling panel revealed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921193905/http://mobdaily.com/bonanno-family-ruling-panel-revealed/ |date=September 21, 2021 }} by Phil Leo (April 29, 2013)</ref>
*2014–2015 – John "Johnny Joe" Spirito Jr. – worked with John Palazzolo
*2019–2022 – John "Johnny Skyway" Palazzolo – stepped down

=== Underboss (official and acting) ===
*1915–1921 – [[Stefano Magaddino]] – fled to Buffalo
*1921–1930 – [[Vito Bonventre]] – murdered on July 15, 1930
*1930–1931 – Joseph Bonanno – became boss
*1931–1932 – Angelo Caruso<ref name="Bill Bonanno 241"/>
*1932–1955 – Francesco "Frank Caroll" Garofalo<ref name="Bill Bonanno 241"/>
*1955–1962 – [[Giovanni Bonventre]]<ref name=galantebon>[[Raab, Selwyn]]. ''The Five Families: The Rise, Decline & Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empire''. New York: St. Martins Press, 2005. Page 112</ref> – fled to [[Sicily]] in 1950.
*1962–1968 – Giovanni "Johnny Morales" Morale<ref>[https://thenewyorkmafia.com/2018/06/10/giovanni-morale/ "Giovanni Morale: A Biography on Bonanno Family Member Johnny Burns"]{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. The New York Mafia</ref><ref name="Bill Bonanno 241"/>
**''Acting'' 1965–1968 – Pietro "Skinny Pete" Crociata – for the ''DiGregorio faction''
**''Acting'' 1968 – Frank "Russo" Mari – for the ''DiGregorio faction'', murdered
*1968–1971 – [[Natale Evola|Natale "Joe Diamonds" Evola]] – became boss
*1971–1973 – [[Philip Rastelli|Phillip "Rusty" Rastelli]] – became boss
*1973–1979 – [[Nicholas Marangello|Nicholas "Nicky Glasses" Marangello]] (demoted)<ref name="Donnie Brasco" />
*1981–1991 – [[Joseph Massino|Joseph "Big Joe" Massino]] (imprisoned in 1984)
**''Acting'' 1984–1991 – [[Louis Attanasio|Louis "Louie Ha Ha" Attanasio]]
*1992–2003 – [[Salvatore Vitale|Salvatore "Handsome Sal" Vitale]] (became FBI informant in March 2003)
**''Acting'' 2001–2002 – [[Richard Cantarella|Richard "Shellackhead" Cantarella]] (became an FBI informant in December 2002, and in June 2004 testified against Bonanno boss [[Joseph Massino]].)<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/07042007/news/regionalnews/mob_name_game_regionalnews_stefanie_cohen.htm | work=New York Post | title=Mob Name Game | first=Stefanie | last=Cohen | date=July 4, 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001232652/http://www.nypost.com/seven/07042007/news/regionalnews/mob_name_game_regionalnews_stefanie_cohen.htm | archive-date=October 1, 2008 | df=mdy-all }}</ref>
**''Acting'' 2003–2004 – Joseph "Joe C." Cammarano Sr.
**''Acting'' 2004 – [[Michael Mancuso|Michael "The Nose" Mancuso]] – became acting boss
* 2004–2007 – [[Nicholas Santora|Nicholas "Nicky Mouth" Santora]] – Imprisoned in 2007
* 2013–2015 – Thomas DiFiore <ref name="Mancuso June 2013"/>
**''Acting'' 2015 – Joseph Cammarano Jr.<ref name="Cammarano Jr"/>
* 2015–2019 – Joseph Cammarano Jr.<ref name="Cammarano Jr"/> – indicted on January 12, 2018, acquitted March 13, 2019<ref name="Cammarano Jr busted 2018"/><ref name=acquit/>
* 2019–2021 – Ernest "Ernie" Aiello <ref name="New underboss Aiello"/> – stepped down
* 2021–present – John "Johnny Joe" Spirito, Sr.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last=Capeci |first=Jerry |date=August 8, 2024 |title=Mikey Nose Is Back Home On Long Island — With An Optical Plan that Includes Really 'Iconic' Glasses |url=https://www.ganglandnews.com/ |access-date=August 8, 2024 |work=Gang Land News}}</ref>

=== Consigliere (official and acting) ===
*c. 1930s – Frank Italiano<ref name="Bill Bonanno 241"/>
*1932–1939 – Phillipe Rapa<ref name="Bill Bonanno 241"/>
*1940–1964 – [[John Tartamella]]<ref name="Bill Bonanno 241"/>
*1964–1968 – [[Salvatore "Bill" Bonanno]]<ref name="Bill Bonanno 241"/>
**''Acting'' 1965–1968 – Nicolino "Nick" Alfano – for the ''DiGregorio faction''
**''Acting'' 1968 – Michael "Mike" Adamo
*1968–1971 – [[Philip Rastelli|Phillip "Rusty" Rastelli]] (promoted to underboss in 1971)
*1971–1974 – Joseph DiFilippi<ref>FBI Records: The Vault — Gregory Scarpa, Sr, https://vault.fbi.gov/gregory-scarpa-sr/gregory-scarpa-sr-part-04-of-08</ref>
*1974–1984 – Stefano "Stevie Beefs" Cannone<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacobs |first1=D. Lea |title=Friend of the Family An Undercover Agent in the Mafia |date=2002 |publisher=Compass Press |isbn=9780929590196 |pages=152 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKZ1uTfaVogC&dq=Stefano+Cannone&pg=PA152}}</ref>
*1984–2001 – [[Anthony Spero]] (acting boss from 1987 to 1993, died September 29, 2008)<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/04/obituaries/04spero.html | work=The New York Times | title=Anthony Spero, 79, Served as Mob Clan's Consigliere, Is Dead | first=Bruce | last=Weber | date=October 4, 2008 | access-date=April 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/03/nyregion/03spero.html | work=The New York Times | title=Anthony Spero, a Name in the Bonanno Crime Family, Is Dead at 79 | first=Bruce | last=Weber | date=October 3, 2008 | access-date=April 26, 2010}}</ref>
**''Acting'' 1987–1992 – Joseph Buccellato
**''Acting'' 1999–2001 – Anthony "T.G." Graziano – became official consigliere
*2001–2010 – [[Anthony Graziano|Anthony "T.G." Graziano]]
**''Acting'' 2001–2003 – Anthony "Tony Green" Urso – became acting boss
**''Acting'' 2004–2007 – Anthony "Fat Tony" Rabito – imprisoned
*2010–2015 – Anthony "Fat Tony" Rabito
**''Acting'' 2012–2013 – Ernest "Ernie" Aiello
**''Acting'' 2013–2014 – [[Vincent Badalamenti|Vincent "Vinny T.V." Badalamenti]]
**''Acting'' 2014–2015 – Simone Esposito
*2015–2016 – Simone Esposito – was shelved and later indicted on January 12, 2018 <ref name="Cammarano Jr busted 2018"/>
*2016–2019 – [[John Zancocchio|John "Porky" Zancocchio]] – indicted on January 12, 2018, acquitted March 13, 2019<ref name="Cammarano Jr busted 2018"/><ref name=acquit/>
**''Acting'' 2017–2019 – [[Vincent Badalamenti|Vincent "Vinny T.V." Badalamenti]] – served as the Mancuso faction Consigliere
* 2019–2022 – [[Vincent Badalamenti|Vincent "Vinny T.V." Badalamenti]]<ref name="New underboss Aiello"/> – stepped down
* 2023–present – [[Anthony Indelicato|Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato]]<ref name="Bruno Indelicato consigliere"/>
**''Acting'' 2023–present – Ernest "Ernie" Aiello<ref name=":18"/>

==Current family members==

===Administration===
*'''Boss''' – '''[[Michael Mancuso|Michael "Mikey Nose" Mancuso]]''' – current leader of the family; a [[Bronx]] native, he is the son of Anthony "Tony Nose" Mancuso, a [[Lucchese crime family|Lucchese family]] soldier who was shot to death inside a bar in 1967, when Michael was 12 years old.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 8, 1967 |title=Obituary of Anthony Mancuso |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/463968873/?fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjQ2Mzk2ODg3MywiaWF0IjoxNzEzMzE0NjY0LCJleHAiOjE3MTM0MDEwNjR9.9I90WdoS4LVUsT_9VOONdTRrEps_byIi_FvDcFmWrns&article=28137747-4a39-4132-81a8-9076cf882551 |access-date=April 16, 2024 |work=[[The New York Daily News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Abrams |first=Norma |date=September 6, 1967 |title=Gunman Kills Dope Biggie in Bar |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/463649920/ |access-date=April 16, 2024 |work=[[The New York Daily News]]}}</ref> He became affiliated with the [[East Harlem Purple Gang]] in his early adulthood, and was injured in a shootout with a rival crew in [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn]] in 1976, subsequently being arrested on weapons charges, for which he would be convicted two years later.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Rosa |first=Jerry |date=August 5, 1984 |title=Seek reputed gangster in slaying of wife |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/488349872/?fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjQ4ODM0OTg3MiwiaWF0IjoxNzEzMzE0MTA0LCJleHAiOjE3MTM0MDA1MDR9.4AABwdBAA6sx--3y2U9ifx_3SYeo4INcRtn0DOd64jQ&clipping_id=46371291 |access-date=April 16, 2024 |work=[[The New York Daily News]]}}</ref><ref name=":132" /> In 1984, Mancuso shot and killed his wife Evelina during a domestic dispute, later dumping her body on a bench in front of [[Jacobi Medical Center]]; he was convicted of manslaughter in 1986 and sentenced to 10 years in prison, being released in 1996.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":132" /><ref name="MancusoDepartmentOfCorrections">{{cite web |title=Michael Mancuso |url=https://nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov/ |access-date=July 31, 2022 |work=New York Department of Corrections and Community Supervision Incarcerated Lookup}}</ref> After regaining his freedom, he became a member of the Bonanno family, and acted as a conspirator in the murder of capo [[Gerlando Sciascia|Gerlando "George From Canada" Sciascia]] in 1999.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Pennisi |first=John |date=March 16, 2022 |title=Bonanno Boss - Out on Bail |url=https://sitdownnews.com/bonanno-boss-out-on-bail/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316210017/https://sitdownnews.com/bonanno-boss-out-on-bail/ |archive-date=March 16, 2022 |access-date=April 16, 2024 |work=Sitdown News}}</ref><ref name=":132" /> In 2004, [[Vincent Basciano|Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano]] promoted Mancuso to acting underboss, then to acting boss after Basciano was arrested on racketeering charges in November of that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucchese/Bonanno [ Conflict ] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hqph4q5Ro7s |access-date=April 16, 2024 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> On November 30, 2004, acting on Basciano's orders along with capo Dominick Cicale and soldier Anthony "Ace" Aiello, he had associate Randolph Pizzolo killed for infuriating Basciano.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |last=Marzulli |first=John |date=August 6, 2008 |title=Bonanno big, thug admit roles in slay |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2008/08/06/bonanno-big-thug-admit-roles-in-slay/ |access-date=April 16, 2024 |work=[[The New York Daily News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Trymaine |date=August 7, 2008 |title=Four in Bonanno Family Plead Guilty in Murders |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/07/nyregion/07mob.html |access-date=April 16, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Mancuso and his co-conspirators were indicted on racketeering and murder charges stemming from Pizzolo's killing in 2006, pleading guilty in 2008 and being sentenced to 15 years in prison.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":132" /> Authorities believe he was appointed as official boss of the family after he began serving his sentence, and he controlled the organization from prison through a series of acting bosses.<ref name="Mancuso June 2013" /> Mancuso was released from prison on March 12, 2019, with three years' conditional release to serve.<ref name="inmate">{{cite web |title=Michael Mancuso |url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Michael&Middle=&LastName=Mancuso&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=61&y=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628030117/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Michael&Middle=&LastName=Mancuso&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=61&y=19 |archive-date=June 28, 2013 |access-date=June 16, 2013 |work=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref> While on parole, he regularly met with fellow mobsters and associates, and he was arrested on supervised release violation charges on March 15, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Noah |date=March 15, 2022 |title=Reputed Bonanno crime family boss released on $500K bail after he's accused of associating with organized crime |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-bonanno-boss-michael-mancuso-released-500-thousand-bond-mob-mafia-20220315-rd63gzsjljbl5e4d6agc4cztaa-story.html |access-date=2022-03-29 |website=nydailynews.com}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> After pleading guilty, Mancuso was sentenced to 11 months in prison and another 3 years' supervised release on July 28, 2023, and he surrendered to prison authorities on September 6.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schnitzer |first1=Kyle |last2=DeGregory |first2=Priscilla |date=July 28, 2023 |title=Mama mia! Reputed NYC mob boss nicknamed 'The Nose' heading back to prison thanks partly to pasta-sauce chat |url=https://nypost.com/2023/07/28/reputed-bonanno-mobster-heading-back-to-prison-thanks-partly-to-pasta-sauce-chat/ |access-date=April 17, 2024 |work=[[The New York Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Capeci |first=Jerry |date=September 7, 2023 |title=Mikey Nose Back Behind Bars |url=https://www.ganglandnews.com/ |access-date=April 17, 2024 |work=Gang Land News}}</ref> He was incarcerated at [[Federal Correctional Institution, Allenwood Low|FCI Allenwood Low]], [[Pennsylvania]] and was released on July 28, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Mancuso |url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |access-date=April 17, 2024 |website=Bureau of Prison Inmate Locator}}</ref>
*'''Underboss''' – '''John "Johnny Joe" Spirito, Sr.''' – longtime family member. Spirito was involved in the 1999, murder of capo Gerlando Sciascia, and was sentenced to 20 years in prison after conviction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Betrayed by a Mafia Underboss - Graphic - NYTimes.com |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/10/28/us/mafia.html |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=archive.nytimes.com}}</ref> Former family underboss [[Salvatore Vitale]] provided testimony to convict Spirito. He was released from prison on supervised release on September 1, 2020.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=BOP: Federal Inmates By Name |url=https://www.bop.gov/mobile/find_inmate/byname.jsp#inmate_results |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=www.bop.gov}}</ref> Spirito is currently a target of the supervised release investigation of family boss Michael Mancuso, and has been cited as the family's "number two".
*'''Consigliere''' – '''[[Anthony Indelicato|Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato]]''' – became the new consigliere in 2024.<ref name="Bruno Indelicato consigliere">{{cite news |last1=Burnstein |first1=Scott M. |title=Making Peace, Mending Fences: Bonanno Mob Elevates Old-Timer "Bruno" Indelicato To Consigliere As Means Of Stabilizing Ranks |url=https://gangsterreport.com/making-peace-mending-fences-bonanno-mob-elevates-old-timer-bruno-indelicato-to-consigliere-as-means-of-solidifying-ranks/ |access-date=2 June 2024 |agency=News |publisher=Gangster Report |date=31 May 2024}}</ref> Indelicato was a soldier in his uncle, Joseph Indelicato's crew and the son of [[Al Indelicato|Alphonse "Sonny Red" Indelicato]]. He became a ''made member'' in the late 1970s, and may have participated in the 1979, murder of Carmine Galante. In 1986, Indelicato was a defendant in the [[Mafia Commission Trial]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Magnuson |first=Ed |date=June 24, 2001 |title=Hitting the Mafia |magazine=Time |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,145082,00.html |url-status=dead |access-date=April 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021206083203/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,145082,00.html |archive-date=December 6, 2002}}</ref> where he was sentenced to 45 years and released in 2000 from prison. On December 16, 2008, Indelicato received a 20-year prison sentence for the 2001, murder of Frank Santoro. On May 20, 2022, Indelicato was released from [[Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury]].<ref name=":12" />
*'''Acting Consigliere''' – '''Ernest "Ernie" Aiello''' – former capo operating in the Bronx.<ref name=":2" /> Aiello used to be an acting capo for [[Nicholas Santora|Nicholas "Nicky Mouth" Santora]] along with Vito Badamo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=July 9, 2013 |title=DA: Members Of Bonanno Crime Crew Indicted In NYC Mob Crackdown |work=CBS News New York |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/da-members-of-bonnano-crime-crew-indicted-in-nyc-mob-crackdown/ |access-date=July 29, 2022}}</ref> In 2012, he and acting capo John "Johnny Joe" Spirito Jr., as well as 20 to 25 Bonanno mobsters stormed the [[Lucchese crime family|Lucchese family]]-managed Coddington Club in the Bronx as a "show of force".<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Babick |first=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4juDwAAQBAJ&q=202&pg=PA201 |title=Guilt For The Guiltless: The Story Of Steven Crea, A Government Target Who Was Wrongfully Convicted |date=June 14, 2020 |publisher=Justice Technology Professionals |isbn=9780463024386 |location=United States |pages=202–207 |language=English}}</ref> The incident emerged after Lucchese family acting boss [[Matthew Madonna]] stated he did not recognize Michael Mancuso as the Bonanno family boss.<ref name=":5" /> On July 9, 2013, Aiello and eight other Bonanno family mobsters, including Santora and Badamo, were indicted on enterprise corruption, gambling, loan sharking, extortion and drug trafficking charges.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite news |last=Duggan |first=Erin |date=July 7, 2013 |title=DISTRICT ATTORNEY VANCE ANNOUNCES INDICTMENT OF CAPTAIN AND MEMBERS OF A CREW OF THE BONANNO ORGANIZED CRIME FAMILY |work=CBS News New York |url=https://cbsnews1.cbsistatic.com/i/cbslocal/wp-content/uploads/sites/14578484/2013/07/7-9-13-bonanno-crew-indictment.pdf |access-date=July 29, 2022}}</ref> The case ended in a mistrial on May 10, 2016.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Along with capo John Sciremammano and soldier John Spirito Jr., Aiello stormed the Glen Cove funeral home where a service was held honoring former capo Vito Grimaldi. The trio assaulted former acting boss Joseph Cammarano Jr. and his brother Dino, allegedly on the orders of Michael Mancuso.<ref name=":2" /> He served as acting consigliere while Mancuso was in prison for violating his parole restrictions.<ref name=":18" />

===Caporegimes===
'''Queens faction'''
*'''Jerome "Jerry" Asaro''' – capo of the ''Howard Beach-Asaro crew''. His father is [[Vincent Asaro]]. In 2014, Asaro was charged with exhuming the corpse of a gangland murder victim Paul Katz who was strangled with a dog chain by his father Vincent Asaro and [[James Burke (gangster)|James Burke]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|date=March 24, 2015|title=Not exactly a 'Goodfella': Recording catches Bonanno gangster Vincent Asaro ranting about 'greedy' son Jerome|website=NY Daily News.com|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/bonanno-mobster-vincent-asara-rants-greedy-son-jerry-article-1.2160112|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> On June 15, 2020, Asaro was released from prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inmate Locator: Jerome Asaro|website=BOP.Gov|url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/|access-date=August 23, 2020}}</ref>
*'''Anthony Fasitta''' – capo operating in Queens. Bonanno family boss Michael Mancuso met with Fasitta a number of times during his probation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Capeci |first1=Jerry |author-link1=Jerry Capeci |date=25 May 2023  |title=Mikey Nose Flubs The Boss Test: Snared In Off-Limits Meets With His Underboss And A Gaggle Of Gangsters |publisher=Gangland News |agency=News}}</ref>
*'''Anthony "Little Anthony" Pipitone''' – capo operating in Queens, Brooklyn and Long Island. On October 7, 2009, Pipitone was indicted along with capo Joseph Sammartino, capo Anthony Sclafani, acting capo Joseph Loiacono, soldiers Frank Pastore and Paul Spina among other members on racketeering charges.<ref name="U.S. Attorney’s Office Eastern District of New York">{{cite news|author=U.S. Attorney’s Office Eastern District of New York|title=Bonanno Organized Crime Family Ruling Panel Member, Captains, Soldiers, and Associates Indicted for Racketeering, Assault, and Other Offenses |url=https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/newyork/press-releases/2009/nyfo100709.htm|website=FBI.gov|date=October 7, 2009|access-date= November 10, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Cornell Smith">{{cite news|last=Cornell Smith|first=Kati|title=Feds arrest 15 Alleged Members of Bonanno Mob Family |url=https://nypost.com/2009/10/07/feds-arrest-15-alleged-members-of-bonanno-mob-family/|website=NY Post.com|date=October 7, 2009|access-date= November 10, 2019}}</ref> In June 2016, Pipitone was sentenced to two years in prison for violating his parole when he attended a Bonanno family Christmas party on Staten Island.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Bonanno Capo Gets Two Years for Attending Mob Family's Annual Christmas Party While on Supervised Release |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bonanno-capo-back-prison-mob-christmas-party-article-1.2682698|website=NY Daily News.com|date=June 21, 2016|access-date= November 10, 2019}}</ref> Pipitone had served time in prison for stabbing two men, after they had broken windows of a mob-connected restaurant in Whitestone, Queens.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wang|first=Yijun|author2=Lia Eustachewich|title=Mobster tossed back into prison for attending Mafia party|url=https://nypost.com/2016/06/22/mobster-tossed-back-into-prison-for-attending-mafia-party/|website=NY Post.com|date=June 22, 2016|access-date= November 10, 2019}}</ref> On August 16, 2022, Pipitone was among nine men arrested, including his younger brother Vito, and charged with racketeering, money laundering, illegal gambling, conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and other charges.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Members from the Bonnano as well as the [[Genovese crime family|Genovese]] families were arrested. The group used front businesses in Queens and Long Island to launder illegal profits.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Pipitone was released on $2 million bond.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" />

'''Brooklyn faction'''
*'''John "Big John" Contello''' – capo operating from Brooklyn and Florida. Contello is a former acting capo of the ''Joseph "Junior" Chilli's crew.''<ref>{{cite web |title=UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK APPLICATION 144 OF THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW BOARD — OPINION AND DECISION OF THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW BOARD IN THE MATTER OF VINCENT DISARIO |url=https://irbcases.org/bitstream/handle/38989/c01sn0404/gwu_ibt_irb_case_00670_irb.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref> Contello was a target of an August 28, 2008, indictment that charged him with racketeering, illegal gambling and conspiracy.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=USDOJ: US Attorney's Office - Eastern District of New York |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nye/pr/2008/2008aug28.html |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=www.justice.gov}}</ref> In June 2009, he was sentenced to 31 to 37 months in prison.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Isl |first1=Staten |last2=Advance |date=2009-03-05 |title=Staten Island butcher pleads guilty in mob-linked gambling ring |url=https://www.silive.com/news/2009/03/staten_island_butcher_cops_ple.html |access-date=2021-11-17 |website=silive |language=en}}</ref>
*'''Joseph "Joe Desi" DeSimone''' – capo operating from Brooklyn. In 1981, DeSimone was involved in the murder of his own capo [[Philip Giaccone]] and the murders of two other capos [[Dominick Trinchera]] and [[Al Indelicato|Alphonse Indelicato]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Scarpo|first=Ed|date=April 13, 2016|title=Octogenarian Gangster Gets Two Years for Parole Violation|website=Cosanostranews.com|url=https://www.cosanostranews.com/2016/04/octogenarian-gangste-gets-two-years-for.html|access-date=November 2, 2019}}</ref> In 2016, he was released from prison and violated supervised release and was sent back to prison.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|date=April 12, 2016|title=Elderly Bonanno capo back behind bars after violation of supervised release, months after he was sprung from 12-year stint|website=New York Daily News|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/bonanno-capo-82-back-prison-violating-release-terms-article-1.2598020|access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> On November 10, 2017, he was released from prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inmate Locator: Joseph DeSimone|website=BOP.Gov|url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/|access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> In May 2018, DeSimone and Genovese family capo John Brescio came under investigation for their involvement with Parx Casino.<ref>{{cite news|last=Huber|first=David|date=November 2, 2018|title=PA Gaming Control Board Meeting Timestamps (October 2018)|website=Parttimepoker.com|url=https://www.parttimepoker.com/pa-gaming-control-board-meeting-10-2018|access-date=November 2, 2019|archive-date=January 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101053355/https://www.parttimepoker.com/pa-gaming-control-board-meeting-10-2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Staten Island faction'''
*(''In prison'') '''Joseph "Joe Valet" Sabella''' – capo operating from Staten Island and Brooklyn. In 2019, Sabella was sentenced to 87 months in prison for his involvement in the dumping of illegal material at the LNG site in Rossville, Staten Island.<ref>{{cite news|last=Donnelly|first=Frank|date=July 22, 2019|title=Bonanno crime family capo 'Joe Valet' hit with 87-month sentence; had role in illegal dumping at LNG tank site|website=SILive.com|url=https://www.silive.com/news/2019/07/bonanno-crime-family-capo-joe-valet-hit-with-87-month-sentence-had-role-in-illegal-dumping-at-lng-tank-site.html|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=July 19, 2019|title=Bonanno Crime Family Captain Sentenced To Over 7 Years In Prison|website=Justice.gov|url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/bonanno-crime-family-captain-sentenced-over-7-years-prison|publisher=Southern District of New York|access-date=November 15, 2020}}</ref> Sabella is currently imprisoned with a projected released date of October 23, 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inmate Locator: Joseph Sabella|website=BOP.Gov|url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/|access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref>
**''Acting'' – '''Arthur "Harvey" Tarzia''' – acting capo of Sabella's crew.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Capeci |first1=Jerry |author-link1=Jerry Capeci |title=Mikey Nose Pans Acquittal By Musical Consiglieres; Puts Joe C On A Shelf |agency=News |publisher=Gangland |date=18 July 2019 }}</ref>

'''Bronx faction'''
*'''Pasquale "Patty Boy" Maiorino''' – operating from the Bronx. Maiorino served 20 years for a 1981, murder and in 2015, was sent back to prison on a gun charge.<ref name="Maiorion">{{cite news |last1=Whitehouse |first1=Kaja |date=2017-08-01 |title=Convicted murderer cries after judge allows him to see dentist |publisher=New York Post |url=https://nypost.com/2017/08/01/convicted-murderer-cries-after-judge-allows-him-to-see-dentist/ |access-date=23 August 2020}}</ref> In 2017, he was detained pending sentencing on a separate extortion charge associated with Genovese capo Pasquale Parrello of the Bronx.<ref name="Maiorion" />

'''Long Island faction'''
*'''John "Johnny Mulberry" Sciremammano''' – capo operating from Long Island and the Bronx. In June 2004, Sciremammano was arrested for running an illegal sports betting from Skybox Lounge, in Island Park and wiring the money to accounts in Costa Rica.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Devin|title=Police on Long Island Busted a 10 Million Illegal Gambling Ring|url=https://nypost.com/2004/06/24/police-on-long-island-busted-a-10-million-illegal-gambling-ring/|website=NY Post.com|date=June 24, 2004|access-date=November 10, 2019}}</ref> Along with capo Ernest Aiello and soldier John Spirito Jr., Sciremammano stormed the Glen Cove funeral home where a service was held honoring former capo Vito Grimaldi. The trio assaulted former acting boss Joseph Cammarano Jr. and his brother Dino, allegedly on the orders of Michael Mancuso.<ref name=":2" />

=== Soldiers ===
{{See also|Soldato}}
*'''Albert "Al Muscles" Armetta''' – family soldier.<ref name=":13">{{cite web |title=Download U.S. v. Cammarano et al Indictment |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/press-release/file/1025986/download |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK}}</ref> On January 12, 2018, he was indicted on racketeering and assault charges along with acting boss Joseph "Joe C" Cammarano Jr., consigliere John "Porky" Zancocchio and seven other defendants from the Bonanno, Lucchese and Genovese families.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 12, 2018 |title=Acting Bonanno Crime Family Boss, Others With Colorful Nicknmes, Face Racketeering Charges |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/bonanno-crime-family-arrests/ |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=CBS NEW YORK}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Acting Boss of Bonanno organized crime family and 9 other members of La Cosa Nostra indicted for racketeering and related charges |url=https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/acting-boss-bonanno-organized-crime-family-and-9-other-members-la-cosa-nostra |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=ICE|date=January 16, 2018 }}</ref> Armetta was charged with assaulting an individual on Halloween 2015 to gain entry into the Bonanno family, and he was released from prison on February 12, 2020.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Armetta |url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |access-date=July 4, 2023 |website=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref> He attended the wake of former Lucchese family consigliere [[List of past Lucchese crime family mobsters#Frank Lastorino|Frank Lastorino]] in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Capeci |first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Capeci |date=December 1, 2022 |title=Wake Of Big Frank Signals An End To The Mob Angst Over The Killing Of Big Paul |work=Gang Land News |url=http://ganglandnews.com/ |access-date=July 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205183040/http://ganglandnews.com/ |archive-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Louis Attanasio|Louis "Louie Ha Ha" Attanasio]] – a former capo in the Bronx. Attanasio, along with his brother Robert "Bobby Ha Ha" and Peter Calabrese, murdered Bonanno family Sicilian faction member [[Cesare Bonventre]] in 1984.<ref name="Bonventre murder case">[http://www.nj.com/sopranos/ledger/index.ssf?/sopranos/ledger/index.ssf?/sopranos/stories/mafiosi_20040122sl_drum.html "charged in case of dead man in a drum"] The Star Ledger January 22, 2004</ref> On September 20, 2006, Attanasio and Peter Calabrese were sentenced to 15 years in prison for the 1984 Bonventre murder.<ref name="Attanasio sentenced 15">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120514073440/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2006-09-21/local/18345168_1_bonanno-peter-rabbit-crime-family 15-yr. Sentences For 1984 Rubout. Two Whack-o Bonanno Names Are Kod] by John Marzulli (September 21, 2006) New York Daily News</ref> Attanasio's projected release date is January 23, 2018.<ref>[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Louis&Middle=&LastName=Attanasio&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=37&y=20 "Louis Attansio"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132822/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Louis&Middle=&LastName=Attanasio&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=37&y=20 |date=June 29, 2011 }} Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator</ref> His brother, only an associate of the Bonanno family, was sentenced to two years of supervised release and ordered to home confinement with GPS monitoring for the first six months by Senior United States District Judge [[Nicholas Garaufis]]. He was accused of affiliating with members of the Bonanno and [[Gambino crime family|Gambino]] crime families, including playing [[bocce]] with [[Louis Vallario]], a [[Caporegime|capo]] of the Gambino crime family, which Attanasio pled guilty to. It was also revealed that Robert Attanasio was suffering from prostate cancer in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reputed Bonanno mobster 'Bobby Ha Ha' all smiles after dodging prison|url=http://www.silive.com/news/2017/09/reputed_bonanno_mobster_bobby.html|website=Staten Island Live|date=September 21, 2017|publisher=Mira Wassef|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> He was released from prison on January 23, 2018.<ref>[https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ Louis Attanasio]</ref>
*[[Vincent Badalamenti|Vincent "Vinny T.V." Badalamenti]] – the former family consigliere.<ref name="New underboss Aiello"/> He is the former capo of the ''Bensonhurst crew''. Badalamenti has served as the former acting boss and consigliere. In December 2009, Badalamenti was found with Staten Island-based capo Anthony Calabrese and soldier John "Johnny Green" Faracithe meeting at a Bensonhurst storefront.<ref name="Capeci">[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/jerry-capeci/mob-murder-in-montreal-co_b_417688.html "Mob Murder In Montreal Could Trigger Bloodshed In New York"] by [[Jerry Capeci]] The Huffington Post January 11, 2010</ref><ref name=":02" /> He served as acting boss from early 2010 until 2012 when he was imprisoned.
* '''Vito Badamo''' – former acting capo of Nicholas Santora's ''[[The Motion Lounge|Graham Avenue, Williamsburg crew]]''. In July 2013, Badamo was indicted, along with capo Nicholas Santora, acting capo Ernest Aiello, soldier Anthony Santoro and others, on racketeering, loansharking, illegal gambling and drug dealing charges.<ref>{{cite news|last=Schapiro|first=Rich|date=July 9, 2013|title=Well-armed Bonnano crime crew busted on charges including Viagra trafficking, extortion: DA|website=New York Daily News|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/well-armed-bonnano-crime-crew-busted-charges-including-viagra-trafficking-extortion-da-article-1.1394099|access-date=November 3, 2019}}</ref> It was stated in court that Santora was training Badamo to take control of the crew in the future.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jacobs|first=Shayna|date=August 21, 2013|title=Nicky 'Cigars' Santora tells underboss to quit 'acting like a clown' on tape: prosecutors|website=New York Daily News|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nicky-cigars-santora-tells-underboss-quit-acting-clown-tape-prosecutors-article-1.1432923|access-date=November 3, 2019}}</ref> In May 2016, Badamo and the others were released after their case ended in a mistrial.<ref name=":6">{{cite news|last=Rosenberg|first=Rebecca|date=May 11, 2016|title=Bail set for alleged mobsters after case ends in mistrial|website=New York Post|url=https://nypost.com/2016/05/11/bail-set-for-alleged-mobsters-after-case-ends-in-mistrial/|access-date=November 3, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite news|last=Jacobs|first=Shayna|date=August 9, 2016|title=Bonanno gangsters' lawyers whine that judge's orders to bar them from mob friends and places are too vague to enforce|website=New York Daily News|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/judge-orders-alleged-bonanno-gangsters-vague-article-1.2744744|access-date=November 3, 2019}}</ref> On May 18, 2017, Badamo was sentenced to three to seven years in prison on illegal gambling charges.<ref name="Badamo sentenced 2017">{{cite news|date=May 18, 2017|title=DA Vance Announces Sentencing of Bonanno Crime Family Member|website=ManhattanDa.org|url=https://www.manhattanda.org/da-vance-announces-sentencing-bonanno-crime-family-member/|access-date=November 3, 2019|archive-date=November 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103195120/https://www.manhattanda.org/da-vance-announces-sentencing-bonanno-crime-family-member/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The remaining members of his crew, Anthony Santoro, Dominick Siano, Nicholas Bernhard, Scott O'Neil, Anthony Urban and Richard Sinde, had all pled guilty of various crimes and were sentenced.<ref name="Badamo sentenced 2017" />
* '''Anthony Calabrese''' – former acting capo in [[Staten Island]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Capeci |first=Jerry |author-link=Jerry Capeci |date=Mar 18, 2010 |title=DEA Grinches Spoil Bonanno Family Christmas Party |work=[[HuffPost]] |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dea-grinches-spoil-bonann_b_404259 |access-date=July 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729010139/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dea-grinches-spoil-bonann_b_404259 |archive-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref> Calabrese is the son of former family ruling panel member Peter "Rabbit" Calabrese, and was previously convicted and served time in prison for second-degree burglary, promoting gambling and reckless endangerment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Calabrese |url=https://nysdoccslookup.doccs.ny.gov/ |access-date=July 29, 2023 |website=New York Department of Corrections and Community Supervision Incarcerated Lookup}}</ref> During the 1990s and 2000s, he operated a club in Staten Island, and later helped mediate a dispute with Colombo family associate Francis Guerra and capo Anthony Russo over Bonanno associate Eugene Lombardo stealing Guerra's relatives' pizza recipe to use it in his own restaurant, which Calabrese resolved by paying Guerra $1500 as restitution.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marzulli |first=John |date=June 13, 2012 |title=Mob sauce summit! Colombos and Bonannos had sitdown over suspected family recipe theft from L&B; Spumoni Gardens |work=[[New York Daily News]] |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mob-sauce-summit-colombos-bonannos-sitdown-suspected-family-recipe-theft-b-spumoni-gardens-article-1.1095311 |access-date=July 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729002618/https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mob-sauce-summit-colombos-bonannos-sitdown-suspected-family-recipe-theft-b-spumoni-gardens-article-1.1095311 |archive-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref> On December 15, 2009, Calabrese, capo Vincent Badalamenti and John Faraci were arrested during a [[DEA]] raid on a Bensonhurst social club, before being promptly released from custody.<ref name=":02" /> He was indicted on racketeering, extortion and illegal gambling charges along with Badalamenti and four others on January 27, 2012, pleading guilty and being released from prison on May 10, 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eastern District of New York |first=U.S. District Attorney's Office |date=January 27, 2012 |title=Five Members of the Bonanno Crime Family Arrested for Racketeering and Related Charges |work=U.S. Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nye/pr/2012/2012jan27.html |access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cornell |first=Irene |date=August 20, 2012 |title=Staten Island Mobsters Sentenced For Loansharking |work=[[CBS New York]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/staten-island-mobsters-sentenced-for-loansharking/ |access-date=July 29, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthony Calabrese |url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |access-date=July 29, 2023 |website=Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref>
*'''Joseph "Joe Saunders" Cammarano Jr.''' – former street boss and acting underboss for the family. Cammarano Jr was a capo operating a crew in Brooklyn. After his father Joseph "Joe Saunders" Cammarano Sr., died on September 3, 2013, Cammarano Jr. took over his father's crew.<ref>[http://www.tonydestefano.com/id3.html Bonanno Crime Family] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810153217/http://www.tonydestefano.com/id3.html|date=August 10, 2013}} by Anthony M. DeStefano</ref> Cammarano Jr. was indicted in January 2018 on racketeering and murder conspiracy charges along with John Zancocchio, effectively ending his reign as street boss.<ref name="auto" /> Cammarano Jr. was acquitted on March 13, 2019, and was reportedly shelved by Mancuso.
*'''Michael Cassese''' – soldier. Cassese was one of numerous family members indicted on February 6, 2007. The family members, which included underboss Nicholas Santora and acting consigliere Anthony Rabito, were arraigned on charges of racketeering and other related crimes.<ref name="newyork.fbi.gov" /> Cassese was released from prison on May 22, 2014.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=BOP: Federal Inmates By Name |url=https://www.bop.gov/mobile/find_inmate/byname.jsp#inmate_results |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=www.bop.gov}}</ref>
*'''Salvatore "Toto" Catalano''' – a former capo and Street boss of the Sicilian faction. Catalano was heavily involved in the [[Pizza Connection Trial|Pizza Connection]] a heroin drug distribution scheme with boss Carmine Galante. The heroin was shipped into the U.S. and sold through pizzerias in New York City and New Jersey. In 1976, Catalano became capo of the ''Knickerbocker Avenue Crew''.<ref name="Abadinsky pg.34-35">Abadinsky, Howard ''Organized Crime'' [[iarchive:organizedcrime00howa/page/34| pg.34–35]]</ref> On March 2, 1987, Catalano was sentenced to 45 years in prison and fined $1.15 million.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/23/nyregion/judge-orders-four-in-pizza-case-to-contribute-to-fund-for-addicts.html?scp=8&sq=Salvatore%20Catalano&st=cse Judge Orders Four In 'Pizza' Case To Contribute To Fund For Addicts] by Frank J. Prial (June 23, 1987) New York Times</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/20/nyregion/mafia-informers-ridiculed-by-defense-in-pizza-trial.html?scp=3&sq=Salvatore%20Catalano&st=cse Mafia Informers Ridiculed By Defense In 'Pizza' Trial] by Arnold H. Lubasch (February 20, 1987) New York Times</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/28/nyregion/witness-s-testimony-the-versions-differ.html?scp=1&sq=Salvatore%20Catalano&st=cse Witness's Testimony: The Versions Differ] (September 28, 1987) New York Times</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/28/nyregion/federal-witness-in-pizza-case-recants-testimony-on-mob-boss.html?scp=4&sq=Salvatore%20Catalano&st=cse Federal Witness in 'Pizza' Case Recants Testimony on Mob Boss] by Ralph Blumenthal (September 28, 1987) New York Times</ref> He was released from prison on November 16, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salvatore Catalano|url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Salvatore&Middle=&LastName=Catalano&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=62&y=8|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720110523/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Salvatore&Middle=&LastName=Catalano&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=62&y=8|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 20, 2012|access-date=March 16, 2012|work=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref>
*'''Fabrizio "The Herder" DeFrancisci''' – a soldier. DeFrancisci is a founding member of the Bath Avenue Crew, the infamous Bonanno farm team. DeFrancisci was sentenced to 50-years imprisonment for murder.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hays |first1=Tom |title=Defendants Plead Guilty in Mob Case |url=https://apnews.com/article/78a5512a548fd2a27ee751673d3629cc |access-date=9 July 2022 |website=AP News}}</ref> He was released from prison to a halfway house in May 2023.
*'''Louis "Louie the Leg-Breaker" Civello Sr.''' – former capo of the ''New Jersey crew''. In 2015, Civello along with his son Louis Civello Jr. were under investigation due to their ownership of NJDAM and their involvement in car related fraud.<ref>{{cite news|last=Seidman|first=Andrew|title=How a 'Sham' South Jersey auto business with alleged mob ties is changing policy in Trenton|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/politics/nj/nj-used-cars-consumer-fraud-20170616.html|website=The Philadelphia Inquirer|date=June 16, 2017|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>
*'''Louis "Louie Electric" DeCicco''' – former capo in Brooklyn with operations in Queens and Long Island. In March 2007, DeCicco was arrested along with other Bonanno capos. On December 31, 2009, DeCicco was released from prison.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.onewal.com/mn200703.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415024037/http://www.onewal.com/mn200703.pdf|archive-date=April 15, 2010|access-date=November 21, 2009|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Louis&Middle=&LastName=DeCicco&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=0&y=0 "Louis DeCicco"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132738/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Louis&Middle=&LastName=DeCicco&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=0&y=0 |date=June 29, 2011 }} Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator</ref>
*'''Thomas "Tommy D" DiFiore''' – a former acting boss and former capo. In 1979, DiFiore was thrown out of the Giaccone crew for getting into an argument with capo [[Philip Giaccone]].<ref>Saggio, p.13-14O</ref> By 1990, DiFiore had become a capo in the family and handled most of the actives on Long Island.<ref>Saggio, [https://books.google.com/books?id=RiDwMljUJcoC&q=tommy+d&pg=PA57 p.57, 79]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In May 2000, DiFiore and two members of the [[Gambino crime family]], capo [[Salvatore Scala]] and soldier Charles Carneglia, were arrested and charged with extortion.<ref>Saggio, p.141-143</ref> The FBI had recorded a mob sit-down on May 3, 2000, between DiFiore, Scala and Carneglia over who had the right to extort ''Cherry Video'' a sex shop on Long Island.<ref name="DeStefano">DeStefano, [[iarchive:mobkiller0000dest/page/77| Chapter 8 "He's a Rat"]]</ref> On November 2, 2001, all three were sentenced to 63 months for extortion.<ref name="DeStefano" /> DiFiore was released from prison on March 19, 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas DiFiore|url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Thomas+&Middle=&LastName=Difiore&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=77&y=13|access-date=June 15, 2013|work=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2013, he became the family underboss and acting boss for imprisoned boss Michael Mancuso.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|date=June 24, 2013|title=Bonanno crime family sniffs out Michael 'The Nose' Mancuso as new boss: sources|work=New York Daily News|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/bonanno-family-names-nose-new-boss-article-1.1380609|access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Capeci|first=Jerry|author-link=Jerry Capeci|date=June 13, 2013|title=New Bonanno Boss Speaks Softly; Hides In The Bushes|publisher=Gang Land News|url=http://www.ganglandnews.com/index.html|access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> In January 2014, he was arrested on extortion charges along with [[Vincent Asaro]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|date=April 29, 2014|title=EXCLUSIVE: Mob boss Thomas DiFiore wants out of jail, cites his diabetes — but feds say he's feasting on junk food|website=New York Daily News|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/mob-boss-difiore-devours-junk-food-jail-article-1.1772373|access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> He was released from prison on August 4, 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inmate Locator: Thomas DiFiore|website=BOP.Gov|url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/|access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref>
*'''Vincent "Vinny Bionics" DiSario''' – soldier who was arrested in an August 28, 2008, indictment. DiSario was charged with racketeering, illegal gambling and racketeering conspiracy.<ref name=":0" /> In 2009, he pleaded guilty to a single count of collecting unlawful debts, and was sentenced to 18 to 24 months in prison.<ref name=":1" />
* '''Thomas Fiore''' – former "acting capo" of Gerard Chilli's South Florida crew. He is based in the [[Palm Beach County]] city of [[Boynton Beach, Florida|Boynton Beach]]. On October 14, 2009, his crew in South Florida was charged under the RICO law. Six of the eleven crew members, including crew enforcer Pasquale Rubbo and his brother Joseph Rubbo, pled guilty to a list of crimes. The crew is involved in arson, insurance fraud, identity theft, illegal gambling and other crimes. They send some tribute to Bonanno family bosses in New York City.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/fla_members_of_bonanno_crime_family_f5tafSAzUAHOixVbOltbFI | work=New York Post | title=6 Fla. members of Bonanno crime family admit guilt | date=October 14, 2009}}</ref> On March 2, 2010, Fiore was sentenced to twelve years for racketeering.<ref>[http://mafianewstoday.com/leader-of-bonanno-family-florida-crew-sentenced "Leader of Bonanno Family Florida Crew Sentenced"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514005109/http://mafianewstoday.com/leader-of-bonanno-family-florida-crew-sentenced |date=May 14, 2010 }} Mafia News Today March 2, 2010</ref> Released from prison on October 23, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas Fiore|url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/|work=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator|access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref>
*'''Anthony "Tony Black" Furino''' – former capo based in Staten Island. In 2004, Furino was arrested for extortion of [[Long Island]] night clubs and Staten Island restaurants.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 23, 2004|title=Bonannos Creamed As 7 Mobsters Cop Pleas|work=New York Post|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/bonannos_creamed_as_mobsters_cop_Gf9wXrDJ6IgYzL7rBpPAHM}}</ref><ref name="fl1.findlaw.com">{{cite web |title=Legal Blog Network – FindLaw |url=http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/orgcrime/usurso11604ind.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901222953/http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/orgcrime/usurso11604ind.pdf |archive-date=September 1, 2015 |access-date=November 21, 2009 |website=Findlaw}}</ref> In 2007, Furino was released from prison.
*'''Anthony "the Hat/Perry Como" Frascone''' – form capo operating from Brooklyn and the Bronx who came up in the [[Dominick Trinchera]] crew. Frascone was involved in a large-scale illegal gambling operation along with [[Genovese crime family|Genovese]] soldier Victor Colletti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Kim |title=Multimillion Dollar Crime Ring Based In Maspeth Shut Down |url=https://www.qchron.com/news/central/multimillion-dollar-crime-ring-based-in-maspeth-shut-down/article_255d1ee2-ca5c-5242-a06f-f8dc233801c3.html |access-date=2020-06-27 |website=Queens Chronicle |date=April 7, 2005 |language=en}}</ref> On November 30, 2011, Frascone was indicted with several members on charges stemming from the extortion of several Queens and Long Island strip clubs, who employed dancers who were not authorized to work in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DA: Charges in illegal immigration scheme |url=https://www.newsday.com/long-island/nassau/da-mobsters-charged-in-strip-club-scheme-1.3356513 |access-date=2020-06-27 |website=Newsday |date=November 30, 2011 |language=en |archive-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627024004/https://www.newsday.com/long-island/nassau/da-mobsters-charged-in-strip-club-scheme-1.3356513 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*'''Gino Galestro''' – a former newspaper delivery truck driver and soldier who operated in Staten Island. He pled guilty to ordering the murder of associate Robert McKelvey over a debt in 2005. He was released from prison on June 24, 2022.<ref name=":12" />
*'''[[Anthony Indelicato|Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato]]''' – he was a soldier in his uncle, Joseph Indelicato's crew and the son of [[Al Indelicato|Alphonse "Sonny Red" Indelicato]]. He became a ''made member'' in the late 1970s, and may have participated in the 1979, murder of Carmine Galante. In 1986, Indelicato was a defendant in the [[Mafia Commission Trial]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Magnuson |first=Ed |date=June 24, 2001 |title=Hitting the Mafia |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,145082,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021206083203/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,145082,00.html |archive-date=December 6, 2002 |access-date=April 26, 2010 |magazine=Time}}</ref> where he was sentenced to 45 years and released in 2000 from prison. On December 16, 2008, Indelicato received a 20-year prison sentence for the 2001, murder of Frank Santoro. On May 20, 2022, Indelicato was released from [[Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury]].<ref name=":12" />
*'''Joseph Indelicato''' – a former capo in Manhattan and New Jersey. Took over crew from his deceased brother, [[Al Indelicato|Alphonse "Sonny Red" Indelicato]]. Joseph's nephew [[Anthony Indelicato|Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato]] is a soldier in the crew.<ref name="realdealmafia.com">{{cite web|title=Realdealmafia.com|url=http://realdealmafia.com/mobcorner_galante4.html|website=realdealmafia.com|access-date=January 22, 2010|archive-date=September 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921163850/http://realdealmafia.com/mobcorner_galante4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''Joseph "Joe Lefty" Loiacono''' – former acting capo who was arrested on October 14, 2009, for running a loansharking operation. He was released on May 18, 2012.<ref name="newyork.fbi.gov" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Staten Island Advance Print Edition – Staten Island Advance – SILive.com|url=http://www.silive.com/news/advance/index.ssf?/base/news/1255004113272060.xml&coll=1|website=silive.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cornell|first1=Kati|last2=Demarche|first2=Edmund|date=October 8, 2009|title=Feds pick bunch of Bonannos|work=New York Post|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/brooklyn/feds_pick_bunch_of_bonannos_is81o1Ev0FxiRpo0MRWm2N}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Joseph+&Middle=&LastName=Loiacono&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=50&y=5 "Joseph Loiacono"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132842/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Joseph+&Middle=&LastName=Loiacono&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=50&y=5 |date=June 29, 2011 }} Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator</ref>
*'''Anthony "Anthony from Elmont" Mannone''' – (a.k.a. ''Anthony from the Five Towns'') – former capo who was arrested on February 24, 2010, for running an illegal gambling and extortion ring throughout Brooklyn.<ref>[http://mafiatoday.com/bonanno-family/mafia-family-members-associates-charged-with-racketeering-extortion-and-other-crimes/ "Mafia Family Members, Associates Charged with Racketeering, Extortion and Other Crimes"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120710183659/http://mafiatoday.com/bonanno-family/mafia-family-members-associates-charged-with-racketeering-extortion-and-other-crimes/|date=July 10, 2012}} Mafia News Today – U.S. Attorney General's Office February 26, 2010</ref><ref>[http://newyork.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/nyfo022410b.htm "Superseding Indictment Unsealed Charging Lucchese and Bonanno Captains, Soldier, and Associates Variously with Racketeering, Racketeering Conspiracy, Extortion, and Other Crimes"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301203438/http://newyork.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel10/nyfo022410b.htm|date=March 1, 2010}} Department of Justice Press Release February 24, 2010</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100301075823/http://mafianewstoday.com/bonanno-and-lucchese-family-bust "Bonanno and Lucchese Family Bust"] Mafia News Today February 26, 2010</ref> Manone was released from prison on June 27, 2013<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=Anthony Mannone|url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Anthony&Middle=&LastName=Mannone&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=0&y=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212235859/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Anthony&Middle=&LastName=Mannone&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=0&y=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 12, 2012|access-date=March 16, 2012|work=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator}}</ref>
*'''John "Johnny Skyway" Palazzolo''' – former street boss for Mancuso; a fellow member of the family's Bronx faction, Palazzolo was inducted into the organization in 1977, and remained active in criminal activity ever since, mainly operating extortion, loansharking and fraud rackets.<ref name=":132" /> In 1978, he served as a backup shooter in the attempted murder of associate Anthony Coglitore, who was shot 11 times as he entered the driveway of his [[Staten Island]] home as retribution for having tried to kill a member of the family.<ref name=":132" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Garaufis |first=Nicholas |date=February 2, 2006 |title=U.S. v. URSO, 03-CR-1382 (NGG) |url=https://casetext.com/case/us-v-urso-5 |access-date=April 18, 2024 |work=Casetext}}</ref> Palazzolo was also involved in the murder of soldier Russell Mauro in 1991, luring him to the Black Eagle Social Club in [[Astoria, Queens]] where soldier Joseph "Joe Desi" DeSimone and associate Peter "Petey Boxcars" Cosoleto shot him to death, with Palazzolo cleaning up the scene and disposing of Mauro's corpse.<ref name=":132" /><ref name=":17">{{Cite news |last=Marzulli |first=John |date=June 23, 2015 |title=Urine-troubled mafia boss headed back to prison after meeting with fellow gangsters while on probation |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/2015/06/23/urine-troubled-mafia-boss-headed-back-to-prison-after-meeting-with-fellow-gangsters-while-on-probation/ |access-date=April 18, 2024 |work=[[The New York Daily News]]}}</ref> In 1994, he was convicted of interstate theft and sentenced to two years in prison, though he was later found guilty of running a loansharking ring from inside FCI Allenwood Low along with his father James and his son James Palace, and his sentence was extended by 57 months.<ref name=":132" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 12, 1996 |title=FAMILY ADMITS PRISON-BASED LOANSHARKING |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1996/01/13/family-admits-prison-based-loansharking/79db4760-36b8-4023-ada5-69771a811e2a/ |access-date=April 18, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In 2004, Palazzolo was indicted along with acting boss Anthony "Tony Green" Urso and 25 other defendants on racketeering and murder charges.<ref name="fl1.findlaw.com" /><ref name=":132" /> He pled guilty to conspiring to murder Mauro and was sentenced to 10 years in prison, as well as being fined $100 in 2006.<ref name=":132" /> Upon his release in 2014, Palazzolo was promoted to street boss, but was arrested a year later for violating his parole due to having met with family members Anthony "Fat Anthony" Rabito and Frank "Frankie Boy" Salerno; he was sentenced to one year in prison.<ref name=":17" /> In 2019, Michael Mancuso named Palazzolo acting boss to replace Joseph "Joe C" Cammarano Jr., whom he had recently shelved.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Capeci |first=Jerry |date=July 18, 2019 |title=Furious! Bonanno Boss Mikey Nose Shelves Acting Boss Joe C, Three Others |url=http://ganglandnews.com/ |work=Gang Land News}}</ref>
*'''Vito Pipitone''' – soldier and younger brother of capo Anthony "Little Anthony" Pipitone. He was indicted on August 16, 2022, among other members of the Bonnano and Genovese families, and was charged with rackteering, illegal gambling, money laundering, and other charges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=Nine Members and Associates of Genovese and Bonanno Organized Crime Families Charged with Racketeering and Illegal Gambling Offenses |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/nine-members-and-associated-genovese-and-bonanno-organized-crime-families-charged |access-date=2022-08-18 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref>
*'''Frank Porco''' – former capo operating from Staten Island, Brooklyn and Florida. In 2005, Porco was released from prison.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WebsUpp|url=http://www.websupp.org/data/EDNY/1:03-cr-00929-842-EDNY.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172458/http://www.websupp.org/data/EDNY/1:03-cr-00929-842-EDNY.pdf|archive-date=July 28, 2011|access-date=January 22, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Frank+&Middle=&LastName=Porco&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=32&y=21 "Frank Porco"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132756/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Frank+&Middle=&LastName=Porco&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=32&y=21 |date=June 29, 2011 }} Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator</ref>
*'''Salvatore Puccio''' – soldier based in Florida, Puccio was arrested along with capo Gerard "Jerry" Chili in February 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reputed mob head arrested |url=https://www.gainesville.com/story/news/2005/02/04/reputed-mob-head-arrested/31682834007/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Gainesville Sun |language=en-US}}</ref> Charged with racketeering, conspiracy, money laundering, dealing with stolen property, and numerous illegal gambling-related crimes, Puccio was sentenced to 96 months in prison and was released on November 15, 2013.<ref name=":11" />
*'''Anthony "Fat Tony" Rabito''' – the former acting consigliere for Vincent Basciano prior to his incarceration and a longtime member of the Bonanno family. From January 2003 to July 2004, Rabito operated an illegal gambling and loansharking ring in Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and [[Staten Island]], earning $210,000 a week.<ref name="newyork.fbi.gov" />
*'''William "Willie Glasses" Riviello''' – a former capo operating in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, Bronx and Westchester County. In 2004, Riviello was arrested for a stolen bank check scheme in the Bronx and [[Yonkers, New York]], that grossed over $500,000 for the family. In 2007, Riviello was released from prison.<ref name="yonkers banker">{{cite news|last=Gearty|first=Robert|date=June 15, 2004|title=YONKERS BANKER BUSTED IN 500G SCAM|newspaper=New York Daily News|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/yonkers-banker-busted-500g-scam-article-1.556768|access-date=April 27, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=William&Middle=&LastName=Riviello&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=40&y=7 "William Riviello"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132748/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=William&Middle=&LastName=Riviello&Race=W&Sex=M&Age=&x=40&y=7 |date=June 29, 2011 }} Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator</ref>
*'''Frank "Frankie Boy" Salerno''' – in 2016, he was indicted with Gambino family acting Capo John "Johnny Boy" Ambrosio and Gambino family associate John Saladino on loan sharking and racketeering charges. Salerno was sentenced to 4 years in prison for helping collect loan shark debts.<ref>{{cite web |last1=U.S. Attorneys Eastern District of New York |title=Members and Associates of the Gambino and Bonanno Organized Crime Families Sentenced for Racketeering Indictment Included Predicate Acts of Drug Trafficking, Loan Sharking, Gambling and Obstruction of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edny/pr/members-and-associates-gambino-and-bonanno-organized-crime-families-sentenced |website=Justice.Gov |date=December 13, 2018 |publisher=U.S. Attorneys Eastern District of New York |access-date=19 June 2022}}</ref>
*'''Joseph "Sammy" Sammartino Sr.''' – a former capo of the ''New Jersey crew''. He was born and raised in Jersey City's Marion Section and currently resides in [[North Arlington, New Jersey]]<ref name="Sammartino Bayonne">{{cite news|last=Conte|first=Michaelangelo|date=October 13, 2009|title=Feds: A reputed mob "capo" operated out of Bayonne|newspaper=New Jersey.com|url=https://www.nj.com/bayonne/2009/10/feds_a_reputed_mob_capo_operat_1.html|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> His crew is based in [[Bayonne, New Jersey]], and he controls a loansharking ring.<ref name="Sammartino Bayonne" /> In 2009, he served on a ruling panel running the family.<ref name="Samartino 2009" /> On October 14, 2009, Sammartino was arrested on loansharking charges.<ref name="Samartino -Daily News" /> He was sentenced to 18 months in prison and a $50,000 fine for extortion and loansharking.<ref>{{cite news|last=Conte|first=Michaelangelo|date=October 15, 2010|title=Jersey Captain in Bonanno crime family sentenced to 18 months in prison for loansharking|newspaper=New Jersey.com|url=https://www.nj.com/hudson/2010/10/jersey_captain_in_bonanno_crim.html|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> On January 27, 2011, Sammartino was released from prison.
*'''Joseph "Joey Blue Eyes" Santapaolo''' – soldier in the family, Santapaolo was indicted on January 12, 2018, along with acting boss Joseph Cammarano Jr., consigliere John Zancocchio, and several other members and associates.<ref name=":10" />
*'''Anthony "Scal" Sclafani''' – former capo based in Staten Island with illegal gambling operations. On October 7, 2009, Sclafani was indicted along with capo Joseph Sammartino, capo Anthony Pipitone, acting capo Joseph Loiacono, and soldiers Frank Pastore and Paul Spina, among other members, on racketeering and loansharking charges.<ref name="U.S. Attorney’s Office Eastern District of New York" /><ref name="Cornell Smith" /> It was revealed in the case that Sclafani had owed $50,000 to capo Joseph Sammartino.<ref name="northjersey.com">{{cite news|last=Sampson|first=Peter J.|title=N. Arlington man jailed on loansharking charges|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/crime_courts/64191577.html|access-date=November 29, 2019|newspaper=North Jersey.com|date=October 14, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513190817/http://www.northjersey.com/news/crime_courts/64191577.html|archive-date=May 13, 2012|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Sclafani tried to stay out of law enforcement surveillance by staying in his home all day.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Reputed capo Anthony Sclafani avoids big house by staying home|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/reputed-capo-anthony-sclafani-avoids-big-house-staying-home-article-1.380418|access-date=November 29, 2019|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=October 7, 2009}}</ref> He controlled illegal gambling from a social club on Victory Blvd. that was named after a Staten Island youth league.<ref name="youth league">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Reputed capo in Bonanno crime family names social club after Staten Island youth league|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/reputed-capo-bonanno-crime-family-names-social-club-staten-island-youth-league-article-1.380417|access-date=April 26, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=October 22, 2009}}</ref> Sclafani was released from prison on February 14, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inmate Locator: Anthony Sclafani |url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/|website=BOP.Gov|access-date=November 29, 2019}}</ref>
*'''Paul "Fat Paulie" Spina''' – soldier. Spina was one of numerous family members indicted on February 6, 2007. The family members, which included underboss Nicholas Santora and acting consigliere Anthony Rabito, were arraigned on charges of racketeering and other related crimes.<ref name="newyork.fbi.gov" /> Spina was released from prison on December 19, 2016.<ref name=":11" />
*'''John "Johnny Joe" Spirito Jr.''' – former Street Boss and Capo. He is the son of soldier John "Johnny Joe" Spirito Sr. and longtime member of the Bronx faction under former capo Patrick "Patty from the Bronx" DeFilippo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Capeci |first1=Jerry |author-link1=Jerry Capeci |title=Slain Wiseguy Linked To Murder Plot Against Federal Prosecutor |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/slain-wiseguy-linked-to-m_b_230335 |access-date=19 June 2022 |agency=News Paper |publisher=Huffington Post |date=13 July 2009}}</ref> In 2003, Spirito Jr. along with Anthony Frascone were arrested on illegal gambling charges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Berger |first1=Alisha |title=GRAN' MOB: WOMAN, 93, IN MAFIA BETTING RACKET |url=https://nypost.com/2003/07/16/gran-mob-woman-93-in-mafia-betting-racket/ |access-date=19 June 2022 |agency=News Paper |publisher=New York Post |date=16 July 2003}}</ref>
* '''George "Grumpy" Tropiano''' – former acting capo, Tropiano was indicted on January 12, 2018, along with acting boss Joseph Cammarano Jr., consigliere John Zancocchio, and several other members and associates.<ref name=":10" /> Tropiano was released from prison on January 13, 2022.<ref name=":11" />
* '''Anthony "Tony Green" Urso''' – former capo and acting capo under Joseph Massino in the 1990s. In 2004, Urso was imprisoned for extortion and loansharking. Release from prison on June 25, 2021.<ref>[https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ "Anthony Urso"] Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator</ref>
*'''John "Porky" Zancocchio''' – former consigliere, Zancocchio was indicted in January 2018, on racketeering and murder conspiracy charges along with Joseph Cammarano Jr.<ref name="auto" /> Zancocchio was acquitted on March 13, 2019, and was reportedly shelved by Mancuso.<ref name="auto" />

=== Imprisoned members ===
* '''Anthony "Ace" Aiello''' – a soldier. In December 2008, he took a plea deal for the killing of a Bonanno family associate. Aiello was sentenced to 30-years imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chiaramonte |first1=Perry |title=BONANNO BOSS HIT WITH 15 YEARS FOR MOB SLAY |url=https://nypost.com/2008/12/17/bonanno-boss-hit-with-15-years-for-mob-slay/ |website=NY POST |date=December 17, 2008 |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bonanno Organized Crime Family Acting Boss and Three Soldiers Plead Guilty to Murder Conspiracy and Other Charges |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nye/pr/2008/2008aug06.html |website=Office of the United States Attorney |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref>
* '''[[Baldassare Amato|Baldassare "Baldo" Amato]]''' – a soldier in the Sicilian faction and leader of a freelance crew operating in [[Ridgewood, Queens]]. He once served as a bodyguard to former boss Carmine Galante and was also with him on the day that he was murdered; it is alleged that he cooperated in Galante being murdered as his life was spared. As of 2006, Amato is currently serving a life sentence in federal prison for two murders and racketeering.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/30/nyregion/revisiting-a-cafe-s-society-of-brazen-violence.html?pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | title=Revisiting a Cafe's Society of Brazen Violence | first=Alan | last=Feuer | date=June 30, 2000 | access-date=April 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nysun.com/new-york/fathers-and-sons-and-lessons-of-crime/9355/ "Fathers and Sons and Lessons of Crime"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921193915/http://www.nysun.com/new-york/fathers-and-sons-and-lessons-of-crime/9355/ |date=September 21, 2021 }} by JERRY CAPECI New York Sun February 17, 2005</ref><ref name="young tuffs">{{cite news|last=Peterson|first=Helen|title=COPS BUST YOUNG TUFFS ON RISE WANNA-BE MOBSTERS, SAY FEDS|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/cops-bust-young-tuffs-rise-wanna-be-mobsters-feds-article-1.743232|access-date=April 26, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=July 7, 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Baldassare Amato|url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Baldassare&Middle=&LastName=Amato&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=49&y=14|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721234306/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Baldassare&Middle=&LastName=Amato&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=49&y=14|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 21, 2012|work=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator|access-date=March 16, 2012}}</ref>
*'''Ronald "Ronnie G" Giallanzo''' – former capo of the ''Howard Beach-Asaro crew''. Giallanzo is the nephew of [[Vincent Asaro]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Eisinger|first=Dale|author2=Andrew Keshner|date=March 20, 2018|title=Mobster gets three years' probation for his testimony against his capo cousin in Lufthansa heist trial|website=NY Daily News.com|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mobster-pinned-lufthansa-heist-capo-cousin-probation-article-1.3886133|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> In 2018, Giallanzo was sentenced to 14 years in prison for running a $3 million loansharking business. During the trial prosecutors stated that Giallanzo was capo of the Howard Beach crew between 1998 and 2017, even overseeing their operations while in prison for eight years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shittu|first=Esther|author2=McShane, Larry|date=August 15, 2018|title=Bonanno family capo gets 14 years in prison, must sell mansion in $3 million extortion sentencing|website=NY Daily News.com|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/ny-metro-bonanno-capo-sentence-20180815-story.html|access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>
* '''Stephen "Stevie Blue" Locurto''' – a soldier. In July 2006, he was given a life imprisonment sentence for racketeering and murder.<ref>{{cite news |title=LoCurto/Platia murder |url=https://nydailynews.newspapers.com/clip/63100480/locurtoplatia-murder/ |newspaper=Daily News |date=June 30, 2006 |page=26 |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Long-time Bonanno Organized Crime Family Soldiers Baldassare Amato and Stephen Locurto, and Bonanno Crime Family Associate Anthony Basile, Convicted of Racketeering Conspiracy |url=https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/nye/pr/2006/2006jul12.html |website=Office of the United States Attorney |access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Pitera]] – soldier and hitman who was sentenced to life in federal prison. He is currently serving his sentence in federal prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thomas Pitera|url=http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Thomas&Middle=&LastName=Pitera&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=57&y=16|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729234033/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Thomas&Middle=&LastName=Pitera&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=57&y=16|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 29, 2012|work=Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator|access-date=March 16, 2012}}</ref>

==Former family members==

* '''Sandro Aiosa''' – former capo in [[Ozone Park, Queens]].<ref name=":122">{{Cite web |title=Sending the Bonanno's a strong message |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zT-4MsnIO68 |access-date=April 16, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Aiosa was described as a member of the [[Sicilian Mafia]] involved in heroin and cocaine trafficking, and he owned two clubs, the Signora Social Club in Queens and another one in Ozone Park.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 1, 1995 |title=United States v. Ambrosio, 898 F. Supp. 177 (S.D.N.Y. 1995) |work=[[Justia]] |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/898/177/1464006/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230416152729/https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/898/177/1464006/ |archive-date=April 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name=":122" /> Aiosa was indicted on several gambling charges along with family acting boss Anthony "Tony Green" Urso and 25 other defendants on January 20, 2004, pleading guilty on October 22, 2004.<ref name="fl1.findlaw.com" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=DeStefano |first=Anthony M. |date=October 24, 2004 |title=9 plead guilty in Bonanno case |work=[[Newsday]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/709596876/ |access-date=April 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name=":132">{{Cite news |date=October 26, 2010 |title=SALVATORE VITALE |work=[[Cryptome]] |url=https://cryptome.org/0002/salvatore-vitale.pdf |access-date=April 16, 2023}}</ref> He was sentenced to 12 months in prison, three years supervised release and fined $100 on March 4, 2005, being released from custody on October 12, 2012.<ref name=":132" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandro Aiosa |url=https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/ |access-date=April 16, 2023 |website=Bureau of Prison Inmate Locator}}</ref> Aiosa died on May 1, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=James Romanelli-Stephen Funeral Home |date=May 1, 2023 |title=Sandro Aiosa Obituary (1942 - 2023) |work=[[Legacy.com]] |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/name/sandro-aiosa-obituary?id=51784809 |access-date=May 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Burnstein |first=Scott |date=May 19, 2023 |title=On His Way To The Signora Club In The Sky: Old-Timer In NYC's Bonanno Mob, Sandro Aiosa, Dies Of Natural Causes In Ozone Park |work=The Gangster Report |url=https://gangsterreport.com/on-his-way-to-signora-club-in-the-sky-old-timer-in-nycs-bonanno-mob-sandro-aiosa-dies-of-natural-causes-in-ozone-park/ |access-date=May 20, 2023}}</ref>
* '''Francesco "Frank" Bonomo''' – born in 1901 in [[Castellammare del Golfo]], [[Sicily]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Organized Crime: 25 Years After Valachi : Hearings Before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, Second Session, April 11, 15, 21, 22, 29, 1988 |date=1988 |page=702 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lwRAAAAIAAJ&q=francesco+frank+bonomo&pg=PA768 |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> He was a soldier for the Bonanno family by the late 1930s. Bonomo allegedly drove Mike Adamo and Frank Mari to a meeting they were both presumed murdered at in 1968 as a result of plotting to overthrow the leadership of Bonanno boss [[Paul Sciacca]]. Bonomo served as an acting [[Caporegime|capo]] during the late 1970s and [[Carmine Galante]] promoted him to official captain before his murder. He died in 1987.
* [[Cesare Bonventre|Cesare "The Tall Guy" Bonventre]] – a former capo and member of the Sicilian faction. He was related to Vito Bonventre, John Bonventre, and Joseph Bonanno. He was murdered on April 16, 1984.
*[[Vincent Asaro|Vincent "Vinny" Asaro]] – former capo. During the 1990s, Asaro allegedly operated a multimillion-dollar stolen car ring and oversaw the hijacking of cargo at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport]]. In 1998 Asaro was convicted of running a car theft ring.<ref>{{cite news|last=Donohue|first=Pete|date=November 20, 1998|title=ELUSIVE MOBSTER CONVICTED|newspaper=New York Daily News|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/elusive-mobster-convicted-article-1.807490|access-date=January 30, 2014}}</ref> In 2015, Asaro was acquitted of alleged involvement in the 1978 Lufthansa robbery with Lucchese crime family associates in which $21.3 million in today's money was reported stolen.<ref>{{cite news|title=incent Asaro, Accused in Lufthansa Heist, Is Found Not Guilty|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/13/nyregion/vincent-asaro-accused-in-lufthansa-heist-is-found-not-guilty.html?_r=0|access-date=May 13, 2016|website=The New York Times|date = November 12, 2015|last1 = Clifford|first1 = Stephanie}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Goodfellas mobster' Vincent Asaro acquitted over 1978 heist|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11992466/Goodfellas-mobster-Vincent-Asaro-acquitted-over-1978-heist.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11992466/Goodfellas-mobster-Vincent-Asaro-acquitted-over-1978-heist.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=May 13, 2016|website=The Telegraph|date=November 12, 2015 |publisher=Barney Henderson}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In June 2017, Asaro was sentenced to eight years in prison for ordering the arson of a car that had cut him off in [[Howard Beach, Queens]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Feuer|first=Alan|date=2017-12-28|title=Vincent Asaro, Reputed Mobster, Is Sentenced to 8 Years for Road Rage Arson|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/28/nyregion/vincent-asaro-arson-sentence.html|access-date=2020-06-27|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He was granted compassionate release and was released on April 18, 2020, over fears of the [[COVID-19 outbreak]].<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Evan Simko-Bednarski|author2=Nicole Chavez|title=Vincent Asaro, reputed mobster, released from prison over coronavirus fears|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/18/us/vincent-asaro-released-trnd/index.html|access-date=2020-06-27|website=CNN|date=April 18, 2020 }}</ref> Asaro died on October 22, 2023.
* '''John "Boobie" Cerasani''' – was a Bonanno family soldier and right-hand man to Sonny "Black" Napolitano.<ref>Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia By Joseph D. Pistone, Richard Woodley [https://books.google.com/books?id=BcPAL4rXbcgC&q=Cerasani view]</ref> Cerasani was involved in the 1981 murders of three warring captains Alphonse Indelicato, Dominick Trinchera and Philip Giaccone. On July 26, 1982, Cerasani, Benjamin "Lefty" Ruggiero, Anthony Rabito, Nicholas Santora and Antonio Tomasulo were tried in Manhattan federal district court. Cerasani was later acquitted.<ref>King of the Godfathers: Big Joey Massino and the Fall of the Bonanno Crime Family by Anthony M. DeStefano [https://books.google.com/books?id=rJkauwXIee0C&q=Cerasani&pg=PA128 pg.138]</ref>
* '''Gerard "Gerry" Chilli''' – capo who controlled a crew in Staten Island, Chilli controlled the family's Florida operations in [[Broward County, Florida|Broward County]], from his [[Hollywood, Florida|Hollywood]] home with his nephew Thomas Fiore, who is still currently an active member.<ref>{{Cite web|last=report|first=Andrew Ryan Staff WriterStaff Researcher Barbara Hijek contributed to this|title=23 ARRESTED ON CHARGES OF OPERATING CRIME RING|url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2005-02-04-0502040249-story.html|access-date=2020-10-01|website=Sun-Sentinel.com|date=February 4, 2005 |language=en-US}}</ref> He died September 10, 2016.
* '''James "Jimmy Legs" Episcopia''' – a soldier who worked for capo Sonny "Black" Napolitano.<ref>''King of the Godfathers: Big Joey Massino and the Fall of the Bonanno Crime Family'' by Anthony M. DeStefano [https://books.google.com/books?id=rJkauwXIee0C&dq=Jimmy+Legs+Episcopia&pg=PA229 p. 229]</ref><ref>''Friend of the Family: An Undercover Agent in the Mafia'' by D. Lea Jacobs, Anthony Daniels [https://books.google.com/books?id=DKZ1uTfaVogC&dq=Jimmy+Legs+Episcopia&pg=PA178 p.178]</ref>
* '''Vito Grimaldi''' – former capo of ''Bushwick-Ridgewood crew''. He operates illegal Poker machines in Ridgewood, Queens from cafes and pizzerias.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=Nick |date=November 29, 2007 |title=Maltese stands by his mob faux pas |website=Qns.com |url=https://qns.com/story/2007/11/29/maltese-stands-by-his-mob-faux-pas/ |access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> In 2002, he was arrested on illegal gambling and racketeering charges; he later pled guilty and was sentenced to two years in prison.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marzulli |first=John |date=November 27, 2007 |title=Politician unwittingly honors reputed gangster at bakery reopening |website=New York Daily News |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/politician-unwittingly-honors-reputed-gangster-bakery-reopening-article-1.258363 |access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> Grimaldi owns a Bakery in Ridgewood, Queens. His son Joseph Grimaldi is also a made man in the Bonanno family. His son-in-law is former acting boss Joseph Cammarano Jr.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marzulli |first=John |date=January 18, 2016 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Mob boss rebuilding what's left of Bonanno crime family |website=New York Daily News |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nyc-crime/exclusive-mob-boss-rebuilding-left-crime-family-article-1.2499943 |access-date=October 29, 2019}}</ref> Along with his son, Grimaldi was temporarily shelved in 2019 following the acquittal of Joseph Cammarano Jr. and John Zancocchio. Grimaldi died on July 15, 2022.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Obituary of Vito Grimaldi {{!}} Dodge-Thomas Funeral Home |url=https://dodgethomas.com/tribute/details/1784/Vito-Grimaldi/obituary.html |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=dodgethomas.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Domenick Miniero''' – soldier in the family, Miniero was indicted on January 12, 2018, along with acting boss Joseph Cammarano Jr., consigliere John Zancocchio, and several other members and associates.<ref name=":10" /> Miniero died on November 8, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Obituary of Dominick Miniero {{!}} Marine Park Funeral Home, Inc. |url=https://marineparkfh.com/tribute/details/2898/Dominick-Miniero/obituary.html |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=marineparkfh.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Salvatore Montagna|Salvatore "Sal the Iron Worker" Montagna]] – [[Caporegime|capo]] and acting boss after the 2005 conviction of Vincent Basciano. Based in the Bronx, Montagna was reportedly the leader of the Sicilian faction. Montagna was born in [[Montreal|Montreal, Quebec]], Canada and resided in [[Elmont, New York]]. His family originated from Castellammare del Golfo, [[Sicily]]. On April 21, 2009, Montagna was deported to Canada and he settled in Montreal. In Montreal, Montagna tried to assume control of the [[Rizzuto crime family]] while its leader, [[Vito Rizzuto]], was imprisoned in the United States.<ref name="Capeci"/> Montagna was assassinated on November 24, 2011, outside of Montreal, his body was found near [[Repentigny, Quebec]], in the [[L'Assomption River|Assomption River]], on Île Vaudry, having been shot at around 10 am.<ref name="Gazette-2011-11-25">The Gazette (Montreal), [https://montrealgazette.com/news/Reputed+mobster+dies+after+shooting/5764386/story.html "Reputed mobster dies after shooting"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127211701/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Reputed+mobster+dies+after+shooting/5764386/story.html |date=November 27, 2011 }}, Paul Cherry, November 25, 2011</ref>
* [[Gerlando Sciascia|Gerlando "George from Canada" Sciascia]] – a former capo who worked with the Sicilian faction in New York.<ref name="Abadinsky pg.34-35"/> Sciascia served as mediator between Bonanno family and [[Rizzuto crime family|Montreal's Rizzuto family]] in the 1990s. He was murdered on March 18, 1999.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/24/nyregion/24massino.html?scp=4&sq=Gerlando+Sciascia&st=nyt | work=The New York Times | title=Bonanno Crime Boss Is Sentenced to 2 Life Terms | first=Robert F. | last=Worth | date=June 24, 2005 | access-date=April 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nicaso.com/pages/doc_page99.html "Family ties trip up would-be immigrant"] By Estanislao Oziewicz The Globe and Mail</ref>
* '''Michael Zaffarano''' – a former capo who was involved in the [[adult entertainment]] industry.<ref name="DeStefano122">DeStefano, pp. 122</ref><ref>"Sex Business Linked to Alleged Mobster; Zaffarano's Listing Name as Owner of Properties Seen as Trend of Open Involvement by Mob Possible 'Trend' Seen" by [[Selwyn Raab]] (March 5, 1978) New York Times</ref> Anthony Mirra, a soldier in his crew, was responsible for allowing FBI agent [[Joseph D. Pistone]] ("Donnie Brasco") to work undercover in the Bonanno crime family.<ref name="DeStefano122"/> On February 14, 1980, Zaffarano died from a [[heart attack]] during an FBI raid.<ref name="DeStefano122"/><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1980/02/15/archives/55-indicted-by-us-as-pornographers-and-in-film-piracy-warrants.html?sq=Michael%2520Zaffarano%2520died&scp=2&st=cse "55 indicted by U.S. as Pornographers and in Film Piracy; Warrants Served on Many by F.B.I. in a Nationwide Campaign-- Six in New York Accused Six New Yorkers Indicted Similar to 2 Inquiries 55 Indicted in F.B.I. Undercover Inquiry Court Decision Cited"] by Wendell Rawls Jr. (February 15, 1980) New York Times</ref>

== Government informants and witnesses ==
* '''William Joseph Dara''' – he is the first confirmed Bonanno informant. He was born on July 12, 1905, in Sicily, and immigrated to the United States in 1910. Dara was active in the Florida and Miami area. He became a soldier in the Bonanno crime family around 1949 or 1950. Dara became an informer and decided to cooperate in late 1967, two days after he was sentenced to seven and a half years in prison for attempting to extort $250,000 from a Miami-based trucking company owner. It is noted by the FBI that in 1968, alongside Bonanno [[Caporegime|capo]] [[Michael Sabella]], he and Dara met with [[Lucchese crime family]] capo [[Paul Vario]] and acting boss [[Ettore Coco]] in Miami in order to keep the peace between the two crime families. He died on July 9, 1982, in a plane crash in [[Louisiana]].<ref>{{cite web|title='Willie the Tile Maker' passed Mafia secrets to Feds|url=http://www.onewal.com/rattrap/williamdara.html|website=The American Mafia|publisher=Edmond Valin|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418161828/http://www.onewal.com/rattrap/williamdara.html|archive-date=April 18, 2018|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* '''Joseph Calco''' – former associate with the ''Bath Avenue crew'', a follower and subgroup of the Bonanno crime family. He was the triggerman in the hit on childhood friend and Bath Avenue crew leader Paul Gulino on July 25, 1993. In 2001, Calco became a government witness and testified against Bonanno [[consigliere]] [[Anthony Spero]]. Calco then entered the Witness Protection Program under the name "Joseph Milano". While working at a pizzeria he owned in Florida, Calco assaulted and pistol whipped a customer who complained about his calzone order in 2009, and his true identity became public knowledge; he was sentenced to six months in prison in November 2011.<ref name=calzone>{{cite news|last=McPhee|first=Michele|title=Mob hit man Joey Calco ruins witness protection following Florida pizzeria beating|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/mob-hit-man-joey-calco-ruins-witness-protection-florida-pizzeria-beating-article-1.390702|access-date=April 27, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=February 7, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mobster Joey Calco Gets Six Months In Prison After Attacking Pizza Shop Customer|url=http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/mobster-joey-calco-gets-six-months-in-prison-after-attacking-pizza-shop-customer-6559029|website=Miami New Times|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>
* '''Michael "Mikey Y" Yammine''' – former associate with the ''Bath Avenue crew''. In 2001, Yammine became a government informant.<ref name="no rat">{{cite news|last=Claffey|first=Mike|title='I AIN'T NO RAT,' GANGSTER QUOTED|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/i-rat-gangster-quoted-article-1.902561|access-date=April 27, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=March 20, 2001}}</ref><ref name=playboy>{{cite news|last=McPhee|first=Michele|title=RISE AND FALL OF A PLAYBOY MOBSTER How an S.I. slaying snared Chris Paciello|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/rise-fall-a-playboy-mobster-s-i-slaying-snared-chris-paciello-article-1.485729|access-date=April 27, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=April 14, 2002}}</ref> Alongside fellow Bath Avenue crew member and government witness Joseph Calco, he testified in March 2001 against the former Bonanno family consigliere, '''Anthony "Old Man" Spero'''.<ref>{{cite news|title='I AIN'T NO RAT,' GANGSTER QUOTED|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/ain-no-rat-gangster-quoted-article-1.902561|access-date=18 April 2018|agency=New York Daily News|date=March 20, 2001}}</ref>
* '''Vincenzo Morena''' – former soldier who was active with the Bonanno-Giannini crew in Queens. He was sentenced to over four years imprisonment in 2001. Morena was secretly an informer since at least the early 2000s. He was part of the November 2015 law enforcement operation which targeted the Bonanno and Gambino families, and which oversaw an employed law enforcement agent secretly become an American Mafia member for the first time in history, Morena himself was inducted and the ceremony was recorded.
*'''[[Frank Coppa|Frank Coppa Sr.]]''' – former capo and close friend of [[Joseph Massino]]. He was inducted into the Bonanno crime family in mid-1977 by [[Carmine Galante]] in Brooklyn. It is noted that he was initiated alongside John Palazzolo, however [[Cesare Bonventre]] and [[Baldassare Amato|Baldo Amato]] were initiated during the same night. In 1978, he survived a car bombing. Coppa was known for his involvement in fraud and stock scams. He became a government witness in November 2002.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/poisoning_rats_mob_boss_vowed_death_ax7X8VmP1TzPQXc4afYzoO | work=New York Post | title=Poisoning Rats – Mob Boss Vowed Death To Turncoats | date=May 28, 2004}}</ref><ref name="shoot">{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/item_8w2dgGReXHb6J5tlJMG6PP/1 |work=New York Post |title=Gang Couldn't Shoot Straight; Bonanno Boneheads Bungled Rub-Out |date=June 30, 2004 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714223430/http://www.nypost.com/p/news/item_8w2dgGReXHb6J5tlJMG6PP/1 |archive-date=July 14, 2011 }}</ref>
* '''[[Richard Cantarella|Richard "Shellackhead" Cantarella]]''' – former capo. He was inducted into the Bonanno crime family in July 1990. He was involved in the 1982 murder of [[Anthony Mirra]] and the 1992 murder of [[Robert Perrino]]. In December 2002, Cantarella became a government informant after he was arrested on murder and racketeering charges in October 2002, in 2004, Cantarella testified at the trial of boss Joseph Massino, then in 2007, he testified at the trial of [[Vincent Basciano]].
* '''[[Salvatore Vitale|Salvatore "Handsome Sal" Vitale]]''' – former underboss. In January 2003, Vitale was charged with the 1992 murder of Bonanno associate Robert Perrino. In April 2003, Vitale became a government informant. In July 2004, he testified at the trial of his brother-in-law, boss Joseph Massino.<ref name="pretty nuts">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=They all thought Vinny Gorgeous was pretty nuts: Witness|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/thought-vinny-gorgeous-pretty-nuts-witness-article-1.223239|access-date=May 5, 2013|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=June 21, 2007}}</ref><ref name="pretty fellas">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=WISEGUYS & PRETTYFELLAS|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/wiseguys-prettyfellas-article-1.644887|access-date=April 26, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=March 2, 2006}}</ref> By 2010, Vitale had testified against 51 organized crime figures.<ref>{{cite news|title=Betrayed by a Mafia Underboss|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/10/28/us/mafia.html?ref=nyregion|access-date=June 27, 2012|newspaper=New York Times|date=October 28, 2010}}</ref>
* '''James "Big Louie" Tartaglione''' – former capo. In 2003, Tartaglione began wearing a wire and recorded conversations with other Bonanno family members. In 2007, Tartaglione testified against [[Vincent Basciano]] and Patrick DeFilippo.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/nyregion/10mob.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=James%20Tartaglione&st=cse | work=The New York Times | title=Some Made Men Struggle to Make Ends Meet | first=William K. | last=Rashbaum | date=December 10, 2006 | access-date=April 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data2/circs/2nd/071618p.pdf|title=Caselaw: Cases and Codes – FindLaw Caselaw|website=Findlaw}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-03-09-mafia-cover_x.htm | work=USA Today | title=The mafia is on shaky ground | first1=Richard | last1=Willing | date=March 10, 2006 | access-date=April 26, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/04/nyregion/lawyer-described-as-a-dupe-or-a-messenger-for-the-mob.html?scp=2&sq=James+Tartaglione+&st=nyt | work=The New York Times | title=Lawyer Described as a Dupe Or a Messenger for the Mob | first=William | last=Glaberson | date=March 4, 2004 | access-date=April 26, 2010}}</ref>
* '''[[Joseph D'Amico|Joseph "Joey Moak" D'Amico]]''' – former soldier. D'Amico was inducted into the Bonanno crime family in 1977 at [[Elizabeth Street (Manhattan)|Elizabeth Street, Little Italy]]. He served in the crew of his uncle, Bonanno capo [[Alfred Embarrato|Alfred "Al Walker" Embarrato]]. He was also an acquaintance of Sicilian hitman and Bonanno capo [[Cesare Bonventre]], who can be seen together in several FBI surveillance photos. D'Amico murdered [[Anthony Mirra]], his cousin and a Bonanno [[Caporegime|capo]], on February 18, 1982, on orders of boss [[Joseph Massino]] as Mirra had allowed FBI agent Joseph Pistone, better known as [[Donnie Brasco]], to infiltrate the family. Between January and March 2003, D'Amico decided to become a government informant.<ref name="shoot"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/family_killer_wiseguy_shot_kin_on_6rq0mKg3FVxuAy5cquWlfM | work=New York Post | title=Family Killer – Wiseguy Shot Kin on Mob Orders | date=June 16, 2004}}</ref>
* '''[[Frank Lino|Frank "Curly" Lino]]''' – former capo. Lino became an informer in 2003 and testified at the trial for the 1981 murders of Bonanno capos Alphonse Indelicato, Philip Giaccone, and Dominick Trinchera. Lino then testified on the 1981 murder of Dominick Napolitano. Napolitano was killed by Bonanno family member Robert Lino Sr. (his cousin) and Ronald Filocomo.<ref name="mob rat">{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Greg B.|title=MY LIFE AS A REAL MOB RAT! True Mafia story of father betraying son to save himself|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/life-a-real-mob-rat-true-mafia-story-father-betraying-son-save-article-1.636828|access-date=April 26, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=November 22, 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/mob_canary_song_turncoat_tells_of_K3qv6rEdSxVC79UlMIXkKJ | work=New York Post | title=Mob Canary's Song – Turncoat Tells Of 'Brasco' Slaying | date=May 27, 2004}}</ref>
* '''Duane "Goldie" Leisenheimer''' – a family associate and ally to Joseph Massino since the age of twelve.<ref name="goldie fingers">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title='GOLDIE' FINGERS HIS MAFIA BOSS Testifies in Massino trial|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/goldie-fingers-mafia-boss-testifies-massino-trial-article-1.564427|access-date=April 27, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=July 18, 2004}}</ref> He joined the Massino hijacking crew and helped hide Massino in the 1980s. Leisenheimer was the lookout for the 1981 murder of three captains. In 2004, with Salvatore Vitale testifying against him, Leisenheimer turned informant against Massino.<ref name="goldie fingers"/>
* '''[[Joseph Massino|Joseph "Big Joe" Massino]]''' – former boss from the early 1990s until 2004. He was active since 1960 through his introduction by [[Salvatore Vitale]], brother-in-law and future Bonanno [[underboss]]. He became a soldier during the late 1970s. Massino became the first official boss from New York to become an informant. While boss, Massino changed the Bonanno family from being the weakest family in New York City to one of the most powerful in the country. He teamed up with Gambino family boss [[John Gotti]] to reinstate the Bonanno family on the Mafia Commission, after the family was kicked off as a result of allowing FBI agent Joseph Pistone aka Donnie Brasco to meet former [[Trafficante crime family|Florida crime family]] boss [[Santo Trafficante Jr.|Santo Trafficante]] and several high-ranking members of the Bonanno organization. In the early 2000s, Massino was the strongest and most influential boss not in prison. In January 2003, Massino was charged with the 1981 murder of Bonanno capo [[Dominick Napolitano]]. Massino had Napolitano killed for admitting FBI agent [[Joseph D. Pistone]] (known as Donnie Brasco) to his crew. At his 2004 trial, over 70 witnesses testified against him and accused him of participating in four murders. Former U.S. Attorney General [[John Ashcroft]] accused him of ordering the murder of Bonanno capo and major heroin trafficker [[Gerlando Sciascia]] in 1999. In addition, he was suspected of participating in the murders of Bonanno capos [[Anthony Mirra]] in 1982 and also Sicilian hitman [[Cesare Bonventre]] in 1984, and hitman Gabriel Infanti. In 2004, Massino turned informant and testified against members of his own family to avoid the death penalty. In January 2005, Massino wore a wire to record conversations in prison with his acting boss Vincent Basciano.<ref name=fuhgeddaboud>{{cite news|last=McPhee|first=Michele|title=FUHGEDDABOUD THE OLD MOB After Gotti, Mafia ordered to clean house|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/fuhgeddaboud-old-mob-gotti-mafia-ordered-clean-house-article-1.502635|access-date=April 26, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=July 7, 2002}}</ref><ref name="won't sing">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=MASSINO WON'T SING AT MOB TRIAL|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/massino-sing-mob-trial-article-1.616945|access-date=April 26, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=March 1, 2006}}</ref><ref name="not done">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=FEDS NOT DONE WITH MOB BOSS. More trials for Basciano|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/feds-mob-boss-trials-basciano-article-1.577153|access-date=April 26, 2012|date=May 11, 2006|location=New York|work=Daily News}}</ref><ref name="don juan">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=DAPPER DON'S DON JUAN PAL IS NEW BOSS OF THE FAMILY. EXCLUSIVE: TROUBLED MAFIA CLAN HAS PUT SMOOTH TALKER IN CHARGE, SAYS FORMER G-MAN|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/dapper-don-don-juan-pal-boss-family-exclusive-troubled-mafia-clan-put-smooth-talker-charge-g-man-article-1.650964|access-date=April 26, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=December 26, 2005}}</ref><ref name="fast sellout">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=THE LAST DON'S FAST SELLOUT. Massino flipped right after verdict|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/don-fast-sellout-massino-flipped-verdict-article-1.588342|access-date=April 26, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=November 9, 2005}}</ref>
* '''Michael "Sonny" Maggio''' – former soldier. He led an unofficial crew within the Bonanno family with Gino Galestro.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spooky mansion and saws in Bonanno crime family tale|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/spooky-mansion-saws-bonanno-crime-family-tale-article-1.302052|access-date=10 May 2018|agency=NY DAILY NEWS|publisher=John Marzulli|date=14 October 2008}}</ref> It is noted that Maggio has ordered at least two murder contracts, including Robert McKelvey, a Bonanno associate who was stabbed and then drowned outside of the [[Kreischer House|Kreischer Mansion]] in April 2005; the corpse was later dismembered and [[incinerated]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Grisly Mob Killing at S.I. Mansion Is Detailed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/12/nyregion/12mob.html|access-date=10 May 2018|agency=NY TIMES|publisher=William K. Rashbaum|date=12 May 2006}}</ref> Maggio was sentenced to six years imprisonment in 2005 and released in 2011; he expressed during his imprisonment that he enjoyed painting pictures and sending them to his children, however he was uncertain if his children received the paintings due to his sister's marriage to Galestro.<ref>{{cite news|title=A brush with the law: Mobster turns to painting while in jail for haunted mansion murder|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/brush-law-mobster-turns-painting-jail-haunted-mansion-murder-article-1.964509|access-date=10 May 2018|agency=NY DAILY NEWS|publisher=John Marzulli|date=22 October 2011}}</ref>
* '''Peter Rosa''' – former soldier. He allegedly committed the 1989 murder of Gerald Guarino. Rosa became a government informer by at least 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=GOVERNMENT'S MOTION FOR DOWNWARD DEPARTURE PURSUANT TO SECTION 5K1.1 and 18 U.S.C. 3553(s)|url=https://cryptome.org/0002/salvatore-vitale.pdf|access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=APPLICATION 124 OF THE INDEPENDENT REVIEW BOARD|url=http://irbcases.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/38989/c01mkkxjq/gwu_ibt_irb_case_00636_irb.pdf?sequence=1|website=IRB|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510115722/http://irbcases.wrlc.org/bitstream/handle/38989/c01mkkxjq/gwu_ibt_irb_case_00636_irb.pdf?sequence=1|archive-date=May 10, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Dominick Cicale''' – former captain and was close to former family boss [[Vincent Basciano|Vincent "Vinny Gorgeous" Basciano]]. He was suspected of participating in at least two murders, including the 2004 murder of Bonanno associate Randy Pizzolo. Before joining the Bonanno family, he murdered a drug dealer in Florida and served 11 years in prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bonanno rat Dominick Cicale gets break of a lifetime for helping nail Vinny Gorgeous Basciano|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/bonanno-rat-dominick-cicale-break-lifetime-helping-nail-vinny-gorgeous-basciano-article-1.1014458|access-date=18 April 2018|agency=The New York Daily News|publisher=John Marzulli|date=January 31, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mob rat trapped for 10 years|url=https://nypost.com/2012/01/31/mob-rat-trapped-for-10-years/|website=New York Post|date=January 31, 2012|publisher=Mitchel Maddux|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> In 2007, Cicale became a government witness and testified against Basciano.<ref name="killers lawyer">{{cite news|last=Marzulli|first=John|title=Killer's lawyers charge witness tried to frame him|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/killer-lawyers-charge-witness-frame-article-1.229606|access-date=April 27, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=October 18, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/junior_mob_exists_scheme_hKcwSKIAU49F7DSIGFI9WM | work=New York Post | title=Junior's mob-exists scheme | first=Bruce | last=Golding | date=October 21, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/regional/gorgeous_tressed_to_kill_CFrHKWHq0liaUr0T8jINUP | work=New York Post | title=Gorgeous Tressed To Kill | first=Stefanie | last=Cohen | date=August 1, 2007}}</ref> He was released in 2013 after serving eight years in prison. In 2014, he asked Judge [[Richard J. Sullivan]] to show leniency towards Joseph Basciano, the son of former Bonanno acting boss [[Vincent Basciano]], who had been convicted of selling marijuana; Sullivan had sentenced Basciano to six months in prison.
* '''Nicholas "P.J." Pisciotti''' – former acting capo. In 2007, Pisciotti assaulted several [[Genovese crime family]] associates in a [[Little Italy]] restaurant. When Piscotti learned that Bonanno mobsters Nicholas Santora and Anthony Rabito had given the Genovese family permission to kill him, Pisciotti became a government witness. In 2007, he testified against Vincent Basciano.<ref name="smokes out">{{cite news|title=Mob rat smokes out Vinny|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/mob-rat-smokes-vinny-article-1.268532|access-date=April 27, 2012|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=July 18, 2007}}</ref>
* '''Generoso "Jimmy the General" Barbieri''' – former soldier and acting capo. He became a government witness in 2011 and testified against [[Vincent Basciano]], twice. Along with former boss [[Joseph Massino]], he revealed Basciano's plot to murder [[Greg Andres]], an attorney.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former {{as written|Bonnano [sic]}} mobsters take stand to help prosecution put 'Vinny Gorgeous' to death|url=https://nypost.com/2011/05/24/former-bonnano-mobsters-take-stand-to-help-prosecution-put-vinny-gorgeous-to-death/|website=NY POST|date=May 24, 2011|access-date=3 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mob rat gets out of jail early for 'courageous' decision to expose plot to kill federal prosecutor|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/mob-rat-jail-early-exposing-murder-plot-article-1.1303242|access-date=3 May 2018|agency=NY DAILY NEWS|publisher=John Marzulli|date=30 March 2013}}</ref> He pled guilty to murder, racketeering, illegal gambling and loansharking, and was sentenced to time already served in 2013.
* '''Peter "Pug" Lovaglio''' – former soldier and capo based in Staten Island. In 2013, he pled guilty to three parole violations. He agreed to cooperate in 2015 after a serious assault inside of a sushi bar, he was sentenced to eight years in prison in March 2017 for the crime. In January 2018, Lovaglio testified against [[Philadelphia crime family]] boss [[Joey Merlino]] and recounted befriending Merlino in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prosecutors: Reputed mob boss orchestrated insurance fraud|agency=New York Daily News|date=30 January 2018}}</ref>
*'''[[Gene Borrello|Eugene "Gene" Borrello]]''' - former associate, Borrello was arrested in 2014 for leading a violent Bonnano-associated home invasion ring in [[Howard Beach, Queens]]. While in custody, Borrello agreed to turn state's evidence in early 2016, testifying against several family members, including [[Vincent Asaro]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-20|title=Release of mafia rat Gene Borrello enrages his robbery victims|url=https://nypost.com/2019/12/19/release-of-mafia-rat-gene-borrello-enrages-his-robbery-victims/|access-date=2021-11-17|website=New York Post|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2019, Borrello was sentenced to time served and released, where he became an author and started a podcast with [[John Alite]]. In February 2021, he was arrested for making violent threats towards an ex-girlfriend and her family.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goldberg|first=Noah|title='I will grab your father right now and beat the dogs--t out of him': Mob turncoat jailed again after threatening ex-girlfriend and her family|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/ny-mobster-bonnano-family-gene-borrello-threats-girlfriend-gang-queens-20210222-qmcxh35t3rf37ij7txnzsa6mlq-story.html|access-date=2021-11-17|website=nydailynews.com|date=February 22, 2021 }}</ref>
* '''Thomas "Sharkey" Carrube''' – former soldier. In 1992, Carrube and James Galante were indicted for racketeering and bribery while working as foremen at the Metropolitan News Company.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raab|first=Selwyn|author-link=Selwyn Raab|date=1992-07-08|title=Indictment Details Fraud By Mafia Crime Family|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/08/nyregion/indictment-details-fraud-by-mafia-crime-family.html|access-date=2020-07-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Carrube was inducted into the Bonanno family in 2014 in order to seek protection from Peter Lovaglio. Carrube declined a business proposal from Lovaglio, and was offered membership from then-consigliere Simone Esposito. During the dispute in family leadership between Mancuso and Cammanaro, Carrube witnessed most of the tension. In 2017, Carrube was approached by authorities and agreed to become an informant, taping conversations between family members.

=== Hearings ===
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%"
! colspan=2 | Bonanno crime family's [[Valachi hearings]] chart (1963)
|-
|'''Boss'''
|[[Joseph Bonanno]]
|-
|'''Underboss'''
|[[Carmine Galante]]
|-
|'''Consigliere'''
|Frank Garafolo
|-
|'''Caporegimes'''
|Joseph Notaro, other caporegimes unidentified
|-
|'''Soldiers'''
| Michael Angelina, James Colletti, Michael Consolo, Rasario Dionosio, Nicholas Marangello, Frank Mari, John Petrone, Angelo Presinzano, Frank Presinzano, [[Philip Rastelli|Phillip "Rusty" Rastelli]], George Rizzo, [[Michael Sabella]], Joseph Spadaro, [[Constenze Valenti|Costenze Valente]], [[Frank Valenti|Frank Valente]], Nicholas Zapprana
|-
|colspan=2|
''See: GangRule.com – Family Charts: Bonanno family chart''
|}

== Factions and territories ==
The Bonanno family operates primarily in the [[New York metropolitan area|New York City area]], as well as in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Florida and California.<ref name="Jury Convicts Eight"/>

* ''New York City'' – The Bonanno family predominantly operates in [[Brooklyn]], [[Queens]], [[Staten Island]] and [[Long Island]], with additional influence in [[Manhattan]] and [[the Bronx]].<ref name="Meet The Families">[https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/documentaries/true-crime/fear-city-netflix-the-five-families/ Meet The Five Families of New York - Fear City mobsters who were caught by FBI] Grace Henry, ''[[Radio Times]]'' (July 22, 2020) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218090227/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/documentaries/true-crime/fear-city-netflix-the-five-families/ |date=February 18, 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Fear City">[https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/fear-city-mafia-new-york-true-story-netflix-series-559779 Fear City: The true story of five Mafia families taking over New York explored in the Netflix series] Alex Finnis, ''[[i (newspaper)|i]]'' (July 24, 2020) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724015027/https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/fear-city-mafia-new-york-true-story-netflix-series-559779 |date=July 24, 2020 }}</ref>
* ''New Jersey'' – The Bonanno family operates in New Jersey, including in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]].<ref name="1989 Report">[https://mafianj.com/sci89/bonanno.shtml State of New Jersey Commission of Investigation Report] (1989) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112182336/https://mafianj.com/sci89/bonanno.shtml |date=November 12, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Changing Face">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.nj.us/sci/pdf/ocreport.pdf|title=The Changing Face of organize crime in New Jersey|publisher=State of New Jersey Commission of Investigation|date=May 2004}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611183158/https://www.nj.gov/sci/pdf/ocreport.pdf |date=June 11, 2020 }}</ref>
* ''Florida'' – The Bonanno family operates in [[South Florida]], including in [[Broward County, Florida|Broward]] and [[Palm Beach County, Florida|Palm Beach]] counties.<ref name="Reputed mob boss">[https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2005/02/04/reputed-mob-boss-among-23-arrested/ Reputed mob boss among 23 arrested] ''[[Tampa Bay Times]]'' (February 4, 2005) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417194933/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/2005/02/04/reputed-mob-boss-among-23-arrested/ |date=April 17, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Undercover Fed">[https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/undercover-fed-busts-major-bonanno-mob-ring-in-south-florida-6527228 Undercover Fed Busts Major Bonanno Mob Ring In South Florida] Tim Elfrink, ''[[Miami New Times]]'' (May 21, 2009) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528153202/https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/undercover-fed-busts-major-bonanno-mob-ring-in-south-florida-6527228 |date=May 28, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="sunsentinel">{{cite news |last1=McMahon |first1=Paula |title=Mob crackdown shows South Florida is still home for organized crime, feds say |url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/palm-beach/fl-mob-arrests-south-florida-20160813-story.html |newspaper=South Florida Sun Sentinel |accessdate=4 April 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813140339/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/palm-beach/fl-mob-arrests-south-florida-20160813-story.html |date=August 13, 2016}}</ref>
* ''Arizona'' – The Bonanno family operates in [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]].<ref name="Phoenix Police">[https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-republic-arizona-members-2/46719210/ Phoenix Police Get Vital Data on Mafia, Friends] ''[[The Arizona Republic]]'' (April 6, 1968) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417193319/https://www.newspapers.com/article/arizona-republic-arizona-members-2/46719210/ |date=April 17, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="No Bananas">[https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,902432,00.html Crime: Yes, We Want No Bananas] ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' (October 18, 1968) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417192830/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,902432,00.html |date=April 17, 2024 }}</ref>
* ''California'' – The Bonanno family operates in [[Northern California]], including in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] and [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]].<ref name="Bay-Area informants">[https://mafiahistory.us/a022/f_nocalinf.html Bay-Area informants proved crucial for FBI] Edmond Valin, MafiaHistory.us (2018) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924212904/https://mafiahistory.us/a022/f_nocalinf.html |date=September 24, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Bonanno Son Convicted">[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-05-31-fi-8199-story.html Bonanno Son Convicted of Fraud; 2nd Acquitted] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' (May 31, 1986) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808180731/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-05-31-fi-8199-story.html |date=August 8, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="FBI Sacramento">[https://www.fbi.gov/history/field-office-histories/sacramento#:~:text=In%201986%2C%20an%20investigation%20by,over%20a%2030%2Dday%20period. FBI Sacramento History] [[fbi.gov]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225075301/https://www.fbi.gov/history/field-office-histories/sacramento |date=December 25, 2023 }}</ref>

=== Family crews ===
* '''Bath Avenue crew''' – a "farm team" that was run by Bonanno associate Paul Gulino supervised under [[consigliere]] [[Anthony Spero]] until Gulino got into an argument with Spero and shoved him. Spero then ordered Gulino's death and Gulino was murdered by two members of Gulino's own Bath Avenue crew, Joey Calco and Tommy Reynolds (Calco actually pulled the trigger).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O7-ADrGYoNo|title=Inside the American Mob – End game|last=Dux Reos|date=May 18, 2014|via=YouTube}}</ref> Fabrizio Defrancisci is the only one of the crew's former members that became a made man in the Bonanno family.
* '''Indelicato crew''' – run by capo Joseph Indelicato. This crew is active in Manhattan and New Jersey. Indelicato's nephew Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato is a soldier in this crew.<ref name="realdealmafia.com"/>
* '''Knickerbocker Avenue crew''', sometimes known as the '''Sicilian faction''' – a group of Sicilian-born Mafia members. The group operates from Bushwick, Brooklyn and Queens neighborhoods of Ridgewood, Glendale, Middle Village and Maspeth. In the 1950s, the Bonanno family started began bringing Sicilian-born Mafia members to New York to form closer ties with the Sicilian Mafia families. American mobsters frequently refer to these Sicilian mobsters as [[Zips]]. The derogatory term name derives from their Sicilian birth and their fast-spoken, difficult-to-understand Sicilian dialects. In the late 1960s, Salvatore Catalano controlled the Sicilian faction running the family's heroin racket with Carmine Galante. Members of the Zip crew were two of Galante's most trusted bodyguards, cousins Cesare Bonventre and Baldo Amato.
* '''[[The Motion Lounge|Motion Lounge crew]]''' – formerly run by capo [[Nicholas Santora|Nicholas "Nicky Mouth" Santora]] until his death in 2018. This Brooklyn-based crew is active primarily in the Western Brooklyn communities of Williamsburg and [[East Williamsburg, Brooklyn|East Williamsburg]].
* The '''[[New Springville Boys]]''' – a "farm team" for the Bonanno and [[Colombo crime family|Colombo]] families based in the [[New Springville, Staten Island|New Springville]] and [[Bulls Head, Staten Island|Bulls Head]] neighborhoods of Staten Island.<ref name="Paciello ratted">[https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/chris-paciello-ratted-on-mob-bosses-new-documents-show-6386263 Chris Paciello ratted on mob bosses, new documents show] Frank Owen, ''[[Miami New Times]]'' (March 8, 2012) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508233056/https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/chris-paciello-ratted-on-mob-bosses-new-documents-show-6386263 |date=May 8, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="New Springville Boys vs. the Wanderers">[https://www.silive.com/opinion/g66l-2019/11/5a3736d8f01045/new-springville-boys-vs-the-wanderers-when-gangs-ruled-staten-island-.html New Springville Boys vs. the Wanderers: When gangs ruled Staten Island] Tom Wrobleski, ''[[Staten Island Advance]]'' (November 14, 2019) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016034902/https://www.silive.com/opinion/g66l-2019/11/5a3736d8f01045/new-springville-boys-vs-the-wanderers-when-gangs-ruled-staten-island-.html |date=October 16, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Drita">[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/nyregion/mob-wives-drita-jail.html Drita D’Avanzo, Hot-Tempered Star of ‘Mob Wives,’ Is Arrested] Corey Kilgannon, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (December 20, 2019) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523051223/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/20/nyregion/mob-wives-drita-jail.html |date=May 23, 2023 }}</ref> Members of the gang included [[Chris Paciello]] and [[Lee D'Avanzo]].<ref name="Paciello ratted"/><ref name="Mob Wives">[https://www.silive.com/news/2019/12/exclusive-mob-wife-drita-davanzo-arrested-with-guns-drugs-in-staten-island-raid.html Exclusive: 'Mob Wives’ star Drita D’Avanzo, her husband arrested in Staten Island raid] ''[[Staten Island Advance]]'' (December 20, 2019) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016004912/https://www.silive.com/news/2019/12/exclusive-mob-wife-drita-davanzo-arrested-with-guns-drugs-in-staten-island-raid.html |date=October 16, 2023 }}</ref> On December 6, 2001, eleven members of the New Springville Boys were indicted on charges of drug dealing, loan sharking, money laundering, home invasion robbery and bank robbery.<ref name="Mob Gang">[https://www.nydailynews.com/2001/12/07/drug-rob-raps-vs-mob-gang/ Drug, Rob Raps vs. Mob Gang] ''[[New York Daily News]]'' (December 7, 2001) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416124815/https://www.nydailynews.com/2001/12/07/drug-rob-raps-vs-mob-gang/ |date=April 16, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Mob Boys">[https://nypost.com/2001/12/07/staten-is-mob-boys-charged-in-rob-spree/ Staten Is. Mob 'Boys' Charged in Rob Spree] Kati Cornell Smith, ''[[New York Post]]'' (December 7, 2001) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720074939/https://nypost.com/2001/12/07/staten-is-mob-boys-charged-in-rob-spree/ |date=July 20, 2016 }}</ref>
* The '''Ridgewood Boys''', also known as the '''Ridgewood Juniors''' and the '''Giannini crew''' – A semi-independent Bonanno "farm team" supervised by [[Baldo Amato]] and based out of Caffé Giannini in [[Ridgewood, Queens]].<ref name="Queens Crime Ring">[https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/15/nyregion/leader-of-queens-crime-ring-pleads-guilty-to-5-murders.html Leader of Queens Crime Ring Pleads Guilty to 5 Murders] Joseph P. Fried, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (September 15, 1998) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116224124/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/15/nyregion/leader-of-queens-crime-ring-pleads-guilty-to-5-murders.html |date=January 16, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Revisiting">[https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/30/nyregion/revisiting-a-cafe-s-society-of-brazen-violence.html Revisiting a Cafe's Society of Brazen Violence] Alan Feuer, ''[[The New York Times]]'' (June 30, 2000) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417213231/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/30/nyregion/revisiting-a-cafe-s-society-of-brazen-violence.html |date=April 17, 2023 }}</ref>
* '''Rochester crew''' – The Bonanno family maintained an association with the [[Rochester crime family]].<ref name="Man of the Mob">[https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1371341/the-making-and-breaking-of-tom-marotta-part-1.pdf Man of the Mob: The Making and Breaking of Tom Marotta] Gary Craig, ''[[Democrat and Chronicle]]'' (April 25, 2004) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413162222/https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1371341/the-making-and-breaking-of-tom-marotta-part-1.pdf |date=April 13, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Rochester">[https://www.americanmafia.com/Cities/Rochester.html Rochester, New York] Mario Machi, Allan May, Charlie Molino and Greg Q., AmericanMafia.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990508124552/https://www.americanmafia.com/Cities/Rochester.html |date=May 8, 1999 }}</ref> When the Rochester family became defunct in the 1990s, some remnants of the Rochester Mafia, including Thomas "Tommy" Marotta joined the Bonanno family, while others, such as Rene Piccarreto, instead aligned with the [[Buffalo crime family]].<ref name="Dark Horse">[https://www.cosanostranews.com/2017/11/is-buffalo-cosa-nostra-family-mafias.html Is Buffalo Cosa Nostra Family the Mafia's Dark Horse?] Ed Scarpo, CosNostraNews.com (November 21, 2017) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125102241/https://www.cosanostranews.com/2017/11/is-buffalo-cosa-nostra-family-mafias.html |date=November 25, 2017 }}</ref>
* '''Tucson crew''' – Operating out of [[Tucson, Arizona]], little information is known about the Arizona Crew formerly led by Salvatore Bonanno. It is highly likely that it is defunct.

=== Canadian factions ===
[[File:Montreal Mafia Bonanno Decina.jpg|thumb|Royal Canadian Mounted Police chart of the Bonanno crime family's crew ([[Capodecina|decina]]) in Montreal]]

In 1953, boss [[Joseph Bonanno]] sent [[Carmine Galante]] to [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada, to supervise the family drug business there, where he worked with the Calabrian [[Vincenzo Cotroni]] of the [[Cotroni crime family]] in the [[French Connection]].<ref name="6th family Lamothe">Lamothe, Lee. Humphreys, Adrian. ''The Sixth Family: The Collapse of the New York Mafia and the Rise of Vito Rizzuto''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZygQJNYV1MC&q=Cotroni+crime+family+ pg.27–29]</ref> Police also estimated that Galante was collecting gambling profits in Montreal worth about $50 million per year.<ref>Auger and Edwards ''The Encyclopedia of Canadian Organized Crime'' p.63.</ref> In April 1956, due to Galante's strong-arm extortion tactics, the [[Canadian Government]] deported him back to the United States.<ref name=capeci>{{cite book|last=Capeci|first=Jerry|author-link=Jerry Capeci|title=The complete idiot's guide to the Mafia|year=2004|publisher=Alpha Books|location=Indianapolis, IN|isbn=1-59257-305-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o64XJkmUPr0C&q=%22Carmine+Galante%22&pg=PT203|edition=2nd}}</ref> Rizzuto was an underling in the Sicilian faction, led by Luigi Greco until his death in 1972.<ref name="Manning pg.214"/> As tension then grew into a power struggle between the Calabrian and Sicilian factions of the family, a mob war began in 1973.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/organized-crime/|title=Organized Crime|first=Pierre De|last=Champlain}}</ref><ref name="Manning pg.214">Manning, George A, PH.D ''Financial Investigation and Forensic Accounting'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=E2oT7RxPRZ8C&dq=Cotroni+crime+family&pg=PA214 pg.214–215]</ref> [[Capodecina]] [[Paolo Violi]] complained about the independent [[modus operandi]] of his Sicilian 'underlings', [[Nicolo Rizzuto]] in particular.<ref name=cotroni/> In 1977, Rizzuto and Violi met face-to-face in the home of a Montreal resident for a last-ditch effort to resolve their differences, according to a police report. But the peace talks failed, and most of the Rizzuto family fled to Venezuela.<ref name=cotroni>{{cite web|url=http://www.nicaso.com/pages/doc_page50.html|title=The man they call the Canadian Godfather|publisher=National Post|date=February 26, 2001|access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> The Sicilians killed Violi in 1978, his brothers, and others.<ref name="Manning pg.214"/> With the death of Vincenzo Controni in 1984, from natural causes, the [[Rizzuto crime family]] became the most powerful Mafia family in Montreal.<ref name="Manning pg.214"/> The FBI considers both the Cotronis and the Rizzutos to be connected to the Bonanno crime family,<ref name=6family-308>Humphreys & Lamothe, ''The Sixth Family'', p.308</ref> but Canadian law enforcement considers them to be separate. The Rizzuto family is sometimes referred to as the [[Sixth Family]].<ref name="6th family Lamothe"/> In 1988, Nicolo Rizzuto was convicted of cocaine trafficking and his son [[Vito Rizzuto]] became boss of the family.<ref name="Manning pg.214"/> Vito Rizzuto was arrested in January 2004, and extradited to the United States on murder charges in August 2006. In May 2007, Rizzuto accepted a plea deal for his involvement in the May 1981 murders of three renegade Bonanno capos in New York, and was sentenced to 10 years in prison. During his time in prison, his son Nicolo Rizzuto Jr. was murdered on December 28, 2009, while his father Nicolo Rizzuto Sr. was murdered on November 10, 2010.<ref>[http://ruefrontenac.com/nouvelles-generales/faitsdivers/30070-vick-rizutto-assassine Nicolo Rizzuto assasiné] {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref>[http://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/Montreal/2010/11/10/006-nicolo-rizzuto-assassine.shtml Nicolo Rizzuto assasiné (Radio-Canada)] {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/Montreal+boss+gunned+down/3809454/story.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101117234618/http://www.nationalpost.com/news/Montreal+boss+gunned+down/3809454/story.html|url-status=dead|title=Hit 'signals war'|date=November 17, 2010|archive-date=November 17, 2010|website=nationalpost.com}}</ref> He was released from prison on October 5, 2012, and subsequently died on December 23, 2013, from complications of lung cancer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/12/23/montreal-mafia-head-vito-rizzuto-dead-of-natural-causes-at-67-reports-say/|title=Vito Rizzuto — the most powerful Mafia boss Canada has ever known — dead at 67|date=December 23, 2013|website=nationalpost.com}}</ref>

==List of casualties of the "Banana War"==
{| border="1" class="wikitable"
|-
| '''Name''' || '''Date''' || '''Reason'''
|-
| '''Carlo Simari''' || October 21, 1964 || Simari is shot to death outside his Brooklyn home by a [[Gaspar DiGregorio|DiGregorio]] gunman.
|-
| '''Joe Badalamonte''' || February 10, 1965 || DiGregorio faction soldier is shot to death in Brooklyn.
|-
| '''John "Johnny Futto" Biello''' || March 17, 1967 || Biello, a [[Genovese crime family]] [[caporegime|captain]], was killed on orders of boss [[Joseph Bonanno]] after Biello revealed to [[The Commission (American Mafia)|the Commission]] Joseph Bonanno's plans to take over the Commission and murder Bonanno family members during the war and within the Commission takeover if necessary. Biello is found shot to death in Miami.
|-
| '''Vince "Jimmy Lefty" Cassese''' & '''Vince "Vinnie Carroll" Garofalo''' || October 25, 1967 || Both were [[Joseph Bonanno|Bonanno loyalists]] and are found shot to death in Brooklyn.
|-During Bonanno's two-year absence, [[Gaspar DiGregorio]] took advantage of family discontent over Bill's role to claim family leadership. The Mafia Commission named DiGregorio as Bonanno family boss and the DiGregorio revolt led to four years of strife in the Bonanno family, labeled by the media as the "Banana War".<ref name="MafEnc"/> This led to a divide in the family between loyalists to Bill and loyalists to DiGregorio.<ref name="MafEnc"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Killing the Mob: The Fight Against Organized Crime in America |date=2021 |isbn=9781250273666 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1K0HEAAAQBAJ&dq=Vince+%28Jimmy+Lefty%29+Cassese+%26+Vince+%28Vinnie+Carroll%29+Garofalo&pg=PT157 |access-date=10 July 2022|last1=O'Reilly |first1=Bill |last2=Dugard |first2=Martin |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing }}</ref>
|-
| '''Gaetano "Smitty" D'Angelo''', '''James "Jimmy D" D'Angelo''' & '''Frank "Frankie 500" Telleri''' || November 10, 1967 || DiGregorio faction [[caporegime|captains]] are killed by a machine gun inside the Cypress Gardens restaurant in [[Ridgewood, Queens]].
|-
| '''Pietro "Skinny Pete" Crociata''' || March 4, 1968 || DiGregorio faction [[underboss]]. Crociata is shot while getting out of his car in Manhattan and turns to retirement from the crime family.
|-
| '''Salvatore "Big Hank" Perrone''' || March 11, 1968 || Perrone was a bodyguard to [[Bill Bonanno]], the son of [[Joseph Bonanno]]. Perrone is shot to death on a street in Brooklyn.
|-
| '''Mike "Bruno" Consolo''' || April 1, 1968 || DiGregorio faction soldier is shot and killed after a court appearance while getting into his car in Brooklyn.
|-
| '''Billy Gonzales''' || April 5, 1968 || Bonanno faction associate is shot to death outside his home in the Bronx.
|-
| '''Francisco "Frank Coffee" Crociata''' || April 17, 1968 || [[Gaspar DiGregorio|DiGregorio faction]] [[Soldato|soldier]] Crociata is shot and wounded in Brooklyn.
|-
| '''Frank "Frankie T" Mari''' & '''Michael "Mikey Adams" Adamo''' || September 18, 1968 || DiGregorio [[underboss]] Mari and [[consigliere]] Adamo are considered dead after their disappearance from Brooklyn in late-1968
|-
| '''Tommy Zummo''' || February 6, 1969 || future boss [[Joseph Massino]] shoots and kills Zummo in Queens.
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Crime in New York City]]
* [[Italians in New York City]]
* [[List of Italian Mafia crime families]]

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
*DeStefano, Anthony. ''King of the Godfathers: Joseph Massino and the Fall of the Bonanno Crime Family''. New York: Pinnacle Books, 2006. {{ISBN|0-7860-1893-3}}

== Further reading ==
*Bonanno, Bill. Pistone, Joseph. (2008). "The Good Guys."
*Bonanno, Bill (1999). "Bound by Honor: A Mafioso's Story." New York: St Martin's Paperbacks
*Bonanno, Joe (1983). ''A Man of Honor: The Autobiography of Joseph Bonanno''. New York: St Martin's Paperbacks. {{ISBN|0-312-97923-1}}
*Talese, Gay (1971). ''[[Honor Thy Father]]''. Cleveland: World Publishing Company. {{ISBN|0-8041-9980-9}}
*Pistone, Joseph D.; & Woodley, Richard (1999) ''[[Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia]]'', Hodder & Stoughton. {{ISBN|0-340-66637-4}}.
*Pistone, Joseph D. (2004). ''[[The Way of the Wiseguy]]'', Running Press. {{ISBN|0-7624-1839-7}}.
*Pistone, Joseph D.; & Brandt, Charles (2007). ''Donnie Brasco: Unfinished Business'', Running Press. {{ISBN|0-7624-2707-8}}.
*Alexander, Shana. ''The Pizza Connection: Lawyers, Drugs, Money, Mafia''. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988.
*Blumenthal, Ralph. ''Last Days of the Sicilians''. New York: Simon & Schuster (Pocket Books), 1988.
*Sterling, Claire. ''Octopus: How the Long Reach of the Sicilian Mafia Controls The global Narcotics Trade''. New York: Simon & Schuster (Touchstone), 1990.
*Stille, Alexander. ''Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia & the Death of the First Italian Republic''. New York: Random House, 1995.
*Nicaso, Antonio & Lamothe, Lee. ''Bloodlines: The Rise & Fall of the Mafia's Royal Family''. Canada: HarperCollins, 2001.
*Raab, Selwyn. ''The Five Families: The Rise, Decline & Resurgence of America's Most Powerful Mafia Empire''. New York: St. Martins Press, 2005.
*Edwards, Peter. ''The Northern Connection: Inside Canada's Deadliest Mafia Family''. Canada: Optimum International, 2006.
*Humphreys, Adrian & Lamothe, Lee. ''The Sixth Family: The Collapse of the New York Mafia & the Rise of Vito Rizzuto''. Canada: Wiley, 2006.
*Crittle, Simon. ''The Last Godfather: The Rise & Fall of Joey Massino''. New York: Berkley Books, 2006.
*DeStefano, Anthony. ''The Last Godfather: Joey Massino & the Fall of the Bonanno Crime Family''. California: Citadel, 2006.

== External links ==
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/people/b/bonanno_crime_family/index.html Bonanno crime family – New York Times]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110416112215/http://members.fortunecity.com/sosdie/mob/family/bonanno/americanzips.htm Dieland: Bonanno crime family "American Zips"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050503042718/http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/nye/pr/2004nov19.htm Press release on the 2004 indictment of Vincent Basciano on racketeering charges]
* [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/access/988843811.html?dids=988843811:988843811&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Feb+17%2C+2006&author=ZACH+HABERMAN&pub=New+York+Post&edition=&startpage=012&desc=MOB+%27NOSE%27+OUT+OF+JOINT+-+OFFICIALS+BUST+TOP+BONANNO+IN+2004+ Acting boss Michael Mancuso arrested on 2004 murder charge, February 17, 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514010739/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/access/988843811.html?dids=988843811:988843811&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Feb+17%2C+2006&author=ZACH+HABERMAN&pub=New+York+Post&edition=&startpage=012&desc=MOB+%27NOSE%27+OUT+OF+JOINT+-+OFFICIALS+BUST+TOP+BONANNO+IN+2004+ |date=May 14, 2012 }}

{{Bonanno crime family}}
{{American Mafia}}
{{Organized crime groups in the United States}}
{{Organized crime groups in New York City}}
{{Canadian gangs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonanno Crime Family}}
[[Category:Bonanno crime family| ]]
[[Category:1890s establishments in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Five Families]]
[[Category:Gangs in Florida]]
[[Category:Gangs in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Gangs in New York City]]
[[Category:Organizations based in New York City]]
[[Category:Organizations established in the 1890s]]

Donna Hanover

2024-10-06T22:40:35Z

136.32.60.170: /* Subsequent life and career */

{{Short description|American journalist}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = First Lady of [[New York City]]
| term_label = In role
| 1blankname = Mayor
| 1namedata = [[Rudy Giuliani]]
| term_start = January 1, 1994
| term_end = December 31, 2001
| predecessor = [[Joyce Dinkins]]
| successor = [[Diana Taylor (superintendent)|Diana Taylor]] {{small|(''de facto'')}}
| birth_name = Donna Ann Kofnovec
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|2|15}}
| birth_place = [[Oakland, California]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Stanley Hanover|1972|1980|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Rudy Giuliani]]|1984|2002|end=divorce}}
* {{marriage|Edwin Oster|2003}}
}}
| children = {{hlist|[[Andrew Giuliani|Andrew]]|[[Caroline Giuliani|Caroline]]}}
| education = [[Stanford University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Columbia University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| image = 1977 WTVN - Donna Hanover Earl Green (cropped).JPG
| caption = Hanover, circa 1977 }}
'''Donna Hanover''' (born '''Donna Ann Kofnovec'''; February 15, 1950<ref>Alex Tresniowski, [http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20138452,00.html "Rudy Who? "], ''People'' magazine, November 11, 2002.</ref>) is an American journalist, radio and television personality, television producer, and actress, who appears on [[CUNY TV]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tv.cuny.edu/bio/donna_hanover | title=Donna Hanover }}</ref> From 1994 through 2001 she was First Lady of New York City, as the then-wife of [[Rudy Giuliani]]. She and Giuliani were married for 18 years and had two children, [[Andrew Giuliani|Andrew]] and [[Caroline Giuliani|Caroline]].

==Early life and education==
Hanover was born Donna Ann Kofnovec in [[Oakland, California]], to Catholic parents, Robert G. Kofnovec, a [[United States Navy]] officer who retired as a [[Lieutenant Commander]], and his wife, Gwendolyn Dolores (Domas) Kofnovec.<ref name="wedann">[https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/03/style/weddings-celebrations-donna-hanover-edwin-oster.html "Donna Hanover, Edwin Oster"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 3, 2003. Accessed March 15, 2007.</ref>

Hanover attended [[Fremont High School (Sunnyvale, California)|Fremont High School]] in [[Sunnyvale, California]]. She later attended [[Stanford University]], and graduated in 1972 with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in political science.<ref name="stan">Kelli Anderson, [http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/1997/mayjun/classnotes/featurealum2.html "She'll Take Manhattan"], ''[[Stanford Magazine]]'', May/June 1997. Accessed March 15, 2007.</ref> She met [[Harvard University]] graduate Stanley Hanover at Stanford in 1968 and the two were married after her graduation in 1972.<ref name="barrett">[[Wayne Barrett]], ''[[Rudy!: An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani]]'', [[Basic Books]], 2000; {{ISBN|0-7567-6114-X}}, pp. 111–112.</ref> The couple moved to New York City.<ref name="barrett"/> She then attended the [[Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism]] and graduated with a [[master's degree]] in journalism.<ref name="stan"/>

==Broadcasting career==
As Donna Hanover she began to work in a series of television journalism positions around the country, starting with a stint at [[WKTV]] in [[Utica, New York]] in 1973,<ref name="barrett"/> where she was also an associate faculty member at [[Utica College]].<ref name="food-bio"/> She then went to [[WSYX|WTVN-TV]] in [[Columbus, Ohio]].<ref name="nyt120195">[[Elisabeth Bumiller]], [https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/01/nyregion/clash-of-careers-for-first-lady-donna-hanover-s-2-roles-are-not-always-separate.html?pagewanted=print " Clash of Careers For First Lady; Donna Hanover's 2 roles are not always separate"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 1, 1995. Accessed 2007-12-03.</ref><ref name="NewYorkMag">{{cite news |title=Guarding Donna |url=https://nymag.com |first=James |last=Kaplan |newspaper=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |location=[[New York City]] |publisher=New York Media LLC |issn=0028-7369 |date=April 25, 1994 |pages=56–63 |access-date=March 23, 2010 |quote=Around 1976, somewhere between WTVN in Columbus and KDKA in Pittsburgh, Stanley Hanover vanishes from the radar screen. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606065019/https://nymag.com/ |archive-date=June 6, 2020}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=9eMCAAAAMBAJ&dq=Donna+Hanover+WTVN&pg=PA59 Alt URL]</ref> By 1977, she was working in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] at [[KDKA-TV]], spending 80-hour weeks hosting and producing their ''[[Evening Magazine]]'' show;<ref name="nyt120195"/> she and Stanley Hanover appeared to have separated.<ref name="barrett"/> They were divorced sometime after October 1980;<ref name="barrett"/><ref>According to Barrett, "The Hanovers have declined in numerous interviews to say where and when they divorced."</ref> they had no children.

By 1980, Hanover had moved to [[Miami, Florida]];<ref name="barrett"/> it was when she was working as an anchor<ref name="nyt120195"/> at [[WSVN|WCKT]] that she met Giuliani. The couple moved in together in 1982 while Giuliani was still married to his first wife, from whom he had been separated since 1976. Giuliani had his first marriage annulled in late 1983. They then later moved to [[Washington, D.C.]] and then New York, and were married there on April 15, 1984. Hanover began working for [[WPIX]] in 1983,<ref name="food-bio">[http://www2.foodtv.com/celebrities/hanoverbio/0,3395,,00.html "Donna Hanover: Biography"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908113316/http://www2.foodtv.com/celebrities/hanoverbio/0,3395,,00.html |date=September 8, 2008 }}, [[Food Network]]. Accessed December 4, 2007.</ref> and was the lead anchor for the station's 7:30 pm weeknight newscast for much of the second half of the 1980s. She also appeared on the syndicated ''The Wall Street Journal Report''.<ref name="food-bio"/> She left her anchor role during Giuliani's unsuccessful 1989 bid for mayor to go on maternity leave.<ref name="nyt120195"/>

Hanover had two children with Giuliani, [[Andrew Giuliani|Andrew]] (born 1986; served as [[Executive Office of the President of the United States#Organization|Special Assistant to the President]] and Associate Director of the [[Office of Public Liaison]] for former U.S. President [[Donald Trump]]) and [[Caroline Giuliani|Caroline]] (born 1989). She began to use Donna Hanover Giuliani as her name in some contexts, but still used Donna Hanover in others.<ref name="nyt120195"/> She left WPIX entirely in 1990,<ref name="food-bio"/> and did some freelance work for [[WNYW]] in 1992 and 1993.<ref name="nyt120195"/>

==First Lady of New York City==
In 1993 she actively campaigned for her husband during his successful campaign for Mayor, appearing in his television ads as a devoted wife and mother. In 1994, she became First Lady of New York City. In addition to her duties as first lady, she was a features reporter for WNYW's morning ''[[Good Day New York]]'' show,<ref name="nyt120195"/> rotating anchor of WNYW's ''Good Day Sunday'' program,<ref name="nyt120195"/> and a co-anchor on the national cable [[Food Network]]'s ''Food News and Views'' program.<ref name="nyt120195"/> She balanced these positions with her political and maternal roles by eschewing some of the production work she had done in the past.<ref name="nyt120195"/> In addition, she worked from time to time as a radio [[disc jockey]] for New York's [[New Country Y-107|WYNY]].<ref name="nyt120195"/> The dual, concurrent roles as a journalist and political wife led to discussions of a possible conflict of interest,<ref name="nyt120195"/> but even Giuliani political opponents such as [[Peter Vallone, Sr.]] respected her professionalism.<ref name="nyt120195"/>

Hanover branched out into acting, having a prominent role as real-life presidential sister [[Ruth Carter Stapleton]] in the 1996 film ''[[The People vs. Larry Flynt]]'';<ref name="cbs051100"/> noted critic [[Frank Rich]] called her performance brilliant.<ref name="stan"/> She also appeared in the feature film ''[[Ransom (1996 film)|Ransom]]'' that same year as a WNYW reporter. By 1996, she had reverted to only using '''Donna Hanover''' as her name and her public appearances with Rudy Giuliani became few.<ref>[[Margaret Carlson]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20010211125714/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,27945,00.html "In Rudy's Playground"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', July 11, 1999. Accessed February 15, 2007.</ref> By 1997 there were published reports of his having an affair with mayoral aide [[Cristyne Lategano]],<ref name="cbs051100">[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-women-in-giulianis-life/ "The Women In Giuliani's Life"], [[CBS News]], May 11, 2000. Accessed 2007-12-03.</ref> and by 2000 with [[Judith Nathan]]. Hanover continued her acting work, appearing from 1997 on in episodes of the television series ''[[Law & Order]]'' in a recurring role as Judge Deborah Bourke, and also appearing on series such as ''[[Family Law (American TV series)|Family Law]]'', ''[[The Practice]]'', ''[[Sex and the City]]'', and ''[[Ally McBeal]]''.<ref name="cbs051100"/><ref name="wor-bio"/>

In April 2000, Hanover accepted the lead role in [[Eve Ensler]]'s play ''[[The Vagina Monologues]],'' a feminist work that was known for previously casting high-profile actresses such as [[Gillian Anderson]], [[Melissa Etheridge]], [[Calista Flockhart]] and [[Winona Ryder]], among others.<ref>Jesse McKinlye, "'Monologues' Making A Political Connection", ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 21, 2000.</ref> Veteran ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]'' contributor Peter J. Boyer asserted that Hanover's acceptance of the role was a "well-struck blow" because Ensler was "an outspoken critic of Giuliani's policies." Before Hanover's debut, she postponed her participation in ''The Vagina Monologues'' on May 2 to support her husband a week after it was announced he had [[prostate cancer]].<ref>Alicia Montgomery, [http://archive.salon.com/politics2000/feature/2000/05/02/trail_mix/index.html "Giuliani's wife quits 'Vagina'"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070401001713/http://archive.salon.com/politics2000/feature/2000/05/02/trail_mix/index.html |date=April 1, 2007 }}, ''[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]'', May 2, 2000. Accessed 2007-12-03.</ref> On the evening after announcing his cancer diagnosis, reporters observed Rudy Giuliani having "a romantic dinner" with [[Judith Nathan]], the woman who would be identified as his lover.<ref>Peter J. Boyer, "Mayberry Man," ''[[The New Yorker]]'', August 20, 2007, p. 53.</ref> One week later, at a press conference on May 10, Giuliani announced that he and Hanover were officially separated. Hanover had not been informed and was surprised by the news.<ref>[https://nymag.com/news/features/scandals/rudy-giuliani-2012-4/ "The Complete History of Scandals: 2000: Good Night Gracie: We're getting divorced! We are?!"], ''New York'' magazine, April 1, 2012.</ref>

Giuliani filed for divorce in October 2000.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/giuliani-divorce-settlement-reached/ "Giuliani Divorce Settlement Reached"], [[Associated Press]], [[CBS News]], July 10, 2002. Accessed 2007-12-03.</ref> Hanover and Giuliani stopped cohabiting at the end of his term in December 2001. Hanover counter filed in June 2002. After ugly public battles between representatives of the two,<ref>[[Margaret Carlson]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070223190810/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,127260,00.html "No Grace At Gracie Mansion"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', May 20, 2001. Accessed 2007-12-03.</ref> the divorce was finalized in July 2002 after he left office as Mayor; Hanover was awarded $6.8 million and custody of their two children.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2119009.stm "Giuliani settles divorce out of court"], [[BBC News]], July 10, 2002. Accessed 2007-12-03.</ref>

==Subsequent life and career==
In 2003, Hanover married Edwin Oster, an attorney practicing in [[Newport Beach, California]]. The two had dated in high school and in college, but had not spoken with each other for more than 20 years, until after Hanover's divorce from Giuliani.<ref name="wedann"/> In 2005, Hanover published the book ''My Boyfriend's Back: 50 True Stories of Reconnecting with a Long-Lost Love'',<ref name="wor-bio"/> relating her story as well as those of others who had rejoined with lost loves.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000EHRN3Q/ "My Boyfriend's Back"], [[Amazon.com]]. Accessed December 3, 2007.</ref> She lives in both New York and California.<ref name="wor-bio"/>

She continued to work in broadcasting. During 2005, she also hosted the [[Cooking Channel|Fine Living]] cable channel's ''Famous Homes & Hideaways'' program.<ref name="wor-bio">[http://www.wor710.com/pages/46820.php "Meet Donna Hanover"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527083625/http://www.wor710.com/pages/46820.php |date=May 27, 2007 }}, [[WOR (AM)|WOR]]. Accessed December 3, 2007.</ref> <ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/04/02/first-lady-onstage | title=First Lady Onstage | magazine=[[The New Yorker]] | date=March 26, 2012 }}</ref> She did fill-in work for New York radio station [[WOR (AM)|WOR]] for several years, then joined it on a full-time basis in February 2006,<ref name="rm021406">Chuck Taylor, [http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4476836-1.html "Hanover Joins WOR NYC A.M. Team"], ''Radio Monitor'', February 14, 2006. Accessed December 3, 2007.</ref> working first with co-host Ed Walsh<ref name="rm021406"/> and then as of August 2006 with Joe Bartlett.<ref name="rm082506">[http://www.allbusiness.com/services/motion-pictures/4482153-1.html "WOR/New York's Ed Walsh Exits"], ''Radio Monitor'', August 25, 2006. Accessed December 4, 2007.</ref> The latter pairing subsequently won an award for best broadcasting team.<ref name="wor-award"/> In May 2008 the two were replaced in the morning slot by the returning [[John R. Gambling]], but she remained with the station as a film critic and fill-in host.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.newsday.com/news/local/wire/newyork/ny-bc-ny--wor-gambling0430apr30,0,4018624.story | title=Gambling returns to WOR Radio — with help from NYC mayor | agency=[[Associated Press]] | newspaper=[[Newsday]] | date=April 30, 2008 | access-date=May 6, 2008}}</ref> Hanover also worked as an [[adjunct professor]] at [[New York University]]'s Department of Journalism.<ref name="food-bio"/> She continued to be active in charity circles.<ref>[http://www.ucpnyc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=buIWJcNSKnL6G&b=8049649&ct=11722975 "Celebrities & VIPs Attend the Star-Studded 11th Annual Women Who Care Luncheon"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201091243/http://www.ucpnyc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=buIWJcNSKnL6G&b=8049649&ct=11722975 |date=February 1, 2014 }}, United Cerebral Palsy, May 7, 2012.</ref>

Hanover continued her acting career with appearances in ''[[Law & Order|Law & Order]]'' through 2004. She was in the films ''[[Superstar (1999 film)|Superstar]]'' with [[Will Ferrell]] in 1999, ''[[Keeping the Faith]]'' with [[Edward Norton]] in 2000, ''[[Someone like You (2001 film)|Someone Like You]]'' with [[Ellen Barkin]] in 2001, and ''[[Interview (2007 film)|Interview]]'' directed by [[Steve Buscemi]] in 2007. Hanover played a Senator opposite [[John Goodman]] in an episode of ''[[Alpha House]]'' in 2014, and appeared in the TV comedy ''[[Odd Mom Out]]'' in 2015 and 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0360535/#actress | title=Donna Hanover | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref> In 2011 she appeared in the off-Broadway initial run of "Picked", written by Chris Shinn and directed by [[Michael Wilson (director)|Michael Wilson]] at The Vineyard Theatre. Hanover made her Broadway debut in 2012 in [[Gore Vidal|Gore Vidal's]] ''The Best Man'', directed by Michael Wilson and also starring [[James Earl Jones]], [[Angela Lansbury]], [[John Larroquette]], and [[Candice Bergen|Candace Bergen]].<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/04/02/first-lady-onstage | title=First Lady Onstage | magazine=[[The New Yorker]] | date=March 26, 2012 }}</ref> Hanover continues her work as a journalist at [[CUNY TV]] which she joined in 2011. As a correspondent on shows including ''Arts in the City'' and ''Simply Science'', she has covered wide-ranging topics such as vintage costumer Helen Uffner,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tv.cuny.edu/show/artsinthecity/PR2010709 | title=Arts in the City - December 2021 }}</ref> a new toilet NASA sent up for astronauts in space,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tv.cuny.edu/show/simplyscience/PR2009923 | title=Simply Science - New Year's Resolutions, Space Toilet, Pet Foxes, and more! }}</ref> and Broadway shows reopening after the pandemic.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tv.cuny.edu/show/artsinthecity/PR2010568 | title=Arts in the City - September 2021 }}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1980s — Pinnacle Award from American Women in Radio & Television for "Advertising by Plastic Surgeons"<ref name="food-bio"/>
* 1984 — New York State Associated Press Broadcasters' Association Award for "A Profile of Bobby Williams, A Handicapped Child"<ref name="food-bio"/>
* 1989 — [[San Francisco State University]] Broadcasts Award for "Suffer the Children"<ref name="food-bio"/>
* 2007 — New York State Broadcasters Association's Outstanding On-Air Broadcast Team award (with Joe Bartlett)<ref name="wor-award">[http://wor710.com/Joe-Bartlett---Donna-Hanover-named-NYSBA-Outstandi/626776 "Joe Bartlett & Donna Hanover named NYSBA'S 'Outstanding On-Air Broadcast Team'"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209110855/http://wor710.com/Joe-Bartlett---Donna-Hanover-named-NYSBA-Outstandi/626776 |date=December 9, 2007 }}, [[WOR (AM)|WOR]], June 28, 2007. Accessed December 3, 2007.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070527083625/http://www.wor710.com/pages/46820.php WOR official biography]
*{{IMDb name|id=0360535}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box|title=[[First Lady|First Lady of New York City]]|before=[[Joyce Dinkins]]|after=[[Diana Taylor (superintendent)|Diana Taylor]] (de facto) [[Chirlane McCray]] (2014)|years=1994–2002}}
{{s-end}}
{{Rudy Giuliani}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hanover, Donna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Oakland, California]]
[[Category:American women television journalists]]
[[Category:First ladies of New York City]]
[[Category:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni]]
[[Category:KDKA people]]
[[Category:Television anchors from Miami]]
[[Category:Television anchors from New York City]]
[[Category:Giuliani family]]
[[Category:Spouses of New York (state) politicians]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Sunnyvale, California]]
[[Category:Catholics from California]]
[[Category:1950 births]]

Joey Chestnut

2024-10-06T15:27:21Z

136.32.60.170: /* 2024 */

{{short description|American competitive eater (born 1983)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joey Chestnut
| image = Joey Chestnut 2009.jpg
| caption = Chestnut at [[Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest]] in 2009
| birth_name = Joseph Christian Chestnut
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|11|25}}
| birth_place = [[Fulton County, Kentucky]], U.S.
| alma_mater = [[San Jose State University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Competitive eater]]|[[construction engineer]]}}
| other names =
| parents =
| spouse =
| awards = [[Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest|16x Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Champion]] (2007–2014, 2016–2023)
}}
'''Joseph Christian Chestnut''' (born November 25, 1983)<ref name="herald">{{cite news |last=Dickie |first=George |date=July 4, 2022 |title=Chestnut Goes for 14th Title in Nathan's Famous Hot Dog Eating Contest |work=[[The Miami Herald]] |page=9T |quote=FULL NAME: Joseph Christian Chestnut; BIRTH DATE: Nov. 25, 1983; BIRTHPLACE: Fulton Co., Ken.}}</ref> is an American [[competitive eater]]. {{as of|2024}}, he is ranked first in the world by [[Major League Eating]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://majorleagueeating.com/eaters|title=Current Major League Eating world rankings|publisher=majorleagueeating.com|date=2024 |access-date=June 12, 2024}}</ref>

On July 4, 2007, Chestnut won the 92nd Annual [[Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest]] held at [[New York City]]. Chestnut defeated six-time defending champion [[Takeru Kobayashi|Takeru "Tsunami" Kobayashi]] by consuming a world record 66 [[hot dog]]s and [[Hot dog bun|buns]] (HDB) in 12 minutes, after losing to Kobayashi in 2005 and 2006. Chestnut would go on to win eight consecutive titles from 2007 to 2014,<ref name="ESPN-2015">{{cite web | url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/13197879/matt-stonie-upsets-joey-chestnut-wins-nathan-hot-dog-eating-contest | title=Matt Stonie beats Joey Chestnut to win Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest | publisher=ESPN | date=July 4, 2014 | access-date=July 17, 2015 | author=ESPN.com news services }}</ref> setting a Nathan's record of 69 HDB in 2013.<ref name="ESPN-2013">{{cite web|title=Joey Chestnut eats 69 hot dogs|date=July 4, 2013|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/9450389/joey-chestnut-downs-69-dogs-break-own-mark|publisher=ESPN|access-date=July 4, 2013}}</ref>

Chestnut lost the 2015 Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest to [[Matt Stonie]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/nyregion/joey-chestnut-hot-dog-eating-champ-dethroned-at-coney-island.html|title=Joey Chestnut, Hot Dog Eating Champ, Is Dethroned in Coney Island|last=Rogers|first=Katie|date=July 4, 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|issn=0362-4331|access-date=June 2, 2016 |quote=Joey Chestnut, 38...}}</ref> On July 4, 2016, Chestnut regained the championship belt from Stonie by eating 70 hot dogs. Chestnut would win the title from 2016 to 2023, setting the current record in 2021 with 76 HDB.<ref name="AP-2021">{{cite web |title=Joey Chestnut sets new record at post-pandemic hot dog race |url=https://apnews.com/article/joey-chestnut-michelle-lesco-nathans-famous-c992ddcd43833c92ad63291e9b483662 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=July 4, 2021 |date=July 4, 2021}}</ref> On July 4, 2023, he captured his 16th and current title by eating 62 HDB.<ref name="CNN-2023">{{Cite web |last=Levenson |first=Eric |date=July 4, 2023 |title=Joey Chestnut eats 62 hot dogs for 16th Nathan's hot dog eating contest title, while Miki Sudo named women's champion |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/04/us/nathans-hot-dog-eating-contest/index.html |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> He was banned from participating in the 2024 contest due to a competing sponsorship with [[Impossible Foods]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
{{TOC limit|2}}

==Eating career==
===2005===
Chestnut, a [[San Jose State University]] student, entered the competitive eating scene in 2005 with a break-out performance in the deep-fried [[asparagus]] eating championship, in which he beat high-ranked eater [[Rich LeFevre]] by eating {{convert|6.3|lb}} of asparagus in 11.5 minutes. That same year, during Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest, he ate 32 HDB, placing third behind [[Takeru Kobayashi]] and [[Sonya Thomas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2005 NATHAN'S FAMOUS FOURTH OF JULY INTERNATIONAL HOT DOG-EATING CONTEST |url=https://majorleagueeating.com/contests/28 |website=majorleagueeating.com |publisher=International Federation of Competitive Eating, Inc. |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>

On October 22, 2005, Chestnut set a new world record for downing 32.5 grilled cheese sandwiches in ten minutes at the Arizona State Fair, as part of the GoldenPalace.net World Grilled Cheese Eating Championship circuit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://majorleagueeating.com/contests.php?action=detail&eventID=66|title=Major League Eating & International Federation of Competitive Eating|website=majorleagueeating.com|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>

Chestnut defeated Thomas in the [[Waffle House]] World Waffle Eating Championship<ref>{{cite web |title=WAFFLE HOUSE WORLD WAFFLE-EATING CHAMPIONSHIP |url=https://majorleagueeating.com/contests/52 |website=majorleagueeating.com |publisher=International Federation of Competitive Eating, Inc. |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref> and placed second to Kobayashi in a [[Krystal Square Off]] World Hamburger Eating Championship qualifier, eating 56 Krystal Burgers in eight minutes to his 67.<ref>{{cite web |title=KRYSTAL SQUARE OFF WORLD HAMBURGER EATING CHAMPIONSHIP |url=https://majorleagueeating.com/contests/41 |website=majorleagueeating.com |publisher=International Federation of Competitive Eating, Inc. |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref> He later beat him by eating 91 hamburgers in the finals, finishing second to the 97 hamburgers consumed by Kobayashi.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Legacy Of Joey Chestnut: A True American Hero |url=https://studentunionsports.com/the-legacy-of-joey-chesnut-and-his-importance-to-the-4th-of-july/ |website=studentunionsports.com/ |date=July 5, 2022 |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>

===2006===
Chestnut qualified for the 2006 Nathan's Contest by eating 50 HDB. As July 4 approached, there was speculation that 2006 might be the year when Kobayashi would be beaten.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/03/AR2006070300263.html U.S. Pins Wiener-Eating Hopes on Chestnut]. ''WashingtonPost.com''. July 3, 2006.</ref> It was not to be, however. Although Chestnut turned in a great performance, leading [[Takeru Kobayashi]] through most of the contest, the final tally put Chestnut at 52 and Kobayashi at {{frac|53|3|4}} (a new world record).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cunningham |first1=O.J. |title=Joey Chestnut 3-Peats at Nathan's Coney Island Hot Dog Eating Contest |url=http://www.mybaycity.com/scripts/p3_v2/P3V3-0200.cfm?P3_NewspaperID=721&P3_articleID=4032 |website=mybaycity.com |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref> Chestnut lost to Kobayashi in the Johnsonville World Bratwurst Eating Championship in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. He ate 45 bratwurst sausages in ten minutes. Kobayashi ate 58.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best of the wurst: Kobayashi eats 58 brats for win |url=https://www.espn.com/sports/news/story?id=2540728 |website=[[ESPN]] | date=August 5, 2006 |publisher=ESPN, Inc. |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>

===2007===
In 2007, Chestnut won the [[Wing Bowl]] XV, an annual [[Philadelphia]] event at the [[Wachovia Center]]. In this competition, he ate 182 [[Buffalo wing|chicken wings]] in 30 minutes, becoming a Wing Bowl champion and record holder.<ref>{{cite web |title=Man devours record 182 chicken wings |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2007/02/03/man-devours-record-182-chicken-wings/ |website=denverpost.com |date=February 3, 2007 |publisher=MediaNews Group |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>

Chestnut was seen on a YouTube video drinking a gallon of milk in 41 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QxoVPrXEebY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/QxoVPrXEebY |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|title=guy drinks gallon of milk 41 secs!!! |date=February 16, 2006 |publisher=YouTube |access-date=August 5, 2010}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
[[File:Joey Chestnut in 2007.jpg|left|thumb|Joey Chestnut holding the mustard belt after the [[Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest]] in 2007]]
On July 4, 2007, Chestnut and Kobayashi battled the field in a record-setting hot dog eating battle in [[Coney Island|Coney]] Island in [[Brooklyn]], New York, at Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest. Chestnut knocked off Kobayashi 66–63, leading to the latter's first defeat in the contest in six years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Belson |first1=Ken |title=The Winner and New Champion, With 66 Hot Dogs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/05/nyregion/05hotdog.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 5, 2007 |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>

On October 28, 2007, between 2:33 and 2:41, Chestnut ate 103 [[Krystal (restaurant)|Krystal]] burgers in the [[Krystal Square Off]] World Hamburger Eating Championship in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]. This was Chestnut's personal best, and is the new world record.<ref>{{cite web |title=US man eats record 103 Krystal hamburgers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/us-man-eats-record-103-krystal-hamburgers/story-43PiXvjQv72uCQdmRCGbdP.html#:~:text=Joey%20Chestnut%20swallowed%20103%20Krystal,IV%20World%20Hamburger%20Eating%20Championship.&text=HT%20Correspondent%2C%20Chattanooga-,Joey%20Chestnut%20swallowed%20103%20Krystal%20hamburgers%20in%20eight%20minutes%20to,IV%20World%20Hamburger%20Eating%20Championship. |website=hindustantimes.com | date=October 29, 2007 |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>

===2008===
Chestnut set two new world records in 2008. On February 1, he ate 241 wings in 30 minutes at the Wing Bowl XVI in Philadelphia.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Savory Win For Chestnut |url=https://www.timesleader.com/archive/1168890/a-savory-win-for-chestnut |website=timesleader.com |date=February 2, 2008 |publisher=Times Leader |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref> This record was broken by Takeru Kobayashi at the Wing Bowl XX in 2011 with 337 wings.

On March 2, 2008, he ate 78 matzo balls during Kenny & Ziggy's World Matzoh Ball Eating Championship in [[Houston]], Texas.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kricheff |first1=Sarah |title=Many Matzo Balls: Eating Contest Heads to Lone Star State |url=https://forward.com/israel/12921/many-matzo-balls-eating-contest-heads-to-lone-sta-01462/#:~:text=Professional%20competitive%2Deating%20champ%20Joey,five%20minutes%20and%2025%20seconds). |website=forward.com |date=March 13, 2008 |publisher=The Forward Association, Inc. |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>

On March 24, 2008, Chestnut set a new male record at [[The Big Texan Steak Ranch]] restaurant in [[Amarillo, Texas]], by eating a meal of {{convert|4.5|lb|kg|2|abbr=on}} ribeye steak, salad, baked potato, shrimp cocktail, and roll in just eight minutes and 52 seconds. Shortly afterwards, on his show on [[KKLA]], previous record holder [[Frank Pastore]] congratulated Chestnut. (The overall human record is 4 minutes and 18 seconds, set by [[Molly Schuyler]] on April 19, 2015, on her first of three meals.)<ref>{{cite web |title=JOEY CHESTNUT'S STEAK-EATING RECORD SMASHED BY MOM OF FOUR |url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/other/joey-chestnuts-steak-eating-record-smashed-by-mom-of-four |website=foxsports.com |publisher=Fox Media LLC |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>

On June 21, 2008, Chestnut lost to Takeru Kobayashi in a Pizza Hut P'Zone competition at Sony Studios in Culver City, California. The competition aired on [[Spike TV]] on June 21.

On July 4, 2008, Chestnut tied Takeru Kobayashi in the annual Nathan's Hot Dog Contest after eating 59 HDB in ten minutes. The tie resulted in a 5 HDB eat-off, which Chestnut won by consuming all five HDBs before Kobayashi. The 59 is a new record in the competition based on the reduction from 12 minutes to ten minutes. Chestnut weighed in at {{cvt|102|kg}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Steve Penhollow |work=The Journal Gazette |url=http://www.journalgazette.net/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080706/FEAT0108/807060331 |title=3RF contest could be a wiener |access-date=July 5, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707072938/http://www.journalgazette.net/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20080706%2FFEAT0108%2F807060331 |archive-date=July 7, 2008 }}</ref>

On July 28, 2008, Chestnut lost to Takeru Kobayashi in Chicken Satay eating in the MLE Asia inaugural event. He consumed just over {{convert|4|kg}} to Kobayashi's almost {{cvt|5.5|kg}}.

On August 23, 2008, Chestnut defeated IFOCE's second highest-ranked competitive eater [[Patrick Bertoletti|Pat "Deep Dish" Bertoletti]] in the second Gyoza Eating Championship in Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, California. He devoured 231 gyoza, setting a new world record; he beat his previous record of 212, set at the inaugural event in 2006 when he narrowly defeated Sonya "Black Widow" Thomas (210). Thomas did not attend the 2008 event due to budgetary and travel costs.

On October 12, 2008, he consumed 45 slices of pizza, winning the "Famous Famiglia World Pizza Eating Championship", which was held in [[Times Square]] in New York. This was beaten by Bertoletti with 47 slices a few weeks later.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081013/ap_on_fe_st/odd_pizza_eating_contest;_ylt=Alq_eas9eOxKgHoiAZJ6zDSs0NUE|title=Eating champ delivers top pizza performance in NY|access-date=December 10, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017034359/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081013/ap_on_fe_st/odd_pizza_eating_contest|archive-date=October 17, 2008}}</ref>

===2009===
On February 21, 2009, Chestnut consumed {{cvt|10.5|lb}} of macaroni and cheese in seven minutes during halftime at the [[San Jose Stealth]] [[lacrosse]] game, beating out his contestants and adding another world record to his name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sjstealth.com/articles/view/225/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110809111046/http://www.sjstealth.com/articles/view/225/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 9, 2011|title=Are You Gonna Eat That? Joey Chestnut to Set Record Feb. 21 at the HP Pavilion|access-date=February 21, 2009}}</ref>

On July 4, 2009, Chestnut topped his previous record of 59 HDB by consuming 68 HDB in the 2009 Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Belenkaya |first1=Veronica |last2=Goldsmith |first2=Samuel |title=Nathan's hot dog eating contest 2009: Joey Chesnut defends title, sets world record with 68 dogs |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/nathan-hot-dog-eating-contest-2009-joey-chesnut-defends-title-sets-world-record-68-dogs-article-1.398371 |website=nydailynews.com |date=July 5, 2009 |publisher=New York Daily News |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>

On September 27, 2009, Chestnut lost to Takeru Kobayashi in Krystal Square Off World Hamburger Eating Championship. He ate 81 hamburgers. Kobayashi ate 93.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mF_H2bgLXcE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/mF_H2bgLXcE |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Krystal Square Off VI|website=[[YouTube]] |date=September 28, 2009 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On ''[[Man v. Food]]'' in San Jose, California, Chestnut ate Iguana's Burritozilla: a {{cvt|5|lb|spell=in}}, 17-inch burrito in three minutes, ten seconds.

===2010===
On May 8, 2010, Chestnut won Shrimp Wontons eating in Singapore. Chestnut ate 380 wontons in eight minutes to set a new world record.<ref>{{cite web |title=CHESTNUT DEFEATS KOBAYASHI IN SINGAPORE |url=https://majorleagueeating.com/articles/790 |website=majorleagueeating.com |publisher=Major League Eating |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>
[[File:Joey Chestnut 2010 Nathan's Victory.jpg|thumb|Joey Chestnut after winning the 2010 [[Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest]]]]
On July 4, 2010, Chestnut secured his fourth straight Nathan's Hotdog Eating Contest, by consuming 54 HDB in what he described himself as a disappointing performance.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chavez |first1=Christopher |title=Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest 2010: Joey Chestnut Wins for Fourth Year |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/415463-chestnut-wins-for-4th-straight-year-kobayashi-arrested |website=bleacherreport.com |publisher=Bleacher Report, Inc. Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref>

On September 25, 2010, at the Phantom Gourmet Food Fest in Boston, Massachusetts, Chestnut won the Upper Crust Pizza Eating competition by eating 37 slices in ten minutes. He beat [[Bob Shoudt]] by one slice.

===2011===
On July 4, 2011, Chestnut secured his fifth straight Nathan's Hotdog Eating Contest, by consuming 62 HDB. Kobayashi, who could not participate in the contest because of his refusal to sign the required contract, ate 69 HDB at an off-site event with independent judges to establish a new world record.<ref>{{cite web|last=TMZ|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj0CXP_xSL4|title= Kobayashi INHALES 69 Hot Dogs – The VIDEO! – Hot Dog Eating Contest Record!|publisher=TMZ |date= July 5, 2011 |access-date=July 5, 2011}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=TMZ|title=Kobayashi Crushes Hot Dog Record|date=July 5, 2011|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UphRK61EnC4|access-date=June 2, 2016}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Leigh |last=Remizowski |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/07/04/new.york.hot.dog.contest/ |title=Chestnut retains hot dog title despite rival's unofficial record |date=July 4, 2011 |publisher=CNN |access-date=July 5, 2011}}</ref>

===2012===
On March 17, 2012, Chestnut set a new world record by eating 20 {{convert|.5|lb|spell=in}} corned beef sandwiches in ten minutes at the annual Toojay's Corned Beef Eating Competition in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. [[Patrick Bertoletti|Pat "Deep Dish" Bertoletti]] finished in second place.<ref name="Corned Beef">{{cite web | title=The 3rd Annual TooJay's World Class Corned Beef Eating Championship – IFOCE | website=Major League Eating | url=https://majorleagueeating.com/contests/469 | access-date=July 10, 2019}}</ref>

On July 4, 2012, Chestnut successfully defended his title at Nathan's 97th Annual Hot Dog Eating Contest at [[Coney Island]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]]. He tied his own world record by swallowing 68 HDB in ten minutes, which earned him his 6th "mustard belt" for this competition.<ref>{{cite web|last=Douglas|first=Stephen|title=Joey Chestnut Ate 69 Hot Dogs to Win the 2012 Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest|date=July 4, 2012 |url=http://thebiglead.com/index.php/2012/07/04/joey-chestnut-ate-68-hot-dogs-to-win-the-2012-nathans-hot-dog-eating-contest/|publisher=thebiglead.com|access-date=July 4, 2012}}</ref>

On July 16, 2012, Chestnut made a guest appearance on the 12th episode of [[Hell's Kitchen (American season 10)|''Hell's Kitchen'' season 10]], in which he participated in a wing-eating competition against a few of the contestants. He ended up winning the contest and earned $500.

On August 27, 2012, Chestnut cursed at Hofmann Hot dog and Kobayashi, stating in a [[Twitter]] post, "Congrats to @FReeKobio704 for eating a bunch of nasty Hoffman crap dogs. He needed an ego boost after three years of dodging competition."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportsherniablog.com/blog/2012/08/hot-dog-wars-whos-side-you-are-you-on.html|title=Hot Dog Wars: Whose side are you on? – Sports Hernia Blog|website=www.sportsherniablog.com|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://offthebench.nbcsports.com/2012/08/28/uh-oh-its-weenie-war-joey-chestnut-engages-in-twitter-battle-with-rival-eating-event-owner|title=Uh oh, it's weenie war! Joey Chestnut engages in Twitter battle with rival eating event owner|last=Chandler|first=Rick|date=August 28, 2012|website=offthebench.nbcsports.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707082821/http://offthebench.nbcsports.com/2012/08/28/uh-oh-its-weenie-war-joey-chestnut-engages-in-twitter-battle-with-rival-eating-event-owner|archive-date=July 7, 2014|access-date=June 2, 2016}}</ref>[[File:Joey Chestnut at the 2012 National Buffalo Wing Festival, Buffalo, New York.jpg|thumbnail|Joey Chestnut competing at the 2012 [[National Buffalo Wing Festival]]|left]]On September 2, 2012, Chestnut consumed 191 wings ({{cvt|7.61|lb|disp=sqbr}}) in 12 minutes to win the 1st place competitive-eating trophy at the [[National Buffalo Wing Festival]] in [[Buffalo, New York]]. He defeated the previous five-year champion [[Sonya Thomas]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.buffalonews.com/article/20120902/CITYANDREGION/120909957 | title=He ate 191 wings, but who's counting? | publisher=The Buffalo News | date=September 5, 2012 | access-date=September 6, 2012 | author=Baldwin, Richard}}</ref>[[File:JoeyChestnutPoutine.jpg|thumbnail|Joey Chestnut lifts the trophy at the 2012 World Poutine Eating Championship in Toronto, Ontario.|left]]On October 13, 2012, Chestnut won the Third Annual [[Smoke's Poutinerie]] World [[Poutine]] Eating Championships in [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], by consuming 19 boxes ({{cvt|9.5|lb|disp=sqbr}}) of poutine in ten minutes.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.torontosun.com/2012/10/13/poutine-draws-a-crowd | title=Poutine draws a crowd | publisher=The Toronto Sun | date=October 13, 2012 | access-date=October 13, 2012 | author=Davidson, Terry}}</ref>

===2013===
On July 4, 2013, Chestnut successfully defended his title at Nathan's 98th Annual Hot Dog Eating Contest at [[Coney Island]] in [[Brooklyn, New York]]. He beat his own world record of 68 by consuming 69 HDB in ten minutes, which earned him his 7th ''[[International Federation of Competitive Eating|Mustard Belt]]'' for this competition.<ref name="ESPN-2013"/>

On July 25, 2013, Chestnut ate 179 wings in ten minutes taking the title for the second year in a row at the [[Hooters]] World Wing-Eating Championship held in [[Clearwater, Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hooters' cooks put in the hard work before Joey Chestnut scarfs his way to world wing eating championship|url=https://www.tampabay.com/features/food/general/before-joey-takes-a-bite-others-have-to-work-hard/2133302/|publisher=Tampa Bay Times|access-date=July 27, 2013}}</ref>

On September 22, 2013, Chestnut ate 70 bratwursts to set the world record and take his fourth straight title, at the Hillshire Farm Bratwurst Eating World Championship held at [[Oktoberfest Zinzinnati]] in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fox19.com/story/23498311/joey-jaws-chestnut-oktoberfest-bratwurst-champion-2013 | title=Professional eater tastes another victory at Oktoberfest | publisher=Fox 19 | date=September 22, 2013 | access-date=September 22, 2013 | author=FOX19 Digital Media Staff}}</ref>

===2014===
On July 4, 2014, Chestnut ate more hot dogs and buns than any of his opponents, narrowly defeating competitor [[Matt Stonie]]. He successfully ate 61 hot dogs and buns to Stonie's 56, making this his eighth consecutive win. Prior to the event, Chestnut proposed to his longtime girlfriend, Neslie Ricasa.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Hot-Dog-Eaters-Ready-Nathans-Famed-Coney-Island-Contest--265813951.html | title=Joey Chestnut Wins Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Again, Proposes to Girlfriend | publisher=NBC 4 New York | date=July 4, 2014 | access-date=July 4, 2014 | author=NBC 4 Digital Media Staff}}</ref>

===2015===
On July 4, 2015, Chestnut was defeated by Stonie. He successfully ate 60 hot dogs and buns, but Stonie improved since 2014 and consumed 62 hot dogs and buns, ending Chestnut's eight-year run as champion.<ref name="ESPN-2015"/>

After a Denver Outlaws lacrosse game on May 24, Chestnut set a World Record eating 14.25lbs of Illegal Pete's Burritos in 10 minutes, beating the previous record of 11.81 set in 2007 by Tim "Eater X" Janus.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://majorleagueeating.com/contests/643 | title=The Denver Outlaws World Burrito Eating Championship Presented by Illegal Pete's }}</ref>

===2016===
On July 4, 2016, Chestnut redeemed himself with 70 hot dogs and buns with Stonie behind with 53 hot dogs and buns. On September 4, 2016, he won his third consecutive title at the United States Chicken Wing Eating Championships in Buffalo, New York, by eating 188 wings in 12 minutes.<ref name="Major League Eating 2016 buffalo">{{cite web | title=The U.S. National Buffalo Wing Eating Championship – IFOCE | website=Major League Eating | date=September 4, 2016 | url=https://majorleagueeating.com/contests/689 | access-date=July 10, 2019}}</ref>

===2017===
On July 4, 2017, Chestnut defended his title and ate 72 hot dogs and buns. This was his 10th title and once again set a new Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest record. [[Carmen Cincotti]] was the closest competitor with 60.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Leonard|first1=Nicole|title=Mays Landing native ate how many hot dogs?|url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/pac/mays-landing-native-ate-how-many-hot-dogs/article_367eba64-f519-561d-9882-28f6320d4bd9.html|website=The Press of Atlantic City|date=July 5, 2017 |access-date=July 6, 2017}}</ref>

===2018===
In 2018, Chestnut competed in ''[[The Amazing Race 30]]'' alongside fellow competitive eater [[Tim Janus]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Barney|first=Chuck|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/01/02/the-amazing-race-san-joses-joey-chestnut-among-the-cast/|title='The Amazing Race': San Jose's Joey Chestnut eyes the prize|newspaper=[[The Mercury News]]|date=January 2, 2018|access-date=January 24, 2018}}</ref> On July 4, Chestnut won his 11th title at Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest with a new record of 74 hot dogs and buns.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blackburn |first1=Pete |title=Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest 2018 results: Joey Chestnut wins with record-breaking 74 hot dogs |url=https://www.cbssports.com/general/news/nathans-hot-dog-eating-contest-2018-results-joey-chestnut-wins-with-record-breaking-74-hot-dogs/ |newspaper=Cbssports.com |access-date=July 4, 2018}}</ref>

===2019===
On July 4, 2019, Chestnut won his 12th title at Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest, eating 71 hot dogs and buns.
On October 19, 2019, Chestnut won the 2019 World Poutine Eating Championship in Toronto, Canada, after eating 28 pounds of poutine in 10 minutes and set a new world record.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/20/c_138487034.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021194353/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/20/c_138487034.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 21, 2019|title = Joey Chestnut of U.S. Wins 2019 World Poutine Eating Championship in Toronto – Xinhua | English.news.cn}}</ref>

===2020===
On July 4, 2020, Chestnut won his 13th title at Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest, eating a record-breaking 75 hot dogs and buns in ten minutes. The event was held indoors, with fewer competitors and without spectators, due to [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 4, 2020|title=Chestnut (75), Sudo (48.5) set hot dog records|url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/29409589/joey-chestnut-75-miki-sudo-485-retain-nathan-famous-hot-dog-eating-contest-titles|access-date=July 4, 2020|website=ESPN.com|language=en}}</ref>

On August 1, 2020, Chestnut ate {{convert|9|lb|spell=in}} of pizza in 32 minutes and 14 seconds in a [[MrBeast]] YouTube video in Greenville, North Carolina.<ref>{{Citation|title=I Ate The World's Largest Slice Of Pizza| date=August 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rj_vssRaZlQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Rj_vssRaZlQ |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=November 8, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

On October 1, 2020, Chestnut guest starred on the animated series ''[[Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?]]'', voicing himself.

===2021===
On July 4, 2021, Chestnut won his 14th title at Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest, eating 76 hot dogs and buns in 10 minutes, a new record.<ref name="AP-2021"/>

On October 10, 2021, Chestnut won The 2021 Destination Outlets World Pumpkin Pie Eating Championship in Jeffersonville, Ohio, consuming 16 lbs 12 oz of pumpkin pie in 8 minutes.

===2022===
On July 4, 2022, Chestnut captured his 15th Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest title by eating 63 hot dogs and buns in 10 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gleeson |first1=Scott |title=Joey Chestnut devours 63 franks to win 2022 Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest, his 15th victory in 16 years |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2022/07/04/joey-chestnut-nathans-fourth-july-hot-dog-eating-contest/7802371001/ |website=usatoday.com |publisher=USA Today (Gannett Satellite Information Network) |access-date=July 4, 2022}}</ref> The contest was interrupted by a protestor, whom Chestnut placed in a chokehold.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Skiver |first1=Kevin |title=Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest results: Joey Chestnut, Miki Sudo miss personal pace but win in dominant fashion |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/amp/other-sports/news/nathans-hot-dog-eating-contest-live-results-2022-winners/q0fveiimy63y5ppglekhguv0 |website=sportingnews.com |publisher=Sporting News Holdings Limited |access-date=July 4, 2022}}</ref>

===2023===
On April 6, 2023 (National Burrito Day), Chestnut won the first-ever [[Qdoba]] World Burrito Eating Championship in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, consuming 14.5 burritos in 10 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cyreia |first1=Sandlin |title=Joey Chestnut wins first World Burrito Eating Championship in Milwaukee |url=https://www.wisn.com/article/joey-chestnut-wins-first-ever-world-burrito-eating-championship-in-milwaukee/43533594 |website=wisn.com |publisher=WISN 12 (Hearst Television Inc.) |access-date=April 6, 2023}}</ref>

On July 4, 2023, Chestnut consumed 62 hot dogs and won his 16th Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest title.<ref name="CNN-2023"/> The contest was nearly canceled due to thunderstorms, but ended up starting after a 2-hour delay. Chestnut reportedly played a “significant role” in reversing the previously announced decision to cancel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Williams |first1=Madison |title=Joey Chestnut's Reported Epic One-Liner May Have Saved the Hot Dog Eating Contest |url=https://www.si.com/.amp/extra-mustard/2023/07/04/joey-chestnut-reported-quote-hot-dog-eating-contest |website=si.com |date=July 4, 2023 |publisher=ABG-SI LLC. |access-date=July 6, 2023}}</ref>

===2024===
On June 11, 2024, Chestnut was banned from participating in the 2024 Nathan's Famous Hot Dog Eating contest due to Chestnut accepting sponsorship from [[Impossible Foods]], a Nathan's competitor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Purdum |first=David |date=2024-06-11 |title=Hot dog contest bans Chestnut over sponsor beef |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/40328161/joey-chestnut-banned-nathan-famous-hot-dog-eating-contest |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> Chestnut responded by saying a rule change regarding sponsors was the basis for his ban. MLE clarified he could still appear at the annual contest.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Andrejev |first=Alex |title=Joey Chestnut out of 2024 Nathan's hot dog eating contest |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5556777/2024/06/11/joey-chestnut-out-nathans-hot-dog-eating-contest/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Chestnut instead agreed to attend [[Fort Bliss]]' Pop Goes the Fort celebration and compete in a 4-versus-1 eating competition with a five-minute time limit.<ref>[https://www.dallasnews.com/news/texas/2024/06/27/joey-chesnut-july-4-2024/ Banned from Nathan’s, hot dog-eating champion Joey Chestnut will compete in Texas] [[The Dallas Morning News]]</ref><ref>[https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10126420-joey-chestnut-to-face-soldiers-in-hot-dog-eating-contest-on-july-4-amid-nathans-ban Joey Chestnut to Face Soldiers in Hot Dog Eating Contest on July 4 amid Nathan's Ban] [[Bleacher Report]]</ref> He ate 57 hot dogs in five minutes, nearly tying Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest champion [[Patrick Bertoletti]]'s count of 58 hot dogs in ten minutes. Chestnut won the contest, as the four Army soldiers ate 49 hot dogs all together, with Impossible Foods donating $106,000 to [[Operation Homefront]] as a result.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2024/07/05/nx-s1-5030161/joey-chestnut-hot-dog-contest-fort-bliss-coney-island Joey Chestnut, banned from Coney Island, takes his hot dog-eating skills to Fort Bliss] [[NPR]]</ref>

Chestnut competed against [[Takeru Kobayashi]] in September 2024 in a live-streamed [[Netflix]] event titled ''[[Chestnut vs. Kobayashi: Unfinished Beef]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=Hot dog-eating champs Joey Chestnut and Takeru Kobayashi will go head-to head in a Netflix special |url=https://apnews.com/article/joey-chestnut-netflix-contest-takeru-kobayashi-2ca97d0a8a1a6ceb40ea681b5f0a57b5 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> He won the event, eating 83 hot dogs and buns to Kobayashi's 66.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/tsn/news/joey-chestnut-takeru-kobayashi-live-results-winner-2024/ab231735b75db78feaa1da58|title=Joey Chestnut outdoes Takeru Kobayashi, sets unofficial world record with 83 hot dogs consumed in Netflix special|first=David|last=Suggs|date=September 2, 2024|website=The Sporting News|access-date=September 2, 2024}}</ref>

==Training==

Chestnut trains by fasting and by stretching his stomach with milk, water and protein supplements. He prefers milk from mountain goats that reside in the Andes Mountains due to its high calcium content.<ref>Ben Dorries, Late mail, The Courier Mail (Australia), pg. 103, July 6, 2007</ref> Since the start of his competitive eating career, his competition weight has varied from {{convert|225|–|240|lb|kg}}. After winning his sixth consecutive hot dog eating contest in 2012 by eating 68 hot dogs, he stated, "I will not stop until I reach 70. This sport isn't about eating. It's about drive and dedication, and at the end of the day, hot dog eating challenges both my body and my mind."<ref>Nichols, Boston Globe, pg. B4, November 13, 2005</ref>
He says he trains for hot dog eating competitions by cooking hot dogs at his house and then eating them in a simulated competition style. He starts with 40 hot dogs and then works his way up until he is in game shape. He compared it to running or lifting weights for athletes.<ref>Interview on WRTV Indianapolis 6:00PM news broadcast July 2, 2021</ref>

==Personal life==
Chestnut was born in [[Fulton County, Kentucky]], and grew up in [[Vallejo, California]].<ref name="herald" /> He holds a degree in engineering and construction management from [[San Jose State University]].<ref name="herald" />

He proposed to his longtime girlfriend Neslie Ricasa<ref>{{cite web |title=Joey Chestnut gets hot dog title and fiancee, Black Widow loses women's division |url=https://www.deseret.com/2014/7/4/20468004/joey-chestnut-gets-hot-dog-title-and-fiancee-black-widow-loses-women-s-division |website=deseret.com |date=July 4, 2014 |publisher=Deseret News Publishing Company |access-date=July 8, 2022}}</ref> just before defending his title in the 2014 Nathan's competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/Hot-Dog-Eaters-Ready-Nathans-Famed-Coney-Island-Contest--265813951.html |title=Joey Chestnut Wins Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest Again, Proposes to Girlfriend |publisher=NBC 4 New York |date=July 4, 2014 |access-date=July 4, 2014 |author=NBC 4 Digital Media Staff}}</ref> The couple split up in early 2015, prior to their scheduled wedding date. Chestnut resides in [[Westfield, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nypost.com/2015/07/02/joey-chestnut-just-wants-to-gobble-wieners-after-breakup/ |title=Joey Chestnut is focused on gobbling wieners after splitting from fiancee |publisher=NY Post |date=July 2, 2015 |access-date=July 4, 2015 |author=Beckie Strum}}</ref>

==World records held==
{{more citations needed section|date=June 2024}}

===2007===
*[[Chicken as food|Chicken]] wings – Long Form: 182 wings in 30 minutes ([[Wachovia Center]] in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], on February 2, 2007) at the [[Wing Bowl]]
*[[Krystal (restaurant)|Krystal]] [[hamburgers]]: 103 Krystal Burgers in eight minutes ([[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], on October 28, 2007) at the [[Krystal Square Off]]
*[[Kolaches]]: 56 sausage and cheese kolaches in eight minutes ([[Houston]], Texas, on September 14, 2007) at the Kolache Factory World Kolache Eating Championship
* [[Pulled Pork Sandwiches|Pulled pork sandwiches]]: 45 sandwiches in ten minutes ([[Myrtle Beach, South Carolina]], on September 1, 2007) at the Myrtle Beach World BBQ Eating Championship

===2008===
*[[Steak]] Big Texan 72oz Steak 8:52
*7lb "Sasquatch" Burger 7:36

===2009===
*[[Funnel cake]]: {{cvt|5.9|lbs}} in ten minutes ([[Kings Dominion]] in [[Doswell, Virginia]], on May 23, 2009) at the Kings Dominion World Funnel Cake Championship

===2011===
*[[Philly Cheese Steak|Philly cheesesteak]]: 23 6" Cheesesteaks in ten minutes ([[Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom]] in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]], Pennsylvania, on May 21, 2011) at the World CheeseSteak Eating Championship @ Dorney Park
*[[Pizza Hut]] P'Zones: 7.5 P'Zones in ten minutes ([[Spike Guys' Choice Awards]] in [[Los Angeles]], California, on June 4, 2011) at the Pizza Hut P'Zone Eating CHOW-lenge
*[[Salt potatoes]]: {{cvt|13|lbs}} of salt potatoes ([[Baldwinsville, New York|Baldwinsville]], New York, on May 14, 2011) at the Salt Potato World Eating Championship
*[[Taco Bell]] [[tacos]]: 53 soft beef tacos in ten minutes ([[San Juan, Puerto Rico]], on July 29, 2011) at the Taco Bell Why Pay More Soft Taco Challenge

===2012===
*[[Corned beef sandwich]] – 20 sandwiches in ten minutes ([[Palm Beach Gardens, Florida]], on March 17, 2012) at The 3rd Annual TooJay's World Class Corned Beef Eating Championship
*[[Tamales]]: 102 tamales in 12 minutes ([[Lewisville, Texas]], on September 29, 2012) at the Western Days Festival World Tamale Eating Championship

===2013===
*[[Apple Pie|Apple pie]]: 4.375 pies in eight minutes ([[Brunswick, Ohio]], September 13, 2013) at Mapleside Farms World Apple Pie Eating Championship
*[[Beef brain|Brain]] [[tacos]]: 54 tacos in eight minutes ([[Minneapolis, Minnesota]], October 12, 2013) at The World Brain Eating Competition – Zombie Pub Crawl
*[[Boiled Egg|Hard boiled eggs]]: 141 hard-boiled eggs in eight minutes ([[Radcliff, Kentucky]], on October 5, 2013) at the Radcliff Fall Festival<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wdrb.com/story/23618230/joey-chestnut-wins-radcliff-egg-eating-contest | title=Joey Chestnut wins World Egg-Eating Championship in Radcliff | publisher=WDRB News | date=October 5, 2013 | access-date=November 28, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Pastrami]]: 25 [[Katz's Delicatessen]] half pastrami sandwiches in ten minutes ([[Manhattan, New York]], on June 2, 2013) at the Katz's Delicatessen World Pastrami Eating Championship
*[[Ribs (food)|Pork ribs]]: {{cvt|13.76|lb}} pork rib meat ([[John Ascuaga's Nugget Casino]] in [[Sparks, Nevada]], on August 28, 2013) at John Ascuaga's Nugget World Rib Eating Championship during the [[Best in the West Nugget Rib Cook-off]] Seen in episode of [[Travel Channel]]’s [[Hotel Impossible]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mynews4.com/mostpopular/story/Competitive-eater-Joey-Chestnut-sets-world-record/JW5Tu3CKmkGuEkAZqPFAlw.cspx |title=Competitive eater Joey Chestnut sets world record in rib eating contest |publisher=MyNews4.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901052615/http://www.mynews4.com/mostpopular/story/Competitive-eater-Joey-Chestnut-sets-world-record/JW5Tu3CKmkGuEkAZqPFAlw.cspx |archive-date=September 1, 2013 }}</ref>
*[[Twinkies]]: 121 Twinkies in six minutes ([[Bally's Casino Tunica]] in [[Tunica Resorts, Mississippi|Tunica Resorts]], Mississippi, on October 26, 2013) at The World Twinkie Eating Championship At Bally's Casino – Tunica

===2014===
* Deep-fried [[asparagus]]: {{cvt|12.8|lbs}} of deep-fried asparagus in ten minutes ([[Stockton, California]], April 26, 2014) at Stockton Asparagus Festival
*[[Fish tacos]]: 30 tacos in five minutes ([[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]], [[Canada]] on August 9, 2013) at Joey Chestnut vs. Joey's All-Stars Fish Taco World Record Challenge Presented by [[Joey's Seafood Restaurants]]
*[[Gyoza]]: 384 gyoza in ten minutes ([[Los Angeles]], California, on August 16, 2014) at The Day-Lee Foods World Gyoza Eating Championship
*[[Pierogi]]: 165 pierogi in eight minutes ([[Horseshoe Casino Hammond]] in [[Hammond, Indiana]], on October 8, 2014) at the Horseshoe World Pierogi-Eating Championship
*[[Pulled pork]] [[Slider (sandwich)|sliders]]: 62 sliders in ten minutes ([[Atmore, Alabama|Atmore]], Alabama, on March 28, 2014) at the Pork Slider Eating Contest at Wind Creek's Throw Down
*[[Turkey as food|Turkey (whole)]]: {{cvt|9.35|lbs}} of whole turkey in ten minutes ([[Foxwoods Resort Casino]] in [[Ledyard, Connecticut|Ledyard]], Connecticut, on November 22, 2014) at the Foxwoods World Turkey-Eating Championship

===2015===
*[[Gumbo]]: 15 bowls (1.875 gallons) in eight minutes ([[Larose, Louisiana]], on November 7, 2015) at the World Record Gumbo Eating Championship

===2016===
*[[Boysenberry]] pie: {{cvt|14.5|lbs}} of pie in eight minutes ([[Knott's Berry Farm]] in [[Buena Park, California]], on March 19, 2016) at The Knott's Boysenberry Festival World Pie Eating Contest
*[[Burritos]] – Long Form: 14.5 burritos in ten minutes ([[Sports Authority Field at Mile High]] in [[Denver]], Colorado, on May 28, 2016) at The [[Denver Outlaws]] World Burrito Eating Championship Presented by [[Illegal Pete's]]
*[[Gyros]]: 30 gyros in ten minutes ([[Houston]], Texas, on May 15, 2016) at [[Niko Niko's]] World Gyro Eating Championship
*[[Meat pies]]: 23 meat pies in ten minutes ([[Bay St. Louis, Mississippi]], on March 5, 2016) at The [[Silver Slipper Casino (Waveland)|Silver Slipper]] World Meat Pie Eating Championship

===2017===
* [[Glazed Doughnuts|Glazed doughnuts]]: 55 doughnuts in eight minutes ([[Santa Monica, California]], on June 2, 2017) at [[The Salvation Army]] [[National Donut Day]] World Donut Eating Championship
*[[Tacos]] – Traditional (three-inch tortilla): 126 tacos in eight minutes ([[Prior Lake, Minnesota]], on May 5, 2017) at the [[Mystic Lake Casino Hotel]] World Taco Eating Championship
* White Hut [[cheeseburger]]s: 52 Cheeseburgers in ten minutes ([[West Springfield, Massachusetts]], on September 23, 2017) at The White Hut World Cheeseburg Eating Championship At The Big E

===2018===
* [[Hostess Brands|Hostess]] Donettes: 257 Hostess Donettes in 6 minutes ([[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, on June 1, 2018) at The World Hostess Donettes Eating Championship
* [[Ice cream sandwiches]]: 25.5 sandwiches in six minutes ([[Petco Park]] in [[San Diego]], California, on June 3, 2018) at The Baked Bear World Ice-Cream Sandwich Eating Championship
*[[Mutton]] sandwich: 81 mutton sandwiches in ten minutes ([[International Bar-B-Q Festival]] in [[Owensboro, Kentucky]], on May 12, 2018) at The Owensboro International Bar-B-Q Festival World Mutton Sandwich-Eating Championship
*San Pedro Fish Market [[Shrimp and prawn as food|shrimp]]: {{cvt|7|lbs}} of shrimp in eight minutes ([[San Pedro, Los Angeles|San Pedro]], California, on May 28, 2018) at The San Pedro Fish Market World Famous Shrimp Eating Championship presented by The Kings of Fi$h on the USS ''Iowa''
* [[Shrimp cocktail]]: {{cvt|18|lb|9.6|oz}} of [[St. Elmo Steak House|St. Elmo]] shrimp cocktail in eight minutes ([[Indianapolis]], Indiana, on December 1, 2018) at The World Famous St. Elmo Shrimp Cocktail Eating Championship

===2019===
*[[Croquettes]]: 185 croquettes in ten minutes ([[Miami]], Florida, on March 10, 2019) at El Croquetazo at [[Calle Ocho Festival|Calle Ocho Music Festival]] presented by Catalina
* [[Pepperoni roll]]s: 43 pepperoni rolls in ten minutes ([[Fairmont, West Virginia]], on May 25, 2019) at The West Virginia Three Rivers Festival Pepperoni Roll Eating World Championship
* [[Tavern sandwich|Canteen sandwiches]]: 28.5 Canteen sandwiches in ten minutes ([[Canteen Lunch in the Alley]] in [[Ottumwa, Iowa|Ottumwa]], Iowa, on June 1, 2019) at The 2019 World Championship Canteen Sandwich Eating Contest
*[[Pizza]] (2-foot slices): 6.5 slices in ten minutes ([[Metairie, Louisiana]], on August 25, 2019) at The 2019 Fat Boy's Pizza Eating Championship
*[[Pork roll]] sandwiches ({{cvt|4|oz|disp=sqbr}}): 61.5 sandwiches in ten minutes ([[Trenton, New Jersey]], on September 21, 2019) at River Fest Featuring the [[Trenton Thunder]] World Famous Case's Pork Roll Eating Championship
*[[Carnitas]] [[tacos]]: 82 tacos in eight minutes ([[Pacific Park]] in [[Santa Monica, California]], on October 4, 2019) at The 2019 Pacific Park World Taco Eating Championship
*[[Poutine]]: {{cvt|28|lbs}} of poutine in ten minutes ([[Toronto, Ontario]], Canada, on October 19, 2019) at the 10th Annual [[Smoke's Poutinerie]] World Poutine Eating Championship
*[[Grilled cheese sandwich]]: 47 sandwiches in ten minutes ([[Thomas & Mack Center]] in [[Port Charlotte, Florida|Port Charlotte]], Florida, on June 10, 2019) at the GoldenPalace.net World Grilled Cheese Eating Contest – World record currently held by Ali Waters (The Florida State Champion)

===2020===
*[[Big Mac]]s: 32 Big Macs in 38 minutes 15 seconds on March 5, 2020<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/cb9mldUPB2o Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200306061709/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cb9mldUPB2o Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cb9mldUPB2o| title = Most Big Macs Ever Eaten by One Person {{!}} Joey Chestnut Sets New World Record | website=[[YouTube]]| date = March 5, 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*[[Red beans and rice|Red Beans and Rice]]: 39.5 bowls (24 lbs and 11 ounces or ~36,268 calories) in eight minutes in the city of New Orleans for the Blue Runner Red Beans and Rice Major League Eating Contest

===2021===
*[[Hot Dogs|Hot dogs]]: 76 Nathan's hot dogs and buns (HDB) in 10 minutes ([[Coney Island]], New York, on July 4, 2021) at the [[Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest]]

===2022===
*[[Chicken Fingers]]: 44 Raising Cane's chicken fingers in 5 minutes ([[Las Vegas]], Nevada, on July 27, 2022)
*[[Popcorn]] (24 ounces): 32 servings in 8 minutes ([[Victory Field]] in [[Indianapolis]], Indiana, on August 22, 2022) at an [[Indianapolis Indians]] game

===2024===
*[[Hot dogs]]: 83 hot dogs and buns (HDB) at the "''[[Chestnut vs. Kobayashi: Unfinished Beef]]''" event on September 2, 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Josh Peter, Casey L. Moore and Heather |title=Joey Chestnut vs. Kobayashi: Chestnut sets record in winning hot dog eating rematch |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/2024/09/02/joey-chestnut-kobayashi-hot-dog-eating-contest-highlights/75045706007/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Joey Chestnut tops Takeru Kobayashi with new world record of 83 hot dogs to win Netflix eating battle |url=https://sports.yahoo.com/live/joey-chestnut-tops-takeru-kobayashi-with-new-world-record-of-83-hot-dogs-to-win-netflix-eating-battle-183211224.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAJwvZFK7UZ7qDGAZsArzz8e0v7cEZbR_k8UQ2BtpJQcM1Htk_cWXXL6sBmCXcwmPDBZzfNqzdqiCYDdRMeB1-plNaxUS7przdO7dRxG_QbQLiiZpmufkvAxI1ZoGf5ijYkDFE4ats9tHT9FGN7y7E4GcajAwGc7zkDMCg2yG1fzO |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Yahoo Sports |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of competitive eaters]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|url=http://www.joeychestnut.com}}
* [http://www.ifoce.com/rankings.php?action=detail&sn=106 International Federation of Competitive Eating (IFOCE) profile]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020104331/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/sioncampus/07/05/nathans.hotdog/index.html Sports Illustrated feature on 2006 contest]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927051621/http://www.thewavemag.com/pagegen.php?pagename=article&articleid=26088 The Wave Magazine profile and interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080103184719/http://www.foodbanknyc.org/index.cfm?objectid=E8A8E473-FF43-391F-1C91FE6FEF5AAF8E&flushcache=1 Photos from the TripRewards 2007 Ultimate Hotwing Eating Contest]
*[https://eatfeats.com/query.php?_table=eaters&id=3 Eat Feats Profile]

{{Competitive eating}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chestnut, Joey}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American competitive eaters]]
[[Category:San Jose State University alumni]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from San Jose, California]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Vallejo, California]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Participants in American reality television series]]

Sathya Sai Baba

2024-10-04T01:45:35Z

136.32.60.170: /* Accusations */

{{Short description|Indian spiritual guru (1926–2011)}}
{{Redirect|Sathyanarayana Raju}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Sathya Sai Baba
| image = Sri_Sathya_Sai_Baba_at_Brindavan_Ashram.jpg
| alt = Sathya Sai Baba
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| sect = [[Sathya Sai Baba movement]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1926|11|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Puttaparthi]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| institute = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]]
* [[Sri Sathya Sai International Organization]]
}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|4|24|1926|11|23}}
| death_place = Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh, India
| birth_name = Ratnakaram Sathyanarayana Raju
| founder = Sri Sathya Sai International Organization 
Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust
| guru = 
| philosophy = Love All, Serve All.
Help Ever, Hurt Never.
| nationality = Indian
| signature = Sathya_Sai_Baba_Signature_1.jpg}}
{{Hinduism small}}

'''Sathya Sai Baba''' (born '''Ratnakaram Sathyanarayana Raju'''; 23 November 1926{{spaced ndash}}24 April 2011)<ref name="BBC obit">{{Cite news |publisher=BBC News |title=Obituary: Indian guru Sai Baba |date=24 April 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13153536 |quote=Satya Sai Baba was born Sathyanarayana Raju on 23 November 1926}}</ref> was an Indian [[guru]] and philanthropist.<ref name="babb83">{{Cite journal|last1=Babb|first1=Lawrence A.|title=Sathya Sai Baba's Magic|journal=Anthropological Quarterly|date=1983|volume=56|issue=3|pages=116–124|doi=10.2307/3317305|jstor=3317305}}</ref><ref name="das15">{{Cite journal|last1=Das|first1=M. K.|title=Televising religion: A study of Sathya Sai Baba's funeral broadcast in Gangtok, India|journal=Anthropological Notebooks|date=2015|volume=21|issue=3|pages=83–104|url=http://www.drustvo-antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2015_3/Anthropological_Notebooks_XXI_3_Kumar%20Das.pdf}}</ref> At the age of 14, he said he was the [[reincarnation]] of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Shirdi Sai Baba]]<ref name="RichardWeiss">{{Cite journal|last1=Weiss|first1=Richard|date=December 2005|title=The Global Guru: Sai Baba and the Miracle of the Modern T|url=http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec05/7_2_2.pdf|journal=New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies|volume=7|issue=2|pages=5–19}}</ref><ref name="kent" /> and left his home saying "my devotees are calling me, I have my work."<ref name="sailovepeace">{{Cite news | title =Love, peace divinity| newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date = 30 April 2011| url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/love-peace-divinity-2411547|access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Singleton, Mark| Goldberg, Ellen">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSpnAQAAQBAJ&q=sai+baba+god+incarnate+academic+studies&pg=PT208|title=Gurus of Modern Yoga|isbn=978-0199374953|last1=Singleton|first1=Mark|last2=Goldberg|first2=Ellen|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref><ref name="BabbLawrence">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8bMjUt6AqIC|title=Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition|last=Babb|first=Lawrence A.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1991|isbn=978-0520076365|page=164}}</ref>

Sai Baba's believers credited him with miracles such as [[Materialization (parapsychology)|materialisations]] of ''[[Vibhuti#Sacred ash|vibhuti]]'' (holy ash) and other small objects (rings, necklaces and watches),<ref name="time.com">{{Cite magazine |url=https://time.com/archive/6595641/sathya-sai-baba-the-man-who-was-god-is-dead/ |title=Sathya Sai Baba: The Man Who Was God Is Dead |last=Thottam |first=Jyoti |date=26 April 2011 |access-date=27 May 2024 |magazine=Time}}</ref> spontaneous and miraculous healings, [[resurrection]]s, [[clairvoyance]], [[bilocation]] and he was purportedly [[omnipotence|omnipotent]] and [[omniscience|omniscient]].<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{Cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3813469.stm |title=Sai Baba: God-man or con man? |last=Datta |first=Tanya |date=17 June 2004 |access-date=7 December 2020 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> His devotees believe these to be signs of his divinity, while other individuals have asserted that these acts were based on sleight of hand or had other explanations and as such, were not supernatural.<ref name=quack>{{Cite book|author=Johannes Quack|title=Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55wFpydSZ8oC&pg=PA120 |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199812608 |pages=120–}}</ref><ref name=CNNSingh>{{Cite news|title=Indian spiritual guru dies at 85|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/24/india.spiritual.guru.death/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |newspaper=CNN |date=24 April 2011 |orig-year=Sunday (Easter Day)|author=Harmeet Shah Singh}}</ref><ref name=Palmer116>Palmer, Norris W. "Baba's World". In: {{Cite book| last1 = Forsthoefel| first1 = Thomas A.| editor-last = Humes| editor-first = Cynthia Ann| title = Gurus in America| place = Albany, NY| publisher = State University of New York Press| year = 2005| isbn = 0791465748 }}</ref>

In 1972, Sathya Sai Baba founded the [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSSCT - Home |url=https://www.srisathyasai.org/pages/index.html |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=www.srisathyasai.org}}</ref> Its goal was "to enable its members to undertake service activities as a means to spiritual advancement".<ref name="srisaiorg"/> Through this organisation, Sathya Sai Baba established a network of free general<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai General Hospital, Prasanthi Nilayam |url=https://www.sssgh.org/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Hospital#Specialized|super speciality hospitals]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences |url=https://sssihms.org/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Prasanthigram |url=https://prasanthigram.sssihms.org/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Prasanthigram |language=en-US}}</ref> free medical clinics,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sssmh |url=https://www.sssmh.org.in/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=www.sssmh.org.in}}</ref> drinking water projects,<ref>{{Cite web |title=SSSCT - Anantapur Project |url=https://www.srisathyasai.org/pages/sai-anantapur.html |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=www.srisathyasai.org}}</ref> schools, universities,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning (SSSIHL) |url=https://www.sssihl.edu.in/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning (SSSIHL) |language=en-GB}}</ref> [[ashram]]s, auditoriums, and education technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai Vidya Vahini |url=https://learning.srisathyasaividyavahini.org/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=learning.srisathyasaividyavahini.org}}</ref><ref name=funeral>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13204914|title=Thousands flock to funeral of India guru Satya Sai Baba|publisher=BBC News|date=27 April 2011}}</ref><ref name=deccanheraldlegacy>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/156315/sai-babas-legacy.html|title=Sai Baba's legacy|work=Deccan Herald|date=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="toigovernments">{{Cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-25/india/29470992_1_sathya-sai-baba-whitefield-ashram-god | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001140943/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-25/india/29470992_1_sathya-sai-baba-whitefield-ashram-god | url-status=dead | archive-date=1 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title='Sai Baba did everything govt could not'}}</ref>

By virtue of his sizeable influence, many feel Sai Baba provides an example of "the phenomenon referred to as mahagurus; that is, gurus with a global reach."<ref name="mahaguru">{{Cite web
|url = https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/116246|title = Gurus in America|publisher = [[State University of New York Press]]|date = 27 June 2005|access-date = 27 June 2005}}</ref> Citing the number of Sai Centres (over 2000 in 137 countries),<ref name="bbtsai">{{Cite news | title =Sathya Sai Baba Life and Legacy| newspaper=[[Barbados Today]] | date = 25 April 2023| url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2023/04/25/btcolumn-sathya-sai-baba-life-and-legacy/amp/|access-date = 25 April 2023}}</ref> the scope of service and charitable works (free hospitals, drinking water projects), social sphere and influence of devotees (royalty, celebrities, high ranking politicians along with a total number of devotees estimated to be from 6 to 100 million worldwide) as well as being seen as a global "movement extending in some very surprising ways."<ref name="mahaguru"/>

== Biography ==

===Early life===

Sathyanarayana Raju was born on 23 November 1926 to Namagiriamma (Easwaramma) and Peddavenkama Raju Ratnakaram, to a [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Bhatraju]] family,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/a-phenomenon-called-sathya-sai-baba-132676-2011-04-25|title=A phenomenon called Sathya Sai Baba|last=Rao|first=A. Srinivasa|website=India Today|date=25 April 2011 |language=en|access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6fHFLQDOEuYC&q=bhat+raju|title=Winged Faith: Rethinking Globalization and Religious Pluralism through the Sathya Sai Movement|last=Srinivas|first=Tulasi|year= 2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231520522|pages=54|language=en}}</ref> a community of religious musicians and balladeers,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35458340.pdf|title=Sathya Sai Baba as Avatar: "His Story" and the History of an Idea|last=Spurr|first=Michael James|website=University of Canterbury}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSpnAQAAQBAJ&q=Bhat+raju&pg=PT368|title=Gurus of Modern Yoga|last1=Singleton|first1=Mark|last2=Goldberg|first2=Ellen|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199374953|language=en}}</ref> in the village of [[Puttaparthi]] in [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India).<ref name="BabbLawrence" /><ref>Haraldsson, Erlendur, Miracles are my visiting cards – An investigative inquiry on Sathya Sai Baba, (1997 revised and updated edition published by Sai Towers, Prasanthi Nilayam, India), p. 55, {{ISBN|8186822321}}</ref><ref name="Eade">{{Cite book|year=2002|editor-last=Eade|editor-first=John|editor2-last=Mele|editor2-first=Christopher|title=Understanding the City|publisher=Wiley|language=en|doi=10.1002/9780470693582|isbn=978-0470693582}}</ref> His birth was purported by his mother Easwaramma to be of a [[Miraculous births|miraculous conception]].<ref name="RichardWeiss"/><ref name="BabbLawrence"/> He was the fourth among the five children of his parents.

Sathya Sai Baba's siblings included elder brother Ratnakaram Seshama Raju (1911–1985), elder sisters Venkamma (1918–1993) and Parvathamma (1920–1998), and younger brother Janakiramaiah (1931–2003).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-22/india/29463028_1_sathya-sai-baba-satyajit-trust-affairsnephew|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103170839/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-22/india/29463028_1_sathya-sai-baba-satyajit-trust-affairsnephew|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Vaastu dosham at hospital he built, say Sai kin|date=25 April 2011}}</ref>

As a child, Sathya was described as "unusually intelligent" and charitable, though not necessarily academically inclined, as his interests were of a more spiritual nature.<ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref name=Palmer99 /> He was uncommonly talented in devotional music, dance and drama.<ref name=Palmer99 /><ref name="kent">{{Cite book | last = Kent | first = Alexandra |title =Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia |publisher = Nordic Institute of Asian Studies | year = 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=26sVhUo_aM4C&pg=PA37 |pages = 37–39| isbn = 978-8791114403}}</ref> From a young age, he has been purported to have been capable of materialising objects such as food and sweets out of thin air.<ref name="AlexandraKent">{{Cite journal|last=Kent|first=Alexandra|date=1 January 2000|title=Creating Divine Unity: Chinese Recruitment in the Sathya Sai Baba Movement of Malaysia|journal=Journal of Contemporary Religion|volume=15|issue=1|pages=5–27|doi=10.1080/135379000112116|s2cid=143315480|issn=1353-7903}}</ref>

===Proclamation===
[[File:Sri Sathya Sai at 14.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sathya Sai Baba at the age of 14, soon after proclaiming he was the reincarnation of Shirdi Sai Baba]]
Almost everything known about Sathya Sai Baba's early life stems from the [[hagiography]] that grew around him; these were narratives that hold special meaning<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sathya Sai Global Council {{!}} Prasanthi Nilayam |url=https://www.srisathyasaiglobalcouncil.org/ |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=Sri Sathya Sai Global Council |language=en}}</ref> to his devotees and are considered by them to be evidence of his divine nature.<ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref name="UrbanHugh74" /><ref name="Palmer99">{{Cite book|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/4991|title=Gurus in America|last=Palmer|first=Norris W.|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0791465745|editor-last=A. Forsthoefel|editor-first=Thomas|place=Albany, NY|page=99|chapter=Baba’s World: A Global Guru and His Movement|editor-last2=Ann Humes|editor-first2=Cynthia|chapter-url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/116246}}</ref>

According to these sources, on 8 March 1940, while living with his elder brother Seshama Raju in [[Uravakonda]] (a small town near [[Puttaparthi]]) 14-year-old Sathya was stung by a scorpion.<ref name="sailovepeace"/><ref name="AlexandraKent"/> He lost consciousness for several hours<ref name="kent"/> and in the next few days underwent a noticeable change in behaviour. There were "symptoms of laughing and weeping, eloquence and silence." It is claimed that then "he began to sing [[Sanskrit]] verses, a language of which it is alleged he had no prior knowledge."<ref name="RichardWeiss"/> Doctors concluded his behaviour to be [[hysteria]].<ref name="RichardWeiss"/> Concerned, his parents brought Sathya back home to [[Puttaparthi]] and took him to many priests, doctors and exorcists. One of the exorcists at [[Kadiri]], a town near Puttaparthi, went to the extent of torturing him with the aim of curing him. Having shaved Raju’s head, he cut three crosses on his skull, then poured acid into the wounds. At this point, his parents called a stop to it.<ref name="sailovepeace"/>

On 23 May 1940, Sathya called household members and reportedly materialised sugar candy (''[[prasad]])'' and flowers for them. His father became furious at seeing this, thinking his son was [[Spirit possession|bewitched]]. He took a stick and threatened to beat him if Sathya did not reveal who he really was, the young Sathya responded calmly and firmly "I am Sai Baba", a reference to [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]].<ref name="RichardWeiss"/><ref name="kent"/> This was the first time he proclaimed himself to be the reincarnation of Sai Baba of Shirdi{{snd}}a saint who became famous in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in [[Maharashtra]] and had died eight years before Sathya was born.<ref name="RichardWeiss"/> It was then he came to be known as 'Sathya Sai Baba'.

Several months later Sai Baba, on 20 October 1940, told his parents that he had "come to this world with a mission to re-establish the principle of Righteousness ([[Dharma]]), to motivate love for God and service to fellow man."<ref name="saimission">{{Cite news|title =SRI SATHYA SAI AVATAR AND HIS MISSION| newspaper=[[Indian News]]| date = 10 November 2023| url=https://indiannews.nz/2023/11/10/sri-sathya-sai-avatar-and-his-mission/|access-date = 10 November 2023}}</ref> Further elaborating in a letter (dated 25 May 1947) to his older brother Seshma, he stated "I have a task to foster all mankind and ensure for all of them lives full of bliss. I have a vow to lead all who stray away from the straight path, again into goodness and save them... to remove the sufferings of the poor and grant them what they lack."<ref name="saimission"/> Personally stating, "I do not belong to any place. I am not attached to any name. I have no ‘mine’ or ‘thine’."<ref name="bbtsai"/>

===First mandir and development of Puttaparthi===
[[File:PrashantiNilayam1.jpg|right|thumb|Puttaparthi, A.P.]]
In 1944, a [[mandir]] for Sai Baba's devotees was built near the village of [[Puttaparthi]]. It is now referred to as the "old mandir".<ref name="bowen">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJwQAAAACAAJ|title=The Sathya Sai Baba Community in Bradford: Its Origin and Development, Religious Beliefs and Practices|last=Bowen|first=David|date=1988|publisher=Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Leeds|isbn=978-1871363029|language=en}}</ref> The construction of [[Prasanthi Nilayam]], the current ashram, began in 1948 and was completed in 1950.<ref name="BabbLawrence"/><ref name="bowen"/> In 1954, Sai Baba established a small free general hospital in the village of Puttaparthi.<ref name="TheHinduNewspaper">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/features/saibaba/stories/2005112300270300.htm |title=Sri Sathya Sai 80th year of Advent |newspaper=The Hindu |date=23 November 2005|access-date=10 January 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He won fame for his reputed mystical powers and ability to heal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/24/sri-sathya-sai-baba-dies|title=Sai Baba, spiritual guru to millions, dies at 85|author=Jason Burke|newspaper=the Guardian|date=24 April 2011}}</ref> In 1957, Sai Baba went on a tour of North India, visiting temples in Delhi, Srinagar, Kashmir and Rishikesh.<ref name="Eade"/>

===Stroke, prediction of reincarnation and sole foreign tour===

In 1963, it was asserted that Sai Baba suffered a stroke and four severe heart attacks, which left him paralysed on one side. These events culminated in an event where he apparently healed himself in front of the thousands of people gathered in Prashanthi Nilayam who were then praying for his recovery.<ref name="BabbLawrence"/>

On recovering, Sai Baba stated, "I am Shiva-Sakthi, born in the [[gotra]] (lineage) of [[Bharadwaja]], according to a boon won by that sage from [[Shiva|Siva]] and [[Shakti|Sakthi]]. Siva was born in the gotra of that sage as Sai Baba of Shirdi; Shiva and Sakthi have incarnated as Myself in his gotra now; Sakthi alone will incarnate as the third Sai (Prema Sai Baba) in the same gotra in [[Mandya]] district of Karnataka State."<ref name="BabbLawrence"/> He stated he would be born again eight years after his death at the age of 96, but died at the age of 84.<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13180011 | publisher=BBC News | title=Satya Sai Baba, Indian guru, dies at 84 | date=24 April 2011}}</ref>

On 29 June 1968 Sai Baba began his only overseas trip to [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]], returning to India on 15 July 1968.

===Later years===

In 1968, he established Dharmakshetra or the Sathyam Mandir in [[Mumbai]]. In 1973, he established the Shivam Mandir in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].

He inaugurated the Sundaram, a new ashram and temple in [[Chennai]] on 19 January 1981.

On 6 June 1993 there was an [[1993 murders in Prashanthi Nilayam|assassination attempt on Sai Baba's life]]. While reports vary, the official narrative is that four men (devotees) entered Sai Baba's residence under the premise of wanting to give him a telegram. When their path was obstructed, they stabbed two of the Baba's assistants to death, injuring two others.<ref name="saiescape">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19930630-satya-sai-baba-escapes-attack-811237-1993-06-29 |title=Sathya Sai Baba escapes attack|date=29 June 1993|last=Rai|first=S |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Hearing the commotion Sai Baba sounded the alarm and police were dispatched to his residence. Upon arriving, the police report stated the four youths had locked themselves in Sai Baba's living room and the officers tried to break the door down. "The four were shot when they opened the door and attacked the police."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/who-is-sri-sathya-sai-baba-101102|title=Who is Sri Sathya Sai Baba?|agency=Press Trust of India|date=24 April 2011|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/8471342/Sathya-Sai-Baba.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/religion-obituaries/8471342/Sathya-Sai-Baba.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Religion Obituaries; Satya Sai Baba |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=24 April 2011 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Sai Baba remained unharmed during the incident,<ref name="saiescape"/> and later in a discourse cleared things up saying there was no bid on his life.<ref name="saidna"/> Many aspects of the event remain unsolved and ambiguous.<ref name="saidna">{{Cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sathya-sai-baba-escaped-murder-attempt_1535839 |title=Sathya Sai Baba escaped murder attempt|date=25 April 2011|last=Madhusoodan|first=M K |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref><ref name="saimystery">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19930715-sai-baba-assassination-attempt-by-disciples-remains-mystery-811306-1993-07-14 |title=Sai Baba assassination attempt by disciples remains mystery|date=14 July 1993|last=Rai|first=S |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Another concern for Sai Baba's immediate safety arose on 17 January 2002 when an unknown man (later identified as Somasundaram) entered the Whitefield Ashram with an air pistol. He was apprehended by volunteers and handed over to police without incident.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/sai-baba-escapes-murder-attempt-at-darshan/cid/905018|title=SAI BABA ESCAPES MURDER ATTEMPT AT DARSHAN |author=HABIB BEARY|date=17 January 2002|work=Telegraph India|access-date=17 January 2002}}</ref>

In March 1995, Sai Baba started a project to provide drinking water to 1.2 million people in the drought-prone Rayalaseema region in the [[Anantapur district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/water-projects-cm-all-praise-for-satya-sai-trust/article27563258.ece|title=Water projects: CM all praise for Satya Sai Trust|author=Staff Reporter|date=13 February 2004|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 October 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In April 1999 he inaugurated the Ananda Nilayam Mandir in [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu.

In 2001 he established another free super-speciality hospital in [[Bangalore]] to benefit the poor.

===Old age, illness and death===

In 2003, Sai Baba suffered a fractured hip when a student standing on an iron stool slipped and the boy and stool both fell on him. After the incident he gave [[darshana]] from a car or his porte chair.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com82-2">{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sai-baba-turns-82-is-still-going-strong/52860-3.html?from=search-relatedstories|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825055515/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sai-baba-turns-82-is-still-going-strong/52860-3.html?from=search-relatedstories|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2010|title=Sai Baba turns 82, is still going strong|last=Balakrishnan|first=Deepa|date=23 November 2007|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=6 January 2010}}</ref> After 2004, Sai Baba used a wheelchair and slowly began to make fewer public appearances.

On 28 March 2011, Sai Baba was admitted to the Sri Sathya Sai Super Speciality Hospital in [[Puttaparthi]] after he complained of giddiness and slowing of the heartbeat.<ref name="nieaftersai"/><ref>{{Cite news| title = Sai Baba in stable condition: Hospital| newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]]| date = 5 April 2011| url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/Sai-Baba-in-stable-condition-Hospital/Article1-681433.aspx| access-date = 24 April 2011| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110509014742/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Sai-Baba-in-stable-condition-Hospital/Article1-681433.aspx| archive-date = 9 May 2011| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title = Baba's health condition 'stable' | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 6 April 2011 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-06/hyderabad/29388337_1_vital-parameters-condition-crrt | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121105042319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-06/hyderabad/29388337_1_vital-parameters-condition-crrt | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 November 2012 | access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref> Initially his condition improved and on 4 April it was reported all his vital parameters were near normal,<ref name="tisaibe">{{Cite news| title =Sathya Sai Baba Better Still on Ventilator| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 4 April 2011| url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/sathya-sai-baba-better-still-on-ventilator/articleshow/7859107.cms
|access-date = 4 April 2011}}</ref> however over the course of the following weeks, multiple organ failure set in and his condition progressively deteriorated. He died on Sunday, 24 April at 7:40 IST, aged 84.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Spiritual leader Sathya Sai Baba passes away | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 24 April 2011 | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-24/india/29468573_1_sai-baba-sathya-sai-central-trust-puttaparthi | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209205945/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-24/india/29468573_1_sai-baba-sathya-sai-central-trust-puttaparthi | url-status = dead | archive-date = 9 February 2012 | access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>

Sai Baba had predicted that he would die at age 96 and would remain healthy until then.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Redemptive Encounters: Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition|last=Babb|first=Lawrence A.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1991|isbn=978-0520076365|page=[https://archive.org/details/redemptiveencoun0000babb/page/166 166]|quote=His present incarnation, he says, ... He will die at the age of ninety-six, but his body will stay young until then.|url=https://archive.org/details/redemptiveencoun0000babb/page/166}}</ref> After he died, some devotees suggested that he was referring to that many [[lunar calendar|lunar years]], as counted by Telugu-speaking Hindus, rather than [[tropical year|solar years]],<ref>Mohammed Shafeeq. However it was soon clearly shown that the lunar reckoning does not work. Post. Durban: 27 April 2011. pg. 4</ref> and using the [[hindu calendar|Indian way]] of [[Ageing#Cultural variations|accounting for age]], which counts the year to come as part of the person's life.<ref>Sri Philip M. Prasad, Malayalam Daily. Kerala, India: 25 April 2011. "What Baba has foretold was indeed correct. According to the Roman calendar he has completed 85 years. But one can note that generally in all of Baba's discourses Baba had been referring to the star (lunar) basis in calculations. In Indian astrology there are 27 stars in a month starting with Aswathy and ending with Revathy. Accordingly a year of 12 months is composed of 324 days. Sai Baba was born on 23 November 1926. From that day till his death day, 24 April 2011 there were a total of 33,899 days. If this is divided with 324, we get 95 years and 54 days. Accordingly, under the star basis of calculation he was in his 96th year having completed 54 days when he left his physical body."</ref> Other devotees have spoken of his anticipated [[resurrection]], [[reincarnation]] or [[wakefulness|awakening]].<ref>''The Hindustan Times'', New Delhi: 25 April 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Narayan |first1=Sreejith |title=Sai, Thy Kingdom Come | year = 2012| isbn = 978-1623148423 | url =http://www.saikingdom.com}}</ref>

===Funeral and mourning===

Sathya Sai Baba's body lay in state for two days and was [[Burial|buried]] with full state honours on 27 April 2011.<ref name="news9">News 9, 24 April 2011, 16:00 IST</ref> An estimated 500,000 people attended the burial. Political leaders and prominent figures attending included then Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] president [[Sonia Gandhi]], Gujarat Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]] (who later became Prime Minister of India), cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Union Minister]]s [[S. M. Krishna]] and [[Ambika Soni]].<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sathya Sai Baba gets a tearful farewell at his Puttaparthi home | newspaper=[[India Today]] | date = 27 April 2011 | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sathya-sai-baba-last-rites-in-puttaparthi/1/136399.html|access-date = 27 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2011/04/201142452416203714.html |title=Indian guru Sai Baba dies in hospital – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sathya-sai-baba-buried-in-puttaparthi_1536633 |title=Sathya Sai Baba buried in Puttaparthi |publisher=DNA |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=27 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/final-farewell-to-sathya-sai-baba-today/150310-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430163330/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/final-farewell-to-sathya-sai-baba-today/150310-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 April 2011|title=Tearful farewell to Sathya Sai Baba |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=27 April 2011}}</ref>

Political leaders who offered their condolences included the then Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]],<ref name="news9"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchi9.com/news/2011/04/24/l-k-advani-reaction-on-sathya-sai-babas-death-tv9/|title=L.K.Advani Reaction on Sathya Sai Baba's Death :TV9 – Mirchi 9 – Telugu News | Andhra News | Hyderabad | Andhra | India | Brain | Studies | University|publisher=Mirchi9.com|access-date=24 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323040616/http://www.mirchi9.com/news/2011/04/24/l-k-advani-reaction-on-sathya-sai-babas-death-tv9/|archive-date=23 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://70mmonline.com/WatchMovie.aspx?movieid=9086&movieName=L.K.Advani%20Reaction%20on%20Sathya%20Sai%20Baba's%20Death|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018100215/http://70mmonline.com/WatchMovie.aspx?movieid=9086&movieName=L.K.Advani%20Reaction%20on%20Sathya%20Sai%20Baba's%20Death|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2011|title=L.K.Advani Reaction on Sathya Sai Baba's Death, TV9 – L.K.Advani Reaction on Sathya Sai Baba's Death at|publisher=70mmonline.com|access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> then Nepali Prime Minister [[Jhala Nath Khanal]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2011 |title=Nepalese PM condoles Sathya Sai Baba's demise |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/nepalese-pm-condoles-sathya-sai-babarsquos-demise/article23047961.ece |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2011 |title=Nepalese PM condoles Sathya Sai Baba's demise |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/156421/nepalese-pm-condoles-sathya-sai.html |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> and Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/04/26/world-has-lost-great-spiritual-leader-sri-lankan-president-mahinda-rajapaksa|title=World has lost a great spiritual leader – Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapaksa|work=asiantribune.com}}</ref> Cricketer [[Sachin Tendulkar]], whose birthday was that day, cancelled his birthday celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cricketnext.in.com/news/sachin-mourns-sai-babas-death-on-his-bday/56827-13.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426031545/http://cricketnext.in.com/news/sachin-mourns-sai-babas-death-on-his-bday/56827-13.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 April 2011|title=Sachin mourns SaiBaba death on his b'day|date=24 April 2011|work=IBNLive}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper reported that "Sai Baba's phenomenal mass appeal lay in his unswerving commitment to communal harmony, his encouragement of charitable activity and public-spiritedness, and his own example in building educational and health care institutions that focused on meeting basic needs on a large scale."<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba, his life and legacy| newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | date = 26 April 2011 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/Sai-Baba-his-life-and-legacy/article14808978.ece|access-date = 2 April 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Sri Sathya Sai Baba Mahasamadhi at Sai Kulwant Hall.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Sri Sathya Sai Baba Mahasamadhi at Prasanthi Nilayam]]
Many spiritual figures expressed their sentiments at Sai Baba's passing.
[[Mata Amritanandamayi]] said, "Sri Sathya Sai Baba was the one who opened the path of [[love]] and [[compassion]] to millions of his devotees. Sathya Sai Baba’s life was his message.”<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba's life was his message: Mata| newspaper=[[Indian Express]] | date = 25 April 2011 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/sai-babas-life-was-his-message-mata/|access-date = 25 April 2011}}</ref>

[[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Ravi Shankar]], Founder of the [[Art of Living Foundation|Art of Living]], issued this statement. "Baba will continue to live in the hearts of millions of devotees... his message of 'Satya Dharma Shanti Prema' which has transcended all barriers of [[caste]] and [[religion]]."<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sri Sri Ravi Shankar condoles the death of Sai Baba| newspaper=[[NDTV]] | date = 24 April 2011 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sri-sri-ravi-shankar-condoles-the-death-of-sai-baba-453795|access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref>

The [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] expressed shock over the demise of Sathya Sai Baba.<ref>{{Cite news | title =Dalai Lama condoles Sai Baba's death| newspaper=[[Indian Express]] | date = 26 April 2011 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/dalai-lama-condoles-sai-baba-s-death/|access-date = 2 April 2011}}</ref> In a message he said, “I am saddened by the passing away of Sri Sathya Sai Baba,
the respected spiritual leader. I would like to convey my condolences and prayers to all the followers, devotees and admirers of the late spiritual leader."<ref>{{Cite web
|url = https://tibet.net/his-holiness-the-dalai-lama-mourns-the-demise-of-sri-saithya-sai-baba/|title = His Holiness the Dalai Lama Mourns the Demise of Sri Saithya Sai Baba|publisher = tibet.net|date = 26 April 2011|access-date = 29 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?719929|title = Dalai Lama Mourns Sri Sathya Sai Baba's Death
|publisher = outlookindia.com|date = 25 April 2011|access-date = 29 May 2011}}</ref>

The Government of [[Karnataka]] declared 25 and 26 April as [[day of mourning|days of mourning]]. The state government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] (where [[Prasanthi Nilayam]] is located) announced a four-day State Mourning period and decided to honour Sai Baba with a State Funeral.<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sathya Sai Baba dead, to be buried on Wednesday| newspaper=[[Indian Express]] | date = 24 April 2011 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/latest-news/sathya-sai-baba-dead-to-be-buried-on-wednesday/|access-date = 24 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="news9"/>

===Anomalies and possible unnatural death===

From the time Sai Baba was admitted to hospital on 28 March, questions and allegations arose about his care and subsequently the role of his personal aide, Satyajit Salian. Police sources said, "Satyajit did not feed Sai Baba proper food and gave him lot of sedative drugs, resulting in the deterioration of the latter’s health, leading up to Sai Baba's death."<ref name="saiaide">{{Cite news | title =Satyajit blamed for Sathya Sai Baba's death? Aide gets death threats | newspaper=[[Indian Express]] | date = 26 April 2011 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/satyajit-blamed-for-sathya-sai-babas-death-aide-gets-death-threats/|access-date = 26 April 2011}}</ref> Doctors from the Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, who treated Sai Baba, neither confirmed nor denied that [[sedative]] drugs were given to him prior to his admission to the hospital following respiratory problems. Later assessment from doctors noted lack of food had led to muscular weakness.<ref name="saivent">{{Cite news | title =Sathya Sai Baba better, still on ventilator| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 4 April 2011| url=
http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/7859107.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
|access-date = 4 April 2011}}</ref> Citing death threats and possible harm to his well being from within the ashram community (after being one of two trust members allowed to sign checks from a multi billion dollar account), as well as from outside, a senior police officer said Sathyajit was provided police protection.<ref name="saiaide"/><ref name="scaregiver">{{Cite news | title =Threat to life of Sai Baba's caregiver & personal doctor| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 26 April 2011| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/threat-to-life-of-sai-babas-caregiver-personal-doctor/articleshow/8085008.cms|access-date = 26 April 2011}}</ref>

On 10 April, direct relatives expressed wonder as to why they were kept in the dark and knew nothing about Sai Baba's state of health. "It is almost two months since Baba stopped taking food [but] we were not told about it."<ref name="nieaftersai"/> Family members said they were livid about the secrecy around Sai Baba's health and medical treatments and as to why the trust was not allowing anyone direct contact with him except for Sathyajit, his personal attendant.<ref name="secrecyhealth">{{Cite news | title =Secrecy about Sai Baba's health angers kin| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 6 April 2011 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Secrecy-about-Sai-Babas-health-angers-kin/articleshow/7879413.cms|access-date = 6 April 2011}}</ref> They only saw him from a distance in the ICU on April 2 after raising a furore.<ref name="secrecyhealth"/> It was on 28 March, when Sai Baba complained of giddiness and slowing of the heartbeat that he was taken to hospital.<ref name="nieaftersai">{{Cite news | title =After Sathya Sai Baba, who?| newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] | date = 10 April 2011 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2011/Apr/10/after-sathya-sai-baba-who-243289.html|access-date = 10 April 2011}}</ref>

On 21 April, the ''Deccan Herald'' reported an allegation stating Sathya Sai Baba had died 20 days prior and that his death was not being announced in order to get money from Indian and foreign devotees.<ref name="saibe96">{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba's devotees believe he will live for 96 years| newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date = 21 April 2011| url=
https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sai-babas-devotees-believe-he-2409274
|access-date = 21 April 2011}}</ref>

On 28 April 2011, four days after the passing of Sai Baba, ''[[The Times of India]]'' printed a story questioning the time of Sai Baba's death. A firm making freezer boxes claimed the one in which Sai Baba was kept was ordered on 4 April, partial payment was also made at that time. The freezer box arrived in [[Puttaparthi]] on 5 April. Sai Baba was admitted to hospital on 28 March but his condition had officially worsened on 15 April. "The order was placed by Rajendranath Reddy of [[Bangalore]] [and] according to sources, the powerful [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]] had a role in ordering the freezer box."<ref name="saianomoly">{{Cite news | title =So, did Sai Baba die on April 24? | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 28 April 2011 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/so-did-sai-baba-die-on-april-24/articleshow/8103613.cms|access-date = 28 April 2011}}</ref>
According to Lakshmi, the owner of Kumar and Co International (freezer box) company, her colleague Ganesh called Rajendranath to confirm the purchase for Sai Baba. "He confirmed the same and told Ganesh not to discuss the matter with anyone."<ref name="saianomoly"/>

Within two months of Sai Baba's death, Chetana Raju, his niece alleged that she was facing death threats from some trust members.<ref>{{Cite news | title =Sathya Sai Baba's niece claims threat to life from trustees| newspaper=[[India Today]] | date = 20 June 2011 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/sai-babas-niece-claims-life-threat-136011-2011-06-20|access-date = 20 June 2011}}</ref>

In 2015, Ganapathy Raju, Sathya Sai Baba's first cousin alleged that Sai Baba was murdered. He believes Satya Sai passed away on 29 March and not as officially declared on 24 April 2011. Elaborating, "Baba was a victim of a well planned conspiracy and pre-planned hi tech murder" (adding) that the trust members had ordered a glass coffin and two truckloads of flowers even when Baba was unwell."<ref name="cousingana">{{Cite news | title =Puttaparthi Sai Baba death a planned murder, says first cousin
| newspaper=[[The Hans India]] | date = 25 April 2015 | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2015-04-25/Puttaparthi-Sai-Baba-death-a-planned-murder-says-first-cousin/146845?infinitescroll=1|access-date = 25 April 2015}}</ref>
Ganapathy also alleged that trust members were behind silencing the real date of Sai Baba's death in order to buy time to "usurp the huge wealth of the trust fund" asserting that properties worth hundreds of millions of dollars have "changed hands".<ref name="cousingana"/>
Dr Aiyar, Sai Baba's personal physician, was heavily criticized for not maintaining any medical records of Sai Baba.<ref name="drerr">{{Cite news | title =Threat to life of Sai Baba's caregiver & personal doctor| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 26 April 2011| url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/threat-to-life-of-sai-babas-caregiver-personal-doctor/articleshow/8085008.cms
|access-date =26 April 2011}}</ref>

Ganapathy Raju's main ideas of interest laid with the medical treatment and drugs given to Sai Baba, primarily by Satyajit Salian.<ref name="cousingana"/><ref name="saiaide"/> Prof Shyam Sunder, who had been involved with [[Prasanthi Nilayam]] since 1968, also raised concerns about harassment and exploitation from Satyajit as numerous allegations by devotees and workers in [[Prasanthi Nilayam]] arose saying Satyajit would intimidate and physically abuse them.<ref name="concerns"/> Like Ganapathy, Sunder also alleged that "Satyajit and his associates had been administering sleeping pills to Sai Baba for over six years. Though Sai Baba resisted the pills after his return from Brindavan at Whitefield, [[Bangalore]], in 2006, he was forced to take them... and within a few months, Baba became sluggish and weak."<ref name="concerns">{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba's Death Sparks Succession Rumour| newspaper=[[India Today]] | date = 25 April 2011| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/sai-babas-death-sparks-succession-rumour-132713-2011-04-25
|access-date = 25 April 2011}}</ref> Satyajit also controlled if and when the doctors would see Sai Baba,<ref name="concerns"/> and within two days of Sai Baba's passing, [[The Times of India]] reported that Satyajit (who was a paid employee of the ashram and "had no say whatsoever in the trust affairs or activities,")<ref name="pradeshnews">{{Cite news | title =Baba's aide Satyajitto be shown the door?| newspaper=[[Great Andhra]] | date = 28 April 2011| url=https://www.greatandhra.com/articles/special-articles/babas-aide-satyajit-to-be-shown-the-door-28705|access-date = 28 April 2011}}</ref> was given authority to sign checks from the multi billion dollar trust account.<ref name="saiaide"/><ref name="scaregiver"/>

==Beliefs and practices of devotees==
{{Main|Sathya Sai Baba movement}}

Sai Baba was known for the quotes, in reference to his universal message, "Love All, Serve All" and "Help Ever, Hurt Never."<ref name="87bhajan">{{Cite news | title =87-hour bhajan program to pay tributes to Sai Baba| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 26 October 2012| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/87-hour-bhajan-programme-to-pay-tributes-to-sai-baba/articleshow/16970633.cms|access-date = 26 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Leslie-Chaden2004">{{Cite book|author=Charlene Leslie-Chaden|title= A compendium of the teachings of Sri Sathya Sai Baba|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9798186822196/mode/2up| access-date=24 April 2011|year=2004|publisher=Sai Towers Publishing| page=526|isbn=978-8178990422}}</ref><ref name="Architectural digest">{{Cite book|title=Architectural digest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcxUAAAAMAAJ|access-date=24 April 2011|year=1994|publisher=Conde Nast Publications}}</ref> In Prashanti Nilayam, his devotees believed in seeking the spiritual benefit of Sai Baba's ''[[darsana|darshan]]'', scheduled for morning and afternoon each day, as a form of devotion. Sai Baba would interact with people, accept letters or call groups and individuals for interviews.<ref name="sailand">{{Cite news| title =The Land of Illusion. Inside Sathya Sai Baba's fiefdom| newspaper=[[The Caravan]]| date = 1 June 2010| url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/land-illusion|access-date = 1 June 2010}}</ref> Devotees considered it a great privilege to have an interview and sometimes a single person, group or family was invited for a private interview so they could ask for answers to spiritual questions or for general guidance.<ref name="kent"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/emeralds-desperation-mother-sathya-sai-baba-200301081601873.html|title=Emeralds and desperation: My mother and Sathya Sai Baba|last=Neutill|first=Rani|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

Internationally, his devotees gather daily, or weekly on Sundays or Thursdays or both, for satsangs, spiritual discourses and [[bhajans|devotional songs]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sathyasai.ca/ |title=Sri Sathya Sai Baba Organization in Canada – Home Page |publisher=Sathyasai.ca |date=1 May 2006 |access-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> prayer,<ref name="saius">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727120609/http://us.sathyasai.org/resources/06oct15CenterGuidelines12.pdf Guidelines for American Sathya ZSai Baba Centers]. The Sathya Sai Baba Central Council of the United States of America (2006)</ref> spiritual meditation, service to the community (Seva),<ref name="saito">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sathyasaitoronto.org/ |title=The Sri Sathya Sai Baba Centre of Toronto – York |publisher=Sathyasaitoronto.org |access-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> and to participate in "Education in Human Values" (SSEHV)<ref name="saius"/> known as "''Bal Vikas''" (Blossoming of the Child).

Devotees still receive Sai Baba's Divya Darshan at his Mahasamadhi shrine, a white marble edifice decorated with flowers, in Sai Kulwant Hall ([[Prasanthi Nilayam]]), where he was laid to rest.<ref name="mahasai">{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba's 'maha samadhi' opened to public| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 15 July 2011| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sai-babas-maha-samadhi-opened-to-public/articleshow/9234047.cms|access-date = 15 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="sairest">{{Cite news | title =Baba will rest in discourse hall| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 26 April 2011| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/baba-will-rest-in-discourse-hall/articleshow/8084819.cms|access-date = 26 April 2011}}</ref>

Sai Baba was a [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] for spiritual as well as moral reasons and his followers have adopted the diet.<ref name="Leslie-Chaden">Leslie-Chaden, Charlene. (2004). ''A Compendium of the Teachings of Sri Sathya Sai Baba''. Sai Towers Publishing. pp. 633-636. {{ISBN|978-8178990422}}</ref><ref>Schweickert, Tina K. (2005). ''Tread Softly: Sathya Sai Baba's Teachings on Nature and the Environment''. pp. 92-93. {{ISBN|978-0974866819}}</ref> He stated that "meat eating fosters animal qualities in man making him descend to the demoniac level; it is a heart-rending sight to see cows being slaughtered to serve as food for man."<ref name="Leslie-Chaden"/> Sai Baba and many devotees have heavily criticised [[factory farming]] as unethical.<ref name="Leslie-Chaden"/>

==Ashrams and mandirs==

===Prasanthi Nilayam (Abode of Highest Peace)===
{{Main|Prasanthi Nilayam}}
[[File:Chaitanya Jyothi Museum, Prashanthi Nilayam, India.jpg|thumb|Chaitanya Jyoti Museum devoted to the life and teachings of Sathya Sai Baba]]
[[Puttaparthi]], where Sai Baba was born and lived, was originally a small, remote South Indian village in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was here that [[Prasanthi Nilayam]] (Abode of Highest Peace) was established.<ref name="radiosaipra">[http://media.radiosai.org/Journals/Portal/prasanthi.htm Prasanthi Nilayam: The Abode of Highest Peace]</ref> After 2 years of construction it was inaugurated on 23 November 1950, Sai Baba's 25th birthday.<ref name="vahiniprashanti"/> It succeeded the "old mandir" which was created in 1944.<ref name="vahiniprashanti">[http://www.vahini.org/sss/i/prasanthi.html Sathyam Sivam Sundaram Part I: 7. Prasanthi Nilayam]</ref><ref>Bowen, David (1988). The Sathya Sai Baba Community in Bradford: Its origins and development, religious beliefs and practices. Leeds: University Press. {{ISBN|1-871363-02-0}}.</ref><ref name="murphetmiracle">{{Cite book |last=Murphet |first=Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPsVFqhclS0C |title=Sai Baba: Man of Miracles |date=1971-01-01 |publisher=Weiser Books |isbn=978-0-87728-335-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Prasanthi Nilayam]] is painted blue, yellow, and pink "communicating the message of the harmony of spirit, intellect, and heart respectively; for blue stands for spirit, yellow for intellect, and pink for heart (love). The rich harmony of the three does result in Santi (peace) and Prasanti (supreme peace); and that really is the message of the Prasanthi Mandir."<ref name="sathyasaihistory">[http://www.sathyasai.org/ashrams/prasanthi/history.html History of the Mandir]</ref>
In 1954 a free general hospital was constructed in [[Puttaparthi]] and soon after a medical hospital was constructed in 1957 inside the ashram.

Poornachandra Auditorium was built in 1973. Seating around 15,000 people in its enclosed 60 x 40-metre area, it is where cultural programmes (plays/dance/music), conferences and yagnas during [[Vijayadashami|Dasara]] take place. Sathya Sai Baba's living quarters were upstairs above the stage area.<ref name="sssplaces">[http://www.sssbpt.org/Pages/Puttaparthi/important_places.htm Sri Sathya Sai Books & Publication Trust]</ref>

Sai Kulwant Hall was inaugurated by Sathya Sai Baba on July 9, 1995. The hall can accommodate up to 20,000 people and it was here that Sai Baba gave darshan everyday from that time forward.<ref name="touristinfo">[http://www.tourisminap.com/puttaparthi/sight_see.php Sightseeing]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108090859/http://www.tourisminap.com/puttaparthi/sight_see.php|date=January 8, 2013}}. tourisminap.com. </ref> Sai Kulwant Hall is where Sai Baba was laid to rest. A white marble edifice stands as his Mahasamadhi shrine and devotees still have his Divya darshan here daily.<ref name="sairest"/>

The ashram itself houses a shopping centre, book stores, library and reading room, multiple accommodations such as dormitories and rooms, banking/ATM facilities, media and Radio Sai facilities, a bakery, emergency medical services and three food courts – North and South Indian as well as Western canteens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasanthi Nilayam |url=https://www.srisathyasaiglobalcouncil.org/prasanthi-nilayam |access-date=9 December 2022 |website=Sri Sathya Sai Global Council |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Hill in Prashanthi Nilayam with statues of Hanuman, Krishna, Shirdi Sai Baba, Shiva, Buddha, Christ, Zarathustra.jpg|thumb|Hill View Stadium in Prashanthi Nilayam with statues of Hanuman, Krishna, Shirdi Sai Baba, Shiva, Buddha, Christ, Zarathustra]]

In the encompassing area around [[Puttaparthi]] there is an extensive university complex, a specialty hospital, and two museums: the ''Sanathana Samskruti'' or Eternal Heritage Museum, sometimes called the Museum of All Religions, and the ''Chaitanya Jyoti'', devoted exclusively to the life and teachings of Sai Baba; the latter has won several international awards for its architectural design.<ref name="TheStar2005-04-02">{{Cite web |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=M. |title=Enlightening experience in India |work=The Star Online |date=2 April 2005 |url=http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2005/4/2/features/9982154&sec=features |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050412101614/http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=%2F2005%2F4%2F2%2Ffeatures%2F9982154&sec=features |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2005 |access-date=6 January 2010 }}</ref> There is also a planetarium, a railway station, a hill-view stadium, an administrative building, an airport, an indoor sports stadium and more.<ref>Places to see at Puttaparthi. [http://www.sathyasai.org/ashrams/prasanthi/outsideinterest.html Available online]</ref> High-ranking Indian politicians such as the former president [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], former prime minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Andhra Pradesh former chief minister [[Konijeti Rosaiah]] and [[Karnataka]] chief minister [[B. S. Yeddyurappa|B. S. Yediyurappa]] have been official guests at the ashram in Puttaparthi.<ref>''The Hindu'', "A 5-point recipe for happiness" 24 November 2006 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720164130/http://hindu.com/2006/11/24/stories/2006112405400400.htm Available online]</ref><ref>''The Hindu'', "Warm welcome to PM at Puttaparthi",12 February 2004 {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012003241/http://hinduonnet.com/2004/02/12/stories/2004021203690600.htm Available online]}}</ref>

===Brindavan Ashram===

Established on 25th June 1960, the Brindavan Ashram is located in Kadugodi, a village close to [[Whitefield, India|Whitefield]] and 24 kms from the city centre of [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="karnataka1">{{Cite web |title=Sai Baba Ashram, Whitefield, Bangalore |url=https://www.karnataka.com/bangalore/sai-baba-ashram-whitefield/ |access-date=17 December 2013 |website=Karnataka.com |date=17 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref> It occupies around 50 acres of land and was known as the summer home of Sai Baba as he would spend about three months here every year.<ref name="karnataka1"/>
Notable features are Sai Ramesh Krishan Hall, where darshan and bhajans were held, Trayee Brindavan, Sai Baba's personal residence and the Brindavan Campus of the Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning.
In its adjacent areas are the Sri Sathya Sai General and Super Specialty Hospital ([[Whitefield, India|Whitefield]]), Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Sai Central Trust and an old age home, Sri Sathya Sai Vriddhashram.<ref name="karnataka1"/><ref name="sathyaorg9">{{Cite web |title=Brindavan|url=https://www.srisathyasai.org/pages/saibrindavan.html |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=srisathyasai.org |language=en}}</ref> All services at the hospitals are still free.

===Sai Shruti Ashram===

Located in [[Kodaikanal]], atop the [[Palani Hills]] in south Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], Sai Shruti ashram was often visited by Sai Baba for a few days in the months of April and May. It holds no accommodations or extra curricular facilities.<ref name="shruti">{{Cite web |title=Sai Abodes|url=https://www.srisathyasai.org/pages/sai-abodes.html|access-date=23 November 2023 |website=srisathyasai.org |language=en}}</ref>

Sai Baba resided much of the time in his main [[ashram]], ''Prasanthi Nilayam'', at Puttaparthi. In the summer he often left for ''Brindavan'', in Kadugodi, [[Whitefield, India|Whitefield]], a town on the outskirts of [[Bangalore]]. Occasionally he visited his Sai Sruthi ashram in [[Kodaikanal]].<ref>The ashrams of Sathya Sai Baba. Referenced from the official Sathya Sai Organization website, [http://www.sathyasai.org/ashrams/content.html Available online]</ref>

==Recognition==
[[File:Sri Sathya Sai Project 1999 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|A 1999 stamp devoted to the Sri Sathya Sai Water Supply Project]]
On 23 November 1999, the Department of Posts, [[Government of India]], released a postage stamp and a postal cover in recognition of the service rendered by Sai Baba in addressing the problem of providing safe drinking water to the rural masses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srisathyasai.org.in/Pages/Service_Projects/Anantapur.htm |title=SSSCT-Service Projects – Water Supply – Anantapur |publisher=Srisathyasai.org.in |date=23 November 1999 |access-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> Another commemorative stamp was released on the occasion of what would have been his 88th birthday during November 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/postal-stamp-on-sathya-sai-baba-released/article5385073.ece|title=Postal stamp on Sathya Sai Baba released|date=24 November 2013|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Postal-department-to-release-stamp-on-Sathya-Sai-Baba/articleshow/26168869.cms|title=Postal department to release stamp on Sathya Sai Baba|work=The Times Of India}}</ref>

In January 2007, an event was held in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Chennai Nehru Stadium]] organised by the Chennai Citizens' Conclave to thank Sai Baba for the 2 billion water project which brought water from the [[River Krishna]] in Andhra Pradesh to Chennai city. Four chief ministers attended the function.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gumby – Pictures, Sounds, and Videos |url=https://www.everwonder.com/david/gumby/about.html |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=www.everwonder.com}}</ref>

==Sathya Sai International Organization==
{{Main|Sri Sathya Sai International Organization}}

[[File:Sathya Sai Baba 2013 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Sathya Sai Baba on a 2013 stamp of India|299x299px]]
The Sri Sathya Sai International Organization was founded in the 1960s by Sathya Sai Baba.<ref name="srisaiorg">{{Cite web|url=http://www.srisathyasai.org.in/Pages/Sai_Organisations/Sai_Organisations.htm|title=SSSCT- Sri Sathya Sai Seva Organisation|work=srisathyasai.org.in}}</ref> Initially called the "Sri Sathya Sai Seva Samithi",<ref name="saiindia">{{Cite web|url=http://www.saibabaofindia.com/sai_baba_centers.htm|title=Sai Baba Of India – Sri Sathya Sai Baba Centers – Sai Baba organisation worldwide|work=saibabaofindia.com}}</ref> it was established "to enable its members to undertake service activities as a means to spiritual advancement."<ref name="srisaiorg" /> In 2020, Sri Satya Sai Central Trust was granted [[List of organizations with consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council|Special Consultative]] status by [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]]<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/un-body-confers-special-status-on-sri-sathya-sai-central-trust/article32950161.ece|website= [[The Hindu]]|title= UN body confers special status on Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust|date= 27 October 2020}}</ref>

The [[Sri Sathya Sai International Organization|Sathya Sai International Organization]] reports that there are an estimated 1,200 Sathya Sai Baba Centres in 114 countries.<ref name="TheStarOnline84">{{Cite web |url=http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2009/12/3/north/5212802&sec=North |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521155709/http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2009%2F12%2F3%2Fnorth%2F5212802&sec=North |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 May 2011 |title=Sai Baba turns 84 |publisher=Thestar.com.my |date=3 December 2009 |access-date=6 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name="SathyaSaiNumbers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sathyasai.org/organize/content.htm#SaiOrg|title=The Sai Organization: Numbers to Sai Centres and Names of Countries|publisher=Sathyasai.org|access-date=6 January 2010}}</ref> However, the number of active Sai Baba followers is hard to determine.<ref name="BabbLawrence" /> Estimates vary from 6 million<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20031219053543/http://adherents.com/Na/Na_581.html#3510 Adherents] cites [[George Chryssides|Chryssides, George]]. ''Exploring New Religions''. London, UK: Cassells (1999) (10 million) *Brown, Mick (2000-10-28). "Divine Downfall". ''The Daily Telegraph''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20031003134741/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?xml=/health/2000/10/28/tlbaba28.xml]. Retrieved 2007-03-12 *Edwards, Linda (2001). A Brief Guide to Beliefs: Ideas, Theologies, Mysteries, and Movements. Westminster John Knox Press. {{ISBN|0664222595}}.</ref> up to nearly 100 million.<ref>''[[The Economist]]'', [http://www.economist.com/node/18678803 "Sai Baba"], 14 May 2011, p. 110.</ref> In India itself, Sai Baba drew followers predominantly from the [[upper-middle-class]], the urban sections of society who have the "most wealth, education and exposure to Western ideas."<ref name="UrbanHugh74">{{Cite journal|last=Urban|first=Hugh B.|author-link=Hugh Urban|year=2003|title=Avatar for Our Age: Sathya Sai Baba and the Cultural Contradictions of Late Capitalism|journal=[[Religion (journal)|Religion]]|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|volume=33|issue=1|page=74|doi=10.1016/S0048-721X(02)00080-5|s2cid=143800572|issn=0048-721X|eissn=1096-1151}}</ref> In 2002, he said he had followers in 178 countries.<ref name="nyt1dec2002">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/01/world/a-friend-in-india-to-all-the-world.html?pagewanted=1|title=A Friend in India to All the World|last=Bradsher|first=Keith|date=1 December 2002|work=The New York Times|access-date=13 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="Palmer97-98">Palmer, Norris W. "Baba's World". In: {{Cite book|last1=Forsthoefel|first1=Thomas A.|editor-last=Humes|editor-first=Cynthia Ann |title=Gurus in America|url=https://archive.org/details/gurusamericasuny00fors|url-access=limited|place=Albany, NY|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gurusamericasuny00fors/page/n105 97]–98|isbn=978-0791465745}}</ref>

Sathya Sai Baba founded a large number of schools and colleges, hospitals, and other charitable institutions in India and abroad, the net financial capital of which is usually estimated at {{INR}} 400 billion (US$9 billion).<ref>
{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/sathya-sai-baba-passes-away-leaves-behind-rs-40000-cr-worth-empire-with-no-clear-succession-plan/articleshow/8075953.cms|title=Sathya Sai Baba passes away, leaves behind Rs 40,000-cr worth empire with no clear succession plan
|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] | date=25 April 2011 |quote=Sai Baba leaves behind a wide network of charitable institutions, hospitals, schools, colleges, which some estimate to be worth about Rs 40,000 crore}}</ref><ref name="it">{{Cite magazine|title=Up in the Heir: The secret world of Sathya Sai Baba's Rs 40,000 cr empire |author=Amarnath K. Menon |magazine=[[India Today]] |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/sathya-sai-baba-health-scare-assets-transition/1/135354.html |date=25 April 2011 |access-date=9 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424073421/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/sathya-sai-baba-health-scare-assets-transition/1/135354.html |archive-date=24 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="dh">{{Cite news| title =Sai Baba's death leaves question mark on Rs 40,000 crore empire| author =Indo-Asian News Service| newspaper = [[Deccan Herald]]| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/156224/sai-babas-death-leaves-question.html| date = 24 April 2011|access-date =9 June 2011| author-link =Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> However, estimates as high as {{INR}} 1.4 trillion (about US$31.5bn) have also been made.<ref>{{Cite news| title =Sathya Sai Baba trust worth Rs 1.4 lakh crore?|publisher =[[CNN-IBN]]| url =http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sathya-sai-baba-trust-worth-rs-14-lakh-crore/150273-3.html| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001702/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sathya-sai-baba-trust-worth-rs-14-lakh-crore/150273-3.html| url-status =dead| archive-date =30 April 2011| date =26 April 2011| access-date =9 June 2011}}</ref>

===Time line of developments, schools, projects and charities===

In 1950 [[Prasanthi Nilayam]], his [[Puttaparthi]] ashram completed construction and with in 4 years, a general hospital in [[Puttaparthi]] was established (1954). Over a decade later in 1968 the first education project, a college for girls was set up in [[Anantapur]]. The [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]], a charitable trust that undertakes social welfare projects and acts as an umbrella for many seva projects was begun in 1972. In 1976 another general hospital in Whitefield, outside of [[Bangalore]] was completed followed by a boys' college in [[Puttaparthi]] in 1978. The inauguration of the [[Sri Sathya Sai University]] ([[Puttaparthi]] campus), happened on 22 November 1981.

In 1991, Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences was completed.

The [[Anantapur]] drinking water project launched in 1995 would be the first of many water projects taken up by Sai Baba, others included the [[Medak]] & [[Mahabubnagar]] drinking water projects (2001), the [[Chennai]] water project in 2002 and the East & West [[Godavari]] water projects completed in 2007.
A decade later, another Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences began operations in [[Bangalore]] along with the Sri Sathya Sai Super Specialty Hospital in Whitefield, offering free medical services.
In 2009 the construction of [[Sri Sathya Sai University]] campus began.<ref name="saijourney">{{Cite news | title =Sai Baba's Journey| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 25 April 2011| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sai-babas-journey/articleshow/8076411.cms|access-date = 25 April 2011}}</ref>

Years after Sai Baba's passing, Vivek Kumar wrote, "the things that he executed were out of his love towards humanity. He provided free education, healthcare and water to people who never even dreamt of getting it."<ref name="youdidntknow">{{Cite news | title =Things You Didnt Know About Sri Sathya Sai Baba| newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date = 22 November 2013| url=
http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/7859107.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
|access-date = 22 November 2013}}</ref>

===Classification of organisation===

Sources often describe Sai Baba's following as a "movement".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kent|first=Alexandra|date=1999|title=Unity in Diversity: Portraying the Visions of the Sathya Sai Baba Movement of Malaysia|jstor=40800435|journal=Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=13–2 |issue=2 |pages=29–51}}</ref><ref name="clarke2006">{{Cite encyclopedia |surname=Kent |given=Alexandra |title=Sai Baba movement |pages=545–547 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements |year=2006 |editor-surname=Clarke |editor-given=Peter B. |editor-link=Peter B. Clarke |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415267076}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sahoo|first=Ajaya Kumar|title=Reconstructing Religious and Cultural Identity of Indians in the Diaspora: The Role of Sri Sathya Sai Baba Movement |jstor=23621024|journal=Sociological Bulletin|volume= 62| issue = 1 |date= January–April 2013 |pages= 23–39 |doi=10.1177/0038022920130102|s2cid=152184838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/death-god-man-sai-baba-dies-85|title=Death of a God-man? Sai Baba Dies at 85|last=Clooney|first=Francis X.|date=2011|work=America Magazine}}</ref>
Sathya Sai Baba claimed to be the reincarnation of [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]] whose followers considered to be an [[avatar]] of [[Shiva]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WA12nHRtmAwC&pg=PA307 |author=Chryssides, George D. |title=Historical dictionary of new religious movements |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2012|isbn=978-0810861947 }}</ref> While [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]] was known to combine Islamic and Hindu teachings, Charles S. J. White, of [[The American University]] at Washington D.C., observed in 1972 that with Sathya Sai Baba, "there is no discernible Muslim influence."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=White|first1=Charles S. J.|title=The Sai Baba Movement: Approaches to the Study of India Saints|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|date=1972|volume=31|issue=4|pages=863–878|doi=10.2307/2052105|jstor=2052105|s2cid=163018087 }}</ref> Stephanie Tallings, in The Harvard international Review, noted Sai Baba's following is drawn from people of all religions, ethnicities, and social classes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tallings|first=Stephanies|date=Summer 2000|title=Avatar of Stability: Sai Baba's Teachings|url=https://www.jstor.org/publisher/hir|journal=Harvard International Review|volume= 22| issue = 2|pages=14–15}}</ref> In contrast, Sai Baba's following is also regarded by many scholars to be of a Hindu persuasion.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Babb|first1=L. A.|editor1-last=Hawley|editor1-first=J.S.|title=Saints and Virtues|date=1987|publisher=University of California Press|location=London|isbn=978-0520061637|pages=168–186|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGv2wOUl0pMC|chapter=Sathya Sai Baba's Saintly Play}}</ref><ref>Alexandra Kent Divinity and diversity: a Hindu revitalization movement in Malaysia, NIAS, 2005</ref><ref>Handoo, Jawaharlal in ''Asian Folklore Studies'', Vol. 48, No. 2 (1989), pp. 326–332 reviewing Lawrence A. Babb's book ''Redemptive Encounters. Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition'' [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177938 page 1]</ref><ref>Nagel, Alexandra (note: Nagel is a critical former follower) "De Sai Paradox: Tegenstrijdigheden van en rondom Sathya Sai Baba"/"The Sai Paradox contradictions of and surrounding Sathya Sai Baba" from the magazine "Religieuze Bewegingen in Nederland, 'Sekten' "/"Religious movements in the Netherlands, 'Cults/Sects' ", 1994, nr. 29. published by the [[Free University of Amsterdam]] press, (1994) {{ISBN|9053833412}} Dutch original: "Ofschoon Sai Baba gezegd heeft mensen van allerlei religieuze gezindten te helpen terug te gaan naar oude waarden en normen, en ofschoon zijn logo de symbolen van de andere grote godsdiensten bevat, is de sfeer rondom Sai Baba duidelijk hindoeïstisch gekleurd. Alle moslim-elementen bijv. waarvan verondersteld zou kunnen worden dat hij die zou hebben meegenomen uit zijn leven als Sai Baba van Shirdi, heeft hij laten vallen. Het enig echt herkenbare wat hij van Shirdi Baba nog heeft, is het veelvuldig gebruik van as, – wat hij dan niet uit een dhuni haalt zoals Shirdi Baba deed, maar materialiseert (of tevoorschijn goochelt)"</ref>

Lawrence A. Babb, of the Amherst College in Massachusetts, labelled Sai Baba movement as a cult in the 1980s, calling it "deeply and authentically Hindu..." and noted, "The most striking feature of this cult, however, is the extremely strong emphasis given to the miraculous."<ref name="babb83" /> However, a scholarly review says Babb misapplies the word "cult", responding, "the so-called 'cult' of Satya Sai Baba seems to possess all such characteristics which are, according to the author, central to a religious movement."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handoo|first=Jawaharlal|date=1989|title=Reviewed Work: Redemptive Encounters. Three Modern Styles in the Hindu Tradition by Lawrence A. Babb|url=http://asianethnology.org/downloads/ae/pdf/a759.pdf|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|volume= 48| issue = 2|page=327|doi=10.2307/1177938|jstor=1177938}}</ref> Deborah A. Swallow, of the University of Cambridge, referred to it as a cult and said that the "ritual and theology, then, unlike Sai Baba [of Shirdi]'s, is distinctly Hindu in form and content."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Swallow|first1=D. A.|title=Ashes and Powers: Myth, Rite and Miracle in an Indian God-Man's Cult|journal=Modern Asian Studies|date=2008|volume=16|issue=1|pages=123–158|doi=10.1017/S0026749X0000072X|jstor=312277|s2cid=146729990}}</ref> However John D. Kelly, a professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, wrote about Hindu missions in Fiji that the Sathya Sai Organization (which is part of the movement) rejected the label Hindu. According to Kelly, they see their founder as the "living synthesis of the world's religious traditions" and prefer to be classified as an [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]] movement. He observed that the Sai Baba mission is a Hindu mission that is as active as Christian or Muslim missions.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kelly|first1=J.D.|editor1-last=van der Veer|editor1-first=P.|title=Nation and Migration: The Politics of Space in the South Asian Diaspora|date=1995|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0812215373|pages=43–72|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvTHlLRZL8UC|chapter=Bhakti and Postcolonial Politics: Hindu Missions to Fiji}}</ref> In a 2001 scholarly book, Tulasi Srinivas notes, "The Sathya Sai global civil religious movement incorporates Hindu and Muslim practices, Buddhist, Christian, and Zoroastrian influences, and "New Age"-style rituals and beliefs.' And in the appendix of the book (p. 349) lists 10 scholarly authors/researchers in both Europe and America who all refer to it as a New Religious Movement (NRM).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Winged Faith: Rethinking Globalization and Religious Pluralism through the Sathya Sai Movement|last=Srinivas|first=Tulasi|publisher=Columbia University Press|date= 2010|isbn=978-0231149334}}</ref>

While scholars often refer to it as either a "[[New religious movement|New Religious Movement]]" (NRM)<ref name="clarke2006" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pereira |first=Shane N. |title=A New Religious Movement in Singapore: Syncretism and Variation in the Sathya Sai Baba Movement |jstor=23677933|journal= Asian Journal of Social Science|volume= 36| issue = 2|pages= 250–270 |year=2008|doi=10.1163/156853108X298699}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ekacha|first=Sanitsuda|date=2001|title=Keeping the Faith: Thai Buddhism at the Crossroads|journal=Nova Religio: The Journal of Alternative and Emergent Religions|volume= 9| issue = 2|pages=126–128|doi=10.1525/nr.2005.9.2.126}}</ref> or as a [[cult]],<ref name=das15/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Swallow|first1=D.A.|chapter=Living Saints and Their Devotees|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1gkAQAAIAAJ&q=sathya+sai+baba+cult|date=1976 |editor=Jonathan Webber |title=Research in Social Anthropology, 1975–1980: A Register of Theses Accepted for Higher Degrees at British Universities, 1975–1980 |pages=385–386 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute|isbn=978-0900632334}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Misunderstanding Cults: Searching for Objectivity in a Controversial Field |title-link=Misunderstanding Cults |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8020-8188-9 |editor-last=Zablocki |editor-first=Benjamin |editor-link=Benjamin Zablocki |pages=3–5 |language=en |chapter=Introduction: Finding a Middle Ground in a Polarized Scholarly Arena |editor-last2=Robbins |editor-first2=Thomas |editor-link2=Thomas Robbins (sociologist)}}</ref> it has been noted by Eugene Gallagher, a noted professor of religious studies, that in more modern times "'New Religious Movement', is the classification preferred by most academics, who see 'cult' as a pejorative term.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gallagher|first=Eugene|date=November 2007 – February 2008|title="Cults" and "New Religious Movements"|jstor=10.1086/524210|journal=History of Religions|publisher= University of Chicago Press|volume= 47| issue = 2/3|pages=205–220|doi=10.1086/524210|s2cid=161448414}}</ref>

A secret report from the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] from the 1990's stated a "worldwide mass religious movement"<ref name="saioncia"/> is emerging around Sathya Sai Baba, who many devotees view as a full incarnation of God.<ref name="saioncia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP96-00792R000400280002-2.pdf |title=Cultural Trends Study – India's Sai Baba Movement|website=CIA}}</ref> On a local scale, the report states that the extensive appeal of Sai Baba's doctrine "of a harmonious, multi-religious and multi-ethnic [[India]] has the potential to counterbalance the appeal of [[Hindu]] chauvinists and ethnic separatists"<ref name="saicia">{{Cite news |last=Laskar |first=Rezaul |date=23 January 2017 |title=CIA files: 'Alleged miracle worker' Sathya Sai Baba could start world religion |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cia-thought-sai-baba-s-movement-would-become-a-worldwide-religion/story-HSkb4izaItHFlTkXS6cUBP.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Globally, the report concluded that the Sai Baba movement is likely to “become another worldwide religion”, via its current wealth and assets, social contributions and activity in the political domain, thus allowing expansion even after Sai Baba's death.<ref name="saicia"/><ref name="saioncia"/> Adding scope to the movement, the report addresses the claim that Sai Baba is the [[Kalki Avatar]] (the tenth Avatar of [[Vishnu]]) who is to "create a new world of peace and justice", which the CIA operative compares to the return of [[Jesus Christ]].<ref name="saicia"/><ref name="saioncia"/>

== Criticism ==
=== Accusations ===
Accusations against Sathya Sai Baba by his critics over the years have included [[sleight of hand]], [[sexual abuse]], [[money laundering]], [[fraud]] in the performance of service projects, and [[murder]].<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/><ref name=Palmer116/>

In 1963, [[Universalist]] Avatar [[Meher Baba]] referred to Sathya Sai as "a [[Tantras (Hinduism)|tantric]] and using tantric powers for his so-called 'miracles'."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lordmeher.org/rev/index.jsp?pageBase=page.jsp&nextPage=4926|title=East West Gathering, Sathya Sai of South India, Lord Meher Online Edition Page 4926|website=www.lordmeher.org}}</ref>

In 1972, [[Abraham Kovoor]] made the first public criticism of Sathya Sai Baba<ref name="srisathyasaibabaandthepress">Ruhela S.P., ''Sri Sathya Sai Baba and the Press'', pp. 1–5, 1997 {{ISBN|8175330414}}</ref> when he looked into a claim publicly narrated by one devotee<ref name="srisathyasaibabaandthepress" /> that Sai Baba had created a new model of a [[Seiko]] watch, and found the claim to be untrue.<ref name="sathyasaibabasgrace">Ruhela S.P., ''How to Receive Sri Sathya Sai Baba's Grace'', pp. 277, 2006 {{ISBN|8171820891}}</ref><ref name=OutlookSingh>{{Cite web|title=The Spell Breaker|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?262445|publisher=Outlook|access-date=16 October 2013|author=Rahul Singh|date=2 November 2009}}</ref>

In April 1976, [[Hosur Narasimhaiah|Hossur Narasimhaiah]], a [[physicist]], [[rationalist]] and then [[vice-chancellor]] of [[Bangalore University]], founded and chaired a committee "to rationally and scientifically investigate miracles and other verifiable superstitions". Narasimhaiah wrote Sai Baba three widely publicised letters challenging him to perform his miracles under controlled conditions. The letters were ignored.<ref name="haraldsson204">Haraldson, ''op. cit'', pp 204–205</ref> Sathya Sai Baba said that he ignored Narasimhaiah's challenge because he felt that a scientific approach to spiritual issues was improper, adding that "Science must confine its inquiry only to things belonging to the human senses, while [[Spiritualism (philosophy)|spiritualism]] transcends the senses. If you want to understand the nature of spiritual power you can do so only through the path of spirituality and not science. What science has been able to unravel is merely a fraction of the cosmic phenomena..."<ref name="blitz">Interview given by Sai Baba to [[R. K. Karanjia]] of ''Blitz'' news magazine in September 1976 [http://www.saibaba.ws/articles/interviewwithjournalistsept1976.htm Available online]</ref> Narasimhaiah's committee was dissolved in August 1977. Narasimhaiah held the fact that Sai Baba ignored his letters to be an indication that his miracles were fraudulent.<ref>Haraldsson, pp 209</ref> As a result of this episode, a [[public debate]] raged for several months in Indian newspapers.<ref>Haraldsson, ''op. cit.'', pp. 206</ref>

Indian rationalist [[Basava Premanand]], who began campaigning against Sathya Sai Baba in 1976, unsuccessfully attempted to sue him in 1986 for violations of the [[Gold Control Act]], citing Sai Baba was "producing gold necklaces out of thin air without the permission of a Gold Control Administrator".<ref name=bbca1/> When the case was dismissed, Premanand unsuccessfully appealed on the grounds that claimed spiritual power is not a defence recognised in law.<ref name=bbca1>{{Cite news|author=Tanya Datta|title=Sai Baba: Goan or con man?|date=17 June 2004|publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3813469.stm | access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref>

In the early 1990s, the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] created a secret report that stated the Sai Baba movement is “likely to eventually become another worldwide religion”.<ref name="saicia"/><ref name="saioncia"/> The CIA operative who wrote the report concluded it by stating, “there is always the possibility, too, that the movement will collapse if Sai Baba is convincingly demonstrated to be a fraud.”<ref name="saicia"/><ref name="saioncia"/>

A 1995 TV documentary ''Guru Busters'', produced by filmmaker Robert Eagle for the UK's [[Channel 4]], accused Sai Baba of faking his materialisations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eagletv.co.uk/projects/guru-busters.html |title=Eagle & Eagle |publisher=Eagletv.co.uk |access-date=7 January 2010}} [https://vimeo.com/352879776 Doordarshan clip]</ref> The clip from the film was mentioned in the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', on 23 November 1992, in a front-page headline "DD Tape Unveils Baba Magic".<ref>Haraldsson, ''op. cit.'', pp. 295–301</ref>

Claims of Sai Baba resurrecting American devotee Walter Cowan in 1971 have been discussed by British journalist Mick Brown in his book ''The Spiritual Tourist'' from 1998,<ref name="spiritualtourist">Mick Brown, ''The Spiritual Tourist'', 1998, Bloomsbury Publishing, {{ISBN|158234034X}} "In the House of God", pp. 73–74</ref><ref>Hislop, John S. ''My Baba and I'' 1985 published by Birth Day Publishing Company, San Diego, California {{ISBN|0960095888}}, "The Resurrection of Walter Cowan", pages 28–31</ref> and subsequently by [[Erlendur Haraldsson]], who interviewed doctors attending Cowan at the hospital; these physicians reported that Cowan had been dangerously ill but had not died.<ref name="lane2014">{{Cite book |last1=Lane |first1=David |author1-link=David C. Lane |title=The Mystical: Exploring the Transcendent |date=2014 |publisher=Mt San Antonio College |isbn=978-1565431737 |pages=62–63}}</ref>

Brown also related his experiences with alleged manifestations of [[vibhuti]] (sacred ash) from Sai Baba's pictures in houses in London, which he felt were not fraudulent or the result of trickery.<ref name="touristmiracle">Brown Mick, ''The Spiritual Tourist'', "The Miracle in North London", pp. 29–30, 1998 {{ISBN|158234034X}}</ref> With regards to Sai Baba's claims of omniscience, Brown wrote, "sceptics have produced documentation clearly showing discrepancies between Baba's reading of historical events and biblical prophecies, and the established accounts."<ref name="spiritualtourist"/>

The ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'' in 2001 reported that Sai Baba told his adherents not to sign on to the internet,<ref name="VS">{{Cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/sai-baba-holy-man-sex-abuser-both|title=Sai Baba: Holy man? Sex abuser? Both?|date=26 April 2011|language=en|access-date=9 October 2019}}</ref> while encouraging them, rather, to surf the "inner net".<ref name="itallege">{{Cite news | title =Allegations of sexual molestation continue to dog Sai Baba| newspaper=[[India Today]]| date = 4 December 2000 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20001204-allegations-of-sexual-molestation-continue-to-dog-sai-baba-778528-2000-12-03|access-date =26 November 2012}}</ref>

===Allegations of abuse===
In January 2002, a documentary produced by Denmark's national television and radio broadcast company, [[Danish radio|Danmarks Radio]] (DR), called ''Seduced By Sai Baba'', analysed videos of public manifestations of Sai Baba and suggested that they could be explained as [[sleight of hand]].<ref name="seduced">{{Cite video|people=Øyvind Kyrø, Steen Jensen |title=Seduced by Sai Baba |medium=Documentary |publisher=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |date=2002 |url=http://dr.dk/Salg/DRsales/Programmes/Documentary/Society_and_Social/20070629133445_3_1_3_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204010039/http://www.dr.dk/Salg/DRsales/Programmes/Documentary/Society_and_Social/20070629133445_3_1_3_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1_1.htm |archive-date=4 February 2010 }}</ref> The documentary also presented interviews with Alaya Rahm, former devotee of Sathya Sai Baba, where he alleged abuse by Sathya Sai Baba.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/> As a result, in 2002 the parliament of the United Kingdom discussed the danger to male children of British families intending to visit the ashram of Sathya Sai Baba in case of individual audiences with the guru.<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/edm/2001-02/886] UK Parliament official web site</ref>

In 2004, the [[BBC]] produced a documentary titled ''The Secret Swami'' as part of its series "The World Uncovered".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3791921.stm |title=Programmes | This World | Secret Swami |publisher=BBC News |date=11 June 2004 |access-date=7 January 2010}}</ref> One central theme of the BBC documentary was again Alaya Rahm's sexual abuse allegations against Sathya Sai Baba.<ref name=bbcd>{{Cite video|people=Eamon Hardy, Tanya Datta|title=Secret Swami|medium=Documentary|publisher=BBC News|date=2004 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/this_world/3791921.stm | access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> This documentary interviewed him together with Mark Roche, who had spent 25 years of his life since 1969 in the movement and alleged abuse by Sai Baba.<ref name=bbcd/> The show also featured allegations from Sai Baba critic Basava Premanand. Premanand stated in the documentary that, in his opinion, Sai Baba faked his materializations.<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/>

===Posthumous Trust issues===

After Sai Baba's death, questions about the manner in which the finances of the organization were going to be managed led to speculations of impropriety, with reports stating that suitcases containing cash and/or gold had been removed from his personal lodgings.<ref name="dh" /><ref>{{Cite news| title =What's inside Sathya Sai's personal chamber?| publisher = [[Zee News]]|url =http://zeenews.india.com/news710182.html| date =2 June 2011| access-date =9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title =Trust hesitant on unlocking Sai Babas residence| author =Express News Service| publisher = [[CNN-IBN]]| url =http://ibnlive.in.com/news/trust-hesitant-on-unlocking-sai-babas-residence/155644-60-114.html| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110603112010/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/trust-hesitant-on-unlocking-sai-babas-residence/155644-60-114.html| url-status =dead| archive-date =3 June 2011|date =31 May 2011| access-date = 9 June 2011}}</ref>

On 17 June 2011, officials from the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust opened his private residence in the presence of government, bank and tax department officials.<ref>Deccan Herald, Tuesday 17 June. 2011, "Huge amount of gold, silver, cash found in Sai Baba's Chamber" http://www.deccanherald.com/content/169535/huge-amount-gold-silver-cash.html.</ref> In the private residence, which had been sealed since his death, they inventoried 98 kg of gold ornaments, approximate value Rs 21 [[crores]] (US$4.7m), 307 kg of silver ornaments, approximate value Rs 16 million (US$0.36m), and Rs 116 million (US$2.6m) in cash. The cash was deposited into the Sai Trust's account at the State Bank of India with payment of government taxes (thus transferring them from religious gifts to Trust assets.) The gold and other items were inventoried, assessed, and placed in secure storage. In July, district authorities inventoried an additional Rs 7.7 million (US$0.17m) in valuables in another 4 rooms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/india/29733031_1_satya-sai-baba-precious-metals-diamond-ring|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928224408/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/india/29733031_1_satya-sai-baba-precious-metals-diamond-ring|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Assets worth Rs 77L seized at Sai ashram|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> The total value of these items is believed to exceed 7.8 million US dollars.<ref name="hindustan times">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Treasure-island-Sai-Baba-s-gold-trove/Article1-710596.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618095123/http://www.hindustantimes.com/treasure-island-sai-baba-s-gold-trove/article1-710596.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 June 2011|title=Treasure island: Sai Baba's gold trove|date=17 June 2011|publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> Also inventoried at Yajurmandir were thousands of pure silk sarees, dhotis, shirts, 500 pairs of shoes, dozens of bottles of perfume and hairspray, watches, a large number of silver and gold "mangala sutrams", and precious stones such as diamonds. There were also 750 saffron and white robes of the type Sai Baba wore.<ref name="500 pairs">{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110618/jsp/nation/story_14130452.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203204543/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110618/jsp/nation/story_14130452.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=Open sesame! Baba & his chamber of secrets|author=G.S. Radhakrishna|date=17 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|location=Calcutta, India}} and [https://archive.today/20130204042951/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110618/images/18zzsaibababig.jpg this graphic]</ref> In July 2011, a similar opening of his Bangalore-area ashram tallied 6 kg of gold coins and jewellery, 245 kg of silver articles and Rs 8 million in cash. These items and goods are believed to have been donated over the years by Sai Baba's devotees from all over the world as religious gifts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/bangalore/29798927_1_brindavan-revenue-officials-ashram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815224317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-21/bangalore/29798927_1_brindavan-revenue-officials-ashram|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Three-day count at Baba's ashram yields treasure|date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/178661/perfumes-sarees-form-sai-babas.html,|title=Perfumes, sarees form Sai Baba's inventory|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

In 2012 Satyaji (Sai Baba's former personal attendant) came forward with a noterised signed, yet unknown, document from Sai Baba, dated from 1967 entailing Sai Baba had "no personal right on the multi-crore spiritual empire built by him". In the letter Sai Baba stated, "Whatever is given to me is under my management, supervision and control as a trustee to be used for public charitable purposes. This declaration I am making so that nobody can claim, under or through me, in the family properties if any."<ref name="saidocu">{{Cite news | title =45-year-old document adds new twist to Satya Sai Baba's empire| newspaper=[[India Today]] | date = 2 September 2012 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/45-year-old-document-adds-new-twist-to-satya-sai-babas-empire-115103-2012-09-02|access-date = 2 September 2012}}</ref> Reports stated that for some time Sai Baba's nephew, R.J. Ratnakar Raju was trying to gain control over the trust, whose assets and properties worth hundreds of millions of dollars, led to a conflict between him and the other trust members.
The [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]] however, never makes the intake or expenditure details of funds into the trust public.
"Nobody really knows who the members are in the trust and whether if; or any, changes are made at any point of time."<ref name="saidocu"/>

===Responses===
Sathya Sai Baba rejected any allegations of misconduct.<ref name=funeral/> During a speech in December 2000, he used the analogy of [[Jesus Christ]] and [[Judas Iscariot]], saying, "in those days there was one Judas, but today there are thousands."<ref name="sai2000"/> Addressing the allegations, he said that out of jealousy, hate and fear, many devotees were being bought to speak against him, having been offered money to say nasty things.<ref name="sai2000">{{Cite news| date=26 December 2000 |title= Sai Baba lashes out at detractors |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/sai-baba-lashes-out-at-detractors/articleshow/534425761.cms |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

His followers have also defended him publicly and attested to what they believed to be his character. These include [[Bill Aitken (traveller)|Bill Aitken]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.the-week.com/25nov27/currentevents_article10.htm |title=Miracle of Welfare |access-date=9 September 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909111636/http://www.the-week.com/25nov27/currentevents_article10.htm |archive-date=9 September 2006 }}</ref> and Anil Kumar, former principal of the Sathya Sai Educational Institute.<ref name="divine">Brown, Mick (28 October 2000). "Divine Downfall". ''The Daily Telegraph''.</ref>

Gunnar Otis, professor of psychology, considered Sathya Sai Baba the only god-man he had
come across who appeared entirely genuine. Using superhigh-speed 16 mm film and examining frame by frame (each frame being only a fraction of a second thus no possibility of 'hand being faster than eye'), showed "clearly a gap between Sai Baba's hand and the place the vibhuti poured from." Thus concluding that Sai Baba's materializations were not sleight of hand or trickery. Observing flashes of light during materializations, he hypothesized these were holes into other [[dimensions]] from which the objects appeared.<ref name="empiresoul">{{Cite book |last1=Roberts|first1=Paul|chapter=We Should Share Our Sex Energies|url=https://archive.org/details/empire-of-the-soul-some-journeys-in-india-by-paul-william-roberts|date=2002 |editor=RAINCOAST |title=Empire of the Soul - Journeys in India|pages=150–155 |publisher=Summersdale Publishers Ltd|isbn=1840241888}}</ref> Dr. Otis also used [[kirlian photography]] to photograph Sai Baba's [[Halo (religious iconography)|aura]]. The pictures "showed a massive egg of pure gold light extending several feet all around Sai Baba’s physical form, sometimes shooting out to surround devotees. One picture taken during a darshan when Baba had stood still for longer than usual ... showed an aura that spread out in vast rays beyond the entire temple compound."<ref name="empiresoul"/>

In an open letter in December 2001, Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]],<ref name=Palmer97-98 /> Chief Justices [[P. N. Bhagwati]] and [[Ranganath Misra]], and Members of Parliament and [[Najma Heptulla]] said that they were "deeply pained and anguished by the wild, reckless and concocted allegations" against Sathya Sai Baba, and called him "an embodiment of love and selfless service to humanity".<ref name="letterpmindia">[https://archive.today/20130921020144/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fline/fl2810/stories/20110520281002600.htm Letter from A. B. Vajpayee (the then Prime Minister of India)]</ref>

In a 2015 article, writer [[Paul William Roberts]] said Sai Baba "definitely emanated [[love]] and could perform extraordinary actions defying explanation. No matter what is said about him, I can only speak for myself, and I have never had any reason to doubt that he is what he said he is.”<ref name="pwrmg">{{Cite news | title =From Saddam Hussein to Christopher Hitchens, Paul William Roberts on the remarkable people he's encountered| newspaper=[[Montreal Gazette]] | date = 29 August 2015 | url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/from-saddam-hussein-to-christopher-hitchens-paul-william-roberts-on-the-remarkable-people-hes-encountered|access-date = 15 July 2020}}</ref>

==Publications and documentaries==

Sathya Sai Baba authored 15 books, known as "Vahinis" (river or stream), originally written in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and translated into English by Prof. [[Narayana Kasturi]].<ref>[https://sssbpt.info/english/vahinis.html] Vahinis</ref> His public discourses were collected and published into book form known as the "Sathya Sai Speaks" series. There are 42 volumes in total, beginning in 1953 and ending in 2010.<ref>[https://sssbpt.info/english/sss.htm] Sathya Sai Speaks</ref> During the summer months (from 1972 until 2002), Sai Baba gave discourses to his students at the Brindavan university campus in [[Whitefield, Bangalore|Whitefield]]. These were collected to create a 15 volume series known as the "Summer Showers" series.<ref>[https://sssbpt.info/english/showers.html] Summer Showers</ref>

There is a large known collection of Bhajans (spiritual songs) written and sung by Sai Baba as well as countless numbers of books about him written by devotees and critics.

Sathya Sai Baba has also been featured in various documentaries and films.

*1973 ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jX8TuK5c6GM Advent of the Avatar]'' by [[Richard Bock (record producer)|Richard Bock]]
*1974 ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sa3FXDMzCpQ The Endless Stream]'' by [[Richard Bock (record producer)|Richard Bock]] who continued to make several documentaries about Sathya Sai Baba spanning from the 1970s until the 1990s.
*1975 ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJYgXXvRSec&t=583s The Man of Miracles: Sathya Sai Baba]'' Narrated and hosted by [[Rod Serling]] of [[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|Twilight Zone]] fame.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2944338/] The Man of Miracles: Sathya Sai Baba</ref>
*1975 ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pux1v6U6z-Y&t=20s A Glimpse into the Divine Mission]''
*1990 ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9G-4gpY0r4&t=1774s Who Is Sai Baba?]'' by Victor J. Tognola from [[Switzerland]].<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/Who-Sai-Baba-Victor-Tognola/dp/B07J25DBTV] Who Is Sai Baba?</ref>

===Popular culture===

In a 1995 X-Files episode, "[[The Calusari]]" (season 2, episode 21), during a conversation about vibhuti (sacred ash) Sai Baba's name is cited and mentioned. A fictious character, Dr. Burk elaborates, "In 1979, I witnessed a [[guru]] named Sai Baba create an entire feast out of thin air."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.generationterrorists.com/cgi-bin/x-files.cgi?ep=2x21|title=THE X-FILES The Calusari (2x21)|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|author=Samuel H. Sandweiss|title=Sai Baba the Holy Man and the Psychiatrist|isbn=978-0960095810|year=1975|page=[https://archive.org/details/saibabaholymanps0000sand/page/240 240]|publisher=Birth Day Publishing Company |url=https://archive.org/details/saibabaholymanps0000sand/page/240}}
* {{Cite book|author=John S. Hislop|title=My Baba and I|isbn=978-0960095889|year=1985|publisher=Birth Day Publishing Company |url=https://archive.org/details/mybabai00hisl}}
* {{Cite book|author=Phyllis Krystal|title=Sai Baba: The Ultimate Experience|isbn=978-0877287940|year=1994|page=260|publisher=Red Wheel Weiser }}
* {{Cite book|author=Don Mario Mazzoleni|title=A Catholic Priest Meets Sai Baba|isbn=978-0962983511|year=1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/catholicpriestme00mazz/page/285 285]|publisher=Leela Press |url=https://archive.org/details/catholicpriestme00mazz/page/285}}
* {{Cite book|author=Erlendur Haraldsson|title=Modern Miracles: An Investigative Report on These Psychic Phenomena Associated With Sathya Sai Baba|isbn=978-0803893849|year=1997|page=[https://archive.org/details/modernmiracles00erle/page/315 315]|publisher=Hastings House |url=https://archive.org/details/modernmiracles00erle/page/315}}
* {{Cite book|author=Vladimir Antonov|title=Sathya Sai Baba – The Christ of Our Days|isbn=978-1438252766|year=2008|page=38|publisher=CreateSpace }}
* {{Cite book|author=Tommy S. W. Wong|title=How Sai Baba Attracts Without Direct Contact|isbn=978-1448604166|year=2009|page=108|publisher=T.S.W. Wong }}
* {{Cite book|author=Tulasi Srinivas|title=Winged Faith: Rethinking Globalization and Religious Pluralism Through the Sathya Sai Movement|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231149334|year=2010|page=430}}
* {{Cite book|author=David Smith|title="Hinduism" Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415858809|year=2016}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.sathyasai.org/ International Sai Organization]
* {{Curlie|Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Hinduism/Gurus_and_Saints/Sathya_Sai_Baba/}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Sathya Sai Baba}}

{{Sathya Sai Baba}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}
{{Religious pluralism}}

{{Authority control}}



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[[Category:People considered avatars by their followers]]
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[[Category:Religious pluralism]]
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Robert Brasillach

2024-10-01T23:34:33Z

136.32.60.170: /* Cultural references */

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{short description|French author and journalist (1909–1945)}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Robert Brasillach
| other_names =
| image = Brasillach portrait.jpg
| caption = Robert Brasillach (1938)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 31 March 1909
| birth_place = [[Perpignan]], France
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1945|02|06|1909|03|31}}
| death_place = Fort de Montrouge, [[Arcueil]], France
| death_cause = [[Execution by firing squad]]
| known =
| occupation = Journalist, author
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relations =
| website =
| footnotes =
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| conviction = [[Treason]]
| criminal_penalty = [[Capital punishment|Death]]
}}
'''Robert Brasillach''' ({{IPA|fr|ʁɔbɛʁ bʁazijak|-|Fr-Robert Brasillach.oga}}; 31 March 1909 – 6 February 1945) was a French author and journalist. He was the editor of ''[[Je suis partout]]'', a nationalist newspaper which advocated [[fascist]] movements and supported [[Jacques Doriot]]. After the liberation of France in 1944, he was [[capital punishment|executed]] following a trial and [[Charles de Gaulle]]'s express refusal to grant him a pardon. Brasillach was executed for advocating [[collaborationism]], denunciation and incitement to murder. The execution remains a subject of some controversy, because Brasillach was executed for "intellectual crimes", rather than military or political actions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lawrence |first=Osborne |author-link=Lawrence Osborne |date=29 March 2000 |title=Poison pen |url=https://www.salon.com/2000/03/29/kaplan_2/ |url-status=live |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623202603/https://www.salon.com/2000/03/29/kaplan_2/ |archive-date=23 June 2016 |access-date=7 September 2019}}</ref>

==Biography==
Robert Brasillach was born in [[Perpignan]] on 31 March 1909, the son of Lieutenant Arthémile Brasillach, who served in the colonial regiment of [[Marshall Lyautey]] in [[French Protectorate in Morocco|Morocco]], and Marguerite Brasillach, [[née]] Redo.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=1}} He studied at the [[École normale supérieure]], at the time a school of the [[University of Paris]], and then became a [[novelist]] and [[literary critic]] for the [[Action française]] of [[Charles Maurras]]. After the [[6 February 1934 crisis]] in the [[Place de la Concorde]], Brasillach openly supported fascism. His politics are shared by several of the protagonists in his literary works, notably the two male main characters in ''The Seven Colours'' (see below).

===Author===
Brasillach wrote both fiction and non-fiction. While his fiction dealt with love, life and politics in his era, his non-fiction dealt with a great variety of themes, ranging from drama, great literary figures and contemporary world events. His work in the realm of cinema history (see below) was particularly influential.

====Cinema====
Brasillach was fascinated by the cinema and in 1935 co-wrote a detailed critical history of that medium, ''[[The History of Motion Pictures|Histoire du cinéma]]'' (re-edited in 1943), with his brother-in-law, [[Maurice Bardèche]]. This work remained the "most prominent aesthetic history of film for at least a decade", and a work that exerted considerable influence, via its impact on [[Georges Sadoul]] (who nonetheless disliked the authors) until the 1970s.<ref>David Bordwell, ''On the history of film style'', Harvard University Press, 1997, at p. 40 and 42</ref> Unlike several other authors and critics of the time, Brasillach did not see cinema through an overtly political lens, although the 1943 edition of his work did contain anti-Semitic comments not present in the original.<ref>1943 additions: ''On the history of film style'', p.40</ref> Despite being fervent nationalists and personally believing that each nation and people had a unique cinema, the authors instead focused on international trends rather than local particularities.<ref>''On the history of film style'', p.39</ref> Brasillach frequented [[Henri Langlois]]' ''Cercle du cinéma'' (Cinema Circle). His personal tastes are detailed in his writings of the period. These tastes ranged from Soviet cinema (''[[Battleship Potemkin]]'' and ''[[Alexander Nevsky (film)|Alexander Nevski]]''<ref name="Philippe d 2009">Philippe d'Hughes, "L'étincelante génération Brasillach" 41 (March–April 2009) [[La Nouvelle Revue d'Histoire|NRH]], 25-27</ref>) to film-makers [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[G.W. Pabst]], [[René Clair]] and [[Jean Renoir]] and to some [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] films from directors such as [[John Ford]], [[Frank Borzage]] and [[King Vidor]]. Brasillach was drawn to originality and explored foreign cinema, and became the first major critic in France to address Japanese cinema, the work of [[Yasujirō Ozu]], [[Kenji Mizoguchi]] and [[Heinosuke Gosho]].<ref>see Maurice Bardeche and Robert Brasillach, ''Histoire du cinéma'' «Le cinéma japonais» Tome II, p:381-412, Les sept couleurs, Paris, 1964</ref> While in prison, he worked on a third edition of his work on cinema and began to adapt a work on [[Falstaff]] which he hoped to film with [[Raimu]].

===Politics and wartime activities===
He became an editor of ''[[Je suis partout]]'', a [[fascist]] paper founded by dissidents from the Action Française and led by [[Pierre Gaxotte]]. Brasillach was attracted to the fascistic Rexist movement in Belgium, and wrote an article and later a book about the leader of the movement, [[Leon Degrelle]]. Brasillach admired what he perceived to be Degrelle's youth and charisma and Degrelle's insistence on being neither left nor right, supporting striking workers, encouraging love of God, the King and family and desiring to see the establishment of an anti-communist and anti-capitalist, Christian-influenced corporate state.<ref>"Lettre a une provinciale: visite a Leon Degrelle" ''Je Suis Partout'', 20 juin 1936</ref> Degrelle collaborated with the German occupation of Belgium and served in the [[Waffen-SS]]. Brasillach was also greatly impressed by [[José Antonio Primo de Rivera]] and his [[Falangist]] movement.<ref>Philippe D'Hugues, "Brasillach et l'Allemagne", in [[La Nouvelle Revue d'Histoire]], Numero 50, 2010 at p. 45</ref> By contrast, he described ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' as a "masterpiece of cretinism" in which Hitler appeared to be "a sort of enraged teacher."<ref>Philippe D'Hugues, "Brasillach et l'Allemagne", in [[La Nouvelle Revue d'Histoire]], Numéro 50, 2010 at p. 46</ref>

A soldier in 1940, Brasillach was captured by the Germans and held prisoner for several months after the [[fall of France]]. At his trial, the prosecution alleged that his release was due to pro-German articles written while in captivity.<ref>''Quatre procès de trahison devant la cour de justice de Paris: Paquis, Buchard, Luchaire, Brasillach (réquisitoires et plaidoiries)'' (Les éditions de Paris, 1947)</ref> He was freed in early 1941 and returned to his editorial role at ''Je suis partout''. He wrote in favour of the [[Vichy regime]] but later embraced a more committed germanophile policy of [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|collaboration]] and [[Nazi policies]] and began to criticize the Vichy state. He joined a group of French authors and artists in a trip to meet with German counterparts in Weimar<ref name="Philippe D p. 47">Philippe D'Hugues, "Brasillach et l'Allemagne", in La Nouvelle Revue d'Histoire, Numero 50, 2010 at p. 47</ref> and in November 1942 he supported the German militarisation of the unoccupied zone ([[Case Anton]]) under the Vichy government because it "reunited France".

He visited the site of the [[Katyn massacre]], toured the Eastern Front, visited [[Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism]] and wrote, on his return to France, that he had gone from embracing a collaboration due to reason and rationality to being a collaborator for reasons of the heart ("''De collaborationiste de raison, je suis devenu collaborationiste de coeur''").<ref>Philippe D'Hugues, "Brasillach et l'Allemagne", in La Nouvelle Revue d'Histoire, Numero 50, 2010 at p. 47-48</ref> He published the names and addresses of Jews who had gone into hiding,<ref name="tablet">{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Blake |title=In Praise of Hate |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/289639/in-praise-of-hate |access-date=20 August 2019 |work=[[Tablet Magazine]] |date=19 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> called for the death of [[left-wing]] politicians, and in the summer of 1944 signed the call for the [[summary execution]] of all members of the [[French Resistance]]. He considered himself a "moderate" antisemite and was replaced as editor of ''[[Je suis partout]]'' in 1943 by the even more extreme [[Pierre-Antoine Cousteau]].<ref>for a history of ''Je suis partout'' see: Pierre-Marie Dioudonnat ''Je suis partout (1930-1944). Les maurrassiens devant la tentation fasciste'' (éd. La Table ronde, 1973, rééd. 1987); ''Les 700 rédacteurs de « Je suis partout »'', éd. SEDOPOLS, 1993</ref> He was a member of the [[Groupe Collaboration]], an initiative that encouraged close cultural ties between France and Germany.<ref>Karen Fiss, ''Grand Illusion: The Third Reich, the Paris Exposition, and the Cultural Seduction of France'', University of Chicago Press, 2009, p. 204</ref> He worked for various journals, including ''Révolution nationale'' and ''le Petit Parisien''.<ref name="Philippe D p. 47"/> After the [[liberation of Paris]], Brasillach hid in an attic, joking in his diary: "Jews have been living in cupboards for four years, why not imitate them?"{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=71}} He surrendered on 14 September when he heard that his mother had been arrested. He spent the next five months in prison and continued his literary endeavours while incarcerated.

===Trial and execution===
Brasillach was tried in Paris on 19 January 1945. The trial judge had served under Vichy.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=187}} The prosecutor reiterated Brasillach's vehement antisemitism, linked his praise of Germany and denunciation of the Resistance to SS massacres in France and played upon [[homophobic]] sentiments by repeatedly drawing the jurors' attention to the author's [[homosexuality]] (alleged, but denied by those who knew him best), noting, ''inter alia'', that he had slept with the enemy and approved of Germany's "penetration" of France.<ref>"Quatre procès de trahison".</ref><ref name="tablet" /> In so doing, the prosecution was making hay with Brasillach's own words, as he had suggested, as Liberation approached, that France had slept with Germany and would remember the experience fondly. Brasillach was sentenced to death. Brasillach responded to the outrage of some of his supporters then in attendance by saying "It's an honour!"{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=187}}

The death sentence caused an uproar in French literary circles and even some of Brasillach's political opponents protested. Resistance member and author [[François Mauriac]], whom Brasillach had savaged in the press, circulated a petition to [[Charles de Gaulle]] to commute the sentence. This petition was signed by many of the leading lights of the French literary world, including [[Paul Valéry]], [[Paul Claudel]], [[Albert Camus]], [[Jean Cocteau]], [[Colette]], [[Arthur Honegger]], [[Jean Anouilh]] and [[Thierry Maulnier]].<ref>Jean Lacouture, La raison de l'autre, Montesquieu, Mauriac, Confluences, 2002.</ref> De Gaulle did not comply and Brasillach was executed by [[firing squad]] in [[Montrouge]]. It has been argued that De Gaulle refused to spare Brasillach because the author had on numerous occasions called for [[Georges Mandel]]'s execution. De Gaulle admired Mandel, a prominent conservative politician (who happened to be Jewish), and who was murdered by the [[Milice]] during the closing days of the Occupation.<ref>Jean-Luc Barré, « Brasillach, Robert (1909-1945) », Dictionnaire de Gaulle, Paris, Éditions Robert Laffont, coll. Bouquins, 2006, p. 147.</ref> Brasillach called out "But all the same, long live France!" ("Vive la France quand même!") immediately before his execution.{{sfn|Kaplan|2000|p=210}} He was buried in the cimetière de [[Charonne]] in the 20th Arrondissement of [[Paris]]. His brother-in-law, [[Maurice Bardèche]], was later buried next to him.

===Legacy===
Brasillach sought to protect his own legacy as his life drew to a close. He composed several works while awaiting trial and execution, including a collection of verse and a letter to French youth of the future, explaining and justifying his actions (''Lettre à un soldat de la classe de soixante'' (Lettre), see below). In ''Lettre'' he was unrepentant about his fascism, his anti-Semitism or his wartime activity, although he insisted that he had no idea that deported French Jews were being murdered.

Brasillach's trial and execution inspired [[Simone de Beauvoir]]'s essay "[[An Eye for an Eye (essay)|An Eye for an Eye]]", in which she defended the role of emotion (especially hatred) in politics and the role of revenge in punishment.<ref name="tablet" />

His biographer [[Alice Kaplan]] noted that his death made him the "[[James Dean]] of French fascism" and a martyr to the extreme right. [[François Truffaut]] was both aware and appreciative of Brasillach, stating that Brasillach and [[Pierre Drieu La Rochelle]] shared similar political beliefs and that "views that earn their advocates the death penalty are bound to be worthy of esteem."<ref>Antoine de Baecque and Serge Toubiana, ''Truffaut: A Biography'' (University of California Press, 1999)at p. 85</ref>

[[Dominique Venner]]'s ''[[La Nouvelle Revue d'Histoire|Nouvelle Revue d'Histoire]]'' has praised the author's intellectual oeuvre.<ref name="Philippe d 2009"/>

A group called ''Association des Amis de Robert Brasillach''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brasillach.ch/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403092251/http://brasillach.ch/ |archive-date=3 April 2009 |title=...::: Bienvenue sur le site des ARB :::...}}</ref> celebrates the author's work and legacy.

====Cultural references====
*The [[Jean-Luc Godard]] film ''[[Éloge de l'amour]]'' features the recitation of Brasillach's "Testament", written before his execution.
*Brasillach is described in [[Jonathan Littell]]'s novel ''[[Les Bienveillantes]]'', where he is one of the fellow students of the main character Maximilian Aue.
*Twentieth century French composer [[Denise Roger]] used Brasillach's texts in some of her songs. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Denise Isabelle Roger Song Texts {{!}} LiederNet |url=https://www.lieder.net/lieder/get_settings.html?ComposerId=24282 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=www.lieder.net}}</ref>
*French [[black metal]] band [[Peste Noire]] dedicated "Psaume IV" from the album ''Folkfuck Folie'' to Brasillach.

==Works==
Below is a list of Brasillach's oeuvre (fiction, non-fiction and poetry), including posthumous works. Certain works have been briefly summarised.

===Novels===
*1932 ''Le Voleur d'étincelles'' (The Spark Thief/The Stealer of Sparks)
*1934 ''L'Enfant de la nuit'' (Child of the Night)
*1936 ''Le Marchand d'oiseaux'' (The Bird Merchant)
*1937 ''Comme le temps passe'' (How The Time Passes By), nominated for [[Prix Femina]] 1937
*1939 ''Les Sept Couleurs'' (The Seven Colors), nominated for [[Prix Goncourt]] 1939.

:The book begins with the courtship of Patrice and Catherine, two students, in Paris in the 1920s. At one point the young couple meet two children, who are also called Patrice and Catherine and who claim to be a couple. His studies completed, Patrice leaves to work in Italy, where he becomes enamoured with Italian fascism. Catherine, desiring a more stable relationship, eventually marries a Communist she has met at the office where she works, François. Patrice leaves Italy and serves a five-year stint in the Foreign Legion, where he befriends a young Nazi. After his time in the Legion, Patrice goes to work in Nazi Germany, where he finds Nazi ritual (e.g. Nuremberg rallies, the banners and marches) very engaging. Patrice learns from a friend from his Paris days that François has become a fascist, having turned from both Communism and the Third Republic following the [[6 February 1934 crisis]] in which the extreme right rioted against government "corruption" and perhaps planned to overthrow the state. Ten years after he last saw Catherine, Patrice returns to Paris to visit Catherine and she agrees to go away with him but asks for a few days to collect her thoughts. She decides to stay with François instead, but François misunderstands and believes she has left him. François leaves France without a word and joins the Nationalist cause in the [[Spanish Civil War]], where he has a brief encounter with the Nazi Patrice met in the Foreign Legion. Catherine stays faithful to François, although she meets a young Frenchman who fought for the Republicans in Spain and who turns out to be the young Patrice she had met while he was a child in the 1920s. Meanwhile, the elder Patrice marries a young German woman. The book ends with Catherine on her way to visit François in hospital in Spain after learning that he has been seriously wounded at the front.

:The title of the book stems from the seven styles in which it is written: a narrative of Patrice and Catherine's time together in the 1920s; letters exchanged between Patrice and Catherine while Patrice is in Italy; Patrice's journal entries while he is in Germany; a series of reflections or maxims, mainly on the process of aging and turning 30; dialogue, in the form of a play, between François and Catherine and Catherine and Patrice in the mid-1930s; a series of "documents" François has put together in a scrap book about the Spanish Civil War; and finally a "speech" ("discours"), in which Catherine describes her thoughts as she travels to meet François in hospital.

:The book is very sympathetic to fascism as a regenerating ideology. However, given his future as a collaborator, readers may be surprised that Communism and socialism are not attacked outright and that the "Patrice" character mentions several times that Nazism may not be as enduring as fascism and that Frenchmen may have to fight the Germans in the future. Also, it is of note that Catherine, who calls herself a "[[petite bourgeoise]]" and who exemplifies French rationalism (and perhaps represents France herself) as noted in the dialogue section, chooses François, the French/native fascist and turns away from Patrice, who has immersed himself in Italian and German ideology.

*1943 ''La Conquérante'' (The Conqueror; gender suggests a female conqueror)
*1944 ''Poèmes'' (Poems)
*1944 ''Poèmes''

===Non-fiction===
*1931 ''Présence de Virgile'' (The Presence of Virgil)
*1932 ''Le Procès de Jeanne d'Arc'' (edited and introduced by Robert Brasillach) (The Trial of Joan of Arc)
*1935 ''Portraits. Barrès, Proust, Maurras, Colette, Giraudoux, Morand, Cocteau, Malraux, etc.,'' (Portraits)
*1935 (re-edited in 1943) ''[[The History of Motion Pictures|Histoire du Cinéma]]'', two volumes (with [[Maurice Bardèche]])
*1936, ''Animateurs de théâtre'' (Theater Directors/Organizers)
*1936 ''Léon Degrelle et l'avenir de « Rex »'' ([[Léon Degrelle]] and the Future of the ''[[Rexist Party]]'')
* 1936 ''Les Cadets de l'Alcazar'' (with [[Henri Massis]], see French Wikipedia) (The Cadets of the Alcazar); later renamed the ''Defenders of the Alcazar''
:This short work chronicles the [[siege of the Alcazar]] in Toledo by Republican forces in 1936 during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. While it lionises the defenders, Brasillach does not shy from mentioning the execution of the Republican prisoners in Toledo's hospitals after the relief of the city and the Alcazar. The author also discounts certain elements of Nationalist propaganda concerning La Pasionaria, Communist [[Dolores Ibárruri]]. The work remains heavily pro-Nationalist, with [[Falangist]] and [[Carlist]] songs reprinted in its pages.
*1938 ''Pierre Corneille'', a biography of the famous dramatist
* 1939 ''Histoire de la guerre d’Espagne'' (with Maurice Bardèche) (History of the Spanish Civil War)
*1941 ''Notre avant-guerre'' (Our pre-war)
* 1944 ''Les Quatre Jeudis'' (The Four Thursdays) A series of articles about literature, literary figures, trends, politics and society largely published in the press earlier in Brasillach's career (drawn from articles often originally printed on Thursdays).

===Posthumously published works===
*1945 ''Poèmes de Fresnes''
*1946 ''Lettre à un soldat de la classe 60'' (Letter to a Soldier of the Class of 1960).
:In this 'letter', written while Brasillach was awaiting trial, the author expressed his thoughts and hopes to a future generation. He argued that he had few regrets about his social and political role in World War II era France. He admitted that certain excesses had occurred under the occupation but contrasted the Germans' worst crimes against Frenchmen (e.g. the [[Oradour-sur-Glane massacre]]) to the well documented atrocities committed by the French in their colonial empire, especially Indochina. He re-iterated his commitment to anti-semitism, although he insisted that he did not know of and entirely repudiated the holocaust despite having advocated the deportations of French Jewry. In the letter Brasillach insists that Franco-German relations would inevitably continue to improve and that the occupation had ultimately brought the two nations closer together. While these statements would have shocked many at the time, when one considers the rapid rapprochement between the two nations post-war, the general idea of Franco-German unity he expressed in some way presages the development of Franco-German cooperation and the pivotal role of the two nations in the European Community/Union, although the causes of this rapprochement may not have been what he foresaw. Brasillach also re-iterated his commitment to fascism and argued that, whether it survived as an ideology or not, the generation of the class of 1960 would doubtless look back on and consider German fascism with a sense of awe. Brasillach also argued that he believed that the spirit of fascism should be mixed with the English sense of liberty and free expression, despite the apparent contradiction in terms.

*1947 ''Chénier, La Pensée française'' (Chénier: French Thought)
*1950 ''Anthologie de la poésie grecque'' (Anthology of Greek Poetry) {{ISBN|2-253-01517-2}}
*1952 ''Lettres écrites en prison'' (Letters Written in Prison)
*1953 ''Six heures à perdre'' (Six Hours to Kill)
*1954 ''Bérénice'' (Berenice) (play, first run - 1957)
*1955 ''Journal d'un homme occupé'' (Journal of a (Pre)Occupied Man)
*1961 ''Poètes oubliés'' (Forgotten Poets)
*1961 ''Dom Rémy''
*1962 ''Commentaire sur La Varende'' (Commentary on La Varende)
*1963 ''En marge de Daphnis et Chloé'' (On the Edge of Daphnis and Chloé)
*1963 ''Nouvelle prière sur l'Acropole'' (New Prayer on the Acropolis)
*1967 ''Écrit à Fresnes'' (Written at Fresnes)
*1968 ''Une génération dans l'orage'' (A Generation in the Storm)
*1970 ''Vingt lettres de Robert Brasillach'' (Twenty Letters)
*1971 ''Abel Bonnard'' biography
*1974 ''Les Captifs'' incomplete novel
*1984 ''Le Paris de Balzac'' (Balzac's Paris)
*1985 ''Hugo et le snobisme révolutionnaire'' (Hugo and Revolutionary Snobbism)
*1985 ''Montherlant entre les hommes et les femmes'' (Montherlant between Men and Women)
*1992 ''Fulgur'' novel, compilation
*1999 ''La Question juive, articles de Brasillach et Cousteau'' (The Jewish Question: Articles by Brasillach and Cousteau)
*2002 ''Relectures Robert Brasillach'' (Re-reading Robert Brasillach)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
; Bibliography
*{{Cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Alice|title=The Collaborator: The Trial and Execution of Robert Brasillach|date=2000|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-42414-9|author-link=Alice Kaplan}}

==Further reading==
* ''Fascist Ego: A Political Biography of Robert Brasillach'' by William R. Tucker {{ISBN|0-520-02710-8}}
* ''The Ideological Hero in the Novels of Robert Brasillach, Roger Vailland & Andre Malraux'' by Peter D. Tame {{ISBN|0-8204-3126-5}}
* ''Translation of Notre Avant-Guerre/Before the War'' by Robert Brasillach, Peter Tame {{ISBN|0-7734-7158-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Wesseling|first=H. L.|title=Certain ideas of France: essays on French history and civilization|year=2002|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|location= [[Westport, Connecticut]]|isbn=978-0-313-32341-6|chapter =Chapter 6: Robert Brasillach and the Temptation of Fascism}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120415112714/http://users.dickinson.edu/~laurent/french365d/images/bot_03.html Photograph]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121020174506/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2056321,00.html ''Killed for His Words''] by Richard Corliss
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040824033326/http://www.dukemagazine.duke.edu/alumni/dm29/words.html ''NOXIOUS WORDS, HEINOUS ACTS, THE POWER OF SPEECH''] by Kim Koster
* [http://www.robertfulford.com/Collaborators.html Robert Fulford's column about Marguerite Duras & Robert Brasillach] from The [[National Post]]

{{French far right}}
{{Holocaust France}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brasillach, Robert}}

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Kingdom of Cochin

2024-10-01T23:15:17Z

136.32.60.170:

{{Short description|Monarchy in India (before 12th century–1949)}}
{{hatnote|Not to be confused with the Kingdom of [[Cochinchina]], also known as [[Đàng Trong]].}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{POV|date=January 2018}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = ''Kochi Rajyam''
| image_flag = Flag of the Kingdom of Cochin.svg
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Cochin
| common_name = Cochin
| status = [[Protectorate]]
| empire =
| status_text = * Independent Kingdom (12th Century CE–1370)
*Under the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (1370–1565)
* Independent Kingdom (1565–1766)
* Under the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (1766–1799)
* Semi-Independent Kingdom; Subordinately alliance with the East India Company (1799–1815)
* [[Princely State]] of the [[British Empire]] (1815–1947)
| capital = [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]] [[Ponnani]] [[Kodungallur]] [[Thripunithura]] [[Thrissur]] [[Mattancherry]]
| government_type = [[Absolute monarchy]] [[Princely state]]
| leader_title1 = [[Raja]]
| year_start = 12th century CE<ref name="askh"/>
| year_end = 1 July 1949
| p1 = Chera Dynasty
| s1 = Travancore-Cochin
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_coat =
| image_map = Map of the Kingdom of Cochin.jpg
| image_map_alt = Cochin
| common_languages = [[Malayalam]]
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| year_leader1 = 12th century CE (first)
| leader1 = Veera Kerala Varma
| year_leader2 = 1948–1949 (last)
| leader2 = [[Rama Varma Parikshith Thampuran|Rama Varma XVIII]]
| title_deputy = [[Divan|Diwan]]
| year_deputy1 = 1812–1818 (first)
| deputy1 = John Munro
| year_deputy2 = 1944–1947 (last)
| deputy2 = [[C. P. Karunakara Menon]]
| religion = '''Majority''': [[Hinduism]] (official) '''Minority''': [[Christianity]] [[Judaism]] [[Islam]]
| currency = [[Rupee]] and Other Local Currencies
| today = [[India]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP = 600.03 crores USD
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}

The '''kingdom of Cochin''', also known as the '''kingdom of Kochi''' or later as '''Cochin state''', named after its capital in the city of [[Kochi]] (Cochin), was a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] kingdom in the central part of present-day [[Kerala state]]. It commenced at the early part of the 12th century and continued to rule until its accession to the [[Dominion of India]] in 1949.

Historically, the capital of Cochin was in [[Kodungallur]] ([[Cranganore]]), but in 1341, the capital was moved to Cochin to remedy a disastrous flood. By the early 15th century, Cochin lost its ability to fully defend itself. By the late 15th century, the kingdom had shrunk to its minimal extent as a result of invasions by the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].

When [[Portuguese armadas]] arrived in India, the kingdom of Cochin had lost its [[vassal]]s to the [[Zamorins]], including [[Edapalli]] and Cranganore, the later of which had even been at the centre of the kingdom historically. Cochin was looking for an opportunity to preserve its independence, which was at risk. King Unni Goda Varma warmly welcomed [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] on 24 December 1500 and negotiated a treaty of alliance between Portugal and the Cochin kingdom, directed against the Zamorin of Calicut. A number of forts were built in the area and controlled by the [[Portuguese East Indies]], the most important of which was [[Fort Manuel of Cochin|Fort Manuel]]. Cochin became a long-term [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] protectorate (1503–1663) providing assistance against native and foreign powers in India. After the [[Luso-Dutch War]], the [[Dutch East India Company]] (1663–1795) was an ally of Cochin. That was followed by the [[British East India Company]] (1795–1858, confirmed on 6 May 1809) after the [[Anglo-Dutch War]], with [[British paramountcy]] over the Cochin state.
[[File:Madras map 1913.jpg|thumb|Madras State Map 1913]]

The [[kingdom of Travancore]] merged with the kingdom of Cochin to form the state of [[Travancore-Cochin]] in 1950. The five [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-majority [[Tehsil|taluk]]s of [[Vilavancode]], [[Kalkulam]], [[Thovalai]], [[Agastheeswaram]], and [[Sengottai]] were transferred from [[Travancore-Cochin]] to [[Madras State]] in 1956.<ref name="Kerala">{{Cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1956-37.pdf|title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956|website=legislative.gov.in|publisher=Government of India}}</ref> The [[Malayalam]]-speaking regions of Travancore-Cochin merged with the [[Malabar District]] (excluding [[Laccadive Islands|Laccadive]] and [[Minicoy]] Islands) and the [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]] taluk of [[South Canara]] district in [[Madras State]] to form the modern [[Malayalam]]-state of [[Kerala]] on 1 November 1956, according to the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Kerala"/>

The kingdom of Cochin, originally known as Perumpadappu Swarupam, was under the rule of the [[Kulasekhara dynasty (Second Cheras)|Later Chera]]s in the [[Middle Ages]]. After the fall of the [[Kulasekhara dynasty (Second Cheras)|Mahodayapuram Cheras]] in the 12th century, along with numerous other provinces Perumpadappu Swarupam became a free political entity. However, it was only after the arrival of Portuguese on the Malabar Coast that the Perumpadappu Swarupam acquires any political importance. Perumpadappu rulers had family relationships with the Nambudiri rulers of [[Edappally]]. After the transfer of [[Kochi]] and [[Vypin]] from the Edappally rulers to the Perumpadappu rulers, the latter came to be known as kings of Kochi.

==Territories==

[[File:Kochi 1960 street.jpg|thumb|left|Cochin in the 1960s, just a few years after joining the union]]

During 1800 to 1947, the kingdom of Cochin included much of modern-day [[Thrissur district]] excluding Chavakkad taluk, a few areas of [[Alathur]] taluk and the whole of [[Chittur]] taluk of the [[Palakkad district]] and Kochi taluk (excluding [[Fort Kochi]]), most of [[Kanayannur]] taluk (excluding [[Edappally]]), parts of [[Aluva]] taluk ([[Karukutty]], [[Angamaly]], [[Kalady]], [[Chowwara]], [[Kanjoor]], [[Sreemoolanagaram]], [[Malayattoor]], [[Manjapra]]), parts of [[Kunnathunad]] taluk and parts of [[Paravur Taluk]] ([[Chendamangalam]]) of the [[Ernakulam district]] which are now the part of [[Kerala]].

==History==

=== Origin ===

There is no extant written evidence about the emergence of the kingdom of Cochin or of the Cochin royal family, also known as Perumpadapu Swaroopam.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.com/ke_historyancient.htm|title=Kerala History|author=Kerala.com|year=2007|access-date=7 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110143725/http://www.kerala.com/ke_historyancient.htm|archive-date=10 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> All that is recorded are folk tales and stories, and a somewhat blurred historical picture about the origins of the ruling dynasty.

The surviving manuscripts, such as ''[[Keralolpathi]]'', ''Keralamahatmyam'', and ''Perumpadapu Grandavari'', are collections of myths and legends that are less than reliable as conventional historical sources.

The ''Perumpadapu Grandavari'' contains an additional account of the dynastic origins: <blockquote>The last ''Thavazhi'' of ''Perumpadapu Swaroopam'' came into existence on the ''[[Kali Yuga|Kaliyuga]]'' day ''shodashangamsurajyam''. [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals|Cheraman Perumal]] divided the land in half, 17 "amsa" north of Neelaeswaram and 17 amsa south, totaling 34 amsa, and gave his powers to his nephews and sons. Thirty-four kingdoms between [[Kanyakumari (town)|Kanyakumari]] and [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] (now in [[Karnataka]]) were given to the "thampuran" who was the daughter of the last niece of Cheraman Perumal.</blockquote>

[[Keralolpathi]] recorded the division of his kingdom in 345 [[Common Era]], Perumpadapu Grandavari in 385 [[Common Era]], [[William Logan (Malabar Manual)|William Logan]] in 825 [[Common Era]]. There are no written records on these earlier divisions of [[Kerala]], but according to some historians the division might have occurred during the Second [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] kingdom at the beginning of the 12th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pillai, Elamkulam Kunjan| title=Studies in Kerala History|year=1970}}</ref>
{{Keralahistory}}

===Early history===

The original headquarters of the kingdom was at [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]] near [[Ponnani]] in present-day [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="askh"/> The ruler of [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]] (near [[Ponnani]]) fled to [[Kodungallur]] in the early medieval period, when the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] annexed [[Ponnani]] region, after [[Tirunavaya]] war.<ref name="askh">A Survey of Kerala History, A. Sreedhara Menon, DC Books, Kottayam (2007)</ref>

[[Kozhikode|Calicut]] ([[Porlathiri]] kingdom) was conquered by [[Zamorin]] of [[Eranad]], who then conquered parts of Perumpadappu kingdom, and tried to assert his suzerainty over it.

Although losing their northern homeland and original capital, the Perumpadappu dynasty maintained a kingdom over a vast area in central Kerala (still formally referred to as "Perumpadappu Swaroopam"). Their state stretched from Pukkaitha in the north, [[Anaimalai Hills|Aanamala]] in the east, to [[Purakkad]] in the south.<ref name="Ayyar, p.128">Ayyar, p.128</ref>

=== Royal dynasty and succession ===

The Perumpadappu dynasty eventually produced five branches (Mutts, Elaya, Pallurutti, Madattumkil and Chaliyur), each with its own family seat, retainers and military of [[Nair]]s. But the five branches (''tavali'') came together under a common ruling king (''raja''), which was the oldest male member of all five branches together.<ref name="Ayyar, p.128"/>

The Perumpadappu (and future Cochin) royal dynasty followed matriarchal rules of succession common in [[Kerala]] (similar to [[Travancore royal family|Travancore]]).<ref>Mennon, p.480</ref> Succession went via the female line – that is, not to the king's sons, but to his uterine brothers and then to his sisters' sons (i.e. nephews). In theory, the successor should be the next oldest in age among potential candidates. This was later relaxed, and in practice kingship became elective, to ensure the successor was not too old or incompetent. The overlooked true elder was compensated with symbolic or ceremonial dignities (notably the religiously significant title ''Muppustanam'').<ref name="Mennon, p.481">Mennon, p.481</ref>

Retirement was also forced – it was customary and expected for a king to retire upon reaching a certain old age or military inability, withdrawing to take up a religious life. Power was passed over to his successor, or to a regent until the successor came of age.

Succession often led to quarrels among the five branches. The Zamorin of Calicut exploited these family quarrels, sometimes in the role of arbitrator, allowing him to increase his influence in the southern kingdom.

=== Transition to Cochin ===

The future city of Cochin was originally just a small village along a long embankment. Violent floods and overflows of the [[Periyar River]] in 1341 forced the opening of the outlet between the [[Vembanad lagoon]] and the [[Arabian Sea]] at the juncture where Cochin now sits, separating the long Cochinese peninsula (''karapuram'') from what is now [[Vypin]] island.<ref>Hunter's ''Imperial Gazetteer'' (1908, p.360).</ref>

As the waterways connecting Cranganore to the sea were silting up, commercial traffic began re-directing away from Cranganore to the new break at Cochin, and merchant families began to relocate and set up warehouses and eventually homes there. The once-great old port city of [[Kodungallur]] (Cranganore) declined as the new port-city of [[Kochi]] (Cochin) rose in wealth and importance. The urban center of the early city developed on relatively high ground in the village of [[Mattancherry]] (now a district in Kochi city, once called "''Cochim de Cima''").

The original owners of the territory of what later became Cochin city was the Ellangallur royal family of the Rajas of [[Edapalli]] (''Repelim'') (on the east side of the lagoon).<ref>Ayyar, p.129</ref> Drawn from the Brahmin class, the Edapalli royal family followed different rules of succession. In the early 1400s, the king of Edapalli had married a sister of the Elaya branch of Perumpadappu, and so their son was doubly royal heir to two houses – via father to Edapalli, via mother to Perumpadappu . But he was apparently not first in the line of succession to Perumpadappu.

In the early 1400s, the King of Edapalli granted part of his lands, specifically southern Vypin island and northern part of Karapuram peninsula around the new break, as an appanage fief for his prince son. It was originally not supposed to be a permanent cession, but rather to serve as a training ground, to allow the heir to cultivate his governing skills. Upon succession to his father, he was expected to move across the lagoon to Edapalli, and cede Cochin as a seat to the next heir. As the ruler was always a prince in training, he was addressed as "''Kocchu Thampuran''" (meaning 'junior lord' or 'junior king'), thus the fief became known as "Kochi/Cochin" after him. So the original "kingdom of Cochin" (''Kochi rajyam'') started off as a small Edapalli offshoot, distinct and separate from the much larger Perumpadappu state.<ref>M.L. Dames (1921) ''Book of Duarte Barbosa'', p.94-95</ref>

The growing wealth of Cochin gave the junior prince in Cochin power and ascendancy, eventually enabling him to assert himself as king over senior relatives from other branches of the Perumpadappu dynasty, as well as allowing him to detach Cochin from Edapalli, and chart his own separate course.

As a result of this transition, the large "kingdom of Perumpadappu" ([[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|''Perumpadappu Swaroopam'']]) came to be referred to as the "kingdom of Cochin",<ref name="askh"/> and the capital of the kingdom shifted from Kodungallur to Vypin in present-day Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geni.com/projects/Kingdom-of-Cochin-The-Cochin-Royal-Family/1940|title = Kingdom of Cochin & the Cochin Royal Family. Genealogy project}}</ref> During the new kingdom, rules were changed to confine succession within the Elaya branch of Cochin, rather across all branches of Perumpadappu (much to the chagrin of the branches).<ref name="Mennon, p.481"/>

=== Ming dynasty alliance (1411–1433) ===

The port at [[Kozhikode]], also known as Calicut, held superior economic and political position on the medieval Kerala coast, while [[Kannur]], [[Kollam]], and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<ref name="Malekandathil">''The Portuguese, Indian Ocean and European Bridgeheads 1500–1800''. Festschrift in Honour of Prof. K. S. Mathew (2001). Edited by: Pius Malekandathil and T. Jamal Mohammed. Fundacoa Oriente. Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities of MESHAR (Kerala)</ref> On the Malabar coast during the early 15th century, Calicut and Cochin were in an intense rivalry, so the [[Ming dynasty]] of China decided to intervene by granting special status to Cochin and its ruler, known as ''Keyili'' (可亦里) to the Chinese.<ref name=sen16-616-7>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=The Impact of Zheng He's Expeditions on Indian Ocean Interactions |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=2016 |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=609–636 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X16001038}}.</ref> Calicut had been the dominant port-city in the region, but Cochin was emerging as its main rival.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> For the fifth [[Ming treasure voyage]], Admiral [[Zheng He]] was instructed to confer a seal upon ''Keyili'' of Cochin and designate a mountain in his kingdom as the ''Zhenguo Zhi Shan'' (鎮國之山, Mountain Which Protects the Country).<ref name=sen16-616-7/> Zheng He delivered a stone tablet, inscribed with a proclamation composed by the [[Yongle Emperor]] himself, to Cochin.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> As long as Cochin remained under the protection of Ming China, the [[Zamorin of Calicut]] was unable to invade Cochin and a military conflict was averted.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> The cessation of the [[Ming treasure voyages]] consequently had negative results for Cochin, as the Zamorin of Calicut later launched an invasion against Cochin.<ref name=sen16-616-7/> In the late 15th century, the Zamorin occupied Cochin and installed his representative as the king.<ref name=sen16-616-7/>

=== Vassal of Calicut===

The conflict between the upstart king of Cochin and his relatives of Perumpadappu branches (eager to recover their role) and Edapalli (eager to recover its land), drew in the interference of the [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]], who attacked Cochin in the name of justice for the relatives. The Zamorin's armies were eventually successful and imposed a settlement, which confined the king of Cochin to his domains, and extracted an oath of vassalage to Calicut. The kingdom of Cochin was required to obtain the Zamorin's consent during succession, and obliged to provide annual tribute and troops to the Zamorin's campaigns.<ref>Ayyar, p.131</ref>

This was roughly the situation when the Portuguese arrived in 1500. The kingdom of Cochin was half-in-vassalage, half-at-war with the Zamorin of Calicut. The king of Cochin, Unni Goda Varda (referred to as "Trimumpara Raja" in Portuguese chronicles) was grating at the settlement.<ref>Mennon, p.482; Ayyar, p.131-32</ref><ref>''Book of Duarte Barbosa'', v.2, p.94-95.</ref> He perceived an alliance with Portuguese arms as way to overthrow the Zamorin's power, recover Cochin's independence and impose his ascendancy over his relatives.

=== Portuguese alliance (1500–1663) ===

[[File:Mattancherry palace bhagvathy kshetram.JPG|thumb|left|[[Mattancherry Palace]]-temple, built by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] as a gift to Raja Veera Kerala Varma I ]]

The Portuguese arrived at [[Kappad]], [[Kozhikode]] in 1498 during the [[Age of Discovery]], thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to India.<ref>DC Books, Kottayam (2007), A. Sreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> Cochin was the scene of the first European settlement in India. In the year 1500, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] Admiral [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] landed at Cochin after being repelled from [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]. The Raja of Cochin welcomed the Portuguese and a treaty of friendship was signed. The raja allowed them to build a [[factory (trading post)|factory]] at Cochin (and upon Cabral's departure Cochin allowed thirty Portuguese and four [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] friars to stay in the kingdom). Assured by the offer of support, the raja declared war on his enemy, the [[Zamorin]]s of Calicut.

In 1502, a new expedition under the command of [[Vasco da Gama]] arrived at Cochin, and the friendship was renewed. Vasco da Gama later bombarded Calicut{{citation needed|date=January 2018}} and destroyed the Arab factories there. This enraged the Zamorin, the ruler of Calicut, and he attacked Cochin after the departure of Vasco da Gama and destroyed the Portuguese factory. The raja of Cochin and his Portuguese allies were forced to withdraw to [[Vypin]] Island. However, the arrival of a small reinforcement Portuguese fleet and, some days later of [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] and the oncoming monsoons alarmed the Zamorin. Calicut recalled the army and abandoned the siege.

[[File:Thomasreliquiar Kondungallur.jpg|thumb|[[Relic]] of [[Thomas the Apostle]], kept in the sanatorium of a [[Syro-Malabar|Syrian Church]]]]

After securing the throne for the Raja of Cochin, the Portuguese got permission to build a fort – [[Fort Emmanuel]] (at [[Fort Kochi]], named after the king of Portugal) – surrounding the Portuguese factory, in order to protect it from any further attacks from Calicut and on 27 September 1503 the foundations of a timber fort, the first fort erected by the Portuguese in India, were laid. The entire work of construction was commissioned by the local raja, who supplied workers and material. In 1505, the stone fortress replaced the wooden fort. Later, for a better defence of the town, a fort called [[Pallipuram Fort|"Castelo de Cima"]] was built on Vypeen Island. At the departure of the Portuguese fleet, only [[Duarte Pacheco Pereira]] and a small fleet were left in Cochin. Meanwhile, the Zamorin of Calicut formed a massive force and attacked them. For five months, Cochin kingdom was able to drive back [[Battle of Cochin (1504)|Calicut's assaults]], with the help of Pacheco Pereira and his men.

The ruler of the [[kingdom of Tanur]], who was a vassal to the [[Zamorin of Calicut]], sided with the Portuguese against his overlord at [[Kozhikode]].<ref name="askh"/> As a result, the [[kingdom of Tanur]] (''[[Tirur Taluk|Vettathunadu]]'') became one of the earliest Portuguese colonies in India. The ruler of [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] also sided with Cochin.<ref name="askh"/> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from [[Vettom Grama Panchayath|Vettom]].<ref name="askh"/> However, the [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the [[Battle of Cochin (1504)]].<ref name="Logan">{{Cite book|title=Malabar Manual (Volume-I)|last=Logan|first=William|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2010|isbn=9788120604476|location=New Delhi|pages=631–666}}</ref> However, the allegiance of the [[Muslim]] [[Mappila]] merchants in [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]] region stayed with the [[Zamorin of Calicut]].<ref name="Makhdoom">{{cite book
| author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942
| title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras
| url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage
}}</ref>

The raja of Cochin continued to rule with the help of the Portuguese. Meanwhile, the Portuguese secretly tried to enter into an alliance with the Zamorin. A few later attempts by the Zamorin to conquer the Cochin port were thwarted by the raja of Cochin with the help of the Portuguese. Slowly, the Portuguese armoury at Cochin was increased, presumably to help the king protect Cochin. And for a long a time, right after Goa, Cochin situated in the center of East Indies, was the best place Portugal had in India. From there the Portuguese exported large volumes of spices, particularly pepper.

In 1530, [[Saint Francis Xavier]] arrived and founded a Latin [[Christian mission]]. Cochin hosted the grave of [[Vasco da Gama]], the Portuguese viceroy, who was buried at [[St. Francis Church, Kochi|St. Francis Church]] until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539.<ref name="Vasco Da Gama">
{{cite encyclopedia
|publisher=Microsoft
|encyclopedia=MSN Encarta Encyclopedia
|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567498/Vasco_Da_Gama.html
|title=Death of Vasco Da Gama in Kochi
|access-date=23 May 2006
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028171509/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761567498/Vasco_Da_Gama.html
|archive-date= 28 October 2009
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>
Soon after the time of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], Portuguese influence in Kerala declined.<ref name=":0" />

=== Dutch alliance (1663–1766) ===

[[File:ബോൾഗാട്ടി.jpg|thumb|The [[Bolgatty Palace]], built in 1744 by Dutch traders, is one of the oldest existing Dutch palaces outside the Netherlands]]

Portuguese alliance was followed by that of the [[Dutch Malabar|Dutch]], who had by then conquered [[Quilon]] after various encounters with the Portuguese and their allies. Discontented members of the [[Cochin Royal family]] called on the assistance of the Dutch for help in overthrowing the Cochin Raja. The Dutch successfully landed at Njarakal and went on to capture the fort at Pallippuram, which they handed over to the Zamorin.

=== Mysorean invasion (1766–1799) ===
Mysorian ruler [[Hyder Ali]] conquered Cochin. After his conquest of [[Nagara, Karnataka|Bednur]] reached Ali Rajah of [[Kannur|Cannanore]] in 1763, he promptly asked Ali to invade Kerala and help him deal with the Zamorin of Calicut. The Muslim chieftain of Cannanore, an old rival of the neighbouring powerful [[Kolathiri]], was an active ally of Mysore under the occupation.

Ali Raja seized and set fire to the palace of Kolathiri Raja. The latter escaped with his followers to the then-British settlement at Tellicherry. After the victory, Ali entered the [[kingdom of Kottayam]] in present-day [[North Malabar]] and occupied it, with assistance from native Muslims, after some resistance by the Kottayam army.

After taking Calicut in a bloody battle, Ali, with a large amount of money, marched south-east towards [[Coimbatore]] through [[Palghat]]. Mysore appointed Raja as military governor and Madonna (a former revenue officer) as civil governor of the newly acquired province of Malabar.

===British princely state (1814–1947)===

[[File:59Cochin Canal.jpg|thumb|Cochin in 1913]]

In 1814, according to the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814|Anglo-Dutch Treaty]], the islands of Kochi, including [[Fort Kochi]] and its territory, were ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of [[Bangka Island|Banca]]. Even prior to the signing of the treaty, there is evidence of English residents in Kochi.<ref name="kochirajyam">Kochi Rajyacharithram by KP Padmanabha Menon. P(1914)</ref> During the [[British Raj]], the Princely State of Cochin was surrounded by British [[Malabar District]] to three sides (i.e., To north, west, and east), and by [[Travancore]] to the south.<ref name="kochirajyam"/>
Towards the early 20th century, trade at the port had increased substantially and the king wanted to develop the port even further. The king brought a harbour engineer [[Robert Bristow (engineer)|Robert Bristow]] to Cochin in 1920, with the help of [[Lord Willingdon]], then Governor of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]. Over a span of 21 years he helped the king of Cochin to transform Cochin into the safest harbour in south Asia, where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour, which was equipped with a long array of steam cranes.<ref name="Corporation of Kochi – Robert Charles Bristow">
{{cite web
|publisher = Corporation of Kochi
|work = Robert Charles Bristow employed to develop Kochi port
|url = http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=7
|title = The Cochin Saga
|access-date = 23 May 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060503202739/http://www.corporationofcochin.org/Pages/Maintemp.asp?id=7
|archive-date = 3 May 2006
|url-status = dead
}}
</ref>

Meanwhile, [[Fort Cochin]], which was a part of [[Malabar District]] until 1956, was made a municipality on 1 November 1866, along with [[Kannur]], [[Thalassery]], [[Kozhikode]], and [[Palakkad]], according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850)<ref name="Ref1">{{cite web |url=http://www.lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |title=CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF CENTRAL ACTS (Updated up to 17-10-2014) |website=Lawmin.nic.in |access-date=2016-08-07 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107091128/http://lawmin.nic.in/chronology.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis McIver |first1=G. Stokes |title=Imperial Census of 1881 Operations and Results in the Presidency of Madras |date=1883 |publisher=E.Keys at the Government Press |location=Madras |page=444 |edition=(Vol II) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_YIAAAAQAAJ |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="google.co.in">{{cite book |last1=Presidency |first1=Madras (India |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Statistical Appendix For Malabar District. |date=1915 |publisher=The Superintendent, Government Press |location=Madras |page=20 |edition=Vol.2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUEwnQEACAAJ |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=HENRY FROWDE, M.A. |first1=Imperial Gazetteer of India |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1908–1909 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |edition=New |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref> of the [[British Indian Empire]], and its first Municipal Council election with a board of 18 members was conducted in 1883. The Maharajah of Cochin initiated local administration in 1896 by forming town councils in [[Mattancherry]] and [[Ernakulam]]. In 1925, a Kochi legislative assembly was also constituted to help the public participate in the administration. The assembly consisted of 45 members, 10 were officially nominated. [[Thottakkattu Madhaviamma]] was the first woman to be a member of any legislature in India.<ref name="Corporation of Kochi – History and culture of Kochi'">
{{cite web
|publisher = Corporation of Kochi
|title = History and culture of Kochi
|url = http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=4
|access-date = 23 May 2006
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060503202745/http://www.corporationofcochin.org/Pages/Maintemp.asp?id=4
|archive-date = 3 May 2006
|url-status = dead
}}
</ref>

Cochin was the first princely state to willingly join the new [[Dominion of India]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2762944 |title=Cochin State- Instrument of Accession and Standstill Agreement signed between Kerala Varma, Ruler of Cochin State and the Dominion of India |publisher=Ministry of States, Government of India |year=1947 |location=New Delhi |pages=2 |chapter=Instrument of Accession of the State of Cochin |access-date=31 August 2022 |url-access=registration |via=[[National Archives of India]]}}</ref> India became a republic on 26 January 1950. [[Travancore]] merged with Cochin to create [[Travancore-Cochin]], which was in turn unified with the [[Malabar district]] of [[Madras Presidency]]. [[Kasaragod]] was merged into it and [[Kanyakumari]] was removed from it. On 1 November 1956, the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] was formed.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/hiddenindia/history/index.htm|title=Hidden India:The Kerala Spicelands|publisher=[[PBS]]| year=2007|access-date=7 January 2008}}</ref>

== Administration ==

For administrative purposes, Cochin was divided into seven taluks.(from 1860 to 1905 AD) Chittur, Cochin, Cranganore, Kanayannur, Mukundapuram, Trichur and Talapilly.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
! Taluk
! Area (in square miles)
! Headquarters
|-
| Chittur
| 285
| [[Chittur]]
|-
| Cochin
| 63
| [[Mattancherry]]
|-
| Cranganore
| 19
| [[Cranganore]] (Now [[Kodungallur]])
|-
| Kanayannur
| 81
| [[Ernakulam]]
|-
| Mukundapuram
| 418
| [[Irinjalakuda]]
|-
| Talapalli
| 271
| [[Wadakkanchery]]
|-
| Trichur
| 225
| [[Trichur]] (Now [[Thrissur]])
|-
! Total
! 1,362
!
|}

=== Capitals ===

The capital of Perumpadapu Swaroopam was located at Chitrakooda in the [[Perumpadappu (Malappuram district)|Perumpadapu village]] of Vanneri from the beginning of the 12th century to the end of the 13th century. Even though the capital of Perumpadapu Swaroopam was in Vanneri, the Perumpadapu king had a palace in Mahodayapuram.

When the [[Zamorins]] attacked Vanneri in the later part of the 13th century, Perumpadapu Swaroopam shifted their capital from Vanneri to Mahodayapuram. In 1405, Perumpadapu Swaroopam changed their capital from Mahodayapuram to [[Cochin]]. By the end of the 14th century the [[Zamorin]] conquered Thrikkanamathilakam and it became a threat for Mahodayapuram ([[Thiruvanchikulam]]), which may be the reason that Perumpadapu Swaroopam changed their capital to Cochin from Mahodayapuram. Moreover, in the year 1341 a flood created an island, Puthuvippu ([[Vypin]]), and Cochin became a noted [[natural harbor|natural harbour]] for the Indian Ocean trade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://knowindia.net/kerala/kochi/kochi.html|title=History of Cochin – Ernakulam| year=2007|access-date=6 January 2008}}</ref> The old [[Kodungallore]] ([[Cranganore]]) port lost its importance, which may also be a cause for the shift of the capital. From there on Perumpadapu Swaroopam used the name [[Cochin Royal Family]].

Finally, the arrival of the Portuguese on the Indian subcontinent in the sixteenth century likely influenced Cochin politics. The kingdom of Cochin was among the first Indian nations to sign a formal treaty with a European power, negotiating trade terms with [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] in 1500.

The palace at Kalvathhi was originally the residence of the kings. In 1555, though, the royal palace moved to [[Mattancherry]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cochin-ernakulam.com/history.htm|title=Kochi – Queen of the Arabian Sea| publisher=KnowIndia.netdate=2007|access-date=6 January 2008}}</ref> and later relocated to [[Thrissur]]. At that time Penvazithampuran (Female Thampuran) and the other Kochuthampurans (other Thampurans except the Valliathampuran (King)) stayed at a palace in Vellarapilly.

In the beginning of the 18th century [[Thripunithura]] started gaining prominence. The kingdom was ruled from [[Thrissur]], [[Cochin]] and [[Thripunithura]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/familyhistory1.php?caption_id=3&flg=0 |title=Cochin Royal Family History – Post-1715 |year=2007 |access-date=6 January 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111834/http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/familyhistory1.php?caption_id=3&flg=0 |archive-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> Around 1755 Penvazithampuran (Female Thampuran) and the other Kochuthampurans (other Thampurans) left Vellarapalli and started to live in Thripunithura. Thus Thripunithura became the capital of the Cochin Royal Family.

== List of Maharajas of Cochin ==

Veerakerala Varma, nephew of [[Cheraman Perumal]], is the person traditionally believed to be the first Maharaja of Cochin. The written records of the dynasty, however, date from 1503 [[Common Era|CE]]. The Maharaja of Cochin was also called Gangadhara Kovil Adhikaarikal, meaning Head of all Temples.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gosree.org/history.html|title=Emergence of Kingdom of Cochin and Cochin Royal Family|author=Thampuran, Rameshan|year=2007|access-date=6 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113184028/http://www.gosree.org/history.html|archive-date=13 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The kings followed matrilineal system of inheritance.

[[File:Hill Palace Museum Tripunithura DSC 1243 11.jpg|thumb|200px|Hill Palace, the main palace]]

[[File:Rajah of Cochin 1868 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Rama Varma XIV]], The Rajah of Cochin in 1868]]

[[File:H H Raja of Cochin.jpg|thumb|[[Rama Varma XV]] better known as His Abdicated Highness]]

[[File:Keralavarma king.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Aikya Keralam Thampuran|Maharaja Kerala Varma Thampuran a.k.a. Aikya Keralam Thampuran]]]]

=== As a Portuguese ally ===

# Unniraman Koyikal II (1503 to 1537)
# Veera Kerala Varma I (1537–1565)
# [[Keshava Rama Varma]] (1565–1601)
# Veera Kerala Varma II (1601–1615)
# Ravi Varma I (1615–1624)
# Veera Kerala Varma III (1624–1637)
# Goda Varma I (1637–1645)
# Veerarayira Varma (1645–1646)
# Veera Kerala Varma IV (1646–1650)
# Rama Varma I (1650–1656)
# Rani Gangadharalakshmi (1656–1658, regency<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Education |first1=Kerala (India) Department of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzFuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rani+Gangadhara+lakshmi+1656 |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Ernakulam |last2=Menon |first2=A. Sreedhara |date=1965 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Presses |pages=128}}</ref>)
# Rama Varma II (1658–1662)
# Goda Varma II (1662–1663)

=== As a Dutch ally ===

# Veera Kerala Varma V (1663–1687)
# Rama Varma III (1687–1693)
# Ravi Varma II (1693–1697)
# Rama Varma IV (1697–1701)
# Rama Varma V (1701–1721)
# Ravi Varma III (1721–1731)
# Rama Varma VI (1731–1746)
# Kerala Varma I (1746–1749)
# Rama Varma VII (1749–1760)
# Kerala Varma II (1760–1775)
# [[Rama Varma VIII]] (1775–1790)
# [[Rama Varma IX]] (Shaktan Thampuran) (1790–1805)

===As a British princely state===

# [[Rama Varma X]] (1805–1809) – Vellarapalli-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Vellarapali")
# [[Kerala Varma III]] (Veera Kerala Varma) (1809–1828) – Karkidaka Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "karkidaka" month(ME))
# [[Rama Varma XI]] (1828–1837) – Thulam-Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Thulam" month (ME))
# [[Rama Varma XII]] (1837–1844) – Edava-Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Edavam" month (ME))
# [[Rama Varma XIII]] (1844–1851) – Thrishur-il Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Thrishivaperoor" or Thrishur)
# [[Kerala Varma IV]] (Veera Kerala Varma) (1851–1853) – Kashi-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Kashi" or Varanasi)
# [[Ravi Varma IV]] (1853–1864) – Makara Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Makaram" month (ME))
# [[Rama Varma XIV]] (1864–1888) – Mithuna Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Mithunam" month (ME))
# [[Kerala Varma V]] (1888–1895) – Chingam Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chingam" month (ME))
# [[Rama Varma XV]] (Sir Sri Rama Varma) (1895–1914) – aka Rajarshi, Abdicated Highness (died in 1932)
# [[Rama Varma XVI]] (1914–1932) – Madrasil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in Madras or Chennai)
# [[Rama Varma XVII]] (1932–1941) – Dhaarmika Chakravarthi (King of Dharma), Chowara-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chowara")
# [[Kerala Varma VI]] (1941–1943) – Midukkan Thampuran
# [[Ravi Varma V]] (Ravi Varma Kunjappan Thampuran) (1943–1946) – Kunjappan Thampuran (Brother of Midukkan Thampuran)
# [[Aikya Keralam Thampuran|Kerala Varma VII]] (1946–1948) – [[Aikya Keralam Thampuran]] (The King who unified Kerala)
# [[Parikshith Thampuran|Rama Varma XVIII]] (1948–1964) was known by the name of [[Parikshith Thampuran]]. He was the last official ruler of the princely state of Cochin. He had signed, in 1949, the accession agreement to Indian Union. The integration was completed in another year.

===Post-independence (Titular only)===

# [[Parikshith Thampuran|Rama Varma XVIII]] (1948–1964) was known by the name of [[Parikshith Thampuran]].
# [[Rama Varma XIX]] (1964–1975) – [[Lalan Thampuran]] – stripped of official recognition in 1971 under the [[Privy Purse in India#Abolition|26th Amendment]] by [[Indira Gandhi]]'s Government.
# [[Rama Varma XX]] (1975–2004) – [[Anyian Kochunni Thampuran]]
# [[Kerala Varma VIII]] (2004–2011) – [[Kochunni Thampuran]]
# [[Rama Varma Kochaniyan Thampuran|Rama Varma XXI]] (2011–2014) – [[Rama Varma Kochaniyan Thampuran|Kochaniyan Thampuran]]
# [[Ravi Varma VI]] (2014–2020) – [[Kochaniyan Thampuran]]
# Ravi Varma VII (2020–present) – Mrinalini Thampuran

==Prime Ministers of Cochin (1947–49)==

{| class="sortable" width="50%" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big;"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" rowspan=2|{{Abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|name="no1"|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
!! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" rowspan=2| Name
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" rowspan=2| Portrait
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=3| Term of office<ref name=responsible>[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_2_3.htm Responsible Governments (1947–56)]. Kerala Legislature. Retrieved on 22 April 2014.</ref>
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" rowspan=2 colspan=2|Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" rowspan=2| Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" rowspan=2| Appointed by
(Monarch)
|-
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" | From
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" | To
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" | Days in office

|- style="height: 60px;"
| 1
| [[Panampilly Govinda Menon]]
| [[File:Panampilly statue.jpg|100x100px]]
| 14 August 1947
| 22 October 1947
| {{age in years and days|1947|9|1|1947|10|22}}
| rowspan="3" | Independent
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: grey" |
| rowspan="2" |Sixth Council
(1945–48)
| rowspan="3" |[[Aikya Keralam Thampuran|Kerala Varna VII]],
[[Maharaja of Cochin]]
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 2
| [[T. K. Nair]]
|
| 27 October 1947
| 20 September 1948
| {{age in years and days|1947|10|22|1948|9|20}}

|- style="height: 60px;"
| 3
| [[E. Ikkanda Warrier]]
| [[File:Ikkanda variar.jpg|100x100px]]
| 20 September 1948
| 30 June 1949
| {{age in years and days|1948|9|20|1949|6|30}}
|Legislative
Assembly

(1948–49)
|-
|}

== Chiefs of Cochin ==

The [[Paliath Achan]] of the Paliam family of [[Chendamangalam]], played an important part in the politics of Cochin State since the early seventeenth century, and held hereditary rights to the ministership of [[Cochin]]. The Paliath Achan was the most powerful person after the king, and he sometimes exerted more power than the king. The ''Paliyam swaroopam'', was second to the ''Perumpadappu swaroopam in terms of power but much larger in terms of wealth and land owned.''

Other powerful lords around these areas were Cheranellore Karthavu who was the head of the Anchi Kaimals, Muriyanatt (Mukundapuram-Nadavarambu) Nambiar who was the head of Arunattil Prabhus, Kodassery Kartha Mappranam Prabhu-Vellose Nair, Changaramponnath Kartha, Chengazhi Nambiar (Chengazhinad Naduvazhi), and Edappali Nampiyathiri.

KP Padmanabha Menon in his ''History of Kerala, Vol 2'' mentions the Anji Kaimals whose Chief was the Cheranellur Kartha as owning all of Eranakulam. In fact, Eranakulam is known as Anji Kaimal in the early maps of Kerala. See Dutch in Malabar (Dutch Records No 13), 1910 shows a map from [[Common Era]]1740 that shows the area of AnjiKaimal as almost twice as large as the Cochin State. The other chiefs he mentions quoting Gollennesse (Dutch East India Company) is the 1) Moorianatt Nambiar 2) Paliath Achan (mentioned above), 3)Codacherry (Kotasseri) Kaimal, 4) Caimalieone (female Kaimal) of Corretty, 5) Changera Codda Kaimal, and 6) Panamoocattu Kaimal (Panambakadu Kaimal). The last four Kaimals are known as the Kaimals of Nandietter Nadu. The Kaimals of Nandietter Nadu had Nayar troops of 43,000 according to Heer Van Reede of the Dutch East India Company from 1694.<ref>Page 241 and 242</ref>

==Matrilineal inheritance==

The Cochin royal family followed the system of matrilineal succession known as [[Marumakkatayam]].
Traditionally the female members of the family marry (Sambandham) with [[Namboodiri]] Brahmins while male members marry women of the [[Nair]]/[[Menon (title)|Menon]] class. These wives of the male members are not Ranis or Queens as per the matrilineal system but instead get the title of [[Panapillai Amma|Nethyar Amma]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|last=Staff Correspondent|date=3 March 2003|title=Seeking royal roots|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/03/stories/2003030300550200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022024430/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/03/stories/2003030300550200.htm|access-date=5 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2010}}</ref>

==Traditional rituals==

The term "Shodasakriyakal" refers to sixteen rites to be performed by all members, as structured through "Smruthi".

# Sekom (Garbhaadhaanam): A rite to be performed just before the first sexual intercourse after marriage.
# [[Pumsavanam|Pumsavanom]]: To be performed just after conception.
# Seemantham: Performed after [[Pumsavanam|Pumsavanom]].
# Jathakarmam: Performed just after birth.
# Naamakaranam: Naming ceremony of the child.
# (Upa)nishkramanam (Vaathilpurappadu): Involves taking the child out of the house for the first time.
# Choroonu: The first ceremonial intake of rice by the child.
# [[Chudakarana|Choulam]]: The first haircut ceremony of the boy/ girl.
# [[Upanayanam]]: The wearing of [[sacred thread]], known as poonool in Malayalam (only for boys).
# Mahaanamneevrutham (Aanduvrutham):
# Mahaavrutham
# Upanishadvrutham
# Godaanam: Rites as part of thanks-giving to the Aacharyan (priest or teacher), which includes giving cows.
# Samaavarthanam: A long ritual for the completion of the above said Vedic education.
# Marriage
# Agniadhaanam: A rite performed as an extension of Oupaasanam and introduction to Sroutha rites, after the death.

===Deities===

[[File:SreePoornathrayeesa.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sree Poornathrayeesa Temple]]

*Paradevatha (goddess): Vannery Chitrakoodam, [[Pazhayannur]] Bhagavathy, [[Chazhur]] [[Pazhayannur]] Bhagavathy
*Paradevan (god): [[Vishnu]] ([[Sree Poornathrayesa temple|Sree Poornathrayeesa]]), Tiruvanchikulathappan (Lord Shiva of [[Thiruvanchikulam]] between [[North Paravur]] and [[Kodungallore]])
*Other deities: [[Chottanikkara Temple|Chottanikkara Bhagavathy]], Pulpalli Thevar and many more

===Naming practice of male Thampuran===

In the Cochin royal family all the male Thampurans were named according to the following convention.
*Eldest son – Goda Varma
*Second son – Rama Varma
*Third son – Kerala Varma
*Fourth son – Ravi Varma.<ref name="History of Cochin Royal Family">{{Cite web|title=History of Cochin Royal Family|url=http://cochinroyalhistory.org/pages.php?menu_id=3|access-date=2020-09-11|website=cochinroyalhistory.org}}</ref>

=== Naming practice of female Thampuran ===

In the Cochin royal family the female Thampurans were named according to the following convention.
*First daughter – ''Amba''
*Second daughter – ''Subhadra''

This naming convention is followed again to the third daughter and fourth etc.

Both the female and male members are called by the name "Thampuran" and have same last name (Thampuran).<ref name="History of Cochin Royal Family" />

== Parukutty Nethyar Amma ==

{{main|Parukutty Nethyar Amma}}

[[Maharaja]] Rama Varma (popularly known as Madrassil Theepetta Thampuran), who reigned from 1914 to 1932, was assisted by a particularly able [[Queen consort|consort]] named [[Parukutty Nethyar Amma]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/familyhistory1.php?caption_id=4&flg=0 |title=Cochin Royal Family History – Post-1715 |year=2007 |access-date=6 January 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114111206/http://www.crfhs.org/familytree/familyhistory1.php?caption_id=4&flg=0 |archive-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> She was a member of the famous [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] Vadakke Kurupath family which was an aristocratic [[Nair]]/[[Menon (title)|Menon]] family. Her father Kuroor Narayanan Namboothirippad, belonged to a family that traditionally had the honour of anointing the Kings of [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kuruppathheritage.com/history|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415190958/http://kuruppathheritage.com/history|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-04-15|title=Kuruppath {{!}} History|date=2020-04-15|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref> She married the [[Maharaja]], then fourth in line to the succession when she was fourteen years old in 1888. Her husband ascended the throne as a result of the abdication of his predecessor. Since the Maharaja was a scholar and had other interests, she took over the finances of the state. Under her guidance salaries were quadrupled and the increased revenue earned her a 17-gun salute. Parukutty Nethyar Amma was awarded the [[Kaiser-i-Hind Medal]] by King [[George V]] in 1919 for public work and came to be known as Lady Rama Varma of Cochin.<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/results.aspx?tab=2&Page=1&ContainAllWords=Naithyarammah&ExactPhrase=British+Library%2c+Asia%2c+Pacific+and+Africa+Collections&Places=British+Library%2c+Asia%2c+Pacific+and+Africa+Collections The National Archives | A2A | Results]</ref>

== Cochin royal family today ==

Members of the dynasty are spread all over the world. The family is one of the world's largest royal families, numbering more than 1000 people, and many members of the family still live in and around [[Thripunithura]], [[Thrissur]] ([[Chazhoor|Chazhur]]), and other parts of Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/03/stories/2003030300550200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208162309/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/03/stories/2003030300550200.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 December 2003|work=The Hindu |location=India| title=Seeking royal roots | year=2003|access-date=6 January 2008}}</ref> The current head of the Royal Family of Cochin is Smt. Mrinalini Thampuran (b. 1925) who is 97 years old and resides in Tripunithura.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Cochin Royal Family|url=https://www.cochinroyalhistory.org/profile.php|access-date=2021-10-14|website=cochinroyalhistory.org}}</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Chazhur Kovilakam.jpg|Chazhoor village holds the ancient palace of Chazhoor (Chazur) kovilakom. This is the root (moola thavazhi) of the Cochin royal family, in Thrissur district (Perumpadappu swaroopam).
File:Chazhur Kovilakam Vadakke kettu.jpg|Vadakke kettu (nalukettu in the north side of the Palace)
File:Chazhur Kovilakam Nalukettu.JPG|The Naalukettu (Kerala style of joint family house) of Chazhoor royal family is in this village.
File:Chazhur Kovilakam Nalukettu.jpg|Nalukettu
File:APPUKKUTTAN THAMPURAN.JPG|Late Shri KeralaVarma Appukuttan Thampuran (1943–2012), a member of Chazhur Kovilakam
File:Malika.JPG|Chazhur Kovilakam Vadakkekettu – Maalika
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Zamorin of Calicut]]
* [[Political integration of India]]
* [[History of Kochi]]
*[[List of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East]]
*[[British India]]
* [[Thrippunithura]]
* [[Paliath Achan]]
* [[Perumpadappu, Malappuram|Perumpadappu]]
* [[Ponnani]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

* ''Genealogy of Cochin Royal Family'' – By [[Rameshan Thampuran]]

== Bibliography ==

* Katz, Nathan and Goldberg, Helen S. ''Kashrut, Caste and Kabbalah: The Religious Life of the Jews of Cochin''. Mahonar Books, 2005.
* Kulke, Herman. ''A History of India''. New York: Routledge, 2004.
* Menon, P. Shungoonny. ''History of Travancore from the Earliest Times''. 1878.[https://archive.org/details/ahistorytravanc00menogoog]
* Pillai, Elamkulam Kunjan. ''Studies in Kerala History''. Kottayam, 1970.
* Ramachandran, Rathi. ''History of Medieval Kerala''. Pragati Publications, 2005.
* Thampuran, Rameshan. ''Genealogy of Cochin Royal Family''.
* History of Kerala, KP Padmanabha Menon, Vol. 2.
* Chazhoor Copperplate, S. Rajendu, Kottayam, 2015.

== External links ==

{{Commons category}}
* [http://cochinroyalhistory.org Cochin Royal Family Historical Society]
* [http://www.namboothiri.com Namboothiri Websites Trust]

{{Kochi (India) topics}}
{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Madras States Agency}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cochin, Kingdom of}}
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin| ]]
[[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1949 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Historical Indian regions]]
[[Category:History of Kochi]]
[[Category:History of Thrissur]]
[[Category:Princely states of India]]
[[Category:History of Kerala]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]
[[Category:Empires and kingdoms of India]]
[[Category:Feudal states of Kerala]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia]]
[[Category:Travancore–Cochin]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:Gun salute princely states]]

Varien

2024-10-01T21:59:11Z

136.32.60.170:

{{Short description|American musician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Varien
| image = Nikki_31-7-23-6.jpg
| landscape =
| image_size =
| caption = Kaelar in 2023
| alias = {{flatlist|
* Nick Kaelar
* Nikki Kaelar
* Chrono Rabbit
* Halo Nova
* Koinu
}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|05|15}}
| birth_place = [[Tampa]], Florida, U.S.
| genre =  {{flatlist|
* [[Orchestral]]
* [[electronic rock]]
* [[Industrial music|industrial]]
* [[soundtrack]]
* [[film score]]
* [[downtempo]]
* [[Electro (music)|electro]]
* [[Chill-out music|chillout]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Composer
* producer
* DJ
}}
| instrument = {{flatlist|
* Piano
* guitar
}}
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Monstercat]]
* Kitsune Soundworks
* [[Ultra Music|Ultra]]
* [[Big Beat Records (American record label)|Big Beat]]
* [[FiXT]]
* [[Circus Records|Circus]]
* Materia Collective
* Firaga Records
* Most Addictive
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[Skrillex]]
* [[Brian Tyler]]
* [[Celldweller]]
* [[Two Steps from Hell]]
* [[Scandroid]]
}}
| years_active = 2011–present
| website = {{URL|varien.io}}
}}

'''Nikki Kaelar''' (born May 15, 1990), better known by his stage name '''Varien''', is an American composer, producer, and multi-instrumentalist. Varien has incorporated or experimented with such styles as [[Industrial music|industrial]], [[Heavy metal music|metal]], [[Orchestral music|orchestral]], [[neofolk]], and [[ambient music]]. He is known for his work on film soundtracks, along with his unconventional approach to electronic music, including many live instruments not normally found on tracks within his genres.

==Early life==
Kaelar was born on May 15, 1990, in [[Tampa, Florida]]. He had a connection to music from a very young age,<ref name="EDM.com June 2019" /> and his family supported his passion. At the age of 11, Varien began playing the guitar and attempting songwriting,<ref name="UKF">{{cite web|last=Jenkins|first=Dave|date=January 27, 2015|title=Exclusive: Varien is about to blow minds with his new album!|url=https://ukf.com/words/exclusive-varien-blow-minds-new-album|access-date=October 30, 2017|work=[[UKF Music]]}}</ref> and he joined a number of bands experimenting with genres of [[Rock music|rock]], [[grindcore]], [[metalcore]], and [[Jazz music|jazz]]. Kaelar developed [[perfect pitch]] when playing the keyboard at age fourteen.

Kaelar was in multiple bands in high school, playing [[grindcore]], [[metalcore]], [[screamo]], [[post-hardcore]], and [[power metal]] before joining his school's [[jazz]] band for two years. He cites these years as pivotal to his artistic development, learning sheet music, jazz theory and improvisation. He also cites this as the time he developed a profound interest in [[Electronic music|electronic]], [[Folk music|folk]], and [[Metal (genre)|metal]] music.<ref>{{cite web|title=NP Unzipped: Varien|url=http://noiseprn.com/2013/05/10/noiseporn-unzipped-varien |date=May 10, 2013 |access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref>

He decided to focus on solo composition and began producing in 2009, with music in video games serving as his most longtime influence to date.<ref name="UKF" /> He cites ''[[Shin Megami Tensei]]'', ''[[Final Fantasy]]'', and ''[[Metroid]]'' as his biggest influences when it comes to games, as well as the works of [[the Wachowskis]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-09|title=Up Close and Personal with elusive US producer Varien|url=https://ihouseu.com/up-close-and-personal-with-elusive-us-producer-varien/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=IhouseU.com|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Career==
===2010–13: Career beginnings===
In August 2010, Kaelar achieved online [[viral phenomenon|virality]] with his slowed-down remix of [[Justin Bieber]]'s "[[U Smile]]", titled "Justin Bieber 800% Slowed Down". He was interviewed by ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' and [[MTV]] about the track.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lyons|first=Margaret|title=The man who slowed down Justin Bieber: 'It was a joke, and now it's this phenomenon'|url=https://ew.com/article/2010/08/18/justin-bieber-u-smile-slow/|access-date=2020-03-23|website=Ew.com}}</ref>

In July 2011, Kaelar released his first [[Monstercat]] single "The Force" under the alias Halo Nova. He subsequently released two more singles under the alias before abandoning it and continuing to make music under the alias Varien. One of the first subsequent releases as Varien was a remix of [[Ephixa]]'s song "Division".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.suburbanapologist.com/listen-variens-formerly-halo-nova-remix-of-ephixas-division/|title=LISTEN: Varien's (formerly Halo Nova) remix of Ephixa's "Division" - Suburban Apologist|date=October 26, 2011|work=Suburban Apologist|access-date=February 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227233315/http://www.suburbanapologist.com/listen-variens-formerly-halo-nova-remix-of-ephixas-division/|archive-date=February 27, 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

On February 26, 2013, Kaelar released ''Pick Your Poison Vol. 1'', a compilation album of [[Trailer music|trailer cues]] that he wrote for the purpose of film, television, and video game licensing. He released a followup, ''Pick Your Poison Vol. 2'', a year later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pluggedinpromotions.wordpress.com/2014/01/27/varien-releases-pick-your-poison-vol-02/|title=Varien Releases "Pick Your Poison Vol. 02"|date=January 27, 2014|access-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref>

===2014–16: ''The Ancient & Arcane'' and ''My Prayers Have Become Ghosts''===
In 2014, Kaelar teamed up with [[Two Steps from Hell]] on a private trailer cue compilation entitled ''Open Conspiracy''. 2014 saw an abundance of licenses for Varien. His music was used in trailers and promotional media for ''[[300: Rise of an Empire]]'', ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]'', ''[[The Purge: Anarchy]]'', ''[[Face Off (American TV series)|Face Off]]'', ''[[America's Next Top Model]]'', ''[[PlanetSide 2]]'', and ''[[Monsters: Dark Continent]]''. Los Angeles-based singer Roniit's song "Runaway", produced by Varien, was used in multiple trailers and TV spots for the film ''[[The Loft (film)|The Loft]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trailermusicnews.com/2014/06/two-steps-from-hell-open-conspiracy/|title=Two Steps From Hell: Open Conspiracy « Trailer Music News|website=trailermusicnews.com|access-date=February 27, 2017}}</ref>

On August 5, 2015, Kaelar released his first LP, titled ''The Ancient & Arcane'', on Monstercat. Prior to this, he had released two tracks, "Beyond the Surface" and "Aether and Light". In an interview with [[UKF Music|UKF]], he elaborated on his songwriting process for the album, saying: "I make so many other types of music so I thought I’d sit down and write – no theme, no story. It’s a very Zen experience. Very spiritual. Wake up. Do [[yoga]]. Make music. No regard for the club. No regard for where it will be played or comparisons to my past music or anything else that's going on. I’ve never gone to any of these places I’m exploring right now. I want people to listen to it and think ‘is this Varien?’ Psychedelic, worldly, ethnic, trippy... People have never seen me go there. Yet."<ref name="UKF" />

''The Ancient & Arcane'' met with critical acclaim upon release, with EDM website ''Dancing Astronaut'' calling it a "cinematic masterpiece", giving particular praise to "Ghost Spores" as "reinvigorat[ing] the soul with its harp-tinged melody and orchestral instruments that once again highlight Varien's idiosyncratic musicianship."<ref>{{cite web|title=Varien's debut album 'The Ancient & Arcane' is a cinematic masterpiece|url=http://www.dancingastronaut.com/2015/08/variens-debut-album-ancient-arcane-cinematic-masterpiece/|last=Diaz|first=Jordan|work=[[Dancing Astronaut]]|date=August 10, 2015|access-date=October 30, 2017}}</ref>

Kaelar's next EP, ''My Prayers Have Become Ghosts'', was released on October 31, 2016, via Monstercat.

===2017–2018: Hiatus and return===
In 2017, Kaelar announced a hiatus from the Varien alias and removed all of his social media accounts. Across two interviews with ''EDMSauce'', he cited the psychological impact of social media as his reason for going on a blackout,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edmsauce.com/2017/10/27/varien-goes-social-media-blackout-mean-edmsauce-exclusive-interview/|title=Varien Goes On a Social Media Blackout... What Does It Mean? [EDMSAUCE Exclusive Interview]|date=December 1, 2017|access-date=June 20, 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031430/https://www.edmsauce.com/2017/10/27/varien-goes-social-media-blackout-mean-edmsauce-exclusive-interview/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|df=mdy-all}}</ref> also saying he "needed a break from it.".<ref name="EDMSauce Jul 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.edmsauce.com/2018/07/13/varien-rises-from-ashes/|title=Varien Rises From Ashes Victorious [EDMSAUCE EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW]|date=July 13, 2018|access-date=June 19, 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418012759/https://www.edmsauce.com/2018/07/13/varien-rises-from-ashes/|archive-date=April 18, 2019}}</ref> In 2018, Kaelar announced via his YouTube channel that he would continue producing music under the Varien name, after his hiatus had allowed his to "take a deep breath from it all".<ref>{{Citation|last=Varien|title=Varien is Returning [VLOG]|date=January 27, 2018|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fciTUfw_KF8|access-date=February 1, 2018}}</ref> As of 2018, Varien has released music on his own imprint, Kitsune Soundworks.

In April 2018, Kaelar wrote, arranged, and produced K-Pop group [[VIXX]]'s lead single for their album ''[[Eau de VIXX]]'', "Scentist". The track went on to hit #1 on the [[Mnet (TV channel)|Mnet]] charts and was licensed for Korean television shows like ''[[The Return of Superman (TV series)|The Return of Superman]]''.

On October 2, 2018, Kaelar was quoted in RPGamer talking about his youth and which RPGs and video games inspired his career as a producer and composer. Kaeler comments that he always knew that he wanted to be a video game composer when he "grew up," and that if the opportunity came to his he would go for it. He explained in the article, "The thing is video game [composers themselves are], and especially the JRPG community, [are] very much a Fort Knox. There's a limited amount of people and they’re the best."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fuller |first1=Alex |title=Nick Kaelar (Varien) Interview |url=https://rpgamer.com/2018/10/nick-kaelar-varien-interview/ |website=RPGamer |date=October 2, 2018 |page=1}}</ref>

Alex Fuller from RPGamer<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fuller |first1=Alex |title=Nick Kaelar (Varien) Interview |url=https://rpgamer.com/author/severinmira/ |website=RPGamer |publisher=RPGamer |access-date=October 2, 2018}}</ref> commented on Varien's talent, "It's readily apparent how he has been able to utilize his gaming influences both in his electronic music and well as his soundtrack creations. It's easy to be able to see the sort of scenes or environments that one would expect from a JRPG while listening to those particular tracks." Varien's collaboration with Materia Collective<ref>{{cite web |title=Straight From the Underground |url=https://www.materiacollective.com/music/straight-from-the-underground |website=Materia Collective |publisher=Materia Collective |access-date=July 28, 2016}}</ref> was mentioned in the interview and the official remix with Undertale is featured.

On October 26, 2018, Varien released his next EP, ''Death Asked a Question'', through Most Addictive Records.<ref name="deathaskedaquestion">{{Cite web|url=https://dancingastronaut.com/2018/10/varien-death-asked-a-question-premiere-interview/|title=Varien weaves a dark and vulnerable web in 'Death Asked A Question' [EP Premiere + Interview]|website=www.dancingastronaut.com|date=October 25, 2018|access-date=November 3, 2018}}</ref>
| In an interview with EDM Joy, he described the EP as being the physical manifestation of his struggles during his hiatus, in contrast to the "fantastical" narrative of ''The Ancient & Arcane''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edmjoy.com/2018/10/varien-2018-interview/|title=Interview With Varien On Mental Health & Coming EP|date=October 15, 2018|access-date=June 19, 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620005544/https://edmjoy.com/2018/10/varien-2018-interview/|archive-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref>

On July 13, 2018, Kaelar is featured in an exclusive EDM Sauce interview talking about direct influences of his work, which includes Y2K Era, ''[[Fight Club]]'', ''[[The Matrix]]'', BBs forums for ''[[Final Fantasy]]'', [[Rage Against the Machine]], [[A Perfect Circle]], [[Nine Inch Nails]], [[KoRn]], and "cool new electronic music like Drum n Bass, Trip Hop, etc," as what he declares as his "favorite era [of music]." The EDM Sauce article features Varien's statement about his 2017 hiatus, declaring that he was being "ground down" by the industry and needed a break from it all. Kaelar stated that he returned with a newly radically and positive mindset surrounded by a community of support and friends. The author, GLU[15], declares, "Varien is an enigma. Creative on levels I don't think we have yet to catch up to; [Nikki] has been building a fan base for years. The Floridian producer effortlessly dominates any genre he touches."<ref>{{cite web |last=GLU |title=Varien Rises From Ashes Victorious [EDMSAUCE EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW] |url=https://www.edmsauce.com/2018/07/13/varien-rises-from-ashes/ |website=EDMSauce |date=July 13, 2018 |publisher=EDMSauce |access-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref>

On October 26, 2018, Kaelar released an EP, Death Asked A Question, premiered through EDM website Dancing Astronaut in which Kaelar describes the EP as soul-searching, expressive, personal, raw, and featuring numerous gaming influences. Kaelar also described it as having "so much [[Metroid]] it's not even funny!" In the Dancing Astronaut premiere and interview the author, Robyn Dexter, quoted Varien and the newly released EP as "consistently [surpassing] genre constructs and [proving himself] a true mastermind of the electronic music realm."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dexter |first1=Robyn |title=Varien weaves a dark and vulnerable web in 'Death Asked A Question' [EP Premiere + Interview] |url=https://dancingastronaut.com/2018/10/varien-death-asked-a-question-premiere-interview/ |website=Dancing Astronaut |date=October 25, 2018 |publisher=Dancing Astronaut |access-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref>

In January 2018, Varien played at [[MAGfest]], an organization dedicated to the appreciation of games and video game music. On January 1, 2019, featured in ''Big Shot Magazine'', Varien speaks of that performance and describes himself as being fully "back [from his hiatus]" and that he "felt that feeling of performing again for the first time in so long."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fleming |first1=Ian |title=2018 REWIND: VARIEN |url=https://newsflash.bigshotmag.com/features/58765/ |website=Big Shot Magazine |publisher=Newsflash |access-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref>

===2019–present===
[[File:Nikki_31-7-23-18.jpg|thumb|Nikki Kaelar in 2023]]

On January 1, 2019, in Bigshot Magazine, Kaelar looks back on his 2018 musical highlights throughout the year and reflects,"I’d definitely say landing the VIXX track "Scentist" [in 2018] which went to number one in Korea in April, and then number three in October in Japan. This marked my first official placement in the K-Pop realm of which there is so much more to come. I was credited as producer, songwriter, and arranger.”

Kaelar's next full album release, "The Second Industrial Revolution" was on December 5, 2019. The album was renowned and extolled by critics, and was quoted as being uncompromising, daring and utterly raw. Broadway World Music reviewed the album, "At its essence the album is a celebration of this "imperfect", exalting the artistic beauty and freedom that lies in surrender to that. From the very start of the album, in titular single 'THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION', there is a grainy, clipping quality to the production this is far removed from the polished normalcy of much of today's electronica, carried through as the album begins its descent into darkness."

Referring to the album, Varien speaks about wanting to connect with his imperfect, marginalized and "weird" audience, saying, "Throw away the shrink wrap and throw yourself into the abyss with me." It was also stated that the album The Second Industrial Revolution was produced "in the pits of [Kaelar's] deepest depression," and "[lifted him] through the dark times" as well as resulted in a physical relocation of Kaelar to the Northern European country of Finland.

The Broadway World Music article also states, "Adored by critics and followed with a feverish, almost cult-like manner by fans, elusive US electronic producer Varien ... continues to push the boundaries of his chosen genres from his position within the shadows of American musical counter culture. [His] is a unique space, flexing across countless areas within music but continually refusing to compromise or dilute his work."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crandall |first1=Madeline |title=Varien Release New Album, 'The Second Industrial Revolution' |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwmusic/article/Varien-Release-New-Album-The-Second-Industrial-Revolution-20191206 |website=Broadway World |publisher=TV News Desk |access-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref>

On December 23, 2019, Relentless Beats reviewed the album and stated it to be a complete masterpiece as well as one of their favorite albums of 2019. In the review they stated, "Overall, The Second Industrial Revolution truly blew me away. The transitions from grungy, distorted basses to soft, elegant melodies was effortless and the story lies in these musical parallels. On one hand, the world Varien created was dark and meaningless, yet on the other it was beautiful and full of life." And concluded, "Everything Varien touches seems to turn into gold, no matter the genre."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Small |first1=Liz |title=Relentless Review: Varien's Latest Masterpiece 'The Second Industrial Revolution' |url=http://relentlessbeats.com/2019/12/relentless-review-variens-latest-masterpiece-the-second-industrial-revolution/ |website=Relentless Beats |publisher=Relentless Beats |access-date=November 25, 2020}}</ref>

In 2019, EDM.com described him as "[[Trent Reznor]] dark lord of this generation in electronic music". As one of Varien's most prominent features, EDM.com states that Kaelar is "on the same playing field," as [[Nine Inch Nails]] frontman Trent Reznor. The articles states, "It's hard to place someone on the same wavelength as Reznor, but Kaelar's Varien moniker has achieved immense success and garnered an unprecedented vision for music, something Reznor accomplished just as flawlessly. Varien is now coming around and finding himself as musician and artist."<ref name="EDM.com June 2019">{{Cite web|url=https://edm.com/interviews/varien-trent-reznor-dark-lord-electronic-music|title=Varien: Trent Reznor Dark Lord of This Generation in Electronic Music|date=June 12, 2019|access-date=June 19, 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620005653/https://edm.com/interviews/varien-trent-reznor-dark-lord-electronic-music|archive-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref>

On December 12, 2019, Raver Mag commented on Varien's prominent return to the industry, "After a well-documented ghosting of the music industry, he returned just over 12 months and since then has been on what can only be described as a production rampage, releasing not just electronica but also #1 K-Pop hit singles and soundtracks for movies like [[John Wick 3]] and [[Replicants]]." Kaelar stated in the interview that when writing The Second Industrial Revolution he drew a lot of his time from writing K-Pop because that's what taught him the mechanics of writing hooks and catchy rhythms.

Kaelar states in the Raver Mag feature that he believes art, poetry, theory, [[philosophy]] combined with razor sharp logic, rationality, reasoning, and critical thinking can assist in practical ways of dealing with the world. In the interview, he also states that if he had the choice to bring whoever he wanted to dinner dead or alive, he would choose Lana Wachowski, [[David Foster Wallace]], [[Chuck Palahniuk]], [[Marilyn Manson]], and [[Brit Marling]]. He concluded the interview by stating that if he had to be remembered for saying anything he would want it to be the statement,"That I lived life to its fullest and always dared to try."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bailey |first1=Kat |title=Varien dives into The Second Industrial Revolution – Interview |url=https://aws.ravermag.com/varien-dives-into-the-second-industrial-revolution-interview/ |website=RaverMag |date=December 12, 2019 |publisher=RaverMag |access-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-date=June 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607213508/https://aws.ravermag.com/varien-dives-into-the-second-industrial-revolution-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Varien discography}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Record producers from Florida]]
[[Category:21st-century American composers]]
[[Category:Monstercat artists]]

Menomonie, Wisconsin

2024-09-30T23:15:55Z

136.32.60.170: /* In popular culture */

{{about|the city|the adjacent town|Menomonie (town), Wisconsin|other uses|Menomonee (disambiguation)|and|Menominee (disambiguation)|and|Menomonie (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Menomonie, Wisconsin
| settlement_type = City
| nickname =
| motto = 
| image_skyline = Downtown Menomonie.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = [[Menomonie Downtown Historic District|Downtown Menomonie]] and [[UW-Stout]]
| image_flag =
| image_seal =

| image_map = File:Dunn County Wisconsin Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Menomonie Highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 250px
| map_caption = Location of Menomonie in Dunn County, Wisconsin
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map = Wisconsin#USA#North America
| pushpin_label = Menomonie
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Wisconsin##Location within the United States

| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Wisconsin]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Wisconsin|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dunn County, Wisconsin|Dunn]]

| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_55.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 39.98
| area_land_km2 = 35.47
| area_water_km2 = 4.51
| area_total_sq_mi = 15.44
| area_land_sq_mi = 13.70
| area_water_sq_mi = 1.74

| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_est = 16794
| pop_est_as_of = 2021
| population_total = 16843
| population_density_sq_mi = 1229.9
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2020-census-5551025" />

| timezone = [[North American Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
| utc_offset = −6
| timezone_DST = CDT
| utc_offset_DST = −5
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="GR3">{{cite web |url=http://geonames.usgs.gov |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=US Board on Geographic Names |website=[[United States Geological Survey]] |date=October 25, 2007}}</ref>
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft =
| coordinates = {{coord|44|52|45|N|91|55|5|W|region:US-WI_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[Zip Code]]
| postal_code = 54751
| area_code = [[Area codes 715 and 534|715 & 534]]
| blank_name = [[FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 55-51025
| blank1_name =
| blank1_info =
| website = {{URL|http://www.menomonie-wi.gov}}
| footnotes =
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name=QF />
| founder = [[William Wilson (Wisconsin politician)|William Wilson]]
}}
[[File:2009-0620-MableTainterTheater.JPG|thumb|The Mabel Tainter Center for the Arts, originally named the [[Mabel Tainter Memorial Building]].]]
[[File:2009-0620-Menomonie-Wilson.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wilson Place Museum]]]]'''Menomonie''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|n|ɒ|m|ə|n|i}}) is a city in and the [[county seat]] of [[Dunn County, Wisconsin|Dunn County]] in the western part of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Wisconsin]].<ref name="GR6">{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |title=Find a County |website=National Association of Counties}}</ref> The city's population was 16,843 as of the 2020 census.<ref name="2020-census-5551025" />

Named for the original inhabitants of the area, the [[Menominee]],<ref>{{cite book |publisher=[[Chicago and North Western Railway Company]] |title=A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA160 |year=1908 |page=160 |via=Google Books}}</ref> the city forms the core of the [[United States Census Bureau]]'s Menomonie [[Micropolitan Statistical Area]] (MSA), which includes all of Dunn County (2010 population: 43,857). The Menomonie MSA and the [[Eau Claire–Chippewa Falls metropolitan area]] to the east form the Census Bureau's Eau Claire-Menomonie [[Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area]].

The [[downtown|city center]] is at the south end of [[Lake Menomin]], a [[reservoir]] on the [[Red Cedar River (Wisconsin)|Red Cedar River]].

==History==

The earliest known residents of the area were people from the Trempealeau [[Hopewell Culture]] of the Middle [[Woodland Period]] (100–400 [[Common Era|CE]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mvac.uwlax.edu/past-cultures/specific-sites/trempeleau/#Hopewell |title=Archaeology in Trempealeau, Wisconsin |website=Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231212859/https://mvac.uwlax.edu/past-cultures/specific-sites/trempeleau/#Hopewell |archive-date=December 31, 2020}}</ref> Evidence from their culture includes a mound from the Wakanda Mounds Group in Wakanda Park, along the western shore of [[Lake Menomin]]. Most of these mounds are thought to be from [[Effigy Mound]] cultures from this time period. Artifacts from the Late Woodland Period (400–1000 CE) have also been uncovered. It is theorized that agricultural villages supported the population during summer months, transitioning to hunting and gathering from fall through spring. The next known population group is the [[Santee Dakota]] in the 1600s and 1700s, who engaged in conflicts with the [[Ojibwe]] people, who migrated west as refugees. Armed with European weapons, the Ojibwe pushed westward, eventually winning at the [[Battle of Kathio]] in 1770. The two tribes continued their warfare, eventually signing the 1825 [[First Treaty of Prairie du Chien]], which made a border between the two just north of Menomonie, with the Dakota claiming the southern lands.<ref name="dunnhistory.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.dunnhistory.org/history/menom/exmenom.html |title=A Menomonie Timeline |website=Dunn History |access-date=October 31, 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327134821/https://www.dunnhistory.org/history/menom/exmenom.html |archive-date=March 27, 2019| url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1788, French-Canadian fur trader and schoolmaster Jean Baptiste Perrault established a trading post and fort on the Red Cedar River very near Menomonie.<ref name="dunnhistory.org"/><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/perrault_jean_baptiste_7E.html |first=Louis-Philippe |last=Cormier |chapter=Perrault, Jean-Baptiste |title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography |volume=7 |publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval |year=2003 |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>

The [[History of Wisconsin#Logging|lumber industry]] brought Menomonie permanent settlement and economic prosperity in the 1800s. Hardin Perkins established the first sawmill at the confluence of Wilson Creek and the [[Red Cedar River (Wisconsin)|Red Cedar River]] in 1822 on behalf of fur traders [[James Henry Lockwood|James H. Lockwood]] and [[Jean Joseph Rolette|Joseph Rolette]] of [[Prairie du Chien]]. The mill was washed away by a sudden overflow in the river within a year. Working with [[Indian Agent]] General Street, Perkins, Lockwood and Rolette began a legal battle over the authority of the local Native American people to grant permissions of this sort, exchanging land for payment of blankets, beads, whiskey, and other merchandise to Dakota Chief [[Wapasha II]] and other Ojibwe chiefs. In 1830 the traders received permission from the federal government to rebuild their lumber operation. This was the first permanent settlement on the land that became the city of Menomonie.<ref name="dunnhistory.org"/><ref name="menomonie.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.menomonie.com/facts_frame.html |title=The History of Menomonie |website=Menomonie.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324025853/http://www.menomonie.com/facts_frame.html |archive-date=March 24, 2015 |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>

Lockwood built a second mill and dam on the west side of the Red Cedar River, at the confluence of Gilbert Creek. He sold this to Hiram S. Allen, a lumberman from [[Vermont]]. In 1839, Allen built a new sawmill in its place, which he sold to the [[McCann brothers]], settlers from [[Ohio]] who later became the first permanent residents of [[Eau Claire, Wisconsin|Eau Claire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dunnhistory.org/history/menom/1830s.htm |title=A Menomonie Timeline: 1830s |website=Dunn History |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=W. F. |last=Bailey |title=History of Eau Claire county, Wisconsin, past and present; including an account of the cities, towns and villages of the county |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofeauclai00bail |location=Chicago |publisher=C. F. Cooper |year=1914}}</ref> In 1849, the Gilbert Creek Mill became the site of the first post office.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.dunnhistory.org/history/menom/1840s.htm |title=A Menomonie Timeline: 1840s |website=Dunn History |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>

Lockwood and Rolette sold their original operation to James Green in 1841, who turned over the deed to William Black in 1842.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=turn&id=WI.IHDunnCounty&entity=WI.IHDunnCounty.p0078&isize=text |chapter=Chapter X: The Knapp Stout & Co. company |editor1-first=F. |editor1-last=Curtiss-Wedge |editor2-first=Geo. O. |editor2-last=Jones |title=History of Dunn County, Wisconsin |publisher=H.C. Cooper, Jr. & Co. |year=1925 |page=62 |access-date=October 31, 2016 |via=The State of Wisconsin Collection}}</ref> In 1846, [[William Wilson (Wisconsin politician)|William Wilson]] and John Holly Knapp jointly purchased the mill, naming it Black & Knapp Mill. Wilson and his family settled in the area, eventually building what is now the [[Wilson Place Museum]] in 1859. Wilson founded the city of Menomonie and became its first mayor in 1882, as well as a [[Wisconsin State Senator]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dunnhistory.org/history/exwp.html |title=The Wilson Place |website=Dunn History |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>

Captain Andrew Tainter and Henry L. Stout acquired {{frac|1|3}} interest in Wilson and Knapp's company, forming [[Knapp, Stout & Co.]] in 1853, the company that would come to define the town for generations. Tainter was a silent partner, whose duties included shipping lumber down to the [[Mississippi River]] and returning with supplies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wiclarkcountyhistory.org/5data/104/83.htm |title=Tainter, Andrew, Capt. (b.1823), Chippewa County, Wisconsin Biographical Records |website=WI Clark County History.org |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref> By 1873, Knapp, Stout & Co. had become the world's largest lumber corporation. In 43 years, its output grew from 100,000 to 5,706,602 feet of lumber. It had 1,200 employees and owned {{convert|115,000|acres|abbr=on}} of pine forest.<ref name="menomonie.com"/> The post office was moved to the site of the Knapp, Stout & Co. Company in 1855, with Wilson as postmaster.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dunnhistory.org/history/menom/1850s.htm |title=A Menomonie Timeline: 1850s |website=Dunn History |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>

Menomonie was incorporated as a city in 1882.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dunnhistory.org/history/menom/1880s.htm |title=A Menomonie Timeline: 1880s |website=Dunn History |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>

The [[Mabel Tainter Memorial Building]], a local landmark, was built in 1890 and dedicated on July 3, 1890, by Tainter in honor of his daughter Mabel, who had died in 1886 at the age of 19.<ref name="dunnhistory.org"/> In 1891, [[Wisconsin State Senator]] [[James Huff Stout]], son of Henry L. Stout, founded a manual training school, the first of several educational enterprises he launched in Menomonie. These educational programs were combined into the Stout Institute in 1908, and still stand as the [[University of Wisconsin–Stout]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/names.cfm |title=What's in a Name? |website=University of Wisconsin–Stout |access-date=October 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413165352/http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/names.cfm |archive-date=April 13, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1901, the water mill shut down and Knapp, Stout & Co. closed operations in the area. The Wisconsin Power Company and Submerged Electric Motor Co. acquired some of the company's facilities, the latter to house the world's first outboard motor factory. In 1902, the Wilson-Weber Lumber Company took over retail operations of the Knapp, Stout & Co. That same year, Menomonie founded the nation's first agricultural high school, the Dunn County School of Agriculture and Domestic Economy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dunnhistory.org/history/menom/1900s.htm |title=A Menomonie Timeline: 1900s |website=Dunn History |access-date=October 31, 2016 |archive-date=October 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008022622/http://www.dunnhistory.org/history/menom/1900s.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
Menomonie is located at {{coord|44|52|45|N|91|55|5|W|type:city}} (44.879, −91.918).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=April 23, 2011 |date=February 12, 2011 |title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}</ref>

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has an area of {{convert|15.47|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|13.69|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|1.78|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=November 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=January 25, 2012 }}</ref>

Menomonie is along [[Interstate 94 in Wisconsin|Interstate 94]], [[Wisconsin Highway 25|State Highway 25]] (which serves as the main north–south thoroughfare through town), [[Wisconsin Highway 29|State Highway 29]], [[U.S. Route 12 in Wisconsin|U.S. Highway 12]], and Dunn County Road B.

===Climate===
{{Weather box 
| single line = Y
| location = Menomonie, Wisconsin, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1957–present

|Jan record high F = 55
|Feb record high F = 60
|Mar record high F = 82
|Apr record high F = 90
|May record high F = 96
|Jun record high F = 98
|Jul record high F = 100
|Aug record high F = 101
|Sep record high F = 96
|Oct record high F = 90
|Nov record high F = 76
|Dec record high F = 64

|Jan avg record high F = 42.7
|Feb avg record high F = 48.4
|Mar avg record high F = 62.6
|Apr avg record high F = 77.8
|May avg record high F = 85.4
|Jun avg record high F = 89.9
|Jul avg record high F = 91.0
|Aug avg record high F = 90.1
|Sep avg record high F = 86.3
|Oct avg record high F = 79.3
|Nov avg record high F = 62.3
|Dec avg record high F = 47.1
|year avg record high F = 92.9


| Jan high F = 24.0
| Feb high F = 29.4
| Mar high F = 41.9
| Apr high F = 56.4
| May high F = 68.2
| Jun high F = 77.9
| Jul high F = 82.0
| Aug high F = 79.9
| Sep high F = 72.2
| Oct high F = 58.9
| Nov high F = 42.7
| Dec high F = 29.2

| Jan mean F = 14.3
| Feb mean F = 18.3
| Mar mean F = 30.6
| Apr mean F = 44.3
| May mean F = 56.3
| Jun mean F = 66.3
| Jul mean F = 70.6
| Aug mean F = 68.3
| Sep mean F = 60.2
| Oct mean F = 47.5
| Nov mean F = 33.1
| Dec mean F = 20.6

| Jan low F = 4.5
| Feb low F = 7.3
| Mar low F = 19.3
| Apr low F = 32.3
| May low F = 44.4
| Jun low F = 54.8
| Jul low F = 59.2
| Aug low F = 56.7
| Sep low F = 48.2
| Oct low F = 36.0
| Nov low F = 23.6
| Dec low F = 12.0

|Jan avg record low F = -17.8
|Feb avg record low F = -13.5
|Mar avg record low F = -1.8
|Apr avg record low F = 18.5
|May avg record low F = 30.4
|Jun avg record low F = 41.2
|Jul avg record low F = 48.5
|Aug avg record low F = 46.4
|Sep avg record low F = 33.8
|Oct avg record low F = 22.6
|Nov avg record low F = 7.8
|Dec avg record low F = -9.9
|year avg record low F = -20.2

|Jan record low F = -39
|Feb record low F = -40
|Mar record low F = -34
|Apr record low F = 4
|May record low F = 20
|Jun record low F = 30
|Jul record low F = 41
|Aug record low F = 37
|Sep record low F = 25
|Oct record low F = 12
|Nov record low F = -13
|Dec record low F = -36


| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation inch = 0.94
| Feb precipitation inch = 1.08
| Mar precipitation inch = 1.97
| Apr precipitation inch = 2.96
| May precipitation inch = 4.53
| Jun precipitation inch = 5.14
| Jul precipitation inch = 4.02
| Aug precipitation inch = 4.02
| Sep precipitation inch = 3.63
| Oct precipitation inch = 2.74
| Nov precipitation inch = 1.82
| Dec precipitation inch = 1.34

|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 8.0
|Feb precipitation days = 6.3
|Mar precipitation days = 8.0
|Apr precipitation days = 10.5
|May precipitation days = 12.9
|Jun precipitation days = 12.6
|Jul precipitation days = 10.9
|Aug precipitation days = 10.4
|Sep precipitation days = 10.5
|Oct precipitation days = 10.3
|Nov precipitation days = 7.6
|Dec precipitation days = 8.5


| Jan snow inch = 9.7
| Feb snow inch = 11.0
| Mar snow inch = 7.3
| Apr snow inch = 2.4
| May snow inch = 0.0
| Jun snow inch = 0.0
| Jul snow inch = 0.0
| Aug snow inch = 0.0
| Sep snow inch = 0.0
| Oct snow inch = 0.2
| Nov snow inch = 3.5
| Dec snow inch = 6.3

|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 5.4
|Feb snow days = 4.4
|Mar snow days = 3.0
|Apr snow days = 1.0
|May snow days = 0.1
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 1.8
|Dec snow days = 5.4

|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00475335&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Menomonie, WI
|access-date = March 8, 2023
}}
</ref>
|source 2 = National Weather Service<ref name = NOWData>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=mpx
|publisher = National Weather Service
|title = NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Minneapolis
|access-date = March 8, 2023
}}
</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1860= 970
|1870= 2210
|1880= 4177
|1890= 5491
|1900= 5655
|1910= 5036
|1920= 5104
|1930= 5595
|1940= 6582
|1950= 8245
|1960= 8624
|1970= 11112
|1980= 12769
|1990= 13547
|2000= 14937
|2010= 16264
|2020= 16843
|estyear=2021
|estimate=16794
|estref=<ref name=QF />
|align-fn=center
|footnote=[https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html U.S. Decennial Census]
}}

=== 2020 census ===
As of the census<ref name=QF>{{Cite web|title=US Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/menomoniecitywisconsin/POP010220}}</ref> of 2020, there were 16,843 people. The [[population density]] was {{convert|1,229.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 6,674 housing units at an average density of {{convert|487.3|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 88.1% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 4.4% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 1.7% [[Black (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.5% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.9% from [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|other races]], and 4.5% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 2.8% [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.<ref name="2020-census-5551025">{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census: Menomonie city, Wisconsin |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US5551025&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29 |website=data.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=July 6, 2022}}</ref>

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=November 18, 2012}}</ref> of 2010, there were 16,264 people, 5,743 households, and 2,455 families living in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|1188.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 6,234 housing units at an average density of {{convert|455.4|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 91.9% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.8% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.5% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 4.2% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.6% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 1.9% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.7% of the population.

There were 5,743 households, of which 20.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.9% were [[married couples]] living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 57.3% were non-families. 36.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the city was 23.4 years. 13.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 42% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.5% were from 25 to 44; 14.9% were from 45 to 64; and 11% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.

It is important to remember that a large percentage of the 42% between 18 and 24 were students at the University of Wisconsin-Stout.

===2000 census===
As of the 2000 [[census]],<ref name="GR2">{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=January 31, 2008 |title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> there were 14,937 people, 5,119 households, and 2,370 families living in the city. The [[population density]] was 1,160.7 people per square mile (448.1/km2). There were 5,441 housing units at an average density of 422.8 per square mile (163.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.79% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.76% [[African American (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[Race (United States Census)|African American]], 0.41% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 3.21% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.64% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1.18% from two or more races. 1.14% of the population were [[Hispanic]] or [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] of any race.

There were 5,119 households, out of which 22.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.0% were [[married couples]] living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.7% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.95.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 15.5% under the age of 18, 40.4% from 18 to 24, 20.5% from 25 to 44, 12.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 23 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $31,103, and the median income for a family was $44,458. Males had a median income of $30,893 versus $21,898 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $15,994. About 9.1% of families and 23.5% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 16.7% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those age 65 or over.

==Transportation==

{{Infobox Bus transit
| name = Dunn County Transit
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_caption =
| company_slogan =
| parent =
| founded =
| defunct =
| headquarters = 640 Stokke Parkway, Menomonie, Wisconsin
| locale = Menomonie, Wisconsin
| service_area =
| service_type = [[Bus service]], [[paratransit]]
| alliance =
| routes = 2
| destinations =
| stops =
| hubs =
| stations =
| lounge =
| fleet = 9
| annual ridership= 94,599 (2022)<ref name="DOT2022" />
| fuel_type =
| operator =
| ceo =
| website = {{URL|https://www.co.dunn.wi.us/transit}}
}}

===Dunn County Transit===
Dunn County Transit is Menomonie's [[public transportation]] system. It is owned and operated by [[Dunn County, Wisconsin|Dunn County]].

====Services====
The transit system operates two routes. The Community Route serves Menomonie at large; the Stout Route serves only [[UW-Stout]] but is open to the general public. These routes run as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.co.dunn.wi.us/vertical/Sites/%7BD750D8EC-F485-41AF-8057-2CE69E2B175A%7D/uploads/Community__Saturday_Community_Schedule_PDF_(1).pdf|title=Community Route|website=Dunn County, Wisconsin|publisher=Dunn County Transit Commission|date=June 1, 2021}}</ref>

*Community Route: 7:37am – 4:09pm Monday through Friday and 8:53am – 12:09pm on Saturdays
*Stout Route: 7:17am – 9:09pm Monday through Friday

====Ridership====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:520px; margin:auto;"
|+
|-
! style="width:50px"| !! style="width:100px"| Ridership !! style="width:100px"| Change over previous year
|-
!2014<ref name="DOT2014">{{cite web|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2014/5R06-50226.pdf|title=2014 Annual Agency Profile|website=Federal Transit Administration|publisher=Dunn County Transit Commission}}</ref>
|159,088 || n/a
|-
!2015<ref name="DOT2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2015/5R06-50226.pdf|title=2015 Annual Agency Profile|website=Federal Transit Administration|publisher=Dunn County Transit Commission}}</ref>
|153,606 || {{decrease}}{{0}}3.45%
|-
!2016<ref name="DOT2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2016/5R06-50226.pdf|title=2016 Annual Agency Profile|website=Federal Transit Administration|publisher=Dunn County Transit Commission}}</ref>
|133,776 || {{decrease}}{{0}}12.91%
|-
!2017<ref name="DOT2017">{{cite web|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2017/5R06-50226.pdf|title=2017 Annual Agency Profile|website=Federal Transit Administration|publisher=Dunn County Transit Commission}}</ref>
|111,208 || {{decrease}}{{0}}16.87%
|-
!2018<ref name="DOT2018">{{cite web|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2018/5R06-50226.pdf|title=2018 Annual Agency Profile|website=Federal Transit Administration|publisher=Dunn County Transit Commission}}</ref>
|114,652 || {{increase}}{{0}}3.1%
|-
!2019<ref name="DOT2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2019/5R06-50226.pdf|title=2019 Annual Agency Profile|website=Federal Transit Administration|publisher=Dunn County Transit Commission}}</ref>
|135,194 || {{increase}}{{0}}17.92%
|-
!2020<ref name="DOT2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2020/5R06-50226.pdf|title=2020 Annual Agency Profile|website=Federal Transit Administration|publisher=Dunn County Transit Commission}}</ref>
|98,821 || {{decrease}}{{0}}26.9%
|-
!2021<ref name="DOT2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2021/5R06-50226.pdf|title=2021 Annual Agency Profile|website=Federal Transit Administration|publisher=Dunn County Transit Commission}}</ref>
|29,697 || {{decrease}}{{0}}69.95%
|-
!2022<ref name="DOT2022">{{cite web|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/transit_agency_profile_doc/2022/50226.pdf|title=2022 Annual Agency Profile|website=Federal Transit Administration|publisher=Dunn County Transit Commission}}</ref>
|94,599 || {{increase}}{{0}}218.55%
|-
|}

[[Menomonie Municipal Airport]] (KLUM) serves the city and surrounding communities.

==Education==
[[File:2009-0620-Menomonie-Bowman.jpg|right|thumb|upright|Bowman Hall at the University of Wisconsin-Stout.]]
Menomonie schools are part of the [[Menomonie Area School District]].

The city has one public high school, [[Menomonie High School]], and one public middle school, Menomonie Middle School. There are five public elementary schools in the district: River Heights Elementary, Wakanda Elementary, Oaklawn Elementary, Downsville Elementary, and Knapp Elementary.

St. Paul's Lutheran School is a Christian Pre-K–8 school of the [[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] (WELS) in Menomonie.<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Paul's Christian Day School |url=https://spwels.org/school/}}</ref>

The city is home to the [[University of Wisconsin–Stout]] and a campus of [[Chippewa Valley Technical College]].

== Jail ==
Dunn County Jail is on Menomonie's eastern edge. It houses sentenced and non-sentenced, male and female inmates. As of July 2020, there are just over 80 inmates.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dunn County Jail|url= https://www.co.dunn.wi.us/jail|access-date=July 27, 2020|website=Dunn County}}</ref>

==Media==
* ''[[The Menomonie Times]]'', a weekly newspaper published 1876–1909, {{LCCN|sn86086695}}
* ''[[The Menomonie Badger]]'', a weekly newspaper published in 1903 and 1904<ref name="loc1">{{cite web |url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86086685/ |title=About The Menomonie Badger (Menomonie, Wis.) 1903-1904 |work=[[Chronicling America]] |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=December 26, 2013}}</ref>
* ''The Dunn County News''

==Honors==
In 2012, Menomonie was ranked #15 in ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]''{{'}}s "The 20 Best Small Towns in America".<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/The-20-Best-Small-Towns-in-America.html?c=y&page=15&navigation=thumb#IMAGES |title=The 20 Best Small Towns in America of 2012 |first1=Susan |last1=Spano |first2=Aviva |last2=Shen |date=April 30, 2012 |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{div col}}
* [[Stewart J. Bailey]], Wisconsin legislator<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Wisconsin Blue Book|The Blue Book of the State of Wisconsin]] |year=1889 |page=506}}</ref>
* [[Bill Bakke]], [[ski jumper]] who competed in the [[1968 Winter Olympics]]<ref name=sref>{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/bill-bakke-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418075035/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/bill-bakke-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 18, 2020 |access-date=May 23, 2013}}</ref>
* [[G. H. Bakke]], Wisconsin legislator<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=turn&entity=WI.WIBlueBk1952.p0068&id=WI.WIBlueBk1952&isize=text |editor1-first= M. G. |editor1-last=Toepel |editor2-first=Hazel L. |editor2-last=Kuehn |title=The Wisconsin Blue Book |year=1952 |chapter=Members of the Legislature |access-date=October 31, 2016 | via=The State of Wisconsin Collection}}</ref>
* [[Alvin J. Baldus]], U.S. Representative<ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/bakewell-baldus.html#R9M0IOINQ |title=The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Bakerhine to Baldus |first=Lawrence |last=Kestenbaum |website=Political Graveyard.com |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Wilfred Duford]], [[NFL]] player<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/D/DufoDu20.htm |title=Dukes Duford Stats |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Rockwell J. Flint]], Wisconsin state legislator and newspaper editor<ref>{{cite book |title=Wisconsin Blue Book |year=1882 |page=537 |chapter=Biographical Sketch of Rockwell J. Flint}}</ref>
* [[Vern Fuller]], [[MLB]] player<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/f/fulleve01.shtml |title=Vern Fuller Statistics and History |website=Baseball-Reference.com |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Neil Gaiman]], writer and screenwriter, has lived near Menomonie since 1992<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0301274/bio |title=Neil Gaiman |website=IMDb.com |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* [[John Paul Gerber]], author and historian<ref>{{Citation |title= John Gerber (obituary) |url= http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/bostonglobe/obituary.aspx?n=john-gerber&pid=143970625&fhid=4541 |newspaper= [[Boston Globe]] |date= July 8, 2010 |access-date= May 29, 2011 }}</ref>
* Wilson Hall, half of the comedy duo [[God's Pottery]]
* [[Tim Harmston]], stand-up comedian<ref name="Herald2009">{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=Deb |date=November 25, 2009 |title= Comedy rocks Mabel Tainter |url= https://chippewa.com/dunnconnect/variety/article_9783cf4e-2798-5ccd-82cd-30ef65121ba3.html |work=Chippewa Herald |location=[[Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin]] |access-date=April 28, 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Lorenzo D. Harvey]], educator<ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/harvey.html |title=The Political Graveyard: Index to Politicians: Harvey |first=Lawrence |last=Kestenbaum |website=Political Graveyard.com |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Luke Helder]], University of Wisconsin—Stout student who attempted to create a smiley-face on the United States map with pipe bombs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/10/mailbox.pipebombs/index.html |title=Federal charges brought against accused mailbox bomber |date=May 10, 2002 |website=CNN.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908003425/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/10/mailbox.pipebombs/index.html |archive-date=September 8, 2008 |access-date=October 31, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Ethan Iverson]], jazz pianist and founding member of [[The Bad Plus]]
* [[Warren S. Johnson]], founder of [[Johnson Controls]] and former school principal in Menomonie<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=14495&keyword=Warren%20Johnson |title=Warren S. Johnson |website=Wisconsin Historical Society |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref> in the late 19th century
* [[Ellen Kort]], Wisconsin's first Poet Laureate,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wisconsinpoetlaureate.org/ellen-kort|title=Ellen Kort | Wisconsin Poet Laureate Commission }}</ref> grew up in Menomonie<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/ellen-kort-obituary?pid=174687919| website=[[Legacy.com]] | title=Ellen Kort Obituary (2015) Appleton Post-Crescent | date=April 21, 2015 }}</ref>
* [[Reynold Kraft]], [[NFL]] player<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KrafRe20.htm |title=Reynold Kraft Stats |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Tim Krumrie]], [[Pro Bowl]] (1987–1988), [[nose tackle]] for the [[Cincinnati Bengals]]
* [[Robert Macauley (Wisconsin politician)|Robert Macauley]], Wisconsin legislator and jurist<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the State Bar Association of Wisconsin |year=1907 |publisher=Wisconsin Bar Association |chapter=Biographical Sketch of Robert Macauley |pages=297–298}}</ref>
* [[Harry Miller (auto racing)|Harry Miller]], "the greatest creative figure in the history of the American racing car"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discover-net.net/~dchs/history/exmiller.html |title=Harry Miller, Automotive Genius |website=discover-net.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806225243/http://www.discover-net.net/~dchs/history/exmiller.html |archive-date=August 6, 2012 |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Tom Neumann]], professional football player<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/N/NeumTo00.htm |title=Tom Neumann Stats |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Marvin Panch]], [[stock car racing]] driver, winner of 1961 [[Daytona 500]]
* [[Sewell A. Peterson]], politician
* [[Joe Plouff]], politician
* [[Charles Sanna]], [[inventor]] of [[Swiss Miss]] instant [[hot chocolate]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/02/obituaries/charles-sanna-dead.html|title=Charles Sanna, Man Behind Swiss Miss Cocoa, Dies at 101|last=Roberts|first=Sam|date=April 2, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 12, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Richard Shoemaker]], Wisconsin legislator<ref>{{cite book |title=Wisconsin Blue Book |year=1989–1990 |chapter=Biographical Sketch of Richard Shoemaker |page=40}}</ref>
* [[Nate Stanley]], [[NFL]] player
* [[Earl L. Stendahl]], art dealer
* [[James Huff Stout]], legislator and businessman<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uwstout.edu/history/biography.cfm |title=A Short Biography: James Huff Stout |website=University of Wisconsin-Stout |access-date=October 31, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929210644/http://www.uwstout.edu/history/biography.cfm |archive-date=September 29, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Jeremiah Burnham Tainter]], engineer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dunnhistory.org/history/exgate.html |title=The Tainter Gate |website=Dunn History |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Tom Wiedenbauer]], [[Major League Baseball]] [[outfielder]] and [[coach (baseball)|first-base coach]] for the [[Cleveland Indians]]
* [[Aaron Yonda]], comedy video producer<ref>{{cite web |url=http://monkeybusinessinstitute.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=69:aaron-yonda&catid=44:bio&Itemid=55 |title=Improv Shows & Classes in Madison, WI |website=Monkey Business Institute |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

== Notable attractions ==
* [[Mabel Tainter Memorial Building|The Mabel Tainter Theater]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mabeltainter.org/|title={{!}} Menomonie's Historic Theater ideal for entertainment, weddings, business meetings and tours.|language=en-US|access-date=August 29, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Hoffman Hills State Recreation Area]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.travelwisconsin.com/birding/hoffman-hills-state-recreation-area-204270|title=Hoffman Hills State Recreation Area {{!}} Travel Wisconsin|website=TravelWisconsin|language=en|access-date=August 29, 2019}}</ref>
*Red Cedar State Trail<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g60083-d263900-Reviews-Red_Cedar_State_Trail-Menomonie_Wisconsin.html|title=Red Cedar State Trail (Menomonie) - 2019 All You Need to Know BEFORE You Go (with Photos)|website=TripAdvisor|language=en|access-date=August 29, 2019}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* ''[[Caddie Woodlawn]]'', a [[Newbery Award]]-winning novel, is based on the girlhood adventures of [[Caroline Augusta Woodhouse]], who lived about 10 miles south of Menomonie. The novel is by Woodhouse's granddaughter, [[Carol Ryrie Brink]], and was published in 1936. There is a historical marker in the wayside park near the Woodhouse house.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historicalmarkerproject.com/markers/HMKVE_caddie-woodlawn_Menomonie-WI.html |title=Caddie Woodlawn |website=Historical Marker Project |access-date=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
*The fictional town of Lakeside in [[Neil Gaiman]]'s novel ''[[American Gods]]'' may be based on Menomonie.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 4, 2011|title=American Gods Roadtrip|url=https://arteriesofamerica.com/2011/07/04/american-gods-roadtrip/|access-date=February 17, 2021|website=Arteries of America|language=en}}</ref>
*The eighth episode of [[Supernatural (season 11)|season 11]] of the television show ''[[Supernatural (American TV series)|Supernatural]]'' takes place in Menomonie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=11.08 Just My Imagination - Super-wiki|url=http://www.supernaturalwiki.com/11.08_Just_My_Imagination|access-date=February 17, 2021|website=www.supernaturalwiki.com}}</ref>
*Holloway Roberts from [[Mark Z. Danielewski]]'s ''[[House of Leaves]]'' was born in Menomonie. He uses this fact as a mantra throughout his narrative.

==Sister cities==
Menomonie has two [[sister city]] relationships:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chippewa.com/dunnconnect/news/local/menomonie-s-japanese-sister-city-affected-by-earthquake/article_4a06b248-6b8a-11e0-86ff-001cc4c03286.html |title=Menomonie's Japanese sister city affected by earthquake |website=Chippewa Herald|date=April 20, 2011 |access-date=September 6, 2020}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Nasukarasuyama]], Japan
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Konakovo]], Russia

==See also==
*[[Kraft State Bank robbery]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Adele Marie |url=http://www.uwstout.edu/about/history/readarticle.cfm |title=The Ideal Schools of Menomonie |journal=[[The World's Work]] |year=1904}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Menomonie, Wisconsin}}
* [http://www.menomonie-wi.gov/ City of Menomonie]
* [http://menomoniewi.com/ Menomonie Business Directory]
* [[localwiki:menomonie/|Menomonie LocalWiki]]
* [http://menomonietaxi.com/ Menomonie Taxi]
{{Adjacent communities|Center=Menomonie|WEST=[[File:I-94.svg|25px|link=Interstate 94 in Wisconsin]] - [[File:US 12.svg|25px|link=U.S. Route 12 in Wisconsin]] [[Saint Paul, Minnesota]], [[Wilson, St. Croix County, Wisconsin|Wilson]], [[Spring Valley, Wisconsin|Spring Valley]]|EAST=[[File:I-94.svg|25px|link=Interstate 94 in Wisconsin]] - [[File:US 12.svg|25px|link=U.S. Route 12 in Wisconsin]] - [[File:WIS 29.svg|25px|link=WIS 29]] [[Eau Claire, Wisconsin|Eau Claire]], [[Elk Mound, Wisconsin|Elk Mound]]|North=[[File:WIS 25.svg|25px|link=WIS 25]] [[Barron, Wisconsin|Barron]], [[Wheeler, Wisconsin|Wheeler]]|South=[[File:WIS 25.svg|25px|link=WIS 25]] [[Nelson, Wisconsin|Nelson]], [[Downsville, Wisconsin|Downsville]]}}
{{Dunn County, Wisconsin}}
{{Wisconsin county seats}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Cities in Dunn County, Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Micropolitan areas of Wisconsin]]
[[Category:County seats in Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1788]]
[[Category:1788 establishments in the Northwest Territory]]
[[Category:Wisconsin placenames of Native American origin]]

Robert E. Miles

2024-09-24T02:40:27Z

136.32.60.170: /* Biography */

{{Short description|White supremacist religious leader (1925–1992)}}
{{about|the White Nationalist leader|contemporary Swiss musician|Robert Miles}}

'''Robert E. "Pastor Bob" Miles''' (January 28, 1925 – August 16, 1992, [[Howell, Michigan]]) was a [[white supremacist]] [[theologist]] and [[Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary|Grand Dragon]] of the Michigan [[Ku Klux Klan]] from [[Michigan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Sfkdhf3JwwC&pg=PA278|title=Right in Michigan's Grassroots: From the KKK to the Michigan Militia|last=Vinyard|first=JoEllen M.|date=2011-06-07|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=9780472051595|pages=278|language=en}}</ref> In 1970, he founded the Mountain Church of Jesus Christ the Savior on his property in [[Cohoctah Township, Michigan|Cohoctah Township]], becoming a major "[[Dualistic cosmology|dualist]]" religious leader, and allied himself with various groups that constituted the [[racist]] and [[anti-Semitic]] political-religious movement known as [[Christian Identity]], including [[Aryan Nations]]. In 1977, Miles received a five-year sentence for the bombing and concurrent 4-year sentences for the [[tarring and feathering]] in 1971 of the deputy superintendent of Ann Arbor Public schools.
In the early 1980s, Miles endorsed the [[Northwest Territorial Imperative]].

== Biography ==
Robert Miles was born in 1925.
According to his obituary in the Ann Arbor News, Robert Miles was:<blockquote>"Raised in New York City, Miles joined the [[Free France|Free French]] forces in 1940 by lying about his age. He worked as a radio operator in Europe and flew 14 sorties into occupied France on agent or supply drops.

When America entered [[World War II]] in 1941, he joined the U.S. Navy and finished the war in the Pacific.

After the war, Miles was heavily involved with anti-communist guerrillas in the Philippines. He later was captured by the communists and held in a jungle prison camp for a year before he was repatriated by U.S. officials.

From 1947 to 1969, Miles was an insurance executive for the General Accident Fire and Life Assurance of Perth, Scotland, representing the company in upstate New York and Michigan.

At the same time, Miles was working to train Eastern European guerrillas for work behind the Iron Curtain. In 1953, his house mysteriously exploded in New York. Miles moved to Michigan soon after."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shriner |first=Dan |date=August 19, 1992 |title=Former Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon Robert Miles Dies |work=Ann Arbor News |url=https://aadl.org/aa_news_19920819-former_ku_klux_klan_grand_dragon_robert_miles_dies |url-status=live |access-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117233020/https://aadl.org/aa_news_19920819-former_ku_klux_klan_grand_dragon_robert_miles_dies |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}</ref></blockquote>
In 1970, he founded the Mountain Church of Jesus Christ the Savior on his property in [[Cohoctah Township, Michigan|Cohoctah Township]], becoming a major "[[Dualistic cosmology|dualist]]" religious leader, and allied himself with various groups that constituted the [[racist]] and [[anti-Semitic]] political-religious movement known as [[Christian Identity]], including [[Aryan Nations]].<ref name=upi>{{cite news|title=Former KKK leader Robert Miles dead at 67|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/08/18/Former-KKK-leader-Robert-Miles-dead-at-67/7854714110400/|access-date=14 April 2018|work=UPI|language=en}}</ref> Miles saw Earth as the site of a battle between a true God and a [[false god]], with [[Jews]] acting as agents of the false God against the true "chosen people" that would be "white Aryans". According to the political scientist [[Michael Barkun]], his dualistic theology was important despite its idiosyncrasies, and "the avuncular Miles functioned as a kind of elder statesman of the racial movement".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb0EAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|title=Religion and the Racist Right: The Origins of the Christian Identity Movement|last=Barkun|first=Michael|date=2014-02-01|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=9781469611112|pages=116|language=en}}</ref>

In 1971, Miles, former [[Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary|Grand Dragon]] of the Michigan [[Ku Klux Klan]] (KKK), was arrested for conspiring to bomb school buses in an attempt to stop the [[Desegregation busing|forced busing]] in Michigan. The media billed it as a "Klan trial" even though Miles had not been associated with the KKK for some time. Miles and four others were later convicted and received sentences ranging from two to five years for this incident. In 1977, Miles received a five-year sentence for the bombing and concurrent 4-year sentences for the [[tarring and feathering]] in 1971 of the deputy superintendent of Ann Arbor Public schools.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIwwWSSL5JIC|title=Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism|last=Gardell|first=Mattias|date=2003-06-27|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822330714|pages=350|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ann Arbor News |date=July 22, 1977 |title=Former Klan Leader Miles Loses Bid For Freedom |url=https://aadl.org/aa_news_19770722-former_klan_leader_miles_loses_bid_for_freedom |access-date=2024-08-21 |website= Ann Arbor District Library}}</ref>

Following the [[Greensboro Massacre]] on November 3, 1979, where anti-Klan communist activists were killed, "a number of previously antagonistic White Supremacist groups, including the [[Posse Comitatus (organization)|Posse Comitatus]] and various [[Neo-Nazi]] and Klan factions, began having discussions about how they could formulate a common ideology. These different groups also conducted joint activities and began establishing informal means of communication including [[computer bulletin board]]s and cable TV programs. Many of these groups embraced [[Christian Identity]]. Gradually, a White racist alliance emerged. Centers of this movement included Miles' Michigan farm, as well as the [[Aryan Nations]] compound in [[Hayden Lake, Idaho]], the site of Identity Pastor [[Richard Girnt Butler|Richard Butler]]'s Church of Jesus Christ–Christian.<ref>[[Chip Berlet]] and Matthew N. Lyons. 2000. ''Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort.'' New York: Guilford Press.</ref>

In the early 1980s, Miles endorsed the [[Northwest Territorial Imperative]] in his seminar ''Birth of a Nation''. According to him, White Americans constituted a separate racial nation and urged white nationalists to establish a separate white state in the Pacific Northwest. "Let us go in peace", he wrote, "let us be considered a Racial Nation of [[Aryan]]s."<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIwwWSSL5JIC|title=Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism|last=Gardell|first=Mattias|date=2003-06-27|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=9780822330714|pages=112–13|language=en}}</ref> Coupled with his increasingly anti-US government position, he was referred to as a "Klanarchist".<ref>[http://radicalarchives.org/2009/11/26/klanarchist/ Kaza, Greg. 1987. "Hitler's Klanarchist". ''Fifth Estate'', #326 (vol. 22, #2), Summer 1987. pp 16, 28.]</ref>

Miles had a history of heart problems and suffered a stroke before he died at McPherson Hospital in [[Howell, Michigan]] in 1992.<ref name=upi/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{White nationalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miles, Robert}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Christian Identity]]
[[Category:Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragons]]
[[Category:American anti-communists]]
[[Category:American Ku Klux Klan members convicted of crimes]]
[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Free French military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:People from Michigan]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government]]
[[Category:United States Navy personnel of World War II]]

Mike DeBardeleben

2024-09-24T02:27:01Z

136.32.60.170:

{{Short description|American criminal}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Mike DeBardeleben
| image =
| birth_name = {{nowrap|James Mitchell DeBardeleben Jr.}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|03|20|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Little Rock, Arkansas]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|01|26|1940|03|20|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[FMC Butner]], [[Durham County, North Carolina]], U.S.
| other_names = The Mall Passer
|victims = 6+ survived 4+ murders suspected
| conviction_penalty = 375 years imprisonment
}}

'''James Mitchell''' "'''Mike'''" '''DeBardeleben Jr.''' (March 20, 1940 – January 26, 2011) was an American convicted kidnapper, rapist, [[counterfeit]]er, and suspected [[serial killer]] who became known as the "Mall Passer" due to his practice of passing [[Counterfeit money|counterfeit bills]] in shopping malls bordering interstate highways across the United States.<ref name="washington post">{{cite news|last1=Sun|first1=Lena H.|last2=O'Neill|first2=Tex|title=A Trail of Murder, Rape, Kidnaping|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1984/07/09/a-trail-of-murder-rape-kidnaping/fdb431cc-ad09-4dd2-838f-d5028bf26793/|accessdate=19 April 2017|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=9 July 1984}}</ref> FBI profiler [[Roy Hazelwood]] said DeBardeleben was the best-documented sexual sadist since the [[Marquis de Sade]], and one of America's most dangerous known criminals.<ref name=":1"/>

In personality, DeBardeleben displayed marked [[Schizoid personality disorder|schizoid]] and [[Narcissistic personality disorder|narcissistic]] traits, along with symptoms of [[psychopathy]]. He also exemplified all eight of the outdated [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM-III-R]] criteria for [[sadistic personality disorder]]. DeBardeleben was characterized as having a "[[Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde|Jekyll and Hyde]]" personality, whose demeanor could shift from affable to extremely cruel. The [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|DSM-IV]] cites DeBardeleben as an example of both [[Sexual sadism disorder|sexual sadism]] and [[antisocial personality disorder]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Spitzer|first1=Robert L.|title=Treatment companion to the DSM-IV-TR casebook|date=2004|publisher=American Psychiatric Association|location=Washington|isbn=9781585621941|page=289}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Spitzer|first1=Robert L|title=Treatment companion to DSM-IV-TR casebook|url=http://laurel.lso.missouri.edu:2083/iii/encore/record/C__Rb19315966__Scompanion%20dolls__P0,11__Orightresult__X1;jsessionid=973153B9FA2AD007D064440F725F87B1?lang=eng&suite=mobum-sso|website=laurel.lso.missouri.edu|publisher=American Psychiatric Pub.|accessdate=19 April 2017|archive-date=April 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420045943/http://laurel.lso.missouri.edu:2083/iii/encore/record/C__Rb19315966__Scompanion%20dolls__P0,11__Orightresult__X1;jsessionid=973153B9FA2AD007D064440F725F87B1?lang=eng&suite=mobum-sso|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After his arrest for counterfeiting, the [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] found evidence linking him to a series of sex crimes; he was tried, found guilty and sentenced to 375 years in federal prison. Although he was never brought to trial for murder, he was the principal suspect in two homicides, and he remains a suspect in several others. He died of pneumonia at the Federal Medical Center in [[Butner, North Carolina]], in early 2011.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://authorlink.com/news/sex-criminal-debardeleben-dies-book-chronicles-his-crimes-2/|title=Sex Criminal DeBardeleben Dies, Book Chronicles His Crimes - Authorlink|website=authorlink.com|access-date=2016-12-31}}</ref>

==Background==
'''Mike DeBardeleben''' was born on March 20, 1940, in [[Little Rock, Arkansas]], the second of three children born to James Mitchell DeBardeleben Sr. and Mary Lou DeBardeleben ''[[née]]'' Edwards. The DeBardelebens were a military family who moved frequently. After the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], James DeBardeleben Sr. took a commission as a lieutenant in the [[United States Army]], and was posted to [[Washington, D.C.]], for the duration of World War II.<ref name=":0" /> Mike's younger brother, Ralph, later became a U.S. Army paratrooper.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy6yrAEjwdkC&dq=michael+debardeleben+born&pg=PA135|title=Beyond Cruel|last=Michaud|first=Stephen G.|date=2007-06-26|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9781429934510|language=en}}</ref>

In 1945, the family moved to [[Austin, Texas]], and James Sr. was shipped out to the [[South West Pacific theatre of World War II|South Pacific]] for nine months.<ref name=":0" /> In 1949, the family moved briefly to [[Kentucky]] before relocating to [[Frankfurt]], Germany.<ref name=":0" /> In 1950, James Sr. was promoted to lieutenant colonel, and the family moved to [[the Hague]] in the Netherlands, where James Sr. served for two years as a military adviser for the U.S. Embassy.<ref name=":0" /> In 1953, James Sr. retired from the army, and took a federal civil service post in [[Albany, New York]].<ref name=":0" />

The marriage between DeBardeleben's parents was unstable and both had many extramarital affairs. At one point, his parents had considered divorce, but ultimately chose to stay married for the sake of the children.<ref name=":0" /> DeBardeleben's mother was sexually promiscuous and an emotionally unstable [[alcoholic]], whose behavior could become violent. His mother often neglected the children when her husband was away. Mike's sister, Linda, became a caretaker for her younger brothers. It was during this period that DeBardeleben began to develop a deep hatred of his mother, which would eventually crystallize into a [[Misogyny|hatred of women]] in general.<ref name=":0" />

As a child, DeBardeleben was subjected to considerable [[abuse]] and neglect. His father was a punitive man who was very critical of his children and almost never praised them for their accomplishments. When DeBardeleben was younger, his father would punish him by holding his head underwater in a bathtub as well as [[Switch (corporal punishment)|switching]] him. According to his siblings, these punishments began before he was old enough to attend school.<ref name=":0" />

Even from an early age, DeBardeleben was a quiet loner, detached from the other children. According to his own account and that of his sister, he preferred solitary activities and spent a great deal of time drawing and sketching in his room. These sorts of activities became an escape for him and a way to express himself, from which he "derived much inner satisfaction".<ref name=":0" />

In adolescence, DeBardeleben began to exhibit [[antisocial behavior]] and aggressiveness toward others. In 1956, at the age of 16, DeBardeleben physically assaulted his mother for the first time.<ref name=":0" /> He is also alleged to have threatened his mother at times with a [[hatchet]] or a [[letter opener]]. On September 8, he purchased two handguns and ammunition with a friend. Later that month, he was arrested and convicted of his first felony, possessing a concealed firearm. This arrest was the first of many that followed, on [[sodomy]], attempted murder, [[kidnapping]], and other charges.<ref name=":0" />

==Adult life and death==

In the spring of 1957, DeBardeleben was expelled from Peter Schuyler High School, which effectively ended his formal education. In October of that year, he enlisted in the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] and was stationed at the [[Lackland Air Force Base]] in Texas. After only a year, he was [[court-martial]]ed for disorderly behavior and sentenced to two months in the base stockade. In 1958, he was ordered to see a psychiatrist for counseling after he was pronounced [[Desertion|AWOL]] several times. At the age of 18, he was discharged from the Air Force and moved in with relatives in [[Fort Worth, Texas]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1959, DeBardeleben attempted school again, enrolling in [[R. L. Paschal High School]], but after three months was expelled. In August of that year, he married his first wife, Linda Weir, but three weeks later separated from her. Also, that month, he was arrested for attempted robbery with an accomplice, followed two weeks later by his involvement in a string of auto thefts, and was sentenced to five years' probation. In October, he fathered a premature [[stillborn]] daughter with an unidentified woman.<ref name=":0" />

DeBardeleben later met Charlotte Weber, who was 17 at the time. At the time, DeBardeleben lived at home with his parents, terrorising his family. Both of his parents feared him and deemed him capable of killing them. Weber recalls how DeBardeleben's family endured violent outbursts in which he "lit fires in his room" and "kicked doors in". Nonetheless, Weber described DeBardeleben as a "handsome young rebel" with whom she was "enthralled".<ref name=":0" />

In March 1960, he impregnated Charlotte and on June 9, married her. On December 12, 1960, he fathered a daughter, Bethene. Charlotte described him as preoccupied with vanity and being apathetic but not abusive. Later wives described how DeBardeleben tortured and abused them. DeBardeleben fathered a second child with Charlotte, but was forced by her parents to give the child up for adoption.<ref name=":0" />

On August 12, 1961, his 19-year-old brother Ralph, who was home on leave from the Army but staying in a motel due to an argument with DeBardeleben, committed [[suicide]] in a church parking lot by asphyxiating himself with his car exhaust. He had stated to his sister that he intended not to return when his leave was up; DeBardeleben later blamed his brother's suicide on severe depression arising from rigorous paratrooper training, a girlfriend rejecting him, and, as the underlying cause, the same deprived home environment that he claimed created him.<ref name=":0" />

DeBardeleben attended two different universities in [[Texas]] in the summer of 1961 despite lacking a [[high school diploma]], soon after divorcing Charlotte. But the following year, his probation was revoked, and he was jailed. DeBardeleben moved back in with his parents after being released, and he immediately started violently beating his mother once more.<ref name=":0" /> His health started to deteriorate at this point, and he started acting more aggressively. DeBardeleben was brought to [[Western State Hospital (Staunton, Virginia)|Western State Hospital]] in [[Staunton, Virginia]] for a psychological assessment in March 1964 after his parents alerted the authorities. DeBardeleben was later labelled as "[[sociopathic]]" and clinicians opined that he would be a poor candidate for [[psychotherapy]].<ref name=":0" />

DeBardeleben began seeing Wanda Faye Davis, who was six years younger than him, soon after they met.<ref name=":0" /> The two eventually were married in September 1964. Later, she would describe him as charming, well-groomed, and intelligent. Ultimately, DeBardeleben got Davis to agree to having naked pictures taken of her engaging in a variety of sadistic sex acts with him. Later, he used these to threaten her into helping him commit various crimes as his accomplice.<ref name=":0" />

DeBardeleben disclosed his grotesque sexual fantasies and openly discussed his urges to torture and kill women to Davis. Davis later told the Secret Service; "His greatest thing that he could have ever thought about was to abduct a woman, torture her, have various sex-activities go on, strangle her and watch her die or blow her brains out with a gun. Then he would hide her so that if she was ever found there would be no evidence of who had done it and it would be the perfect crime."<ref name=":0" />

DeBardeleben was arrested in 1966 for kidnapping and sodomising a young girl, a crime he committed with Davis's male cousin. This was DeBardeleben's first known [[sexual offence]]. But after the jury discovered that the victim had gotten into the car with the two men voluntarily, the charges were ultimately withdrawn. Two times within a short period of time, Davis fell pregnant with DeBardeleben's child; the first pregnancy ended in a [[miscarriage]] after DeBardeleben shoved her down a flight of stairs. They were already divorced when she gave birth to his daughter, Lindsey.<ref name=":0" />

When he married Caryn, his fourth wife, she was twelve years his junior. When Secret Service agents searched DeBardeleben's home after his first arrest for [[counterfeiting]] in 1976, they discovered a printing press, as well as a collection of [[dildo]]s, [[whip]]s, [[Vibrator (sex toy)|vibrator]]s, and a stack of five-by-seven cards containing the names, addresses, measurements, and physical characteristics of numerous women. His house also had amateur [[sadomasochistic]] pornography all over the walls. Evidence found led to him being convicted and sentenced to the [[Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury]] where DeBardeleben's [[intelligence quotient]] was determined to be approximately 127.<ref name=":0" />

During his imprisonment he wrote; "I feel that I have been unjustly tormented, degraded and shit upon by society (specifically the American Justice System-which is rotten to the core). In order to regain an adequate self-image, I feel compelled to somehow restore my self-respect. If I were to shit upon society for an adequate monetary gain, commensurate with the pain I have suffered and not get caught, it would accomplish my objective." In 1978, after spending time at a [[halfway house]], DeBardeleben moved to [[Arlington, Virginia]], where he purchased a 1977 [[Ford Thunderbird]] to resume his criminal activity. At the same time, a misunderstanding at the [[Crime Information Center]] led authorities to conclude that DeBardeleben had recently died.<ref name=":0" />

==Crimes==
From 1979 to 1983, the [[United States Secret Service]] believed they had found a geographical pattern to a string of counterfeiting cases and were tracking the distribution of counterfeit $20 bills across thirty-eight states. The Secret Service started receiving allegations of bogus $20 bills being circulated in eastern states in 1979 from bank tellers and store owners. All of the notes had the same flaws, which suggested that they all came from the same source. The counterfeiter, known as the "Mall Passer," would use the fake money to pay for an inexpensive item and pocket the change for a profit.<ref name=":0" />

The authorities distributed composite sketches to store clerks in 1982, when the offender was earning $130,000 a year, based on their projections of his future behavior.<ref name=":0" /> If this person handed the staff a $20 bill, they were told to call the police. This led to DeBardeleben's arrest at [[Maryville, Tennessee]]. In DeBardeleben's car, more counterfeit $20 bills were found, each labelled with the city in which they would be passed. Also, DeBardeleben's driver's license read Roger Blanchard, but the car he had left at the mall was registered to James Jones, so the authorities had to use fingerprints to positively identify him.<ref name=":0" />

Following a thorough search of DeBardeleben's home, a storage unit that DeBardeleben used was located using a folded white piece of paper that was designated in the yellow pages which contained information on a storage unit. The storage facility was then quickly searched for fake printing plates.<ref name=":0" /> Photographs showing women being raped and killed were discovered while authorities were looking for the tools DeBardeleben used to make the notes. A kill kit including handcuffs, shoelaces, chains, whips, and K-Y jelly was also discovered, along with homemade audiotapes of rape and torture, and sets of women's underwear.<ref name=":0" />

FBI profilers speculated that in photographs where his face was seen along with the victim's, he murdered the woman and disposed of her body; whereas in photographs where he was hiding his face, he allowed the victim to live. Most of the forty different women shown in his photograph collection have never been identified.<ref name=":0" /> Debardeleben recorded torturing one victim as he pressed a burning cigar against her back, in which he stated; “Describe the pain, how does it hurt? Just exactly how does it hurt? I want you to tell me that you’re fascinated by the pain.“ The victim being tortured was ultimately identified as 20-year-old Laurie Jensen.<ref name=":0" />

DeBardeleben appeared in court on his own behalf, and during cross-examination, he made one of his victims sit through an audio recording of her abuse. Debardeleben also accidentally implicated himself when he described the car and the incident in great detail while questioning the woman about being pulled into the car by her attacker. He was found guilty of several offenses and given a cumulative sentence of 375 years in federal prison. On January 26, 2011, DeBardeleben died of pneumonia at the [[Federal Medical Center, Butner|Federal Medical Center]] in [[North Carolina]].<ref name=":0" />

== Alleged victims ==
The precise number of DeBardeleben's victims will never be known. DeBardeleben steadfastly resisted admitting guilt and refrained from boasting about any of his crimes.<ref name=":0" /> The following are individuals who authorities strongly suspect were likely victims of DeBardeleben:
* 52-year-old realtor '''Edna Terry McDonald''' left her office on June 5, 1971, to travel to [[Barrington, Rhode Island]] for an evening meeting with a "Mr. Peter Morgan."<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 1991 |title=Barrington Journal; Family of 3 Vanished, Town Loses Tranquillity |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/11/us/barrington-journal-family-of-3-vanished-town-loses-tranquillity.html}}</ref> She was discovered dead and hanging from a basement rafter the following day in the house she had been showing. There was no indication of robbery or [[rape]] as a motive; instead, she had been strangled with her stockings. Until a comparable crime was connected to Debardeleben years later, police had no leads at all. Debardeleben was charged but not tried for McDonald's murder.<ref name=":0" />
* '''Lucy Alexander''', 19-year-old nursing student, was kidnapped by Debardeleben from [[Georgetown, Delaware]] on March 9, 1978. He subjected her to multiple acts of rape and sodomy, made her perform [[fellatio]] on him, and the following day in [[Delaware]], released her in a remote location.<ref name=":0" />
* 31-year-old realtor '''Elizabeth Mason ''' agreed to show a man numerous residences in [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]] on April 2, 1979.<ref name=":0" /> He took out a gun and started pistol-whipping Mason inside one of the homes they had been touring. He smashed her skull against the floor, tied her up and strangled her until she passed out. Her assailant had taken her car and underwear when she awoke. She had not been sexually attacked despite being partially undressed.<ref name=":0" />
* On January 6, 1979, 20-year-old '''Laurie Jensen''' was returning home at night after working at a convenience shop in [[Ocean City, Maryland]] when she was requested to get in a car by Debardeleben who appeared to be a law enforcement official. She was questioned about a robbery by Debardeleben, who handcuffed her.<ref name=":0" /> She was blindfolded and subjected to both rape and violence for three days while being locked in a closet.<ref name=":0" />
* Debardeleben pulled over 25-year-old '''Diane Overton''', a lone driver, on January 11, 1980, at 4 a.m. while posing as a police officer on a quiet residential road. When he tried to rape her, Overton bit his hand and yelled for help. She kicked the gear stick of his car as he attempted to force her into his vehicle, stopping the engine. Debardeleben jumped into the driver's seat and repeatedly tried to run her over before eventually giving up.<ref name=":0" />
* On December 11, 1980, Debardeleben entered a clothing store and approached 27-year-old '''Maria Santini''', the cashier, brandishing a revolver. She had to hunch over in the footwell of his car as he drove her to his house after carrying her outside. He hogtied her there, took pictures of her, and then raped her.<ref name=":0" />
* 37-year-old '''Jean McPhaul''', a prominent realtor from [[Bossier City, Louisiana]], vanished on April 27, 1982, after accompanying a "Dr. Zack" to view a property. She was found hanging from a rafter in the attic the following morning.<ref name=":0" /> She had not been raped, but she had been stabbed twice in the chest and strangled. A neighbour had seen "Dr. Zack" arrive at the residence and provided police with enough information to create a composite sketch that appeared to closely resemble Debardeleben.<ref name=":0" /> A list of aliases Debardeleben planned to use for his illegal activities, including the moniker "Dr. Zack," was found in his private diary entries. Debardeleben was charged but not tried for this crime.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1984-06-07 |title=McPhaul killing suspect James DeBardebeben, 44, indicted |pages=1 |work=The Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34659820/mcphaul-killing-suspect-james/ |access-date=2022-11-06}}</ref>
* On May 20, 1982, 17-year-old '''Kellie Marie Brownlee''' and her boyfriend took the bus to their high school, but Kellie skipped classes and subsequently hitchhiked to the Twelve Oaks Mall in [[Novi, Michigan]], where she made multiple job applications.<ref name="Charley Project">{{cite web|title=Kellie Marie Brownlee|url=https://charleyproject.org/case/kellie-marie-brownlee|publisher=The Charley Project|date=August 10, 2022|access-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref> At the mall, a friend's mother spotted her and offered to drive her home, but Kellie turned down the offer. She was last seen at this location, and DeBardeleben has been accused of being involved in her disappearance.<ref name="Charley Project"/> Debardeleben reportedly preferred hitchhikers and brunette women, both of which matched Kellie's description. Brownlee's mother was provided with photos belonging to DeBardeleben in an effort to help identify Kellie, but she was unsuccessful. Since then, DeBardeleben has been ruled out as a suspect.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Novi teen linked to suspected serial killer last seen 40 years ago at Twelve Oaks Mall|work=www.clickondetroit.com|url=https://www.clickondetroit.com/news/local/2022/05/20/novi-teen-linked-to-suspected-serial-killer-last-seen-40-years-ago-at-twelve-oaks-mall/}}</ref>
* On April 13, 1983, 42-year-olds '''Joe Rapini''' and '''David Starr''' returned home from work at a local Columbia Savings Bank in [[Greece, New York]] to discover a masked burglar, who held them at gunpoint. He kidnapped Rapini and demanded that Starr visit a bank to get a $70,000 ransom.<ref name=":0" /> Starr proposed the first half of the ransom and was instructed to leave it next to a burned-out building. The ransom was later collected by a woman driving a white automobile.<ref name=":0" /> Even though Starr did everything he could to follow his orders, Rapini was found shot to death in his car later that day. Despite disparities in Debardeleben's normal ''[[modus operandi]]'', he was linked to this case by his journal entries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=True Crime, Once Upon A Crime & An Evil Psychopath |url=http://frankweberauthor.com/1/post/2020/09/true-crime-once-upon-a-crime-an-evil-psychopath.html |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Frank F. Weber, Author |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of serial killers in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://crimelibrary.org/serial_killers/predators/debardeleben/index_1.html Mike DeBardeleben] at [[Crime Library]]
* [http://www.stephenmichaud.com/lethalshadow.htm First chapter of Stephen Michaud's book ''Lethal Shadow'', about DeBardeleben]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debardeleben, Mike}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:American counterfeiters]]
[[Category:American rapists]]
[[Category:American people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in North Carolina]]
[[Category:People from Little Rock, Arkansas]]
[[Category:People with antisocial personality disorder]]
[[Category:People with sadistic personality disorder]]
[[Category:People with sexual sadism disorder]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in United States federal government detention]]
[[Category:Suspected serial killers]]

Brujeria (band)

2024-09-20T21:37:10Z

136.32.60.170: /* Matando Güeros and controversy (1993–1994) */

{{use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{short description|American extreme metal band}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Brujeria
| image = Sziget festival 2009 - Brujeria.jpg
| caption = Brujeria performing at the 2009 [[Sziget Festival]]
| image_upright = 1.25
| alias =
| origin = [[Los Angeles]], California, U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tartareandesire.com/bands/Brujeria/2709/ |title=Brujeria - Grindcore/Death metal band from Mexico|publisher=Tartarean Desire|access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref><ref name="uni-halle1">{{cite web |url=http://asjournal.zusas.uni-halle.de/archive/50/95.html |title=American Studies Journal - Brujeria and the U.S.-Mexico Border Outlaw |publisher=Asjournal.zusas.uni-halle.de |access-date=2012-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628053127/http://asjournal.zusas.uni-halle.de/archive/50/95.html |archive-date=2012-06-28 }}</ref>
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Death metal]]
* [[grindcore]]
* {{nowrap|[[groove metal]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-10|title=Brujeria - Pocho Aztlan|url=https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2016/10/10/brujeria/|access-date=2020-12-22|website=[[Decibel Magazine]]}}</ref>}}}}
| years_active = 1989–2002 2007–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[Alternative Tentacles]]
* [[Koolarrow Records|Koolarrow]]
* [[Roadrunner Records|Roadrunner]]
* {{nowrap|[[Nuclear Blast]]}}}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.brujeria.com/|brujeria.com}}
| current_members = {{plainlist|
*[[Shane Embury|Hongo]]
*El Sangrón
*Zangano
*[[Anton Reisenegger|El Criminal]]
*[[Jessica Pimentel|La Bruja Encabronada]]}}
*Sergio Lopez
*Sativo
| past_members = {{plainlist|
*[[Dino Cazares|Asesino]]
*[[Billy Gould|Güero Sin Fe]]
*[[Raymond Herrera|Greñudo]]
*[[Patrik Jensen|El Embrujado]]
*[[Adrian Erlandsson|Podrido]]
*[[Jesse Pintado|Cristo de Pisto]]
*[[Tony Laureano|El Angelito]]
*[[Emilio Marquez|El Sadistico]]
*[[Jello Biafra|Jr. Hozicon]]
*Pititis
*[[Jeff Walker (musician)|El Cynico]]
*Antonio "Toy" Hernández
*[[Pat Hoed|Fantasma]]
*Pinche Peach
*Juan Brujo
}}
}}
'''Brujeria''' ({{IPA|es|bɾuxeˈɾi.a}}) is an American<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+states/brujeria|title=Artists :: BRUJERIA |publisher=MusicMight|access-date=2012-08-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007024557/http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+states/brujeria|archive-date=2012-10-07}}</ref> [[extreme metal]] band formed in [[Los Angeles]], California in 1989. The band has Spanish lyrics with topics such as [[Theistic Satanism|Satanism]], [[Anti-Christian sentiment|anti-Christianity]], sex, [[immigration]], [[narcotics smuggling]], and politics.<ref name="thrashermagazine1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thrashermagazine.com/articles/music-interviews/brujeria |title=Thrasher Skateboard Magazine | Brujeria |publisher=Thrashermagazine.com |date=2010-08-26 |access-date=2012-08-22}}</ref> Brujeria portrays [[Mexico|Mexican]] imagery, with several members being [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]], while the band's name stands for ''brujería'' (Spanish for "[[witchcraft]]").

Brujeria alumni include [[Fear Factory]] guitarist [[Dino Cazares]] and drummer [[Raymond Herrera]], as well as [[Billy Gould]], [[Nick Barker (drummer)|Nick Barker]], [[Jeff Walker (musician)|Jeff Walker]] and [[Shane Embury]]. They perform under pseudonyms and portray themselves as a Latino band consisting of [[drug lord]]s, concealing their identities due to being wanted by the [[FBI]]. In videos and photographs of the band, they are shown wearing bandanas, [[balaclava (clothing)|balaclavas]], [[serapes]], and are often shown wielding machetes.<ref name="thrashermagazine1"/>

==History==

===Formation and early releases (1989–1992)===
Brujeria was formed at a party in 1989 in the spirit of creating a [[grindcore]] and [[death metal]] band representative of the Latino/[[Chicano]] community. Its members, the guitarist [[Dino Cazares]], [[Jello Biafra]], drummer [[Pat Hoed]], bass guitarist [[Billy Gould]] and vocalist Juan Brujo, used pseudonyms as most were in other known bands.

Their first single, "¡Demoniaco!", was released in 1990. In 1992, "Machetazos" was released and with it came the band's first line-up change. [[Jello Biafra]] departed the group, Pinche Peach<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metal-archives.com/artists/Pinche_Peach/10206|title=Pinche Peach|publisher=Metal-archives.com|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> was introduced as an additional vocalist and [[Raymond Herrera]] took on the drums; [[Pat Hoed]], the band's former drummer, became a second vocalist. "Machetazos" and "[[El Patrón (song)|El Patrón]]" (1994) were produced and distributed through [[Jello Biafra]]'s [[record label]] [[Alternative Tentacles]].<ref>Giant Robot
2004 - ... impossible-to-understand Cookie Monster vocals, you can actually hear the lyrics of Brujeria songs like "Mantando Güeros" (killing white guys), "Molestando Niños Muertos" (molesting dead children), and "El Patrón" (dedicated to Columbian ... Pablo Escobar"</ref>

The band was criticized from its inception for its lyrics about drugs, sex and [[Theistic Satanism|Satanism]]. These topics, while the subjects of many other death metal acts, were inspired by the actions of [[Adolfo Constanzo]], Cuban-American-born Mexican drug smuggler, practitioner of [[Palo (religion)|Palo]] Mayombe and serial killer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/adolfo-constanzo-408870#synopsis|title=Adolfo Constanzo Biography|publisher=Biography.com|access-date=16 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022446/http://www.biography.com/people/adolfo-constanzo-408870#synopsis|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===''Matando Güeros'' and controversy (1993–1994)===
Controversy was created by the cover of their first album ''[[Matando Güeros]]'' (1993), which featured a severed head being held by a hand. Subsequently, the image of the head would become an emblem of the band, transforming into their mascot known as ''Coco Loco'' ("mad/crazy bogeyman" or "mad/crazy head" in Mexican slang), and is seen frequently on album covers and merchandise. The severed head is of a drug dealer in a photo taken from a Mexican publication.<ref>{{cite web|author=Patti Muck |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/alt.rock-n-roll.metal.death/9ax-3aKXA2s |title=Murder clue could be a CD cover |publisher=Houston Chronicle |date=1996-10-16 |access-date=2017-04-24}}</ref> This album saw the addition of [[Shane Embury]] on guitar and bass guitar.

===''Raza Odiada'', ''Marijuana'' and ''Spanglish 101'' (1995–1999)===
In 1995, they released their second full-length ''[[Raza Odiada]]'', with the usual themes but with significant changes in their music and for many critics and fans their best work to date. ''Raza Odiada'' featured the single "La Ley De Plomo", whose music video proved successful on music channels such as [[MTV]], featuring late at night on heavy metal shows.

The group started to become increasingly popular, but nevertheless, decided to remain anonymous and declined all offers to organize concerts (except on rare occasions), confounding supporters, who were eager to see them live. Two years later came the EP ''[[Marijuana (EP)|Marijuana]]'', featuring a [[cover version|cover]]-[[parody]] of the popular song "[[Macarena (song)|The Macarena]]" and four live songs from its first official concert.

1999 saw the release of ''Spanglish 101'', a compilation of label Kool Arrow Records' artists, protesting against the dominance of English. On this album, the band released a couple of new tracks: "Marcha de Odio" which would later be included in their next album, ''[[Brujerizmo]]'' and "Don Quijote Marijuana", cover of Magazine 60's hit song Don Quixote, an issue that attracted attention for its techno-dance style, completely different from the band's heavy metal sound.

===Commercial success with ''Brujerizmo'' and ''Mextremist Hits!'' (2000–2001)===
In 2000, 5 years after the last LP, Brujerizmo was released, which incorporated [[Nick Barker (drummer)|Nick Barker]] as a second drummer, Jesse Pintado on the guitar and Gaby Dominguez, as "Pititis", who represents a female demon<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alternativetentacles.com/bandinfo.php?band=brujeria |title=Bands |publisher=Alternative Tentacles |date=1993-12-07 |access-date=2012-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110093703/http://www.alternativetentacles.com/bandinfo.php?band=brujeria |archive-date=2011-11-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as the female vocalist.

The next release was a compilation, called ''[[Mextremist! Greatest Hits]]'', released in 2001, which included classic tracks, alternate versions, remixes, a multimedia track with video, and some new themes, such as the collaboration with Mucho Muchacho on "Narco-Peda" and "Asesino" which featured Tony Campos of [[Static-X]]. The record, rather than being a compilation, was more like a disc of rarities and [[B-sides]], since most of the songs were not the album versions, but the versions on the EPs and singles. The disc also included a video cover for the [[Magazine 60]] song "Don Quichotte" named "Don Quijote Marihuana".

===Hiatus and projects (2002–2006)===
2002 came with many plans for the band, first they went to record new material for their eagerly awaited fourth album. However, this seems to have been put on hold due to altercations between Cazares and Herrera related to the temporary breakup of Fear Factory. Herrera departed Brujeria in 2002, shortly before Fear Factory reformed without Cazares. The band then announced the launch of various side-projects for each of the band members, starting with [[Asesino]] who launched that same year, ''[[Corridos de Muerte]]'' with the band featuring [[Tony Campos]] and [[Emilio Marquez]].

There is a DVD compilation of the band called "Permission of Satan". This DVD was produced by Juan Brujo and Henry about the recording period of the ''Asesino'' album and videos of his first three presentations of the official tour of Brujeria, The Mexecutioner Tour. Also includes images of the addition of ''Wee Man'' [[Jason Acuña]] of [[Jackass (TV series)|''Jackass'']], Satanico Army Band, Mariachi Terror, and others. The DVD was homemade and distributed by Juan Brujo.

Brujeria declined to do live performances in its early years, however, on June 11, 1997, they played at the [[Whisky a Go Go]] club in Hollywood. The short concert itself was incorporated into the EP "Marijuana" as a side B. On October 2, 2003, the band played its first official concert in Chicago, USA, and began its first tour known as The Mexecutioner Tour, which concluded on January 24, 2004 in [[Guadalajara]], Mexico. Also in 2003, Roadrunner Records released a compilation of tracks from the studio albums, the band titled ''[[The Mexecutioner! - The Best of Brujeria]]''. The band, now with [[Nick Barker (drummer)|Nick Barker]] on drums, decided to promote the work as the band had never done before, which included interviews, concerts and more. Starting with a second tour called "Tour II", which began on February 7, 2004, in [[Mexicali]] and the first appearance of Pititis the female voice of the band, their first visit to Brazil and Argentina, concluding the tour on August 8, 2004 in [[Buenos Aires]].

After that, the band was absent from the stage and uncertainty about the group's future arose, it was speculated that the reason for this was that they were working on a new album but none materialized. Also during this period of time, several vital members of the group such as [[Dino Cazares]], departed after alleged differences with frontman Juan Brujo. In an interview conducted to Fantasma in 2011, he revealed that Cazares departure was owed to his decision to participate in the Roadrunner United proyect in 2005, forcing the rest of the band to cancel their show at the annual Rock Al Parque Festival in Colombia, damaging the band's reputation. In 2006, there was news from the band with the release of ''The Singles'' which is a revival of the [[Extended play|EP]] and singles of the band and the beginning of a new global concert tour known as "No Seas Pendejo Tour" that began in Buenos Aires, Argentina on January 28 and also included the presentation in Vive Latino 2006 in Mexico featuring two new members: [[Tony Laureano]] on drums and [[Jeff Walker (musician)|Jeff Walker]] on bass. [[Shane Embury]] left bass and switched to guitar. At their first appearance in Europe Viña Rock, Spain, the tour concluded on 6 August of that year in [[Houston]], Texas. Later, in September of that year, they returned to do a small tour in Spain known as "Don Quijote Marijuana Tour" now with [[Patrik Jensen]] on guitar and [[Adrian Erlandsson]] on drums.

===Reunion, ''Pocho Aztlan'', ''Esto Es Brujeria'' and deaths (2007–present)===
[[File:JUAN BRUJO MÉXICO 2017.jpg|thumb|Juan Brujo at Mexico City in 2017]]
After several years on hiatus, and internal problems, Brujeria reformed in 2007 and decided it was time to return to the scene. Juan Brujo (vocals), [[Pat Hoed]] (second vocals), [[Jeff Walker (musician)|Jeff Walker]] (bass), [[Shane Embury]] (guitar) and [[Adrian Erlandsson]] (drums) started a new tour called "Weapon of Change Tour". Lasting from February 21 to December 15, the band performed in England, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, the United States, Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Brazil, Peru, Chile, and Ecuador. Between April and June 2008, Brujeria returned to Europe to play some concerts as an extension of the "Weapon of Change Tour", including dates at SWR MetalFest XI in Barroselas (Portugal), again Viña Rock ([[Albacete]], Spain)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brujeria.com/tours.html |title=Concert News/Conceirtos Noticias |publisher=Brujeria.com |access-date=2011-11-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130208010703/http://www.brujeria.com/tours.html |archive-date=2013-02-08 }}</ref> and in Kobetasonik,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inforock.net/?p=7593|title=KOBETASONIK. Crítica 2008|work=INFOROCK.net|date=September 11, 2011|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref> a rock festival that takes place in the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]] (Spain). In November and December of that year, the band began another tour called "Accept No Imitations Tour". Brujeria played at the 10th annual Maryland Death Fest in May 2012.

They performed a world tour between 2007 and 2008. In an interview in June 2009, bassist Shane Embury stated that the band's fourth studio album was going to be released that year, and that it could be released by the band itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=121709 |title=NAPALM DEATH's EMBURY Discusses Upcoming BRUJERIA Album |publisher=Roadrunnerrecords.com |access-date=2011-11-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615072722/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=121709 |archive-date=2009-06-15 }}</ref> In October 2014, they signed with indie giant Nuclear Blast for an album in 2015. On July 1, 2016, the band announced that they would finally release their fourth studio album ''[[Pocho Aztlan]]'' on September 16. The album is their first in sixteen years, and their first to feature [[Nick Barker (drummer)|Hongo Jr.]], [[Jeff Walker (musician)|El Cynico]], El Sangron and Cuernito.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/brujeria-to-release-pocho-aztlan-album-in-september/ |title=BRUJERIA To Release 'Pocho Aztlan' Album In September |date=July 2016 |publisher=blabbermouth.net |access-date=2016-07-01}}</ref>

Since the release of ''Pocho Aztlan'', Brujeria has continued to tour regularly and released a series of one-off singles, including two [[Protests against Donald Trump|anti-Trump]] songs "Viva Presidente Trump!" and "Amaricon Czar" (in 2016 and 2019 respectively),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/brujeria-releases-viva-presidente-trump-digital-single/|title=BRUJERIA Releases 'Viva Presidente Trump!' Digital Single|date=May 13, 2016|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|access-date=February 25, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/brujeria-takes-on-trump-once-again-on-new-single-amaricon-czar/|title=BRUJERIA Takes On TRUMP Once Again On New Single, 'Amaricon Czar'|date=February 22, 2019|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|access-date=February 25, 2022}}</ref> and "COVID-666" in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/brujeria-is-back-with-covid-666-digital-single-video/|title=BRUJERIA Is Back With 'COVID-666' Digital Single, Video|date=June 26, 2020|publisher=[[Blabbermouth.net]]|access-date=February 25, 2022}}</ref> The band had been working on new material by February 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metalstorm.net/events/news_comments.php?news_id=45215|title=Brujeria - Announce Spring Western U.S. Tour Dates|publisher=[[Metal Storm (webzine)|Metal Storm]]|access-date=February 25, 2022|date=February 25, 2022}}</ref> On July 14, 2023, the band released their first single from their new album ''Esto Es Brujeria'' called "Mochado". The album was released on September 15.

Pinche Peach died of heart failure on July 17, 2024, at the age of 57.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=158202|title=Brujeria's Pinche Peach Passes Away Due To Heart Issues|website=Metalunderground.com|access-date=July 18, 2024}}</ref> On September 18, 2024, it was announced in a post from the band's [[Instagram]] account that Juan Brujo died that morning, at the age of 61, due to a heart attack he had experienced on September 16, 2024, while taking a day off from their tour with [[Gwar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blabbermouth.net/news/brujeria-leader-and-founding-member-juan-brujo-dead-at-61|title=BRUJERIA Leader And Founding Member JUAN BRUJO Dead At 61|publisher=[[blabbermouth.net]]|access-date=September 18, 2024|date=September 18, 2024}}</ref>

==Band members==
[[File:Escenario_Doritos_Vive_Latino_2017.jpg|thumb|right|Brujeria at Doritos Stage, Vive Latino festival, Mexico City, Mexico]]

=== Current ===
*Fantasma ([[Pat Hoed]]) – bass, vocals {{small|(1989–present, not touring since 2014)}}
*Hongo ([[Shane Embury]]) – bass, guitars, drums {{small|(1989–present, not touring since 2022)}}
*El Sangrón (Henry Sanchez) – vocals {{small|(2014–present)}}
*El Criminal ([[Anton Reisenegger]]) – guitars, backing vocals {{small|(2015–present)}}
*La Bruja Encabronada ([[Jessica Pimentel]]) – vocals {{small|(2017–present)}}
*Sergio Lopez – bass {{small|(2022–present)}}
*Sativo – drums {{small|(2022–present)}}

=== Former ===
*Hozicón Jr. ([[Jello Biafra]]) – additional vocals {{small|(1989–1992, 1995–1996)}}
*Güero Sin Fe ([[Billy Gould]]) – bass, guitar {{small|(1989–2002)}}
*Asesino ([[Dino Cazares]]) – guitars {{small|(1989–2005)}}
*Greñudo ([[Raymond Herrera]]) – drums {{small|(1993–2002)}}
*Cristo de Pisto ([[Jesse Pintado]]) – guitars {{small|(2000; died 2006)}}
*Maldito X ([[Tony Campos]]) – vocals {{small|(2001)}}
*Hongo Jr. ([[Nick Barker (drummer)|Nick Barker]]) – drums {{small|(2002–2005, 2016–2022)}}
*Pititis (Gaby Dominguez) – guitars, vocals {{small|(2004–2016)}}
*El Cynico ([[Jeff Walker (musician)|Jeff Walker]]) – bass, guitars, vocals {{small|(2006–2016)}}
*El Angelito ([[Tony Laureano]]) – drums {{small|(2006)}}
*El Podrido ([[Adrian Erlandsson]]) – drums {{small|(2006–2014)}}
*El Clavador ([[Daniel Erlandsson]]) – drums {{small|(2012–2014)}}
*Pinche Peach (Ciriaco Quezada) – samples, vocals {{small|(1992–2024; his death)}}
*Juan Brujo (John David Lepe) – lead vocals {{small|(1989–2024; his death)}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://loudwire.com/brujeria-juan-brujo-dead/|title=Brujeria Founder Juan Brujo Dies at 61, Peers Mourn Loss|publisher=[[Loudwire]]|first=Joe|last=DiVita|date=18 September 2024|access-date=19 September 2024|}}</ref>

=== Timeline ===
{{#tag:timeline|
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id:bvocals value:pink legend:Backing_vocals
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id:album value:black legend:Studio_album
id:demo value:gray(0.6) legend:Other_release

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bar:Pititis text:"Pititis"
bar:Maldito text:"Maldito X"
bar:Sangron text:"El Sangron"
bar:Bruja text:"La Bruja Encabronada"
bar:Asesino text:"Asesino"
bar:Hongo text:"Hongo"
bar:Embrujado text:"El Embrujado"
bar:Cristo text:"Cristo de Pisto"
bar:Criminal text:"El Criminal"
bar:Guero text:"Guero Sin Fe"
bar:Fantasma text:"Fantasma"
bar:Cynico text:"El Cynico"
bar:Sergio text:"Sergio Lopez"
bar:Grenudo text:"Grenudo"
bar:HongoJr text:"Hongo Jr."
bar:Sadistico text:"El Sadistico"
bar:Podrido text:"Podrido"
bar:Angelito text:"El Angelito"
bar:Clavador text:"El Clavador"
bar:Sativo text:"Sativo"
bar:Pinche text:"Pinche Peach"

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at:08/22/1995 color:album
at:07/06/1997 color:demo
at:11/07/2000 color:album
at:06/01/2008 color:demo
at:06/01/2010 color:demo
at:01/12/2014 color:demo
at:04/16/2016 color:demo
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at:09/15/2023 color:album

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bar:Juan from:01/01/1989 till:09/18/2024 color:vocals
bar:Hozicon from:01/01/1989 till:01/01/1992 color:vocals
bar:Hozicon from:01/01/1995 till:01/01/1996 color:bvocals
bar:Pititis from:01/01/2000 till:06/01/2016 color:vocals
bar:Maldito from:01/01/2001 till:12/31/2001 color:vocals
bar:Sangron from:06/01/2015 till:end color:vocals
bar:Bruja from:01/01/2017 till:end color:vocals
bar:Asesino from:01/01/1989 till:01/01/1996 color:guitar
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bar:Embrujado from:01/01/1998 till:01/01/2000 color:guitar
bar:Cristo from:01/01/2000 till:12/31/2000 color:guitar
bar:Criminal from:06/01/2016 till:end color:guitar
bar:Hongo from:01/01/1993 till:end color:guitar
bar:Guero from:01/01/1989 till:01/01/1996 color:bass
bar:Guero from:01/01/1998 till:06/01/2002 color:bass
bar:Cynico from:01/01/2006 till:06/01/2016 color:bass
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bar:HongoJr from:06/01/2002 till:01/01/2005 color:drums
bar:HongoJr from:01/01/2014 till:01/01/2022 color:drums
bar:Sadistico from:01/01/2005 till:01/01/2006 color:drums
bar:Podrido from:01/01/2006 till:01/01/2014 color:drums
bar:Angelito from:01/01/2006 till:01/01/2012 color:drums
bar:Clavador from:01/01/2012 till:01/01/2014 color:drums
bar:Sativo from:01/01/2022 till:end color:drums
bar:Sergio from:01/01/2022 till:end color:bass

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bar:Hongo from:01/01/1995 till:01/01/1996 color:drums
bar:Hongo from:01/01/1998 till:end color:drums
bar:Cynico from:01/01/2006 till:06/01/2016 color:guitar

width:3
bar:Pinche from:01/01/1993 till:01/01/1994 color:vocals
bar:Pinche from:01/01/1994 till:01/01/1995 color:bvocals
bar:Pinche from:01/01/1998 till:07/17/2024 color:vocals
bar:Hongo from:01/01/1993 till:01/01/1994 color:bass
bar:Hongo from:01/01/1995 till:01/01/1996 color:bass
bar:Hongo from:01/01/1998 till:end color:bass
bar:Guero from:01/01/1994 till:01/01/1996 color:guitar
bar:Guero from:01/01/1998 till:06/01/2002 color:guitar
bar:Cynico from:01/01/2006 till:06/01/2016 color:vocals
bar:Criminal from:06/01/2016 till:end color:bvocals
bar:Fantasma from:01/01/1993 till:01/01/1994 color:vocals
bar:Fantasma from:01/01/1994 till:01/01/1995 color:bvocals
bar:Fantasma from:01/01/1995 till:end color:vocals
}}

==Discography==

===Full-length albums===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Label
!Format
!Other information
|-
|1993
|''[[Matando Güeros]]''
|[[Roadrunner Records|Roadrunner]]
|CD
|
*Debut album.
*The album was banned in many places for its cover and content; the front cover depicts a person out of shot holding up a severed head.
|-
|1995
|''[[Raza Odiada]]''
|Roadrunner
|CD
|
|-
|2000
|''[[Brujerizmo]]''
|Roadrunner
|CD
|This is the last album recorded with the two original members, [[Dino Cazares|Asesino]] and [[Billy Gould|Güero Sin Fe]].
|-
|2016
|''[[Pocho Aztlan]]''
| [[Nuclear Blast]]
|CD
|This is the first album released on Nuclear Blast. This is also the band's first album in sixteen years, as well as its first release featuring [[Jeff Walker (musician)|El Cynico]] on bass. The album was released on September 16, 2016.
|-
|2023
|''[[Esto Es Brujeria]]''
| [[Nuclear Blast]]
|CD
|Final album with founding singer Juan Brujo, who died in 2024.
|}

===Singles and EPs===
*1990 - ''¡Demoniaco!'' ([[Nemesis Records]])
*1992 - ''¡Machetazos!'' ([[Alternative Tentacles]])
*1994 - ''El Patrón'' (Alternative Tentacles)
*2000 - ''[[Marijuana (EP)|Marijuana]]'' (Kool Arrow Records)
*2008 - ''Debilador'' (Independent)
*2009 - ''No Aceptan Imitaciones'' (Independent)
*2010 - ''California Uber Aztlan'' (Independent)
*2014 - ''Angel Chilango'' (Independent)
*2016 - ''Viva Presidente Trump!'' ([[Nuclear Blast]])
*2019 - ''Amaricon Czar'' (Nuclear Blast)
*2020 - ''COVID-666'' (Nuclear Blast
*2023 - ''Mochado'' (Nuclear Blast)

===Compilation albums===
*1994 - ''Best of Grindcore and Destruction'' ([[Priority Records]])
*1996 - ''At Deaths Door II''
*1999 - ''Spanglish 101'' (Kool Arrow Records)
*2001 - ''[[Mextremist! Greatest Hits]]'' (Kool Arrow Records)
*2003 - ''[[The Mexecutioner! - The Best of Brujeria]]'' ([[Roadrunner Records]])
*2006 - ''The Singles''

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Brujeria}}
*[http://www.brujeria.com Official website]
*[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p37646|pure_url=yes}} Brujeria] at [[Allmusic]].
*{{Musicbrainz artist|id=53f5c37f-8516-46d4-b66e-bf008cea9433|name=Brujería}}
* {{discogs artist|Brujeria}}
* {{imdb name|3163647}}

{{Brujeria}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brujeria}}
[[Category:1989 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Alternative Tentacles artists]]
[[Category:American deathgrind musical groups]]
[[Category:American grindcore musical groups]]
[[Category:American groove metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Bands with fictional stage personas]]
[[Category:Death metal musical groups from California]]
[[Category:Heavy metal musical groups from California]]
[[Category:American heavy metal supergroups]]
[[Category:Masked musicians]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1989]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2002]]
[[Category:Musical groups reestablished in 2007]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in music]]
[[Category:Nuclear Blast artists]]
[[Category:Political music groups]]

Michael Tabor

2024-09-19T04:36:59Z

136.32.60.170: /* Personal life */

{{Short description|British businessman and racehorse owner}}
{{about|the businessman and racehorse owner|the member of the Black Panther Party|Michael Tabor (activist)}}

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Michael Tabor
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1941|10|28}}
| birth_place = London, England
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| occupation = [[entrepreneur]], [[horse racing|race horse]] owner, [[bookmaker]]
| known_for =
| spouse = Doreen
| children = [[Ashley Tabor-King]]
| parents =
| relations =
| boards =
| honors = [[Keeneland Mark of Distinction]] (2002)
}}

'''Michael Barry Tabor''' (born 28 October 1941) is a [[racehorse]] owner. As a partner in [[Coolmore Stud]], he is one of only four racehorse owners to have won both the [[Epsom Derby]] and the [[Kentucky Derby]].

Tabor has extensive business interests outside of horse racing, spanning hotels, property and entertainment. Tabor regularly appears on the ''[[Sunday Times Rich List]]'' of the richest people in Britain. According to the ''Sunday Times Rich List'' in 2019 his net worth was estimated at £629 million.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sunday-times-rich-list-2019-profiles-201-249-lw0l7kqww|title=Sunday Times Rich List 2019: profiles 201-249}}</ref>

==Early life==

Michael Tabor was brought up in [[Forest Gate]] in east London, the son of a glassmaker.<ref name="Life's a gamble">Muscat, Julian. [http://www.ownerbreeder.co.uk/2012/07/lifes-a-gamble/ "Life's a gamble"], Thoroughbred Owner & Breeder, 2 July 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref> Tabor's grandparents were [[Russian-Jewish]] immigrants, originally called Taborosky, who had moved to London from [[Vilnius|Vilna]], then under the control of the Russian Empire, now the capital of Lithuania.<ref name="The Cockney horse trader">Cunningham, Peter. "The Cockney horse trader", [[The Observer]], 23 March 1997. [http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA76403448&v=2.1&u=suf_earl&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w Link to article on InfoTrac National Newspapers Database (login required).] Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref><ref name="also-rans">Reilly, Jerome. [http://www.independent.ie/national-news/coolmore-leaves-rest-of-field-as-mere-alsorans-508866.html "Coolmore leaves rest of field as mere also-rans"], [[The Irish Independent]], 17 June 2001. Retrieved 12 October 2012.</ref> He was educated at [[Langdon School, Newham|East Ham Grammar School]], leaving when he was 15 to get a job in the local [[The Co-operative Group|Co-op]].<ref name="The Cockney horse trader"/> He was nearly a hairdresser, enrolling at the Morris School of Hairdressing in Piccadilly,<ref name="Life's a gamble"/> but instead turned to bookmaking. Tabor's father had for a time been in partnership with a bookmaker at [[Romford Greyhound Stadium]]<ref name="The Cockney horse trader"/> and Tabor himself became interested in gambling in his teens, spending Monday and Friday afternoons at Hendon's [[Greyhound racing|greyhound]] stadium in north London and regularly attending the track at White City.<ref name="Life's a gamble"/><ref name="rich dividends">Edmondson, Richard. [https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/tabor-harvests-rich-dividends-of-relentless-journey-636920.html "Tabor harvests rich dividends of relentless journey"], [[The Independent]], 26 October 2000. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref>

==Horseracing==

Tabor's first horse was Tornado Prince, bought for £2,850 in 1973 who went on to win seven races, including a novices’ hurdle at Ascot in 1974.

He bought several more, including Royal Derbi, trained, as was Tornado Prince, by Neville Callaghan in Newmarket.<ref name="Life's a gamble"/><ref name="British Horseracing Authority">[http://www.britishhorseracing.com/goracing/racing/peopleinracing/owners/view.asp?item=001973 "Owners: Michael Tabor"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031075741/http://www.britishhorseracing.com/goracing/racing/peopleinracing/owners/view.asp?item=001973 |date=31 October 2007 }}, [[British Horseracing Authority]]. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref><ref>Thomas, Peter. "The big interview: Neville Callaghan", [[The Racing Post]], 20 November 2007. [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/NOT+SO+NASTY%3B+The+big+interview+Neville+Callaghan+He+has+savaged+Sir...-a0171568254 Link to the article on The Free Library.] Retrieved 25 October 2012.</ref> Royal Derbi won the [[Irish Champion Hurdle]] in 1993.

In 1994 Tabor paid more than $400,000 for the promising two-year-old thoroughbred [[Thunder Gulch]]. The horse went on to win the [[Kentucky Derby]], the [[Belmont Stakes]] and the [[Travers Stakes]], narrowly missing the [[Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing|American Triple Crown]] when he was beaten by less than a length in the [[Preakness Stakes]]. Tabor had been looking for a horse to race in America and had been pointed for advice to [[John Magnier]] by a mutual friend, [[J.P. McManus]]. Demi O'Byrne, the bloodstock adviser to Magnier, advised Tabor on his purchase and Magnier bought half of Thunder Gulch to stand at stud at Coolmore's Kentucky annexe at Ashford.<ref name="Life's a gamble"/><ref name="rich dividends"/><ref name="British Horseracing Authority"/>

His great successes as an owner, however, came in association with the expert Irish horsemen connected to the [[Coolmore Stud]] of [[John Magnier]]. His investment allowed Magnier to become once again a major buyer in the top yearling sales, a role he had not played since the mid-1980s when he had acted in conjunction with [[Robert Sangster]] and other associates. In 1995 they bought three of the top four yearlings at the [[Keeneland Sales]] and paid 600,000 guineas for the leading lot at [[Tattersalls|Tattersalls' Houghton Sale]]. That colt, [[Entrepreneur (horse)|Entrepreneur]], went on to win the [[2,000 Guineas]] at Newmarket.<ref name="growth of an empire">[http://www.the-racehorse.com/breeding/breeding_business/coolmore_part_two_the_growth_of_an_empire "Coolmore: the growth of an empire"], the-racehorse.com, 26 April 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2012.</ref>

Tabor became the owner and co-owner of an extraordinary catalogue of some of the world's best racehorses, generally owning the Coolmore horses in a three-way partnership with Magnier and his wife Sue, and later with Derrick Smith, who became involved in the mid-2000s.<ref name="Life's a gamble"/><ref name="rich dividends"/><ref name="growth of an empire"/> His [[Desert King]] won the [[Irish 2,000 Guineas]] and the [[Irish Derby]] in 1997, while [[Entrepreneur (horse)|Entrepreneur]] took the [[2,000 Guineas Stakes|2,000 Guineas]] at [[Newmarket Racecourse|Newmarket]] that same year to give Tabor his first victory in an [[British Classic Races|English Classic]]. [[Montjeu]] won the Irish Derby and the [[Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe]] in 1999, while Tabor won [[Epsom Derby|The Derby]] in 2001 and 2002 with [[Galileo (horse)|Galileo]] and then [[High Chaparral]], the latter horse also winning the [[Irish Derby]] and the [[Breeders' Cup Turf]].<ref name="British Horseracing Authority"/> Tabor won the Derby again, with [[Pour Moi (horse)|Pour Moi]] in 2011 and with [[Camelot (horse)|Camelot]] in 2012, the year that horse also took the 2,000 Guineas and the [[Irish Derby]] at the [[Curragh Racecourse|Curragh]], though he missed out on the [[Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing#English Triple Crowns|English Triple Crown]] by finishing second in the [[St Leger Stakes|St Leger]].<ref name="Life's a gamble"/> Tabor won the Derby again in 2024 with [[City of Troy (horse)| City of Troy]]. Tabor was also the breeder, as well as the owner, of [[Giant's Causeway (horse)|Giant's Causeway]], winner of numerous [[Group One]] races, and in 1995 his [[Hurricane Run]] was voted the [[World Thoroughbred Racehorse Rankings|world's top-ranked racehorse]] by the [[International Federation of Horseracing Authorities]]. His Derby victories made Michael Tabor one of only four men ever to have raced a winner of both the Epsom and the Kentucky Derbys; the others are [[Paul Mellon]], [[John W. Galbreath]] and [[Ahmed bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Prince Ahmed bin Salman]].<ref name="racehorseowner"/>

Tabor made an impact in America in May 1995 when Thunder Gulch won the [[Kentucky Derby]] and with Magnier and Smith they subsequently campaigned Breeders' Cup winners Mendelssohn (2017), Highland Reel (2016), Found (2015 Turf), Hootenanny (2014 Juvenile Turf), George Vancouver (2012 Juvenile Turf), St. Nicholas Abbey (2011 Turf), Wrote (2011 Juvenile Turf) and Man of Iron (2009 Marathon), as well as such American Grade 1 winners as Adieu, Treasure Beach, Together, Turbulent Descent, Havana, Minorette and Curvy. They have also owned several other [[Breeders' Cup]] winners and Grade 1 winners in partnerships.

Tabor was the co-owner of [[Galileo (horse)|Galileo]]. In June 2020, Galileo sired his 85th Group 1 winner, breaking Danehill's world record and becoming the most successful source of Group 1 winners in thoroughbred history. In addition to his Derby winners, his notable offspring include Frankel, Nathaniel, Found, Churchill and Minding.

Tabor acknowledged the superiority of his Irish associates in their judgment of horses, telling ''[[The Independent]]'': "I enjoy going round looking at the horses and I like to think I've got a fair idea. But I don't know a lot really and a little knowledge is dangerous." Discussing the economics of Coolmore's extremely successful breeding operation, Tabor said: "I get enormous pleasure out of the horses but, it goes without saying, that you're trying to make stallions. You need a stallion, maybe a stallion and a half, every year."<ref name="rich dividends"/>

==Betting==

Tabor gained a reputation as a shrewd, daring and successful gambler, whose actions could dramatically affect the odds being offered on a horse.<ref name="The Cockney horse trader"/><ref name="Tabor stakes claim to a football fortune">Reid, Jamie. "Tabor stakes claim to a football fortune: A former bookie wants to put £30 million into West Ham.", [[The Guardian]], 31 January 1997. [http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA76243776&v=2.1&u=suf_earl&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w Link to article on InfoTrac National Newspapers Database (login required).] Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref><ref name="The bookie's runners">Nevin, Charles. "The bookie's runners", [[The Guardian]], 29 May 1997. [http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA76224187&v=2.1&u=suf_earl&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w Link to article on InfoTrac National Newspapers Database (login required).] Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref> Speculation in the press linked him to bets of tens of thousands of pounds.<ref name="The Cockney horse trader"/> His later horseracing associate, Derrick Smith, told [[The Racing Post]] that when he was working with [[Ladbrokes]] in the 1980s they had to stop taking Tabor's bets.<ref name="Smith interview">Muscat, Julian. "'To have a horse who is being mentioned in the same context as Nijinsky- it's unbelievable'", [[The Racing Post]], 14 September 2012. [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27To+havea+h+orse+who+isb+eing+mentioned+in+the+samec+ontext+asN...-a0302332660 Link to article on TheFreeLibrary.com.] Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref>

==Bookmaking business==

Tabor worked for commission agents and credit bookmakers before setting up in business for himself in 1968. He borrowed £30,000 from a financier to buy two bankrupt betting shops from Andrew Gordon, retaining the name Arthur Prince and expanding the business until he owned a chain of 114 shops. In 1995 he sold the business to [[Coral (bookmaker)|Coral]] for a reported £27 million.<ref name="The Cockney horse trader"/><ref name="also-rans"/><ref name="racehorseowner">[http://www.racehorseowner.com/art/rho-michael-tabor.html "Owner Profile: Michael Tabor"], Racehorseowner.com. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref> "There's an old saying I like," Tabor said, "which is that good punters make good bookmakers. I have found that to be very true."<ref name="Life's a gamble"/>

==Other business interests==
In May 2014 Tabor assumed 100% control of [[Victor Chandler International]] after Victor Chandler sold his interest in the firm.

His racing associations have also extended into other areas of business. With Magnier, Derrick Smith and J.P. McManus, Tabor is one of the co-owners of the luxury [[Sandy Lane (resort)|Sandy Lane hotel]] in Barbados.<ref name="Smith interview"/><ref name="revealed">Finch, Julia. [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/dec/13/mitchells-butlers-tabor-smith "Revealed: the other two billionaires with a stake in Mitchells & Butlers"], [[The Guardian]], 13 December 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref><ref name= "call time">Finch, Julia. [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/sep/18/mitchells-butlers-no-one-to-call-time "Mitchells & Butlers: the giant pub company with no one to call 'time'"], [[The Guardian]], 18 September 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref><ref name ="rich list">Foster, Mike. [http://www.efinancialnews.com/story/2011-05-09/sunday-times-rich-list-financiers-2011 "Rich List 2011: The financiers"], [[Financial News]], 9 May 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref> In addition, Tabor, Magnier, McManus, and another Irish associate and Sandy Lane owner, [[Dermot Desmond]], collectively owned 60 per cent of the Next Generation chain of fitness clubs sold to [[London & Regional Properties]] for around £200 million in 2006.<ref>Curran, Richard. [http://www.independent.ie/national-news/top-irish-business-tycoons-back-23m-deal-for-dianas-exclusive-london-gym-276969.html "Top Irish business tycoons back €23m deal for Diana's exclusive London gym"], [[The Irish Independent]], 6 January 2005. Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref><ref>Walsh, Dominic. "David Lloyd serves up second fortune with Pounds 200m sale plan", [[The Times]], 29 November 2005. Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref><ref>Quinn, James. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2935923/Bidders-in-chase-for-fitness-chain-reach-home-straight.html "Bidders in chase for fitness chain reach home straight"], [[The Daily Telegraph]], 4 April 2006. Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref><ref>Barriaux, Marianne. [https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/jun/04/retail "David Lloyd fitness clubs sold for £925m"], [[The Guardian]], 4 June 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref> Tabor, Magnier, Smith, and McManus also own a large stake in the [[Mitchells & Butlers]] pub chain.<ref name="revealed"/><ref name= "call time"/><ref name ="rich list"/> This group of businessmen is also reported to have profited extensively from currency speculation.

In 2008 the company [[Global Radio]], founded by Tabor's son, Ashley, took over GCap Media, owners of [[Capital Radio]] and [[Classic FM (UK)|Classic FM]]. The move was backed with £375 million from Tabor.<ref name="revealed"/><ref>Andrews, Amanda and Kennedy, Siobhan. "Private backers of Global ready to put up cash for GCap bid", [[The Times]], 19 March 2008.</ref> The deal made Global Radio the largest radio group in the United Kingdom.<ref>Piasecka, Isabella. [http://www.brandrepublic.com/Analysis/login/800277/ "Silent face of Global Radio emerges"], [[Haymarket Media Group|Brand Republic]], 8 April 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref>

Tabor's other business dealings include an investment in two London hotels<ref>Reece, Damian. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/racehorse-owner-tabor-backs-hotels-deal-8016209.html "Racehorse owner Tabor backs hotels deal"]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, [[The Independent]], 22 June 2004. Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref> and a failed attempt in 1996 to buy [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] football club, whom he has supported since he was a boy.<ref name="The Cockney horse trader"/><ref name="Tabor stakes claim to a football fortune"/><ref>"West Ham say no to tax exile's Pounds 30m", [[The Guardian]], 24 March 2005. Retrieved 14 October 2012.</ref><ref>Bose, Mihir. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/2357133/Phantom-bids-failing-to-spook-West-Ham-board.html "Phantom bids failing to spook West Ham board"], [[The Daily Telegraph]], 24 March 2005. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref><ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tabors-warning-for-west-ham-1286128.html "Tabor's warning for West Ham"], [[The Independent]], 31 January 1997. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</ref>

==Personal life==
Tabor divides his time between [[Monte Carlo]], and Barbados.<ref name="revealed"/> He has been married to Doreen since 1975. They have a son, [[Ashley Tabor-King]].<ref name="The Cockney horse trader"/><ref name="The bookie's runners"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tabor, Michael}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from the London Borough of Newham]]
[[Category:British Jews]]
[[Category:British racehorse owners and breeders]]
[[Category:Owners of Epsom Derby winners]]
[[Category:Owners of Kentucky Derby winners]]
[[Category:Owners of Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe winners]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Monaco]]
[[Category:Bookmakers]]
[[Category:People from Forest Gate]]

La Llorona

2024-09-18T00:35:35Z

136.32.60.170: /* In popular culture */

{{Short description|Ghost legend in Latin American folklore}}
{{Other uses}}
[[Image:"La llorona" de mandera.JPG |thumb|Statue of La Llorona on an island of [[Lake Xochimilco|Xochimilco]], Mexico, 2015]]

'''{{lang|es|La Llorona}}''' ({{IPA|es-419|la ʝoˈɾona|lang}}; {{gloss|the Crying Woman, the Wailer}}) is a [[vengeful ghost]] in Mexican folklore who is said to roam near [[bodies of water]] mourning her children whom she drowned in a jealous rage after discovering her husband was unfaithful to her. Whoever hears her crying either suffers misfortune or death and their life becomes unsuccessful in every field.<ref>{{cite web |last=Delsol |first=Christine |date=9 October 2012 |title=Mexico's legend of La Llorona continues to terrify people {{!}} in june 14 2023 she was seen naked walking in the streets on santa teresa at 2:19 am reporters say she has seen with 2 children's |url=https://www.sfgate.com/mexico/mexicomix/article/Mexico-s-legend-of-La-Llorona-continues-to-3933072.php |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=sfgate.com}}</ref>

==Origins==

Known for being Maltinzin in her original nomenclature, today, the lore of La Llorona is well known in Mexico and the southwestern United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leddy |first=Betty |date=1948 |title=La LLorona in Southern Arizona |journal=[[Western Folklore]] |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=272–277 |doi=10.2307/1497551 |jstor=1497551 |hdl=10150/624782|hdl-access=free }}</ref>

The earliest documentation of La Llorona is traced back to 1550 in Mexico City {{Citation needed|reason=no source of date given|date=June 2024}}. But there are theories about her story being connected to specific Aztec mythological creation stories. "The Hungry Woman" includes a wailing woman constantly crying for food, which has been compared to La Llorona's signature nocturnal wailing for her children.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Padilla |first=Juan Raez |date=2014 |title=Crying for Food: The Mexican Myths of 'La Llorona' and 'The Hungry Woman' in Cherríe L. Moraga |journal=[[Comparative American Studies]] |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=205–2017 |doi=10.1179/1477570014Z.00000000084 |via=JSTOR |s2cid=162305702}}</ref> The motherly nature of La Llorona's tragedy has been compared to [[Cihuacōātl|Chihuacoatl]], an Aztec goddess deity of motherhood. Her seeking of children to keep for herself is significantly compared to [[Cōātlīcue|Coatlicue]], known as "Our Lady Mother" or [[Tonantzin|Tonantsi]] (who's also comparable to the [[Our Lady of Guadalupe|Virgen de Guadalupe]], another significant mother figure in Mexican culture), also a monster that devours filth or sin.

The legend of La Llorona is traditionally told throughout [[Mexico]], [[Central America]] and northern [[South America]].{{sfn|Werner|1997|p=753}}
{{lang|es|La Llorona}} is sometimes conflated with {{lang|es|[[La Malinche]]}},<ref name="Leal 2005 134">{{cite book |last=Leal |first=Luis |date=2005 |title=Feminism, Nation and Myth: La Malinche |chapter=The Malinche-Llorona Dichotomy: The Origin of a Myth |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/607766319 |publisher=Arte Publico Press |page=134 |oclc=607766319 }}</ref> the [[Nahuas|Nahua]] woman who served as {{lang|es|[[Hernán Cortés]]|italic=no}}' interpreter and also bore his son.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanson|first=Victor Davis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGr16-CxpH8C|title=Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power|date=2007-12-18|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-307-42518-8|language=en}}</ref> {{lang|es|La Malinche}} is considered both the mother of the modern Mexican people and a symbol of national treachery for her role in aiding the Spanish.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cypess |first=Sandra Messinger |year=1991 |title=La Malinche in Mexican Literature: From History to Myth |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |location=Austin, TX |isbn=9780292751347 }}</ref>

Stories of weeping female phantoms are common in the folklore of both [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] and [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] cultures. Scholars have pointed out similarities between {{lang|es|La Llorona}} and the {{lang|nah|[[Cihuacōātl]]}} of [[Aztec mythology]],{{sfn|Werner|1997|p=753}} as well as [[Eve]] and [[Lilith]] of [[Jewish mythology|Hebrew mythology]].{{sfn|Norget|2006|p=146}} Author [[Ben Radford]]'s investigation into the legend of {{lang|es|La Llorona}}, published in ''[[Mysterious New Mexico]]'', found common elements of the story in the German folktale [[White_Lady#Germany|"Die Weisse Frau"]] dating from 1486.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Radford|first1=Ben|title=Mysterious New Mexico|date=2014|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|location=Albuquerque|isbn=978-0-8263-5450-1|page=228|quote=While the classic image of {{lang|es|La Llorona}} was likely taken from an Aztec goddess named {{lang|nah|Cihuacōātl}}, the narrative of her legend has other origins. As Bacil Kirtley (1960) wrote in Western Folklore, "During the same decade that {{lang|es|La Llorona}} was first mentioned in Mexico, a story, seemingly already quite old, of '{{lang|de|Die Weisse Frau}}' ('The White Lady')—which reproduces many of the features consistently recurring in the more developed versions of '{{lang|es|La Llorona}}', was recorded in Germany"; references to {{lang|de|Die Weisse Frau}} date back as early as 1486. The story of the White Lady follows a virtually identical plot to the classical {{lang|es|La Llorona}} story.}}</ref> {{lang|es|La Llorona}} also bears a resemblance to the ancient [[Greece|Greek]] tale of the [[demigod]]dess [[Lamia]], in which [[Hera]], [[Zeus]]' wife, learned of his affair with Lamia and killed all the children Lamia had with Zeus. Out of jealousy over the loss of her own children, Lamia kills other women's children.<ref name="Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do">{{cite book|title=Folklore: In All of Us, In All We Do|url=https://archive.org/details/folkloreinallofu0000unse|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/folkloreinallofu0000unse/page/110 110]|publisher=University of North Texas Press|isbn=9781574412239|year=2006}}</ref>

The [[Florentine Codex]] is an important text that originated in late Mexico in 1519 {{Citation needed|reason=Mexico was founded in 1821, should be New Spain|date=June 2024}} , a quote from which is, "The sixth omen was that many times a woman would be heard going along weeping and shouting. She cried out loudly at night, saying, "Oh my children, we are about to go forever." Sometimes she said, "Oh my children, where am I to take you?"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Florentine Codex, Book 12, Ch 01 {{!}} Early Nahuatl Library|url=https://enl.uoregon.edu/fcbk12ch01|access-date=2021-05-11|website=enl.uoregon.edu}}</ref>

While the roots of the {{lang|es|La Llorona}} legend appear to be pre-Hispanic,<ref name="Leal 2005 134"/> the earliest published reference to the legend is a 19th-century sonnet by Mexican poet [[Manuel Carpio]].{{sfn|Werner|1997|p=753}} The poem makes no reference to infanticide, rather {{lang|es|La Llorona}} is identified as the ghost of a woman named Rosalia who was murdered by her husband.<ref>{{cite book |last=Carpio |first=Manuel |date=1879 |title=Poesias del Sr. Dr. Don Manuel Carpio con su biografia escrita por el Sr. Dr. D. José Bernardo Couto. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011682546 |location=Mexico |publisher=La Enseñanza |page=299 }}</ref>

==Regional versions==
The legend has a wide variety of details and versions. In a typical version of the legend, a beautiful woman named María marries a rich ''[[ranch]]ero / [[conquistador]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuller |first=Amy |date=31 October 2017 |orig-date=November 2015 |title=The Wailing Woman |url=https://www.historytoday.com/miscellanies/wailing-woman |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=[[History Today]] |location=Mexico}}</ref> to whom she bears two children. One day, María sees her husband with another woman and in a fit of blind rage, she drowns their children in a river, which she immediately regrets. Unable to save them and consumed by guilt,<ref>{{cite web |last=Delsol |first=Christine |date=9 October 2012 |title=Mexico's legend of La Llorona continues to terrify |url=https://www.sfgate.com/mexico/mexcomix/article/Mexico-s-legend-of-La-Llorona-continues-to-3933072.php |access-date=7 October 2020 |website=sfgate.com}}</ref> she drowns herself as well but is unable to enter the [[afterlife]], forced to be in [[purgatory]] and roam this earth until she finds her children.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dimuro |first=Gina |date=2019-01-22 |title=The Legend Of La Llorona: The Wailing Woman Who Murdered Her Children |url=https://allthatsinteresting.com/la-llorona |access-date=2021-05-11 |website=All That's Interesting |language=en-US}}</ref>
In another version of the story, her children are [[Legitimacy (family law)|illegitimate]], and she drowns them so that their father cannot take them away to be raised by his new wife.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simerka |first=Barbara |date=2000 |title=Women Hollering: Contemporary Chicana Reinscriptions of La Llorona Mythography |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35829973/simerka_llorona.pdf?1417735311=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DWomen_Hollering_Contemporary_Chicana_Rei.pdf&Expires=1602099801&Signature=eRV7qyMzi~7ZSswaXXtRkr3hHtEonM5PZb-maR39uDaMJpPjcJTsJv5-xQsIlb~oJa~LiFScwL01wvlV7QpQDwXEXUECjWwQVUtR01tQRaENvVguMMRmT6RGE6FUPYXkO3ur22cY3Kuz7xzBLpQdAAmW5Qchg~5hvIrV~ntn1nvPii1q0PAGygigP~IRTOza8gCotN6X84Q~HBGh-B5WC8~4zdN3yA-f7Jk4-InIixhl3QMdvUfJOtk0Pew3Cfjsj4wwHrGEXzTU0eQnzOAdYUBFn~~UaM3G3Fq6OZxGNSyMva7qlbORGwsk4IC~x5Jt7LV6dfLx524Ys5tuP~Wd-A__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |journal=Confluencia |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=49–58}}{{dead link|date=May 2021}}</ref> Recurring themes in variations on the {{lang|es|La Llorona}} myth include a white, wet dress, nocturnal wailing, and an association with water.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carbonell |first=Ana María |date=1999 |title=From Llorona to Gritona: Coatlicue in Feminist Tales by Viramontes and Cisneros |url=http://www.whereareyouquetzalcoatl.com/mesoamerica/coatlicue/Carbonell_1999.pdf |journal=MELUS |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=53–74 |doi=10.2307/467699 |jstor=467699}}</ref>

===Mexico===
The legend of {{lang|es|La Llorona}} is deeply rooted in Mexican popular culture. Her story is told to children to encourage them not to wander off in the dark and near bodies of [[water]] such as rivers and lakes alone. Her spirit is often evoked in artwork,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ibarra |first=Enrique Ajuria |date=2014 |title=The Gothic and the Everyday |chapter=Ghosting the Nation: La Llorona, Popular Culture, and the Spectral Anxiety of Mexican Identity |pages=131–151 |location=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |doi=10.1057/9781137406644_8 |isbn=978-1-349-48800-1 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057%2F9781137406644_8}}</ref> such as that of [[Alejandro Colunga]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Coerver |first=Don M. |date=2004 |title=Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576071328 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC}}</ref> {{lang|es|La Cihuacoatle, Leyenda de la Llorona}} is a yearly waterfront theatrical performance of the legend of {{lang|es|La Llorona}} set in the [[canal]]s of the [[Xochimilco]] borough of Mexico City,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ksat.com/entertainment/2019/10/31/mysterious-tales-behind-la-llorona-island-of-the-dolls-in-mexico-city/ |title=Mysterious tales behind La Llorona, Island of the Dolls in Mexico City. |first=RJ |last=Marquez |date=2019|website=ksat.com |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref> which was established in 1993 to coincide with the [[Day of the Dead]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-weeping-woman-in-mexico |title=How Mexico's Most Sorrowful Spirit Became a Cultural Phenomenon |first=Winnie |last=Lee |date=30 October 2019|website=atlasobscura.com |access-date=7 October 2020}}</ref>

=== Guatemala ===
According to the local legend, in [[Guatemala City]] lived a woman who had an affair with a lover. She became pregnant and gave birth to a child named Juan de la Cruz who she drowned so her husband would not know. The woman was condemned in the afterlife to search for her murdered son in every place where there is a pool of water. She does that by crying out for him{{Emdash}}hence her [[Nickname|moniker]] of the Wailing Woman ({{Lang-es|La Llorona|links=no|label=none}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lara |first=César |title=Por los Viejos Barrios de la Ciudad de Guatemala |publisher=Artemis y Edinter |year=1984 |location=Guatemala |pages=149, 212 |language=es |trans-title=Through the Old Neighborhoods of Guatemala City}}</ref> It is a popular scary legend that in one iteration or another has been told to generations of children. The terrifying cry of "Oh, my children!!" (¡Ay mis hijos!) is well known due to the story. Additionally, one peculiar detail is that when a person hears the cry from afar means that the ghost is nearby, but if the cry is heard nearby, it means the ghost is afar. Someone unlucky enough to face the specter is "won over" to the afterlife, never to be seen again.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}. The legend is deeply rooted in Antigua Guatemala, the former capital of the Kingdom of Guatemala (current Central America and southern state of Chiapas, Mexico)<ref>Cuevas García, Roberto (2010). Llorona. Guatemala: Artemis Edinter.</ref>

===United States===
In the [[Southwestern United States]], the story of {{lang|es|La Llorona}} is told to scare children into good behavior,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Leddy |first=Betty |date=1988 |title=La Llorona in Southern Arizona |journal=Perspectives in Mexican American Studies |volume=q |pages=9–16 |url=https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/624782/pmas_01_9_16.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> sometimes specifically to deter children from playing near dangerous water.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raheem |first1=N. | last2=Archambault |first2=S. |last3=Arellano |first3=E. |last4=Gonzales |first4=M. |last5=Kopp |first5=D. |last6=Rivera |first6=J. |last7=Guldan |first7=S. |last8=Boykin |first8=K. |last9=Oldham |first9=C. |last10=Valdez | first10=A. |last11=Colt | first11=S. |last12=Lamadrid |first12=E. |last13=Wang |first13=J. |last14=Price |first14=J. |last15=Goldstein |first15=J. |last16=Arnold |first16=P. |last17=Martin |first17=S. |last18=Dingwell |first18=E. |title=Aframework for assessing ecosystem services in acequia irrigation communities of the Upper Río Grande watershed |journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water |publisher=Wiley |volume=2 |issue=5 |date=2015-06-08 |issn=2049-1948 |doi=10.1002/wat2.1091 |pages=559–575|bibcode=2015WIRWa...2..559R |s2cid=129710529 }}</ref> Also told to them is that her cries are heard as she walks around the street or near bodies of water to scare children from wandering around, resembling the stories of ''El Cucuy''. In [[Chumash traditional narratives|Chumash mythology]] indigenous to Southern California, {{lang|es|La Llorona}} is linked to the {{lang|boi|nunašɨš}}, a mythological creature with a cry similar to that of a newborn baby.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blackburn |first=Thomas C. |date=1975 |title=December's Child: A Book of Chumash Oral Narratives |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520029309 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2lC7XcLrzoC }}</ref> It is a very popular story.

===Venezuela===
The tale of ''La Llorona'' is set in the [[Venezuelan Llanos]] during the colonial period. ''La Llorona'' is said to be the spirit of a woman that died of sorrow after her children were killed, either by herself or by her family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Franco|first=Mercedes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pK3wlzarBjgC&q=la+llorona+venezuela|title=Diccionario de fantasmas, misterios y leyendas de Venezuela|date=2007|publisher=El Nacional|isbn=978-980-388-390-4|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":3"/> Families traditionally place wooden crosses above their doors to ward off such spirits.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Dinneen |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdh52tIpY9UC&q=sayona&pg=PA36 |title=Culture and Customs of Venezuela |date=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-30639-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Other mythologies ==
In [[Eastern Europe]], the modern [[Rusalka]] is a type of [[Slavic water spirits|water spirit]] in [[Slavic paganism|Slavic mythology]]. They come to be after a woman drowns due to suicide or murder, especially if they had an unwanted pregnancy. Then they must stay in this world for a period of time.<ref>{{cite book|author=Linda J. Ivanits|title=Russian Folk Belief|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-s36xYcqG1EC&pg=PA78|access-date=12 July 2015|date=15 February 1989|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-3088-9|page=76}}</ref>

The [[Greek legend]] of [[Jason]] and [[Medea]] also features the motif of a woman who murders her children as an act of revenge against her husband, who has left her for another woman.

==In popular culture==

===Film===
[[Image:llorona.jpg|thumb|Actress representing ''La Llorona'' in ''The Mexican Dream'', 2003]]

The story of {{lang|es|La Llorona}} first appeared on film in 1933's ''[[La Llorona (1933 film)|La Llorona]]'', filmed in Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0024266/ |publisher=IMDB |title=The Crying Woman (1933)}}</ref> [[René Cardona]]'s 1960 film ''[[La Llorona (1960 film)|La Llorona]]'' was also shot in Mexico,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0051874/ |publisher=IMDB |title=La Llorona (1960)}}</ref> as was the 1963 horror film ''[[The Curse of the Crying Woman]],'' directed by [[Rafael Baledón]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0055128/ |publisher=IMDB |title=The Curse of the Crying Woman (1963)}}</ref>

The 2008 Mexican horror film ''[[Kilometer 31]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/km_31 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |title=KM 31}}</ref> is inspired by the legend of {{lang|es|La Llorona}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sánchez Dávila |first=Carmen |date=2007-02-15 |title="No hay peor miedo que al fracaso", asegura Rigoberto Castañeda director de "Kilómetro 31". |url=http://filmeweb.net/magazine.asp?id=423 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621230341/http://filmeweb.net/magazine.asp?id=423 |archive-date=2010-06-21 |access-date=2020-06-03}} February 15, 2007. Filmweb.</ref> Additionally the early 2000s saw a spate of low-budget movies based on {{lang|es|La Llorona}}, including:
*''The River: The Legend of La Llorona''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0804525/ |title=The River: Legend of La Llorona |publisher=IMDB}}</ref>
*''Revenge of La Llorona''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Revenge-Llorona-Mary-Sanchez/dp/B0014F6QBC |title=Revenge Of La Llorona Director's Cut |date=26 February 2008 |publisher=Amazon}}</ref>
*''The Wailer: La Llorona''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0823726/ |title=The Wailer (2005) |publisher =IMDB}}</ref>
*''The Curse of La Llorona''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1018705/ |title=The Curse of La Llorona (2007) |publisher =IMDB}}</ref>

{{lang|es|La Llorona}} is the primary antagonist in the 2007 movie ''[[J-ok'el]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0874292/ |publisher=IMDB |title=J-ok'el (2008)}}</ref> In the 2011 Mexican animated film ''[[La Leyenda de la Llorona]]'', she is portrayed as a more sympathetic character, whose children die in an accident rather than at their mother's hands.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/mx/movie/la-leyenda-de-la-llorona/id593805874?l=en |title=''La Leyenda de la Llorona'' |date=21 October 2011 |publisher=iTunes }}</ref>

In the 2017 [[Pixar]] film ''[[Coco (2017 film)|Coco]]'', "[[La Llorona (song)|La Llorona]]", the Mexican folk song popularized by [[Andres Henestrosa]] in 1941<ref name="jornada.com.mx">{{Cite news |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/2008/01/11/index.php?section=opinion&article=a05a1cul|title=''Andrés Henestrosa: el hombre que dispersó sus sombras'' |website=La Jornada}}</ref> is sung by [[Alanna Ubach]] in her role as Mamá Imelda, joined by Antonio Sol as the singing voice of Ernesto de la Cruz.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2380307/ |publisher=IMDB |title=Coco (2017)}}</ref>

In July 2019, [[James Wan]], [[Gary Dauberman]] and Emilie Gladstone produced a film titled ''[[The Curse of La Llorona]]'' for [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. The film was directed by [[Michael Chaves]] and stars [[Linda Cardellini]], [[Raymond Cruz]], [[Patricia Velasquez]] and Marisol Ramirez as La Llorona.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4913966/ |publisher=IMDB |title=The Curse of La Llorona (2019)}}</ref>

Also in 2019, [[Jayro Bustamante]] directed the Guatemalan film ''[[La Llorona (2019 film)|La Llorona]]'', starring [[María Mercedes Coroy]], which screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the [[2019 Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/toronto-film-festival-the-aeronauts-mosul-seberg-kristen-stewart-ore-to-festival-slate-1202667020/ |title=Toronto Adds ''The Aeronauts,'' ''Mosul,'' ''Seberg,'' & More To Festival Slate |work=Deadline |date=13 August 2019 |access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref>

''The Legend of La Llorona'' was a film released in January 2022 and stars [[Danny Trejo]], [[Autumn Reeser]], and [[Antonio Cupo]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-11|title=The Legend of La Llorona review – holiday horror down Mexico way|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/jan/11/the-legend-of-la-llorona-review-holiday-horror-down-mexico-way|access-date=2022-01-17|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>

===Theater===
Mexican playwright [[Josefina López]] wrote ''Unconquered Spirits'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dramaticpublishing.com/media/pdf/excerpts/exUnconqueredSpiritsU22.pdf |title=Unconquered Spirits |first=Josephina|last=Lopez| publisher=Dramatic Publishing}}</ref> which uses the myth of {{lang|es|La Llorona}} as a plot device. The play premiered at [[California State University, Northridge]]'s Little Theatre in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-05-05-va-62782-story.html |title=The Tears of Oppression: Josefina Lopez bases her play, 'Unconquered Spirits,' on the 'Crying Woman' legend. But in the end, her characters' fighting spirit prevails. |first=T.H. |last=McColluch |date=5 May 1995|website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=8 October 2020}}</ref>

===Literature===
[[Nancy Farmer]]'s 2002 [[science fiction]] novel, ''[[The House of the Scorpion]]'' includes references to {{lang|es|La Llorona}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Farmer |first=Nancy |date=February 2002 |title=The House of the Scorpion |url=https://alaarajilearninghub.weebly.com/uploads/8/8/1/1/88113240/house_of_the_scorpion_-_nancy_farmer_copy.pdf |location=New York, New York |publisher=Atheneum Books for Young Readers }}</ref>

The legend of {{lang|es|La Llorona}} is discussed in [[Jaquira Díaz]]'s 2019 memoir, ''Ordinary Girls'':
{{blockquote|The scariest part was not that La Llorona was a monster, or that she came when you called her name three times in the dark, or that she could come into your room at night and take you from your bed like she'd done with her own babies. It was that once she'd been a person, a woman, a mother. And then a moment, an instant, a split second later, she was a monster.<ref>{{cite book |last=Diaz |first=Jaquira |date=2019 |title=Ordinary Girls: A Memoir|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090696817 |location=Chapel Hill, NC |publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill |page=100 |isbn=9781616209131|oclc=1090696817 }}</ref>}}

The novel ''Paola Santiago and the River of Tears'', the first part of a young adult trilogy by Tehlor Kay Mejia, is based on the legend of La Llorona.<ref>{{Cite book|title=''Paola Santiago and the Forest of Nightmares''|url=https://www.risingshadow.net/library/book/62195-paola-santiago-and-the-forest-of-nightmares}}</ref>

Rodolfo Anaya's novel ''[[Bless Me, Ultima]]'' references La Llorona, describing her as a spirit of the river without mentioning her origins.

"Advice from La Llorona" by [[Deborah A. Miranda]] is a poem exploring grief and loss.

''In Summer of the Mariposas'', by [[Guadalupe Garcia McCall]], she serves as a mentor to the Garza Sisters.

===Music===
"[[La Llorona (song)|La Llorona]]" is a Mexican folk song popularized by [[Andres Henestrosa]] in 1941.<ref name="jornada.com.mx"/> It has since been covered by various musicians, including [[Chavela Vargas]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2012-aug-06-la-me-chavela-vargas-20120806-story.html |title=Defiant singer was a cultural force in Mexico |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> [[Joan Baez]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joanbaez.com/Discography/GALV.html|title=Joan Baez – Discography, Gracias a la Vida |access-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030830/http://www.joanbaez.com/Discography/GALV.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lila Downs]],<ref name="wise-latina">{{cite web |url=http://www.guernicamag.com/interviews/wise_latina/|title=Wise Latina |work=Guernica Magazine|date=October 2009 }}</ref> and [[Rosalía]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIDEO: Rosalía encanta a fans al cantar "Llorona" en Zócalo de CDMX |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/tendencias/video-rosalia-encanta-a-fans-al-cantar-llorona-en-zocalo-de-cdmx/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=El Universal |language=es}}</ref>

North American singer-songwriter [[Lhasa de Sela]]'s debut album ''[[La Llorona (Lhasa de Sela album)|La Llorona]]'' (1997) explored the dark mysteries of Latin folklore. She combined a variety of musical genres including [[klezmer]], [[gypsy jazz]] and Mexican folk music, all in the Spanish language.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music |last=Larkin |first=Colin |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2006 |page=220 |isbn=0-19-531373-9 |volume=10 |edition=4}}</ref> The album was certified Platinum in Canada,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cria.ca/gold/0504_g.php |title=Gold & Platinum Certification: May 2004 |publisher=The Canadian Recording Industry Association |access-date=15 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019185817/http://cria.ca/gold/0504_g.php |archive-date=19 October 2010 }}</ref> and it earned her a Canadian [[Juno Award]] for Best Global Artist in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/la-llorona-mw0000040909 |title=Lhasa – La Llorona |last=Fulmer |first=Dave |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>

[[Manic Hispanic]], a rock band from Los Angeles, California, have a song titled "She Turned Into Llorona" on their 2003 album ''Mijo Goes To Jr. College''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Manic Hispanic - Mijo Goes To Jr. College |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/1735743-Manic-Hispanic-Mijo-Goes-To-Jr-College |language=en |access-date=2022-05-13}}</ref>

===Television===
{{lang|es|La Llorona}} is an antagonist in the TV series ''[[Supernatural (U.S. TV series)|Supernatural]]'', portrayed by Sarah Shahi in the [[Pilot (Supernatural)|pilot episode]] and by Shanae Tomasevich in "Moriah" and [[Supernatural (season 15)|season 15]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0713618/?ref_=ttep_ep1 |publisher=IMDB |title=Supernatural (2005–2020) Pilot}}</ref>

{{lang|es|La Llorona}} is an antagonist in [[La Llorona (Grimm)|a 2012 second-season episode]] of the TV series ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2427016/ |publisher=IMDB |title=Grimm (2011–2017) La Llorona}}</ref>

{{lang|es|La Llorona}} appears in the ''[[Victor and Valentino]]'' episode "The Lonely Haunts 3: La Llorona" voiced by [[Vanessa Marshall]]. Contrary to the usual depictions, this version of La Llorona is good and simply lonely and claims to have had twenty kids who had all grown up and left her; implying that she suffers from [[Empty nest syndrome]].

{{lang|es|La Llorona}} appears in the ''[[Craig of the Creek]]'' episode "The Legend of the Library" voiced by Carla Tassara. Craig and the Stump Kids visit their friend Stacks at the local library to get out of the rain. When the power goes out and their fellow Creek Kids begin disappearing, Stacks believes that La Llorona is to blame. In the end, it is revealed that the "ghost" was actually Lorraine, the substitute librarian who is very serious about her job. She makes the kids promise to take good care of the library along with a warning, showing a ghostly face at the same time. Whether or not Lorraine was in fact La Llorona or the face was imagined is left ambiguous.

{{lang|es|La Llorona}} appears in the ''[[Riverdale (2017 TV series)|Riverdale]]'' episode "Chapter 97: Ghost Stories". The characters tell ghost stories about people related to them or the town that had died. La Llorona is one. She haunts Sweetwater River and she also manages to possess Toni and take Betty's unborn child away.

{{lang|es|La Llorona}} is portrayed by drag queen, [[Mirage (drag queen)|Mirage]], during the 3rd episode of [[RuPaul's Drag Race season 16|Season 16]] of ''[[Rupaul's Drag Race]]''. During this episode the queens had to show three different looks in the runway and she portrayed La Llorana in the second theme named "Significant Mother" where they needed to show an outfit based on a iconic mother.

===Video games===
{{lang|es|La Llorona}} appears as a collectible demon in [[Atlus]]'s ''[[Shin Megami Tensei]]'' series of role-playing games, making her first appearance in the 1997 installment, ''[[Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers]]'' for the [[Sega Saturn]].

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=35em|
* [[Banshee]]
* [[Baobhan sith]]
* [[Black Lady of Bradley Woods]]
* [[Bloody Mary (folklore)]]
* [[Bogeyman]]
* [[Clíodhna]]
* [[Hulder]]
* [[Kuchisake-onna]]
* [[Leannán sídhe]]
* [[Manananggal]]
* [[Medea]]
* [[Madam Koi Koi]]
* [[Pontianak (folklore)]]
* [[Rusalka]]
* [[Samodiva (mythology)]]
* [[Sayona]]
* [[Soucouyant]]
* [[Succubus]]
* [[Tulevieja]]
* [[The Silbón]]
* [[White Lady (ghost)]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Perez, Domino Renee. (2008). ''There Was a Woman: La Llorona from Folklore to Popular Culture.'' Austin: U of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0292718128.
*Mathews, Holly F. 1992. The directive force of morality tales in a Mexican community. In ''Human motives and cultural models'', edited by R.G.D'Andrade and C. Strauss, 127–62. New York: Cambridge University Press.
*{{cite book|title=Days of Death, Days of Life: Ritual in the Popular Culture of Oaxaca|last=Norget|first=Kristin|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=0-231-13688-9}}
*Ray John de Aragon, ''The Legend of La Llorona'', Sunstone Press, 2006. {{ISBN|9781466429796}}.
*Belinda Vasquez Garcia, ''The Witch Narratives Reincarnation'', Magic Prose Publishing, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-86534-505-8}}
*{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Mexico: History, Society & Culture - Vol. 1|last=Werner|first=Michael S.|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|location=Chicago|year=1997|isbn=1-884964-31-1}}

{{American folklore}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Llorona, La}}
[[Category:La Llorona| ]]
[[Category:Female demons]]
[[Category:Female ghosts]]
[[Category:Fictional female murderers of children]]
[[Category:Filicide in mythology]]
[[Category:Legendary Mexican people]]
[[Category:Mexican female murderers]]
[[Category:Mexican ghosts]]
[[Category:Mexican murderers of children]]
[[Category:North American demons]]
[[Category:Supernatural legends]]

Viva Seifert

2024-09-17T23:16:31Z

136.32.60.170:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Viva Seifert
| image = Viva Seifert, Rough Trade East 2009.png
| caption = Seifert performing with [[Joe Gideon & the Shark]] at the [[Rough Trade Records|Rough Trade East]] record store in 2009
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|04|15|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/viva-seifert|title=Viva SEIFERT - Olympic Gymnastics Rhythmic | Great Britain|date=17 June 2016|website=International Olympic Committee}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| death_date = 
| spouse = [[Archie Bronson Outfit|Mark "Arp" Cleveland]]
| children = 2, including [[Cruella (film)|Tipper]]
| relatives = [[Joe Gideon & the Shark|Gideon Joel Seifert]] (brother)
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = {{flatlist|
*[[Rock music|Rock]]
*[[Pop music|pop]]
}}
| instrument = {{flatlist|
*Vocals
*guitar
*keyboards
}}
| label = {{flatlist|
*[[Bella Union]]
*[[Bronzerat Records]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flat list|
*[[Bikini Atoll]]
*[[Joe Gideon & the Shark]]
}}}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Musician
* former gymnast}}
| years_active = 1990–present
}}

'''Viva Seifert''' (born 15 April 1972)<ref name=":0">http://www.commonwealthgames.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723215731/http://www.commonwealthgames.com/|date=23 July 2008}} Commonwealth games.com</ref> is a British musician and former gymnast. She began her career as a competitive [[Rhythmic gymnastics|rhythmic gymnast]], and competed at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]]. Following a number of television appearances, which include performing with the [[WeatherGens]], she made her musical debut as a member of the band [[Bikini Atoll (band)|Bikini Atoll]]—active from 1999 to 2006—where she performed as a [[keyboardist]].

In 2010, Seifert and her brother, [[Joe Gideon & the Shark|Gideon Joel Seifert]]—known better under the name Joe Gideon—founded the duo [[Joe Gideon & the Shark]], in which she took on several roles in performing. The band has released two albums: ''Harum Scarum'' in 2010 and [[Freakish (Joe Gideon & the Shark album)|''Freakish'']] in 2013, with the former enjoying critical success. In 2015, she starred in the leading role of [[Her Story (video game)|Hannah Smith]] in the [[Indie game|indie video game]] [[Her Story (video game)|''Her Story'']], which earned her the [[The Game Awards|Game Award for Best Performance]] and the [[New York Game Awards|Great White Way Award for Best Acting in a Game]] among others, and acclaim from several critics and publications.

In 2021, Seifert co-founded the [[Independent music|independent]] musical duo Lunge (stylized in [[all caps]]) with her husband [[Archie Bronson Outfit|Mark "Arp" Cleveland]].

== Early life ==
Seifert was born in [[London]], [[England]], and currently resides in [[Cornwall]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sladeckova |first=Olga |title=Bikini Atoll - Interview |url=http://www.pennyblackmusic.co.uk/Home/DetailsMobile?id=12126 |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=www.pennyblackmusic.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":10" /> Her early aspirations were in [[rhythmic gymnastics]]. She keeps a low profile and does not frequently make media appearances, do interviews or speak of her personal life often; she does so to maintain her privacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mcke |first1=Kirk |last2=Writer |first2=Contributing |title=Howdunnit: The making of Her Story |url=https://www.pocketgamer.biz/feature/62104/making-of-her-story/ |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=pocketgamer.biz|date=13 October 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

Seifert is married to musician [[Archie Bronson Outfit|Mark "Arp" Cleveland]]—once a part of [[Archie Bronson Outfit]]—with whom she has two children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viva Seifert |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7903178/bio |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=IMDb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LUNGE |url=https://endoftheroadfestival.com/artist/lunge/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=End of the Road |language=en-US}}</ref> Her daughter, [[Cruella (film)|Tipper Seifert-Cleveland]], is also an actress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=Disney Reveals Cruella's Origin In New Video |url=https://screenrant.com/cruella-movie-origins-video-disney/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=ScreenRant |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Cruella's Tipper Seifert-Cleveland shares what it's like to play a young Emma Stone |url=https://youngentertainmentmag.com/cruellas-tipper-seifert-cleveland-shares-what-its-like-to-play-a-young-emma-stone/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Young Entertainment}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Change |first=Agents of |date=2021-09-16 |title='Cruella' Is Mad, Bad, and About Family |url=https://medium.com/a-parent-is-born/cruella-is-mad-bad-and-about-family-98cd4df46ec4 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=A Parent Is Born |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/vivaseifert/status/1007500592669954050 |access-date=2023-04-03 |title=This Tweet is from a suspended account. |website=[[Twitter]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Gymnastics and television ===
At the age of 18, she competed at the 1990 Commonwealth Games and finished fourth in the individual competition, winning bronze medals in the [[Hoop (rhythmic gymnastics)|hoop]] and [[Ribbon (rhythmic gymnastics)|ribbon]] disciplines.<ref name=":0" /> She went on to participate in the [[1992 Summer Olympics]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Viva Seifert Bio |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/se/viva-seifert-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106120103/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/se/viva-seifert-1.html |archive-date=6 January 2009 |access-date=17 December 2008 |publisher=Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> finishing in 29th place in the individual [[rhythmic gymnastics]] competition.<ref>{{cite web |title=Viva Seifert |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/se/viva-seifert-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417230304/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/se/viva-seifert-1.html |archive-date=17 April 2020 |access-date=28 June 2015 |work=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com}}</ref> She was subsequently a part of [[WeatherGens]], a group of several actors who played various characters made to represent the weather in [[Powergen|PowerGen]]'s sponsorship of the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] National Weather between November 10, 1996, and October 27, 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Outlook brilliant for the weather gems; MEET THE PEOPLE WHO MAKE EVERY FORECAST FANTASTIC. - Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Outlook+brilliant+for+the+weather+gems;+MEET+THE+PEOPLE+WHO+MAKE...-a060644523 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-25 |title=WHAT HEAVENLY CREATURES {{!}} The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/what-heavenly-creatures-1270723.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125125028/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/what-heavenly-creatures-1270723.html |archive-date=25 January 2019 |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref> She portrayed Aurora, who represented the hot and dry weather.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Week |first=Marketing |date=2001-05-17 |title=PowerGen starts agency trawl for £1m ITV weather |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/powergen-starts-agency-trawl-for-1m-itv-weather/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Marketing Week |language=en}}</ref>

=== Music ===
[[File:Joe Gideon And The Shark - record store day 09 (3501421338).jpg|thumb|206x206px|Seifert and her brother Joe Gideon in 2009|alt=]]
In 1999, Seifert and her brother, [[Joe Gideon & the Shark|Gideon Joel Seifert]], formed the band [[Bikini Atoll (band)|Bikini Atoll]] along with two other members, Ché Albrighton and Bastian Juel. In the band, Seifert was a keyboardist.<ref name="Bikini Atoll">{{Cite web|date=2008-06-07|title=Bikini Atoll|url=http://www.batoll.com/main.php?page=releases|access-date=2020-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607113736/http://www.batoll.com/main.php?page=releases|archive-date=7 June 2008}}</ref> In 2004, they were signed to the [[Bella Union]] label, and they released their debut studio album, ''Moratoria'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-01-30 |title=Album: Bikini Atoll |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-bikini-atoll-75997.html |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> which was received positively by critics, with ''[[The Independent]]'' describing it as "...an awesome, soul-searching slice of sprawling Americana."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-02-24|title=Album: Bikini Atoll - Reviews, Music - The Independent|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-bikini-atoll-574944.html|access-date=2020-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224181129/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/album-bikini-atoll-574944.html|archive-date=24 February 2009}}</ref> In 2005, they released their second studio album, ''Liar's Exit'', which received positive reviews.<ref name="Bikini Atoll"/> In 2006, Bikini Atoll disbanded, and further activities were ceased.

After the split of Bikini Atoll, Seifert and her brother formed the duo [[Joe Gideon & the Shark]].<ref>{{cite web|date=20 March 2009|title=NME Reviews - Album Review: Joe Gideon & The Shark - NME.COM|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/joe-gideon-and-the-shark/10225|access-date=28 June 2015|work=NME.COM}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Quietus {{!}} News {{!}} LISTEN: New Joe Gideon & The Shark |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/10770-listen-joe-gideon-the-shark-higher-power-where-have-all-the-good-times-gone-freakish |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=The Quietus |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Quietus {{!}} Features {{!}} Escape Velocity {{!}} Some-fin Groovy: Joe Gideon & The Shark Interviewed |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/01656-some-fin-groovy-joe-gideon-the-shark-interviewed |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=The Quietus |language=en-us}}</ref> They released their debut album, ''Harum Scarum'' in 2010, which earned a positive reception from critics.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Great white hopes and alien blues |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/Great-white-hopes-and-alien-blues.417708 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Times of Malta |date=29 April 2012 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=nckprkr |date=2020-01-12 |title=BLIND TASTE TEST: Joe Gideon and the Shark, Harum Scarum |url=https://pickybs.com/2020/01/12/blind-taste-test-joe-gideon-and-the-shark-harum-scarum/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Picky Bastards |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DiScover: Joe Gideon & The Shark |url=http://drownedinsound.com/in_depth/2575720-discover--joe-gideon-amp-the-shark |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=DrownedInSound |language=en |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508010623/https://drownedinsound.com/in_depth/2575720-discover--joe-gideon-amp-the-shark |url-status=dead }}</ref> Online magazine ''[[Louder Than War]]'' described the album as "a hell of a find. An extraordinarily colourful collection of psychedelic stories – demented yet sympathetic eulogies to a bunch of fictitious weirdos, set to a fashionably succinct swamp-rock beat."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barding |first=Andy |date=2013-02-25 |title=Joe Gideon and the Shark: Freakish - album review |url=https://louderthanwar.com/joe-gideon-and-the-shark-album-review/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Louder Than War |language=en-GB}}</ref> Writing for [[ClashMusic.com|''Clash'' magazine]], Mike Diver deemed Seifert "one of the fiercest, most technically gifted rock ‘n’ roll drummers around – it's unsettling even to see her crack a smile." ''Clash'' also said that she handled her work with "flamboyant precision".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Gideon & The Shark Interview |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/features/joe-gideon-the-shark-interview |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Clash Magazine |date=16 April 2009 |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, they released their second album [[Freakish (Joe Gideon & the Shark album)|''Freakish'']] through [[Bronze Rat Records]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe Gideon & the Shark: Freakish |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6275403e-52d7-11e2-aff0-00144feab49a |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=www.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Quietus {{!}} Reviews {{!}} Joe Gideon & The Shark |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/11215-joe-gideon-the-shark-freakish-review |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=The Quietus |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Diver |first=Mike |date=2013-12-11 |title=Premiere: Joe Gideon & The Shark - 'I'm Ruined' |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/music-videos/premiere-joe-gideon-the-shark-im-ruined/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews & Interviews }}</ref> ''[[The Quietus]]'' said that "…Viva's visual drumming style and Joe's control of any number of effects mangling, fuzzing and boosting an arsenal of crunching riffs to produce an enticing audio-visual package."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Quietus {{!}} Reviews {{!}} Joe Gideon & The Shark |url=https://thequietus.com/articles/11215-joe-gideon-the-shark-freakish-review |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=The Quietus |language=en-us}}</ref>

Seifert is a part of the [[electronica]] musical duo Lunge (stylized in [[all caps]]), which she co-founded with Mark "Arp" Cleveland, who was previously a drummer for [[Archie Bronson Outfit]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Like Tom Tom Club had they been remixed by Hot Chip, 'Heavy Golden Swim' is the debut single from Lunge (Viva Seifert and Mark "Arp Cleveland). Mixing punk energy, electro sheen and imaginative melodies, there's something for everyone #onthestereo |url=https://twitter.com/songwritingmag/status/1511294557064998918 |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-08 |title=Album Review: Duke Garwood - Emerald Palace / Releases / Releases // Drowned In Sound |url=http://drownedinsound.com/releases/8857/reviews/1696176- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208170508/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/8857/reviews/1696176- |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=2022-05-08}}</ref> They released their debut single "Heavy Golden Swim" in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Eclectic Picks: Batch 443 |url=https://freshonthenet.co.uk/2022/04/eclectic-443/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Fresh On The Net |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=News – LUNGE – Heavy Golden Swim {{!}} Romu Rocks |url=https://romu.rocks/2022/04/news-lunge-heavy-golden-swim/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-01 |title=On The Stereo: April 2022 – Songwriting Magazine |url=https://www.songwritingmagazine.co.uk/music/on-the-stereo-april-2022,%20https://www.songwritingmagazine.co.uk/music/on-the-stereo-april-2022 |access-date=2022-05-08 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In July 2022, it was announced that Lunge would make their live debut at the [[End of the Road Festival]] in September of that same year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Have been listening to some #EOTR2022 to get us in the mood for the weekend. Shoutout to @Lunge_____ this afternoon - can't wait for their debut performance in Sept. |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/eotr/status/1550494067183738881 |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> Following the release of their March 2023 track "This Idle Motion", their debut [[extended play]] ''EP1'' was announced to release on April 7, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-08 |title=NEWS: Lunge share single This Idle Motion, mixed by Dan Carey, and announce their debut EP, EP1. |url=https://www.backseatmafia.com/news-lunge-share-single-this-idle-motion-mixed-by-dan-carey-and-announce-their-debut-ep-ep1/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Backseat Mafia |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Promonews |title=Lunge 'This Idle Emotion' by Simon Owens {{!}} Videos |url=https://www.promonews.tv/videos/2023/03/14/lunge-idle-emotion-simon-owens/80699 |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Promonewstv |language=en}}</ref>

=== Acting ===
[[File:Her Story screenshot 06.jpg|thumb|Seifert in ''[[Her Story (video game)|Her Story]]'' (2015)|alt=|221x221px|left]]In 2015, Seifert was cast in the video game ''[[Her Story (video game)|Her Story]]'', a crime fiction [[video game]] by [[Sam Barlow (video game director)|Sam Barlow]], where she portrays the role of Hannah Smith;<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Steam Greenlight :: HER STORY |url=https://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=374726365 |access-date=28 June 2015 |work=steamcommunity.com}}</ref> later on in the game, it is suggested that the character has a twin named Eve,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Mark |title=Her Story explained - the complete story walkthrough (Spoilers!) |url=https://www.pocketgamer.com/her-story/her-story-explained-the-complete-story-walkthrough-spoilers/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=www.pocketgamer.com |date=25 June 2015 |language=en}}</ref> also portrayed by Seifert. Along with acting in the game, she also had a hand in the soundtrack, performing the ballad "[[The Twa Sisters]]" and helping alter the music.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mcke |first1=Kirk |last2=Writer |first2=Contributing |title=Howdunnit: The making of Her Story |url=https://www.pocketgamer.biz/feature/62104/making-of-her-story/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=pocketgamer.biz|date=13 October 2015 }}</ref> After previously working with Barlow on the cancelled game ''[[Legacy of Kain: Dead Sun]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Tim |date=2015-07-09 |title=The story behind Her Story |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/the-story-behind-her-story/1/ |access-date=2020-09-22 |website=PC Gamer |language=en-US}}</ref> where she was set to portray the character of Lydia,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-27 |title=The Legacy of Kain game that was cancelled three years in |language=en-gb |work=Eurogamer.net |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/the-legacy-of-kain-game-square-enix-cancelled-after-three-years-of-work |access-date=2022-07-05}}</ref> he contacted her for the role after observing her work, stating that Seifert was "very good at picking up a line and intuitively pulling a lot of the subtext into her performance".<ref>{{Cite web |title=WebCite query result |url=http://gamemob.com/news/his-story-an-interview-with-sam-barlow-creator-of-her-story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150815045646/http://gamemob.com/news/his-story-an-interview-with-sam-barlow-creator-of-her-story/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-08-15 |access-date=2020-09-22 |website=www.webcitation.org}}</ref> She was offered the part after several edits were made to the script, which initially was 300 pages long before being shortened to 80.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=PC Gamer |language=en |work=pcgamer |url=http://www.pcgamer.com/the-story-behind-her-story/ |access-date=2022-05-05}}</ref> Filming for ''Her Story'' occurred in Seifert's residence, [[Cornwall]], and lasted five days.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2015-07-10 |title=Interrogating "Her Story" Creator Sam Barlow and Actress Viva Seifert (Interview) |url=https://www.appunwrapper.com/2015/07/10/help-interrogate-sam-barlow-about-her-story/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=AppUnwrapper |language=en-US}}</ref> She stated that the role was difficult to portray, commenting that shooting was "intense" and "rather exhausting"<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2015-07-10 |title=Interrogating "Her Story" Creator Sam Barlow and Actress Viva Seifert (Interview) {{!}} Page 2 of 2 |url=https://www.appunwrapper.com/2015/07/10/help-interrogate-sam-barlow-about-her-story/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=AppUnwrapper |language=en-US}}</ref> and said that she felt pressure after realizing "the whole game is hinging" on her acting.<ref name=":4" />

Upon release, ''Her Story'' opened to instant and critical success, with critics praising the game as well as Seifert's performance. Justin Clark from ''[[GameSpot]]'' wrote that her performance "anchored" the game,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Her Story Review |url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/her-story-review/1900-6416176/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=GameSpot |language=en-US}}</ref> and Andy Keller of ''[[PC Gamer]]'' stated that her performance was "understated, realistic, and complex".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=2015-06-22 |title=Her Story review |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/her-story-review/ |access-date=2020-10-02 |website=PC Gamer |language=en-US}}</ref> Joe Donnelly of ''[[Digital Spy]]'' believed her acting had the potential to inspire similar roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Joe |date=2015-06-22 |title=Her Story review |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/videogames/a654320/her-story-review-play-detective-in-this-profound-gripping-live-action-interactive-drama/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-GB}}</ref> Todd Martens of the [[The Los Angeles Times|''Los Angeles Times'']] praised her acting,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-04 |title=The Player: Head games in 'Her Story' will make you feel almost like a true detective |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-the-player-her-story-20150704-story.html |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> and Adam Cook of ''GodIsAGeek'' deemed her performance "stunning".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-07 |title=His Story: An Interview with Sam Barlow |url=https://www.godisageek.com/2015/07/her-story-interview/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=GodisaGeek.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Rich Stanton of ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote that "what seals the deal is a wide-ranging performance from Viva Seifert that funnels her character’s inner life into hundreds of intense vignettes" and further credited her for creating "a fictional character with something of the same allure: clearly very intelligent, clearly not telling the whole truth, and full of physical quirks. ... Seifert’s delivery is usually matter-of-fact and emotionally convincing."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-25 |title=Her Story review – a new breed of narrative video game |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jun/25/her-story-review-narrative-video-game |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Chris Kohler of [[Wired (magazine)|''WIRED'']] said "Seifert's performance is so captivating that I couldn't imagine this game working any other way."<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Her Story Is a Game Made of Video Clips, and I'm Obsessed |language=en-US |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2015/07/her-story-live-action-videogame-obsessed/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> Katie Smith of ''[[Adventure Gamers]]'' wrote that she was convincing in the role, and praised her for paying attention to the small details, such as her body language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-03 |title=Her Story review |url=https://adventuregamers.com/articles/view/28898 |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Adventure Gamers |language=en}}</ref> [[Polygon (website)|''Polygon'']] listed Hannah Smith on its list of the "70 Best Video Game Characters" and stated that Seifert played the role "superbly".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Polygon |date=2019-11-27 |title=The 70 best video game characters of the decade |url=https://www.polygon.com/features/2019/11/27/20974490/greatest-video-game-characters-2019-2010-skyrim-witcher-splatoon |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Polygon |language=en-US}}</ref>

For the role, Seifert won the [[The Game Awards 2015|Game Award for Best Performance]] in [[The Game Awards 2015|2015]],<ref name="TGA: Nominees">{{cite web |date=12 November 2015 |title=Nominees {{!}} The Game Awards 2015 |url=http://thegameawards.com/nominees/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114024126/http://thegameawards.com/nominees/ |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=[[The Game Awards]] |publisher=[[Ola Balola]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-04 |title=Viva Seifert from Her Story Takes Best Performance at The Game Awards |url=https://twinfinite.net/2015/12/viva-siefer-from-witcher-3-takes-best-performance-at-the-game-awards/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Twinfinite |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Samit |date=2015-12-03 |title=Here are the winners of The Game Awards 2015 |url=https://www.polygon.com/2015/12/3/9846760/the-game-awards-2015-winners |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Polygon |language=en-US}}</ref> where she was mistakenly credited for having appeared in [[The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt|''The Witcher 3'']], which spawned several [[internet meme]]s and earned the organization criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-04 |title=Best Performance Award Went to The Witcher 3 And/Or Her Story, No One Really Knows |url=https://twinfinite.net/2015/12/best-performance-award-went-witcher-3-andor-story-no-one-really-knows/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Twinfinite |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-11-19 |title=GOTY Flashback: The Witcher 3 Bewitched the Jury at the 2015 Game Awards |url=https://www.videogamecanon.com/adventurelog/2015-the-game-awards/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Video Game Canon |language=en-US}}</ref> At the [[New York Game Awards|5th New York Game Awards]], the [[New York Videogame Critics Circle]] awarded Seifert the Great White Way Award for Best Acting in a Game.<ref name=":5" /> She shared the [[Golden Joystick Awards|Golden Joystick Award]] for Breakthrough Game with Barlow,<ref name=":6" /> and was also a runner-up for the Performance of the Year Award.<ref name=":7" /> At the [[12th British Academy Games Awards]], critics were surprised to see that Seifert had not been nominated for [[British Academy Games Award for Performer|Best Performer]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=2016-04-08 |title=Bafta Games Awards: Actors are taking gaming roles more seriously |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-35997635 |access-date=2022-05-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bafta Game Awards reactions: 'it was a good night for women in games' {{!}} Games {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://amp.theguardian.com/technology/2016/apr/08/bafta-game-awards-reactions-chinese-room-psyonix-sam-barlow |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-16 |title=Achievements A-Plenty at the BAFTA Game Awards 2016 |url=https://exepose.com/2016/04/16/achievements-a-plenty-at-the-bafta-game-awards-2015/ |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Exeposé Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> The actress stated in an interview with ''[[BBC]]'' that "I was disappointed I can't lie. It was all leading up to this moment, but now there's more awards, actors are taking it [gaming] more seriously."<ref name=":9" /> Seifert also presented an award at the ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-07 |title=Games Awards Ceremony 2016 |url=https://www.bafta.org/games/awards/games-awards-ceremony-2016 |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=www.bafta.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=I'm presenting an award at @BAFTAGames on Thursday @HerStoryGame is up for a whopping 7 awards. Hope i get to present one to @mrsambarlow! |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/vivaseifert/status/717366130654973952 |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Seifert voiced the character Merethiel in the video game ''[[RuneScape]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On way home from a fun day in the studio with @DCockle Thanks everyone @Jagex for looking after us. Loving my new character! #runescape Ps. Hot tip of the day...don't go in the vocal booth straight after Mr Cockle #geralt #thewitcher ...sweaty headphones!!! |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/vivaseifert/status/991954625304592385 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, she made a guest appearance as Rachel on the British television series [[Delicious (TV series)|''Delicious'']].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Viva Seifert |url=https://www.imdb.com/filmosearch?role=nm7903178&job_type=actress |access-date=2022-05-18 |website=IMDb |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, she starred in the [[short film]] ''Miss White'' as the titular character.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Banzourkova |first=Eliza |title=Miss White |date=2019-05-19 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9897068/?ref_=tt_ch |type=Short, Drama |access-date=2022-05-18}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1996–2001
|''[[ITV Weather]]''
|[[WeatherGens|Aurora]]
|Main role
|-
|2008
|[[Would I Lie to You? (British game show)|''Would I Lie to You?'']]
|Herself
|Episode: "[[List of Would I Lie to You? episodes#Series 2 (2008)|02x01]]"
|-
|2012
|''[[Legacy of Kain: Dead Sun]]''
|Lydia
|Cancelled [[video game]]
|-
|2015
|[[Her Story (video game)|''Her Story'']]
|Hannah Smith
|Video game [[Golden Joystick Awards|Golden Joystick Breakthrough Award]] (with [[Sam Barlow (game designer)|Sam Barlow]]) [[New York Game Awards|Great White Way Award for Best Acting in a Game]] [[The Game Awards|The Game Award for Best Performance]] Runner-up—[[Golden Joystick Awards|Golden Joystick Award for Best Performance]] Nominated—[[Video game award|NAVGTR Award]] for Outstanding Performance in a Drama
|-
|2018
|[[Delicious (TV series)|''Delicious'']]
|Rachel
|Episode: "[[Delicious (TV series)|The Heart]]"
|-
|2018
|''[[RuneScape]]''
|Merethiel
|Video game
|-
|2019
|''Miss White''
|Miss White
|[[Short film]]
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
| rowspan="2" |[[Golden Joystick Awards]]
|Breakthrough Award (shared with [[Sam Barlow (game designer)|Sam Barlow]])
| rowspan="5" |[[Her Story (video game)|''Her Story'']]
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |author1=Leon Hurley |date=2015-10-30 |title=The Golden Joystick Awards: all the winners this year |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/golden-joysticks-all-winners-year/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=gamesradar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Performance of the Year
|{{draw|Runner-up}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Matthew |date=2015-09-01 |title=Golden Joystick Awards 2015 voting now open to the public |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/videogames/golden-joystick-awards/a665921/golden-joystick-awards-2015-voting-now-open-to-the-public/ |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|[[The Game Awards]]
|Best Performance
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="TGA: Nominees" />
|-
|2016
|[[New York Game Awards]]
|Great White Way Award for Best Acting in a Game
|{{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2016-02-12 |title=The Witcher 3 slaughters the competition at New York Video Game Awards |url=https://www.geek.com/games/the-witcher-iii-slaughters-the-competition-at-new-york-video-game-awards-1646899/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212054028/https://www.geek.com/games/the-witcher-iii-slaughters-the-competition-at-new-york-video-game-awards-1646899/ |archive-date=12 February 2016 |access-date=2022-05-05}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[Video game award|NAVGTR Awards]]
|Outstanding Performance in a Drama
|{{nominated}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=NAVGTR Awards (2016)|url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003381/2016/1/|access-date=2020-10-02|website=IMDb}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|id=nm7903178}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seifert, Viva}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gymnasts from London]]
[[Category:Musicians from London]]
[[Category:British rock keyboardists]]
[[Category:British rock drummers]]
[[Category:English women drummers]]
[[Category:British rhythmic gymnasts]]
[[Category:English sportswomen]]
[[Category:Olympic gymnasts for Great Britain]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 1990 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in gymnastics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England]]
[[Category:21st-century English women musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century British drummers]]
[[Category:The Game Awards winners]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:English rhythmic gymnasts]]

Caliente, California

2024-09-17T20:42:12Z

136.32.60.170: /* History */

{{Short description|Unincorporated community in California, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement


|name = Caliente
|other_name =
|native_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type =[[Unincorporated area|Unincorporated community]]
|image_skyline = Caliente California Post Office Kern County.JPG
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|pushpin_map =California#USA
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in California##Location within the United States

|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name ={{Flagu|United States}}
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = {{flag|California}}
|subdivision_type2 =County
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kern County, California|Kern County]]
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|coordinates = {{coord|35|17|28|N|118|37|40|W|region:US-CA|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis>{{gnis|1660417}}</ref>
|elevation_m =400
|elevation_ft =1312
|footnotes =
{{Designation list|embed=yes|designation1=California|designation1_number=757}}
}}
'''Caliente''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "Hot")<ref name=CGN /> is an [[unincorporated area|unincorporated community]] in [[Kern County, California|Kern County]], [[California]].<ref name=gnis /> It is located {{convert|22|mi|km|0}} east-southeast of [[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]],<ref name=CGN>{{California's Geographic Names|1010}}</ref> at an elevation of {{Convert|1312|feet|}}.<ref name=gnis />

Caliente has a population of 1,019.<ref>Location name, population, and county from National Geographic Names Database. Location is identified by USGS as feature ID 1660417.</ref> Telephone numbers in Caliente follow the format ([[Area code 661|661]]) 867-xxxx and the ZIP Code is 93518.<ref>ZIP Code from sign hanging on United States Postal Service post office.</ref> It is located south of a small community named [[Walker Basin, California|Walker Basin]] in the same telephone exchange area.

==History==
Established in the 1870s, Caliente was originally named '''Allens Camp''' for a cattle rancher and settler named Gabriel Allen. Later, the name '''Agua Caliente''', coming from hot springs in the area, was proposed and may have been used. This name conflicted with [[Fetters Hot Springs-Agua Caliente, California|the community of the same name]] in [[Sonoma County, California|Sonoma County]]. With the railroad's arrival in 1875, the shortened name Caliente was adopted.<ref>Establishment date and ''Agua Caliente'' name from, Bailey, Richard C., ''Kern County Place Names'', (Bakersfield, California: Merchant's Printing and Lithography Co., 1967). ''Allens Camp'' from Dulme, Glenn, "Chapter 11: The San Bernardino County Flurry," ''Boom of the Eighties in Southern California,'' (San Marino, California: Huntington Library, 1944) pp. 127.</ref>

Caliente prospered during [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]] Railroad's construction of Tehachapi Pass line. For a time, the Telegraph Stage Line and the Cerro Gordo Freighting Co. also ran through Caliente and its full-time population grew to 200. There were approximately 60 buildings, including 20 or more saloons.<ref>David W. Kean, ''Wide Places in the California Roads: The encyclopedia of California's small towns and the roads that lead to them'' (Volume 1 of 4: Southern California Counties), p. 33.</ref>

The Caliente post office opened in 1875, closed in 1883, and was re-established in 1890.<ref name=CGN /> The Caliente General Store was remodeled in 1980 to house the post office which is still in operation today.<ref>David W. Kean, ''Wide Places in the California Roads: The encyclopedia of California's small towns and the roads that lead to them'' (Volume 1 of 4: Southern California Counties), p. 34.</ref>

[[Bealville, California|Bealville]] is a district about {{Convert|1|mile||spell=in}} to the south toward [[California State Route 58|SR58]] and along Caliente-Bodfish Road.<ref>Location and name from National Geographic Names Database and is feature ID 252850.</ref> It is named for [[Edward Fitzgerald Beale]] who served in the [[United States Army|US Army]], and also as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for California and Nevada. He was also appointed as US Surveyor General of California.<ref>Army and Indian assignments from: "Kern County," ''California Historic Landmarks,'' (Sacramento, California: State of California, Resources Agency, 1996) pp. 80. Surveyor General title from, Dulme, Glenn, "Chapter 11: The San Bernardino County Flurry," ''Boom of the Eighties in Southern California,'' (San Marino, California: Huntington Library, 1944) pp. 127.</ref> Beale established a home in this area about 1855. The location is now registered as [[California Historical Landmark]] #757

California Historical Landmark reads:
:NO. 757 CALIENTE - Originally known as Allen's Camp after Gabriel Allen, who in the 1870s had a cabin and stock pasture near here, the settlement was named Caliente when railroad construction reached this point in April 1875. The town became a railroad terminal for about 16 months while a force of up to three thousand men, most of them Chinese, labored on the heavy railroad construction on the mountain. <ref name=CHL>{{cite ohp|757|Caliente|2012-10-07}}</ref>

==Today==
The sound of diesel locomotives and railroad horns are present day and night. The community is along the track of the Union Pacific Railroad, [[Mojave Subdivision]]. The track loops around the post office as it winds through the local hills. Trains climb toward the Tehachapi summit eastbound or descend toward Bakersfield if westbound.

[[California State Route 58]] is about two driving miles south of Caliente.

==Images==
<gallery widths="250px" heights="220px" >
Image:Caliente California Burlington Northern Santa Fe.JPG|A BNSF freight passing through Caliente climbs eastbound toward Mojave, California.
Image:Caliente (2688852487).jpg|Storefront in Caliente
File:Caliente, California area state historic marker for Bealville.jpg|Bealville marker along Caliente-Bodfish Rd.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Keene, California]]
* [[Tehachapi Loop]]
*[[California Historical Landmarks in Kern County]]
*[[California Historical Landmark]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Kern County, California}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Kern County, California]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in California]]
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Tawana Brawley rape allegations

2024-09-17T00:08:27Z

136.32.60.170: /* In popular culture */

{{Short description|1987 accusations of rape in New York, US}}
{{good article}}

'''Tawana Vicenia Brawley'''<ref name=OUT/> (born December 15, 1971)<ref name=OUT>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYzZ9xxqouQC&q=Tawana+Brawley+1971 |title=Outrage: the story behind the Tawana Brawley hoax |last=McFadden |first=Robert D. |date= August 1, 1990 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=9780553057560 |access-date=June 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name="GJ report"/> is an [[African Americans|African American]] woman from New York who gained notoriety in November 1987 at age 15 when she falsely accused four [[White American|white]] men of kidnapping and raping her over a four-day period.

On November 28, 1987, Brawley was found in a trash bag after having been missing for four days from her home in [[Wappingers Falls, New York|Wappingers Falls]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. She had racial slurs written on her body and was covered in feces. The feces came from a collie owned by a resident of the building where Brawley was found. Brawley accused four white men of having raped her. The charges received national attention in part because of the appalling condition in which she had been left, her young age, and the professional status of the persons she accused of the crime (including police officers and a prosecuting attorney). Brawley's advisers—[[Al Sharpton]], [[Alton H. Maddox]], and [[C. Vernon Mason]]—helped in bringing the case to national prominence.<ref>{{cite book| first= Edwin |last= Diamond| title= The Media Show: The Changing Face of the News, 1985–1990| location= Cambridge, Massachusetts| publisher= MIT Press|year= 1991|quote= The great paradox of Brawley 2 was that this dumb show went on for months, encouraged by the authorities and the media. The 'white power structure' – as Sharpton calls it – all but propped up the advisers' shaky scenarios. The governor and the attorney general, their eyes on electoral politics as well as the case, gave the appearance of trying to avoid offense to any constituency, black or white.}}</ref>

After hearing evidence, a [[grand jury]] concluded in October 1988 that Brawley had not been the victim of a forcible sexual assault, and that she may have created the appearance of such an attack herself.<ref name="GJ report">[https://archive.org/details/TawanaBrawleyGrandJuryReport Tawana Brawley Grand Jury Report], October 1988</ref><ref name="Pagones vs. Maddox">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenblatt |first=Albert M. |date=2015 |title=County Legal History |url=https://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/documents/dutchess-county-history.pdf |journal=The Historical Society of the New York Courts |page=39}}</ref> Steven Pagones, the [[Greek Americans|Greek American]] New York prosecutor whom Brawley had accused as being one of her assailants, later successfully sued Brawley and her three advisers for [[defamation]].<ref name="Pagones vs. Maddox" /><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Richard |title=Opinion {{!}} A VINDICATED MAN |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1998/07/16/a-vindicated-man/f83e8a95-cca2-4379-9c7e-f4fc43c7b7af/ |newspaper=Washington Post |date=9 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=Doubling down on a fraud {{!}} Christopher Silvester |url=https://thecritic.co.uk/issues/may-2022/doubling-down-on-a-fraud/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=The Critic Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Brawley received support from the African American community.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jim |last=Yardley |title=After a Decade, Brawley Reappears and Repeats Charges |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/03/nyregion/after-a-decade-brawley-reappears-and-repeats-charges.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 3, 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071500/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/03/nyregion/after-a-decade-brawley-reappears-and-repeats-charges.html |archive-date=March 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some academics have suggested that Brawley was victimized by biased reporting that was influenced by racial stereotypes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Markovitz |first1=Jonathan |title=Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory |date=2004 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3995-3 }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jewell |first1=K. Sue |title=From Mammy to Miss America and Beyond: Cultural Images and the Shaping of US Social Policy |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-95189-5 |page=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQPY4wHl9G0C&pg=PA200 }}</ref> The [[mainstream media]]'s coverage drew heated criticism from the [[African American press]], and from many black leaders who believed the teenager and her story.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newkirk |first1=Pamela |title=Within the Veil: Black Journalists, White Media |date=2002 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5800-7 |pages=152–154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqBrinKtzWAC&pg=PA152 }}</ref> The grand jury's conclusions decreased support for Brawley and her advisers; Brawley's family have maintained that the allegations were true.

== Origins of the case ==
On November 28, 1987, Tawana Brawley, who had been missing for four days from her home in [[Wappingers Falls, New York|Wappingers Falls]], [[New York (state)|New York]], was found seemingly unconscious and unresponsive, lying in a garbage bag several feet from an apartment where she had once lived. Her clothing was torn and burned, her body smeared with feces. She was taken to the emergency room, where the words "Pimp-Nigger", [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]]", were discovered written on her torso with charcoal.<ref name="GJ report"/>

A detective from the sheriff's juvenile aid bureau, among others, was summoned to interview Brawley, but she remained unresponsive. The family requested a black officer, which the police department was able to provide. Brawley, described as having an "extremely spacey" look on her face, communicated with this officer with nods of the head, shrugs of the shoulder, and written notes. The interview lasted 20 minutes, during which she uttered only one word: "neon". Through gestures and writing, however, she indicated she had been raped repeatedly in a wooded area by six white men, at least one of whom, she said, was a police officer.<ref name=NYTPuzzle/>

A [[sexual assault kit]] was administered, and police began building a case. Brawley provided no names or descriptions of her assailants. She later told others that there had been no rape, only other kinds of sexual abuse. Forensic tests found no evidence of sexual assault or sexual intercourse. There was no evidence of exposure to elements, which would have been expected in a victim held for several days in the woods at a time when the temperature dropped below freezing at night.<ref name=NYTPuzzle>{{cite news| url= https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/29/nyregion/brawley-case-stubborn-puzzle-silent-victim.html?src=pm&pagewanted=7&pagewanted=all |title= Brawley Case: Stubborn Puzzle, Silent Victim| date= February 29, 1988 | work= The New York Times}}</ref>

==Public response==
[[File:Al Sharpton 20060109.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Al Sharpton]] (''pictured in 2006'') helped handle Brawley's publicity.]]
The initial public response to Brawley's story was mostly sympathetic. [[Bill Cosby]] offered a $25,000 reward for information on the case, while [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don King]] pledged $100,000 toward Brawley's education.<ref name=cosby>{{cite web |url=https://nypost.com/2013/08/04/pay-up-time-for-brawley-87-rape-hoaxer-finally-shells-out-for-slander/|title=Pay-up time for Brawley: '87 rape-hoaxer finally shells out for slander |first=Michael |last=Gartland |date=August 4, 2013 |work=New York Post |access-date=August 11, 2013 }}</ref> In December 1987, more than one thousand people, including [[Nation of Islam]] leader [[Louis Farrakhan]], marched through the streets of [[Newburgh, New York]], in support of Brawley.<ref>{{cite news|title=A tense relationship.|url=http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061101/NEWS/611010341|quote=Some witnesses say they saw Brawley in Newburgh during the time she was missing, but that never was proven. In December 1987, more than 1,000 people, including Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, march in Brawley's support through the city streets. In October 1988, a special grand jury rules Brawley's claims a hoax.|work=[[Times Herald-Record]]|date=November 1, 2006|access-date=April 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614043349/http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20061101%2FNEWS%2F611010341|archive-date=June 14, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Brawley's claims in the case captured headlines across the country. Public rallies were held denouncing the incident. When civil rights activist [[Al Sharpton]], with attorneys [[Alton H. Maddox]] and [[C. Vernon Mason]], began handling Brawley's publicity, the case quickly became highly controversial.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Robert Charles |title=Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide |date=2000 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-0025-9 }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref> Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason generated a national media sensation. The three said that officials all the way up to the state government were trying to cover up defendants in the case because they were white.<ref name=s/> They further suggested that the Ku Klux Klan, the [[Irish Republican Army]], and the [[American Mafia|Mafia]] had conspired with the U.S. government in the alleged cover-up.<ref name=kkk/>

Harry Crist Jr. became a suspect in the case because he committed suicide shortly after the period when Brawley was allegedly held captive and was a part-time police officer in [[Fishkill, New York]], which borders Brawley's hometown.<ref name="mourning">{{cite news |last1=Bruni |first1=Frank |title=Mourning a Son Tied to the Brawley Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/mourning-a-son-tied-to-the-brawley-case.html |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 April 1998}}</ref> Steven Pagones, an assistant [[district attorney]] in [[Dutchess County, New York]], attempted to establish an alibi for Crist, stating that he had been with Crist during that period of time. Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason then said that Crist and Pagones were two of the rapists. They also accused Pagones, a [[Greek Americans|Greek American]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> of being a racist and a [[White supremacy|white supremacist]].<ref name=s>{{cite news|author=Sleeper, Jim|date=February 24, 2000|title=Playing politics with death|url=http://www.salon.com/2000/02/24/diallo_2/|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|access-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Bruni, Frank|date=March 15, 1998|title=Finally, His Day in Court; Man Wrongly Accused in Brawley Case Will Be Heard|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/15/nyregion/finally-his-day-in-court-man-wrongly-accused-in-brawley-case-will-be-heard.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 20, 2018}}</ref> Based on Crist's [[suicide note]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that he killed himself because his girlfriend ended their relationship shortly before his death, and because he was upset that he was unable to become a [[New York State Police|state trooper]].<ref name="mourning" />

The [[mainstream media]]'s coverage drew heated criticism from the African American press and leaders for its treatment of the teenager.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Markovitz|first1=Jonathan|title=Legacies of lynching : racial violence and memory|date=2004|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-0-8166-3995-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/legacie_mar_2004_00_5902/page/92 92]|url=https://archive.org/details/legacie_mar_2004_00_5902/page/92}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Ellen G.|title=Morality USA| date= 1998| publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=9780816627493|page=69|quote=For segments of the black press, however, the Brawley story's truth was not in question: the case simply demonstrated the bankruptcy of the white justice system.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McFadden|first1=Robert D.|title=Outrage : the story behind the Tawana Brawley hoax|date=1990|publisher=Bantam|location=New York|isbn=9780553057560|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/outragestorybehi0000unse}}</ref> They cited the leaking and publication of photos taken of her at the hospital, and the revelation of her name despite her being underage.<ref name=underage>{{cite news| first=Utrice |last= Leid| author-link= Utrice Leid| title= It's an outrage! |work= [[The City Sun]]| date= April 26 – May 2, 1989| quote= The same media that demanded Brawley "prove" her sexual assault made no such demands in the Central Park case. The same media that had no difficulty identifying the underaged Wappingers Falls teenager by name, invading the sanctity of her home to show her face and even televising semi-nude pictures of her while she was in the hospital...}}</ref> In addition, critics were concerned that Brawley had been left in the custody of her mother, stepfather, and advisers, rather than being given protection by the state. In an opinion piece in ''The New York Times'', Martha Miles and Richard L. Madden wrote:<ref name=miles>{{cite news| first1= Martha| last1= Miles| first2=Richard L. |last2=Madden|title=After the Grand Jury; What Happened to Tawana Brawley's Case – And to Attitudes About Race and Justice|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFD71339F93AA35753C1A96E948260| work=The New York Times |date=October 9, 1988|access-date=April 18, 2008}}</ref>
<blockquote>State law provides that if a child appears to have been sexually molested, then the [[Child Protective Services]] Agency is supposed to take jurisdiction and custody of that child. Now, Tawana Brawley was 15 at the time of the incident. If that had been done... early on, the agency would have given her psychiatric attention and preserved evidence of rape...</blockquote>

Sharpton's former aide, Perry McKinnon, said that Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason were unconcerned with Brawley, and were using the case to "tak[e] over the town," as he had heard Sharpton say that the case could make him and Brawley's other two advisers "the biggest niggers in New York."<ref name=kkk>{{cite news|author=Blumenthal, Ralph|date=1998|title= Abrams Considers a Possible Hoax In Brawley Case|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/16/nyregion/abrams-considers-a-possible-hoax-in-brawley-case.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 21, 2018}}</ref> In June 1988, at the height of the controversy surrounding the case, a poll showed a gap of 34 percentage points between blacks (51%) and whites (85%) on the question of whether Brawley was lying.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Robert Charles |title=Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide |date=2000 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-0025-9 }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref>

==Grand jury hearings==
Faced with an uncooperative Brawley, who was advised by Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason to not answer questions, New York governor [[Mario Cuomo]] eventually appointed the state's [[Attorney general|attorney general]], [[Robert Abrams]], as [[special prosecutor]] for the case. A [[grand jury]] was convened to hear evidence, with [[John M. Ryan]], Abrams's assistant in charge of criminal prosecutions, delegated the responsibility of leading the investigation. Brawley's team employed a general strategy of discouraging Brawley and her family from testifying, which they justified by claiming that an unjust refusal by the state to prosecute the alleged attackers was inevitable.<ref>{{cite news|first=E. R.|last=Shipp|title='Final Opportunity' To Testify Is Offered To Tawana Brawley|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 5, 1988|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/05/nyregion/final-opportunity-to-testify-is-offered-to-tawana-brawley.html|accessdate=June 10, 2024}}</ref> Their inflammatory rhetoric and tactics, such as conditioning interviews with investigators on Cuomo, Abrams and Ryan undergoing psychological evaluations, were viewed by many as flippant and inappropriate. Sharpton, in particular, drew criticism for comparing requests to meet with Abrams, known for his strong record on civil rights, to "asking someone who watched someone [[Extermination camp|killed in the gas chamber]] to sit down with [[Adolf Hitler|Mr. Hitler]]." When [[Roger L. Green]], an influential Black member of the [[New York State Assembly]], spoke out against language he perceived as unhelpful and needlessly divisive, Sharpton responded by calling him "a state-sponsored Uncle Tom."<ref>{{cite news|authorlink=Howard Kurtz|first=Howard|last=Kurtz|title=Al Sharpton, Into The Maelstrom|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 14, 1988|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/07/14/al-sharpton-into-the-maelstrom/e2cb9dae-5c28-4ca3-88cc-74559397da46/|accessdate=June 10, 2024}}</ref> On October 6, 1988, the grand jury released its 170-page report that concluded Brawley had not been abducted, assaulted, raped, or [[Sodomy|sodomized]], as Brawley and her advisers said. The report further concluded that the allegations against Pagones were false and had no basis in fact. Before issuing the report, the grand jury heard from 180 witnesses, saw 250 exhibits, and recorded more than 6,000 pages of testimony.<ref name="Pagones vs. Maddox" />

In the decision, the grand jury noted many problems with Brawley's story. Among these were that the rape kit results did not indicate sexual assault. Additionally, despite saying she had been held captive outdoors for days, Brawley was not suffering from [[hypothermia]], was well-nourished, and appeared to have brushed her teeth recently. Despite her clothing being charred, there were no burns on her body. Although a shoe she was wearing was cut through, Brawley had no injuries to her foot. The racial epithets written on her were upside down, which led to suspicion that Brawley herself had written the words. Testimony from her schoolmates indicated she had attended a local party during the time of her supposed abduction. One witness claimed to have observed Brawley's climbing into the garbage bag.<ref>{{cite news| title=Man says Brawley seemed to be faking. |first=Michael |last=Hill| newspaper=[[Albany Times Union]]| date=January 13, 1998 | page=B2}}</ref> The feces on her body were identified as coming from her neighbor's dog.<ref>{{cite news |first= Michael|last= Gartland| title= 25 years after her rape claims sparked a firestorm, Tawana Brawley avoids the spotlight. |url=https://nypost.com/2012/12/23/25-years-after-her-rape-claims-sparked-a-firestorm-tawana-brawley-avoids-the-spotlight/|work= [[New York Post]] |date=December 23, 2012|access-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> Brawley never testified, despite a subpoena ordering her to do so.<ref>{{cite news |first= William|last= Glaberson|work= The New York Times| title= Once Again, Brawley Declines to Testify | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E6D61239F937A15754C0A96E958260|date=July 24, 1998 |access-date=March 30, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1988/08/16/grand-jury-decides-to-subpoena-brawley/|title=Grand Jury Decides to Subpoena Brawley |publisher=Chicago Tribune via The New York Times|date=16 August 1988}}</ref>

On June 6, 1988, Tawana's mother, Glenda Brawley, was sentenced to 30 days in prison, and fined $250 for contempt of court for refusing to testify at the grand jury hearing. She evaded arrest by hiding in churches, with the police failing to arrest her, arguing it would lead to violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/22/nyregion/disputes-stalling-police-agencies-in-plans-to-arrest-glenda-brawley.html|title=Disputes Stalling Police Agencies In Plans to Arrest Glenda Brawley|first=Jeffrey|last=Schmalz|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 July 1988}}</ref> The Brawley family then fled New York state, travelling around the country for several months before settling in [[Virginia Beach]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/21/nyregion/the-brawley-family-moves-to-virginia-beach.html|title=The Brawley Family Moves to Virginia Beach|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 September 1988}}</ref>

===Possible motives===
Much of the grand jury evidence pointed to a possible motive for Brawley's falsifying the incident: trying to avoid violent punishment from her mother and particularly her stepfather, Ralph King. Witnesses testified that Glenda Brawley had previously beaten her daughter for running away, and for spending nights with boys. King had a history of violence that included stabbing his first wife 14 times, which later escalated into him shooting and killing her. There was considerable evidence that King could and would violently attack Brawley: when Brawley had been arrested on a [[shoplifting]] charge the previous May, King attempted to beat her for the offense while at the police station. Witnesses also described King as having talked about his stepdaughter in a sexualizing manner.<ref name="Evidence Points">{{cite news |title= Evidence Points to Deceit by Brawley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/nyregion/evidence-points-to-deceit-by-brawley.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 27, 1988 |access-date=January 20, 2008}}</ref>

On the day of her alleged disappearance, Brawley had skipped school to visit her boyfriend, Todd Buxton, who was serving a six-month jail sentence. When Buxton's mother (with whom she had visited Buxton in jail) urged her to get home before she got in trouble, Brawley told her, "I'm already in trouble." She described how angry King was over a previous incident of her staying out late.<ref>{{cite news |title= Brawley Case: Stubborn Puzzle, Silent Victim |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFD91038F93AA15751C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |work= The New York Times |date=February 29, 1988 |quote=She vanished on a cold, moonless autumn night in Wappingers Falls, N.Y., from a strip of gas stations and fast-food outlets that stand as a kind of neon-lit mockery of [[Washington Irving]]'s quaint old haunts up the Hudson. |access-date=January 20, 2008}}</ref>

Neighbors also told the grand jury that in February they overheard Glenda Brawley saying to King, "You shouldn't have took the money because after it all comes out, they're going to find out the truth." Another neighbor heard Mrs. Brawley say, "They know we're lying, and they're going to find out and come and get us."<ref name="Evidence Points" />

In April 1989, ''[[New York Newsday]]'' published claims by a boyfriend of Brawley, Daryl Rodriguez, that she had told him the story was fabricated, with help from her mother, in order to avert the wrath of her stepfather.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paper Says Brawley Friend Was Told of Faked Assault. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFDA123EF93BA15757C0A96F948260 |work=The New York Times |date=April 28, 1989 |access-date=April 22, 2008 }}</ref> Writing about the case in a 2004 book on perceptions of racial violence, sociologist Jonathan Markovitz concluded that "it is reasonable to suggest that Brawley's fear and the kinds of suffering that she must have gone through must have been truly staggering if they were enough to force her to resort to cutting her hair, covering herself in feces, and crawling into a garbage bag."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Markovitz |first1=Jonathan |title=Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory |date=2004 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3995-3 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBn6uqufGOEC&pg=PA98 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Patricia Williams by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Patricia J. Williams]] (''pictured in 2007'') maintained that Brawley was the victim of a crime.]] The case highlighted mistrust of legal institutions within the black community.<ref name=miles/> Legal scholar [[Patricia J. Williams]] wrote in 1991 that the teenager "has been the victim of some unspeakable crime. No matter how she got there. No matter who did it to her—and even if she did it to herself."<ref>{{cite book| first= Patricia J.| last= Williams| author-link= Patricia J. Williams| title= The Alchemy of Race and Rights| publisher= Harvard University Press| location= Cambridge| year= 1991| isbn= 978-0-674-01471-8| page= [https://archive.org/details/alchemyofracerig00will_0/page/169 169]| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/alchemyofracerig00will_0/page/169}}</ref> These comments aroused controversy as well; [[Daniel A. Farber]] and [[Suzanna Sherry]] responded to Williams in their book ''Beyond All Reason: The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law'', writing "The radical multiculturalists seem unable or unwilling to differentiate between Brawley's fantasized rape and another woman's real one. Indifference to the distinction between fact and fiction minimizes real suffering by implying that it is no worse than imagined or self-inflicted suffering."<ref>{{cite book| first1= Daniel A. |last1= Farber| first2= Sue | last2= Sherry| title= Beyond All Reason: The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law| url= https://archive.org/details/beyondallreasonr00farb | url-access= registration | publisher= Oxford University Press| year=1997| page=[https://archive.org/details/beyondallreasonr00farb/page/96 96]|isbn= 978-0-19-510717-3}}</ref>

Reviewing [[Spike Lee]]'s film ''[[Do the Right Thing]]'', cultural critic [[Stanley Crouch]] wrote negatively of "men like Vernon Mason who sold out a good reputation in a cynical bid for political power by pimping real victims of racism in order to smoke-screen Tawana Brawley's lies."<ref>{{cite news|title=Do the Race Thing: Spike Lee's Afro-fascist chic | first=Stanley| last=Crouch | url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2019/07/01/do-the-race-thing-spike-lees-afro-fascist-chic/ |date=June 20, 1989| work=The Village Voice}}</ref> On May 21, 1990, Alton H. Maddox was indefinitely suspended by the [[New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division|Appellate Division of the State Supreme Court]] in Brooklyn after failing to appear before a disciplinary hearing to answer allegations regarding his conduct in the Brawley case.<ref>{{cite news|title=Court suspends Maddox for refusal to testify at grievance hearing. | first=Arnold| last=Lubasch | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D91F3DF931A15756C0A966958260 |date=May 22, 1990| work=The New York Times | page=B1 }}</ref> Vernon Mason was disbarred for 66 cases of misconduct in 1995; while the Brawley case was not specifically cited, Mason claimed that he was being punished for his role in promoting Brawley's accusations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/10/nyregion/defendant-becomes-an-issue-in-slander-case.html?pagewanted=all|title=Defendant Becomes an Issue in Slander Case|work= New York Times | first=Frank | last=Bruni | date=1997-12-10 | access-date=2010-04-28}}</ref>

In 1998, Pagones was awarded $345,000 through a lawsuit for [[defamation]] of character that he had brought against Sharpton, Maddox and Mason; Pagones initially sought $395 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ciment |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnGsBwAAQBAJ&dq=tawana+brawley&pg=PA172 |title=Postwar America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History |date=2015-03-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46235-4 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref> The jury found Sharpton liable for making seven defamatory statements about Pagones, Maddox for two and Mason for one. The jury deadlocked on four of the 22 statements over which Pagones had sued, and it found eight statements to be non-defamatory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winner in Brawley suit says victory is bittersweet. |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9807/13/brawley.verdict.02 |publisher=[[CNN]] | location= Poughkeepsie, New York| agency= Reuters, Associated Press| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020811233652/http://www.cnn.com/US/9807/13/brawley.verdict.02/ |access-date=June 21, 2007 |archive-date=August 11, 2002}}</ref> In a later interview, Pagones said the turmoil caused by the accusations of Brawley and her advisers had cost him his first marriage and much personal grief.<ref>Sverdlik, Alan. (1999-02-16) [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/ "Pagones and Wife Split – He Blames Stress of Brawley Ordeal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012082412/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/ |date=2008-10-12 }}, ''New York Post'', retrieved 2009-12-29.</ref>

Pagones also sued Brawley. She defaulted by not appearing at the trial, and the judge ordered her to pay Pagones damages of $185,000.<ref>{{cite news |first=Joseph P.|last=Fried|title=Hoping Brawley Thinks Of 'Damage She Caused'.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E0DB1E3CF931A35750C0A9659C8B63|newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=March 2, 2003 |access-date=March 20, 2007}}</ref> The $65,000 judgment levied against Al Sharpton was paid for him in 2001 by supporters, including attorney [[Johnnie Cochran]] and businessman [[Earl G. Graves, Jr.]]<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E3DE1731F936A25755C0A9679C8B63 "Sharpton's Debt in Brawley Defamation Is Paid by Supporters"], ''The New York Times'', June 15, 2001</ref> In December 2012, the ''[[New York Post]]'' reported that Maddox had paid his judgment of $97,000 and Mason was making payments on the $188,000 which he owed. Brawley reportedly had not made any payments.<ref name=nypost20121225>{{cite news|last=Italiano|first=Laura|title=Now pay up, Tawana| url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/now_pay_up_tawana_mGWohFLamS4LCTEDjks9XP|access-date=December 25, 2012| newspaper= New York Post|date=December 25, 2012}}</ref> The following month a court ordered her wages [[garnishment|garnished]] to pay Pagones.<ref name=cosby/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/05/brawley-begins-to-repay-lawyer-she-falsely-accused/2618399/|title=Tawana Brawley begins to repay prosecutor she accused|last=Barry|first=John W.|date=2013-08-05|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=2019-09-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511081745/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/05/brawley-begins-to-repay-lawyer-she-falsely-accused/2618399/|archive-date=2014-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/08/05/209194252/15-years-later-tawana-brawley-has-paid-1-percent-of-penalty|title=15 Years Later, Tawana Brawley Has Paid 1 Percent Of Penalty|last=Memmott|first=Mark|date=2013-08-05|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=2019-09-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707125846/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/08/05/209194252/15-years-later-tawana-brawley-has-paid-1-percent-of-penalty|archive-date=2015-07-07}}</ref>

In a 1997 appearance, Brawley maintained she did not invent the story; she still had supporters.<ref>{{cite news| title=I'm not a liar| last=Margolin| first=Josh| publisher=[[Associated Press]]| url=http://archive.th-record.com/1997/12-03-97/jamtawan.htm| date=December 3, 1997| access-date=May 9, 2008| archive-date=September 21, 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921074500/http://archive.th-record.com/1997/12-03-97/jamtawan.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> In November 2007, Brawley's stepfather and mother, in a 20th-anniversary feature for the ''[[New York Daily News]]'', contended the attack happened. "How could we make this up and take down the state of New York? We're just regular people," Glenda Brawley said. They said they had asked [[New York State Attorney General]] [[Andrew Cuomo]] and [[Governor of New York|Governor]] [[Eliot Spitzer]] to reopen the case. They also said that Brawley would speak at any legal proceedings.<ref>{{cite news|last=Block|first=Dorian|date=November 18, 2007|title=20 years later, Tawana Brawley has turned back on the past|work=[[New York Daily News]]|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/11/18/2007-11-18_20_years_later_tawana_brawley_has_turned.html|url-status=dead|access-date=May 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120022528/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/11/18/2007-11-18_20_years_later_tawana_brawley_has_turned.html|archive-date=November 20, 2007}}</ref> As of 2013, Brawley works as a nurse in rural [[Virginia]], under a new name.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Roane, Kit R. (Producer) |url=http://www.retroreport.org/video/the-tawana-brawley-story/|title = The Tawana Brawley Story |medium=Documentary |publisher=Retro Report |date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Block">{{cite news|last=Block|first=Dorian|date=November 18, 2007|title=20 years later, Tawana Brawley has turned back on the past|work=[[New York Daily News]]|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/20-years-tawana-brawley-turned-back-article-1.258639|access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref> Influenced by her interactions with [[Louis Farrakhan]] (who supported her claims), Brawley converted to Islam during the trial, and according to the ''Daily News'' she remains an active member of the [[Nation of Islam]].<ref name="Block"/>

Michael Hardy, who served as Sharpton's defense lawyer in Pagones' defamation case against him, would in 1991 become a prominent founder of Sharpton's organization [[National Action Network]], where he served as Executive Vice President and later also General Counsel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/25/us/michael-hardy-dead.html|title=56 Years Ago, He Shot Malcolm X. Now He Lives Quietly in Brooklyn.|first=Sam|last=Roberts|work=New York Times|date=July 25, 2024|accessdate=July 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2024/07/22/national-action-network-general-counsel-evp-michael-hardy-dies-sharpton/|title=Longtime National Action Network EVP and General Counsel Michael Hardy, Esq. passes away|publisher=New York Amsterdam News|date=July 22, 2024|accessdate=July 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalactionnetwork.net/staff/michael-a-hardy/|title=Michael A. Hardy, Esq.|publisher=National Action Network|accessdate=July 25, 2024}}</ref>

== Biases in reporting ==
Several sources including articles and books discuss the racial aspects of media coverage when the case emerged. "With so many miserable precursors, the case instantly activated [New York] city's black rage, [[white guilt]], and media pursuit."<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1298112674}} |last1=Freedman |first1=Samuel G |title=Unholy Alliances: Working the Tawana Brawley story by Mike Taibbi and Anna Sims-Phillips (Book Review) |journal=Columbia Journalism Review |volume=28 |issue=2 |date=July 1989 |pages=53 }}</ref> According to one source, the television station [[WCBS-TV|WCBS]] uncovered Al Sharpton's deceits while [[African American newspapers|Black journalists]] practiced racial loyalty.<ref name=":2" /> Brawley's case marked a remarkably singular case of spectacularized news coverage centered on a Black girl's claim of [[Sexual abuse|sexual victimization]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Markovitz |first1=Jonathan |title=Collective Memory, Credibility Structures, and the Case of Tawana Brawley |journal=Discourse |date=2000 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=31–52 |jstor=41389558 }}</ref>

In the [[1980s]], New York City's media landscape was significantly influenced by racial tensions, shaping the coverage and response of major news outlets, notably [[The New York Times]], and law enforcement to racially charged incidents. The Tawana Brawley case stands as a pivotal example of how racial dynamics influenced media reporting and public perception. Initially, The New York Times, among other national media, hesitated to extensively cover Brawley's allegations of racial and sexual assault due to uncertainties surrounding the events and the complexities of racial politics highlighted by their prior challenges in reporting the racial attacks during the [[Howard Beach racial attack|Howard Beach incident]]. This cautious approach reflected a broader trend of media outlets adopting a reactive stance towards racial issues, often waiting for [[Civil and political rights|civil rights activists]] or political figures to label events as significant before reporting them.

The eventual shift in coverage of the Grand Jury in Brawley's case, following allegations of a [[hoax]], sparked a debate on the newsworthiness of racial victimization narratives, revealing underlying tensions between white guilt and black journalistic loyalty. This period underscored the complex interplay between race, media coverage, and the response (or lack thereof) of institutions, highlighting the challenges of navigating racial politics in journalism and [[Law enforcement in the United States|law enforcement]] during a time of heightened racial awareness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Markovitz |first1=Jonathan |title=Collective Memory, Credibility Structures, and the Case of Tawana Brawley |journal=Discourse: Journal for Theoretical Studies in Media and Culture |date=7 December 2012 |volume=22 |issue=1 |url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/discourse/vol22/iss1/3 }}</ref> False claims of sexual violence are rare. In most cases, news media still blame victims with and without evidence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belknap |first1=Joanne |title=Rape: Too Hard to Report and Too Easy to Discredit Victims |journal=Violence Against Women |date=December 2010 |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1335–1344 |doi=10.1177/1077801210387749 |pmid=21164211 |s2cid=31206244 }}</ref> And childhood abuse, a 15 year old is a minor according to New York State's age of majority, often goes underreported and thereby may be underinvestigated by those who report it in the media. It was only in the 1970s that adult survivors began reporting child sexual abuse to the public. The Brawley incident took place near the end of the 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-1195-6 |title=True and False Recovered Memories |series=Nebraska Symposium on Motivation |date=2012 |volume=58 |isbn=978-1-4614-1194-9 |editor1-first=Robert F. |editor1-last=Belli }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref>

When Black girls and women report being victims of [[Gender-related violence|gender-based violence]], [[sexual assault]], or [[Domestic violence|family violence]], they often are not believed creating a condition of silence by other alleged and real victims, which makes Sharpton's publicizing of the Brawley case all the more tragic for true victims.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|194880498}} |last1=Omolade |first1=Barbara |last2=Carty |first2=Linda |title=The rising song of African American women |journal=Resources for Feminist Research |volume=25 |issue=1/2 |date=1996 |pages=50 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varner |first1=Deena |title=Reflections on Tawana Brawley: Privacy and Publicity Thirty Years On |journal=Women's Studies |date=4 July 2018 |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=541–563 |doi=10.1080/00497878.2018.1479706 |s2cid=150222255 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.4324/9780367815325-8 |chapter=When They Don't See Us: Using Intersectionality to Examine Black Girls' Discipline Experiences |title=Critical Theories for School Psychology and Counseling |date=2021 |last1=Harris |first1=Jamelia N. |pages=83–100 |isbn=978-0-367-81532-5 |s2cid=242203830 }}</ref> These are consequences that befall underage victims of assault and violence as well as members of [[Institution|social institutions]] like journalists at major news outlets or public police forces. All are shaped as individuals by the sensationalization of racial tensions, the [[racialization]] of Black female victims or the police in cases where sexual exploitation and racial/sexual oppression are plausible.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.4324/9781003060802-36 |chapter=Race and Rights |title=Theories of Race and Racism |date=2020 |last1=Williams |first1=Patricia J. |pages=493–502 |isbn=978-1-003-06080-2 |s2cid=225444437 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lykke |first1=Lucia C. |title=Visibility and denial: accounts of sexual violence in race- and gender-specific magazines |journal=Feminist Media Studies |date=3 March 2016 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=239–260 |doi=10.1080/14680777.2015.1061034 |s2cid=142154538 }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*[[Spike Lee]]'s 1989 film ''[[Do the Right Thing]]'' features a shot of graffiti which says "Tawana told the truth."<ref name=cosby/>
*Brawley appeared alongside Sharpton in the music video for [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]]'s "[[Fight the Power (Public Enemy song)|Fight the Power]]", which was directed and produced by Lee.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Riot on the Set: How Public Enemy Crafted the Anthem 'Fight the Power' |first=Kory|last=Grow|url =https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/riot-on-the-set-how-public-enemy-crafted-the-anthem-fight-the-power-20140630 |magazine = [[Rolling Stone]] |date=June 30, 2014|access-date = August 22, 2017}}</ref>
*The 1990 ''[[Law & Order]]'' episode "Out of the Half-Light" is a fictionalized retelling of the Brawley case.<ref>{{cite web |title = Law & Order: Out of the Half-Light (1990) |first=Hal|last=Erickson|url = https://www.allmovie.com/movie/law-order-out-of-the-half-light-v274516 |website = [[AllMovie]] |access-date = August 22, 2017}}</ref> The case is also discussed in the 2014 ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' episode "Criminal Stories".
*Brawley is referenced by [[Lisa Lopes|Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes]] in the song "His Story" from [[TLC (group)|TLC]]'s debut album ''[[Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip]]'' (1992).<ref>{{cite magazine |title ='We're TLC and We Just Tell It Like It Is': Chilli on Trio's Unfiltered Debut 'Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip' 25 Years Later|first=Adelle|last=Platon|url =https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7701851/tlc-chilli-debut-ooooooohhh-on-the-tlc-tip-25-years-later|magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=February 24, 2017|access-date = February 10, 2018}}</ref>
*Brawley is referenced by Public Enemy in the song "Revolutionary Generation" from Public Enemy's album ''Fear of a Black Planet'' (1989).
*[[Joyce Carol Oates]]'s 2015 novel [[The Sacrifice (Oates novel)|''The Sacrifice'']] is a fictionalized account of the Brawley case.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/01/books/review/the-sacrifice-by-joyce-carol-oates.html |title='The Sacrifice,' by Joyce Carol Oates |first=Roxane |last=Gay |author-link=Roxane Gay |date=January 30, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 1, 2018 }}</ref>
*In 2018, the case was covered in [[Fox Nation]]'s ''Scandalous''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/fox-nations-scandalous-the-mysterious-case-of-tawana-brawley-goes-in-depth-on-the-lie-that-made-al-sharpton-famous|title=Fox Nation's 'Scandalous: The Mysterious Story of Tawana Brawley' goes in-depth on the lie that made al Sharpton famous|website=[[Fox News]] |date=26 November 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|1980s}}
* [[Crystal Mangum]]
* [[Domestic violence]]
* [[Duke lacrosse case]]
* [[False accusation of rape]]
* [[Marissa Alexander case]]
* [[Racial hoax]]
* ''[[A Rape on Campus]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite news| title=Tawana Brawley Speaks Out |first=Pat |last=Chin |publisher=Workers World Party| url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/487.html| date=December 12, 1997| access-date=January 14, 2006 }} (another view of Brawley's appearance in Brooklyn in 1997)
* [http://www.nycourts.gov/press/old_keep/brawley.htm Pagones v. Maddox, et al. – Decision of the Supreme Court of New York, County of Dutchess] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019232126/http://www.nycourts.gov/press/old_keep/brawley.htm |date=2017-10-19 }}
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/tawana_brawley/ Tawana Brawley topic page], ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/video/2013/06/03/us/100000002258183/the-tawana-brawley-story.html "The Tawana Brawley Story"], ''New York Times'' video
* [http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=6208969 Al Sharpton 1988 Poughkeepsie march photograph] by photographer/filmmaker [[Clay Walker (filmmaker)|Clay Walker]]
* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?14015-1/outrage-tawana-brawley-hoax ''Booknotes'' interview with M.A. Farber on ''Outrage: The Story Behind the Tawana Brawley Hoax'', September 16, 1990.]
* [https://archive.org/details/TawanaBrawleyGrandJuryReport Tawana Brawley Grand Jury Report]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brawley, Tawana}}
[[Category:1987 controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:1987 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:1987 hoaxes]]
[[Category:1987 in New York (state)]]
[[Category:African-American-related controversies]]
[[Category:False allegations of sex crimes]]
[[Category:History of Dutchess County, New York]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in the United States]]
[[Category:Mass media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Racial hoaxes]]
[[Category:Wappinger, New York]]
[[Category:1988 in New York (state)]]

Tawana Brawley rape allegations

2024-09-17T00:08:10Z

136.32.60.170: /* In popular culture */

{{Short description|1987 accusations of rape in New York, US}}
{{good article}}

'''Tawana Vicenia Brawley'''<ref name=OUT/> (born December 15, 1971)<ref name=OUT>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYzZ9xxqouQC&q=Tawana+Brawley+1971 |title=Outrage: the story behind the Tawana Brawley hoax |last=McFadden |first=Robert D. |date= August 1, 1990 |publisher=Bantam |isbn=9780553057560 |access-date=June 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name="GJ report"/> is an [[African Americans|African American]] woman from New York who gained notoriety in November 1987 at age 15 when she falsely accused four [[White American|white]] men of kidnapping and raping her over a four-day period.

On November 28, 1987, Brawley was found in a trash bag after having been missing for four days from her home in [[Wappingers Falls, New York|Wappingers Falls]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. She had racial slurs written on her body and was covered in feces. The feces came from a collie owned by a resident of the building where Brawley was found. Brawley accused four white men of having raped her. The charges received national attention in part because of the appalling condition in which she had been left, her young age, and the professional status of the persons she accused of the crime (including police officers and a prosecuting attorney). Brawley's advisers—[[Al Sharpton]], [[Alton H. Maddox]], and [[C. Vernon Mason]]—helped in bringing the case to national prominence.<ref>{{cite book| first= Edwin |last= Diamond| title= The Media Show: The Changing Face of the News, 1985–1990| location= Cambridge, Massachusetts| publisher= MIT Press|year= 1991|quote= The great paradox of Brawley 2 was that this dumb show went on for months, encouraged by the authorities and the media. The 'white power structure' – as Sharpton calls it – all but propped up the advisers' shaky scenarios. The governor and the attorney general, their eyes on electoral politics as well as the case, gave the appearance of trying to avoid offense to any constituency, black or white.}}</ref>

After hearing evidence, a [[grand jury]] concluded in October 1988 that Brawley had not been the victim of a forcible sexual assault, and that she may have created the appearance of such an attack herself.<ref name="GJ report">[https://archive.org/details/TawanaBrawleyGrandJuryReport Tawana Brawley Grand Jury Report], October 1988</ref><ref name="Pagones vs. Maddox">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenblatt |first=Albert M. |date=2015 |title=County Legal History |url=https://www.nycourts.gov/history/legal-history-new-york/documents/dutchess-county-history.pdf |journal=The Historical Society of the New York Courts |page=39}}</ref> Steven Pagones, the [[Greek Americans|Greek American]] New York prosecutor whom Brawley had accused as being one of her assailants, later successfully sued Brawley and her three advisers for [[defamation]].<ref name="Pagones vs. Maddox" /><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Richard |title=Opinion {{!}} A VINDICATED MAN |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1998/07/16/a-vindicated-man/f83e8a95-cca2-4379-9c7e-f4fc43c7b7af/ |newspaper=Washington Post |date=9 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-26 |title=Doubling down on a fraud {{!}} Christopher Silvester |url=https://thecritic.co.uk/issues/may-2022/doubling-down-on-a-fraud/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=The Critic Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Brawley received support from the African American community.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jim |last=Yardley |title=After a Decade, Brawley Reappears and Repeats Charges |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/03/nyregion/after-a-decade-brawley-reappears-and-repeats-charges.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=December 3, 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329071500/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/03/nyregion/after-a-decade-brawley-reappears-and-repeats-charges.html |archive-date=March 29, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Some academics have suggested that Brawley was victimized by biased reporting that was influenced by racial stereotypes.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Markovitz |first1=Jonathan |title=Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory |date=2004 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3995-3 }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jewell |first1=K. Sue |title=From Mammy to Miss America and Beyond: Cultural Images and the Shaping of US Social Policy |date=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-95189-5 |page=200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQPY4wHl9G0C&pg=PA200 }}</ref> The [[mainstream media]]'s coverage drew heated criticism from the [[African American press]], and from many black leaders who believed the teenager and her story.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newkirk |first1=Pamela |title=Within the Veil: Black Journalists, White Media |date=2002 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5800-7 |pages=152–154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqBrinKtzWAC&pg=PA152 }}</ref> The grand jury's conclusions decreased support for Brawley and her advisers; Brawley's family have maintained that the allegations were true.

== Origins of the case ==
On November 28, 1987, Tawana Brawley, who had been missing for four days from her home in [[Wappingers Falls, New York|Wappingers Falls]], [[New York (state)|New York]], was found seemingly unconscious and unresponsive, lying in a garbage bag several feet from an apartment where she had once lived. Her clothing was torn and burned, her body smeared with feces. She was taken to the emergency room, where the words "Pimp-Nigger", [[Ku Klux Klan|KKK]]", were discovered written on her torso with charcoal.<ref name="GJ report"/>

A detective from the sheriff's juvenile aid bureau, among others, was summoned to interview Brawley, but she remained unresponsive. The family requested a black officer, which the police department was able to provide. Brawley, described as having an "extremely spacey" look on her face, communicated with this officer with nods of the head, shrugs of the shoulder, and written notes. The interview lasted 20 minutes, during which she uttered only one word: "neon". Through gestures and writing, however, she indicated she had been raped repeatedly in a wooded area by six white men, at least one of whom, she said, was a police officer.<ref name=NYTPuzzle/>

A [[sexual assault kit]] was administered, and police began building a case. Brawley provided no names or descriptions of her assailants. She later told others that there had been no rape, only other kinds of sexual abuse. Forensic tests found no evidence of sexual assault or sexual intercourse. There was no evidence of exposure to elements, which would have been expected in a victim held for several days in the woods at a time when the temperature dropped below freezing at night.<ref name=NYTPuzzle>{{cite news| url= https://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/29/nyregion/brawley-case-stubborn-puzzle-silent-victim.html?src=pm&pagewanted=7&pagewanted=all |title= Brawley Case: Stubborn Puzzle, Silent Victim| date= February 29, 1988 | work= The New York Times}}</ref>

==Public response==
[[File:Al Sharpton 20060109.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Al Sharpton]] (''pictured in 2006'') helped handle Brawley's publicity.]]
The initial public response to Brawley's story was mostly sympathetic. [[Bill Cosby]] offered a $25,000 reward for information on the case, while [[Don King (boxing promoter)|Don King]] pledged $100,000 toward Brawley's education.<ref name=cosby>{{cite web |url=https://nypost.com/2013/08/04/pay-up-time-for-brawley-87-rape-hoaxer-finally-shells-out-for-slander/|title=Pay-up time for Brawley: '87 rape-hoaxer finally shells out for slander |first=Michael |last=Gartland |date=August 4, 2013 |work=New York Post |access-date=August 11, 2013 }}</ref> In December 1987, more than one thousand people, including [[Nation of Islam]] leader [[Louis Farrakhan]], marched through the streets of [[Newburgh, New York]], in support of Brawley.<ref>{{cite news|title=A tense relationship.|url=http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061101/NEWS/611010341|quote=Some witnesses say they saw Brawley in Newburgh during the time she was missing, but that never was proven. In December 1987, more than 1,000 people, including Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, march in Brawley's support through the city streets. In October 1988, a special grand jury rules Brawley's claims a hoax.|work=[[Times Herald-Record]]|date=November 1, 2006|access-date=April 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614043349/http://www.recordonline.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20061101%2FNEWS%2F611010341|archive-date=June 14, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Brawley's claims in the case captured headlines across the country. Public rallies were held denouncing the incident. When civil rights activist [[Al Sharpton]], with attorneys [[Alton H. Maddox]] and [[C. Vernon Mason]], began handling Brawley's publicity, the case quickly became highly controversial.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Robert Charles |title=Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide |date=2000 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-0025-9 }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref> Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason generated a national media sensation. The three said that officials all the way up to the state government were trying to cover up defendants in the case because they were white.<ref name=s/> They further suggested that the Ku Klux Klan, the [[Irish Republican Army]], and the [[American Mafia|Mafia]] had conspired with the U.S. government in the alleged cover-up.<ref name=kkk/>

Harry Crist Jr. became a suspect in the case because he committed suicide shortly after the period when Brawley was allegedly held captive and was a part-time police officer in [[Fishkill, New York]], which borders Brawley's hometown.<ref name="mourning">{{cite news |last1=Bruni |first1=Frank |title=Mourning a Son Tied to the Brawley Case |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/mourning-a-son-tied-to-the-brawley-case.html |access-date=24 August 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 April 1998}}</ref> Steven Pagones, an assistant [[district attorney]] in [[Dutchess County, New York]], attempted to establish an alibi for Crist, stating that he had been with Crist during that period of time. Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason then said that Crist and Pagones were two of the rapists. They also accused Pagones, a [[Greek Americans|Greek American]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> of being a racist and a [[White supremacy|white supremacist]].<ref name=s>{{cite news|author=Sleeper, Jim|date=February 24, 2000|title=Playing politics with death|url=http://www.salon.com/2000/02/24/diallo_2/|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|access-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Bruni, Frank|date=March 15, 1998|title=Finally, His Day in Court; Man Wrongly Accused in Brawley Case Will Be Heard|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/15/nyregion/finally-his-day-in-court-man-wrongly-accused-in-brawley-case-will-be-heard.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 20, 2018}}</ref> Based on Crist's [[suicide note]], ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that he killed himself because his girlfriend ended their relationship shortly before his death, and because he was upset that he was unable to become a [[New York State Police|state trooper]].<ref name="mourning" />

The [[mainstream media]]'s coverage drew heated criticism from the African American press and leaders for its treatment of the teenager.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Markovitz|first1=Jonathan|title=Legacies of lynching : racial violence and memory|date=2004|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=978-0-8166-3995-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/legacie_mar_2004_00_5902/page/92 92]|url=https://archive.org/details/legacie_mar_2004_00_5902/page/92}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Ellen G.|title=Morality USA| date= 1998| publisher=Univ. of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|isbn=9780816627493|page=69|quote=For segments of the black press, however, the Brawley story's truth was not in question: the case simply demonstrated the bankruptcy of the white justice system.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McFadden|first1=Robert D.|title=Outrage : the story behind the Tawana Brawley hoax|date=1990|publisher=Bantam|location=New York|isbn=9780553057560|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/outragestorybehi0000unse}}</ref> They cited the leaking and publication of photos taken of her at the hospital, and the revelation of her name despite her being underage.<ref name=underage>{{cite news| first=Utrice |last= Leid| author-link= Utrice Leid| title= It's an outrage! |work= [[The City Sun]]| date= April 26 – May 2, 1989| quote= The same media that demanded Brawley "prove" her sexual assault made no such demands in the Central Park case. The same media that had no difficulty identifying the underaged Wappingers Falls teenager by name, invading the sanctity of her home to show her face and even televising semi-nude pictures of her while she was in the hospital...}}</ref> In addition, critics were concerned that Brawley had been left in the custody of her mother, stepfather, and advisers, rather than being given protection by the state. In an opinion piece in ''The New York Times'', Martha Miles and Richard L. Madden wrote:<ref name=miles>{{cite news| first1= Martha| last1= Miles| first2=Richard L. |last2=Madden|title=After the Grand Jury; What Happened to Tawana Brawley's Case – And to Attitudes About Race and Justice|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFD71339F93AA35753C1A96E948260| work=The New York Times |date=October 9, 1988|access-date=April 18, 2008}}</ref>
<blockquote>State law provides that if a child appears to have been sexually molested, then the [[Child Protective Services]] Agency is supposed to take jurisdiction and custody of that child. Now, Tawana Brawley was 15 at the time of the incident. If that had been done... early on, the agency would have given her psychiatric attention and preserved evidence of rape...</blockquote>

Sharpton's former aide, Perry McKinnon, said that Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason were unconcerned with Brawley, and were using the case to "tak[e] over the town," as he had heard Sharpton say that the case could make him and Brawley's other two advisers "the biggest niggers in New York."<ref name=kkk>{{cite news|author=Blumenthal, Ralph|date=1998|title= Abrams Considers a Possible Hoax In Brawley Case|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/16/nyregion/abrams-considers-a-possible-hoax-in-brawley-case.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 21, 2018}}</ref> In June 1988, at the height of the controversy surrounding the case, a poll showed a gap of 34 percentage points between blacks (51%) and whites (85%) on the question of whether Brawley was lying.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Robert Charles |title=Contemporary Controversies and the American Racial Divide |date=2000 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-0025-9 }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref>

==Grand jury hearings==
Faced with an uncooperative Brawley, who was advised by Sharpton, Maddox, and Mason to not answer questions, New York governor [[Mario Cuomo]] eventually appointed the state's [[Attorney general|attorney general]], [[Robert Abrams]], as [[special prosecutor]] for the case. A [[grand jury]] was convened to hear evidence, with [[John M. Ryan]], Abrams's assistant in charge of criminal prosecutions, delegated the responsibility of leading the investigation. Brawley's team employed a general strategy of discouraging Brawley and her family from testifying, which they justified by claiming that an unjust refusal by the state to prosecute the alleged attackers was inevitable.<ref>{{cite news|first=E. R.|last=Shipp|title='Final Opportunity' To Testify Is Offered To Tawana Brawley|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 5, 1988|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/05/nyregion/final-opportunity-to-testify-is-offered-to-tawana-brawley.html|accessdate=June 10, 2024}}</ref> Their inflammatory rhetoric and tactics, such as conditioning interviews with investigators on Cuomo, Abrams and Ryan undergoing psychological evaluations, were viewed by many as flippant and inappropriate. Sharpton, in particular, drew criticism for comparing requests to meet with Abrams, known for his strong record on civil rights, to "asking someone who watched someone [[Extermination camp|killed in the gas chamber]] to sit down with [[Adolf Hitler|Mr. Hitler]]." When [[Roger L. Green]], an influential Black member of the [[New York State Assembly]], spoke out against language he perceived as unhelpful and needlessly divisive, Sharpton responded by calling him "a state-sponsored Uncle Tom."<ref>{{cite news|authorlink=Howard Kurtz|first=Howard|last=Kurtz|title=Al Sharpton, Into The Maelstrom|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=July 14, 1988|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/07/14/al-sharpton-into-the-maelstrom/e2cb9dae-5c28-4ca3-88cc-74559397da46/|accessdate=June 10, 2024}}</ref> On October 6, 1988, the grand jury released its 170-page report that concluded Brawley had not been abducted, assaulted, raped, or [[Sodomy|sodomized]], as Brawley and her advisers said. The report further concluded that the allegations against Pagones were false and had no basis in fact. Before issuing the report, the grand jury heard from 180 witnesses, saw 250 exhibits, and recorded more than 6,000 pages of testimony.<ref name="Pagones vs. Maddox" />

In the decision, the grand jury noted many problems with Brawley's story. Among these were that the rape kit results did not indicate sexual assault. Additionally, despite saying she had been held captive outdoors for days, Brawley was not suffering from [[hypothermia]], was well-nourished, and appeared to have brushed her teeth recently. Despite her clothing being charred, there were no burns on her body. Although a shoe she was wearing was cut through, Brawley had no injuries to her foot. The racial epithets written on her were upside down, which led to suspicion that Brawley herself had written the words. Testimony from her schoolmates indicated she had attended a local party during the time of her supposed abduction. One witness claimed to have observed Brawley's climbing into the garbage bag.<ref>{{cite news| title=Man says Brawley seemed to be faking. |first=Michael |last=Hill| newspaper=[[Albany Times Union]]| date=January 13, 1998 | page=B2}}</ref> The feces on her body were identified as coming from her neighbor's dog.<ref>{{cite news |first= Michael|last= Gartland| title= 25 years after her rape claims sparked a firestorm, Tawana Brawley avoids the spotlight. |url=https://nypost.com/2012/12/23/25-years-after-her-rape-claims-sparked-a-firestorm-tawana-brawley-avoids-the-spotlight/|work= [[New York Post]] |date=December 23, 2012|access-date=January 16, 2014}}</ref> Brawley never testified, despite a subpoena ordering her to do so.<ref>{{cite news |first= William|last= Glaberson|work= The New York Times| title= Once Again, Brawley Declines to Testify | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03E6D61239F937A15754C0A96E958260|date=July 24, 1998 |access-date=March 30, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1988/08/16/grand-jury-decides-to-subpoena-brawley/|title=Grand Jury Decides to Subpoena Brawley |publisher=Chicago Tribune via The New York Times|date=16 August 1988}}</ref>

On June 6, 1988, Tawana's mother, Glenda Brawley, was sentenced to 30 days in prison, and fined $250 for contempt of court for refusing to testify at the grand jury hearing. She evaded arrest by hiding in churches, with the police failing to arrest her, arguing it would lead to violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/22/nyregion/disputes-stalling-police-agencies-in-plans-to-arrest-glenda-brawley.html|title=Disputes Stalling Police Agencies In Plans to Arrest Glenda Brawley|first=Jeffrey|last=Schmalz|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 July 1988}}</ref> The Brawley family then fled New York state, travelling around the country for several months before settling in [[Virginia Beach]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/21/nyregion/the-brawley-family-moves-to-virginia-beach.html|title=The Brawley Family Moves to Virginia Beach|newspaper=The New York Times|date=21 September 1988}}</ref>

===Possible motives===
Much of the grand jury evidence pointed to a possible motive for Brawley's falsifying the incident: trying to avoid violent punishment from her mother and particularly her stepfather, Ralph King. Witnesses testified that Glenda Brawley had previously beaten her daughter for running away, and for spending nights with boys. King had a history of violence that included stabbing his first wife 14 times, which later escalated into him shooting and killing her. There was considerable evidence that King could and would violently attack Brawley: when Brawley had been arrested on a [[shoplifting]] charge the previous May, King attempted to beat her for the offense while at the police station. Witnesses also described King as having talked about his stepdaughter in a sexualizing manner.<ref name="Evidence Points">{{cite news |title= Evidence Points to Deceit by Brawley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/27/nyregion/evidence-points-to-deceit-by-brawley.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 27, 1988 |access-date=January 20, 2008}}</ref>

On the day of her alleged disappearance, Brawley had skipped school to visit her boyfriend, Todd Buxton, who was serving a six-month jail sentence. When Buxton's mother (with whom she had visited Buxton in jail) urged her to get home before she got in trouble, Brawley told her, "I'm already in trouble." She described how angry King was over a previous incident of her staying out late.<ref>{{cite news |title= Brawley Case: Stubborn Puzzle, Silent Victim |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEFD91038F93AA15751C0A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all |work= The New York Times |date=February 29, 1988 |quote=She vanished on a cold, moonless autumn night in Wappingers Falls, N.Y., from a strip of gas stations and fast-food outlets that stand as a kind of neon-lit mockery of [[Washington Irving]]'s quaint old haunts up the Hudson. |access-date=January 20, 2008}}</ref>

Neighbors also told the grand jury that in February they overheard Glenda Brawley saying to King, "You shouldn't have took the money because after it all comes out, they're going to find out the truth." Another neighbor heard Mrs. Brawley say, "They know we're lying, and they're going to find out and come and get us."<ref name="Evidence Points" />

In April 1989, ''[[New York Newsday]]'' published claims by a boyfriend of Brawley, Daryl Rodriguez, that she had told him the story was fabricated, with help from her mother, in order to avert the wrath of her stepfather.<ref>{{cite news |title=Paper Says Brawley Friend Was Told of Faked Assault. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFDA123EF93BA15757C0A96F948260 |work=The New York Times |date=April 28, 1989 |access-date=April 22, 2008 }}</ref> Writing about the case in a 2004 book on perceptions of racial violence, sociologist Jonathan Markovitz concluded that "it is reasonable to suggest that Brawley's fear and the kinds of suffering that she must have gone through must have been truly staggering if they were enough to force her to resort to cutting her hair, covering herself in feces, and crawling into a garbage bag."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Markovitz |first1=Jonathan |title=Legacies of Lynching: Racial Violence and Memory |date=2004 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-3995-3 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBn6uqufGOEC&pg=PA98 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
[[File:Patricia Williams by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Patricia J. Williams]] (''pictured in 2007'') maintained that Brawley was the victim of a crime.]] The case highlighted mistrust of legal institutions within the black community.<ref name=miles/> Legal scholar [[Patricia J. Williams]] wrote in 1991 that the teenager "has been the victim of some unspeakable crime. No matter how she got there. No matter who did it to her—and even if she did it to herself."<ref>{{cite book| first= Patricia J.| last= Williams| author-link= Patricia J. Williams| title= The Alchemy of Race and Rights| publisher= Harvard University Press| location= Cambridge| year= 1991| isbn= 978-0-674-01471-8| page= [https://archive.org/details/alchemyofracerig00will_0/page/169 169]| url-access= registration| url= https://archive.org/details/alchemyofracerig00will_0/page/169}}</ref> These comments aroused controversy as well; [[Daniel A. Farber]] and [[Suzanna Sherry]] responded to Williams in their book ''Beyond All Reason: The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law'', writing "The radical multiculturalists seem unable or unwilling to differentiate between Brawley's fantasized rape and another woman's real one. Indifference to the distinction between fact and fiction minimizes real suffering by implying that it is no worse than imagined or self-inflicted suffering."<ref>{{cite book| first1= Daniel A. |last1= Farber| first2= Sue | last2= Sherry| title= Beyond All Reason: The Radical Assault on Truth in American Law| url= https://archive.org/details/beyondallreasonr00farb | url-access= registration | publisher= Oxford University Press| year=1997| page=[https://archive.org/details/beyondallreasonr00farb/page/96 96]|isbn= 978-0-19-510717-3}}</ref>

Reviewing [[Spike Lee]]'s film ''[[Do the Right Thing]]'', cultural critic [[Stanley Crouch]] wrote negatively of "men like Vernon Mason who sold out a good reputation in a cynical bid for political power by pimping real victims of racism in order to smoke-screen Tawana Brawley's lies."<ref>{{cite news|title=Do the Race Thing: Spike Lee's Afro-fascist chic | first=Stanley| last=Crouch | url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2019/07/01/do-the-race-thing-spike-lees-afro-fascist-chic/ |date=June 20, 1989| work=The Village Voice}}</ref> On May 21, 1990, Alton H. Maddox was indefinitely suspended by the [[New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division|Appellate Division of the State Supreme Court]] in Brooklyn after failing to appear before a disciplinary hearing to answer allegations regarding his conduct in the Brawley case.<ref>{{cite news|title=Court suspends Maddox for refusal to testify at grievance hearing. | first=Arnold| last=Lubasch | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0D91F3DF931A15756C0A966958260 |date=May 22, 1990| work=The New York Times | page=B1 }}</ref> Vernon Mason was disbarred for 66 cases of misconduct in 1995; while the Brawley case was not specifically cited, Mason claimed that he was being punished for his role in promoting Brawley's accusations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/10/nyregion/defendant-becomes-an-issue-in-slander-case.html?pagewanted=all|title=Defendant Becomes an Issue in Slander Case|work= New York Times | first=Frank | last=Bruni | date=1997-12-10 | access-date=2010-04-28}}</ref>

In 1998, Pagones was awarded $345,000 through a lawsuit for [[defamation]] of character that he had brought against Sharpton, Maddox and Mason; Pagones initially sought $395 million.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ciment |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnGsBwAAQBAJ&dq=tawana+brawley&pg=PA172 |title=Postwar America: An Encyclopedia of Social, Political, Cultural, and Economic History |date=2015-03-26 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-46235-4 |pages=172 |language=en}}</ref> The jury found Sharpton liable for making seven defamatory statements about Pagones, Maddox for two and Mason for one. The jury deadlocked on four of the 22 statements over which Pagones had sued, and it found eight statements to be non-defamatory.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winner in Brawley suit says victory is bittersweet. |url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9807/13/brawley.verdict.02 |publisher=[[CNN]] | location= Poughkeepsie, New York| agency= Reuters, Associated Press| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20020811233652/http://www.cnn.com/US/9807/13/brawley.verdict.02/ |access-date=June 21, 2007 |archive-date=August 11, 2002}}</ref> In a later interview, Pagones said the turmoil caused by the accusations of Brawley and her advisers had cost him his first marriage and much personal grief.<ref>Sverdlik, Alan. (1999-02-16) [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/ "Pagones and Wife Split – He Blames Stress of Brawley Ordeal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012082412/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/nypost/ |date=2008-10-12 }}, ''New York Post'', retrieved 2009-12-29.</ref>

Pagones also sued Brawley. She defaulted by not appearing at the trial, and the judge ordered her to pay Pagones damages of $185,000.<ref>{{cite news |first=Joseph P.|last=Fried|title=Hoping Brawley Thinks Of 'Damage She Caused'.|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A01E0DB1E3CF931A35750C0A9659C8B63|newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=March 2, 2003 |access-date=March 20, 2007}}</ref> The $65,000 judgment levied against Al Sharpton was paid for him in 2001 by supporters, including attorney [[Johnnie Cochran]] and businessman [[Earl G. Graves, Jr.]]<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E3DE1731F936A25755C0A9679C8B63 "Sharpton's Debt in Brawley Defamation Is Paid by Supporters"], ''The New York Times'', June 15, 2001</ref> In December 2012, the ''[[New York Post]]'' reported that Maddox had paid his judgment of $97,000 and Mason was making payments on the $188,000 which he owed. Brawley reportedly had not made any payments.<ref name=nypost20121225>{{cite news|last=Italiano|first=Laura|title=Now pay up, Tawana| url=http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/now_pay_up_tawana_mGWohFLamS4LCTEDjks9XP|access-date=December 25, 2012| newspaper= New York Post|date=December 25, 2012}}</ref> The following month a court ordered her wages [[garnishment|garnished]] to pay Pagones.<ref name=cosby/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/05/brawley-begins-to-repay-lawyer-she-falsely-accused/2618399/|title=Tawana Brawley begins to repay prosecutor she accused|last=Barry|first=John W.|date=2013-08-05|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=2019-09-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511081745/http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/08/05/brawley-begins-to-repay-lawyer-she-falsely-accused/2618399/|archive-date=2014-05-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/08/05/209194252/15-years-later-tawana-brawley-has-paid-1-percent-of-penalty|title=15 Years Later, Tawana Brawley Has Paid 1 Percent Of Penalty|last=Memmott|first=Mark|date=2013-08-05|work=[[NPR]]|access-date=2019-09-19|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707125846/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/08/05/209194252/15-years-later-tawana-brawley-has-paid-1-percent-of-penalty|archive-date=2015-07-07}}</ref>

In a 1997 appearance, Brawley maintained she did not invent the story; she still had supporters.<ref>{{cite news| title=I'm not a liar| last=Margolin| first=Josh| publisher=[[Associated Press]]| url=http://archive.th-record.com/1997/12-03-97/jamtawan.htm| date=December 3, 1997| access-date=May 9, 2008| archive-date=September 21, 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921074500/http://archive.th-record.com/1997/12-03-97/jamtawan.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> In November 2007, Brawley's stepfather and mother, in a 20th-anniversary feature for the ''[[New York Daily News]]'', contended the attack happened. "How could we make this up and take down the state of New York? We're just regular people," Glenda Brawley said. They said they had asked [[New York State Attorney General]] [[Andrew Cuomo]] and [[Governor of New York|Governor]] [[Eliot Spitzer]] to reopen the case. They also said that Brawley would speak at any legal proceedings.<ref>{{cite news|last=Block|first=Dorian|date=November 18, 2007|title=20 years later, Tawana Brawley has turned back on the past|work=[[New York Daily News]]|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/11/18/2007-11-18_20_years_later_tawana_brawley_has_turned.html|url-status=dead|access-date=May 9, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120022528/https://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/11/18/2007-11-18_20_years_later_tawana_brawley_has_turned.html|archive-date=November 20, 2007}}</ref> As of 2013, Brawley works as a nurse in rural [[Virginia]], under a new name.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Roane, Kit R. (Producer) |url=http://www.retroreport.org/video/the-tawana-brawley-story/|title = The Tawana Brawley Story |medium=Documentary |publisher=Retro Report |date=June 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Block">{{cite news|last=Block|first=Dorian|date=November 18, 2007|title=20 years later, Tawana Brawley has turned back on the past|work=[[New York Daily News]]|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/news/20-years-tawana-brawley-turned-back-article-1.258639|access-date=January 11, 2022}}</ref> Influenced by her interactions with [[Louis Farrakhan]] (who supported her claims), Brawley converted to Islam during the trial, and according to the ''Daily News'' she remains an active member of the [[Nation of Islam]].<ref name="Block"/>

Michael Hardy, who served as Sharpton's defense lawyer in Pagones' defamation case against him, would in 1991 become a prominent founder of Sharpton's organization [[National Action Network]], where he served as Executive Vice President and later also General Counsel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/25/us/michael-hardy-dead.html|title=56 Years Ago, He Shot Malcolm X. Now He Lives Quietly in Brooklyn.|first=Sam|last=Roberts|work=New York Times|date=July 25, 2024|accessdate=July 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://amsterdamnews.com/news/2024/07/22/national-action-network-general-counsel-evp-michael-hardy-dies-sharpton/|title=Longtime National Action Network EVP and General Counsel Michael Hardy, Esq. passes away|publisher=New York Amsterdam News|date=July 22, 2024|accessdate=July 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalactionnetwork.net/staff/michael-a-hardy/|title=Michael A. Hardy, Esq.|publisher=National Action Network|accessdate=July 25, 2024}}</ref>

== Biases in reporting ==
Several sources including articles and books discuss the racial aspects of media coverage when the case emerged. "With so many miserable precursors, the case instantly activated [New York] city's black rage, [[white guilt]], and media pursuit."<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1298112674}} |last1=Freedman |first1=Samuel G |title=Unholy Alliances: Working the Tawana Brawley story by Mike Taibbi and Anna Sims-Phillips (Book Review) |journal=Columbia Journalism Review |volume=28 |issue=2 |date=July 1989 |pages=53 }}</ref> According to one source, the television station [[WCBS-TV|WCBS]] uncovered Al Sharpton's deceits while [[African American newspapers|Black journalists]] practiced racial loyalty.<ref name=":2" /> Brawley's case marked a remarkably singular case of spectacularized news coverage centered on a Black girl's claim of [[Sexual abuse|sexual victimization]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Markovitz |first1=Jonathan |title=Collective Memory, Credibility Structures, and the Case of Tawana Brawley |journal=Discourse |date=2000 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=31–52 |jstor=41389558 }}</ref>

In the [[1980s]], New York City's media landscape was significantly influenced by racial tensions, shaping the coverage and response of major news outlets, notably [[The New York Times]], and law enforcement to racially charged incidents. The Tawana Brawley case stands as a pivotal example of how racial dynamics influenced media reporting and public perception. Initially, The New York Times, among other national media, hesitated to extensively cover Brawley's allegations of racial and sexual assault due to uncertainties surrounding the events and the complexities of racial politics highlighted by their prior challenges in reporting the racial attacks during the [[Howard Beach racial attack|Howard Beach incident]]. This cautious approach reflected a broader trend of media outlets adopting a reactive stance towards racial issues, often waiting for [[Civil and political rights|civil rights activists]] or political figures to label events as significant before reporting them.

The eventual shift in coverage of the Grand Jury in Brawley's case, following allegations of a [[hoax]], sparked a debate on the newsworthiness of racial victimization narratives, revealing underlying tensions between white guilt and black journalistic loyalty. This period underscored the complex interplay between race, media coverage, and the response (or lack thereof) of institutions, highlighting the challenges of navigating racial politics in journalism and [[Law enforcement in the United States|law enforcement]] during a time of heightened racial awareness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Markovitz |first1=Jonathan |title=Collective Memory, Credibility Structures, and the Case of Tawana Brawley |journal=Discourse: Journal for Theoretical Studies in Media and Culture |date=7 December 2012 |volume=22 |issue=1 |url=https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/discourse/vol22/iss1/3 }}</ref> False claims of sexual violence are rare. In most cases, news media still blame victims with and without evidence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Belknap |first1=Joanne |title=Rape: Too Hard to Report and Too Easy to Discredit Victims |journal=Violence Against Women |date=December 2010 |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=1335–1344 |doi=10.1177/1077801210387749 |pmid=21164211 |s2cid=31206244 }}</ref> And childhood abuse, a 15 year old is a minor according to New York State's age of majority, often goes underreported and thereby may be underinvestigated by those who report it in the media. It was only in the 1970s that adult survivors began reporting child sexual abuse to the public. The Brawley incident took place near the end of the 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-1195-6 |title=True and False Recovered Memories |series=Nebraska Symposium on Motivation |date=2012 |volume=58 |isbn=978-1-4614-1194-9 |editor1-first=Robert F. |editor1-last=Belli }}{{pn|date=March 2024}}</ref>

When Black girls and women report being victims of [[Gender-related violence|gender-based violence]], [[sexual assault]], or [[Domestic violence|family violence]], they often are not believed creating a condition of silence by other alleged and real victims, which makes Sharpton's publicizing of the Brawley case all the more tragic for true victims.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|194880498}} |last1=Omolade |first1=Barbara |last2=Carty |first2=Linda |title=The rising song of African American women |journal=Resources for Feminist Research |volume=25 |issue=1/2 |date=1996 |pages=50 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Varner |first1=Deena |title=Reflections on Tawana Brawley: Privacy and Publicity Thirty Years On |journal=Women's Studies |date=4 July 2018 |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=541–563 |doi=10.1080/00497878.2018.1479706 |s2cid=150222255 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |doi=10.4324/9780367815325-8 |chapter=When They Don't See Us: Using Intersectionality to Examine Black Girls' Discipline Experiences |title=Critical Theories for School Psychology and Counseling |date=2021 |last1=Harris |first1=Jamelia N. |pages=83–100 |isbn=978-0-367-81532-5 |s2cid=242203830 }}</ref> These are consequences that befall underage victims of assault and violence as well as members of [[Institution|social institutions]] like journalists at major news outlets or public police forces. All are shaped as individuals by the sensationalization of racial tensions, the [[racialization]] of Black female victims or the police in cases where sexual exploitation and racial/sexual oppression are plausible.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.4324/9781003060802-36 |chapter=Race and Rights |title=Theories of Race and Racism |date=2020 |last1=Williams |first1=Patricia J. |pages=493–502 |isbn=978-1-003-06080-2 |s2cid=225444437 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lykke |first1=Lucia C. |title=Visibility and denial: accounts of sexual violence in race- and gender-specific magazines |journal=Feminist Media Studies |date=3 March 2016 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=239–260 |doi=10.1080/14680777.2015.1061034 |s2cid=142154538 }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*[[Spike Lee]]'s 1989 film ''[[Do the Right Thing]]'' features a shot of graffiti which says "Tawana told the truth."<ref name=cosby/>
*Brawley appeared alongside Sharpton in the music video for [[Public Enemy (band)|Public Enemy]]'s "[[Fight the Power (Public Enemy song)|Fight the Power]]", which was directed and produced by Lee.<ref>{{cite magazine |title = Riot on the Set: How Public Enemy Crafted the Anthem 'Fight the Power' |first=Kory|last=Grow|url =https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/riot-on-the-set-how-public-enemy-crafted-the-anthem-fight-the-power-20140630 |magazine = [[Rolling Stone]] |date=June 30, 2014|access-date = August 22, 2017}}</ref>
*The 1990 ''[[Law & Order]]'' episode "Out of the Half-Light" is a fictionalized retelling of the Brawley case.<ref>{{cite web |title = Law & Order: Out of the Half-Light (1990) |first=Hal|last=Erickson|url = https://www.allmovie.com/movie/law-order-out-of-the-half-light-v274516 |website = [[AllMovie]] |access-date = August 22, 2017}}</ref> The case is also discussed in the 2014 ''[[Law & Order: Special Victims Unit]]'' episode "Criminal Stories".
*Brawley is referenced by [[Lisa Lopes|Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes]] in the song "His Story" from [[TLC (group)|TLC]]'s debut album ''[[Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip]]'' (1992).<ref>{{cite magazine |title ='We're TLC and We Just Tell It Like It Is': Chilli on Trio's Unfiltered Debut 'Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip' 25 Years Later|first=Adelle|last=Platon|url =https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7701851/tlc-chilli-debut-ooooooohhh-on-the-tlc-tip-25-years-later|magazine = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=February 24, 2017|access-date = February 10, 2018}}</ref>
*Brawley is referenced by Public Enemy in the song "Revolutionary Generation" from Public Enemy's album '‘Fear of a Black Planet'’ (1989).
*[[Joyce Carol Oates]]'s 2015 novel [[The Sacrifice (Oates novel)|''The Sacrifice'']] is a fictionalized account of the Brawley case.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/01/books/review/the-sacrifice-by-joyce-carol-oates.html |title='The Sacrifice,' by Joyce Carol Oates |first=Roxane |last=Gay |author-link=Roxane Gay |date=January 30, 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=July 1, 2018 }}</ref>
*In 2018, the case was covered in [[Fox Nation]]'s ''Scandalous''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/fox-nations-scandalous-the-mysterious-case-of-tawana-brawley-goes-in-depth-on-the-lie-that-made-al-sharpton-famous|title=Fox Nation's 'Scandalous: The Mysterious Story of Tawana Brawley' goes in-depth on the lie that made al Sharpton famous|website=[[Fox News]] |date=26 November 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|1980s}}
* [[Crystal Mangum]]
* [[Domestic violence]]
* [[Duke lacrosse case]]
* [[False accusation of rape]]
* [[Marissa Alexander case]]
* [[Racial hoax]]
* ''[[A Rape on Campus]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite news| title=Tawana Brawley Speaks Out |first=Pat |last=Chin |publisher=Workers World Party| url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/487.html| date=December 12, 1997| access-date=January 14, 2006 }} (another view of Brawley's appearance in Brooklyn in 1997)
* [http://www.nycourts.gov/press/old_keep/brawley.htm Pagones v. Maddox, et al. – Decision of the Supreme Court of New York, County of Dutchess] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019232126/http://www.nycourts.gov/press/old_keep/brawley.htm |date=2017-10-19 }}
* [http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/b/tawana_brawley/ Tawana Brawley topic page], ''[[The New York Times]]''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/video/2013/06/03/us/100000002258183/the-tawana-brawley-story.html "The Tawana Brawley Story"], ''New York Times'' video
* [http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=6208969 Al Sharpton 1988 Poughkeepsie march photograph] by photographer/filmmaker [[Clay Walker (filmmaker)|Clay Walker]]
* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?14015-1/outrage-tawana-brawley-hoax ''Booknotes'' interview with M.A. Farber on ''Outrage: The Story Behind the Tawana Brawley Hoax'', September 16, 1990.]
* [https://archive.org/details/TawanaBrawleyGrandJuryReport Tawana Brawley Grand Jury Report]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brawley, Tawana}}
[[Category:1987 controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:1987 crimes in the United States]]
[[Category:1987 hoaxes]]
[[Category:1987 in New York (state)]]
[[Category:African-American-related controversies]]
[[Category:False allegations of sex crimes]]
[[Category:History of Dutchess County, New York]]
[[Category:Hoaxes in the United States]]
[[Category:Mass media-related controversies in the United States]]
[[Category:Racial hoaxes]]
[[Category:Wappinger, New York]]
[[Category:1988 in New York (state)]]

Edward Snowden

2024-09-11T22:20:06Z

136.32.60.170: /* In popular culture */

{{Short description|American whistleblower and former NSA contractor (born 1983)}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Edward Snowden-2.jpg{{!}}border
| caption = Snowden in 2013
| other_names =
| birth_name = Edward Joseph Snowden
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |1983|6|21}}
| birth_place = [[Elizabeth City, North Carolina]], U.S.
| citizenship = {{Flatlist|
* United States
* Russia<ref name="wp citizenship" /><ref name="poder citizenship" />
}}
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anne Arundel Community College]]
* [[University of Liverpool]]
}}
| awards = [[Right Livelihood Award]]
| relatives = [[Edward J. Barrett]] (grandfather)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Lindsay Mills]]|2017}}
| children = 2<ref>{{cite tweet|user=Snowden|first=Edward|last=Snowden|author-link=Edward Snowden|number=1527007373793103879|date=May 18, 2022|access-date=June 6, 2022|title=With two kids under two, it feels like [...] for them.}}</ref>
| occupation = Computer security consultant
| employer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Booz Allen Hamilton]]
* [[Kunia Camp, Hawaii]], U.S.
** (until June 10, 2013)
}}
| known_for = [[2010s global surveillance disclosures|Revealing classified U.S. Government surveillance programs]]; in exile in Russia since May 20, 2013
| website = {{URL|edwardsnowden.substack.com}}
| signature = Edward Snowden signature 2013.svg
}}
{{Global surveillance}}
{{NSA surveillance}}
'''Edward Joseph Snowden''' ({{lang-ru|Эдвард Джозеф Сноуден}}, born June 21, 1983) is a former American [[National Security Agency|NSA]] intelligence contractor and a [[whistleblower]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/57af1e21c0c14309a3684fc7695605c6 | title=Snowden tells life story and why he leaked in new memoir | website=[[Associated Press News]] | date=September 13, 2019 }}</ref> who leaked classified documents revealing the existence of global surveillance programs. He became a [[Naturalization|naturalized]] Russian citizen in 2022.

In 2013, while working as a government contractor, Snowden leaked [[Classified information in the United States|highly classified information]] from the [[National Security Agency]] (NSA). He is currently under indictment for espionage.<ref name="wapocharges" /> [[Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)|His disclosures]] revealed numerous [[global surveillance]] programs, many run by the NSA and the [[Five Eyes]] intelligence alliance with the cooperation of [[Telephone company|telecommunication companies]] and European governments and prompted a [[Reactions to global surveillance disclosures|cultural discussion]] about [[national security]] and individual privacy.

In 2013, Snowden was hired by an NSA contractor, [[Booz Allen Hamilton]], after previous employment with [[Dell]] and the [[CIA]].<ref name="VanityFair">{{Cite magazine |last1=Burrough |first1=Bryan |last2=Ellison |first2=Sarah |last3=Andrews |first3=Suzanna |date=April 23, 2014 |title=The Snowden Saga: A Shadowland of Secrets and Light |magazine=Vanity Fair |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/politics/2014/05/edward-snowden-politics-interview |access-date=April 29, 2016}}</ref> Snowden says he gradually became disillusioned with the programs with which he was involved, and that he tried to raise his ethical concerns through internal channels but was ignored. On May 20, 2013, Snowden flew to [[Hong Kong]] after taking medical leave from his job at an [[Hawaii Cryptologic Center|NSA facility in Hawaii]], and in early June he revealed thousands of classified NSA documents to journalists [[Glenn Greenwald]], [[Laura Poitras]], [[Barton Gellman]], and [[Ewen MacAskill]]. Snowden came to international attention after stories based on the material appeared in ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', and other publications.

On June 21, 2013, the [[United States Department of Justice]] unsealed charges against Snowden of two counts of violating the [[Espionage Act of 1917]] and theft of government property,<ref name="wapocharges" /> following which the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] revoked his [[United States passport|passport]].<ref name="KerryPassport" /> Two days later, he flew into [[Moscow]]'s [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]], where Russian authorities observed the canceled passport, and he was restricted to the airport terminal for over one month. [[Russia]] later [[Edward Snowden asylum in Russia|granted Snowden the right of asylum]] with an initial visa for residence for one year, which was subsequently repeatedly extended. In October 2020, he was granted permanent residency in Russia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ilyushina |first=Mary |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Edward Snowden gets permanent residency in Russia - lawyer |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/22/europe/edward-snowden-russia-residency-intl/index.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> In September 2022, Snowden was granted Russian citizenship by President [[Vladimir Putin]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=September 26, 2022 |title=Putin grants Russian citizenship to U.S. whistleblower Edward Snowden|work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-grants-russian-citizenship-us-whistleblower-edward-snowden-2022-09-26/ |access-date=September 26, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Edward Snowden swears allegiance to Russia and receives passport, lawyer says |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/12/02/edward-snowden-russian-citizenship/}}</ref>

A subject of controversy, Snowden has been variously praised and condemned for his leaks. Snowden has defended his actions as an effort "to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them".<ref name="guardian-reveal" /> His disclosures have fueled debates over [[mass surveillance]], [[Secrecy#Government|government secrecy]], and the balance between national security and [[information privacy]], something that he has said he intended to do in retrospective interviews.<ref>{{cite interview| date=2020|title=Full Interview: Edward Snowden On Trump, Privacy, And Threats To Democracy {{!}} The 11th Hour {{!}} MSNBC|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9yK1QndJSM}}</ref>

In early 2016, Snowden became the president of the [[Freedom of the Press Foundation]], a San Francisco–based nonprofit organization that aims to protect journalists from hacking and government surveillance.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |date=February 2017 |title=Edward Snowden's New Job: Protecting Reporters From Spies |url=https://www.wired.com/2017/02/reporters-need-edward-snowden/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> He also has a job at an unnamed Russian [[Information technology|IT]] company.<ref name="Paid speeches">{{Cite web |last=Kelley, Michael B. |date=September 30, 2021 |title=Snowden flouts court ruling with paid speeches, Substack: 'He's above the law' |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/snowden-court-ruling-paid-speeches-substack-151540748.html |access-date=September 30, 2021 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]]}}</ref> In 2017, he married [[Lindsay Mills]]. On September 17, 2019, his memoir ''[[Permanent Record (autobiography)|Permanent Record]]'' was published.<ref name="I was very much a person the most powerful government in the world wanted to go away">{{Cite news |last=McAskill |first=Ewan |date=September 13, 2019 |title=I was very much a person the most powerful government in the world wanted to go away |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2019/sep/13/edward-snowden-interview-whistleblowing-russia-ai-permanent-record |access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref> On September 2, 2020, a U.S. federal court ruled in ''[[United States v. Moalin]]'' that the [[U.S. intelligence]]'s mass surveillance program exposed by Snowden was illegal and possibly unconstitutional.<ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite news |date=September 2, 2020 |title=U.S. court: Mass surveillance program exposed by Snowden was illegal |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-nsa-spying/us-court-mass-surveillance-program-exposed-by-snowden-was-illegal-idUSKBN25T3CK |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101085850/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-nsa-spying/us-court-mass-surveillance-program-exposed-by-snowden-was-illegal-idUSKBN25T3CK |archive-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Edward Joseph Snowden was born on June 21, 1983,<ref name="BirthDate">{{Cite news |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |author-link=Spencer Ackerman |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden was not successful in joining the US Army's elite special forces unit |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/10/edward-snowden-army-special-forces |access-date=April 11, 2015 |quote=The army did confirm Snowden's date of birth: 21 June 1983.}}</ref> in [[Elizabeth City, North Carolina]].<ref name="snowdenhasdoc">{{Cite news |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Report: Snowden has document to enter Russia |publisher=[[WVEC]] |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.wvec.com/news/Report-Snowden-has-document-to-enter-Russia-216738651.html |url-status=dead |access-date=October 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822210644/http://www.wvec.com/news/Report-Snowden-has-document-to-enter-Russia-216738651.html |archive-date=August 22, 2013 |quote=Edward Snowden, who was born in Elizabeth City, NC, is wanted in the U.S. for espionage" by the FBI et al.}}</ref> Snowden's father, Lonnie, was a warrant officer in the [[United States Coast Guard|U.S. Coast Guard]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Itkowitz |first1=Colby |last2=Sheehan |first2=Daniel Patrick |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden's father, stepmother plan to make public statement |work=[[The Morning Call]] |location=Allentown, PA |url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-2013-06-10-mc-pa-ed-snowden-nsa-leak-20130610-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=June 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101201535/http://articles.mcall.com/2013-06-10/news/mc-pa-ed-snowden-nsa-leak-20130610_1_fbi-agents-upper-macungie-township-public-records |archive-date=November 1, 2013}}</ref> and his mother, Elizabeth, was a clerk at the [[United States District Court for the District of Maryland|U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tulumello |first=Jennifer Skalka |date=June 11, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden: Who is he, and what kind of life is he leaving behind? |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/Decoder/2013/0611/Edward-Snowden-Who-is-he-and-what-kind-of-life-is-he-leaving-behind |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Marbella |first1=Jean |last2=Bengali |first2=Shashank |last3=Cloud |first3=David S. |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Details about Edward Snowden's life in Maryland emerge |work=The Baltimore Sun |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/bs-xpm-2013-06-10-bs-md-snowden-profile-20130610-story.html}}</ref><ref name="NBCNews Snowden">{{Cite news |last=Tracy |first=Connor |date=June 10, 2013 |title=What we know about NSA leaker Edward Snowden |work=NBC News |url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/10/18882615-what-we-know-about-nsa-leaker-edward-snowden |access-date=October 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613004622/http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/10/18882615-what-we-know-about-nsa-leaker-edward-snowden?lite |archive-date=June 13, 2013}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite news |last=Toppo |first=Greg |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Former neighbor remembers Snowden as 'nice kid' |work=USA Today |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/10/snowden-neighbors-surveillance-security/2408573/ |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Court Information |url=http://www.mdd.uscourts.gov/courtinfo/directoryLNameByLetter.asp?ProductLetter=S |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090312/http://www.mdd.uscourts.gov/courtinfo/directoryLNameByLetter.asp?ProductLetter=S |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=March 10, 2015 |publisher=United States District Court for the District of Maryland}}</ref> His older sister, Jessica, was a lawyer at the [[Federal Judicial Center]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] His maternal grandfather, [[Edward J. Barrett]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 1, 2013 |title=NSA leaker Edward Snowden has ties to North Carolina |work=[[The News & Observer]] |url=http://www.newsobserver.com/2013/08/01/3076001/edward-snowden-has-ties-to-north.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019022334/http://www.newsobserver.com/2013/08/01/3076001/edward-snowden-has-ties-to-north.html |archive-date=October 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rear Admiral Edward J. Barrett |url=https://www.history.uscg.mil/Browse-by-Topic/Notable-People/All/Article/1865154/rear-admiral-edward-j-barrett/ |access-date=October 19, 2019 |website=United States Coast Guard}}</ref> a [[rear admiral]] in the Coast Guard, became a senior official with the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] and was at [[the Pentagon]] in 2001 during the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref name="NBCNews Motive Revealed">{{Cite news |last1=Cole |first1=Matthew |last2=Esposito |first2=Richard |last3=Dedman |first3=Bill |last4=Schone |first4=Mark |date=May 28, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden's Motive Revealed: He Can 'Sleep at Night' |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/edward-snowden-interview/edward-snowdens-motive-revealed-he-can-sleep-night-n116851 |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> Edward Snowden said that he had expected to work for the federal government, as had the rest of his family.<ref name="BamfordWired">{{Cite magazine |last=Bamford |first=James |date=August 13, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden: The untold story of the most wanted man in the world |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/08/edward-snowden/}}</ref> His parents divorced in 2001,<ref name="NBCNews Timeline">{{Cite news |last1=Cole |first1=Matthew |last2=Brunker |first2=Mike |date=May 26, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden: A Timeline |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/edward-snowden-interview/edward-snowden-timeline-n114871}}</ref> and his father remarried.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden's father, a Lehigh County resident, tells network he's concerned for son's well-being |url=http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/lehigh-county/index.ssf/2013/06/edward_snowdens_father_a_lehig.html |access-date=December 3, 2015 |website=Leheigh Valley Express Times}}</ref>

In the early 1990s, while still in grade school, Snowden moved with his family to the area of [[Fort Meade, Maryland]].<ref name="NBCNews Man Who Spilled">{{Cite news |last1=Dedman |first1=Bill |last2=Brunker |first2=Mike |last3=Cole |first3=Matthew |date=May 26, 2014 |title=Who Is Edward Snowden, the Man Who Spilled the NSA's Secrets? |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/feature/edward-snowden-interview/who-edward-snowden-man-who-spilled-nsas-secrets-n114861 |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> [[Infectious mononucleosis|Mononucleosis]] caused him to miss high school for almost nine months.<ref name=BamfordWired /> Rather than returning to school, he claims to have passed the [[General Educational Development|GED]] test.<ref name="guardian-reveal">{{Cite news |last1=Greenwald |first1=Glenn |last2=MacAskill |first2=Ewen |last3=Poitras |first3=Laura |date=June 9, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2016 |title=Review of Unauthorized Disclosures by Former National Security Contractor Edward Snowden |url=https://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/hpsci_snowden_review_declassified.pdf |access-date=April 23, 2024 |website=US House of Representees Committee on Intelligence}}</ref> He took classes at [[Anne Arundel Community College]].<ref name="NBCNews Snowden" /> Although Snowden had no undergraduate college degree,<ref name="Despiteresume" /> he worked online toward a master's degree at the [[University of Liverpool]], [[England]], in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Meek |first1=James Gordon |last2=Mosk |first2=Matthew |last3=Walshej |first3=Shushannah |date=June 13, 2013 |title=U.S. Fears Edward Snowden May Defect to China: Sources |work=ABC News |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/us-fears-edward-snowden-defect-china-sources/story?id=19389672 |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> He was interested in [[Japanese popular culture]], had studied the [[Japanese language]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Geller |first1=Adam |last2=Witte |first2=Brian |date=June 15, 2013 |title=Snowden's Life Surrounded By Spycraft |agency=Associated Press |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-impact-snowdens-life-surrounded-spycraft |url-status=dead |access-date=October 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219140551/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-impact-snowdens-life-surrounded-spycraft |archive-date=December 19, 2014}}</ref> and worked for an [[anime]] company that had a resident office in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Kristina |last2=Shiffman |first2=Scott |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Exclusive: Snowden as a teen online: anime and cheeky humor |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-snowden-anime/exclusive-snowden-as-a-teen-online-anime-and-cheeky-humor-idUSBRE95B14B20130612 |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yoshida |first=Reiji |date=June 15, 2013 |title=Snowden Web manga profile still online |work=Japan Times |location=Tokyo |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/06/15/national/02-profile-paints-snowden-as-manga-anime-gun-girlish-geek-with-list-of-likes/ |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> He also said he had a basic understanding of [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]] and was deeply interested in [[martial arts]]. At age 20, he listed his religion as [[Buddhism]] after working at a [[List of American military installations#Japan|U.S. military base]] in Japan.<ref name="nyt-ambition">{{Cite news |last1=Broder |first1=John M. |last2=Shane|first2=Scott|author-link=Scott Shane|date=June 15, 2013 |title=For Snowden, a Life of Ambition, Despite the Drifting |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/us/for-snowden-a-life-of-ambition-despite-the-drifting.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615232919/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/16/us/for-snowden-a-life-of-ambition-despite-the-drifting.html |archive-date=June 15, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Shuster |first=Simon |date=2013-08-02 |title=7 Things Edward Snowden Should Do in Russia |url=https://world.time.com/2013/08/02/7-things-edward-snowden-should-do-in-russia/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-18 |title=Edward Snowden's guide to Russia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/edward-snowdens-guide-to-russia/2013/08/05/37337bd4-fd31-11e2-9711-3708310f6f4d_story.html |access-date=2024-06-21|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

In September 2019, as part of interviews relating to the release of his memoir ''[[Permanent Record (autobiography)|Permanent Record]]'', Snowden revealed to ''[[The Guardian]]'' that he married [[Lindsay Mills]] in a courthouse in Moscow.<ref name="I was very much a person the most powerful government in the world wanted to go away" /> The couple's first son was born in December 2020,<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 26, 2020 |title=U.S. whistleblower Edward Snowden's wife shares photos of their new son |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-security-snowden-russia/u-s-whistleblower-edward-snowdens-wife-shares-photos-of-their-new-son-idUSKBN2900BE |access-date=March 2, 2021}}</ref> and their second son was born sometime before September 2022.<ref name="wp citizenship"/>

==Career==

Feeling a duty to fight in the [[Iraq War]],<ref name="guardian-reveal" /> Snowden enlisted in the [[United States Army]] on May 7, 2004, and became a [[United States special operations forces|Special Forces]] candidate through its [[Special Forces (United States Army)#Special Forces MOS descriptions|18X]] enlistment option.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army Enlisted Job Descriptions and Qualification Factors: 18X – Special Forces Enlistment Option |url=http://usmilitary.about.com/od/enlistedjobs/a/18x.htm |access-date=April 11, 2015 |archive-date=April 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406172608/http://usmilitary.about.com/od/enlistedjobs/a/18x.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He did not complete the training<ref name="BirthDate" /> due to [[shin splints]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwilson |first=Stephanie Dube |date=2016-09-16 |title=Was Snowden Really Injured in the Army? |url=https://heavy.com/entertainment/2016/09/was-snowden-injured-in-army-did-break-legs-how-shin-splints-special-forces-movie/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Heavy.com}}</ref> and was given an administrative discharge<ref>{{Cite book|last=Snowden |first=Edward J.|title=Permanent Record|date=2019|others=Holter Graham |isbn=978-0-221-04939-2 |oclc=1141859607}}</ref> on September 28, 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ackerman |first=Spencer |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden did enlist for special forces, US army confirms |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/10/edward-snowden-army-special-forces |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref>

Snowden was then employed for less than a year in 2005 as a security guard at the [[University of Maryland]]'s Center for Advanced Study of Language, a research center sponsored by the National Security Agency (NSA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=University-Affiliated Research Center Laboratories (UARCs) |url=http://www.defenseinnovationmarketplace.mil/FFRDC_UARC.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626001404/http://www.defenseinnovationmarketplace.mil/FFRDC_UARC.html |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |access-date=May 20, 2016 |publisher=U.S. Department of Defense}}</ref> According to the University, this is not a classified facility,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Finn |first1=Peter |last2=Miller |first2=Greg |last3=Nakashima |first3=Ellen |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Investigators looking into how Snowden gained access at NSA |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/investigators-looking-at-how-snowden-gained-access-at-nsa/2013/06/10/83b4841a-d209-11e2-8cbe-1bcbee06f8f8_story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015 |quote=University spokesman Brian Ullmann confirmed that in 2005, Snowden worked for less than a year as a 'security specialist' for the school's Center for Advanced Study of Language. The university-affiliated center, founded in 2003, is not a classified facility.}}</ref> though it is heavily guarded.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Darcy |first1=Oliver |last2=Ryan |first2=Josiah |date=June 13, 2013 |title=Police detain reporters, stop them from photographing alleged NSA facility where Snowden worked |url=http://www2.campusreform.org/?ID=4792 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509153031/https://www.campusreform.org/?ID=4792 |archive-date=May 9, 2019 |access-date=May 20, 2016 |publisher=Campus Reform}}</ref> In June 2014, Snowden told ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' that his job as a security guard required a high-level [[security clearance]], for which he passed a polygraph exam and underwent a stringent background investigation.<ref name=BamfordWired />

===Employment at the CIA===
After attending a 2006 job-fair focused on intelligence agencies, Snowden accepted an offer for a position at the CIA.<ref name=BamfordWired /><ref name="JacobJijo">{{Cite news |last=Jacob Jijo |date=October 11, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden Scandal: CIA Sent Him Home But NSA Hired Him Later |work=International Business Times |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/edward-snowden-scandal-cia-nsa-hired-warning-513190 |access-date=January 30, 2014}}</ref> The Agency assigned him to the global communications division at [[CIA headquarters]] in [[Langley, Virginia]].<ref name=BamfordWired />

In May 2006, Snowden wrote in ''Ars Technica'' that he had no trouble getting work because he was a "computer wizard".<ref name="nyt-ambition" /> Snowden was sent to the CIA's secret school for technology specialists, where he lived in a hotel for six months while studying and training full-time.<ref name=BamfordWired /><ref name=":4" />

In March 2007, the CIA stationed Snowden with [[diplomatic cover]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], where he was responsible for maintaining computer-network security.<ref name=BamfordWired /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Memmott |first=Mark |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Who Is Edward Snowden, The Self-Styled NSA Leaker? |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2013/06/10/190293209/who-is-edward-snowden-the-nsa-leaker |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> Assigned to the [[United States Mission to the United Nations|U.S. Permanent Mission to the United Nations]], a [[diplomatic mission]] representing U.S. interests before the [[United Nations|UN]] and other [[international organizations]], Snowden received a diplomatic passport and a four-bedroom apartment near [[Lake Geneva]].<ref name=BamfordWired />

According to Greenwald, while there Snowden said he was "considered the top technical and cybersecurity expert" in that country and "was hand-picked by the CIA to support the president at the 2008 [[NATO]] summit in [[Romania]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781627790734/page/43 |title=No Place to Hide |date=2014 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Books]] |isbn=978-1627790734 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781627790734/page/43 43] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Schmitt |first=Eric|author-link=Eric P. Schmitt|date=2013-10-11 |title=C.I.A. Warning on Snowden in '09 Said to Slip Through the Cracks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/us/cia-warning-on-snowden-in-09-said-to-slip-through-the-cracks.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> A 2016 report from the US House of Representatives Select Committee on Intelligence said that Snowden's official position at CIA was an entry-level technical services officer.<ref name=":4" />

Snowden described his CIA experience in Geneva as formative, stating that the CIA deliberately got a Swiss banker drunk and encouraged him to drive home. Snowden said that when the latter was arrested for drunk driving, a CIA operative offered to help in exchange for the banker becoming an informant.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bütikofer |first=Christian |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Wie die CIA sich in Genf Bankdaten beschaffte |language=de |trans-title=How the CIA acquired bank data in Geneva |work=[[Handelszeitung]] |location=Zürich |url=https://www.handelszeitung.ch/politik/wie-die-cia-sich-genf-bankdaten-beschaffte |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> [[Ueli Maurer]], [[President of the Swiss Confederation]] for the year 2013, publicly disputed Snowden's claims in June of that year. "This would mean that the CIA successfully bribed the Geneva police and judiciary. With all due respect, I just can't imagine it," said Maurer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miles |first=Tom |date=June 16, 2013 |title=Swiss president would back criminal probe against NSA leaker |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-switzerland-snowden/swiss-president-would-back-criminal-probe-against-nsa-leaker-idUSBRE95F09120130616 |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> In February 2009, following six counseling sessions from his supervisors regarding poor performance, Snowden resigned from the CIA.<ref name="from-loyal">{{Cite news |last=Harding |first=Luke |date=January 31, 2014 |title=How Edward Snowden went from loyal NSA contractor to whistleblower |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/01/edward-snowden-intelligence-leak-nsa-contractor-extract |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

===NSA sub-contractor as an employee at Dell===
In 2009, Snowden began work as a contractor for [[Dell]],<ref name="ReutersDell">{{Cite news |last=Hosenball |first=Mark |date=August 15, 2013 |title=Snowden downloaded NSA secrets while working for Dell, sources say |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-snowden-dell/snowden-downloaded-nsa-secrets-while-working-for-dell-sources-say-idUSBRE97E17P20130815 |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> which manages computer systems for multiple government agencies. Assigned to an NSA facility at [[Yokota Air Base]] near [[Tokyo]], Snowden instructed top officials and military officers on how to defend their networks from Chinese hackers.<ref name=BamfordWired /> Snowden looked into [[mass surveillance in China]] which prompted him to investigate and then expose Washington's mass surveillance program after he was asked in 2009 to brief a conference in Tokyo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jiangtao |first=Shi |date=September 17, 2019 |title=How China's surveillance state was a mirror to the US for whistle-blower Edward Snowden |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3027598/us-whistleblower-edward-snowden-left-hong-kong-because |access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref>

During his four years with Dell, he rose from supervising NSA computer system upgrades to working as what his résumé termed a "cyber strategist" and an "expert in cyber counterintelligence" at several U.S. locations.<ref name="DrewShaneNYT">{{Cite news|last1=Drew |first1=Christopher|author1-link=Christopher Drew (journalist)|author2=[[Scott Shane]]|date=July 4, 2013 |title=Résumé Shows Snowden Honed Hacking Skills |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/05/us/resume-shows-snowden-honed-hacking-skills.html |access-date=April 11, 2015|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> In 2010, he had a brief stint in [[New Delhi]], [[India]] where he enrolled himself in a local IT institute to learn core [[Java programming]] and advanced ethical hacking.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Shane |title=What Was Edward Snowden Doing in India? |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/13/what-was-edward-snowden-doing-in-india/ |access-date=November 5, 2021 |website=Foreign Policy |date=January 13, 2014}}</ref>

In 2011, he returned to [[Maryland]], where he spent a year as system administrator and pre-sales technical engineer on Dell's CIA account. In that capacity, he was consulted by the chiefs of the CIA's technical branches, including the agency's [[chief information officer]] and its [[chief technology officer]].<ref name="BamfordWired" /> U.S. officials and other sources familiar with the investigation said Snowden began downloading documents describing the government's electronic spying programs while working for Dell in April 2012.<ref name="ReutersDell" /> Investigators estimated that of the 50,000 to 200,000 documents Snowden gave to Greenwald and Poitras, most were copied by Snowden while working at Dell.<ref name="VanityFair" />

In March 2012, Dell reassigned Snowden to Hawaii as lead technologist for the NSA's information-sharing office.<ref name=BamfordWired />

===NSA sub-contractor as an employee at Booz Allen Hamilton===
On March 15, 2013—three days after what he later called his "breaking point" of "seeing the [[Director of National Intelligence]], [[James Clapper]], directly lie under oath to Congress"<ref name="ARDtranscript">{{Cite web |date=January 27, 2014 |title=Transcript: ARD interview with Edward Snowden |url=https://edwardsnowden.com/2014/01/27/video-ard-interview-with-edward-snowden/ |publisher=The Courage Foundation |access-date=August 16, 2014 |archive-date=August 20, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005735/https://edwardsnowden.com/2014/01/27/video-ard-interview-with-edward-snowden/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>—Snowden quit his job at Dell.<ref name="Epstein">{{Cite news |last=Epstein |first=Edward Jay |author-link=Edward Jay Epstein |date=June 29, 2014 |title=Revisiting Snowden's Hong Kong Getaway |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/edward-jay-epstein-revisiting-snowdens-hong-kong-getaway-1404075875}}</ref> Although he has said his career high annual salary was $200,000,<ref name="qa">{{Cite news |last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |date=June 17, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden Q&A: Dick Cheney traitor charge is 'the highest honor' |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/17/edward-snowden-nsa-files-whistleblower}}</ref> Snowden said he took a pay cut to work at consulting firm [[Booz Allen Hamilton]],<ref name="qa" /> where he sought employment in order to gather data and then release details of the NSA's worldwide surveillance activity.<ref name="SCMPJune24">{{Cite news |last=Lam |first=Lana |date=June 24, 2013 |title=Snowden sought Booz Allen job to gather evidence on NSA surveillance |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |location=Hong Kong |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1268209/snowden-sought-booz-allen-job-gather-evidence-nsa-surveillance |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref>

At the time of his departure from the U.S. in May 2013, he had been employed for 15 months inside the NSA's [[Kunia Regional SIGINT Operations Center|Hawaii regional operations center]], which focuses on the electronic monitoring of [[China]] and [[North Korea]],<ref name="VanityFair" /> first for Dell and then for two months with [[Booz Allen Hamilton]].<ref name="Two-Person">{{Cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |date=June 18, 2013 |title=NSA Implementing 'Two-Person' Rule To Stop The Next Edward Snowden |work=[[Forbes]] |location=New York |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/06/18/nsa-director-says-agency-implementing-two-person-rule-to-stop-the-next-edward-snowden/ |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> While intelligence officials have described his position there as a [[system administrator]], Snowden has said he was an infrastructure analyst, which meant that his job was to look for new ways to break into Internet and telephone traffic around the world.<ref name="nytinfrastructure">{{Cite news |last1=Shane |first1=Scott |author1-link=Scott Shane |last2=Sanger |first2=David E.|author2-link=David E. Sanger|date=June 30, 2013 |title=Job Title Key to Inner Access Held by Snowden |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/us/job-title-key-to-inner-access-held-by-snowden.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704042802/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/us/job-title-key-to-inner-access-held-by-snowden.html |archive-date=July 4, 2013}}</ref> An anonymous source told [[Reuters]] that, while in Hawaii, Snowden may have persuaded 20–25 co-workers to give him their login credentials by telling them he needed them to do his job.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hosenball |first1=Mark |last2=Strobel |first2=Warren |date=November 7, 2013 |title=Snowden persuaded other NSA workers to give up passwords – sources |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/net-us-usa-security-snowden/exclusive-snowden-persuaded-other-nsa-workers-to-give-up-passwords-sources-idUSBRE9A703020131108 |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> The NSA sent a memo to Congress saying that Snowden had tricked a fellow employee into sharing his personal [[public key infrastructure|private key]] to gain greater access to the NSA's computer system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Isikoff |author-link=Michael Isikoff |date=February 12, 2014 |title=Exclusive: Snowden Swiped Password From NSA Coworker |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/exclusive-snowden-swiped-password-nsa-coworker-n29006 |access-date=October 23, 2019 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nicks |first=Denver |date=February 13, 2014 |title=NSA Memo Says Snowden Tricked Colleague to Get Password |work=time.com |publisher=Time Inc. |url=http://swampland.time.com/2014/02/13/nsa-leaks-edward-snowden-password/ |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> Snowden disputed the memo,<ref name="genius among">{{Cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |date=December 16, 2013 |title=An NSA Coworker Remembers The Real Edward Snowden: 'A Genius Among Geniuses' |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/12/16/an-nsa-coworker-remembers-the-real-edward-snowden-a-genius-among-geniuses/ |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> saying in January 2014, "I never stole any passwords, nor did I trick an army of co-workers."<ref name="WaPo01242014">{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Greg |date=January 23, 2014 |title=Snowden denies stealing passwords to access secret files |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/snowden-denies-stealing-passwords-to-access-secret-files/2014/01/23/d1f7d9e4-8472-11e3-8099-9181471f7aaf_story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="live">{{Cite web |last=Snowden |first=Edward |date=January 23, 2014 |title=Live Q&A with Edward Snowden |url=https://www.freesnowden.is/asksnowden/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150111140547/https://www.freesnowden.is/asksnowden/ |archive-date=January 11, 2015 |publisher=Courage Foundation}}</ref> Booz Allen terminated Snowden's employment on June 10, 2013, the day after he went public with his story, and 3 weeks after he had left [[Hawaii]] on a leave of absence.<ref name="20130611usatoday">{{Cite news |last=Bacon |first=John |date=June 11, 2013 |title=Contractor fires Snowden from $122,000 per-year job |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/11/booz-allen-snowden-fired/2411231/}}</ref>

The former colleague said Snowden was given full administrator privileges with virtually unlimited access to NSA data. Snowden was offered a position on the NSA's elite team of [[hacker (computer security)|hackers]], [[Tailored Access Operations]], but turned it down to join Booz Allen.<ref name="genius among" /> An anonymous source later said that Booz Allen's hiring screeners found possible discrepancies in Snowden's résumé but still decided to hire him.<ref name="Despiteresume">{{Cite news |last=Hosenball |first=Mark |date=June 22, 2013 |title=Exclusive: NSA contractor hired Snowden despite concerns about resume discrepancies |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-snowden-idUSBRE95K01J20130621 |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> Snowden's résumé stated that he attended computer-related classes at [[Johns Hopkins University]]. A spokeswoman for Johns Hopkins said that the university did not find records to show that Snowden attended the university and suggested that he may instead have attended Advanced Career Technologies, a private for-profit organization that operated as the Computer Career Institute at Johns Hopkins University.<ref name="Despiteresume" /> The University of Maryland University College acknowledged that Snowden had attended a summer session at a UM campus in Asia. Snowden's résumé stated that he estimated he would receive a University of Liverpool computer security master's degree in 2013. The university said that Snowden registered for an online master's degree program in computer security in 2011 but was inactive as a student and had not completed the program.<ref name="Despiteresume" />

In his May 2014 interview with [[NBC News]], Snowden accused the U.S. government of trying to use one position here or there in his career to distract from the totality of his experience, downplaying him as a "low-level analyst." In his words, he was "trained as a spy in the traditional sense of the word in that I lived and worked undercover overseas—pretending to work in a job that I'm not—and even being assigned a name that was not mine." He said he'd worked for the NSA undercover overseas, and for the [[Defense Intelligence Agency|DIA]] had developed sources and methods to keep information and people secure "in the most hostile and dangerous environments around the world. So when they say I'm a low-level systems administrator, that I don't know what I'm talking about, I'd say it's somewhat misleading."<ref name="NBCNews Motive Revealed" /> In a June interview with [[Globo TV]], Snowden reiterated that he "was actually functioning at a very senior level."<ref name=Globo /> In a July interview with ''The Guardian'', Snowden explained that, during his NSA career, "I began to move from merely overseeing these systems to actively directing their use. Many people don't understand that I was actually an analyst and I designated individuals and groups for targeting."<ref name="EditedTranscript">{{Cite news |last1=Rusbridger |first1=Alan |last2=MacAskill |first2=Ewen |date=July 18, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden interview – the edited transcript |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/-sp-edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-interview-transcript |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> Snowden subsequently told ''Wired'' that while at Dell in 2011, "I would sit down with the CIO of the CIA, the CTO of the CIA, the chiefs of all the technical branches. They would tell me their hardest technology problems, and it was my job to come up with a way to fix them."<ref name=BamfordWired />

During his time as an NSA analyst, directing the work of others, Snowden recalled a moment when he and his colleagues began to have severe ethical doubts. Snowden said 18- to 22-year-old analysts were suddenly:<blockquote>...thrust into a position of extraordinary responsibility, where they now have access to all your private records. In the course of their daily work, they stumble across something that is completely unrelated in any sort of necessary sense—for example, an intimate nude photo of someone in a sexually compromising situation. But they're extremely attractive. So what do they do? They turn around in their chair and they show a co-worker ... and sooner or later this person's whole life has been seen by all of these other people.</blockquote> Snowden observed that this behavior happened routinely every two months but was never reported, being considered one of the "[[fringe benefits]]" of the work.<ref name="Ispy">{{Cite news |last1=Rusbridger |first1=Alan |last2=MacAskill |first2=Ewen |date=July 18, 2014 |title=I, spy: Edward Snowden in exile |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/18/-sp-edward-snowden-interview-rusbridger-macaskill}}</ref>

===Whistleblower status===
Snowden has described himself as a whistleblower,<ref name="snowden-wired">{{Cite web |date=June 9, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden in His Own Words: Why I became a Whistle-Blower |url=https://www.wired.com/story/edward-snowden-in-his-own-words-why-i-became-a-whistle-blower/ |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=www.wired.com}}</ref> a description used by many sources, including [[CNBC]],<ref name="snowden-cnbc">{{Cite web |last=Browne |first=Ryan |date=November 4, 2019 |title=Edward Snowden says 'the most powerful institutions in society have become the least accountable' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/04/edward-snowden-warns-about-data-collection-surveillance-at-web-summit.html |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=www.cnbc.com}}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]'',<ref name="snowden-newyorker">{{Cite magazine|last=Lepore |first=Jill|author-link=Jill Lepore|date=June 16, 2019 |title=Edward Snowden and the Rise of Whistle-Blower Culture |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/09/23/edward-snowden-and-the-rise-of-whistle-blower-culture |access-date=June 7, 2020 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref> Reuters,<ref name="snowden-reuters">{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2019 |title=Whistleblower Snowden:I'd love to be granted asylum in France |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-snowden-france/whistleblower-snowden-id-love-to-be-granted-asylum-in-france-idUSKBN1W10VW |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=www.reuters.com}}</ref> and ''The Guardian'',<ref name="snowden-guardian">{{Cite web |last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |date=June 9, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden: the whistleblower behind the NSA surveillance revelations |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/edward-snowden-nsa-whistleblower-surveillance |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=www.theguardian.com}}</ref> among others.<ref name="snowden-nation">{{Cite magazine |last=Gun |first=Katherine |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Is It a Crime to Expose Crimes Already Committed? |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/trump-snowden-whistleblower/ |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=www.thenation.com}}</ref><ref name="snowden-usatoday">{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Adrianna |date=October 24, 2019 |title=Edward Snowden says the government isn't hiding aliens - but that doesn't mean they don't exist |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/10/24/whistleblower-edward-snowden-says-us-government-isnt-hiding-aliens/4081616002/ |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=www.usatoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 9, 2013 |title=US Sues Whistleblower Snowden Over New Book |url=https://www.voanews.com/usa/us-sues-whistleblower-snowden-over-new-book |access-date=June 7, 2020 |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref> The term has both informal and legal meanings.

Snowden said that he had told multiple employees and two supervisors about his concerns, but the NSA disputes his claim.<ref name="WPSnowdenInterview20131224">{{Cite news |last=Gellmann |first=Barton |date=December 24, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden, after months of NSA revelations, says his mission's accomplished |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/edward-snowden-after-months-of-nsa-revelations-says-his-missions-accomplished/2013/12/23/49fc36de-6c1c-11e3-a523-fe73f0ff6b8d_story.html |access-date=January 4, 2014}}</ref> Snowden elaborated in January 2014, saying "[I] made tremendous efforts to report these programs to co-workers, supervisors, and anyone with the proper clearance who would listen. The reactions of those I told about the scale of the constitutional violations ranged from deeply concerned to appalled, but no one was willing to risk their jobs, families, and possibly even freedom to go to {{sic}} through what [Thomas Andrews] [[Thomas A. Drake|Drake]] did."<ref name="live" /><ref name="newyorker01232014">{{Cite magazine |last=Cassidy |first=John|author-link=John Cassidy (journalist)|date=January 23, 2014 |title=A Vindicated Snowden Says He'd Like to Come Home |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/rational-irrationality/a-vindicated-snowden-says-hed-like-to-come-home |access-date=April 11, 2015 |archive-date=May 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510134347/http://www.newyorker.com/rational-irrationality/a-vindicated-snowden-says-hed-like-to-come-home |url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 2014, during testimony to the European Parliament, Snowden wrote that before revealing classified information he had reported "clearly problematic programs" to ten officials, who he said did nothing in response.<ref name="WaPo10reports">{{Cite news |last=Peterson |first=Andrea |title=Snowden: I raised NSA concerns internally over 10 times before going rogue |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/03/07/snowden-i-raised-nsa-concerns-internally-over-10-times-before-going-rogue/ |access-date=March 10, 2014}}</ref> In a May 2014 interview, Snowden told NBC News that after bringing his concerns about the legality of the NSA spying programs to officials, he was told to stay silent on the matter. He said that the NSA had copies of emails he sent to their Office of General Counsel, oversight, and compliance personnel broaching "concerns about the NSA's interpretations of its legal authorities. I had raised these complaints not just officially in writing through email, but to my supervisors, to my colleagues, in more than one office."<ref name="NBCNews Motive Revealed" />

In May 2014, U.S. officials released a single email that Snowden had written in April 2013 inquiring about legal authorities but said that they had found no other evidence that Snowden had expressed his concerns to someone in an oversight position.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Nakashima |first1=Ellen |last2=Gellman |first2=Barton |date=May 29, 2014 |title=U.S. officials, Snowden clash over e-mail records |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/e-mail-snowden-sent-to-nsa-counsel-is-released/2014/05/29/4cc43410-e760-11e3-a86b-362fd5443d19_story.html |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> In June 2014, the NSA said it had not been able to find any records of Snowden raising internal complaints about the agency's operations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hattem |first=Julian |date=June 25, 2014 |title=NSA says it has no record of Snowden challenging spying |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/210570-nsa-no-documents-of-snowden-complaints/ |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> That same month, Snowden explained that he had not produced the communiqués in question because of the ongoing nature of the dispute, disclosing for the first time that "I am working with the NSA in regard to these records and we're going back and forth, so I don't want to reveal everything that will come out."<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden speaks to the Council of Europe on improving the protection of whistleblowers |url=http://www.edwardsnowden.com/2014/06/25/edward-snowden-speaks-to-the-council-of-europe-on-improving-the-protection-of-whistleblowers/ |website=The Courage Foundation |access-date=June 28, 2014 |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171247/http://www.edwardsnowden.com/2014/06/25/edward-snowden-speaks-to-the-council-of-europe-on-improving-the-protection-of-whistleblowers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Self-description as a whistleblower and attribution as such in news reports does not determine whether he qualifies as a whistleblower within the meaning of the [[Whistleblower Protection Act]] of 1989 (5 USC 2303(b)(8)-(9); Pub. Law 101-12). However, Snowden's potential status as a whistleblower under the 1989 Act is not directly addressed in the criminal complaint against him in the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia]] (see below) (Case No. 1:13 CR 265 (0MH)). These and similar and related issues are discussed in an essay by David Pozen, in a chapter of the book ''Whistleblowing Nation'', published in March 2020,<ref name="whistleblower-nation">{{Cite book |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/whistleblowing-nation/9780231194174 |title=Whistleblowing Nation: The History of National Security Disclosures and the Cult of State Secrecy |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780231194174 |editor-last=Mistry |editor-first=Kaeten |location=New York |format=Paperback |editor2-last=Gurman |editor2-first=Hannah}}</ref> an adaptation of which<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pozen |first=David E. |date=2019 |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/whistleblowing-nation/9780231194174 |title=Whistleblowing Nation: The History of National Security Disclosures and the Cult of State Secrecy |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231194174 |editor-last=Mistry |editor-first=Kaeten |location=New York |pages=327–338 |chapter-url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3487552 |chapter=CODA: Edward Snowden, National Security Whistleblowing, and Civil Disobedience |format=Paperback |doi=10.7312/mist19416 |jstor=10.7312/mist19416.16 |ssrn=3487552 |access-date=June 9, 2020 |editor2-last=Gurman |editor2-first=Hannah |s2cid=242288301}}</ref> also appeared on ''Lawfare Blog'' in March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=David Pozen |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Edward Snowden, National Security Whistleblowing and Civil Disobedience |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/edward-snowden-national-security-whistleblowing-and-civil-disobedience |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=www.lawfareblog.com}}</ref> The unclassified portion of a September 15, 2016, report by the [[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] (HPSCI), initiated by the chairman and Ranking Member in August 2014, and posted on the website of the [[Federation of American Scientists]], concluded that Snowden was not a whistleblower in the sense required by the Whistleblower Protection Act.<ref name="hpsci-report">{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2016 |title=Review of the Unauthorized Disclosures of Former National Security Agency Contractor Edward Snowden |url=https://www.fas.org/irp/congress/2016_rpt/hpsci-snowden.pdf |access-date=June 10, 2020 |website=www.fas.org |publisher=House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence}}</ref> The bulk of the report is classified.

==Surveillance disclosures==
{{Main|2010s global surveillance disclosures}}

===Size and scope of disclosures===
The exact size of Snowden's disclosure is unknown,<ref name="autogenerated6">{{Cite news |last1=Mazzetti |first1=Mark|author-link=Mark Mazzetti|last2=Schmidt |first2=Michael S.|author2-link=Michael S. Schmidt|date=December 14, 2013 |title=Officials Say U.S. May Never Know Extent of Snowden's Leaks|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/us/officials-say-us-may-never-know-extent-of-snowdens-leaks.html |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> but Australian officials have estimated 15,000 or more [[Australian Intelligence Community|Australian intelligence]] files<ref>{{Cite news |author1=Cameron Stewart|author1-link=Cameron Stewart (journalist)|author2=Paul Maley |date=December 5, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden stole up to 20,000 Australian files|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/foreign-affairs/edward-snowden-stole-up-to-20000-aussie-files/news-story/5c082d0996d2435a412aa603fefa60ae |access-date=February 3, 2021}}</ref> and British officials estimate at least 58,000 [[List of intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom|British intelligence]] files were included.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 30, 2013 |title=David Miranda row: Seized files 'endanger agents' |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-23898580 |access-date=February 1, 2014}}</ref> NSA Director [[Keith B. Alexander|Keith Alexander]] initially estimated that Snowden had copied anywhere from 50,000 to 200,000 NSA documents.<ref name="Hosenball">{{Cite news |last=Hosenball |first=Mark |date=November 14, 2013 |title=NSA chief says Snowden leaked up to 200,000 secret documents |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-nsa/nsa-chief-says-snowden-leaked-up-to-200000-secret-documents-idUSBRE9AD19B20131114}}</ref> Later estimates provided by U.S. officials were in the order of 1.7 million,<ref name="mostpentagon">{{Cite news |last=Chris Strohm and Del Quentin Wilber |date=January 10, 2014 |title=Pentagon Says Snowden Took Most U.S. Secrets Ever: Rogers |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-09/pentagon-finds-snowden-took-1-7-million-files-rogers-says.html |access-date=February 1, 2014}}</ref> a number that originally came from [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] talking points.<ref name="ViceNewsJune2015">{{Cite news |last=Leopold |first=Jason |date=June 4, 2015 |title=Exclusive: Inside Washington's Quest to Bring Down Edward Snowden |work=[[Vice News]] |url=https://news.vice.com/article/exclusive-inside-washingtons-quest-to-bring-down-edward-snowden |access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref> In July 2014, ''The Washington Post'' reported on a cache previously provided by Snowden from domestic NSA operations consisting of "roughly 160,000 intercepted e-mail and instant-message conversations, some of them hundreds of pages long, and 7,900 documents taken from more than 11,000 online accounts."<ref name="WaPoTargets">{{Cite news |last1=Gellman |first1=Barton |last2=Tate |first2=Julie |last3=Soltani |first3=Ashkan |date=July 5, 2014 |title=In NSA-intercepted data, those not targeted far outnumber the foreigners who are |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/in-nsa-intercepted-data-those-not-targeted-far-outnumber-the-foreigners-who-are/2014/07/05/8139adf8-045a-11e4-8572-4b1b969b6322_story.html}}</ref> A DIA report declassified in June 2015 said that Snowden took 900,000 Department of Defense files, more than he downloaded from the NSA.<ref name="ViceNewsJune2015" />

===Potential impact on U.S. national security===
In March 2014, Army General [[Martin Dempsey]], [[Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff]], told the [[United States House Committee on Armed Services|House Armed Services Committee]], "The vast majority of the documents that Snowden ... exfiltrated from our highest levels of security ... had nothing to do with exposing government oversight of domestic activities. The vast majority of those were related to our military capabilities, operations, tactics, techniques, and procedures."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Capra |first=Tony |date=March 6, 2014 |title=Snowden Leaks Could Cost Military Billions: Pentagon |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/investigations/snowden-leaks-could-cost-military-billions-pentagon-n46426 |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> When asked in a May 2014 interview to quantify the number of documents Snowden stole, retired NSA director Keith Alexander said there was no accurate way of counting what he took, but Snowden may have downloaded more than a million documents.<ref name="AlexanderTrascriptDontKnowWhatHeTook">{{Cite web |title=Interview transcript: former head of the NSA and commander of the US cyber command, General Keith Alexander |url=http://www.afr.com/p/technology/interview_transcript_former_head_51yP0Cu1AQGUCs7WAC9ZVN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113815/http://www.afr.com/p/technology/interview_transcript_former_head_51yP0Cu1AQGUCs7WAC9ZVN |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |access-date=May 30, 2014 |website=Australian Financial Review}}</ref> The September 15, 2016 HPSCI report<ref name=hpsci-report/> estimated the number of downloaded documents at 1.5 million.

In a 2013 [[Associated Press]] interview, [[Glenn Greenwald]] stated:<blockquote>In order to take documents with him that proved that what he was saying was true he had to take ones that included very sensitive, detailed blueprints of how the NSA does what they do.<ref name="Greenwald-ap-2013">{{Cite news |last=Barchfield |first=Jenny |date=July 14, 2013 |title=Greenwald: Snowden docs contain NSA 'blueprints' |work=www.new.yahoo.com |publisher=Associated Press |location=Rio De Janeiro |url=http://www.news.yahoo.com/greenwald-snowden-docs-contain-nsa-blueprint-235836523.html |access-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611065800/https://news.yahoo.com/greenwald-snowden-docs-contain-nsa-blueprint-235836523.html |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote> Thus, the Snowden documents allegedly contained sensitive NSA ''blueprints'' detailing how the NSA operates, which would allow someone who read them to evade or even duplicate NSA surveillance. Further, a 2015 ''[[New York Times]]'' article<ref name="nyt-july-2015">{{Cite news|last1=Schmitt |first1=Eric|author1-link=Eric P. Schmitt|last2=Hubbard |first2=Ben |date=July 20, 2015 |title=ISIS Leader Takes Steps to Ensure Group's Survival |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/21/world/middleeast/isis-strategies-include-lines-of-succession-and-deadly-ring-tones.html |access-date=June 10, 2020|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> reported that the [[Islamic State]] group had studied Snowden's revelations about how the United States gathered information on militants. As a result, the group's top leaders used couriers or encrypted channels to avoid being tracked or monitored by Western analysts.

According to Snowden, he did not indiscriminately turn over documents to journalists, stating that "I carefully evaluated every single document I disclosed to ensure that each was legitimately in the public interest. There are all sorts of documents that would have made a big impact that I didn't turn over"<ref name="guardian-reveal" /> and that "I have to screen everything before releasing it to journalists ... If I have time to go through this information, I would like to make it available to journalists in each country."<ref name="SCMPJune24" /> Despite these measures, the improper redaction of a document by ''The New York Times'' resulted in the exposure of intelligence activity against [[al-Qaeda]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yuhas |first=Alan |date=April 6, 2015 |title=John Oliver presses Edward Snowden on whether he read all leaked NSA material |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/apr/06/edward-snowden-john-oliver-last-week-tonight-nsa-leaked-documents |access-date=September 30, 2015}}</ref>

In June 2014, the NSA's recently installed director, [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[Admiral (United States)|Admiral]] [[Michael S. Rogers]], said that while some terrorist groups had altered their communications to avoid surveillance techniques revealed by Snowden, the damage done was not significant enough to conclude that "the sky is falling."<ref name="SkyNotFalling">{{Cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E.|author-link=David E. Sanger|date=June 29, 2014 |title=New N.S.A. Chief Calls Damage From Snowden Leaks Manageable |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/30/us/sky-isnt-falling-after-snowden-nsa-chief-says.html}}</ref> Nevertheless, in February 2015, Rogers said that Snowden's disclosures had a material impact on the NSA's detection and evaluation of terrorist activities worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cooper |first=Aaron |date=February 23, 2015 |title=NSA: Snowden leaks hurt ability to track terrorists |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/23/politics/nsa-surveillance-north-korea/}}</ref>

On June 14, 2015, the London ''[[Sunday Times]]'' reported that Russian and Chinese intelligence services had decrypted more than 1 million classified files in the Snowden cache, forcing the UK's [[MI6]] intelligence agency to move agents out of live operations in hostile countries. Sir [[David Omand]], a former director of the UK's [[GCHQ]] intelligence gathering agency, described it as a huge strategic setback that was harming Britain, America, and their NATO allies. ''The Sunday Times'' said it was not clear whether Russia and China stole Snowden's data or whether Snowden voluntarily handed it over to remain at liberty in Hong Kong and Moscow.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haynes |first=Deborah |author-link=Deborah Haynes |date=March 18, 2015 |title=Full damage of Snowden leaks revealed |work=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/full-damage-of-snowden-leaks-revealed-c8k9d7gncxb |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 14, 2015 |title=British spies 'moved after Snowden files read' |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-33125068 |access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> In April 2015, the [[Henry Jackson Society]], a British [[neoconservative]] [[think tank]], published a report claiming that Snowden's intelligence leaks negatively impacted Britain's ability to fight terrorism and organized crime.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simcox |first=Robin |url=http://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Surveillance-after-Snowden.pdf |title=Surveillance after Snowden:Effective Espionage in an Age of Transparency |date=June 2015 |publisher=[[Henry Jackson Society]] |isbn=9781909035188 |access-date=December 3, 2015}}</ref> Gus Hosein, executive director of [[Privacy International]], criticized the report for, in his opinion, presuming that the public became concerned about privacy only after Snowden's disclosures.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rawlinson |first=Kevin |date=May 26, 2015 |title=Snowden leaks: undermining security or defending privacy? |publisher=[[Channel 4]] |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/edward-snowden-mass-surveillance-gchq-nsa}}</ref>

===Release of NSA documents===
Snowden's decision to leak NSA documents developed gradually following his March 2007 posting as a technician to the Geneva CIA station.<ref name="Risen">{{Cite news |last=Risen |first=James|author-link=James Risen|date=October 17, 2013 |title=Snowden Says He Took No Secret Files to Russia |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/18/world/snowden-says-he-took-no-secret-files-to-russia.html |access-date=January 20, 2014}}</ref> Snowden later made contact with Glenn Greenwald, a journalist working at ''The Guardian''.<ref name="Maass">{{Cite news |last=Maass |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Maass |date=August 13, 2013 |title=How Laura Poitras Helped Snowden Spill His Secrets |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/magazine/laura-poitras-snowden.html}}</ref> He contacted Greenwald anonymously as "Cincinnatus"<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Poulsen |first=Kevin |date=May 21, 2014 |title=Snowden's First Move Against the NSA Was a Party in Hawaii |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/05/snowden-cryptoparty/ |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://magazine.atavist.com/he-always-had-a-dark-side/ The Mastermind Episode 3: He Always Had a Dark Side] The Atavist Magazine</ref> and said he had sensitive documents that he would like to share.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite news |title=How Edward Snowden led journalist and film-maker to reveal NSA secrets |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/19/edward-snowden-nsa-secrets-glenn-greenwald-laura-poitras}}</ref> Greenwald found the measures that the source asked him to take to secure their communications, such as encrypting email, too annoying to employ. Snowden then contacted documentary filmmaker [[Laura Poitras]] in January 2013.<ref name="poitras-how">{{Cite news |last=Carmon |first=Irin |date=June 10, 2013 |title=How we broke the NSA story |work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |url=https://www.salon.com/2013/06/10/qa_with_laura_poitras_the_woman_behind_the_nsa_scoops/}}</ref> According to Poitras, Snowden chose to contact her after seeing her ''New York Times'' article about NSA whistleblower [[William Binney (U.S. intelligence official)|William Binney]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Packer |first=George |author-link=George Packer |date=October 20, 2014 |title=The Holder of Secrets |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/20/holder-secrets |department=Profiles |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=90 |issue=32 |pages=50–59}}</ref> What originally attracted Snowden to Greenwald and Poitras was a ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]'' article written by Greenwald detailing how Poitras's controversial films had made her a target of the government.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Greenwald began working with Snowden in either February<ref name="politico-journalist-spat">{{Cite news |last=Weinger |first=Mackenzie |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Barton Gellman, Glenn Greenwald feud over NSA leaker |work=[[Politico]] |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/06/edward-snowden-nsa-leaker-glenn-greenwald-barton-gellman-092505 |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> or April 2013, after Poitras asked Greenwald to meet her in New York City, at which point Snowden began providing documents to them.<ref name="Maass" /> [[Barton Gellman]], writing for ''The Washington Post'', says his first direct contact was on May 16, 2013.<ref name="gellman-recount" /> According to Gellman, Snowden approached Greenwald after the ''Post'' declined to guarantee publication within 72 hours of all 41 PowerPoint slides that Snowden had leaked exposing the [[PRISM (surveillance program)|PRISM]] electronic data mining program, and to publish online an encrypted code allowing Snowden to later prove that he was the source.<ref name="gellman-recount" />

Snowden communicated using [[Email encryption|encrypted email]],<ref name="poitras-how" /> and going by the codename "[[:wikt:verax|Verax]]". He asked not to be quoted at length for fear of identification by [[stylometry]].<ref name="gellman-recount">{{Cite news |last=Gellman |first=Barton |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Code name 'Verax': Snowden, in exchanges with Post reporter, made clear he knew risks |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/code-name-verax-snowden-in-exchanges-with-post-reporter-made-clear-he-knew-risks/2013/06/09/c9a25b54-d14c-11e2-9f1a-1a7cdee20287_story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref>

According to Gellman, before their first meeting in person, Snowden wrote, "I understand that I will be made to suffer for my actions and that the return of this information to the public marks my end."<ref name="gellman-recount" /> Snowden also told Gellman that until the articles were published, the journalists working with him would also be at mortal risk from the [[United States Intelligence Community]] "if they think you are the single point of failure that could stop this disclosure and make them the sole owner of this information."<ref name="gellman-recount" />

In May 2013, Snowden was permitted temporary leave from his position at the NSA in Hawaii, on the pretext of receiving treatment for his [[epilepsy]].<ref name="guardian-reveal" /> In mid-May, Snowden gave an electronic interview to Poitras and [[Jacob Appelbaum]] which was published weeks later by ''[[Der Spiegel]]''.<ref name="Der Spiegel">{{Cite news |date=July 8, 2013 |title=Interview with Whistleblower Edward Snowden on Global Spying |work=[[Spiegel Online]] |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-whistleblower-edward-snowden-on-global-spying-a-910006.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 18, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706080155/http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/interview-with-whistleblower-edward-snowden-on-global-spying-a-910006.html |archive-date=July 6, 2014}}</ref>

After disclosing the copied documents, Snowden promised that nothing would stop subsequent disclosures. In June 2013, he said, "All I can say right now is the US government is not going to be able to cover this up by jailing or murdering me. Truth is coming, and it cannot be stopped."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bengali |first1=Shashank |last2=Dilanian |first2=Ken |date=June 17, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden vows more disclosures about U.S. surveillance |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-jun-17-la-fg-nsa-leak-20130618-story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref>

===Publication===
On May 20, 2013, Snowden flew to Hong Kong,<ref name=snowdenfirstguardianvideo /> where he was staying when the initial articles based on the leaked documents were published,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yang |first=Jia Lynn |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden faces strong extradition treaty if he remains in Hong Kong |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/hong-kong-hotel-says-edward-snowden-was-there-but-checked-out-monday/2013/06/10/44baa0fa-d1af-11e2-a73e-826d299ff459_story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> beginning with ''The Guardian'' on June 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeline of Edward Snowden's revelations | Al Jazeera America |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/multimedia/timeline-edward-snowden-revelations.html |access-date=December 3, 2015 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Greenwald later said Snowden disclosed 9,000 to 10,000 documents.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 19, 2013 |title=Greenwald: 'Explosive' NSA Spying Reports Are Imminent |work=[[Spiegel Online]] |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/journalist-says-explosive-reports-coming-from-snowden-data-a-912034.html}}</ref>

Within months, documents had been obtained and published by media outlets worldwide, most notably ''[[The Guardian]]'' (Britain), ''[[Der Spiegel]]'' (Germany), ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and ''[[The New York Times]]'' (U.S.), ''[[O Globo]]'' (Brazil), ''[[Le Monde]]'' (France), and similar outlets in [[Sweden]], [[Canada]], [[Italy]], [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Spain]], and [[Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2013 |title=NSA Primary Sources |url=https://www.eff.org/nsa-spying/nsadocs |access-date=December 14, 2013 |publisher=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]}}</ref> In 2014, [[NBC]] broke its first story based on the leaked documents.<ref name="NBCGreenwaldSIGDEV">{{Cite news |last1=Esposito |first1=Richard |last2=Cole |first2=Matthew |last3=Schone |first3=Mark |last4=Greenwald |first4=Glenn |date=January 27, 2014 |title=Snowden docs reveal British spies snooped on YouTube and Facebook |work=[[NBC]] |url=http://investigations.nbcnews.com/_news/2014/01/27/22469304-snowden-docs-reveal-british-spies-snooped-on-youtube-and-facebook |access-date=January 29, 2014}}</ref> In February 2014, for reporting based on Snowden's leaks, journalists Glenn Greenwald, Laura Poitras, Barton Gellman and ''The Guardian′''s Ewen MacAskill were honored as co-recipients of the 2013 [[George Polk Award]], which they dedicated to Snowden.<ref name="GuardianPolkDedication">{{Cite news |last=Holpuch |first=Amanda |date=April 11, 2014 |title=Journalists who broke NSA story in Guardian dedicate award to Snowden |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/11/journalists-nsa-guardian-polk-award-snowden |access-date=April 25, 2014}}</ref> The NSA reporting by these journalists also earned ''The Guardian'' and ''The Washington Post'' the 2014 [[Pulitzer Prize for Public Service]]<ref name="PoliticoSnowdensPrize">{{Cite web |last=Byers |first=Dylan |date=April 14, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden's prize |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/04/pulitzer-prize-edward-snowden-105682 |access-date=April 25, 2014 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> for exposing the "widespread surveillance" and for helping to spark a "huge public debate about the extent of the government's spying". ''The Guardian''{{'}}s chief editor, [[Alan Rusbridger]], credited Snowden for having performed a public service.<ref name="HuffPoPulitzer">{{Cite news |last=Mirkinson |first=Jack |date=April 14, 2014 |title=The Pulitzer Prizes Just Demolished The Idea That Edward Snowden Is A Traitor |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2014/04/14/pulitzers-edward-snowden-traitor_n_5148471.html |access-date=April 17, 2014}}</ref>

===Revelations===
{{Main|Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)}}
{{See also|PRISM (surveillance program)#Responses to disclosures}}
[[File:NSA Muscular Google Cloud.jpg|thumb|Slide from an NSA presentation on "Google Cloud Exploitation" from its [[MUSCULAR (surveillance program)|MUSCULAR]] program;<ref name="autogenerated10">{{Cite news |last1=Gellman |first1=Barton |last2=Soltani |first2=Ashkan |date=November 1, 2013 |title=NSA infiltrates links to Yahoo, Google data centers worldwide, Snowden documents say |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-infiltrates-links-to-yahoo-google-data-centers-worldwide-snowden-documents-say/2013/10/30/e51d661e-4166-11e3-8b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> the sketch shows where the "Public Internet" meets the internal "Google Cloud" where user data resides.<ref name="autogenerated11">{{Cite news |last=Gellman |first=Barton |date=November 4, 2013 |title=How we know the NSA had access to internal Google and Yahoo cloud data |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/11/04/how-we-know-the-nsa-had-access-to-internal-google-and-yahoo-cloud-data/}}</ref>]]
[[File:US intelligence budget.png|thumb|Data visualization of U.S. intelligence [[black budget]] (2013)]]

The ongoing publication of leaked documents has revealed previously unknown details of a [[global surveillance]] apparatus run by the NSA<ref name="guardian1">{{Cite news |last1=Greenwald |first1=Glenn |last2=MacAskill |first2=Ewen |date=June 8, 2013 |title=Boundless Informant: the NSA's secret tool to track global surveillance data |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/nsa-boundless-informant-global-datamining |access-date=June 12, 2013}}</ref> in close cooperation with three of its four [[Five Eyes]] partners: Australia's [[Australian Signals Directorate|ASD]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tim Leslie and Mark Corcoran |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Explained: Australia's involvement with the NSA, the US spy agency at heart of global scandal |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-08/australian-nsa-involvement-explained/5079786 |access-date=December 18, 2013 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> the UK's [[GCHQ]],<ref name="gchqpartner">{{Cite news |last=Julian Borger |date=November 2013 |title=GCHQ and European spy agencies worked together on mass surveillance |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/nov/01/gchq-europe-spy-agencies-mass-surveillance-snowden |access-date=December 18, 2013}}</ref> and Canada's [[Communications Security Establishment Canada|CSEC]].<ref name="cbcspy">{{Cite news |last1=Weston |first1=Greg |last2=Greenwald |first2=Glenn |last3=Gallagher |first3=Ryan |date=December 10, 2013 |title=Snowden document shows Canada set up spy posts for NSA |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/snowden-document-shows-canada-set-up-spy-posts-for-nsa-1.2456886 |access-date=December 13, 2013}}</ref>
[[File:Prism-slide-8.jpg|thumb|PRISM: a [[clandestine operation|clandestine]] [[global surveillance|surveillance]] program under which the NSA collects user data from companies like [[Microsoft]], Google, [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Yahoo]], Facebook and YouTube]]

On June 5, 2013, media reports documenting the existence and functions of classified surveillance programs and their scope began and continued throughout the entire year. The first program to be revealed was PRISM, which allows for direct access to data on the servers of Microsoft, Yahoo, Google, Facebook, PalTalk, AOL, Skype, YouTube, and Apple.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Greenwald |first1=Glenn |last2=MacAskill |first2=Ewen |date=2013-06-07 |title=NSA Prism program taps in to user data of Apple, Google and others |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data |access-date=2024-05-13|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gellman |first=Barton |date=2023-05-18 |title=U.S., British intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/us-intelligence-mining-data-from-nine-us-internet-companies-in-broad-secret-program/2013/06/06/3a0c0da8-cebf-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html |access-date=2024-05-13 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Barton Gellman of ''The Washington Post'' was the first journalist to report on Snowden's documents. He said the U.S. government urged him not to specify by name which companies were involved, but Gellman decided that to name them "would make it real to Americans."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Steven |date=January 7, 2014 |title=How the NSA Almost Killed the Internet | Threat Level |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2014/01/how-the-us-almost-killed-the-internet/all/}}</ref> Reports also revealed details of [[Tempora]], a secret British surveillance program run by the NSA's British partner, GCHQ.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=MacAskill |first1=Ewen |last2=Borger |first2=Julian |last3=Hopkins |first3=Nick |last4=Davies |first4=Nick |last5=Ball |first5=James |date=2013-06-21 |title=GCHQ taps fibre-optic cables for secret access to world's communications |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/21/gchq-cables-secret-world-communications-nsa |access-date=2024-05-13|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The initial reports included details about [[NSA call database]], [[Boundless Informant]], and a secret court order requiring [[Verizon]] to hand the NSA millions of Americans' phone records daily,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |date=June 6, 2013 |title=NSA collecting phone records of millions of Verizon customers daily |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order |access-date=December 3, 2015}}</ref> as well as the surveillance of phone and Internet records of French citizens, with specific targets of French people either "suspected of association with terrorist activities" or in "the worlds of business, politics or French state administration."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ben McPartland |date=October 21, 2013 |title=US spy agency 'taped millions of French calls' |newspaper=The Local France |url=https://www.thelocal.fr/20131021/us-snooped-on-70-million-phone-calls-in-france |access-date=December 3, 2015 |publisher=Thelocal.fr |agency=AFP}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chrisafis |first1=Angelique |last2=Jones |first2=Sam |date=October 21, 2013 |title=Snowden leaks: France summons US envoy over NSA surveillance claims |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/21/snowden-leaks-france-us-envoy-nsa-surveillance |access-date=December 3, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Follorou |first1=Jacques |last2=Greenwald |first2=Glenn |date=October 21, 2013 |title=France in the NSA's crosshair: phone networks under surveillance |work=[[Le Monde]] |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/technologies/article/2013/10/21/france-in-the-nsa-s-crosshair-phone-networks-under-surveillance_3499741_651865.html |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> [[XKeyscore]], an analytical tool that allows for collection of "almost anything done on the internet," was described by ''The Guardian'' as a program that shed light on one of Snowden's most controversial statements: "I, sitting at my desk [could] wiretap anyone, from you or your accountant, to a federal judge or even the president, if I had a personal email."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |date=July 31, 2013 |title=XKeyscore: NSA tool collects 'nearly everything a user does on the internet' |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/31/nsa-top-secret-program-online-data |access-date=December 3, 2015}}</ref>

The NSA's top-secret [[black budget]], obtained from Snowden by ''The Washington Post'', exposed the successes and failures of the 16 spy agencies comprising the U.S. intelligence community,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gellman |first1=Barton |last2=Miller |first2=Greg |date=September 5, 2013 |title='Black budget' summary details U.S. spy network's successes, failures and objectives |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/black-budget-summary-details-us-spy-networks-successes-failures-and-objectives/2013/08/29/7e57bb78-10ab-11e3-8cdd-bcdc09410972_story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> and revealed that the NSA was paying U.S. private tech companies for clandestine access to their communications networks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Timberg |first=Craig |date=August 29, 2013 |title=NSA paying U.S. companies for access to communications networks |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-paying-us-companies-for-access-to-communications-networks/2013/08/29/5641a4b6-10c2-11e3-bdf6-e4fc677d94a1_story.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830123617/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-paying-us-companies-for-access-to-communications-networks/2013/08/29/5641a4b6-10c2-11e3-bdf6-e4fc677d94a1_story.html |archive-date=August 30, 2013}}</ref> The agencies were allotted $52 billion for the 2013 fiscal year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 29, 2013 |title=Snowden leaks intelligence 'black budget' to Washington Post | Al Jazeera America |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/8/29/nsa-snowden-leaksblackbudgettowashingtonpost.html |access-date=October 20, 2019 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>

It was revealed that the NSA was harvesting millions of email and instant messaging contact lists,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gellman |first1=Barton |last2=Soltani |first2=Ashkan |date=November 1, 2013 |title=NSA collects millions of e-mail address books globally |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-collects-millions-of-e-mail-address-books-globally/2013/10/14/8e58b5be-34f9-11e3-80c6-7e6dd8d22d8f_story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> searching email content,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie|author-link=Charlie Savage (author)|date=August 8, 2013 |title=N.S.A. Said to Search Content of Messages to and From U.S.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/08/us/broader-sifting-of-data-abroad-is-seen-by-nsa.html |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> tracking and mapping the location of cell phones,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gellman |first1=Barton |last2=Soltani |first2=Ashkan |date=December 12, 2013 |title=NSA tracking cellphone locations worldwide, Snowden documents show |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-tracking-cellphone-locations-worldwide-snowden-documents-show/2013/12/04/5492873a-5cf2-11e3-bc56-c6ca94801fac_story.html |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> undermining attempts at [[encryption]] via [[Bullrun (code name)|Bullrun]]<ref name="NYT9513">{{Cite news |last1=Perlroth |first1=Nicole |last2=Larson |first2=Jeff |last3=Shane |first3=Scott|author3-link=Scott Shane|date=September 5, 2013 |title=N.S.A. Able to Foil Basic Safeguards of Privacy on Web|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/06/us/nsa-foils-much-internet-encryption.html |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref><ref name="register20130905">{{Cite news |last1=Ball |first1=James |last2=Borger |first2=Julian |last3=Greenwald |first3=Glenn |date=September 5, 2013 |title=U.S. and UK spy agencies defeat privacy and security on the internet |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> and that the agency was using [[HTTP cookies|cookies]] to piggyback on the same tools used by Internet advertisers "to pinpoint targets for government hacking and to bolster surveillance."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Soltani |first1=Ashkan |last2=Peterson |first2=Andrea |last3=Gellman |first3=Barton |date=December 10, 2013 |title=NSA uses Google cookies to pinpoint targets for hacking |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/12/10/nsa-uses-google-cookies-to-pinpoint-targets-for-hacking/ |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> The NSA was shown to be secretly accessing Yahoo and Google data centers to collect information from hundreds of millions of account holders worldwide by tapping undersea cables using the [[MUSCULAR (surveillance program)|MUSCULAR]] surveillance program.<ref name=autogenerated10 /><ref name=autogenerated11 />

The NSA, the [[CIA]] and GCHQ spied on users of ''[[Second Life]]'', [[Xbox Live]] and ''[[World of Warcraft]]'', and attempted to recruit would-be informants from the sites, according to documents revealed in December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Justin |last2=ProPublica |last3=Mazzetti |first3=Mark |date=December 9, 2013 |title=World of Spycraft: NSA and CIA Spied in Online Games |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/world-of-spycraft-intelligence-agencies-spied-in-online-games |access-date=September 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="PCWorldWarCraft">{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Jared |date=December 9, 2013 |title=NSA spied on World of Warcraft, Xbox Live, and Second Life gamers |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2070821/nsa-spied-on-world-of-warcraft-xbox-live-and-second-life-gamers.html |access-date=September 30, 2015 |website=PC World}}</ref> Leaked documents showed NSA agents also spied on their own "love interests", a practice NSA employees termed [[LOVEINT]].<ref name="autogenerated12">{{Cite news |last=Peterson |first=Andrea |date=December 31, 2013 |title=Here's what we learned about the NSA's spying programs in 2013 |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2013/12/31/heres-what-we-learned-about-the-nsas-spying-programs-in-2013/ |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gorman |first=Siobhan |date=August 23, 2013 |title=NSA Officers Spy on Love Interests – Washington Wire |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/08/23/nsa-officers-sometimes-spy-on-love-interests/ |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> The NSA was shown to be tracking the online sexual activity of people they termed "radicalizers" in order to discredit them.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Greenwald |first1=Glenn |last2=Grim |first2=Ryan |last3=Gallagher |first3=Ryan |date=November 26, 2013 |title=Top-Secret Document Reveals NSA Spied on Porn Habits As Part of Plan To Discredit 'Radicalizers' |work=Huffington Post |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nsa-porn-muslims_n_4346128 |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> Following the revelation of Blackpearl, a program targeting private networks, the NSA was accused of extending beyond its primary mission of national security. The agency's intelligence-gathering operations had targeted, among others, oil giant [[Petrobras]], Brazil's largest company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Watts |first=Jonathan |date=September 9, 2013 |title=NSA accused of spying on Brazilian oil company Petrobras |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/09/nsa-spying-brazil-oil-petrobras |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref> The NSA and the GCHQ were also shown to be surveilling charities including [[UNICEF]] and [[Médecins du Monde]], as well as allies such as [[European Commission]]er [[Joaquín Almunia]] and [[Israeli Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hall |first1=James |last2=Hopkins |first2=Nick |date=December 20, 2013 |title=GCHQ and NSA targeted charities, Germans, Israeli PM and EU chief |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2013/dec/20/gchq-targeted-aid-agencies-german-government-eu-commissioner |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref>

In October 2013, Glenn Greenwald said "the most shocking and significant stories are the ones we are still working on, and have yet to publish."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Walt |first=Vivienne |date=October 14, 2013 |title=Greenwald on Snowden Leaks: The Worst Is Yet to Come |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://world.time.com/2013/10/14/greenwald-on-snowden-leaks-the-worst-is-yet-to-come/ |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> In November, ''The Guardian''{{'}}s editor-in-chief Alan Rusbridger said that only one percent of the documents had been published.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 3, 2013 |title=Only 1% of Snowden files published – Guardian editor |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25205846}}</ref> In December, [[Minister for Defence (Australia)|Australia's Minister for Defence]] [[David Johnston (Australian politician)|David Johnston]] said his government assumed the worst was yet to come.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Swan |first=Jonathan |date=December 3, 2013 |title=Snowden spy leaks: worst yet to come, says Defence Minister David Johnston |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/snowden-spy-leaks-worst-yet-to-come-says-defence-minister-david-johnston-20131203-2yn5o.html}}</ref>

By October 2013, Snowden's disclosures had created tensions<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Allam |first1=Hannah |last2=Landay |first2=Jonathan S. |date=October 25, 2013 |title=WASHINGTON: Worlds anger at Obama policies goes beyond Europe and the NSA |work=McClatchy DC |url=https://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24757900.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Weisberg |first=Timothy |date=October 23, 2013 |title=Snowden's Paper Trail: Where in the World Is the NSA? |work=NBC Bay Area |url=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/national-international/Paper-Trail-Where-Is-NSA-Surveillance-228819941.html |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> between the U.S. and some of its close allies after they revealed that the U.S. had spied on [[Brazil]], [[France]], [[Mexico]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Glüsing |first1=Jens |last2=Poitras |first2=Laura |last3=Rosenbach |first3=Marcel |last4=Stark |first4=Holger |date=October 20, 2013 |title=NSA Hacked Email Account of Mexican President |work=Der Spiegel |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/nsa-hacked-email-account-of-mexican-president-a-928817.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> Britain,<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 21, 2013 |title=British spy agency taps cables, shares with NSA – Guardian |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-security-britain/british-spy-agency-taps-cables-shares-with-nsa-guardian-idUSL5N0EX39I20130621}}</ref> China,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bradsher |first=Keith|author-link=Keith Bradsher|date=June 14, 2013 |title=Snowden's Leaks on China Could Affect Its Role in His Fate|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/15/world/asia/ex-nsa-contractors-disclosures-could-complicate-his-fate.html}}</ref> [[Germany]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 7, 2013 |title=Privacy Scandal: NSA Can Spy on Smart Phone Data |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/privacy-scandal-nsa-can-spy-on-smart-phone-data-a-920971.html}}</ref> and Spain,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Isikoff |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Isikoff |last2=Arkin |first2=Daniel |date=October 27, 2014 |title=Report: US spied on millions of phone calls in Spain over one month |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/report-us-spied-millions-phone-calls-spain-over-one-month-flna8C11477263 |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> as well as 35 world leaders,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ball |first=James |date=October 25, 2013 |title=NSA monitored calls of 35 world leaders after US official handed over contacts |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/24/nsa-surveillance-world-leaders-calls |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> most notably [[German Chancellor]] [[Angela Merkel]], who said "spying among friends" was unacceptable<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dilanian |first=Ken |date=December 22, 2013 |title=A spy world reshaped by Edward Snowden |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-dec-22-la-fg-nsa-snowden-20131222-story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Baker |first=Luke |date=October 24, 2013 |title=Merkel frosty on the U.S. over 'unacceptable' spying allegations |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-summit-idUSBRE99N0BJ20131024}}</ref> and compared the NSA with the [[Stasi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Traynor |first1=Ian |last2=Lewis |first2=Paul |date=December 17, 2013 |title=Merkel compared NSA to Stasi in heated encounter with Obama |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/17/merkel-compares-nsa-stasi-obama |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> Leaked documents published by ''Der Spiegel'' in 2014 appeared to show that the NSA had targeted 122 high-ranking leaders.<ref name="SpiegelPoitrasWorldLeaders">{{Cite news |last=Poitras |first=Laura |date=March 29, 2014 |title='A' for Angela Merkel: GCHQ and NSA Targeted Private German Companies |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/gchq-and-nsa-targeted-private-german-companies-a-961444.html |access-date=March 31, 2014}}</ref>

An NSA mission statement titled "SIGINT Strategy 2012-2016" affirmed that the NSA had plans for the continued expansion of surveillance activities. Their stated goal was to "dramatically increase mastery of the global network" and to acquire adversaries' data from "anyone, anytime, anywhere."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Risen |first1=James|author1-link=James Risen|last2=Poitras |first2=Laura |date=November 22, 2013 |title=N.S.A. Report Outlined Goals for More Power|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/23/us/politics/nsa-report-outlined-goals-for-more-power.html}}</ref> Leaked slides revealed in Greenwald's book ''[[No Place to Hide (Greenwald book)|No Place to Hide]]'', released in May 2014, showed that the NSA's stated objective was to "Collect it All," "Process it All," "Exploit it All," "Partner it All," "Sniff it All" and "Know it All."<ref name="WaPoCollecItAllKnowItAll">{{Cite news |last=Cole |first=David |date=May 12, 2014 |title='No Place to Hide' by Glenn Greenwald, on the NSA's sweeping efforts to 'Know it All' |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/no-place-to-hide-by-glenn-greenwald-on-the-nsas-sweeping-efforts-to-know-it-all/2014/05/12/dfa45dee-d628-11e3-8a78-8fe50322a72c_story.html |access-date=May 18, 2014}}</ref>

Snowden said in a January 2014 interview with German television that the NSA does not limit its data collection to national security issues, accusing the agency of conducting [[industrial espionage]]. Using the example of German company [[Siemens]], he said, "If there's information at Siemens that's beneficial to US national interests—even if it doesn't have anything to do with national security—then they'll take that information nevertheless."<ref name="ReutersIndustrialEsp">{{Cite news |date=January 26, 2014 |title=Snowden: NSA conducts industrial espionage too |work=CBS News |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-security-snowden-germany-idUSBREA0P0DE20140126 |access-date=March 31, 2014}}</ref> In the wake of Snowden's revelations and in response to an inquiry from the [[The Left (Germany)|Left Party]], Germany's domestic security agency [[Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution|Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV)]] investigated and found no concrete evidence that the U.S. conducted economic or industrial espionage in Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bewarder |first=Manuel |date=August 11, 2014 |title=Spähangriffe auf deutsche Firmen |language=de |newspaper=[[Die Welt]]|url=https://www.welt.de/print/welt_kompakt/print_wirtschaft/article131087264/Spaehangriffe-auf-deutsche-Firmen.html}}</ref>

In February 2014, during testimony to the European Union, Snowden said of the remaining undisclosed programs, "I will leave the public interest determinations as to which of these may be safely disclosed to responsible journalists in coordination with government stakeholders."<ref name="USNewsDisclosures">{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Steven |date=March 7, 2014 |title=Snowden Says 'Many Other' Spy Programs Remain Secret, For Now |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2014/03/07/snowden-says-many-other-spy-programs-remain-secret-for-now |access-date=March 13, 2014 |website=US News}}</ref>

In March 2014, documents disclosed by Glenn Greenwald writing for ''The Intercept'' showed the NSA, in cooperation with the GCHQ, has plans to infect millions of computers with [[malware]] using a program called [[TURBINE (US government project)|TURBINE]].<ref name="InterceptMalware">{{Cite web |last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |date=March 12, 2014 |title=How the NSA Plans to Infect 'Millions' of Computers with Malware |url=https://theintercept.com/2014/03/12/nsa-plans-infect-millions-computers-malware/ |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=The Intercept}}</ref> Revelations included information about [[XKeyscore#Workings|QUANTUMHAND]], a program through which the NSA set up a fake Facebook server to intercept connections.<ref name=InterceptMalware />

According to a report in ''The Washington Post'' in July 2014, relying on information furnished by Snowden, 90% of those placed under surveillance in the U.S. are ordinary Americans and are not the intended targets. The newspaper said it had examined documents including emails, message texts, and online accounts that support the claim.<ref name="NSAusa">{{Cite news |title=Vast majority of NSA spy targets are mistakenly monitored |publisher=Philadelphia News.Net |url=http://www.philadelphianews.net/index.php/sid/223558101/scat/c08dd24cec417021/ht/Vast-majority-of-NSA-spy-targets-are-mistakenly-monitored |url-status=dead |access-date=July 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180053/http://www.philadelphianews.net/index.php/sid/223558101/scat/c08dd24cec417021/ht/Vast-majority-of-NSA-spy-targets-are-mistakenly-monitored |archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref>

In an August 2014 interview, Snowden for the first time disclosed a [[cyberwarfare]] program in the works, codenamed [[MonsterMind]], that would automate the detection of a foreign [[cyberattack]] as it began and automatically fire back. "These attacks can be [[Spoofing attack|spoofed]]," said Snowden. "You could have someone sitting in China, for example, making it appear that one of these attacks is originating in Russia. And then we end up shooting back at a Russian hospital. What happens next?"<ref name=BamfordWired />

===Motivations===
[[File:PRISM - Snowden Interview - Laura Poitras HQ.webm|thumb|Snowden speaks about the NSA leaks, in Hong Kong, filmed by Laura Poitras.]]
Snowden first contemplated leaking confidential documents around 2008 but held back, partly because he believed the newly elected Barack Obama might introduce reforms.<ref name="VanityFair" /> After the disclosures, his identity was made public by ''The Guardian'' at his request on June 9, 2013.<ref name="politico-journalist-spat" /> "I do not want to live in a world where everything I do and say is recorded," he said. "My sole motive is to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them."<ref name="snowdenfirstguardianvideo">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/jun/09/nsa-whistleblower-edward-snowden-interview-video |title=NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden: 'I don't want to live in a society that does these sort of things' |date=June 9, 2013 |last=Poitras |first=Laura |author-link=Laura Poitras |place=London |format=video |first2=Glenn |last2=Greenwald |author-link2=Glenn Greenwald |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

Snowden said he wanted to "embolden others to step forward" by demonstrating that "they can win."<ref name="gellman-recount" /> He also said that the system for reporting problems did not work. "You have to report wrongdoing to those most responsible for it." He cited a lack of whistleblower protection for government contractors, the use of the [[Espionage Act of 1917]] to prosecute leakers and the belief that had he used internal mechanisms to "sound the alarm," his revelations "would have been buried forever."<ref name=Risen /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pilkington |first=Ed |date=October 18, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden: US would have buried NSA warnings forever |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/18/edward-snowden-us-would-have-buried-nsa-warnings-forever |access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref>

In December 2013, upon learning that a U.S. federal judge had ruled the collection of U.S. phone metadata conducted by the NSA as likely unconstitutional, Snowden said, "I acted on my belief that the NSA's mass surveillance programs would not withstand a constitutional challenge, and that the American public deserved a chance to see these issues determined by open courts ... today, a secret program authorized by a secret court was, when exposed to the light of day, found to violate Americans' rights."<ref name="20131217Times">{{Cite news |last=Savage |first=Charlie|author-link=Charlie Savage (author)|date=December 16, 2013 |title=Federal Judge Rules Against N.S.A. Phone Data Program|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/17/us/politics/federal-judge-rules-against-nsa-phone-data-program.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref>

In January 2014, Snowden said his "breaking point" was "seeing the [[Director of National Intelligence]], [[James Clapper]], directly lie under oath to Congress."<ref name=ARDtranscript /> This referred to testimony on March 12, 2013—three months after Snowden first sought to share thousands of NSA documents with Greenwald,<ref name="Maass" /> and nine months after the NSA says Snowden made his first illegal downloads during the summer of 2012<ref name="VanityFair" />—in which Clapper denied to the [[United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence|U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence]] that the NSA wittingly collects data on millions of Americans.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |date=June 6, 2013 |title=Watch Top U.S. Intelligence Officials Repeatedly Deny NSA Spying On Americans Over The Last Year (Videos) |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/06/06/watch-top-u-s-intelligence-officials-repeatedly-deny-nsa-spying-on-americans-over-the-last-year-videos/ |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> Snowden said, "There's no saving an intelligence community that believes it can lie to the public and the legislators who need to be able to trust it and regulate its actions. Seeing that really meant for me there was no going back. Beyond that, it was the creeping realization that no one else was going to do this. The public had a right to know about these programs."<ref name="NDRSnowdenInterview">{{Cite web |title=Snowden-Interview: Transcript |url=http://www.ndr.de/ratgeber/netzwelt/snowden277_page-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128224400/http://www.ndr.de/ratgeber/netzwelt/snowden277_page-1.html |archive-date=January 28, 2014 |access-date=January 28, 2014}}</ref> In March 2014, Snowden said he had reported policy or legal issues related to spying programs to more than ten officials, but as a contractor had no legal avenue to pursue further whistleblowing.<ref name=WaPo10reports/>

=== Similarities to previous espionage incidents ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2024}}
Snowden's disclosure, association with foreign intelligence services and subsequent public relations campaign and flight to avoid prosecution is similar in nature to the case of [[Philip Agee]], a former CIA case officer and alleged spy for Russian and Cuban Intelligence during the 1970s and Kim Philby, a former British intelligence officer.

Philip Agee was a former CIA officer who exposed CIA operations and personnel, particularly in Latin America, during the 1970s after his involvement with the KGB became known to the FBI. He published a book titled "Inside the Company: CIA Diary," which revealed classified information about CIA activities and named agents. Agee's actions led to controversy and condemnation from the U.S. government, which accused him of endangering national security and the lives of intelligence operatives. [[Richard Welch]] was a CIA station chief in Athens, Greece, whose identity was exposed in Agee's book, which led to him being targeted by a Marxist terrorist group called [[Revolutionary Organization 17 November|November 17]]. Welch was assassinated outside his residence in Athens in December 1975.

[[Kim Philby]] worked for MI6 and later became one of the most notorious double agents in history, spying for the Soviet Union during the [[Cold War]]. Philby rose through the ranks of British intelligence and held positions of trust within MI6, all while secretly passing sensitive information to the Soviets. His espionage activities resulted in significant damage to Western intelligence operations and led to the betrayal of numerous agents. Philby's defection to the Soviet Union in 1963, after his exposure as a Soviet spy, shocked the intelligence community and remains one of the most infamous cases of espionage in the 20th century.

Philby made his denials through various means, including public statements, interviews, and interactions with colleagues and superiors within the intelligence community. He also authored articles and gave interviews to defend himself against accusations of espionage, portraying himself as a loyal and dedicated intelligence officer. Additionally, Philby's autobiography, "My Silent War," published in 1968, served as a platform for him to present his version of events and deny involvement in spying for the Soviet Union. Despite his denials, Philby's true allegiance was eventually exposed, leading to his defection to the Soviet Union.

Snowden, Agee, and Philby all engaged in flight to avoid prosecution after unauthorized disclosure of classified information and accusations of espionage. Agee died in Germany after also living in Cuba. Philby, like Snowden, fled to Russia where he died in exile.

===New Zealand===

Snowden made a number of claims about the [[Government Communications Security Bureau]] (GCSB) of [[New Zealand]]. He accused the agency of conducting surveillance on New Zealand citizens and engaging in espionage between 2008 and 2016, when [[John Key]] served as the [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Greenwald |first1=Glenn |last2=Gallagher |first2=Ryan |date=September 15, 2014 |title=New Zealand Launched Mass Surveillance Project While Publicly Denying It |url=https://theintercept.com/2014/09/15/new-zealand-gcsb-speargun-mass-surveillance/ |access-date=March 4, 2022 |website=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Keck |first=Zachary |title=Edward Snowden Vs New Zealand |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/edward-snowden-vs-new-zealand/ |access-date=March 4, 2022 |website=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref>

==Flight from the United States==
===Hong Kong===
In May 2013, Snowden quit his job, telling his supervisors he required epilepsy treatment, but instead fled the United States for Hong Kong on May 10. He chose Hong Kong for its "spirited [[Human rights in Hong Kong|commitment to free speech]] and the right of political dissent" at the time.<ref name="guardian-reveal" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Usborne |first=David |date=June 13, 2013 |title=NSA whistleblower, Edward Snowden, confirms he will stay in Hong Kong and resist US extradition attempts |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/nsa-whistleblower-edward-snowden-confirms-he-will-stay-hong-kong-and-resist-us-extradition-attempts-8656158.html}}</ref> Snowden remained in his room at the [[The Mira Hong Kong|Mira Hotel]] after his arrival in the city, rarely going out.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 10, 2013 |title=CNN Newsroom Transcripts: NSA Leaker Revealed; More on the Santa Monica Shooting; Apple Fans & Investors Watch and Wait; George Zimmerman Trials Begins |work=[[CNN]] |url=http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1306/10/cnr.01.html |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Is Snowden a Hero? SnowdenHK 香港聲援斯諾登遊行 Hong Kong Rally to Support Snowden SML.20130615.7D.42298.jpg|thumb|Hong Kong rally to support Snowden, June 15, 2013]]
Snowden vowed to challenge any extradition attempt by the U.S. government, and engaged Hong Kong-based Canadian human rights lawyer Robert Tibbo as a legal adviser.<ref name="VanityFair" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pomfret |first=James |date=June 24, 2013 |title=Behind Snowden's Hong Kong exit: fear and persuasion |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-reconstruction-idUSBRE95N1CA20130624 |access-date=May 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hodge |first=Katya |date=December 2013 |title=Snowden's Canadian lawyer |url=http://www.nationalmagazine.ca/Articles/November/Snowden%E2%80%99s-Canadian-lawyer.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226014703/http://www.nationalmagazine.ca/Articles/November/Snowden%E2%80%99s-Canadian-lawyer.aspx |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |access-date=May 2, 2015 |publisher=National Magazine}}</ref> Snowden told the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' that he planned to remain in Hong Kong for as long as its government would permit.<ref name="southchina-interview">{{Cite news |last=Lam |first=Lana |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Whistle-blower Edward Snowden tells SCMP: 'Let Hong Kong people decide my fate' |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |location=Hong Kong |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1259422/edward-snowden-let-hong-kong-people-decide-my-fate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lam |first=Lana |date=June 13, 2013 |title=Whistleblower Edward Snowden talks to ''South China Morning Post'' |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1259335/exclusive-whistleblower-edward-snowden-talks-south-china-morning-post |quote=He vowed to fight any extradition attempt by the U.S. government, saying: 'My intention is to ask the courts and people of Hong Kong to decide my fate. I have been given no reason to doubt your system.'}}</ref> Snowden also told the ''Post'' that "the United States government has committed a tremendous number of crimes against Hong Kong [and] the [[China|PRC]] as well,"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lam |first=Lana |date=June 12, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden in Hong Kong |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://multimedia.scmp.com/snowden/ |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> going on to identify Chinese Internet Protocol addresses that the NSA monitored and stating that the NSA collected text-message data for Hong Kong residents. Glenn Greenwald said Snowden was motivated by a need to "ingratiate himself to the people of Hong Kong and China."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lake |first=Eli |author-link=Eli Lake |date=June 25, 2013 |title=Greenwald: Snowden's Files Are Out There if 'Anything Happens' to Him |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/greenwald-snowdens-files-are-out-there-if-anything-happens-to-him |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>

After leaving the Mira Hotel, Snowden was housed for two weeks in several apartments by other refugees seeking asylum in Hong Kong, an arrangement set up by Tibbo to hide from the US authorities.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kassam |first1=Ashifa |last2=Haas |first2=Benjamin |date=July 19, 2017 |title=Refugees who helped Edward Snowden now look to Canada as their only hope |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jul/18/refugees-who-helped-snowden-now-look-to-canada-as-their-only-hope |access-date=September 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Boehler |first=Patrick |date=September 7, 2016 |title=After Edward Snowden Fled U.S., Asylum Seekers in Hong Kong Took Him In |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/08/world/asia/hong-kong-edward-snowden-refugees.html}}</ref>

The Russian newspaper ''[[Kommersant]]'' nevertheless reported that Snowden was living at the Russian consulate shortly before his departure from Hong Kong to Moscow.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Englund |first=Will |date=August 26, 2013 |title=Report: Snowden stayed at Russian consulate while in Hong Kong |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/report-snowden-stayed-at-russian-consulate-while-in-hong-kong/2013/08/26/8237cf9a-0e39-11e3-a2b3-5e107edf9897_story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> [[Ben Wizner]], a lawyer with the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) and legal adviser to Snowden, said in January 2014, "Every news organization in the world has been trying to confirm that story. They haven't been able to, because it's false."<ref name="Mayer/New Yorker">{{Cite magazine |last=Mayer |first=Jane |author-link=Jane Mayer |date=January 14, 2014 |title=Snowden Calls Russian-Spy Story "Absurd" in Exclusive Interview |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/snowden-calls-russian-spy-story-absurd-in-exclusive-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807192630/http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/snowden-calls-russian-spy-story-absurd-in-exclusive-interview |archive-date=August 7, 2014 |access-date=January 22, 2014 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref> Likewise rejecting the ''Kommersant'' story was [[Anatoly Kucherena]], who became Snowden's lawyer in July 2013 when Snowden asked him for help in seeking temporary asylum in Russia.<ref name="GuardianSnowdenMeetsKucherena">{{Cite news |last=Luhn |first=Alec |date=August 2013 |title=Edward Snowden passed time in airport reading and surfing internet |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/01/edward-snowden-airport-reading |access-date=May 29, 2014}}</ref> Kucherena said Snowden did not communicate with Russian diplomats while he was in Hong Kong.<ref name="AsiaPacificCubaWontAllowSnowdenToLand" /><ref name="tass47">{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2013 |title=Snowden is in 'safe place' waiting for his father to discuss future |url=http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/859415.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055509/http://www.itar-tass.com/en/c32/859415.html |archive-date=September 21, 2013 |access-date=October 20, 2019 |website=[[Information Telegraph Agency of Russia]]}}</ref> In early September 2013, however, Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] said that, a few days before boarding a plane to Moscow, Snowden met in Hong Kong with Russian diplomatic representatives.<ref name="WSJcontact">{{Cite news |last=Alpert |first=Lukas I. |date=September 4, 2013 |title=Putin Admits Early Snowden Contact |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/putin-admits-early-snowden-contact-1378344067 |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last=Epstein|first=Edward Jay|date=2017-03-21|title=The Compromising of America|url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/compromising-america|access-date=2022-12-04|website=[[Lawfare (website)|Lawfare]]|quote=Putin revealed in a televised press conference on September 2, 2013, that Snowden had met in Hong Kong with what he called Russian “diplomats” before being offered sanctuary in Russia on June 11, 2013.}}</ref>

On June 22, 18 days after the publication of Snowden's NSA documents began, officials revoked his U.S. passport.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rosen |first1=James |last2=Chernenkoff |first2=Kelly |date=June 23, 2013 |title=US revokes NSA leaker Edward Snowden's passport, as he reportedly seeks asylum in Ecuador |work=[[Fox News Channel]] |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/us-revokes-nsa-leaker-edward-snowdens-passport-as-he-reportedly-seeks-asylum-in-ecuador |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> On June 23, Snowden boarded a commercial [[Aeroflot]] flight, SU213, to Moscow, accompanied by [[Sarah Harrison (journalist)|Sarah Harrison]] of [[WikiLeaks]], with an intended final destination of Ecuador due to an Ecuadorian emergency travel document that Snowden had acquired. However Snowden became initially stranded in Russia upon his landing in Moscow when his U.S. passport was revoked.<ref name="NYT: back in the game">{{Cite news |last=Shane |first=Scott|author-link=Scott Shane|date=June 23, 2013 |title=Offering Snowden Aid, WikiLeaks Gets Back in the Game|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/24/world/offering-snowden-aid-wikileaks-gets-back-in-the-game.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Makinen |first=Julie |date=June 23, 2013 |title=Snowden leaves Hong Kong; final destination unclear |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-hong-kong-snowden-20130623,0,2899790.story}}</ref><ref name="dm300919">{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2019 |title=Whistleblower Edward Snowden on Trump, Obama & How He Ended Up in Russia to Avoid U.S. Extradition |url=https://www.democracynow.org/2019/9/30/how_edward_snowden_avoided_extradition_to |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=Democracy Now!}}</ref> Hong Kong authorities said that Snowden had not been detained for the U.S. because the request had not fully complied with Hong Kong law<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Perlez |first1=Jane|author1-link=Jane Perlez|last2=Bradsher |first2=Keith|author2-link=Keith Bradsher|date=June 24, 2013 |title=China Said to Have Made Call to Let Leaker Depart |page=A9 (US edition)|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/24/world/asia/china-said-to-have-made-call-to-let-leaker-depart.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=HKSAR Government issues statement on Edward Snowden |date=June 23, 2013 |publisher=Hong Kong Government |url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201306/23/P201306230476.htm}}</ref> and there was no legal basis to prevent Snowden from leaving.<ref name="hkce-1">{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2013 |title=Snowden left HK lawfully: CE |url=http://www.news.gov.hk/en/categories/law_order/html/2013/06/20130624_163906.shtml |publisher=Hong Kong Information Services Department}}</ref><ref name="hksj-1">{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2013 |title=No delay in Snowden case: SJ |url=http://www.news.gov.hk/en/categories/law_order/html/2013/06/20130625_175835.shtml |publisher=Hong Kong Information Services Department}}</ref>{{refn|Hong Kong's [[Secretary for Justice (Hong Kong)|Secretary for Justice]] [[Rimsky Yuen]] argued that government officials did not issue a provisional arrest warrant for Snowden due to "discrepancies and missing information" in the paperwork sent by U.S. authorities. Yuen explained that Snowden's full name was inconsistent, and his U.S. passport number was also missing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 25, 2013 |title=Hong Kong did not assist Snowden's departure |work=Global Post |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130625/hong-kong-did-not-assist-snowdens-departure |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712143252/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130625/hong-kong-did-not-assist-snowdens-departure |archive-date=July 12, 2013 |quote=Yuen also said there were discrepancies and missing information in documents used to identify Snowden. 'On the diplomatic documents, James was used as the middle name, on the record upon entering the border, Joseph was used as the middle name, on the American court documents sent to us by the American Justice Department, it only said Edward J Snowden,' he said. Hong Kong authorities also noticed that documents produced by the U.S. did not show Snowden's American passport number.}}</ref> Hong Kong also wanted more details of the charges and evidence against Snowden to make sure it was not a political case. Yuen said he spoke to U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder by phone to reinforce the request for details "absolutely necessary" for the detention of Snowden. Yuen said "As the US government had failed to provide the information by the time Snowden left Hong Kong, it was impossible for the Department of Justice to apply to a court for a temporary warrant of arrest. In fact, even at this time, the US government has still not provided the details we asked for."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Luk |first=Eddie |date=June 26, 2013 |title=Justice chief spells it out |work=The Standard |location=Hong Kong |url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=134957&sid=39870263&con_type=1&d_str=20130626&isSearch=1&sear_year=2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822210647/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=134957&sid=39870263&con_type=1&d_str=20130626&isSearch=1&sear_year=2013 |archive-date=August 22, 2013}}</ref>|group="Notes"}} On June 24, a U.S. State Department spokesman rejected the explanation of technical noncompliance, accusing the Hong Kong government of deliberately releasing a fugitive despite a valid arrest warrant and after having sufficient time to prohibit his travel.<ref name="Daily Press Briefing">{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2013 |title=Daily Press Briefing |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2013/06/211081.htm#SNOWDEN |website=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> That same day, [[Julian Assange]] said that WikiLeaks had paid for Snowden's lodging in Hong Kong and his flight out.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pomfret |first1=James |last2=Torode |first2=Greg |date=June 24, 2013 |title=Behind Snowden's Hong Kong exit: fear and persuasion |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-reconstruction-idUSBRE95N1CA20130624/}}</ref> Assange also asked Fidel Narváez, consul at the Ecuadorian embassy in London, to sign an emergency travel document for Snowden. Snowden said that having the document gave him "the confidence, the courage to get on that plane to begin the journey".<ref name="dm300919" />

In October 2013, Snowden said that before flying to Moscow, he gave all the classified documents he had obtained to journalists he met in Hong Kong and kept no copies for himself.<ref name=Risen /> In January 2014, he told a German TV interviewer that he gave all of his information to American journalists reporting on American issues.<ref name=ARDtranscript /> During his first American TV interview, in May 2014, Snowden said he had protected himself from Russian leverage by destroying the material he had been holding before landing in Moscow.<ref name="NBCNews Motive Revealed" />

In January 2019, Vanessa Rodel, one of the refugees who had housed Snowden in Hong Kong, and her 7-year-old daughter were granted asylum by Canada.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Woman who sheltered Edward Snowden is granted asylum in Canada |work=The Guardian |agency=AFP |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/25/vanessa-rodel-helped-edward-snowden-asylum-canada |access-date=September 16, 2019}}</ref> In 2021, Supun Thilina Kellapatha, Nadeeka Dilrukshi Nonis and their children found refuge in Canada, leaving only one of Snowden's Hong Kong helpers waiting for asylum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 30, 2021 |title=New life in Montreal for family that helped Edward Snowden flee to Hong Kong |work=CBC |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/canada-family-helped-edward-snowden-montreal-1.6194230 |access-date=September 30, 2021}}</ref>

===Russia===
[[File:Edward Joseph Snowden - Arrival at Sheremetyevo International Airport 02.jpg|thumb|right|Ecuador embassy car at [[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Sheremetyevo Airport]] in Moscow on June 23, 2013]]
On June 23, 2013, Snowden landed at Moscow's [[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Sheremetyevo Airport]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Loiko |first=Sergei L. |date=June 23, 2013 |title=Snowden stopping in Moscow en route to Cuba, Russian says |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-jun-23-la-fg-wn-snowden-expected-in-moscow-20130623-story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> WikiLeaks said he was on a circuitous but safe route to asylum in [[Ecuador]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=CBS/AP |date=June 23, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden lands in Moscow, likely bound for Ecuador |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/edward-snowden-lands-in-moscow-likely-bound-for-ecuador/}}</ref> Snowden had a seat reserved to continue to [[Cuba]]<ref name="Castro">{{Cite news |date=August 28, 2013 |title=Fidel Castro labels libelous report Cuba blocked Snowden travel |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-snowden-cuba/fidel-castro-labels-libelous-report-cuba-blocked-snowden-travel-idUSBRE97R0JJ20130828}}</ref> but did not board that onward flight, saying in a January 2014 interview that he intended to transit through Russia but was stopped en route. He said "a planeload of reporters documented the seat I was supposed to be in" when he was ticketed for [[Havana]], but the U.S. canceled his passport.<ref name="Mayer/New Yorker" /> He said the U.S. wanted him to stay in Moscow so "they could say, 'He's a Russian spy.{{'"}}<ref name="Globo">{{Cite news |date=June 1, 2014 |title='Se o Brasil me oferecer asilo, aceito', diz Edward Snowden |language=pt |work=[[Rede Globo]] |url=http://g1.globo.com/fantastico/noticia/2014/06/se-o-brasil-me-oferecer-asilo-aceito-diz-edward-snowden.html |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> Greenwald's account differed on the point of Snowden being already ticketed. According to Greenwald, Snowden's passport was valid when he departed Hong Kong but was revoked during the hours he was in transit to Moscow, preventing him from obtaining a ticket to leave Russia. Greenwald said Snowden was thus forced to stay in Moscow and seek asylum.<ref name="FrontlineUnitedStatesofSecrets">{{Cite web |title=United States of Secrets |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/united-states-of-secrets/ |access-date=May 21, 2014 |website=Frontline |publisher=PBS |time={{time needed|date=September 2021}}}}</ref>

According to one Russian report, Snowden planned to fly from Moscow through Havana to Latin America; however, Cuba told Moscow it would not allow the Aeroflot plane carrying Snowden to land.<ref name="AsiaPacificCubaWontAllowSnowdenToLand">{{Cite web |last=Shunina |first=Angela |date=September 6, 2013 |title=Snowden "asked Russian diplomats in Hong Kong for help" - Putin |url=http://rbth.asia/world/2013/09/06/snowden_asked_russian_diplomats_in_hong_kong_for_help_-_putin_48711.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907160506/http://rbth.asia/world/2013/09/06/snowden_asked_russian_diplomats_in_hong_kong_for_help_-_putin_48711.html |archive-date=September 7, 2013 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |website=Asia Pacific}}</ref> The Russian newspaper ''Kommersant'' reported that Cuba had a change of heart after receiving pressure from U.S. officials,<ref name="CSMCubaSaidNoDueToPressureFromUS">{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2013 |title=Russian media report: How Snowden missed his flight to Cuba |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2013/0826/Russian-media-report-How-Snowden-missed-his-flight-to-Cuba |website=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> leaving him stuck in the transit zone because at the last minute Havana told officials in Moscow not to allow him on the flight.<ref name="ReutersRussianSourceCubaSaysNoGo">{{Cite news |date=August 26, 2013 |title=Snowden got stuck in Russia after Cuba blocked entry: newspaper |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-snowden-idUSBRE97P05M20130826 |access-date=May 29, 2014}}</ref> ''The Washington Post'' contrasted this version with what it called "widespread speculation" that Russia never intended to let Snowden proceed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Englund |first=Will |author-link=Will Englund |date=August 26, 2013 |title=Snowden stayed at Russian Consulate while in Hong Kong, report says |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/report-snowden-stayed-at-russian-consulate-while-in-hong-kong/2013/08/26/8237cf9a-0e39-11e3-a2b3-5e107edf9897_story.html |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> [[Fidel Castro]] called claims that Cuba would have blocked Snowden's entry a "lie" and a "libel".<ref name="Castro" /> Describing Snowden's arrival in Moscow as a surprise and likening it to "an unwanted Christmas gift",<ref name="surprise">{{Cite news |date=June 25, 2013 |title=Путин признал: Сноуден – в Москве. И посоветовал США не "стричь поросенка" |agency=[[NEWSru]] |url=http://newsru.com/world/25jun2013/kerry.html}}</ref> Russian president Putin said that Snowden remained in the transit area of Sheremetyevo Airport, had committed no crime in Russia, was free to leave and should do so.<ref name="signals">{{Cite news |date=June 25, 2013 |title=Putin says Snowden at Russian airport, signals no extradition |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-putin-idUSBRE95O0VE20130625}}</ref><ref name="surprise" />

Following Snowden's arrival in Moscow, the White House expressed disappointment at Hong Kong's decision to allow him to leave.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Peter|author1-link=Peter Baker (journalist)|last2=Barry |first2=Ellen|author2-link=Ellen Barry (journalist)|date=June 23, 2013 |title=N.S.A. 'Leaker Leaves Hong Kong, Local Officials Say'|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/24/world/asia/nsa-leaker-leaves-hong-kong-local-officials-say.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="CarneyBriefJun24">{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2013 |title=Daily Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney, 6/24/2013 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/06/24/daily-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-6242013 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref><ref name="Daily Press Briefing" /> An anonymous U.S. official not authorized to discuss the matter told the Associated Press Snowden's passport had been revoked before he left Hong Kong, but that a senior official in a country or airline could order subordinates to overlook the withdrawn passport.<ref name="APSnowdensPassportRevokedBeforeLeavingHK">{{Cite news |title=AP Source: NSA leaker Snowden's passport revoked |agency=Associated Press |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-source-nsa-leaker-snowdens-passport-revoked |url-status=live |access-date=May 27, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626035443/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-source-nsa-leaker-snowdens-passport-revoked |archive-date=June 26, 2015}}</ref> U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] said that Snowden's passport was canceled "within two hours" of the charges against Snowden being made public<ref name="KerryPassport">{{Cite news |last=Brennan |first=Margaret |date=June 21, 2013 |title=Kerry warns Russia on Snowden: "Respect the relationship" |work=[[CBS News]] |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kerry-warns-russia-on-snowden-respect-the-relationship/ |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> which was Friday, June 21.<ref name="wapocharges" /> In a July 1 statement, Snowden said, "Although I am convicted of nothing, [the U.S. government] has unilaterally revoked my passport, leaving me a stateless person. Without any judicial order, the administration now seeks to stop me exercising a basic right. A right that belongs to everybody. The right to seek asylum."<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 1, 2013 |title=Statement from Edward Snowden in Moscow |work=Wikileaks.org |url=https://wikileaks.org/Statement-from-Edward-Snowden-in.html}}</ref>

Four countries offered Snowden permanent asylum: Ecuador, Nicaragua, Bolivia, and Venezuela.<ref name="MSNBCFourOffersAsylumLatinAmerica">{{Cite web |title=Did Edward Snowden just evade the US justice system? |url=https://msnbc.com/hardball/did-edward-snowden-just-evade-the-us-justice |access-date=May 21, 2014 |website=MSNBC|date=August 2013 }}</ref> No direct flights between Moscow and Venezuela, Bolivia, or Nicaragua existed, however, and the U.S. pressured countries along his route to hand him over. Snowden said in July 2013 that he decided to bid for asylum in Russia because he felt there was no safe way to reach Latin America.<ref name="ABCSnowdenPromises RussiaHeWillQuitLeaking">{{Cite web |last=Radia |first=Kirit |title=Edward Snowden Makes No-Leak Promise in Asylum Bid: Lawyer |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/edward-snowden-legal-apply-russian-asylum/story?id=19678502 |access-date=May 29, 2014 |website=ABC}}</ref> Snowden said he remained in Russia because "when we were talking about possibilities for asylum in Latin America, the United States forced down the Bolivian president's plane", citing the [[Evo Morales grounding incident|Morales plane incident]]. According to Snowden, "the CIA has a very powerful presence [in Latin America] and the governments and the security services there are relatively much less capable than, say, Russia.... they could have basically snatched me...."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 11, 2014 |title=The Virtual Interview: Edward Snowden |page=50:23 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/new-yorker-festival/live-stream-edward-snowden |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> On the issue, he said "some governments in Western European and North American states have demonstrated a willingness to act outside the law, and this behavior persists today. This unlawful threat makes it impossible for me to travel to Latin America and enjoy the asylum granted there in accordance with our shared rights."<ref name="CNNSnowdenCitesMoralesPlaneIncident">{{Cite news |last=Black |first=Phil |title=Snowden meets with rights groups, seeks temporary asylum in Russia |work=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/12/world/europe/russia-us-snowden/ |access-date=May 29, 2014}}</ref> Snowden said that he would travel from Russia if there was no interference from the U.S. government.<ref name="Mayer/New Yorker" />

Four months after Snowden received asylum in Russia, Julian Assange commented: "While Venezuela and Ecuador could protect him in the short term, over the long term there could be a change in government. In Russia, he's safe, he's well-regarded, and that is not likely to change. That was my advice to Snowden, that he would be physically safest in Russia."<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2014 |title=One Crucial Party Has Disappeared From Snowden's Story |url=https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/one-crucial-party-disappeared-snowden-211200812.html |access-date=September 17, 2021 |website=sg.finance.yahoo.com |language=en-SG}}</ref>

In an October 2014 interview with ''[[The Nation]]'' magazine, Snowden reiterated that he had originally intended to travel to Latin America: "A lot of people are still unaware that I never intended to end up in Russia." According to Snowden, the U.S. government "waited until I departed Hong Kong to cancel my passport in order to trap me in Russia." Snowden added, "If they really wanted to capture me, they would've allowed me to travel to Latin America because the CIA can operate with impunity down there. They did not want that; they chose to keep me in Russia."<ref name="nationinterview">{{Cite magazine |last1=Vanden Heuvel |first1=Katrina |last2=Cohen |first2=Stephen F. |date=October 28, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden: A 'Nation' Interview |url=http://www.thenation.com/article/186129/snowden-exile-exclusive-interview |magazine=The Nation |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref>

====Morales plane incident====
{{Main|Evo Morales grounding incident}}
[[File:Grounding of Evo Morales presidential plane.svg|thumb|Spain, France, and Italy (red) denied Bolivian president [[Evo Morales]] permission to cross their airspace. Morales's plane landed in Austria (yellow).]]
On July 1, 2013, president [[Evo Morales]] of [[Bolivia]], who had been attending a conference in Russia, suggested during an interview with [[RT (TV network)|RT]] (formerly Russia Today) that he would consider a request by Snowden for asylum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 1, 2013 |title=Evo Morales se abre a ceder asilo a Edward Snowden si lo solicita |language=es |trans-title=Evo Morales prepared to give asylum to Edward Snowden if requested |work=[[El Mercurio]] |agency=EFE |location=Santiago |url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/2013/07/01/606824/evo-morales-se-abre-a-ceder-asilo-a-edward-snowden-si-lo-solicita.html |url-status=dead |access-date=April 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328103951/http://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/2013/07/01/606824/evo-morales-se-abre-a-ceder-asilo-a-edward-snowden-si-lo-solicita.html |archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref> The following day, Morales's plane, en route to [[La Paz]], was rerouted to Austria and landed there, after France, Spain, and Italy denied access to their airspace. While the plane was parked in Vienna, the Spanish ambassador to Austria arrived with two embassy personnel and asked to search the plane but they were denied permission by Morales himself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Max |date=July 3, 2013 |title=Evo Morales's controversial flight over Europe, minute by heavily disputed minute |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/03/evo-morales-controversial-flight-over-europe-minute-by-heavily-disputed-minute/}}</ref> U.S. officials had raised suspicions that Snowden may have been on board.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 5, 2013 |title=Spain 'told Edward Snowden was on Bolivia president's plane' |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-23201767 |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> Morales blamed the U.S. for putting pressure on European countries and said that the grounding of his plane was a violation of international law.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 5, 2013 |title=Rerouted Morales plane has South American leaders irate |work=USA Today |agency=AP |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/05/south-american-leaders-back-morales/2490925/ |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref>

In April 2015, Bolivia's ambassador to Russia, [[María Luisa Ramos Urzagaste]], accused Julian Assange of inadvertently putting Morales's life at risk by intentionally providing to the U.S. false rumors that Snowden was on Morales's plane. Assange responded that "we weren't expecting this outcome. The result was caused by the United States' intervention. We can only regret what happened."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Silva |first=Cristina |date=April 14, 2015 |title=Julian Assange WikiLeaks Update: Edward Snowden Rumor Put Bolivian President's Life In Danger, Bolivia Claims |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/julian-assange-wikileaks-update-edward-snowden-rumor-put-bolivian-presidents-life-1881584 |website=International Business Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Radio |first=Caracol |date=April 13, 2015 |title=Julian Assange reconoce que usaron a Evo Morales en fuga de Edward Snowden |url=https://caracol.com.co/radio/2015/04/13/internacional/1428945840_716309.html |website=Caracol Radio}}</ref>

====Asylum applications====
Snowden applied for political asylum to 21 countries.<ref name="Guardian21CountriesAsylum">{{Cite web |date=July 4, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden asylum: countries approached and their responses |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/edward-snowden-nsa-asylum-application-list-countries |access-date=May 5, 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="snowden-asylum-siliconrepublic">{{Cite news |last=Hunt |first=Gordon |date=June 5, 2015 |title=Edward Snowden: I've applied for asylum in 21 countries |work=Silicon Republic |url=https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/2015/06/05/edward-snowden-ive-applied-for-asylum-in-21-countries}}</ref> A statement attributed to him contended that the U.S. administration, and specifically then–Vice President [[Joe Biden]], had pressured the governments to refuse his asylum petitions. Biden had telephoned Ecuadorian President [[Rafael Correa]] days prior to Snowden's remarks, asking the Ecuadorian leader not to grant Snowden asylum.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gladstone |first=Rick |date=July 1, 2013 |title=Snowden Is Said to Claim U.S. Is Blocking Asylum Bids|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/02/world/europe/snowden-speaks-out-in-moscow-for-first-time.html}}</ref> Ecuador had initially offered Snowden a temporary travel document but later withdrew it,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Carroll |first1=Rory |last2=Holpuch |first2=Amanda |date=June 28, 2013 |title=Ecuador cools on Edward Snowden asylum as Assange frustration grows |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/28/edward-snowden-ecuador-julian-assange}}</ref> and Correa later called the offer a mistake.<ref name="EcuadorBlunder">{{Cite news |last=Carroll |first=Rory |date=July 3, 2013 |title=Ecuador says it blundered over Snowden travel document |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/ecuador-rafael-correa-snowden-mistake}}</ref>

On July 1, 2013, Snowden accused the U.S. government of "using citizenship as a weapon" and using what he described as "old, bad tools of political aggression." Citing Obama's promise to not allow "wheeling and dealing" over the case, Snowden commented, "This kind of deception from a world leader is not justice, and neither is the extralegal penalty of exile."<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 1, 2013 |title=Alleged Snowden Statement: Obama Administration 'Using Citizenship As A Weapon |work=CBS DC |url=https://washington.cbslocal.com/2013/07/01/alleged-snowden-statement-obama-administration-using-citizenship-as-a-weapon/}}</ref> Several days later, WikiLeaks announced that Snowden had applied for asylum in six additional countries, but declined to name them, alleging attempted U.S. interference.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Galeno |first=Luis |title=Venezuela, Nicaragua offer asylum to NSA leaker Snowden |agency=Reuters |url=http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/05/19309635-venezuela-nicaragua-offer-asylum-to-nsa-leaker-snowden?lite |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref>

After evaluating the law and Snowden's situation, the [[Minister of the Interior (France)|French interior ministry]] rejected his request for asylum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 4, 2013 |title=France rejects Snowden asylum request |publisher=Fox News Channel |location=United States |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/07/04/france-rejects-snowden-asylum-request/}}</ref> Poland refused to process his application because it did not conform to legal procedure.<ref name="20130703thenews">{{Cite news |date=July 3, 2013 |title=Poland, India, Brazil snub Snowden asylum application |publisher=Polish Radio English Section |url=http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/140173,Poland-India-Brazil-snub-Snowden-asylum-application |access-date=July 4, 2013 |archive-date=August 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822210650/http://www.thenews.pl/1/10/Artykul/140173,Poland-India-Brazil-snub-Snowden-asylum-application |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ministry of External Relations (Brazil)|Brazil's Foreign Ministry]] said the government planned no response to Snowden's asylum request. Germany and India rejected Snowden's application outright, while Austria, Ecuador, Finland, Norway, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain said he must be on their territory to apply.<ref name="asylumreq">{{Cite news |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden seeks asylum in 20 nations, but gets no immediate takers |work=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/edward-snowden-seeks-asylum-in-20-nations-but-gets-no-immediate-takers/ |access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Scherer |first=Steve |date=July 4, 2013 |title=Italy rejects Snowden asylum request |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-snowden/italy-rejects-snowden-asylum-request-idUSBRE9630IG20130704}}</ref><ref name="NovumAsylumNL">{{Cite news |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Teeven: geen asiel voor Snowden |language=nl |publisher=[[:nl:Novum Nieuws|Novum Nieuws]] |url=http://www.nieuws.nl/algemeen/20130702/Teeven-geen-asiel-voor-Snowden |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822210646/http://www.nieuws.nl/algemeen/20130702/Teeven-geen-asiel-voor-Snowden |archive-date=August 22, 2013}}</ref> In November 2014, Germany announced that Snowden had not renewed his previously denied request and was not being considered for asylum.<ref name="TheLocal">{{Cite news |date=November 6, 2014 |title=Snowden gives up Germany asylum hopes |url=https://www.thelocal.de/20141106/edward-snowden-gives-up-germany-asylum-hopes |access-date=October 24, 2019 |newspaper=The Local}}</ref> Glenn Greenwald later reported that [[Sigmar Gabriel]], [[Vice-Chancellor of Germany]], told him the U.S. government had threatened to stop sharing intelligence if Germany offered Snowden asylum or arranged for his travel there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |date=March 19, 2015 |title=US Threatened Germany Over Snowden, Vice Chancellor Says |url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2015/03/19/us-threatened-germany-snowden-vice-chancellor-says/ |access-date=March 26, 2015 |website=The Intercept}}</ref>

Putin said on July 1, 2013, that if Snowden wanted to be granted [[Russian Federation Law on Refugees|asylum in Russia]], he would be required to "stop his work aimed at harming our American partners."<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 1, 2013 |title=Vladimir Putin: Edward Snowden must stop leaking secrets to stay in Russia |work=Politico |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/07/vladimir-putin-edward-snowden-russia-leaks-093617 |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> A spokesman for Putin subsequently said that Snowden had withdrawn his asylum application upon learning of the conditions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Elder |first=Miriam |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden withdraws Russian asylum request |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/02/edward-snowden-nsa-withdraws-asylum-russia-putin}}</ref>

In a July 12 meeting at Sheremetyevo Airport with representatives of human rights organizations and lawyers, organized in part by the Russian government,<ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news |last=Herszenhorn |first=David M. |date=July 16, 2013 |title=Leaker Files for Asylum to Remain in Russia |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/17/world/europe/snowden-submits-application-for-asylum-in-russia.html}}</ref> Snowden said he was accepting all offers of asylum that he had already received or would receive. He added that Venezuela's grant of asylum formalized his asylee status, removing any basis for state interference with his right to asylum.<ref name="20130712Telegraph">{{Cite news |date=July 12, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden's statement to human rights groups in full |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/10176529/Edward-Snowdens-statement-to-human-rights-groups-in-full.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/10176529/Edward-Snowdens-statement-to-human-rights-groups-in-full.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He also said he would request asylum in Russia until he resolved his travel problems.<ref name="usatasylum0712">{{Cite news |last=Stanglin |first=Doug |date=July 12, 2013 |title=Snowden has 'no regrets,' seeks asylum in Russia |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/07/12/edward-snowden-moscow-airport/2511207/ |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> Slovenian correspondent Polonca Frelih, the only journalist, who presented at the July 12 meeting with Snowden and photographed him,<ref name="Frelih.org">{{Cite web |last=Frelih |first=Polona |date=July 12, 2013 |title=Prišel je čas, da razpravljamo pri belem dnevu |url=https://frelih.org/si/pri%C5%A1el-je-%C4%8Das-da-razpravljamo-pri-belem-dnevu//}}</ref> reported that he "looked like someone without daylight for long time but strong enough psychologically" while expressing worries about his medical condition.<ref name="delo">{{Cite news |last=Frelih |first=Polona |date=July 12, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden: Ničesar ne obžalujem! |work=[[Delo (newspaper)|Delo]] |url=https://old.delo.si/novice/svet/edward-snowden-nicesar-ne-obzalujem.html}}</ref> Russian [[Federal Migration Service (Russia)|Federal Migration Service]] officials confirmed on July 16 that Snowden had submitted an application for temporary asylum.<ref name="TempAsyl">{{Cite news |date=July 16, 2013 |title=Fugitive Edward Snowden applies for asylum in Russia |work=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23328074 |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> On July 24, Kucherena said his client wanted to find work in Russia, travel and create a life for himself, and had already begun learning Russian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gabbatt |first=Adam |date=July 26, 2013 |title=US will not seek death penalty for Edward Snowden, Holder tells Russia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/26/us-no-death-penalty-edward-snowden-russia |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

Amid media reports in early July 2013 attributed to U.S. administration sources that Obama's one-on-one meeting with Putin, ahead of a [[2013 G-20 Saint Petersburg summit|G20 meeting in St Petersburg]] scheduled for September, was in doubt due to Snowden's protracted sojourn in Russia,<ref name="VenezuelaNYT">{{Cite news |last1=Neuman |first1=William |last2=Herszenhorn |first2=David M. |date=July 5, 2013 |title=Venezuela Offers Asylum to Snowden |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/06/world/snowden.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> top U.S. officials repeatedly made it clear to Moscow that Snowden should immediately be returned to the United States to face charges for the unauthorized leaking of classified information.<ref name="disappointing">{{Cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Arshad |date=July 24, 2013 |title=U.S. says allowing Snowden to leave airport would be disappointing |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-snowden-kerry-idUSBRE96N13M20130724}}</ref><ref name="flap">{{Cite news |last=Holland |first=Steve |date=July 17, 2013 |title=U.S. vague on whether Obama will go to Moscow amid Snowden flap |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-snowden-obama/u-s-vague-on-whether-obama-will-go-to-moscow-amid-snowden-flap-idUSBRE96G19320130717 |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Carneybrief">{{Cite web |date=July 12, 2013 |title=Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney, 7/12/2013 |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/07/12/press-briefing-press-secretary-jay-carney-7122013 |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]]}}</ref> His Russian lawyer said Snowden needed asylum because he faced persecution by the U.S. government and feared "that he could be subjected to torture and capital punishment."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Loiko |first=Sergei L. |date=July 16, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden requests temporary asylum in Russia in compromise |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-jul-16-la-fg-russia-snowden-20130717-story.html |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref>

On April 16, 2020, CNN reported that Edward Snowden had requested a three-year extension of his Russian residency permit.<ref name="snowden-russian-residency-2020">{{Cite web |last=Ilyushina |first=Mary |title=Edward Snowden requests a three-year extension of Russian residency |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/16/europe/edward-snowden-russian-residency-intl/index.html |website=CNN|date=April 16, 2020 }}</ref>

In October 2020, Snowden was granted permanent residency in Russia. His lawyer said that granting an unlimited residence permit became possible after changes in the migration legislation of the Russian Federation in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Snowden received an indefinite residence permit in Russia (in Russian)|work=Interfax|url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/732682}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Edward Snowden granted permanent residency in Russia|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/23/edward-snowden-granted-permanent-residency-in-russia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Edward Snowden gets permanent residency in Russia - lawyer|work=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/22/europe/edward-snowden-russia-residency-intl/index.html}}</ref>

On September 26, 2022, Putin granted Snowden Russian citizenship, making it impossible to extradite him to any country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-26 |title=Putin grants Russian citizenship to U.S. whistleblower Edward Snowden|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-grants-russian-citizenship-us-whistleblower-edward-snowden-2022-09-26/ |access-date=2022-09-26}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 15px; float: right; text-allgn: center;"
|+ Criminal Complaint
|-
| [[File:Letter from the US Attorney General to the Russian Minister of Justice relating to Edward Snowden.pdf|thumb|120px|center| Holder Letter]]
|-
| [[File:US v. Snowden Criminal Complaint Under Seal.pdf|thumb|120px|center| Criminal Complaint]]
|-
| [[File:US DOJ Statement on Snowden Hong Kong Arrest Request.pdf|thumb|120px|center| DOJ Press Release]]
|}

===Eric Holder letter to Russian Justice Minister===
In a letter to Russian Minister of Justice [[Aleksandr Konovalov (politician, born 1968)|Aleksandr Konovalov]] dated July 23, 2013, [[U.S. Attorney General]] [[Eric Holder]] repudiated Snowden's claim to refugee status and offered a limited validity passport good for direct return to the U.S.<ref name="holderletter">{{Cite news |date=July 26, 2013 |title=US attorney general's letter to Russian justice minister |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/26_07_13_attorney_general_letter_to_russian_justice_minister.pdf |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> He stated that Snowden would not be subject to torture or the death penalty, and would receive a trial in a civilian court with proper legal counsel.<ref name="NoDeathPenalty">{{Cite news |last=Horwitz |first=Sari |date=July 26, 2013 |title=U.S. won't seek death penalty for Snowden, Holder says in letter to Russian official |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-will-not-seek-death-penalty-for-snowden-holder-says-in-letter-to-russians/2013/07/26/5ab3f4da-f601-11e2-aa2e-4088616498b4_story.html}}</ref> The same day, the Russian president's spokesman reiterated that his government would not hand over Snowden, commenting that Putin was not personally involved in the matter and that it was being handled through talks between the FBI and Russia's [[Federal Security Service|FSB]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 26, 2013 |title=Russia and US security services 'in talks' over Snowden |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-23468459 |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>

==Criminal charges==
On June 14, 2013, United States federal prosecutors filed a criminal complaint<ref name="wp-snowden-charged">{{Cite web |last1=Finn |first1=Peter |last2=Horwitz |first2=Sari |date=June 21, 2013 |title=U.S. charges Snowden with espionage |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-charges-snowden-with-espionage/2013/06/21/507497d8-dab1-11e2-a016-92547bf094cc_story.html |access-date=June 9, 2020 |website=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> against Snowden, charging him with three felonies: theft of government property and two counts of violating the Espionage Act of 1917 (18 U. S. C. Sect. 792 et. seq.; Publ. L. 65-24) through unauthorized communication of national defense information and willful communication of classified communications intelligence information to an unauthorized person.<ref name="wapocharges">{{Cite news |last1=Finn |first1=Peter |last2=Horwitz |first2=Sari |date=June 21, 2013 |title=U.S. charges Snowden with espionage |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/us-charges-snowden-with-espionage/2013/06/21/507497d8-dab1-11e2-a016-92547bf094cc_story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name=holderletter />

Specifically, the charges filed in the Criminal Complaint were:
* 18 U.S.C. 641 Theft of Government Property
* 18 U.S.C. 793(d) Unauthorized Communication of National Defense Information
* 18 U.S.C. 798(a)(3) Willful Communication of Classified Intelligence Information to an Unauthorized Person
Each of the three charges carries a maximum possible prison term of ten years. The criminal complaint was initially secret but was unsealed a week later.

===Analysis of Criminal Complaint===
Stephen P. Mulligan and Jennifer K. Elsea, Legislative attorneys for the [[Congressional Research Service]], provide a 2017 analysis<ref name="mulligan-elsea-crs-analysis">{{Cite web |last1=Mulligan |first1=Stephen P. |last2=Elsea |first2=Jennifer K. |date=March 7, 2017 |title=Criminal Prohibitions on Leaks and Other Disclosures of Classified Defense Information |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/R41404.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2020 |website=www.fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}</ref> of the uses of the Espionage Act to prosecute unauthorized disclosures of classified information, based on what was disclosed, to whom, and how; the burden of proof requirements e.g. degrees of [[Mens Rea]] (guilty mind), and the relationship of such considerations to the First Amendment framework of protections of free speech are also analyzed. The analysis includes the charges against Snowden, among several other cases. The discussion also covers gaps in the legal framework used to prosecute such cases.

===Snowden response to Criminal Complaint===
Snowden was asked in a January 2014 interview about returning to the U.S. to face the charges in court, as Obama had suggested a few days prior. Snowden explained why he rejected the request: <blockquote>What he doesn't say are that the crimes that he's charged me with are crimes that don't allow me to make my case. They don't allow me to defend myself in an open court to the public and convince a jury that what I did was to their benefit. ... So it's, I would say, illustrative that the president would choose to say someone should face the music when he knows the music is a show trial.<ref name=ARDtranscript /><ref>{{Cite interview |last=Snowden |first=Edward |title=Snowden Interview in English ARD 480p |url=https://archive.org/details/SnowdenInterviewInEnglishARD480p |access-date=October 20, 2019 |work=[[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] |date=February 2, 2014 |time=29:20}}</ref></blockquote> Snowden's legal representative, [[Jesselyn Radack]], wrote that "the Espionage Act effectively hinders a person from defending himself before a jury in an open court." She said that the "arcane World War I law" was never meant to prosecute whistleblowers, but rather spies who betrayed their trust by selling secrets to enemies for profit. Non-profit betrayals were not considered.<ref name="WSJRadackEspionage">{{Cite news |last=Radack |first=Jesselyn |date=January 22, 2014 |title=Jesselyn Radack: Why Edward Snowden Wouldn't Get a Fair Trial |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303595404579318884005698684 |access-date=February 19, 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 15px; float: right; text-allgn: center;"
|+ Civil Complaint
|-
| [[File:United States Files Civil Lawsuit against Edward Snowden for Publishing a Book in Violation of CIA and NSA Non-Disclosure Agreements - OPA - Department of Justice.pdf|thumb|120px|center| DOJ Press Release]]
|-
| [[File:US DOJ Edward Snowden Civil Complaint.pdf|thumb|120px|center| DOJ Civil Complaint]]
|-
| [[File:US v. Snowden Civil Complaint Ruling.pdf|thumb|120px|center| EDVA Court Ruling]]
|}

==Civil lawsuit==
On September 17, 2019, the United States filed a lawsuit, Civil Action No. 1:19-cv-1197-LO-TCB, against Snowden for alleged violations of non-disclosure agreements with the CIA and NSA.<ref name="civilcharges20190917">{{Cite news |last=Stueve |first=Joshua |date=September 17, 2019 |title=United States Files Civil Lawsuit Against Edward Snowden |work=Department of Justice, U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of Virginia |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edva/pr/united-states-files-civil-lawsuit-against-edward-snowden |access-date=September 17, 2019}}</ref>
The two-count civil complaint alleged that Snowden had violated prepublication obligations related to the publication of his memoir ''Permanent Record''. The complaint listed the publishers [[Macmillan Inc.|Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC]] d.b.a. Henry Holt and Company and [[Holtzbrinck Publishing Group|Holtzbrink]], as relief-defendants.<ref name="Case1:19-cv-01197">{{Cite news |last=Hunt |first=Joseph |date=September 17, 2019 |title=United States of America v. Edward Snowden |work=Department of Justice |url=https://www.justice.gov/usao-edva/press-release/file/1203231/download |access-date=September 17, 2019}}</ref>
The Hon. [[Liam O'Grady]], a judge in the Alexandria Division of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia found for the United States (Plaintiff) by summary judgment, on both counts of the action.<ref name="snowden-civil-verdit">{{Cite web |last=Jacob Schulz |date=December 18, 2019 |title=Judge Rules Snowden Cannot Profit From Book |url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/judge-rules-snowden-cannot-profit-book |access-date=June 7, 2020 |website=www.lawfareblog.com}}</ref> The judgment also found that Snowden had been paid speaker honorariums totaling $1.03 million for a series of 56 speeches delivered by video link. The effect of the ruling was that the US government can collect the proceeds from his book and speeches and means that Snowden has to relinquish more than $5.2 million earned to a "constructive trust", created to transfer the money to the government.<ref name="Paid speeches" />

==Asylum in Russia==
{{Main|Edward Snowden asylum in Russia}}
On June 23, 2013, Snowden landed at Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport aboard a commercial Aeroflot flight from Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Loiko |first=Sergei L. |date=June 23, 2013 |title=Snowden stopping in Moscow en route to Cuba, Russian says |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-jun-23-la-fg-wn-snowden-expected-in-moscow-20130623-story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYT: back in the game" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Makinen |first=Julie |date=June 23, 2013 |title=Snowden leaves Hong Kong; final destination unclear |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2013-jun-23-la-fg-wn-hong-kong-snowden-20130623-story.html |access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> After 39 days in the transit section, he left the airport on August 1 and was granted [[Refugees and asylum in Russia|temporary asylum]] in Russia for one year by the [[Federal Migration Service (Russian Federation)|Federal Migration Service]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fantz |first1=Ashley |last2=Black |first2=Phil |last3=Martinez |first3=Michael |date=August 2, 2013 |title=Snowden out of airport, still in Moscow |publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/01/us/nsa-snowden/index.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref>

Snowden had the choice to apply for renewal of his temporary refugee status for 12 months or requesting a permit for temporary stay for three years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 31, 2014 |title=Snowden's temporary asylum status expires in Russia |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-28586840 |access-date=October 10, 2021}}</ref> A year later, his temporary refugee status having expired, Snowden received a three-year temporary residency permit allowing him to travel freely within Russia and to go abroad for up to three months. He was not granted permanent political asylum.<ref name="ResidencyNBC">{{Cite news |date=August 7, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden Can Stay in Russia for Three Years, Lawyer Says |work=NBC News |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/nsa-snooping/edward-snowden-can-stay-russia-three-years-lawyer-says-n174776 |access-date=August 7, 2014}}</ref> In 2017, his temporary residency permit was extended for another three years.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kramer |first=Andrew E.|author-link=Andrew Kramer|date=January 18, 2017 |title=Russia Extends Edward Snowden's Asylum|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/18/world/europe/edward-snowden-asylum-russia.html |access-date=March 18, 2018}}</ref>

In December 2013, Snowden told journalist Barton Gellman that supporters in Silicon Valley had donated enough [[bitcoin]] for him to live on.<ref name="Dark Mirror">{{Cite book |last=Gellman, Barton |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/316047/dark-mirror-by-barton-gellman/9780143110477 |title=Dark Mirror: Edward Snowden and the American Surveillance State |publisher=[[Penguin Press]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-1594206016}}</ref> (A single bitcoin was then worth about $1,000.<ref name="Paid speeches" />) In 2017, Snowden secretly married Lindsay Mills.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=MacAskill |first1=Ewen |last2=Topham |first2=Laurence |title='They wanted me gone': Edward Snowden tells of whistleblowing, his AI fears and six years in Russia|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2019/sep/13/edward-snowden-interview-whistleblowing-russia-ai-permanent-record |access-date=November 10, 2020}}</ref> By 2019, he no longer felt the need to be disguised in public and lived what was described by ''The Guardian'' as a "more or less normal life." He was able to travel around Russia and make a living from speaking arrangements, locally and over the internet.<ref name=":0" />

Snowden's memoir ''Permanent Record'' was released internationally on September 17, 2019, and while U.S. royalties were expected to be seized, he was able to receive an [[advance payment|advance]]<ref name=":0" /> of $4 million.<ref name="Paid speeches" /> The memoir reached the top position on [[Amazon.com|Amazon]]'s bestseller list that day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 17, 2019 |title=US sues for Edward Snowden's income from new book |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/us-sues-for-edward-snowdens-income-from-new-book/a-50468947 |access-date=October 19, 2019}}</ref> Snowden said his work for the NSA and CIA showed him that the United States Intelligence Community (IC) had "hacked the Constitution", and that he had concluded there was no option for him but to expose his revelations via the [[News media|press]]. In the memoir he wrote, "I realized that I was crazy to have imagined that the Supreme Court, or Congress, or President Obama, seeking to distance his administration from President George W. Bush's, would ever hold the IC legally responsible–for anything".<ref name="APBarrVehement" /> Of Russia he said, "One of the things that is lost in all the problematic politics of the Russian government is the fact this is one of the most beautiful countries in the world" with "friendly" and "warm" people.<ref name=":0" />

Snowden has also used the pseudonym John Dobbertin (after cryptographer [[Hans Dobbertin]]). In 2016, from Russia, Snowden participated in the [[The Ceremony (cryptography)|creation ceremony]] of the [[zcash]] cryptocurrency as John Dobbertin, by briefly holding a part of the private [[cryptographic key]] for the zcash [[Genesis (blockchain)|genesis block]], before destroying it.<ref name=forbes202204>{{cite news |title=Edward Snowden Revealed As Key Participant In Mysterious Ceremony Creating $2 Billion Anonymous Cryptocurrency |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeldelcastillo/2022/04/27/edward-snowden-revealed-as-key-participant-in-mysterious-ceremony-creating-2-billion-anonymous-cryptocurrency/?sh=6a3de8223b24 |last=del Castillo|first=Michael |work=Forbes |date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=May 1, 2022}}</ref>

On November 1, 2019, new amendments took effect introducing a permanent residence permit for the first time and removing the requirement to renew the pre-2019 so-called "permanent" residence permit every five years.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rinat Tairov |last2=Forbes Staff |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Россия выдала Сноудену бессрочный вид на жительство |trans-title=Russia issues Snowden an indefinite residence permit |url=https://www.forbes.ru/newsroom/obshchestvo/411963-rossiya-vydala-snoudenu-bessrochnyy-vid-na-zhitelstvo |access-date=October 11, 2021 |website=forbes.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2019 |title=Что изменится в российских законах в ноябре 2019 года |url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/31/10/2019/5db848849a7947ee1dea2450 |access-date=October 11, 2021 |website=[[RBK Group]] |language=ru}}</ref> The new permanent residence permit must be replaced three times in a lifetime like an ordinary [[Internal passport of Russia|internal passport for Russian citizens]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Сноудену дали бессрочный вид на жительство в России |url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/22/10/2020/5f916f899a7947bde5afb264 |access-date=October 11, 2021 |website=RBK Group |language=ru}}</ref> In accordance with that law, Snowden was in October 2020 granted permanent residence in Russia instead of another extension.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 22, 2020 |title=Сноуден получил бессрочный вид на жительство в России |language=ru |trans-title=Snowden received an indefinite residence permit in Russia |work=[[Interfax]] |url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/732682 |access-date=October 11, 2021}}</ref>

In April 2020, an amendment to [[Russian nationality law]] allowing foreigners to obtain Russian citizenship without renouncing a foreign citizenship came into force.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 24, 2020 |title=Путин подписал закон о получении гражданства без отказа от иностранного |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4331532 |access-date=April 28, 2021 |website=Kommersant |language=ru}}</ref> In November 2020, Snowden announced that he and his wife, Lindsay, who were expecting their son in late December, were applying for dual U.S.-Russian citizenship in order not to be separated from him "in this era of pandemics and closed borders."<ref name="Applies for Russian citizenship">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Andrew |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Edward Snowden applies for Russian citizenship for sake of future son |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/nov/02/edward-snowden-applies-for-russian-citizenship-for-sake-of-future-son |access-date=November 2, 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> On September 26, 2022, President Vladimir Putin granted Snowden Russian citizenship.<ref name="wp citizenship">{{Cite news |title=Putin grants citizenship to Edward Snowden, who exposed U.S. surveillance|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/09/26/putin-snowden-citizenship-russia/ |access-date=2022-09-27}}</ref><ref name="poder citizenship">{{Cite web |title=Putin concede cidadania russa a Edward Snowden |url=https://www.poder360.com.br/internacional/putin-concede-cidadania-russa-a-edward-snowden/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Poder360 |date=September 26, 2022 |language=pt-br}}</ref> The couple by then had two young sons born in Russia.<ref name="wp citizenship"/> On December 1, Snowden swore an oath of allegiance to Russia and received a Russian passport, according to his lawyer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-02 |title=Snowden receives Russian passport, takes citizenship oath |url=https://apnews.com/article/putin-europe-united-states-moscow-edward-snowden-48d05f2699466f1c5c9b5d04f57d553b |website=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Roth |first=Andrew |date=2022-12-02 |title=Edward Snowden gets Russian passport after swearing oath of allegiance |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/dec/02/edward-snowden-gets-russian-passport-after-swearing-oath-of-allegiance|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

Prior to the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]], he described the warnings from the United States about an imminent invasion as a 'disinformation campaign.' <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kerr |first1=Andrew |last2=Dunleavy |first2=Jerry |date=2022-03-09 |title=Why so silent? Edward Snowden has gone underground since Russia's invasion - Washington Examiner |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/1076767/why-so-silent-edward-snowden-has-gone-underground-since-russias-invasion/ |access-date=2024-08-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Political views==
Snowden has said that, in the [[2008 United States presidential election]], he voted for a [[Third party (U.S. politics)|third-party]] candidate; he also said that he "believed in Obama's promises". Following the election, he said that [[Barack Obama]] was continuing policies instated by [[George W. Bush]].<ref name="guardian-qa">{{Cite news |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |date=June 9, 2013 |title=NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden: 'I do not expect to see home again' |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/09/nsa-whistleblower-edward-snowden-why |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref>

In accounts published in June 2013, interviewers noted that Snowden's laptop displayed stickers supporting Internet freedom organizations including the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] (EFF) and the [[Tor (anonymity network)|Tor Project]].<ref name="guardian-reveal" /> A week after publication of his leaks began, ''[[Ars Technica]]'' confirmed that Snowden had been an active participant at the site's [[online forum]] and [[IRC]] channels from 2001 through May 2012, discussing a variety of topics under the pseudonym "TheTrueHOOHA". In an IRC discussion in 2009, Snowden said: <nowiki>''</nowiki>I went to London just last year it's where all of your Muslims live I didn't want to get out of the car. I thought I had gotten off of the plane in the wrong country... It was terrifying.<nowiki>''</nowiki> In a January 2009 entry, TheTrueHOOHA exhibited strong support for the U.S. security state apparatus and said leakers of classified information "should be shot in the balls".<ref name="arstechnica.com">{{Cite news |last=Mullin |first=Joe |date=June 26, 2013 |title=In 2009, Ed Snowden said leakers 'should be shot.' Then he became one. |work=[[Ars Technica]]|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/06/exclusive-in-2009-ed-snowden-said-leakers-should-be-shot-then-he-became-one/3/ |access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> Snowden disliked Obama's CIA director appointment of [[Leon Panetta]], saying: "Obama just named a fucking politician to run the CIA."<ref name="newrepublic">{{Cite magazine |last=Wilentz |first=Sean |date=January 19, 2014 |title=Would You Feel Differently About Snowden, Greenwald, and Assange If You Knew What They Really Thought? |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/116253/edward-snowden-glenn-greenwald-julian-assange-what-they-believe |magazine=New Republic |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> Snowden was also offended by a possible ban on assault weapons, writing: "Me and all my lunatic, gun-toting NRA compatriots would be on the steps of Congress before the C-Span feed finished."<ref name="newrepublic" /> Snowden disliked Obama's economic policies, was against Social Security, and favored [[Ron Paul]]'s call for a return to the [[gold standard]].<ref name="newrepublic" />

In 2019, Snowden said that U.S. Senator and then-presidential candidate [[Bernie Sanders]] is "the most fundamentally decent man in politics".<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1179510505708359681|user=Snowden|title=I am neither Democrat nor Republican, but Sanders is in my opinion the most fundamentally decent man in politics. His life-long struggle for a more equitable society is a reminder of how far we have come—and a challenge to complete the journey. #GetWellBernie|first=Edward|last=Snowden|date=October 2, 2019|access-date=October 5, 2023|url=https://twitter.com/snowden/status/1179510505708359681}}</ref> In 2024, following the [[United States Supreme Court]]'s [[Trump v. United States (2024)|decision of Donald Trump's presidential immunity]], Snowden blamed the [[2016 Democratic National Committee email leak#Bernie Sanders's campaign|DNC's interference in the 2016 primary]] for Donald Trump's election, stating that "[t]he DNC is the only reason you're not currently enjoying a second-term [Bernie] Sanders and a sane Supreme Court."<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1808521855646466119|user=Snowden|title=The DNC is the only reason you're not currently enjoying a second-term Sanders and a sane Supreme Court.|first=Edward|last=Snowden|date=July 3, 2024|access-date=July 4, 2024|url=https://twitter.com/snowden/status/1808521855646466119?s=46&t=W4MONnSrayYsOixg_2vRNw}}</ref>

==Reaction==
{{Main| Reactions to global surveillance disclosures}}
{{See also|Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure}}

===United States===
====Barack Obama====
In response to outrage by European leaders, President Barack Obama said in early July 2013 that all nations collect intelligence, including those expressing outrage. His remarks came in response to an article in the German magazine ''Der Spiegel''.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mason |first1=Jeff |last2=Felsenthal |first2=Mark |date=2013-07-01 |title=U.S. seeks to calm European outrage over alleged spying |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSDEE9600KY/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>

In 2014, Obama stated, "our nation's defense depends in part on the fidelity of those entrusted with our nation's secrets. If any individual who objects to government policy can take it into their own hands to publicly disclose classified information, then we will not be able to keep our people safe, or conduct foreign policy." He objected to the "sensational" way the leaks were reported, saying the reporting often "shed more heat than light." He said that the disclosures had revealed "methods to our adversaries that could impact our operations."<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 17, 2014 |title=Transcript Of President Obama's Speech On NSA Reforms |work=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2014/01/17/263480199/transcript-of-president-obamas-speech-on-nsa-reforms |access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref>

During a November 2016 interview with the German broadcaster [[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] and the German paper ''Der Spiegel'', then-outgoing President Obama said he "can't" pardon Edward Snowden unless he is physically submitted to US authorities on US soil.<ref name="snowden-obama-pardon">{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=Steven |date=November 11, 2016 |title=Obama's "Factually Incorrect" Edward Snowden Remarks: Game Over for a Pardon? |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2016-11-21/obamas-factually-incorrect-edward-snoden-remarks-game-over-for-a-pardon |access-date=June 12, 2016 |website=www.usnews.com |publisher=U.S. News & World Report}}</ref>

====Donald Trump====
In 2013, [[Donald Trump]] made a series of tweets in which he referred to Snowden as a "traitor", saying he gave "serious information to China and Russia" and "should be executed". Later that year he added a caveat, tweeting "if it and he could reveal Obama's [birth] records, I might become a major fan".<ref name="WaPoTrumpTweets">{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Christine |title=Trump once demanded Edward Snowden's execution for giving 'serious information' to Russia |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/05/16/trump-once-demanded-edward-snowdens-execution-for-giving-serious-information-to-russia/ |access-date=August 18, 2020 |website=WaPo}}</ref>

In August 2020, Trump said during a press conference that he would "take a look" at [[pardon]]ing Snowden, and added that he was "not that aware of the Snowden situation".<ref name="ReutersTrumpPardon">{{Cite news |last=Satter |first=Raphael |date=August 15, 2020 |title=Trump says he is considering pardon for leaker Edward Snowden |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-snowden/trump-says-hes-considering-pardon-for-leaker-edward-snowden-idUSKCN25B10Z |access-date=August 18, 2020}}</ref><ref name="HillTrumpPardon">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Ellen |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Top House Armed Services lawmakers warn against Trump pardoning Snowden |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/512373-top-house-armed-services-lawmakers-warn-against-trump-pardoning-snowden/ |access-date=August 18, 2020 |website=The Hill}}</ref> He stated, "There are many, many people–it seems to be a split decision that many people think that he should be somehow treated differently, and other people think he did very bad things, and I'm going to take a very good look at it."<ref name="APBarrVehement">{{Cite web |title=AP Exclusive: Barr 'vehemently opposed' to pardoning Snowden |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/ap-exclusive-barr-vehemently-opposed-pardoning-snowden-72523574 |access-date=August 21, 2020 |website=ABC/AP}}</ref>

''[[Forbes]]'' described Trump's willingness to consider a pardon as "leagues away" from his 2013 views. Snowden responded to the announcement saying, "the last time we heard a White House considering a pardon was 2016, when the very same Attorney General who once charged me conceded that, on balance, my work in exposing the NSA's unconstitutional system of mass surveillance had been 'a public service'."<ref name="ForbedSnowdenTrumpRe">{{Cite web |last=Sandler |first=Rachael |title=Trump Says He Will 'Take A Look' At Pardoning Edward Snowden |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/rachelsandler/2020/08/15/trump-says-he-will-take-a-look-at-pardoning-edward-snowden/#162eb8ef7832 |access-date=August 18, 2020 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Top members of the [[House Armed Services Committee]] immediately voiced strong opposition to a pardon, saying Snowden's actions resulted in "tremendous harm" to national security, and that he needed to stand trial. [[Liz Cheney]] called the idea of a pardon "unconscionable". A week prior to the announcement, Trump also said he had been thinking of letting Snowden return to the U.S. without facing any time in jail.<ref name="HillTrumpPardon" />

Days later, [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[William Barr]] told the Associated Press he was "vehemently opposed" to the idea of a pardon, saying "[Snowden] was a traitor and the information he provided our adversaries greatly hurt the safety of the American people, he was peddling it around like a commercial merchant. We can't tolerate that."<ref name="APBarrVehement" />

====Public figures====
''[[Pentagon Papers]]'' leaker [[Daniel Ellsberg]] called Snowden's release of NSA material the most significant leak in U.S. history.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mirkinson |first=Jack |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Daniel Ellsberg Calls Edward Snowden A 'Hero,' Says NSA Leak Was Most Important in American History |work=Huffington Post |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/10/edward-snowden-daniel-ellsberg-whistleblower-history_n_3413545.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref name="ellsbergstasi">{{Cite news |last=Ellsberg |first=Daniel |date=June 10, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden: saving us from the United Stasi of America |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jun/10/edward-snowden-united-stasi-america}}</ref> Shortly before the September 2016 release of his biographical thriller film ''[[Snowden (film)|Snowden]],'' a semi-fictionalized drama based on the life of Edward Snowden with a short appearance by Snowden himself, [[Oliver Stone]] said that Snowden should be pardoned, calling him a "patriot above all" and suggesting that he should run the NSA himself.<ref name="wendy-mesley">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ueczcri7IJs |title=Oliver Stone on Edward Snowden and privacy rights |date=September 11, 2016 |last=Mesley |first=Wendy |publisher=[[CBC News]] |series=[[The National (TV program)|The National]]}}</ref>

In a December 18, 2013, CNN editorial, former NSA whistleblower [[Trailblazer Project|J. Kirk Wiebe]], known for his involvement in the NSA's Trailblazer Project, noted that a federal judge for the [[District of Columbia]], the [[Richard J. Leon|Hon. Richard J. Leon]], had ruled in a contemporaneous case before him that the NSA warrantless surveillance program was likely unconstitutional; Wiebe then proposed that Snowden should be granted [[amnesty]] and allowed to return to the United States.<ref name="wiebe-editorial">{{Cite web |last=J. Kirk Wiebe |date=December 18, 2013 |title=Who broke the law, Snowden or the NSA? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2013/12/17/opinion/wiebe-snowden-amnesty |access-date=June 10, 2020 |website=CNN }}</ref>

====Government officials====
Numerous high-ranking current or former [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]] officials reacted publicly to Snowden's disclosures.

:'''2013'''
:* Director of National Intelligence [[James Clapper]] condemned the leaks as doing "huge, grave damage" to U.S. intelligence capabilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blake |first=Aaron |date=June 9, 2013 |title=Clapper: Leaks are 'literally gut-wrenching,' leaker being sought |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2013/06/09/clapper-leaks-are-literally-gut-wrenching-leaker-being-sought/ |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> Ex-CIA director [[R. James Woolsey, Jr.|James Woolsey]] said that if Snowden were convicted of treason, he should be hanged.<ref name="Fox News Channel">{{Cite news |last=Tomlinson |first=Lucas |date=December 17, 2013 |title=Ex-CIA director: Snowden should be 'hanged' if convicted for treason |publisher=Fox News Channel |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/ex-cia-director-snowden-should-be-hanged-if-convicted-for-treason |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>
:*FBI director [[Robert Mueller]] said that the U.S. government is "taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for these disclosures."<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ingram |first1=David |last2=MacInnis |first2=Laura |date=June 13, 2013 |title=FBI director says U.S. will hold Snowden responsible on NSA leak |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-security-mueller/fbi-director-says-u-s-will-hold-snowden-responsible-on-nsa-leak-idUKBRE95C0Q420130613 |access-date=August 10, 2018}}</ref>
:'''2014'''
:* [[House Intelligence Committee]] chairman [[Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)|Mike Rogers]] and ranking member [[Dutch Ruppersberger]] said a classified Pentagon report written by military intelligence officials contended that Snowden's leaks had put U.S. troops at risk and prompted terrorists to change their tactics and that most files copied were related to current U.S. military operations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dilanian |first=Ken |date=January 9, 2014 |title=Snowden leaks severely hurt U.S. security, two House members say |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://latimes.com/nation/la-na-snowden-intel-20140110,0,4005644.story#axzz2q3PiJALa |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref>
:* Former congressman [[Ron Paul]] began a petition urging the Obama administration to grant Snowden [[clemency]].<ref name="APPaul">{{Cite news |date=February 19, 2014 |title=Ron Paul starts Snowden clemency petition |work=Yahoo |agency=Associated Press |url=https://news.yahoo.com/ron-paul-starts-snowden-clemency-petition-155138542--politics.html |access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> Paul released a video on his website saying, "Edward Snowden sacrificed his livelihood, citizenship, and freedom by exposing the disturbing scope of the NSA's worldwide spying program. Thanks to one man's courageous actions, Americans know about the truly egregious ways their government is spying on them."<ref name="WaPoPaul">{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Timothy |date=February 14, 2014 |title=The Switchboard: Ron Paul starts petition for Snowden clemency |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/02/14/the-switchboard-ron-paul-starts-petition-for-sonwden-clemency/ |access-date=February 19, 2014}}</ref>
:* [[John Michael McConnell|Mike McConnell]]—former NSA director and current vice chairman at Booz Allen Hamilton—said that Snowden was motivated by revenge when the NSA did not offer him the job he wanted. "At this point," said McConnell, "he being narcissistic and having failed at most everything he did, he decides now I'm going to turn on them."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hartmann |first=Margaret |date=February 5, 2014 |title=Booz Allen Exec Describes How Snowden Deceived His Former Employer |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/02/booz-allen-exec-describes-how-snowden-did-it.html |access-date=April 11, 2015 |website=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref>
:* Former President [[Jimmy Carter]] said that if he were still president today he would "certainly consider" giving Snowden a pardon were he to be found guilty and imprisoned for his leaks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Sean |date=March 26, 2014 |title=Jimmy Carter says he would consider pardoning Edward Snowden |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2014/03/26/jimmy-carter-says-he-would-consider-pardoning-edward-snowden/ |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>
:* Former Secretary of State [[Hillary Clinton]] said, "[W]e have all these protections for whistleblowers. If [Snowden] were concerned and wanted to be part of the American debate...it struck me as...sort of odd that he would flee to China because Hong Kong is controlled by China, and that he would then go to Russia—two countries with which we have very difficult cyberrelationships." As Clinton saw it, "turning over a lot of that material—intentionally or unintentionally—drained, gave all kinds of information, not only to big countries but to networks and terrorist groups and the like. So I have a hard time thinking that somebody who is a champion of privacy and liberty has taken refuge in Russia, under Putin's authority."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roller |first=Emma |date=April 25, 2014 |title=Hillary Clinton: Edward Snowden's Leaks Helped Terrorists |work=NationalJournal.com |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/hillary-clinton-edward-snowden-s-leaks-helped-terrorists-20140425 |access-date=April 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202412/http://www.nationaljournal.com/defense/hillary-clinton-edward-snowden-s-leaks-helped-terrorists-20140425 |archive-date=April 26, 2014}}</ref> Clinton later said that if Snowden wished to return to the U.S., "knowing he would be held accountable," he would have the right "to launch both a legal defense and a public defense, which can, of course, affect the legal defense."<ref name="ClintonJuly4">{{Cite news |last=Greenwood |first=Phoebe |date=July 4, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden should have right to legal defence in US, says Hillary Clinton |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/04/edward-snowden-legal-defence-hillary-clinton-interview}}</ref>
:* Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] said Snowden had "damaged his country very significantly" and "hurt operational security" by telling terrorists how to evade detection. "The bottom line," Kerry added, "is this man has betrayed his country, sitting in Russia where he has taken refuge. You know, he should man up and come back to the United States."<ref name="ManUp">{{Cite news |date=May 28, 2014 |title=Kerry: Edward Snowden should "man up" and come home |work=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/sec-kerry-edward-snowden-should-man-up-and-come-home/ |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref>
:* Former Vice President [[Al Gore]] said Snowden "clearly violated the law so you can't say OK, what he did is all right. It's not. But what he revealed in the course of violating important laws included violations of the U.S. Constitution that were way more serious than the crimes he committed. In the course of violating important law, he also provided an important service. ... Because we did need to know how far this has gone."<ref name="GuardianAlGore">{{Cite web |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |date=June 10, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden's NSA leaks 'an important service', says Al Gore |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/10/edward-snowden-nsa-leaks-important-service-al-gore |access-date=June 11, 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>
:* In 2014, [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|deputy defense secretary]] and later [[United States Secretary of Defense|defense secretary]] [[Ashton Carter]] said, "We had a cyber Pearl Harbor. His name was Edward Snowden." Carter charged that U.S. security officials "screwed up spectacularly in the case of Snowden. And this knucklehead had access to destructive power that was much more than any individual person should have access to."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitlock |first=Craig |date=December 5, 2014 |title=Ashton Carter, passed over before, gets picked by Obama to be defense secretary |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/ash-carter-passed-over-before-gets-picked-by-obama-to-lead-pentagon/2014/12/05/33a2429a-7c95-11e4-9a27-6fdbc612bff8_story.html |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref>

====Debate====
In the U.S., Snowden's actions precipitated an intense debate on privacy and warrantless domestic surveillance.<ref name="usatoday1">{{Cite news |last=Rieder |first=Rem |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Rieder: Snowden's NSA bombshell sparks debate |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/columnist/rieder/2013/06/12/rem-rieder-surveillance/2415753/ |access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=August 29, 2013|title=Spy chief lauds Snowden-sparked debate|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/spy-chief-lauds-snowden-sparked-debate/story-e6frg6so-1226718193276|access-date=October 24, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328112559/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/spy-chief-lauds-snowden-sparked-debate/story-e6frg6so-1226718193276|url-status=dead}}</ref> President Obama was initially dismissive of Snowden, saying "I'm not going to be scrambling jets to get a 29-year-old hacker."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pecquet |first=Julian |date=June 27, 2013 |title=US won't 'scramble jets' to capture 'hacker' Snowden, Obama says |work=The Hill |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/154736-us-wont-scramble-jets-to-capture-hacker-snowden-says-obama/ |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 27, 2013 |title=Obama refuses to barter for Edward Snowden |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-23084166 |access-date=January 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Henry |first=Ed |date=June 27, 2013 |title=Obama downplays Snowden case, says US not 'scrambling jets' to get 'hacker' |publisher=Fox News Channel |url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/obama-downplays-snowden-case-says-us-not-scrambling-jets-to-get-hacker |access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> In August 2013, Obama rejected the suggestion that Snowden was a patriot,<ref name="CNN081313">{{Cite news |last=Wolf |first=Z. Byron |date=August 13, 2013 |title=Fact-checking Obama's claims about Snowden |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/12/politics/obama-snowden-whistleblower}}</ref> and in November said that "the benefit of the debate he generated was not worth the damage done, because there was another way of doing it."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Remnick |first=David|author-link=David Remnick|date=January 27, 2014 |title=Going the Distance: On and off the road with Barack Obama |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/01/27/going-the-distance-david-remnick}}</ref>

In June 2013, U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont shared a "must-read" news story on his blog by [[Ron Fournier]], stating "Love him or hate him, we all owe Snowden our thanks for forcing upon the nation an important debate. But the debate shouldn't be about him. It should be about the gnawing questions his actions raised from the shadows."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fournier |first=Ron |date=June 12, 2013 |title=Why I Don't Care About Edward Snowden |url=https://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/must-read/why-i-dont-care-about-edward-snowden |access-date=April 11, 2015 |website=[[National Journal]] |via=Sen. Bernie Sanders |archive-date=March 28, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328122925/http://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/must-read/why-i-dont-care-about-edward-snowden |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015, Sanders stated that "Snowden played a very important role in educating the American public" and that although Snowden should not go unpunished for breaking the law, "that education should be taken into consideration before the sentencing."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thielman |first=Sam |date=October 14, 2015 |title=Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders call for Edward Snowden to face trial |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/oct/13/clinton-sanders-snowden-nsa-democratic-debate |access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref>

Snowden said in December 2013 that he was "inspired by the global debate" ignited by the leaks and that NSA's "culture of indiscriminate global espionage ... is collapsing."<ref name="autogenerated8">{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Bradley |date=December 17, 2013 |title=Snowden bides for political asylum in Brazil |url=https://talkingpointsmemo.com/news/snowden-petitions-brazil-for-asylum-in-exchange-for-help-with-spying |website=[[Talking Points Memo]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

At the end of 2013, ''The Washington Post'' said that the public debate and its offshoots had produced no meaningful change in policy, with the status quo continuing.<ref name=autogenerated12 />

In 2016, on ''[[The Axe Files]]'' [[Political podcast|podcast]], former U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said that Snowden "performed a public service by raising the debate that we engaged in and by the changes that we made." Holder nevertheless said that Snowden's actions were inappropriate and illegal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaffe |first=Matthew |date=May 30, 2016 |title=Eric Holder says Edward Snowden performed a 'public service' |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/30/politics/axe-files-axelrod-eric-holder/index.html |access-date=May 31, 2016 |website=cnn.com |publisher=[[Cable News Network (CNN)]]}}</ref>

In September 2016, the bipartisan [[U.S. House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]] completed a review of the Snowden disclosures and said that the federal government would have to spend millions of dollars responding to the fallout from Snowden's disclosures.<ref name="HouseReport">{{Cite web |date=September 15, 2016 |title=Executive Summary of Review of the Unauthorized Disclosures of Former National Security Agency Contractor Edward Snowden |url=http://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/hpsci_snowden_review_-_unclass_summary_-_final.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928053841/http://intelligence.house.gov/uploadedfiles/hpsci_snowden_review_-_unclass_summary_-_final.pdf |archive-date=September 28, 2016 |access-date=October 1, 2016 |publisher=[[United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence]]}}</ref> The report also said that "the public narrative popularized by Snowden and his allies is rife with falsehoods, exaggerations, and crucial omissions."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desch |first=Jack |date=September 16, 2016 |title=Hollywood and Washington battle to define Snowden's image |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Passcode/2016/0916/Hollywood-and-Washington-battle-to-define-Snowden-s-image |access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref> The report was denounced by ''Washington Post'' reporter Barton Gellman, who, in an opinion piece for [[The Century Foundation]], called it "aggressively dishonest" and "contemptuous of fact."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gellman |first=Barton |author-link=Barton Gellman |date=September 16, 2016 |title=The House Intelligence Committee's Terrible, Horrible, Very Bad Snowden Report |work=[[The Century Foundation]] |url=https://tcf.org/content/commentary/house-intelligence-committees-terrible-horrible-bad-snowden-report/ |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>

====Presidential panel====
In August 2013, President Obama said that he had called for a review of U.S. surveillance activities before Snowden had begun revealing details of the NSA's operations,<ref name=CNN081313 /> and announced that he was directing DNI James Clapper "to establish a review group on intelligence and communications technologies."<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |date=August 13, 2013 |title=White House insists James Clapper will not lead NSA surveillance review |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/13/white-house-james-clapper-nsa-surveillance-review |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farivar |first=Cyrus |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Obama's 'outside experts' surveillance review panel has deep ties to gov't |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/08/obamas-reported-outside-experts-surveillance-review-panel-has-deep-ties-to-govt/}}</ref> In December, the task force issued 46 recommendations that, if adopted, would subject the NSA to additional scrutiny by the courts, Congress, and the president, and would strip the NSA of the authority to infiltrate American computer systems using [[backdoor (computing)|backdoors]] in hardware or software.<ref name="reviewpanel">{{Cite news |last1=Sanger |first1=David E.|author1-link=David E. Sanger|last2=Savage|first2=Charlie|author2-link=Charlie Savage (author)|date=December 18, 2013 |title=Obama panel recommends new limits on N.S.A. spying |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/19/us/politics/report-on-nsa-surveillance-tactics.html}}</ref> Panel member [[Geoffrey R. Stone]] said there was no evidence that the bulk collection of phone data had stopped any [[terror attacks]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Isikoff |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Isikoff |date=December 20, 2013 |title=NSA program stopped no terror attacks, says White House panel member |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/nsa-program-stopped-no-terror-attacks-says-white-house-panel-flna2D11783588 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221133023/http://investigations.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/12/19/21975158-nsa-program-stopped-no-terror-attacks-says-white-house-panel-member?lite |archive-date=December 21, 2013}}</ref>

====Court rulings (United States)====
On June 6, 2013, in the wake of Snowden's leaks, conservative public interest lawyer and [[Judicial Watch]] founder [[Larry Klayman]] filed a lawsuit claiming that the federal government had unlawfully collected metadata for his telephone calls and was harassing him. In ''[[Klayman v. Obama]]'', Judge Richard J. Leon referred to the NSA's "almost-Orwellian technology" and ruled the bulk telephone metadata program to be likely unconstitutional.<ref name="WaPoUnconstitutional">{{Cite news |last=Nakashima |first=Ellen |date=December 17, 2013 |title=Judge: NSA's collecting of phone records is probably unconstitutional |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/judge-nsas-collecting-of-phone-records-is-likely-unconstitutional/2013/12/16/6e098eda-6688-11e3-a0b9-249bbb34602c_story.html |access-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref>
Leon's ruling was stayed pending an appeal by the government.
Snowden later described Judge Leon's decision as vindication.<ref name="PoliticoPulizer">{{Cite web |last=Byers |first=Dylan |date=March 13, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden looms over Pulitzer Prizes |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/03/edward-snowden-pulitzer-prize-washington-post-guardian-nsa-104608 |access-date=March 13, 2014 |website=Politico}}</ref>

On June 11, the ACLU filed a lawsuit against James Clapper, Director of National Intelligence, alleging that the NSA's phone records program was unconstitutional. In December 2013, ten days after Judge Leon's ruling, Judge [[William H. Pauley III]] came to the opposite conclusion. In ''[[ACLU v. Clapper]]'', although acknowledging that privacy concerns are not trivial, Pauley found that the potential benefits of surveillance outweigh these considerations and ruled that the NSA's collection of phone data is legal.<ref name="NYTBulkLegal">{{Cite news |last=Liptak |first=Adam|author-link=Adam Liptak|date=December 27, 2013 |title=Judge Upholds NSA's Bulk Collection of Data on Calls|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/28/us/nsa-phone-surveillance-is-lawful-federal-judge-rules.html |access-date=March 13, 2014}}</ref>

[[Gary Schmitt]], former staff director of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, wrote that "The two decisions have generated public confusion over the constitutionality of the NSA's data collection program—a kind of judicial 'he-said, she-said' standoff."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmitt |first=Gary |date=January 13, 2014 |title=A Tale of Two Judges |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/a-tale-of-two-judges |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=The Washington Examiner}}</ref>

On May 7, 2015, in the case of ''ACLU v. Clapper'', the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] said that [[Section 215]] of the [[Patriot Act]] did not authorize the NSA to collect Americans' calling records in bulk, as exposed by Snowden in 2013. The decision voided U.S. District Judge William Pauley's December 2013 finding that the NSA program was lawful, and remanded the case to him for further review. The appeals court did not rule on the constitutionality of the bulk surveillance and declined to enjoin the program, noting the pending expiration of relevant parts of the Patriot Act. Circuit Judge [[Gerard E. Lynch]] wrote that, given the national security interests at stake, it was prudent to give Congress an opportunity to debate and decide the matter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 7, 2015 |title=U.S. NSA's phone spying program ruled illegal by appeals court |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-security-nsa-idUSL1N0XY1OK20150507 |access-date=May 7, 2015}}</ref>

On September 2, 2020, a US federal court ruled that the [[US intelligence]]'s mass surveillance program, exposed by Edward Snowden, was illegal and possibly unconstitutional. They also stated that the US intelligence leaders, who publicly defended it, were not telling the truth.<ref name="reuters.com" />

====USA Freedom Act====
On June 2, 2015, the U.S. Senate passed, and President Obama signed, the [[USA Freedom Act]] which restored in modified form several provisions of the Patriot Act that had expired the day before, while for the first time imposing some limits on the bulk collection of telecommunication data on U.S. citizens by American intelligence agencies. The new restrictions were widely seen as stemming from Snowden's revelations.<ref name="CNN passes">{{Cite news |last=Diamond |first=Jeremy |title=NSA surveillance bill passes after weeks-long showdown |work=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/02/politics/senate-usa-freedom-act-vote-patriot-act-nsa/ |access-date=June 12, 2015 |quote="The bill's passage is the culmination of efforts to reform the NSA that blossomed out of NSA leaker Edward Snowden's 2013 revelations."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chappell |first=Bill |date=June 2, 2015 |title=Senate Approves USA Freedom Act, After Amendments Fail |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/02/411534447/senateis-poised-to-vote-on-house-approved-usa-freedom-act |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref>

===Europe===
In an official report published in October 2015, the [[United Nations special rapporteur]] for the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of speech, Professor [[David Kaye (law professor)|David Kaye]], criticized the U.S. government's harsh treatment of, and bringing criminal charges against, whistleblowers, including Edward Snowden. The report found that Snowden's revelations were important for people everywhere and made "a deep and lasting impact on law, policy, and politics."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Froomkin |first=Dan |date=October 23, 2015 |title=U.N. Report Calls on Governments to Protect Whistleblowers Like Snowden, Not Prosecute Them |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/10/23/u-n-report-calls-on-governments-to-protect-whistleblowers-like-snowden-not-prosecute-them/ |website=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report of the Special Rapporteur to the General Assembly on the Protection of Sources and Whistleblowers |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/FreedomOpinion/Pages/ProtectionOfSources.aspx |publisher=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref> The [[European Parliament]] invited Snowden to make a pre-recorded video appearance to aid their NSA investigation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 9, 2014 |title=European parliament invites Edward Snowden to testify via video |work=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press (Brussels) |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jan/09/edward-snowden-invited-testify-video-european-parliament-nsa-surveillance?CMP=twt_fd&CMP=SOCxx2I2 |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Gregor |date=December 12, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden to Make Video Appearance to European Parliament |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/edward-snowden-to-make-video-appearance-to-european-parliament-a-938725.html |website=Der Spiegel}}</ref> Snowden gave written testimony in which he said that he was seeking asylum in the EU, but that he was told by European Parliamentarians that the U.S. would not allow EU partners to make such an offer.<ref name="NPREUasyl">{{Cite web |last=Peralta |first=Eyder |date=March 7, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden Tells EU Parliament He Wants Asylum in Europe |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2014/03/07/287459845/edward-snowden-tells-eu-parliament-he-wants-asylum-in-europe |publisher=NPR}}</ref> He told the Parliament that the NSA was working with the security agencies of EU states to "get access to as much data of EU citizens as possible."<ref name="PCworldEU">{{Cite web |last=Essers |first=Loek |title=NSA created 'European bazaar' to spy on EU citizens, Snowden tells European Parliament |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2105840/nsa-created-european-bazaar-to-spy-on-eu-citizens-snowden-tells-european-parliament.html |access-date=March 10, 2014 |website=PSWorld}}</ref> He said that the NSA's Foreign Affairs Division lobbies the EU and other countries to change their laws, allowing for "everyone in the country" to be spied on legally.<ref name="BoingBoingEU">{{Cite web |last=Doctorow |first=Cory |date=March 7, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden's magnificent testimony to the EU |url=http://boingboing.net/2014/03/07/edward-snowdens-magnificent.html |access-date=March 10, 2014 |website=BoingBoing}}</ref>

====Austria, Italy and Switzerland====
Snowden applied for asylum in [[Austria]],<ref name="snowden-asylum-austria-reuters">{{Cite web |last=Scherer |first=Steve |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Snowden sought Austrian asylum: Austria |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-snowden-austria-idUSBRE9610BA20130702 |access-date=April 25, 2022 |website=www.reuters.com |publisher=Reuters |location=Vienna}}</ref> Italy<ref name="snowden-asylum-italy-reuters">{{Cite web |last=Shields |first=Michael |date=July 4, 2013 |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=Alison |title=Italy rejects Snowden asylum request |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-snowden-idUSBRE9630IG20130704 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313012245/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-snowden-idUSBRE9630IG20130704 |archive-date=March 13, 2016 |access-date=June 12, 2020 |website=www.reuters.com |publisher=Reuters |location=Rome}}</ref> and Switzerland.<ref name="snowden-asylum-switzerland-independent">{{Cite web |last=Culzac |first=Natasha |date=September 9, 2014 |title=Switzerland "could grant Edward Snowden asylum if he testifies against NSA" |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerland-could-grant-edward-snowden-asylum-if-he-testifies-against-nsa-9718462.html |access-date=June 12, 2020 |website=www.independent.co.uk |publisher=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="snowden-asylum-switzerland-npr">{{Cite web |last=Neumann |first=Scott |date=March 6, 2015 |title=Snowden: Asylum in Switzerland A "Great Political Option" |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/03/06/391279409/snowden-asylum-in-switzerland-a-great-po;itical-option |access-date=June 12, 2020 |website=www.npr.org |publisher=NPR |location=Rome}}</ref><ref name="snowden-asylum-switzerland-bbc">{{Cite web |last=Neumann |first=Scott |date=March 6, 2015 |title=US spy case: Snowden seeks Switzerland asylum move |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-31763789 |access-date=June 12, 2020 |website=www.bbc.org |publisher=BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)}}</ref>
Snowden, speaking to a [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] audience via video link from Moscow, said he would love to return to Geneva, where he had previously worked undercover for the CIA. Swiss media said that the Swiss Attorney General had determined that Switzerland would not extradite Snowden if the US request were considered "politically motivated". Switzerland would grant Snowden asylum if he revealed the extent of espionage activities by the United States government. According to the paper ''Sonntags Zeitung'', Snowden would be granted safe entry and residency in Switzerland, in return for his knowledge of American intelligence activities. Swiss paper ''Le Matin'' reported that Snowden's activity could be part of criminal proceedings or part of a parliamentary inquiry.

====France====
On September 16, 2019, it was reported that Snowden had said he "would love" to get political asylum in France.<ref name="snowden-france-asylum">{{Cite web |last=Cerulus |first=Laurens |date=September 16, 2019 |title=Edward Snowden "would love" to get political asylum in France |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/edward-snowden-would-love-to-get-political-asylum-in-france/ |access-date=April 25, 2022 |website=www.politico.eu |publisher=Politico }}</ref>
Snowden first applied unsuccessfully for asylum in France in 2013, under then French President [[François Hollande]]. His second request, under President [[Emmanuel Macron]], was favorably received by Justice Minister [[Nicole Belloubet]]. However, no other members of the French government were known to express support for Snowden's asylum request, possibly due to the potential adverse diplomatic consequences.

====Germany====
[[Hans-Georg Maaßen]], head of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, Germany's domestic security agency, speculated that Snowden could have been working for the Russian government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 10, 2016 |title=Verfassungsschutzchef hält russische Agententätigkeit Snowdens für plausibel |language=de |trans-title=Head of Constitutional Protection Agency considers it plausible that Snowden is a Russian agent |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |url=https://www.spiegel.de/netzwelt/netzpolitik/hans-georg-maassen-edward-snowden-ein-russischer-agent-a-1096833.html |access-date=July 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 9, 2016 |title=Live-Blog aus dem Geheimdienst-Untersuchungsausschuss: "Ob Snowden russischer Agent ist, kann ich nicht beurteilen." |trans-title=Live Blog from the German Parliamentary Committee investigation of intelligence agencies: "I cannot assess if Snowden is a Russian agent." |url=https://netzpolitik.org/2016/live-blog-aus-dem-geheimdienst-untersuchungsausschuss-verfassungsschutz-praesident-maassen-und-vorgaenger-fromm/ |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=[[netzpolitik.org]] |language=de}}</ref> Snowden rejected this insinuation,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Knobbe |first1=Martin |last2=Schindler |first2=Jörg |date=September 12, 2017 |title=Interview with Edward Snowden: 'There Is Still Hope - Even for Me' |page=2 |work=[[Spiegel Online]] |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/edward-snowden-interview-there-is-still-hope-a-1166752.html}}</ref> speculating on Twitter in German that "it cannot be proven if Maaßen is an agent of the [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|SVR]] or FSB."<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=740971373321965572 |user=Snowden |title=Ob Maaßen Agent des SVR oder FSB ist, kann derzeit nicht belegt werden. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ #BfV #NSAUA |date=June 9, 2016 |access-date=October 24, 2019 |language=de |trans-title=At present, it cannot be proven if Maaßen is an agent of the SVR or FSB. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ #BfV #NSAUA |first=Edward |last=Snowden}}</ref>
On October 31, 2013, Snowden met with German Green Party lawmaker [[Hans-Christian Ströbele]] in Moscow to discuss the possibility of Snowden giving testimony in Germany.<ref name="snowden-stroebele">{{Cite web |last=Hudson |first=Alexandra |date=October 31, 2013 |title=German MP meets Snowden, says he is willing to come to Germany for inquiry |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-germany-snowden/german-mp-meets-snowden-says-he-is-willing-to-come-to-germany-for-inquiry-idUSBRE99U1DL20131031 |access-date=June 10, 2020 |website=www.reuters.com |publisher=Reuters |location=Berlin}}</ref>
At the meeting, Snowden gave Ströbele a letter to the German government, parliament, and federal Attorney-General, the details of which were to later be made public.
Germany later blocked Snowden from testifying in person in an NSA inquiry, citing a potential ''grave strain'' on US-German relations.<ref name="snowden-germany-blocked">{{Cite web |last=Oltermann |first=Philip |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Germany blocks Edward Snowden from testifying in person in NSA inquiry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/01/germany-edward-snowden-nsa-inquiry |access-date=June 10, 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]] |location=Berlin}}</ref>

====Nordic countries====
The FBI demanded that Nordic countries arrest Snowden should he visit their countries.<ref name="snowden-scandinavia">{{Cite web |last=Crouch |first=David |date=August 28, 2015 |title=The FBI demanded that Scandinavian countries arrest and extradite Edward Snowden if he flew to any of those countries and claimed asylum, newly releases official documents reveal |url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/aug/28/edward-snowden-fbi-norway-extradite-julian-assange |access-date=June 12, 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref> Snowden made asylum requests to Sweden, [[Norway]], [[Finland]] and [[Denmark]].<ref name=Guardian21CountriesAsylum/> All requests were ultimately denied, with varying degrees of severity in the response.
According to Finnish foreign ministry spokeswoman [[Tytti Pylkkö]], Snowden made an asylum request to Finland by sending an application to the Finnish embassy in Moscow while he was confined to the transit area of the Sheremetyevo International Airport in Moscow, but was told that Finnish law required him to be on Finnish soil.<ref name=snowden-finland>{{Cite web |last= |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Finland says can't accept Snowden asylum request |url=https://www.uk.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-security-snowden-finland-idUKBRE96109D20130702 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902232716/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-security-snowden-finland-idUKBRE96109D20130702 |archive-date=September 2, 2016 |access-date=June 12, 2020 |website=www.uk.reuters.com |location=Helsinki}}</ref>
According to SVT News, Snowden met with three Swedish MP's; [[Matthias Sundin]] (L), [[Jakop Dalunde]] (MP) and [[Cecilia Magnusson]] (M), in Moscow, to discuss his views on mass surveillance.<ref name=snoden-sweden>{{Cite news |last= |date=March 27, 2015 |title=Swedish politicians in meeting with Snowden |work=Sveriges Radio |publisher=Radio Sweden (Sverige Radio) |url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6128529 |access-date=June 12, 2020}}</ref>
The meeting was organized by the Right Livelihood Award Foundation, which awarded Snowden the ''Right Livelihood Honorary Award'',<ref name=snowden-swedish-award>{{Cite web |last= |date=June 23, 2020 |title=Edward Snowden 2014 USA |url=https://www.rightlivelihoodaward.org/laureates/edward-snowden/ |access-date=June 23, 2020 |website=Rightlivlihoodaward.com |publisher=The Right Livlihood Award |location=Stockholm}}</ref> often called Sweden's "Alternative Nobel Prize". According to the foundation, the prize was for Snowden's work on press freedom. Sweden ultimately rejected Snowden's asylum, however, so the award was accepted by his father, Lon Snowden, on his behalf.

Snowden was granted a freedom of speech award by the Oslo branch of the writer's group [[PEN International]]. He applied for asylum in Norway but Norwegian Justice Secretary [[Pål Lønseth]] insisted that the application be made on Norwegian soil and further expressed doubt that Snowden met the criteria for gaining asylum - being "important for foreign political reasons". Snowden then filed a lawsuit for free passage through Norway in order to receive his freedom of speech award, through Oslo's District Court, followed by an appeals court, and finally Norway's Supreme Court. The lawsuit was ultimately rejected by the Norwegian Supreme Court.<ref name=snowden-norway-bbc >{{Cite web |last= |date=November 25, 2016 |title=Edward Snowden loses Norway safe passage case |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-38109167 |access-date=June 12, 2020 |website=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)}}</ref><ref name="snowden-norway-independent">{{Cite web |last=Payton |first=Matt |date=November 25, 2016 |title=Edward Snowden's extradition lawsuit rejected by Norway's Supreme Court |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/edward-snowden-norway;-supreme-court-extradition-lawsuit-free-speech-a7439926.html |access-date=June 12, 2020 |website=www.independent.co.uk |publisher=Independent}}</ref><ref name=snowden-norway-reuters>{{Cite web |last= |date=June 27, 2016 |title=Norwegian court rejects Edward Snowden lawsuit on free passage |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-snowden-norway-idUSKCN0ZD11Y |access-date=June 12, 2020 |website=www.reuters.com |publisher=Reuters |location=Oslo}}</ref>
Snowden also applied for asylum in Denmark, but this was rejected by the center-right Danish Prime Minister [[Lars Løkke Rasmussen]], who said he could see no reason to grant Snowden asylum, calling him a "criminal".<ref name=snowden-denmark-asylum>{{Cite news |last= |date=November 4, 2015 |title=Danish PM: No asylum for "criminal" Snowden |url=https://www.thelocal.dk/20151104/danish-pm-no-asylum-for-criminal-edward-snowden |access-date=June 12, 2020 |newspaper=The Local Denmark |publisher=The Local}}</ref>
Apparently, under an agreement with the Danish government, a US government jet lay in wait on standby in [[Copenhagen]], to transfer Snowden back to the United States from any Scandinavian country.<ref name="us-jet-snowden-copenhagen">{{Cite web |last=Crouch |first=David |date=February 5, 2016 |title=US government jet lay in wait Snowden in Copenhagen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/05/edward-snowden-us-government-jet-wait-copenhagen-denmark |access-date=June 12, 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

===Latin and South America===
Support for Snowden came from Latin and South American leaders including the Argentinian President [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], Brazilian President [[Dilma Rousseff]], Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa, Bolivian President Evo Morales, Venezuelan President [[Nicolás Maduro]], and Nicaraguan President [[Daniel Ortega]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 4, 2015 |title=Latin American leaders have expressed support for whistleblower |work=[[Buenos Aires Herald]] |url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/190809/latin-american-leaders-have-expressed-support-for-whistleblower |access-date=October 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609032654/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/190809/latin-american-leaders-have-expressed-support-for-whistleblower |archive-date=June 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shoichet |first=Catherine E. |date=June 28, 2013 |title=Ecuador's president to U.S.: Don't threaten us on Snowden case |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/28/world/americas/ecuador-snowden |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>

===Global community===
[[File:DigiGes PRISM Yes we scan - Demo am Checkpoint Charlie June 2013.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A demonstration at [[Checkpoint Charlie]] in Berlin during Barack Obama's visit on June 18, 2013]]
Crediting the Snowden leaks, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] unanimously adopted Resolution 68/167 in December 2013. The non-binding resolution denounced unwarranted digital surveillance and included a symbolic declaration of the right of all individuals to online privacy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Williams |first=Carol J. |date=December 19, 2013 |title=U.N. votes to protect online privacy; Edward Snowden leaks credited |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://latimes.com/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-un-surveillance-privacy-rights-edward-snowden-20131219,0,1981619.story#axzz2nzV4bWSn |access-date=April 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 26, 2013 |title=UN advances digital privacy resolution after reports of US eavesdropping |work=Fox News |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/un-advances-digital-privacy-resolution-after-reports-of-us-eavesdropping |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 21, 2014 |title=United Nations Resolution 68/167M |url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/68/167 |access-date=April 26, 2017 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

In July 2014, [[Navi Pillay]], UN [[High Commissioner for Human Rights]], told a news conference in Geneva that the U.S. should abandon its efforts to prosecute Snowden, since his leaks were in the public interest.<ref name="NaviPillay">{{Cite news |last1=Nebehay |first1=Stephanie |last2=Miles |first2=Tom |date=July 16, 2014 |title=U.N.'s Pillay suggests Snowden should not face trial |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-security-un-idUSKBN0FL1PB20140716 |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref>

===Public opinion polls===
{{Main|Commentary on Edward Snowden's disclosure}}
[[File:-FsA14 - Freiheit statt Angst 065 (14898354439) (2).jpg|thumb|A rally in Germany in support of Snowden on August 30, 2014]]
Surveys conducted by news outlets and professional polling organizations found that American public opinion was divided on Snowden's disclosures and that those polled in Canada and Europe were more supportive of Snowden than respondents in the U.S., although more Americans have grown more supportive of Snowden's disclosure. In Germany, Italy, France, the Netherlands, and Spain, more than 80% of people familiar with Snowden view him positively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 21, 2015 |title=Edward Snowden Unpopular at Home, A Hero Abroad, Poll Finds |work=U.S. News |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/04/21/edward-snowden-unpopular-at-home-a-hero-abroad-poll-finds}}</ref>

===Recognition===
{{Main|List of awards received by Edward Snowden}}
For his global surveillance disclosures, Snowden has been honored by publications and organizations based in Europe and the United States. He was voted as ''The Guardian''{{'}}s person of the year 2013, garnering four times the number of votes as any other candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rice-Oxley |first1=Mark |last2=Haddou |first2=Leila |last3=Perraudin |first3=Frances |date=December 9, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden voted Guardian person of the year 2013 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/09/edward-snowden-voted-guardian-person-of-year-2013 |access-date=October 20, 2019}}</ref>

===Teleconference speaking engagements===
In March 2014, Snowden spoke at the [[South by Southwest]] (SXSW) Interactive technology conference in [[Austin, Texas]], in front of 3,500 attendees. He participated by teleconference carried over multiple routers running the [[Google Hangouts]] platform. On-stage moderators were [[Christopher Soghoian]] and Snowden's legal counsel Wizner, both from the ACLU.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Griggs |first1=Brandon |last2=Gross |first2=Doug |date=March 10, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden speaks at SXSW, calls for public oversight of U.S. spy programs |work=CNN Tech |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/10/tech/web/edward-snowden-sxsw/ |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> Snowden said that the NSA was "setting fire to the future of the internet," and that the SXSW audience was "the firefighters".<ref name="DeLuca2014">{{Cite news |last=DeLuca |first=Dan |date=March 12, 2014 |title=NSA leaker Snowden is the rock star of SXSW Interactive |work=The Inquirer |publisher=Philly.com |url=http://articles.philly.com/2014-03-12/news/48122662_1_edward-snowden-nsa-leaker-snowden-southwest-interactive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Clark |first=Liat |date=March 10, 2014 |title=Snowden: the NSA is 'setting fire to the future of the internet' |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-03/10/edward-snowden-sxsw |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505113952/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-03/10/edward-snowden-sxsw |archive-date=May 5, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Garling |first=Caleb |date=March 11, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden pushes Web privacy at South by Southwest |work=San Francisco Chronicle |url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Edward-Snowden-pushes-Web-privacy-at-South-by-5305080.php}}</ref> Attendees could use Twitter to send questions to Snowden, who answered one by saying that information gathered by corporations was much less dangerous than that gathered by a government agency, because "governments have the power to deprive you of your rights."<ref name=DeLuca2014 /> Then-Representative [[Mike Pompeo]] (R-KS) of the House Intelligence Committee, later [[Director of the Central Intelligence Agency|director of the CIA]] and [[United States Secretary of State|secretary of state]], had tried unsuccessfully to get the SXSW management to cancel Snowden's appearance; instead, SXSW director Hugh Forrest said that the NSA was welcome to respond to Snowden at the 2015 conference.<ref name=DeLuca2014 />
[[File:Edward Snowden's Surprise Appearance at TED.jpg|thumb|right|Snowden addressing a TED conference from Russia via telepresence robot]]
Later that month, Snowden appeared by teleconference at the [[TED (conference)|TED]] conference in [[Vancouver]], British Columbia. Represented on stage by a robot with a video screen, video camera, microphones, and speakers, Snowden conversed with TED curator [[Chris Anderson (entrepreneur)|Chris Anderson]] and told the attendees that online businesses should act quickly to encrypt their websites. He described the NSA's PRISM program as the U.S. government using businesses to collect data for them, and that the NSA "intentionally misleads corporate partners" using, as an example, the [[Bullrun (decryption program)|Bullrun decryption program]] to create backdoor access.<ref name="Rowan2014">{{Cite magazine |last=Rowan |first=David |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Snowden: Big revelations to come, reporting them is not a crime |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-03/18/snowden-ted |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> Snowden said he would gladly return to the U.S. if given [[Immunity from prosecution (international law)|immunity from prosecution]], but that he was more concerned about alerting the public about abuses of government authority.<ref name=Rowan2014 /> Anderson invited Internet pioneer [[Tim Berners-Lee]] on stage to converse with Snowden, who said that he would support Berners-Lee's concept of an "internet Magna Carta" to "encode our values in the structure of the internet."<ref name=Rowan2014 /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Wohlsen |first=Marcus |date=March 18, 2014 |title=Ed Snowden Meets the Father of the World Wide Web |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/business/2014/03/ed-snowden-meets-father-web-stage-ted/}}</ref>

On September 15, 2014, Snowden appeared via remote video link, along with Julian Assange, on [[Kim Dotcom]]'s ''Moment of Truth'' town hall meeting held in [[Auckland]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Safi |first1=Michael |last2=Parkinson |first2=Hannah Jane |date=September 15, 2014 |title=Kim Dotcom accuses New Zealand government of mass spying – live updates |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2014/sep/15/kim-dotcom-accused-nz-government-of-mass-spying-live |access-date=April 11, 2015}}</ref> He made a similar video link appearance on February 2, 2015, along with Greenwald, as the keynote speaker at the World Affairs Conference at [[Upper Canada College]] in Toronto.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 2, 2015 |title=Edward Snowden tells students mass data collection can hamper attempts to foil attacks |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/edward-snowden-tells-students-mass-data-collection-can-hamper-attempts-to-foil-attacks-1.2940798 |access-date=February 21, 2015}}</ref>

In March 2015, while speaking at the [[International Film Festival and Forum on Human Rights|FIFDH]] (international human rights film festival) he made a public appeal for Switzerland to grant him asylum, saying he would like to return to live in Geneva, where he once worked undercover for the Central Intelligence Agency.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nebehay |first=Stephanie |date=March 6, 2015 |title=Edward Snowden Wants Switzerland To Grant Him Asylum |work=The Huffington Post |url=https://huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/06/edward-snowden-switzerland-asylum_n_6816302.html |access-date=June 11, 2015}}</ref>

In April 2015, [[John Oliver]], the host of [[Last Week Tonight with John Oliver]], flew to Moscow to interview Edward Snowden.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Robinson |first=Joanna |date=April 6, 2015 |title=John Oliver Flew to Moscow to Interview Edward Snowden. Yes, Really. |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/04/edward-snowden-john-oliver-interview |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref>

On November 10, 2015, Snowden appeared at the [[Newseum]], via remote video link, for [[PEN American Center]]'s "Secret Sources: Whistleblowers, National Security and Free Expression," event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2015 |title=Secret Sources: Whistleblowers, National Security, and Free Expression |url=https://pen.org/event/secret-sources-whistleblowers-national-security-and-free-expression/ |access-date=November 24, 2015 |website=PEN America }}</ref>

In 2015, Snowden earned over $200,000 from digital speaking engagements in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Isikoff |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Isikoff |last2=Kelley |first2=Michael B. |date=August 11, 2016 |title=In exile, Edward Snowden rakes in speaking fees while hoping for a pardon |work=[[Yahoo! News]] |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/edward-snowden-making-most-digital-000000490.html}}</ref>
[[File:Edward Snowden LibrePlanet 2016.webm|thumb|Edward Snowden speaking at LibrePlanet 2016]]

On March 19, 2016, Snowden delivered the opening keynote address of the [[LibrePlanet]] conference, a meeting of international [[free software]] activists and developers presented by the [[Free Software Foundation]]. The conference was held at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and was the first such time Snowden spoke via teleconference using a full free software stack, end-to-end.{{technical inline|date=June 2016}}<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Snowden, Edward |last2=Daniel Kahn Gillmor |title=Libreplanet 2016: The Last Lighthouse: Free Software In Dark Times |url=https://media.libreplanet.org/u/libreplanet/m/libreplanet-2016-the-last-lighthouse-3d51/ |access-date=June 2, 2016 |website=media.libreplanet.org |publisher=Free Software Foundation |format=video, [[WebM]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicholson, Deb |date=March 29, 2016 |title=LibrePlanet begins with Snowden, ends with DRM protest |url=https://opensource.com/life/16/3/libreplanet-2016 |access-date=June 2, 2016 |website=opensource.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gold, Jon |date=March 19, 2016 |title=Edward Snowden: Privacy can't depend on corporations standing up to the government |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/3046135/edward-snowden-privacy-cant-depend-on-corporations-standing-up-to-the-government.html |access-date=June 2, 2016 |website=networkworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Popa, Bogdan |date=March 22, 2016 |title=Snowden Used Free Software Because He Was Afraid of Backdoors in Microsoft Apps |url=https://news.softpedia.com/news/snowden-used-free-software-because-he-was-afraid-of-backdoors-in-microsoft-apps-502039.shtml |access-date=June 2, 2016 |publisher=SoftPedia News |quote=NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden attended the Free Software Foundation LibrePlanet 2016 conference remotely from Russia to discuss the advantages of free applications, explaining that he couldn't trust Microsoft software when revealing government's surveillance programs in 2013.}}</ref>

On July 21, 2016, Snowden and hardware hacker [[Bunnie Huang]], in a talk at [[MIT Media Lab]]'s Forbidden Research event, published research for a smartphone case, the so-called ''Introspection Engine'', that would monitor signals received and sent by that phone to provide an alert to the user if his or her phone is [[Cellphone surveillance|transmitting or receiving information when it shouldn't be]] (for example when it's turned off or in airplane mode), a feature described by Snowden to be useful for journalists or activists operating under hostile governments that would otherwise track their activities through their phones.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Andrew (bunnie) |last2=Snowden |first2=Edward |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Against the Law: Countering Lawful Abuses of Digital Surveillance |url=https://www.tjoe.org/pub/direct-radio-introspection |journal=The Journal of Open Engineering |doi=10.21428/12268 |access-date=August 7, 2016 |doi-access=free |issn=2471-2388 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |title=Snowden Designs a Device to Warn if Your iPhone's Radios Are Snitching |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/07/snowden-designs-device-warn-iphones-radio-snitches/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mott |first=Nathaniel |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Edward Snowden designs phone case to show when data is being monitored|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/21/phone-case-privacy-data-monitor-bluetooth-wifi-snowden-introspection-engine |access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Palazzo |first=Chiara |title=Edward Snowden co-designs an iPhone case that alerts user to surveillance activity |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/07/22/edward-snowden-co-designs-an-iphone-case-that-alerts-user-to-sur/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/07/22/edward-snowden-co-designs-an-iphone-case-that-alerts-user-to-sur/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In August 2020, a court filing by the Department of Justice indicated that Snowden had collected a total of over $1.2 million in speaking fees in addition to advances on books since 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McCarthy |first1=Tom |last2=Pengelly |first2=Martin |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Edward Snowden has taken $1.2m in speaking fees in exile, US filing says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/17/edward-snowden-speaking-fees |access-date=August 17, 2020 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> In September 2021, [[Yahoo! Finance]] reported that for 67 speaking appearances by video link from September 2015–May 2020, Snowden had earned more than $1.2 million. In March 2021, [[Iowa State University]] paid him $35,000 for one such speech, his first at a public U.S. college since February 2017, when the [[University of Pittsburgh]] paid him $15,000.<ref name="Paid speeches" />

In April 2021, Snowden appeared at a Canadian investment conference sponsored by Sunil Tulsiani, a former policeman who had been barred from trading for life after dishonest behavior.<ref name=ctv.tulsiani/> Snowden took the opportunity to affirm his role as a whistleblower, inform viewers of Tulsiani's background, and encourage investors to conduct proper research before spending any money.<ref name="ctv.tulsiani">{{Cite news |last=Yun |first=Tom |title=Canadian whom Edward Snowden called out for past involvement in a multi-million dollar scheme says he's 'worked hard to move on' |work=CTV |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/business/canadian-whom-edward-snowden-called-out-for-past-involvement-in-a-multi-million-dollar-scheme-says-he-s-worked-hard-to-move-on-1.5415875 |access-date=May 5, 2021}}</ref><ref name="boing.tulsiani">{{Cite news |last=FRAUENFELDER |first=MARK |title=This "quasi-criminally" charged investor invited Edward Snowden to speak at conference, and Snowden exposed him |work=CTV |url=https://boingboing.net/2021/04/27/this-quasi-criminally-charged-investor-invited-edward-snowden-to-speak-at-conference-and-snowden-exposed-him.html |access-date=April 27, 2021}}</ref>

===The "Snowden effect"===
{{Main|Snowden effect}}
In July 2013, media critic [[Jay Rosen]] defined the "Snowden effect" as "Direct and indirect gains in public knowledge from the cascade of events and further reporting that followed Edward Snowden's leaks of classified information about the surveillance state in the U.S."<ref name="RosenSnowdenEffect">{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Jay |date=July 5, 2013 |title=The Snowden Effect: definition and examples |url=http://pressthink.org/2013/07/the-snowden-effect-definition-and-examples/ |access-date=February 18, 2015 |website=Jay Rosen's PressThink}}</ref> In December 2013, ''The Nation'' wrote that Snowden had sparked an overdue debate about national security and individual privacy.<ref name="NationSnowdenEffect">{{Cite magazine |last=Alterman |first=Eric |date=December 20, 2013 |title=What the Press Should Learn From the 'Snowden Effect' |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/what-press-should-learn-snowden-effect/ |magazine=The Nation |access-date=March 2, 2014 |archive-date=July 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725132450/http://www.thenation.com/article/what-press-should-learn-snowden-effect/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In ''Forbes'', the effect was seen to have nearly united the U.S. Congress in opposition to the massive [[post-9/11]] domestic intelligence gathering system.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Watson |first=Tom |title=The Snowden Effect Hits Congress: Will Effective Crowdsourced Lobbying Follow? |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomwatson/2013/07/18/the-snowden-effect-hits-congress-will-effective-crowdsourced-lobbying-follow/ |access-date=March 2, 2014}}</ref> In its Spring 2014 Global Attitudes Survey, the [[Pew Research Center]] found that Snowden's disclosures had tarnished the image of the United States, especially in Europe and Latin America.<ref name="PewJuly2014">{{Cite report |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2014/07/14/global-opposition-to-u-s-surveillance-and-drones-but-limited-harm-to-americas-image/ |title=Global Opposition to U.S. Surveillance and Drones, but Limited Harm to America's Image |date=July 14, 2014 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>

==Jewel v. NSA==
On November 2, 2018, Snowden provided a court [[Declaration (law)|declaration]] in ''[[Jewel v. NSA|Jewel v. National Security Agency]],'' confirming that a document relied upon in the case, discussing the mass surveillance program known as [[Stellar Wind]], is actually the same document that he came upon during the course of his employment as an NSA contractor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohn |first=Cindy |date=November 2, 2018 |title=Snowden Files Declaration in NSA Spying Case Confirming Authenticity of Draft Inspector General Report Discussing Unprecedented Surveillance of Americans, Which He Helped Expose |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/11/snowden-files-declaration-nsa-spying-case-confirming-authenticity-draft-inspector |access-date=November 14, 2018 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2018 |title=Jewel v. NSA Snowden Declaration |url=https://www.eff.org/document/jewel-v-nsa-snowden-declaration |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2, 2018 |title=Jewel v. NSA Reply Brief |url=https://www.eff.org/document/jewel-v-nsa-reply-brief |access-date=October 24, 2019 |website=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''[[Permanent Record (autobiography)|Permanent Record]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jessica |first=Corbett |date=August 2, 2019 |title=Edward Snowden Shares His Story in New Memoir That Hits Shelves in September |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/08/01/edward-snowden-shares-his-story-new-memoir-hits-shelves-september |access-date=August 2, 2019 |website=[[Common Dreams]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Edward Snowden announces memoir 'Permanent Record' for fall release |url=https://ew.com/books/2019/08/01/edward-snowden-memoir-permanent-record/ |access-date=August 2, 2019 |website=EW.com}}</ref> {{ISBN|9781529035650|}}

==In popular culture==
{{Main|Edward Snowden in popular culture}}

* Snowden's impact as a public figure has been felt in cinema,<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Snowden'' (2016) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=snowden.htm |access-date=December 31, 2016 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> television,<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2020 |title=''Homeland'' Declassified: Battles, Backlash, CIA Meetings and a Secret Call With Edward Snowden |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/homeland-declassified-battles-backlash-cia-meetings-a-secret-call-edward-snowden-1269957 |access-date=February 11, 2020 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> advertising,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Sarah Anne |title=More Snowden Bus Ads Coming To D.C. |url=https://dcist.com/story/14/01/02/more-snowden-bus-ads-coming-to-dc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105060359/http://dcist.com/2014/01/more_snowden_bus_ads_coming_to_dc.php |archive-date=January 5, 2014 |access-date=March 31, 2014 |website=DCist}}</ref> video games,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yes, already: Two video games about Edward Snowden and stealthy data |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/video-games/yes-already-two-video-games-about-edward-snowden-stealthy-data-f6C10508739 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725063126/http://www.nbcnews.com/tech/video-games/yes-already-two-video-games-about-edward-snowden-stealthy-data-f6C10508739 |archive-date=July 25, 2015 |access-date=March 31, 2014 |website=NBC News|date=July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundby |first=Alex |date=August 2, 2013 |title=Edward Snowden cast as hero in smartphone game |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/edward-snowden-cast-as-hero-in-smartphone-game/ |access-date=March 31, 2014 |website=CNET}}</ref> literature,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glenn Greenwald |title=No Place to Hide |url=https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250062581 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425100531/http://us.macmillan.com/noplacetohide/GlennGreenwald |archive-date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=April 17, 2014 |website=macmillan.com |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Flood |first=Alison |date=May 20, 2014 |title=Edward Snowden gets his own graphic biography |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/may/20/edward-snowden-gets-graphic-biography-nsa-whistleblower |access-date=May 20, 2014 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> music,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharp |first=Tyler |date=February 9, 2015 |title=Rivers Cuomo guests on new Big Data track, "Snowed In" |work=Alternative Press |url=https://www.altpress.com/news/rivers_cuomo_guests_on_new_big_data_track_snowed_in/ |access-date=March 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Wang |first=Amy X. |date=April 15, 2016 |title=Edward Snowden hooked up with a French electronica artist to cut a track about cybersecurity |work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |url=https://qz.com/662914/the-sounds-of-snowden-welcome-to-the-year-of-politics-poorly-disguised-as-music/ |url-access=limited |access-date=March 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Montemarano |first=Mike |title='Blood on the Sand:' A Conversation With Thrice |url=https://www.baeblemusic.com/musicblog/4-25-2016/blood-on-the-sand-a-conversation-with-thrice.html |access-date=April 25, 2016 |website=Baeble Music |archive-date=April 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429091609/http://www.baeblemusic.com/musicblog/4-25-2016/blood-on-the-sand-a-conversation-with-thrice.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> statuary,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sifferlin |first=Alexandra |date=April 6, 2015 |title=New York City Takes Down Edward Snowden Statue Erected By Guerilla Artists |magazine=Time |url=https://time.com/3772906/edward-snowden-statue-removed/ |access-date=April 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sewell |first=Anne |date=May 2, 2015 |title=Statues Of Whistleblowers Edward Snowden, Julian Assange, Bradley Manning Unveiled in Berlin, Germany |work=[[Inquisitr]] |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/2060467/statues-of-whistleblowers-edward-snowden-julian-assange-bradley-manning-unveiled-in-berlin-germany/ |access-date=May 5, 2015}}</ref> and social media.<ref name="ArsTwitterNSA">{{Cite web |last=Mullin |first=Joe |date=September 29, 2015 |title=Ed Snowden joins Twitter, follows only the NSA |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/09/ed-snowden-joins-twitter-follows-only-the-nsa/ |access-date=October 5, 2015 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref name="SCMTwitter">{{Cite web |last=Haq |first=Husna |date=September 30, 2015 |title=Edward Snowden just joined Twitter. He's already creating a stir (+video) |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2015/0930/Edward-Snowden-just-joined-Twitter.-He-s-already-creating-a-stir |access-date=October 2, 2015 |website=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref>
* Snowden gave Channel 4's [[Alternative Christmas message]] in December 2013.<ref name="Guardian130919">{{Cite news |last=MacAskill |first=Ewen |date=September 13, 2019 |title='They wanted me gone': Edward Snowden tells of whistleblowing, his AI fears and six years in Russia |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2019/sep/13/edward-snowden-interview-whistleblowing-russia-ai-permanent-record |access-date=September 16, 2019}}</ref>
* The film ''[[Snowden (film)|Snowden]]'', based on Snowden's leaking of classified US government material, directed by [[Oliver Stone]] and written by Stone and Kieran Fitzgerald, was released in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Snowden |url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/snowden-film |access-date=September 16, 2019 |website=British Board of Film Classification}}</ref> ''Snowden'' grossed a total of $37,357,216 at the box office worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2022 |title=Box office mojo |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/releases/rl74483201 |access-date=31 October 2022 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> The documentary ''[[Citizenfour]]'' directed by [[Laura Poitras]] won [[Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature|Best Documentary Feature]] at the [[87th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Citizenfour'' (2014) Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2015 |access-date=January 15, 2015 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>
* In 2016, Snowden's voice was featured on a song called "Exit' on the album ''[[Electronica 2: The Heart of Noise]]'' by French [[electronic music]] artist [[Jean-Michel Jarre]].<ref name=":3" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Freedom of speech|United States|Politics}}
{{div col}}
* [[Aftermath of the global surveillance disclosures]]
** [[Global surveillance and journalism]]
* [[List of whistleblowers]]
** [[Philip Agee#Allegations of KGB/Cuban intelligence involvement|Philip Agee]]
** [[Julian Assange]]
** [[Chelsea Manning]]
* [[ECHELON]]
* [[German Parliamentary Committee investigating the NSA spying scandal]]
* [[Mass surveillance in the United States]]
* [[NSA warrantless surveillance (2001–2007)]]
* [[Operation Socialist]] (code name)
* [[Russian influence operations in the United States]]
* [[Stellar Wind (code name)]]
* [[Terrorist Surveillance Program]]
* [[Haven (software)]] – free and open-source Android app co-developed by Snowden and [[The Guardian Project (software)|The Guardian Project]]
* [[Vulkan files leak]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Notes}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box|about=yes|by=yes}}
* {{Cite book |last=Duns |first=Jeremy |title=News of Devils: The Media and Edward Snowden |date=November 25, 2014 |publisher=Amazon Digital Services, Inc. |location=[[Seattle]], Washington |ref=none |author-link=Jeremy Duns}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gellman |first=Barton |title=Dark Mirror: Edward Snowden and the American Surveillance State |date=May 19, 2020 |publisher=Penguin Press |location=New York |ref=none |author-link=Barton Gellman}}
* {{Cite book |last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |title=No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. Surveillance State |title-link=No Place to Hide (Greenwald book) |date=May 13, 2014 |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |location=London |ref=none |author-link=Glenn Greenwald}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gurnow |first=Michael |title=The Edward Snowden Affair: Exposing the Media and Politics Behind the NSA Scandal |date=April 1, 2014 |publisher=Blue River Press |location=Indianapolis |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Luke |title=The Snowden Files: The Inside Story of the World's Most Wanted Man |title-link=The Snowden Files: The Inside Story of the World's Most Wanted Man |date=February 6, 2014 |publisher=Guardian Faber |location=London |ref=none |author-link=Luke Harding}}
* Lanchester, John. {{Cite web |date=October 3, 2013 |title=The Snowden files: why the British public should be worried about GCHQ |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/03/edward-snowden-files-john-lanchester |access-date=April 11, 2015 |website=[[The Guardian]]}} October 3, 2013.
* {{Cite book |last=Lucas |first=Edward |title=The Snowden Operation: Inside the West's Greatest Intelligence Disaster |date=January 23, 2014 |publisher=Amazon Kindle Single |ref=none |author-link=Edward Lucas (journalist)}}
* [[Joseph Margulies (lawyer)|Margulies, Joseph]]. "[https://verdict.justia.com/2013/07/17/the-promise-of-may-the-betrayal-of-june-and-the-larger-lesson-of-manning-and-snowden The Promise of May, the Betrayal of June, and the Larger Lesson of Manning and Snowden]." ''Verdict''. Justia. July 17, 2013.
* {{Cite web |last1=Mulligan |first1=Stephen P. |last2=Elsea |first2=Jennifer K. |date=March 7, 2017 |title=Criminal Prohibitions on Leaks and Other Disclosures of Classified Defense Information |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/R41404.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2020 |website=www.fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service |ref=none}}
*{{Cite book |url=https://cup.columbia.edu/book/whistleblowing-nation/9780231194174 |title=Whistleblowing Nation: The History of National Security Disclosures and the Cult of State Secrecy |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780231194174 |editor-last=Mistry |editor-first=Kaeten |location=New York |format=Paperback |ref=none |editor2-last=Gurman |editor2-first=Hannah}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|collapsible=true|wikt=no|q=Edward Snowden|s=Author:Edward Joseph Snowden|v=no|b=no|n=Category:Edward Snowden|d=Q13424289|voy=no|species=no}}
* {{Twitter}}
* [https://edwardsnowden.substack.com/people/39023675-edward-snowden Edward Snowden] on [[Substack]]
* {{Cite web |title=NSA leaks: a timeline |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/fault-lines/FaultLinesBlog/2013/11/1/nsa-leaks-a-timeline.html |access-date=April 11, 2015 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}} November 1, 2013
* {{Cite news |date=June 5, 2013 |title=The NSA Files |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/the-nsa-files |access-date=April 11, 2015}} (Index of articles)
* {{Cite news |last=Nakashima |first=Ellen |date=June 9, 2013 |title=NSA Secrets |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nsa-secrets |url-status=dead |access-date=April 11, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718014748/http://www.washingtonpost.com/nsa-secrets |archive-date=July 18, 2013 |ref=none}} (Index of articles)
* "[http://www.ub.uio.no/fag/informatikk-matematikk/informatikk/faglig/bibliografier/no21984.html Global Surveillance"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105104332/https://www.ub.uio.no/fag/informatikk-matematikk/informatikk/faglig/bibliografier/no21984.html |date=January 5, 2019 }} An annotated and categorized "overview of the revelations following the leaks by the whistleblower Edward Snowden. There are also some links to comments and followups." By [[Oslo University]] Library
* "[https://www.aclu.org/nsa-documents-search?page=1 The NSA Archive"] [[American Civil Liberties Union]] searchable database of NSA documents disclosed by Edward Snowden, as published between June 5, 2013, and May 6, 2014
* [http://glenngreenwald.net/#BookDocuments Book documents] 107 additional pages from the Snowden archive released on May 13, 2014, in conjunction with the publication of Glenn Greenwald's ''[[No Place to Hide (Greenwald book)|No Place to Hide]]''
* [https://archive.org/details/nsia-snowden-documents Snowden documents] at [[Internet Archive]]
* {{TED speaker}}
* {{C-SPAN|74994}}
{{Intelligence agencies of USA}}
{{Laureates of the Sam Adams Award}}
{{Mass surveillance}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Snowden, Edward}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Activists from North Carolina]]
[[Category:American Buddhists]]
[[Category:American computer specialists]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Russia]]
[[Category:American exiles]]
[[Category:American memoirists]]
[[Category:American refugees]]
[[Category:American whistleblowers]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Booz Allen Hamilton people]]
[[Category:Dell people]]
[[Category:Edward Snowden| ]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by the United States]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted under the Espionage Act of 1917]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Security Agency people]]
[[Category:People from Elizabeth City, North Carolina]]
[[Category:People of the Central Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:People of the Defense Intelligence Agency]]
[[Category:People with epilepsy]]
[[Category:Privacy activists]]
[[Category:Refugees in Russia]]
[[Category:United States Army soldiers]]
[[Category:People associated with WikiLeaks]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Russia]]
[[Category:People with multiple citizenship]]
[[Category:Russian people of American descent]]
[[Category:Substack writers]]

README.txt

2024-09-11T22:18:26Z

136.32.60.170: /* Reviews */

{{Short description|2022 memoir by Chelsea Manning}}
{{For|the computer files|README}}
{{For|the novel|Reamde}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox book
|name = README.txt: A Memoir
|image = File:READMEtxt.jpg
|caption =First edition
|author = [[Chelsea Manning]]
|language = English
|country = United States
|genre = non-fiction
|publisher = [[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]
|pub_date = October 18, 2022
|pages = 272
|isbn = 978-0-374-27927-1
}}

'''''README.txt: A Memoir''''' is a 2022 [[memoir]] by [[Chelsea Manning]]. It covers her early life, experience as a soldier in the [[U.S. Army]], and life and imprisonment after she [[Chelsea Manning#Publication of leaked material|leaked classified information]] to [[WikiLeaks]].<ref name="nytimes_review">{{cite web
| last = Sullivan
| first = Margaret
| title = Why Chelsea Manning Went to WikiLeaks, and What It Cost Her
| work = [[The New York Times]]
| date = October 18, 2022
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/18/books/review/chelsea-manning-readme-txt-memoir.html
| accessdate = November 12, 2022
| archive-date = November 12, 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221112122435/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/18/books/review/chelsea-manning-readme-txt-memoir.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="wapost_review">{{cite news
| last = Rosenberg
| first = Jordy
| title = A memoir in which everything is classified and nothing is secret
| newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]
| date = October 18, 2022
| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2022/10/18/chelsea-manning-readme-memoir-review/
| accessdate = November 12, 2022
| archive-date = October 21, 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221021233505/https://www.washingtonpost.com/books/2022/10/18/chelsea-manning-readme-memoir-review/
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name="guardian_review">{{cite web
| last = Parkin
| first = Simon
| title = README.txt by Chelsea Manning review – secrets and spies
| work = [[The Guardian]]
| date = October 27, 2022
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/27/readmetxt-by-chelsea-manning-review-secrets-and-spies
| accessdate = November 12, 2022 }}</ref><ref name="kirkus_review">{{cite web
| title = README.txt
| work = [[Kirkus Reviews]]
| date = October 16, 2022
| url = https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/chelsea-manning/readmetxt/
| accessdate = November 12, 2022
| archive-date = August 30, 2024
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240830231846/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/like-dislike/2000232414/
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deery |first=Phillip |date=2022-12-18 |title=Chelsea Manning's memoir is gripping, but you're barred from reading it all |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/books/chelsea-manning-s-memoir-is-gripping-but-you-re-barred-from-reading-it-all-20221215-p5c6qm.html |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In the memoir, she explains that her boss, in late 2009, had recommended a State Department Net-Centric Diplomacy portal with its "trove of diplomatic cables" as possibly "useful to us in our analytical work. I read every single one that related to Iraq, and then began to poke around in the rest of the database..." On February 21, 2010, she leaked "what would become known as the [[July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike|'Collateral Murder' tape]], which showed grainy aerial footage from July 2007 of an Apache helicopter air strike gone horribly wrong."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Manning |first=Chelsea |title=README.txt |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2022 |isbn=9781473564121}}</ref>

==Reviews==

Writing for ''[[The New York Times]]'', reviewer [[Margaret Sullivan (journalist)|Margaret Sullivan]] characterised the prose as "vivid", with the tale that is told being "troubling to read" yet "uplifting as well". She concludes that the work is also quite a "frightening imaginary tale".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/18/books/review/chelsea-manning-readme-txt-memoir.html|title=Why Chelsea Manning Went to WikiLeaks, and What It Cost Her|first=Margaret|last=Sullivan|date=October 18, 2022|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=November 12, 2022|archive-date=November 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112122435/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/18/books/review/chelsea-manning-readme-txt-memoir.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In his review for ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[Stuart Jeffries]] states that he believes that it "takes extraordinary qualities to do some of the things she recounts in this book", ultimately concluding that "Chelsea Manning has become a new kind of American heroine".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/24/readmetxt-by-chelsea-manning-review-analyst-who-altered-history-army-whistleblower|title=README.txt by Chelsea Manning review – the analyst who altered history|first=Stuart|last=Jeffries|date=October 24, 2022|via=The Guardian|access-date=August 29, 2024|archive-date=August 30, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830231720/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/24/readmetxt-by-chelsea-manning-review-analyst-who-altered-history-army-whistleblower|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Memoirs of imprisonment]]
[[Category:2022 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Military memoirs]]
[[Category:Works about whistleblowing]]
[[Category:Farrar, Straus and Giroux books]]
[[Category:Chelsea Manning]]

{{Memoir-stub}}

The Rape of the APE*

2024-09-09T23:01:31Z

136.32.60.170: /* Reception */

{{Infobox book | 
| name = The Rape of the A*P*E*
| title_orig = The Rape of the A.P.E. (American Puritan Ethic : The Official History of the Sex Revolution, 1945-1973 : The Obscening of America, an R.S.V.P. Document)
| translator =
| image = Rape of the ape.jpg
| caption = Cover of first edition
| author = [[Allan Sherman]]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| genre = [[Non-fiction]]
| published = 1973 [[Playboy Press]]
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages = 410 pp

| oclc = 252868519
}}

'''''The Rape of the A*P*E*''''' is a satirical book that was written by the musician and satirist [[Allan Sherman]]. It was commissioned and published by [[Playboy Press]], in July of 1973.<ref name="amazon">[https://www.amazon.com/Rape-American-Puritan-Ethic-Revolution/dp/B000MBVK42 Amazon.com: Rape of the A. P. E. (American Puritan Ethic : The Official History of the Sex Revolution, 1945-1973 : The Obscening of America, an R. S. V. P.): Allan Sherman: Bo...]</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sherman |first=Allan |title=Rape of the A*P*E*: The Official History of the Sex Revolution 1945–1973: The Obscening of America. An R*S*V*P* Document. |publisher=Playboy Press |year=1973 |edition=1st}}</ref> This title was designed as an acronym that would allow for memorable alliterations and permutations. The full and complete title was presented as, ''“Rape of the American Puritan Ethic: The Official History of the Sex Revolution 1945–1973: The Obscening of America. An Redeeming Social Value Pornography.”''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Mark |title=Overweight Sensation: The Life and Comedy of Allan Sherman. |publisher=Brandeis University Press. |year=2013 |isbn=9781611682564 |pages=109, 182–183, 246, 248, 249, 250}}</ref>

The Rape of the A*P*E* is an analysis of sexuality and how it has developed only to be historically repressed. The main focus of the book, though, is the sexual revolution and its emergence in the [[United States]] during the 1960s.<ref name="AC">[http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid%3A337525 The Austin Chronicle: Arts: Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh: My son, the theatrical revue]</ref><ref name="latimeswheeze">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525005720/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/636417512.html?dids=636417512:636417512&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Oct+04,+1973&author=ART+SEIDENBAUM&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=A+Wheeze+Over+Sex&pqatl=google A Wheeze over Sex]. ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]''. Art Seidenbaum. Oct 4, 1973. p. A1</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The book was the subject of much publicity, when it appeared, due to both its subject and author. Despite his ill health at the time, Sherman went on a two-week media tour to promote ''The Rape'' and appeared on many radio shows.<ref name="latimeswheeze" /> He died on November 20, 1973, just a short 4 months after release while on “Rape of the A*P*E*” publicity tour. Allan Sherman Died from multiple health complications related to his obesity, leading to lung failure.<ref name=":1" />

== Development ==
The Rape of the A*P*E* was originally conceived of through a contract Allan Sherman gained with Playboy. Allan had submitted a short story for the December 1971 issue of Playboy, titled, “Griselda and the Porn-O-Phone.” The story was accepted and published in the December issue of Playboy hosted by centerfold Karen Christy. "Griselda and the Porn-O-Phone" was a short story about Griselda Thrindle who had been born and raised in puritan Wisconsin by her janitorial Father who had dreams of Griselda becoming a chairwoman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Dubois |first=Larry |date=1971 |title=Gala Christmas Issue |url=https://www.playboy.com/magazine/issues/1971/12/ |journal=Playboy |volume=18 |issue=12}}</ref>Griselda then comes upon a phone sex hot line and her world changes forever, as she finds herself addicted to the debaucherous life style. The article did well enough with the public that Playboy then commissioned Allan Sherman to write an entire book in a similar breath of humor<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Publication ==
In the year prior to the book's release, Allan Sherman participated in a publicity tour for this book. Even though Playboy had originally commissioned the book, Allan began to express to others that he had reason to believe that Playboy wasn't promoting the book to a level that Allan considered adequate for a successful release.<ref name=":1" />During this time Allan had resurfaced in the public eye. He had begun working in live performances as well as providing animation voice-overs. This intensity of exposure caused him to rise out of temporary obscurity with Allan Sherman performing onstage golf - centric stand-up comedy and doing small roles such as the narration for Dr. Suess’s “Green Eggs and Ham.”<ref name=":1" />Allen’s Golf Stand-up routine specifically caught the eye of Warner Bros. and they picked Allan up for an album with a $5,000 advance, with a promise that Allan would begin recording as soon as his tour promoting The Rape of the A*P*E* concluded.<ref name=":1" />

The Rape of the A*P*E* had 3 primary publication editions: the Original Playboy Press public release in 1975, The 1978 Jove pubns mass public paperback release, and the Buccaneer Books Hardback re-release in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OpenLibrary.org |title=Rape of the A. P. E. by Allan Sherman {{!}} Open Library |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6037242W/Rape_of_the_A._P._E?edition=key:/books/OL8276766M&mode=all#editions-list |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Open Library |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The “Rape of the A*P*E*” received mixed reception upon its release and has been seen as dated as the years pass. With the higher praise of reviews saying “cloaked in disappointing opening and closing sections, this is a book in disguise. Its central 310 pages are neither stupid nor hypocritical.”<ref name=":1" />And lower reviews describing the book as “Rambling, myopic book” … “More or less a view of the sexual revolution through the eyes of a middle-aged Hollywood Cynic.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalfus |first=Ken |title=Shine on, Harvey Bloom: Why Allan Sherman Made Us Laugh. |publisher=Commonweal Foundation |year=1994 |isbn= |location=New york |publication-date=1994 |pages=3}}</ref>

== Quotation ==
While Allan Sherman's "Rape of the A*P*E*" may not have had the cultural impact he intended it to have, the book has been referenced in many other places. In "Perfect Husbands (& Other Fairy-tales : demystifying marriage, men, and romance)" by Regina Barreca, "Rape of the A*P*E*" is quoted directly in the chapter "Why is God a Bachelor?"<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Barreca |first=Regina |title=Perfect husbands: (& other fairy tales). Demystifying marriage, men, and romance |date=1995 |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-47538-9 |edition=3. [pr.] |location=New York, NY}}</ref>Allan is quoted on the contradiction of God sanctifying marriage only to remain a bachelor himself, as well as tackle the outdated perception of men overwhelming women to sweep them off their feet and sex with her is laying claim to her being, as well as discuss how such fantasies just aren't true to reality.<ref name=":3" />

Within "The transmission of doubt : talks and essays on the transcendence of scientific materialism through radical understanding" by Adi Da Samraj, a book about [[Scientistic materialism]], the entirety of the chapter "Conversations with Testoob, the Science Man," is borrowed with credit.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Samraj |first=Adi Da |title=The transmission of doubt : talks and essays on the transcendence of scientific materialism through radical understanding. |publisher=Dawn Horse Press |year=1984 |pages=98–106}}</ref>"Conversations with Testoob, the Science Man," is a dialogue between two people, Testoob the science man and the Sap the first man, in a discussion of how science is the process of "transforming nature into useful things,"<ref name=":4" />and the gradual progression of possession in the name of answers until humans are in control of everything, removing any need for a God if there even was one in the first place.<ref name=":4" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Sherman, Allan. (1973). ''“Rape of the A*P*E*: The Official History of the Sex Revolution 1945–1973: The Obscening of America. An R*S*V*P* Document.”'' (1st ed.) [Physical]. Playboy Press. (OCLC {{OCLC search link|252868519}})

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rape of the APE}}
[[Category:Ethics books]]
[[Category:Sexuality in the United States]]
[[Category:1973 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Playboy Press books]]
{{ethics-book-stub}}
{{sex-book-stub}}

The Rape of the APE*

2024-09-09T23:00:58Z

136.32.60.170:

{{Infobox book | 
| name = The Rape of the A*P*E*
| title_orig = The Rape of the A.P.E. (American Puritan Ethic : The Official History of the Sex Revolution, 1945-1973 : The Obscening of America, an R.S.V.P. Document)
| translator =
| image = Rape of the ape.jpg
| caption = Cover of first edition
| author = [[Allan Sherman]]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[United States]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| series =
| genre = [[Non-fiction]]
| published = 1973 [[Playboy Press]]
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages = 410 pp

| oclc = 252868519
}}

'''''The Rape of the A*P*E*''''' is a satirical book that was written by the musician and satirist [[Allan Sherman]]. It was commissioned and published by [[Playboy Press]], in July of 1973.<ref name="amazon">[https://www.amazon.com/Rape-American-Puritan-Ethic-Revolution/dp/B000MBVK42 Amazon.com: Rape of the A. P. E. (American Puritan Ethic : The Official History of the Sex Revolution, 1945-1973 : The Obscening of America, an R. S. V. P.): Allan Sherman: Bo...]</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sherman |first=Allan |title=Rape of the A*P*E*: The Official History of the Sex Revolution 1945–1973: The Obscening of America. An R*S*V*P* Document. |publisher=Playboy Press |year=1973 |edition=1st}}</ref> This title was designed as an acronym that would allow for memorable alliterations and permutations. The full and complete title was presented as, ''“Rape of the American Puritan Ethic: The Official History of the Sex Revolution 1945–1973: The Obscening of America. An Redeeming Social Value Pornography.”''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Mark |title=Overweight Sensation: The Life and Comedy of Allan Sherman. |publisher=Brandeis University Press. |year=2013 |isbn=9781611682564 |pages=109, 182–183, 246, 248, 249, 250}}</ref>

The Rape of the A*P*E* is an analysis of sexuality and how it has developed only to be historically repressed. The main focus of the book, though, is the sexual revolution and its emergence in the [[United States]] during the 1960s.<ref name="AC">[http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid%3A337525 The Austin Chronicle: Arts: Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh: My son, the theatrical revue]</ref><ref name="latimeswheeze">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525005720/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/636417512.html?dids=636417512:636417512&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Oct+04,+1973&author=ART+SEIDENBAUM&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=A+Wheeze+Over+Sex&pqatl=google A Wheeze over Sex]. ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]''. Art Seidenbaum. Oct 4, 1973. p. A1</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The book was the subject of much publicity, when it appeared, due to both its subject and author. Despite his ill health at the time, Sherman went on a two-week media tour to promote ''The Rape'' and appeared on many radio shows.<ref name="latimeswheeze" /> He died on November 20, 1973, just a short 4 months after release while on “Rape of the A*P*E*” publicity tour. Allan Sherman Died from multiple health complications related to his obesity, leading to lung failure.<ref name=":1" />

== Development ==
The Rape of the A*P*E* was originally conceived of through a contract Allan Sherman gained with Playboy. Allan had submitted a short story for the December 1971 issue of Playboy, titled, “Griselda and the Porn-O-Phone.” The story was accepted and published in the December issue of Playboy hosted by centerfold Karen Christy. "Griselda and the Porn-O-Phone" was a short story about Griselda Thrindle who had been born and raised in puritan Wisconsin by her janitorial Father who had dreams of Griselda becoming a chairwoman.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Dubois |first=Larry |date=1971 |title=Gala Christmas Issue |url=https://www.playboy.com/magazine/issues/1971/12/ |journal=Playboy |volume=18 |issue=12}}</ref>Griselda then comes upon a phone sex hot line and her world changes forever, as she finds herself addicted to the debaucherous life style. The article did well enough with the public that Playboy then commissioned Allan Sherman to write an entire book in a similar breath of humor<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Publication ==
In the year prior to the book's release, Allan Sherman participated in a publicity tour for this book. Even though Playboy had originally commissioned the book, Allan began to express to others that he had reason to believe that Playboy wasn't promoting the book to a level that Allan considered adequate for a successful release.<ref name=":1" />During this time Allan had resurfaced in the public eye. He had begun working in live performances as well as providing animation voice-overs. This intensity of exposure caused him to rise out of temporary obscurity with Allan Sherman performing onstage golf - centric stand-up comedy and doing small roles such as the narration for Dr. Suess’s “Green Eggs and Ham.”<ref name=":1" />Allen’s Golf Stand-up routine specifically caught the eye of Warner Bros. and they picked Allan up for an album with a $5,000 advance, with a promise that Allan would begin recording as soon as his tour promoting The Rape of the A*P*E* concluded.<ref name=":1" />

The Rape of the A*P*E* had 3 primary publication editions: the Original Playboy Press public release in 1975, The 1978 Jove pubns mass public paperback release, and the Buccaneer Books Hardback re-release in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |last=OpenLibrary.org |title=Rape of the A. P. E. by Allan Sherman {{!}} Open Library |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6037242W/Rape_of_the_A._P._E?edition=key:/books/OL8276766M&mode=all#editions-list |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Open Library |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The “Rape of the A*P*E*” received mixed reception upon its release and has been seen as dated as the years pass. With the higher praise of reviews saying ''“cloaked in disappointing opening and closing sections, this is a book in disguise. Its central 310 pages are neither stupid nor hypocritical.”''<ref name=":1" />And lower reviews describing the book as ''“Rambling, myopic book” … “More or less a view of the sexual revolution through the eyes of a middle-aged Hollywood Cynic.”''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalfus |first=Ken |title=Shine on, Harvey Bloom: Why Allan Sherman Made Us Laugh. |publisher=Commonweal Foundation |year=1994 |isbn= |location=New york |publication-date=1994 |pages=3}}</ref>

== Quotation ==
While Allan Sherman's "Rape of the A*P*E*" may not have had the cultural impact he intended it to have, the book has been referenced in many other places. In "Perfect Husbands (& Other Fairy-tales : demystifying marriage, men, and romance)" by Regina Barreca, "Rape of the A*P*E*" is quoted directly in the chapter "Why is God a Bachelor?"<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Barreca |first=Regina |title=Perfect husbands: (& other fairy tales). Demystifying marriage, men, and romance |date=1995 |publisher=Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-47538-9 |edition=3. [pr.] |location=New York, NY}}</ref>Allan is quoted on the contradiction of God sanctifying marriage only to remain a bachelor himself, as well as tackle the outdated perception of men overwhelming women to sweep them off their feet and sex with her is laying claim to her being, as well as discuss how such fantasies just aren't true to reality.<ref name=":3" />

Within "The transmission of doubt : talks and essays on the transcendence of scientific materialism through radical understanding" by Adi Da Samraj, a book about [[Scientistic materialism]], the entirety of the chapter "Conversations with Testoob, the Science Man," is borrowed with credit.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Samraj |first=Adi Da |title=The transmission of doubt : talks and essays on the transcendence of scientific materialism through radical understanding. |publisher=Dawn Horse Press |year=1984 |pages=98–106}}</ref>"Conversations with Testoob, the Science Man," is a dialogue between two people, Testoob the science man and the Sap the first man, in a discussion of how science is the process of "transforming nature into useful things,"<ref name=":4" />and the gradual progression of possession in the name of answers until humans are in control of everything, removing any need for a God if there even was one in the first place.<ref name=":4" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Sherman, Allan. (1973). ''“Rape of the A*P*E*: The Official History of the Sex Revolution 1945–1973: The Obscening of America. An R*S*V*P* Document.”'' (1st ed.) [Physical]. Playboy Press. (OCLC {{OCLC search link|252868519}})

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rape of the APE}}
[[Category:Ethics books]]
[[Category:Sexuality in the United States]]
[[Category:1973 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Playboy Press books]]
{{ethics-book-stub}}
{{sex-book-stub}}

My First Day

2024-09-07T22:01:33Z

136.32.60.170: /* Cultural references */

{{Infobox television episode
| series = [[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]
| image = My First Day (Scrubs).jpg
| caption = J.D.'s first encounter with the Janitor.
| season = 1
| episode = 1
| guests = * [[Sam Lloyd]] as [[List of Scrubs characters#Ted Buckland|Ted Buckland]]
* [[Robert Maschio]] as [[List of Scrubs characters#Todd Quinlan|Dr. Todd Quinlan]]
* [[Aloma Wright]] as [[List of Scrubs characters#Laverne Roberts|Nurse Laverne Roberts]]
* Jake Fritz as Billy
* Mary Gillis as Mrs. Pratt
* [[Michael Hobert]] as Pizza Guy
* Lynne Maclean as Nurse Kearney
* Shannon Welles as Old Woman
* [[Matt Winston]] as Dr. Jeffrey Steadman
| airdate = {{Start date|2001|10|02}}
| production = 535G
| writer = [[Bill Lawrence (producer)|Bill Lawrence]]
| director = [[Adam Bernstein]]
| music = "Away" by [[Leroy (musician)|Leroy]] "[[I Want You To Want Me]]" by [[Cheap Trick]] "Over Me" by [[Tricky (musician)|Tricky]] "[[Please Forgive Me (David Gray song)|Please Forgive Me]]" by [[David Gray (British musician)|David Gray]]
| next = [[My Mentor]]
| season_article = Scrubs season 1
| episode_list = List of Scrubs episodes
}}

"'''My First Day'''" is the [[television pilot|pilot episode]] of the American television [[sitcom]] ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]''. It originally aired on October 2, 2001 on [[NBC]]. The episode was written by series creator [[Bill Lawrence (producer)|Bill Lawrence]] and directed by [[Adam Bernstein]].

Like nearly all other episodes in the series, the title begins with "My". It is narrated by main character [[J.D. (Scrubs)|John "J.D." Dorian]].

== Plot ==
J.D.'s story begins with a [[first-person narrative]], setting the tone and style of the series while introducing the main characters. J.D.'s life slowly unfolds to the audience, showing flashbacks to illustrate J.D.'s relationship with his best friend and fellow doctor [[Christopher Turk|Chris Turk]]. They soon meet [[Elliot Reid]], J.D.'s recurring love interest throughout the series, as well as a number of other key characters in the series. A flashback to the previous day's orientation shows hospital lawyer [[Ted Buckland]] advising the doctors on [[Medical Malpractice|malpractice]]. Following Ted's presentation, chief of medicine [[Bob Kelso|Dr. Bob Kelso]] introduces himself as the new doctors' "safety net". J.D. reflects that surgical and medical interns are on opposite sides of the hospital's social spectrum, and fears that Turk, a surgical intern, will end their friendship.

As J.D.'s day continues, he is thrust into the fray, but freezes up and relies on nurse [[Carla (Scrubs)|Carla Espinosa]] to carry out a routine [[Intravenous therapy|IV]] placement. This scene marks the first appearance of [[Perry Cox|Doctor Perry Cox]], J.D.'s reluctant mentor. The first interaction between the two — with Cox mercilessly belittling J.D. — sets up their future relationship.

J.D.'s first movement towards Elliot occurs during rounds with Dr. Kelso, in which J.D. gives Elliot an answer when she appears to be struggling. He then asks her out to dinner. Later, when she refuses to help J.D., he rescinds his invitation. J.D. wonders if Turk is having the same difficulties as he is. After a short conversation, it becomes apparent that Turk is enjoying being a surgical intern. J.D. is introduced to [[Todd Quinlan]], who gives J.D. one of his signature high-fives.

On his second day, J.D., while waiting for Elliot, encounters the hospital's [[Janitor (Scrubs)|janitor]] repairing an automatic door. J.D. innocently speculates that the cause of the problem is that maybe a [[penny]] is stuck in the door. The suspicious janitor swears vengeance. When J.D. receives his first [[code Blue (emergency code)|code]] page, he hides in a medical supply closet and discovers Elliot hiding as well. Dr. Cox finds them hiding and is unfazed. Turk and Carla's relationship becomes sexual during an encounter in the on-call room. Later on, when Elliot mentions this to Carla, Carla gives Elliot a long speech about judging others, leaving Elliot dumbfounded.

During J.D.'s first night on call, he has the nurses do a number of his procedures. Nurse [[Laverne Roberts]] tells him that a patient he had bonded with earlier has died, and says, "Just pronounce him so I can go home". Shortly afterward, J.D. runs into Turk, who admits that he, too, is scared of the new hospital environment, and that he has already moved his things into J.D.'s apartment.

When J.D. asks him for help, Dr. Kelso shows his dark side; he angrily tells J.D. that he only cares about patients who have the necessary [[health insurance]], and that he only carries a chart with him everywhere so that he can pretend to remember the new interns' names. J.D. eventually overcomes his fears and, with Dr. Cox's encouragement, successfully inserts a [[chest tube]]. Elliot comes to tell J.D. she talked to the family of his patient which was pronounced dead, as an apology. She then kisses J.D. on the cheek. Happy to have gone through his first three days "without looking like a complete idiot", he leaves and runs into a glass door.

==Cultural references==
* In the first scene, as J.D. rises out of the bed, he is wearing a ''[[Clone High]]'' T-shirt. ''Clone High'' was also created by ''Scrubs'' creator Bill Lawrence. ''Clone High'' didn't premiere until 2002.
* The medical interns are shown playing a ''[[Pac-Man]]'' arcade machine.

== Production details ==
Several of the scenes from this episode are based on the real-life experiences of medical adviser Jon Doris, a close friend of director [[Bill Lawrence (producer)|Bill Lawrence]]. This includes the scene where an attempted [[paracentesis]] results in a jet of fluid, and another where J.D. hides to avoid being the first on the scene of an emergency, although both of these scenes are exaggerated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caller2.com/2001/september/28/today/ricardob/12855.html|title='Scrubs' proves refreshingly witty|last=Baca|first=Ricardo|date=September 28, 2001|publisher=Corpus Christi Caller-Times|accessdate=2008-10-10|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210142822/http://www.caller2.com/2001/september/28/today/ricardob/12855.html|archivedate=February 10, 2012}}</ref>
*The set for J.D.'s sitcom fantasy is that of ''[[My Wife and Kids]]''.
*Footage from this episode was later re-used in "[[My Urologist]]", with [[Kim Briggs (Scrubs)|Dr. Kim Briggs]] digitally worked into it to make it look like she was there on J.D.'s first day.
*This was the only episode of the first eight seasons of ''Scrubs'' not shot at the former [[North Hollywood Medical Center]]. Instead, it was filmed at another hospital in [[Glendale, California]]. This hospital has since been torn down.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120217011859/http://scrubs.mopnt.com/scripts/101.php My Own Personal 'Net Thing]</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2019}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb episode|0696640}}

{{Scrubs}}

[[Category:2000s American television series premieres]]
[[Category:2001 American television episodes]]
[[Category:Scrubs season 1 episodes]]
[[Category:Television episodes directed by Adam Bernstein]]

James Clyde (actor)

2024-09-01T23:33:04Z

136.32.60.170:

{{short description|British actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = James Clyde
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth month and age|1961|5}}
| birth_place = [[England]], UK
| death_date =
| death_place =
| years_active = 1990–present
| nationality =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''James Daniel McCallum Clyde''' (born May 1961)<ref name="HS">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Patrick |last2=Davies |first2=Ian F |title=Highgate School Register |date=1989 |page=386 |edition=7th}}</ref> is an English actor, best known for his work in ''[[Anonymous (2011 film)|Anonymous]]'', ''[[Croupier (film)|Croupier]]'', ''[[Boudica (2003 film)|Boudica]]'' and the [[CBBC (TV channel)|CBBC]]'s series ''[[Leonardo (2011 TV series)|Leonardo]]''<ref>{{cite web|last=Mason|first=Tom|title=Leonardo On CBBC|url=http://comics.gearlive.com/comix411/article/q308-leonardo-on-cbbc/|publisher=Comix 411|accessdate=7 July 2011|archive-date=11 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411225246/http://comics.gearlive.com/comix411/article/q308-leonardo-on-cbbc/|url-status=dead}}</ref> as [[Piero di Cosimo de' Medici|Piero de' Medici]]. He also performed as Phillip Strenger in ''The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt''. On stage, he appeared in ''[[Mr Thomas]]'' by [[Kathy Burke]] in 1990.

Clyde is the son of the actor and musician [[Gordon Clyde]]; he was educated at [[Highgate School]].<ref name="HS"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Made in Heaven (British TV series)|Made in Heaven]]'' || Sean || 1 episode
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Cluedo (British game show)|Cluedo]]'' || Ken the Chauffeur || 1 episode
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Maigret (1992 TV series)|Maigret]]'' || Jean Metayer || 1 episode
|-
| 1993 || ''[[In Suspicious Circumstances]]'' || Michael Stephen || 1 episode
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Between the Lines (TV series)|Between the Lines]]'' || P.C. Tulloch || 1 episode
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Backup (TV series)|Backup]]'' || Foxton || 3 episodes
|-
| 1996-2008 || ''[[The Bill]]'' || Alan Kennedy/Les Cooper/Patrick Meyers || 12 episodes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Wokenwell]]'' || Ollie || 1 episode
|-
| 1998 || ''Crupier'' || Gordon ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[The Honeytrap]]'' || Carlo || Short
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Boudica (2003 film)|Boudica]]'' || Roman Sergeant ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[New Tricks]]'' || Jonathan Iley || 1 episode
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Above Suspicion (TV series)|Above Suspicion]]'' || Julias D'Anton / Julian D'Anton || 3 episodes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Anonymous (2011 film)|Anonymous]]'' || King James I ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Leonardo (2011 TV series)|Leonardo]]'' || [[Piero di Cosimo de' Medici|Piero de' Medici]] || 13 episodes
|-
| 2013 || ''Inheritance'' || Alan Blake || Short
|-
| 2015 || ''[[The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt]]'' || The Bloody Baron aka Phillip Strenger || Voice
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Nioh]]'' || Derrick the Executioner || Voice
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0167399}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Clyde, James}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:English male video game actors]]
[[Category:English male voice actors]]
[[Category:People educated at Highgate School]]
[[Category:20th-century English male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century English male actors]]

{{UK-actor-stub}}

Charlie Colin

2024-08-30T00:46:21Z

136.32.60.170: /* Career */

{{Short description|American musician (1966–2024)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{mi|
{{coi|date=September 2022}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=September 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Charlie Colin
| image = Charlie Colin 2017.png
| caption = Colin in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1966|11|22}}
| birth_place = [[Newport Beach, California]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Circa}} {{death date and age|2024|5|17|1966|11|22}}
| death_place = [[City of Brussels|Brussels]], [[Belgium]]
| instruments = {{hlist|Bass|guitar|vocals}}
| label = {{hlist|[[Columbia Records|Columbia]]|[[Aware Records]]}}
| past_member_of = {{hlist|[[Train (band)|Train]]|[[The Side Deal]]}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Rock music|Rock]]|[[roots rock]]|[[pop rock]]|[[alternative rock]]}}
| years_active = 1992–2024
}}

'''Charlie Colin''' (November 22, 1966 – {{Circa}} May 17, 2024) was an American musician. He was the bassist for the rock band [[Train (band)|Train]], of which he was a founding member. He also played guitar and provided background vocals for many other bands after his departure from the group in 2003.

== Early life ==
Charlie Colin was born in [[Newport Beach, California]] on November 22, 1966.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parraga Frutos |first=Nerea |date=May 23, 2024 |title=Muere el músico Charlie Colin por un resbalón en la ducha |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/gente/20240523/9670746/muere-musico-charlie-colin-resbalon-ducha-mmn.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=[[La Vanguardia]] |language=es |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523150659/https://www.lavanguardia.com/gente/20240523/9670746/muere-musico-charlie-colin-resbalon-ducha-mmn.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parraga Frutos |first=Nerea |date=May 23, 2024 |title=Mor el músic Charlie Colin, fundador de Train, per una relliscada a la dutxa |url=https://www.rac1.cat/gent/20240523/172374/mor-music-charlie-colin-fundador-train-relliscada-dutxa-lv.html |access-date=May 23, 2024 |website=[[RAC 1]] |language=ca |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523161045/https://www.rac1.cat/gent/20240523/172374/mor-music-charlie-colin-fundador-train-relliscada-dutxa-lv.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He began playing guitar at about eight when he lived in [[Virginia]]. Later, his family moved back to Newport Beach, California. At [[Newport Harbor High School]] surfing, playing [[water polo]], and the guitar became his constant companions.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Small|first1=Mark|title=Berklee Today Rob Hotchkiss and Charlie Colin of Train: On the Fast Track|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/142/coverstory.html|website=berklee.edu|publisher=Berklee Today|access-date=April 24, 2015|archive-date=June 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623150805/https://www.berklee.edu/bt/142/coverstory.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganahl|first=Jane|date=April 7, 1997|title=The heart of homeless art|url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-heart-of-homeless-art-3125777.php|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=SFGATE|language=en-US|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214259/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-heart-of-homeless-art-3125777.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Berklee College of Music ===
Colin attended [[University of Southern California]] to explore his artistic gifts; then he transferred halfway to focus primarily on his musical gifts at [[Berklee College of Music]] in Boston.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganahl|first=Jane|date=April 7, 1997|title=The heart of homeless art|url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-heart-of-homeless-art-3125777.php|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=SFGATE|language=en-US|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214259/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-heart-of-homeless-art-3125777.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Attending Berklee got Colin fully immersed in music. He started playing with seniors for lessons and so he could learn more. [[Pat Metheny]] was quite a discovery, as well as other kinds of music discovered during Berklee.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Small|first1=Mark|title=Berklee Today Rob Hotchkiss and Charlie Colin of Train: On the Fast Track|url=https://www.berklee.edu/bt/142/coverstory.html|website=berklee.edu|publisher=Berklee Today|access-date=April 24, 2015|archive-date=June 23, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623150805/https://www.berklee.edu/bt/142/coverstory.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shortly afterwards, Colin got an offer from some friends to go to [[Singapore]] to write and play [[jingles]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Apostles ===
After Singapore, Colin, Jimmy Stafford (Train's future lead guitarist and mandolin player), and Rob Hotchkiss moved to [[San Francisco]] and started the group Apostles.<ref name=":0" /> The group got a record deal and recorded the album Apostles in 1992,<ref>{{Citation|title=Apostles – Apostles (1992, CD)|url=https://www.discogs.com/Apostles-Apostles/release/1056858|language=en|access-date=June 2, 2021|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215409/https://www.discogs.com/Apostles-Apostles/release/1056858|url-status=live}}</ref> but when the label folded, the members went their own ways. But they had a hunch that one day they would end up back together.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luppi |first1=Kathleen |title=Ex-Train members revisit their Newport days with Lido Live concert Saturday |url=https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/tn-dpt-et-0619-painbirds-20150618-story.html |website=Daily Pilot |publisher=Los Angeles Times |access-date=June 18, 2015 |archive-date=July 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703184857/https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/tn-dpt-et-0619-painbirds-20150618-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Train ===
{{Listen |filename = |title=Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)|description="[[Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)]]" was the first single from ''[[Drops of Jupiter]]'' (2001).}}Hotchkiss headed to San Francisco and met [[Pat Monahan]], [[Train (band)|Train]]'s future lead singer. The two collaborated on songs in the Bay Area and invited Jimmy Stafford to be the guitarist and Colin as the bassist. Colin brought in Scott Underwood to play drums. Thus formed in 1993<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Academy |first1=Recording |title=Artist: Train |url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/train/7963 |website=Grammy Awards |date=November 23, 2020 |access-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192106/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/train/7963 |url-status=live }}</ref> Train became very successful.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Luppi |first1=Kathleen |title=Ex-Train members revisit their Newport days with Lido Live concert Saturday |url=https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/tn-dpt-et-0619-painbirds-20150618-story.html |website=Daily Pilot |publisher=Los Angeles Times |access-date=June 18, 2015 |archive-date=July 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703184857/https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/tn-dpt-et-0619-painbirds-20150618-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Train scored their first Top 20 hit with 1999's "Meet Virginia," although their big breakthrough came with 2001's "[[Drops of Jupiter (song)|Drops of Jupiter]]", which reached No. 5. The album ''[[Drops of Jupiter]]'' reached No. 6. on the Billboard 200.<ref name=":1" /> The group toured nationally, opening concerts for [[Hootie & the Blowfish]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=08/13/1999: Hootie and The Blowfish at Waterloo Village @ Waterloo Village {{!}} Concert Archives|url=https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/hootie-and-the-blowfish-at-waterloo-village|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=www.concertarchives.org|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215200/https://www.concertarchives.org/concerts/hootie-and-the-blowfish-at-waterloo-village|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sheryl Crow]],<ref name=":0" /> [[Counting Crows]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Train's Concert & Tour History {{!}} Concert Archives|url=https://www.concertarchives.org/bands/train|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=www.concertarchives.org|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214331/https://www.concertarchives.org/bands/train|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Barenaked Ladies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Train's Concert & Tour History {{!}} Concert Archives|url=https://www.concertarchives.org/bands/train|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=www.concertarchives.org|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214331/https://www.concertarchives.org/bands/train|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2003, Colin was fired from the band after an emergency meeting due to his substance abuse.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last1=Rosenborg |first1=Rutger |title=Train Prove Giving Up Is Not an Option |url=https://www.nbcsandiego.com/entertainment/the-scene/train/14823/ |website=NBC San Diego |access-date=May 9, 2017 |archive-date=August 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815142425/https://www.nbcsandiego.com/entertainment/the-scene/train/14823/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Food Pill ===
During the autumn of 2002, after Train finished promoting Drops of Jupiter with [[Matchbox Twenty]], Scott Underwood and Colin moved to a "huge psychedelic mansion" called The Paramour in [[West Hollywood]] to collaborate and record music.<ref name="food pill"/> They decided to call the collaboration Food Pill and their first album was called ''Elixir''.<ref name="food pill">{{cite web |title=Biography |url=http://www.foodpill.org/bio.html |website=Food Pill |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315235751/http://www.foodpill.org/bio.html |archive-date=March 15, 2008 |quote=Charlie and I were able to walk from our bedrooms to a beautiful studio, and record this music we loved in a huge psychedelic mansion in Hollywood. We decided to name the band Food Pill, and title the record Elixir. |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2014, Colin replaced Jesse Vest of Days of the New on bass so the band could continue touring.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 8, 2014|title=Travis Meeks of Days of the New a wanted man|website=Metalinsider.net|url=https://metalinsider.net/crime/travis-meeks-of-days-of-the-new-a-wanted-man|access-date=June 2, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220347/https://metalinsider.net/crime/travis-meeks-of-days-of-the-new-a-wanted-man|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Painbirds ===
In 2015, Colin and Hotchkiss put together a band called Painbirds, with Sausalito singer-songwriter Tom Luce from [[Luce (band)|Luce]], whose song "Good Day" cracked the Top 40 in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 26, 2015|title=Train co-founder Hotchkiss back on track with new band|url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2015/07/26/train-co-founder-hotchkiss-back-on-track-with-new-band/|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=East Bay Times|language=en-US|archive-date=May 24, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524133224/https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2015/07/26/train-co-founder-hotchkiss-back-on-track-with-new-band/|url-status=live}}</ref> This band released six songs on an eponymous debut EP.

=== The Side Deal ===
[[The Side Deal]] is an American band from [[Newport Beach, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 8, 2020|title=Charlie Colin of The Side Deal – Our Songs Can Stand The Test Of Time If We Do Them Right!|url=https://myglobalmind.com/2020/02/08/charlie-colin-of-the-side-deal-our-songs-can-stand-the-test-of-time-if-we-do-them-right/|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=Your Online Magazine for Hard Rock and Heavy Metal|language=en-US|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215945/https://myglobalmind.com/2020/02/08/charlie-colin-of-the-side-deal-our-songs-can-stand-the-test-of-time-if-we-do-them-right/|url-status=live}}</ref> The band was formed in 2017 by Colin, [[Stan Frazier (musician)|Stan Frazier]] of [[Sugar Ray]], and brothers Joel and Scott Owen of The PawnShop Kings.<ref>{{cite web|first=Chuck|last=Dauphin|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-615/6062913/615-spotlight-pawnshop-kings-make-me-whole/|title=615 Spotlight: PawnShop Kings Talk EP|publisher=Billboard|date=April 3, 2014|access-date=June 2, 2021|archive-date=June 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603021502/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-615/6062913/615-spotlight-pawnshop-kings-make-me-whole/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Side Deal performed live with other notable artists such as [[Jeff Baxter|Jeff "Skunk" Baxter]] of [[The Doobie Brothers]], [[Steely Dan]], and [[Alice Cooper]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Christopher|last=Trela|url=https://www.newportbeachindy.com/noted-newport-rockers-move-side-deal-to-center-stage/|title=Noted Newport Rockers Move Side Deal to Center Stage|publisher=Newport Beach Indy|date=February 8, 2018|access-date=June 2, 2021|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215847/https://www.newportbeachindy.com/noted-newport-rockers-move-side-deal-to-center-stage/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Colin appeared on guitar/bass and vocals while recording ''Featherborn'' for musician and vocalist Danny Beissel at the iconic Blackbird Studio in [[Nashville]] with veteran engineer John McBride.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On Stage: One degree of separation from Beissel to music's greats {{!}} chescotimes.com|url=https://chescotimes.com/?p=28363|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=chescotimes.com|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215558/https://chescotimes.com/?p=28363|url-status=live}}</ref>

Colin was a longstanding [[curator]], [[Private collection|art collector]], homeless-artist advocate, and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2, 2021|title=Street Scenes : Artworks by the Homeless Find a Special Place in Charlie Colin's Heart – Los Angeles Times|website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-10-18-ls-51808-story.html|access-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602183437/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-10-18-ls-51808-story.html|archive-date=June 2, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ganahl|first=Jane|date=April 7, 1997|title=The heart of homeless art|url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-heart-of-homeless-art-3125777.php|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=SFGATE|language=en-US|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214259/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/The-heart-of-homeless-art-3125777.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=American Vinyl All Star Band at Sidney & Berne Davis Art Center on Saturday, March 1, at 5 p.m. (Up to $23.20 Value)|url=https://www.groupon.com/deals/gl-american-vinyl-all-star-band|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=Groupon|language=en|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215854/https://www.groupon.com/deals/gl-american-vinyl-all-star-band|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Later life and death ==
Colin later moved to [[City of Brussels|Brussels]], Belgium to teach a music master class at a conservatory.<ref name="TMZ"/> At the time of his death, he also was serving as musical director for the [[Newport Beach Film Festival]], per his social media profiles.<ref name=58atdeath />

Colin was found dead in a friend's home in Brussels on May 17, 2024, having fallen in a shower.<ref name="TMZ">{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2024 |title=Train Founding Member Charlie Colin Dead at 58 After Falling in Shower |url=https://www.tmz.com/2024/05/22/charlie-colin-dead-dies-train-founding-member-fall-shower/ |access-date=May 22, 2024 |website=TMZ |language=en |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522195226/https://www.tmz.com/2024/05/22/charlie-colin-dead-dies-train-founding-member-fall-shower/ |url-status=live|quote = No one found Charlie until his friends returned home from their trip about 5 days ago.}}</ref> He was house-sitting for the friend at the time of his death.<ref name=58atdeath>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/music/news/charlie-colin-dead-bassist-train-1236013395/|title=Charlie Colin, Bassist and Founding Member of Train, Dies at 58|first=Steven J.|last=Horowitz|publisher=Variety|date=May 22, 2024|accessdate=May 22, 2024|archive-date=May 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522192444/https://variety.com/2024/music/news/charlie-colin-dead-bassist-train-1236013395/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Leah|last=Bitsky|title=Former Train bassist Charlie Colin dead at 58 after falling in shower|url=https://pagesix.com/2024/05/22/entertainment/former-train-bassist-charlie-colin-dead-at-58-after-shower-fall/|website=Page Six|date=May 22, 2024|access-date=May 22, 2024|archive-date=May 22, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522190927/https://pagesix.com/2024/05/22/entertainment/former-train-bassist-charlie-colin-dead-at-58-after-shower-fall/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
=== Grammy Awards ===
* 2002 | [[Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)]] | [[Best Rock Song]] | '''Won''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners & Nominees|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/winners-nominees/216|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en|archive-date=July 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716084242/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/winners-nominees/216|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2002 | [[Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)]] | [[Grammy Award for Best Arrangement, Instrumental and Vocals|Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s)]] | '''Won''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners & Nominees|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/winners-nominees/130|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=GRAMMY.com|language=en|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118231449/https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/winners-nominees/130|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2002 | [[Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)]] | [[Grammy Award for Record of the Year|Record of the Year]] | Nominated <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Rock On The Net: 44th Annual Grammy Awards – 2002|url=http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2002/grammys.htm|access-date=June 2, 2021|website=www.rockonthenet.com|archive-date=June 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622091630/http://www.rockonthenet.com/archive/2002/grammys.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*2002 | [[Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)]] | [[Grammy Award for Song of the Year|Song of the Year]] | Nominated <ref name=":3" />
*2002 | [[Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)]] | [[Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal|Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal]] | Nominated <ref name=":3" />

== Publications ==
* Williams, LG, ''The Book of Charlie'' (PCP Press, 2016) {{ISBN|154076138X}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{imdb name}}
*{{discogs artist|Charlie Colin}}
*Colin's ''[https://www.sfgate.com/style/article/The-heart-of-homeless-art-3125777.php Homeless Art Project]''
*[https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/charlie-colin/1599 Grammy Award Winning Artist: Charlie Colin]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090413041954/http://www.foodpill.org/ Foodpill Website]
*[http://www.thesidedeal.com/ The Side Deal Website]
*[https://savemesanfrancisco.com/ Train Website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colin, Charlie}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:American rock bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Berklee College of Music alumni]]
[[Category:Newport Harbor High School alumni]]
[[Category:Train (band) members]]
[[Category:20th-century American bass guitarists]]
[[Category:21st-century American bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Musicians from Newport Beach, California]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths from falls]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in Belgium]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Belgium]]

Monrovia, California

2024-08-29T22:58:00Z

136.32.60.170: /* In popular culture */

{{Short description|City in California, United States}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Monrovia, California
| settlement_type = [[List of municipalities in California|City]]
| image_skyline = Monrovia CA San Gabriel Mountains i210.JPG
| image_caption = [[Interstate 210 (California)|I-210]] in Monrovia with San Gabriel Mountains in the background
| image_flag = Flag of Monrovia, California.gif
| image_seal = Monrovia_CA_seal.jpg
| image_map = LA County Incorporated Areas Monrovia highlighted.svg
| mapsize = 250x200px
| map_caption = Location of Monrovia in [[Los Angeles County, California]]
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map = USA
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in the United States
| pushpin_relief = 1
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[California]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in California|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles]]
| government_type = [[Council-Manager]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Becky A. Shevlin
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor Pro Tem]]
| leader_name1 = Dr. Tamala P. Kelly
| leader_title2 = [[City Council]]
| leader_name2 = {{Plain list|
* Larry Spicer
* Sergio Jimenez
* Edward Belden
}}
| leader_title3 = [[City Manager]]
| leader_name3 = Dylan Feik
| leader_title4 = [[City Treasurer]]
| leader_name4 = Janet Wall<ref>[http://www.cacities.org/resource_files/24827.Electedcitytreasurers06.rtf California League of Cities, Elected City Treasurers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212231050/http://www.cacities.org/resource_files/24827.Electedcitytreasurers06.rtf |date=February 12, 2012 }} </ref>
| established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date = December 15, 1887<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc
| title = California Cities by Incorporation Date
| format = Word
| publisher = California Association of [[Local Agency Formation Commission]]s
| access-date = August 25, 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc
| archive-date = November 3, 2014
| url-status = dead
| df = mdy-all
}}</ref>

| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi = 13.74
| area_land_sq_mi = 13.63
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.11
| area_total_km2 = 35.59
| area_land_km2 = 35.31
| area_water_km2 = 0.28
| area_water_percent = 0.79
| area_note =
| elevation_m = 174
| elevation_ft = 571
| coordinates = {{coord|34|8|45.28|N|118|0|3.42|W|region:US-CA_type:city(38,000)|display=inline,title}}
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
| population_footnotes = <ref name=quif>{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0648648.html|title=Monrovia (city) QuickFacts|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416034324/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0648648.html|archive-date=April 16, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_total = 37931
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_est =
| population_density_km2 = 1074.2
| timezone = [[Pacific Time Zone|PST]]
| utc_offset = −8
| timezone_DST = PDT
| utc_offset_DST = −7
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code = 91016–91017
| area_code = [[Area code 626|626]]
| area_code_type = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 06-48648
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1661049}}
| website = {{URL|www.cityofmonrovia.org}}
| population_density_sq_mi =
}}

'''Monrovia''' is a city in the foothills of the [[San Gabriel Mountains]] in the [[San Gabriel Valley]] of [[Los Angeles County, California]], United States. The population was 37,931 at the 2020 census.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US0648648|title=Census - Geography Profile: Monrovia city, California|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=February 8, 2022}}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:Monrovia-1886.jpg|left|thumb|Monrovia, 1886 (Myrtle Avenue, looking north)]]
Monrovia is the fourth-oldest [[General-law municipality|general-law city]] in Los Angeles County and the [[Los Angeles Basin|L.A. Basin]] (after Los Angeles, [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]], and [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], all now [[Charter city|charter cities]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Charter_Cities List|url=https://www.cacities.org/Resources-Documents/Resources-Section/Charter-Cities/Charter_Cities-List|website=League of California Cities|access-date=July 9, 2017}}</ref>). Incorporated in 1887, it has grown from a sparse community of orange ranches to a residential community of over 37,000.

[[Image:Monrovia-1892.jpg|left|thumb|Monrovia, 1892 (Myrtle Avenue, looking north)]]

In 1769, the [[Portolà expedition]] was the first recorded Spanish (or any European) land entry and exploration of present-day California, then the Spanish colonial ''[[The Californias|Las Californias Province]]'' of the [[New Spain|Viceroyalty of New Spain]] (colonial México). In 1542, [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] claimed it from sea for the [[Spanish monarchy|King of Spain]]. The expedition led by [[Gaspar de Portolà]] proceeded north from [[Mission San Diego de Alcalá|San Diego]], passing through the area en route to [[Monterey Bay]]. Accompanying Portolà was [[Franciscan]] padre [[Juan Crespí]], the expedition's diarist. Much of what is known of early California is from Crespi's detailed descriptions.

In 1771, Franciscans established the [[Mission San Gabriel Arcangel]] in the San Gabriel Valley. The mission continued after Mexican independence in 1822. In 1833, the Mexican Congress initiated [[Spanish missions in California#Secularization|secularization]] of the missions in [[Alta California]], to begin seizure of mission properties for sale to private rancho grantees.

In 1841, [[Alta California]] Governor [[Juan Bautista Alvarado|Juan Alvarado]] issued [[Ranchos of California|Mexican land grant]]s for [[Rancho Azusa de Duarte]] to Andrés Duarte, a Mexican soldier; and for [[Rancho Santa Anita]] to [[Hugo Reid]], a naturalized Mexican citizen of Scottish birth. Monrovia is made of parts of these two [[List of Ranchos of California|ranchos]].

In the mid-19th century, most of Rancho Azusa de Duarte was subdivided and sold by Duarte to settle his debts. Some of those parcels became part of the ranch of [[William Norton Monroe|William N. Monroe]], Monrovia's [[eponym]].
[[Image:Monrovia-1903.jpg|left|thumb|Pacific Electric in Monrovia, 1903]]
Rancho Santa Anita changed hands several times before the multimillionaire, silver baron and rancher [[Elias Jackson Baldwin|E. J. "Lucky" Baldwin]] acquired it in 1875. That same year his Los Angeles Investment Company began subdividing and selling parcels from many of his ranchos. In 1883, {{convert|240|acre|m2}} of Rancho Santa Anita were sold to Monroe for $30,000. Additional parcels of Rancho Santa Anita were sold to Edward F. Spence, [[John Dustin Bicknell|John D. Bicknell]], [[James F. Crank]], and J. F. Falvey.

The completion of the [[Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley Railroad]] in 1887, later sold to the [[Santa Fe Railroad|Santa Fe]] (which would run through Monrovia) and [[Southern Pacific Railroad|Southern Pacific]] railroads to Southern California brought new people looking for homes and investment opportunities. With this in mind, Monroe, Spence, Bicknell, Crank, and Falvey combined their land under the business name of the Monrovia Land and Water Company in 1886, centered at Orange (now Colorado Boulevard) and Myrtle Avenues; the first tract extended from Magnolia Avenue on the west to Charlotte Avenue (Canyon Boulevard) on the east, a half block south of Walnut on the south and a half block north of Lime on the north.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cityofmonrovia.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_development/page/1457/wildrose_historic_context.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043006/http://www.cityofmonrovia.org/sites/default/files/fileattachments/community_development/page/1457/wildrose_historic_context.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The subdivision was subdivided into 600 {{convert|500|ft|m|adj=on}} by {{convert|160|ft|m|adj=on}} (1.84 acre) lots and sold.

The town was incorporated in 1887 under the leadership of prohibitionists who wished to control the arrival of an unwelcome saloon. The newly formed government's first order of business was to pass a tippler's law, prohibiting the sale of alcohol.

In 1903, the ''Monrovia News'' was established. The same year, the [[Pacific Electric]] was opened, providing transportation to and from Los Angeles, making it possible for Monrovia homeowners to work in Los Angeles.
[[Image:Monrovia-May-16-1914.jpg|thumb|Monrovia, 1914 (Myrtle Avenue, looking north)]]
In 1905, [[Andrew Carnegie|Carnegie]] funds became available and, with the help of the Board of Trade (forerunner to the [[Chamber of Commerce]]) and the Monrovia Women's Club, a bond issue was passed to purchase the Granite Bank Building to be used as a city hall, and to acquire property for a public park. The Granite Building has served as the city hall, fire and police department facilities since 1961 and the fire department since 1974. In 1956, the old [[Carnegie library]] building was torn down and a new library was constructed. In March 2007, a new library was voted on by the people of Monrovia. It won with 70% yes votes. The library now has 190,000 books, a heritage room for historical documents, and areas for children, teens, and adults.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://monrovia.patch.com/listings/monrovia-public-library |title=Monrovia Public Library – Monrovia Patch – Patch.com |publisher=Monrovia.patch.com |date=January 27, 2011 |access-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref>

A [[Council–manager government|city council–manager]] type government was instituted in 1923.

In 1930, the [[Monrovia Airport, California|Monrovia Airport]], also known as the Foothill Flying Club, was commercially established. The small airstrip claimed to have had 12,000 paying customers use the airfield in 1932 and on May 19, 1938, the first airmail flight took off from Monrovia Airport. Ownership of the airport changed hands several times while it was in operation; pilots remembered it as "the friendliest little airport in the country." Apart from usage by Riley Brothers, TWA Captain and former airshow pilot Kalman Irwin, and [[Pancho Barnes]], the airfield is well known for its use as a movie-filming location. The first movie filmed at the Monrovia Airport was [[The Fighting Pilot]]. Other films shot at the airfield include [[20,000 Men a Year]], [[The Great Plane Robbery (1940 film)|The Great Plane Robbery]], and most notably, [[The Big Noise (1944 film)|The Big Noise]], featuring [[Laurel and Hardy]]. The 35-acre airfield, used as a runway as well as an airplane repair and storage service, was forced to close in 1953 after being sold to [[Consolidated Engineering Corporation]] for redevelopment as a result of increased land values.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://members.tripod.com/airfields_freeman/CA/Airfields_CA_LA_E.htm#monrovia | title=Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: California, East Los Angeles area}}</ref>

Monrovia was the home to the precursor to [[McDonald's]]. In 1937, Patrick McDonald opened a food stand on Huntington Drive (Route 66) near the old Monrovia Airport called "The Airdrome" (hamburgers were ten cents, and all-you-can-drink orange juice was five cents); it remained there until 1940, when he and his two sons, [[Richard and Maurice McDonald|Maurice and Richard]], moved the building {{convert|40|mi|km}} east to [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]] to the corner of West 14th Street and 1398 North E Street, renaming it "McDonald's".

In 1995, Monrovia received the [[All America City]] Award from the [[National Civic League]].

==Geography and ecology==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has an area of {{convert|35.5|km2|mi2|1|sp=us}}. {{convert|13.6|sqmi|km2}} of it is land and {{convert|0.1|sqmi|km2}} of it (0.79%) is water.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-02-21/for-second-day-in-a-row-bear-goes-on-a-walkabout-in-monrovia-neighborhood|title='Old lady' bear tranquilized after walkabout in Monrovia neighborhood|last=Money|first=Luke|date=February 21, 2020|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=February 22, 2020}}</ref>

Wildlife is abundant in the adjacent [[San Gabriel Mountains]], including [[mammal]]s like [[American black bear|black bears]], [[bobcat]]s, [[coyote]]s, [[gray fox]]es, [[Cougar|mountain lions]], and [[mule deer]], many of which roam area neighborhoods and visit backyards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rand |first=Jory |date=December 27, 2022 |title=Mountain lion sighting in Monrovia sparks excitement as SoCal mourns loss of P-22 |url=https://abc7.com/mountain-lion-sighting-monrovia-southern-california-wildlife/12619905/ |access-date=December 28, 2022 |website=ABC 7}}</ref> In 2024, a mother black bear and her young cubs began regularly visiting a home in Monrovia situated close to the mountains to cool-off and play in the property's swimming pool. By May, the bear family had become such regular visitors, with the homeowners posting numerous videos online, that it was reported on by multiple local, national and international news outlets, including [[Sky News Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lloyd |first1=Jonathan |last2=Arabian |first2=Nyree |date=May 7, 2024 |title=Watch: Bear and cubs enjoy pool day in Monrovia |url=https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/bears-pool-video-monrovia/3406608/ |access-date=May 12, 2024 |website=[[NBC Los Angeles]] |quote=It's not the adult bear's first visit to the neighborhood. She visits so frequently that residents have named her Maddie. "We see her often," said resident Brian Gordon. "I think one of the neighbors got 400,000 Likes on Instagram. She's swinging on a swing. She was at a open house in somebody's hot tub down the street. So, we see her quite a bit. She's even crashed our pool parties. If we're barbecuing, she’ll show up and scare everyone."}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1890= 907
|1900= 1205
|1910= 3576
|1920= 5480
|1930= 10890
|1940= 12807
|1950= 20186
|1960= 27079
|1970= 30562
|1980= 30531
|1990= 35761
|2000= 36929
|2010= 36590
|2020= 37931
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref name="DecennialCensus">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|access-date=June 4, 2015}}</ref>
}}

===2010===
The [[2010 United States Census]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0648648|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140715094126/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0648648|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 15, 2014|title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Monrovia city|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=July 12, 2014}}</ref> reported that Monrovia had a population of 36,590. The population density was {{convert|2,668.1|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of Monrovia was 21,932 (59.9%) [[White (U.S. Census)|White]] (41.1% Non-Hispanic White),<ref name="quickfacts.census.gov">{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0648648.html|title=US Census Quick Facts|access-date=December 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416034324/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0648648.html|archive-date=April 16, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> 4,107 (11.2%) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 2,500 (6.8%) [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 279 (0.8%) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 76 (0.2%) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 5,818 (15.9%) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 1,878 (5.1%) from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 14,043 persons (38.4%).

The census reported that 36,434 people (99.6% of the population) lived in households, 61 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 95 (0.3%) were institutionalized.

There were 13,762 households, out of which 4,725 (34.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 6,295 (45.7%) were [[marriage|opposite-sex married couples]] living together, 2,073 (15.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 778 (5.7%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 793 (5.8%) [[POSSLQ|unmarried opposite-sex partnerships]], and 131 (1.0%) [[same-sex partnerships|same-sex married couples or partnerships]]. 3,649 households (26.5%) were made up of individuals, and 1,276 (9.3%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65. There were 9,146 [[family (U.S. Census)|families]] (66.5% of all households); the average family size was 3.24.

The population was spread out, with 8,514 people (23.3%) under the age of 18, 3,084 people (8.4%) aged 18 to 24, 10,733 people (29.3%) aged 25 to 44, 10,018 people (27.4%) aged 45 to 64, and 4,241 people (11.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.0 males.

There were 14,473 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,055.4|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|units |units|}}, of which 6,809 (49.5%) were owner-occupied, and 6,953 (50.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.9%. 18,478 people (50.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 17,956 people (49.1%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, Monrovia had a median household income of $71,768, with 9.8% of the population living below the federal poverty line.<ref name="quickfacts.census.gov"/>

===2000===
As of the census<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 36,929 people, 13,502 households, and 9,086 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|2,686.5|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 13,957 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,015.3|/mi2|/km2|disp=preunit|units |units|}}. The racial makeup of the city was 62.92% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 8.67% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 7.02% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.87% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.13% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 15.61% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 4.77% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 35.24% of the population.

There were 13,502 households, out of which 35.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.4% were married couples living together, 15.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families. 26.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.29.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 27.4% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 34.0% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,375, and the median income for a family was $49,703. Males had a median income of $41,039 versus $32,259 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $21,686. About 9.7% of families and 13.1% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 18.3% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.

[[Mexicans|Mexican]] (27.0%) and [[Germans|German]] (7.9%) were the most common ancestries. [[Mexico]] (48.1%) and the [[Philippines]] (8.6%) were the most common foreign places of birth.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://maps.latimes.com/neighborhoods/neighborhood/monrovia/ | title=Monrovia }}</ref>

==Economy==
[[Original Tommy's]], [[Trader Joe's]], [[Green Dot Corporation|Green Dot]] and [[Naked Juice]] are based in Monrovia. Monrovia has a "Technology Corridor,"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cityofmonrovia.ws/about-monrovia/economic-development/technology-corridor |title=Technology Corridor |publisher=Cityofmonrovia.ws |access-date=July 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316000353/http://cityofmonrovia.ws/about-monrovia/economic-development/technology-corridor |archive-date=March 16, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofmonrovia.org/home/showdocument?id=1486|title=City of Monrovia General Plan Amendment Land Use Element|date=April 1, 2015|access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref> which includes [[AeroVironment]], Tanner Research, [[Parasoft]], Xencor, and ITT Deep Space Division.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

===Top employers===
According to the city's 2021 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 30, 2021|title=City of Monrovia Annual Comprehensive Financial Report|url=https://www.cityofmonrovia.org/home/showpublisheddocument/27724/637801105952170000|access-date=May 24, 2022|website=City of Monrovia}}</ref> the top employers in the city are:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! #
! Employer
! # of employees
|-
| 1
|Monrovia Unified School District
|724
|-
| 2
|[[Trader Joe's]]
|341
|-
| 3
|STAAR Surgical
|254
|-
| 4
|Sierra Autocars
|244
|-
| 5
|City of Monrovia
|238
|-
| 6
|[[Worley (company)|WorleyParsons]]
|218
|-
| 7
|[[Home Depot]]
|209
|-
| 8
|[[Ducommun]]
|182
|-
| 9
|Vinyl Technology
|179
|-
| 10
|[[Amada Miyachi America|Amada Myachi America]]
|164
|}

==Arts and culture==
[[File:UptonSinclairHouse-186-sm.jpg|thumb|[[Upton Sinclair House]]]]

[[Upton Sinclair House]], home to author [[Upton Sinclair]], is in Monrovia and is a [[National Historic Landmark]].

==Government==
In the [[California State Legislature]], Monrovia is in {{Representative|casd|25|fmt=sdistrict}}, and in {{Representative|caad|41|fmt=adistrict}}. A small portion of the city is in {{Representative|caad|48|fmt=adistrict}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html |title=Statewide Database |publisher=[[Regents of the University of California]] |access-date=March 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113744/http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html |archive-date=February 1, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the [[United States House of Representatives]], Monrovia is mostly within {{Representative|cacd|31|fmt=district}} with a small portion of the city in {{Representative|cacd|28|fmt=district}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_cd_finaldraft_splits.zip
|title = Communities of Interest - City
|publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission
|access-date = September 27, 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130930184128/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_cd_finaldraft_splits.zip
|archive-date = September 30, 2013
|url-status = dead
|df = mdy-all
}}</ref>

==Education==

===Public schools===
[[File:Monrhs.JPG|thumb|right|[[Monrovia High School]]]]
[[Monrovia Unified School District]] operates public schools. [[Monrovia High School]] is the high school.

===Colleges and universities===
The city is a part of the [[Citrus Community College District]].

==Media==
Newspapers with offices in Monrovia include the ''[[San Gabriel Valley Tribune]]'', which publishes community news, and ''Monrovia Weekly'', a community newspaper. Public access television is provided by KGEM-TV, which is available primarily to cable viewers, with some content online.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kgem.tv/about-kgem/|title=About KGEM-TV|access-date=February 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101163908/http://kgem.tv/about-kgem/|archive-date=January 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
[[File:Monrovia trolley bus.jpg|thumb|right|Monrovia Trolley Bus in front of the Krikorian Theater (2005)]]
Monrovia's main roads include [[Foothill Boulevard (Southern California)|Foothill Boulevard]] and Huntington Drive (historic [[U.S. Route 66|Route 66]]). It is also served by the [[Interstate 210 and State Route 210 (California)|Foothill Freeway]] (I-210).

In 2016, [[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority|Metro]] opened a new at-grade light rail station in Monrovia, [[Monrovia station]], at the intersection of Myrtle Avenue and Duarte Road. It is served by the [[A Line (Los Angeles Metro)|Metro A Line]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foothillgoldline.org/construction_phases/pasadena_to_azusa|title=Foothill Gold Line Pasadena to Azusa|access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref> It is at the location of the former Santa Fe Depot, which still stands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sgvtribune.com/2017/12/06/heres-what-developers-are-planning-for-monrovias-restored-1926-santa-fe-train-depot/ |title=Here's what developers are planning for Monrovia's restored 1926 Santa Fe train depot|date=December 6, 2017 |access-date=February 8, 2018}}</ref>

===Health care===
The [[Los Angeles County Department of Health Services]] operates the Monrovia Health Center in Monrovia.<ref>"[http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/phn/docs/HealthCenter/monrovia.pdf Monrovia Health Center]." [[Los Angeles County Department of Health Services]]. Retrieved on March 27, 2010.</ref>

==Notable people==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Kenny Baker (American singer and actor)|Kenny Baker]], singer and actor
* [[Corie Blount]], basketball player, [[Los Angeles Lakers]], [[Chicago Bulls]]
* [[Cisco Carlos]], Major League Baseball pitcher
* [[Jason Earles]], actor
* [[Mary Ford]], vocalist and guitarist
* [[Jim Fuller (musician)|Jim Fuller]], guitarist for [[The Surfaris]] (of "Wipeout" fame)
* [[Prince Gomolvilas]], playwright
* [[Dean R. Hirsch]], president of [[World Vision International]]
* [[Ernie Johnson (shortstop)|Ernie Johnson]], former baseball player and member of the New York Yankees first World Series championship team 1923
* [[Ian Johnson (American football)|Ian Johnson]], American football player
* [[Katie Johnson (soccer)|Katie Johnson]], Mexican-American soccer player for the [[San Diego Wave]] in the [[NWSL]]
* [[Steven Kiyoshi Kuromiya]], gay rights activist
* [[Ellis McCarthy]], defensive tackle for [[Miami Dolphins]]
* [[Corky King]], founder of [[Summum]]
* [[Scott Land]], puppeteer/actor
* [[Don Mankiewicz]], screenwriter and novelist
* [[Francis M. Pottenger, Jr.]], nutrition researcher
* [[Kim Rhode]], three-time Olympic gold medalist (six medals total) in trap and skeet shooting
* [[Thomas J. Sargent]], 2011 Nobel Prize in Economics, graduated from [[Monrovia High School]] in 1961
* [[Upton Sinclair]] and [[Mary Craig Sinclair]], authors and producers
* [[Jacob Smith (actor)|Jacob Smith]], actor
* [[William A. Spinks]] (1865–1933), champion [[carom billiards]] pro, co-inventor of modern [[Billiard chalk|billiards cue chalk]], oil investor, and flower and [[avocado]] farmer (developer of the Spinks avocado [[cultivar]]); also maintained home and farm in nearby Duarte
* [[Leslie Van Houten]], Monrovia High School graduate, [[Charles Manson]] follower
* [[Henry B. Walthall]] (1878–1936), actor
* [[The Fabulous Wonder Twins]], entertainers
{{div col end}}
*[[Ashley Sanchez]] Professional Soccer Player for the [[Washington Spirit]] in the [[NWSL]] and the [[USWNT]]

==In popular culture==
*The house seen in the 1986 horror-comedy cult film ''[[House (1986 film)|House]]'' is at 329 Melrose Avenue in Monrovia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/h/House.html |title=Film locations for House (1986) |publisher=Movie-locations.com |access-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref>
*The exterior house seen in the 2018 [[Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction|post-apocalyptic]] [[Horror film|horror]] [[thriller film]] ''[[Bird Box (film)|Bird Box]]'', which was [[Over-the-top media service|streamed]] worldwide on [[Netflix]], is at 304 North Canyon Boulevard and the corner of East Greystone Avenue in Monrovia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalfilmlocations.net/2018/12/23/bird-box-2018-film-locations/ |title=Bird Box (2018) Film Locations |date=December 23, 2018 |publisher=globalfilmlocations.net |access-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Greater Los Angeles}}
* [[Baseball Reliquary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Monrovia (California)}}
* {{official website|https://www.cityofmonrovia.org/}} City of Monrovia website
* {{Cite Americana|wstitle=Monrovia (California)|display=Monrovia, Cal. |year=1920 |short=x}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre =Monrovia
| North =[[San Gabriel Mountains]]
| Northeast =[[Bradbury, California|Bradbury]]
| East =[[Duarte, California|Duarte]]
| Southeast = [[Baldwin Park, California|Baldwin Park]]
| South = [[El Monte, California|El Monte]]
| Southwest =[[North El Monte, California|North El Monte]]
| West = [[Arcadia, California|Arcadia]]
| Northwest = [[San Gabriel Mountains]]
| image =
}}
{{Cities of Los Angeles County, California}}
{{Greater Los Angeles Area}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Monrovia, California| ]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Cities in Los Angeles County, California]]
[[Category:Communities in the San Gabriel Valley]]
[[Category:Incorporated cities and towns in California]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1887]]

Pax Soprana

2024-08-29T00:45:11Z

136.32.60.170: /* Cultural references */

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox television episode
| series = [[The Sopranos]]
| season = 1
| episode = 6
| guests=
| airdate = {{Start date|1999|02|14}}
| length = 50 minutes
| production = 106
| writer = [[Frank Renzulli]]
| director = [[Alan Taylor (director)|Alan Taylor]]
| photographer = [[Alik Sakharov]]
| episode_list = List of The Sopranos episodes
| season_article = The Sopranos season 1
| image =
| image_size =
| prev = [[College (The Sopranos)|College]]
| next = [[Down Neck]]
}}
"'''Pax Soprana'''" is the sixth episode of the [[HBO]] original series ''[[The Sopranos]]''. It was written by [[Frank Renzulli]], directed by [[Alan Taylor (director)|Alan Taylor]] and originally aired on February 14, 1999.

==Starring==
* [[James Gandolfini]] as [[Tony Soprano]]
* [[Lorraine Bracco]] as [[Dr. Jennifer Melfi]]
* [[Edie Falco]] as [[Carmela Soprano]]
* [[Michael Imperioli]] as [[Christopher Moltisanti]]
* [[Dominic Chianese]] as [[Junior Soprano|Corrado Soprano, Jr.]]
* [[Vincent Pastore]] as [[Pussy Bonpensiero]]
* [[Steven Van Zandt]] as [[Silvio Dante]] *
* [[Tony Sirico]] as [[Paulie Gualtieri]] *
* [[Robert Iler]] as [[Anthony Soprano, Jr.]] *
* [[Jamie-Lynn Sigler]] as [[Meadow Soprano]] *
* [[Nancy Marchand]] as [[Livia Soprano]]

''* = credit only''

===Guest starring===
* [[John Heard (actor)|John Heard]] as [[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Vin Makazian|Vin Makazian]]
* [[Jerry Adler]] as [[Hesh Rabkin]]

====Also guest starring====
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Al Sapienza]] as [[Mikey Palmice]]
* [[Paul Schulze]] as [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Father Phil Intintola|Father Phil]]
* [[Oksana Lada]] as [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Irina Peltsin|Irina Peltsin]]
* [[Tony Darrow]] as [[Larry Barese|Larry Boy Barese]]
* [[George Loros]] as [[Ray Curto|Raymond Curto]]
* [[Joe Badalucco|Joe Badalucco, Jr.]] as [[Jimmy Altieri]]
* [[Vince Curatola]] as [[Johnny Sack]]
* Freddy Bastone as Batman
* William Conn as Old Man
* [[Maurizio Corbino]] as "John" the Waiter
* [[Sylvia Kauders]] as Old Woman
* [[Salem Ludwig]] as Mr. Capri
* [[Prianga Pieris]] as Mechanic
* [[Salvatore Piro]] as Sammy Grigio
* Christopher Quinn as [[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Rusty Irish|Rusty Irish]]
* [[Dave Salerno]] as Card Player
* [[Frank Santorelli]] as Georgie
* [[Donn Swaby]] as Guy on Bridge
* [[Sonny Zito]] as Eggie
}}

==Synopsis==
[[Mikey Palmice|Mikey]] beats up the leader of a card game that had been protected by [[Jimmy Altieri]], a [[Soprano family|DiMeo family]] [[caporegime|capo]]. While [[Junior Soprano|Uncle Junior]] is being fitted for a new suit, his tailor tells him that his 14-year-old grandson died by suicide after taking drugs sold to him by [[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Rusty Irish|Rusty Irish]], who works for DiMeo capo [[Larry Barese|"Larry Boy" Barese]]. Junior has him killed, even though he is Larry Boy's top earner.

Prompted by [[Livia Soprano|Livia]], Junior tells [[Hesh Rabkin|Hesh]] that he must now, for the first time, make payments to him. Hesh goes to [[Tony Soprano|Tony]], who goes to [[John Sacrimoni|Johnny Sack]], the [[underboss]] in [[New York City|New York]]'s [[Lupertazzi crime family]]. They negotiate with Junior, who reduces his demands, and Hesh agrees to pay. The other DiMeo capos are resentful because Junior is keeping too much money for himself. Tony speaks to Junior, who agrees to pass Hesh's tribute money down to his capos. Tony gives his share of this money back to Hesh.

Tony loses his [[libido]] as a side effect of his medication. [[Carmela Soprano|Carmela]], and Tony's mistress [[List of characters from The Sopranos - Friends and Family#Irina Peltsin|Irina]], become very discontented. Tony also starts having erotic dreams about [[Jennifer Melfi|Dr. Melfi]] and [[Transference|believes he is in love]] with her. He tries to kiss her during a session, then has her aging car stolen and returned with a new starter. Carmela admits to Tony that she is jealous that his therapist can help him but she cannot. Tony tells Carmela that she is his life, and they reconcile.

Junior celebrates his promotion to [[crime boss|boss]] with a banquet. A waiter has a [[hidden camera|button camera]] and takes photos for the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], which are affixed to a bulletin board mapping out the hierarchy of the DiMeo family.

==First appearance==
* '''[[Johnny Sack|John "Johnny Sack" Sacrimoni]]''': The [[underboss]] of the [[Lupertazzi crime family]], one of the [[Five Families]] of [[New York City]].

==Deceased==
* '''[[List of characters from The Sopranos in the Soprano crime family#Rusty Irish|Rusty Irish]]''': Thrown off the [[Great Falls (Passaic River)|Great Falls Bridge]] by Mikey Palmice with help of Joseph Marino on orders from Uncle Junior.

==Title reference==
The title is a reference to [[Pax Romana]] (Roman peace) and related terms ([[Pax Britannica]], [[Pax Americana]], etc.), which refer to a lack of conflict over a long period of time due to the unchallenged rule of a single dominant power, which Tony hopes to achieve within the Soprano family. Pax Romana was an era initiated by the [[Roman emperor]] [[Augustus]], mentioned by Tony in his conversation with Uncle Junior.

==Cultural references==
* Tony speaks to Junior about Octavian, later the Roman Emperor [[Augustus]].
* Livia alludes to [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s poem "[[Gunga Din]]". He was a servant who carried water to soldiers in need.
*In the episode's final scene, sitting to Tony Soprano's left in the banquet hall is real-life Gambino crime family associate Anthony Corozzo, brother of Gambino capo [[Nicholas Corozzo]] and former Gambino consigliere, [[Joseph Corozzo]].

==Music==
* The song played when Mikey and his boys shake down a poker game that is under Jimmy Altieri's protection is "Willy Nilly" by [[Rufus Thomas]].
* The song played when Mr. Capri fits Junior for a new suit is "[[When the Boy in Your Arms]]" by [[Connie Francis]].
* While Junior visits Livia at Green Grove, some of the other seniors are singing to "[[I Whistle a Happy Tune]]".
* The song played as Christopher walks into the card game at Satriale's is "Coconut Boogaloo," by [[Medeski Martin & Wood]].
* The song played during Tony's first dream featuring Dr. Melfi is "What Time Is It?" by [[The Jive Five]].
* The song played when Tony meets with Johnny Sack during his anniversary dinner with Carmela is "Pampa" by [[Gustavo Santaolalla]].
* The song played during the final montage and end credits is an instrumental version of "[[Paparazzi (Xzibit song)|Paparazzi]]" by [[Xzibit]], a song derived from [[Gabriel Fauré]]'s "[[Pavane (Fauré)|Pavane]]".

== Filming locations ==
Listed in order of first appearance:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sopranos-locations.com/season-1/episode-6/|title=The Sopranos location guide - Filming locations for|last=Ugoku|website=www.sopranos-locations.com|language=en|access-date=January 27, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126232007/https://www.sopranos-locations.com/season-1/episode-6/|url-status=live}}</ref>

* [[Harrison, New Jersey]]
* [[West Orange, New Jersey]]
* [[Satriale's Pork Store]] in [[Kearny, New Jersey]]
* [[West Caldwell, New Jersey]]
* [[Paterson, New Jersey]]
* The [[Great Falls (Passaic River)|Great Falls]] in [[Paterson, New Jersey]]
* [[Long Island City]], [[Queens]]
* [[Glen Head, New York]]
*

==Reception==
In 2015, [[Alan Sepinwall]] argued that "Pax Soprana" is "so fraught with discomfort and complications with both family and Family (and whatever separate sphere Melfi occupies) that it's nearly as compelling in its own right as [[College (The Sopranos)|last week's Very Special Episode]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uproxx.com/sepinwall/the-sopranos-rewind-season-1-episode-6-pax-soprana/|title='The Sopranos' Rewind: Season 1, Episode 6: 'Pax Soprana'|last=Sepinwall|first=Alan|website=Uproxx|date=July 8, 2015|access-date=April 17, 2017|archive-date=April 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083136/http://uproxx.com/sepinwall/the-sopranos-rewind-season-1-episode-6-pax-soprana/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Emily St. James]] of ''[[The A.V. Club]]'' wrote that the episode "isn't a tremendous hour of television like 'College' was, but it may be more significant."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/the-sopranos-pax-sopranadown-neck-42335|title=''The Sopranos'': "Pax Soprana"/"Down Neck"|last=St. James|first=Emily|website=The A.V. Club|date=June 23, 2010|access-date=April 17, 2017|archive-date=April 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418161947/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/the-sopranos-pax-sopranadown-neck-42335|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos/episodes/index.html#/the-sopranos/episodes/1/06-pax-soprana/index.html "Pax Soprana"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818123846/http://www.hbo.com/the-sopranos/episodes/index.html#/the-sopranos/episodes/1/06-pax-soprana/index.html |date=August 18, 2016 }} at [[HBO]]
*{{IMDb episode|0705270}}

{{The Sopranos}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pax Soprana}}
[[Category:The Sopranos season 1 episodes]]
[[Category:1999 American television episodes]]
[[Category:Television episodes directed by Alan Taylor (director)]]

[[fr:Pax Soprana]]

Justin Gimelstob

2024-08-28T23:00:25Z

136.32.60.170: /* Sexist comments */

{{short description|American tennis player}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|image = File:Justin Gimelstob 2, Aegon Championships, London, UK - Diliff.jpg
|name = Justin Gimelstob
|fullname = Justin Jeremy Gimelstob
|country={{flagu|United States}}
|residence = [[Santa Monica, California]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1977|1|26}}
|birth_place = [[Livingston, New Jersey]]
|height = {{height|ft=6|in=5}}
|turnedpro = 1996
|retired = 2007
|plays = Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
|coach = [[David Nainkin]] (circa 2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asapsports.com/show_interview.php?id=25884 |title=US OPEN |publisher=ASAP Sports |date=August 28, 2000 }}</ref> [[Brandon Coupe]]
|careerprizemoney = [[US$|$]]2,575,522
|singlesrecord = 107–172
|singlestitles = 0
|highestsinglesranking = No. 63 (April 19, 1999)
|AustralianOpenresult = 2R ([[1999 Australian Open – Men's singles|1999]])
|FrenchOpenresult = 1R ([[1999 French Open – Men's singles|1999]], [[2000 French Open – Men's singles|2000]], [[2003 French Open – Men's singles|2003]], [[2006 French Open – Men's singles|2006]], [[2007 French Open – Men's singles|2007]])
|Wimbledonresult = 3R ([[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2000]], [[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2003]], [[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2005]])
|USOpenresult = 3R ([[1997 US Open – Men's singles|1997]], [[1999 US Open – Men's singles|1999]])
|doublesrecord = 174–158
|doublestitles = 13
|highestdoublesranking = No. 18 (May 8, 2000)
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult = SF ([[2001 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2001]])
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 1R ([[1997 French Open – Men's doubles|1997]], [[1998 French Open – Men's doubles|1998]], [[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|1999]], [[2000 French Open – Men's doubles|2000]], [[2003 French Open – Men's doubles|2003]], [[2006 French Open – Men's doubles|2006]], [[2007 French Open – Men's doubles|2007]])
|WimbledonDoublesresult = QF ([[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1998]], [[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2004]])
|USOpenDoublesresult = 3R ([[1999 US Open – Men's doubles|1999]], [[2004 US Open – Men's doubles|2004]], [[2007 US Open – Men's doubles|2007]])
|AustralianOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ([[1998 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1998]])
|FrenchOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ([[1998 French Open – Mixed doubles|1998]])
|WimbledonMixedresult = SF ([[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1998]])
|USOpenMixedresult = SF ([[2002 US Open – Mixed doubles|2002]], [[2006 US Open – Mixed doubles|2006]])
|Mixed = yes
|mixedrecord = 33–15
|mixedtitles = 2
|Team = yes
|DavisCupresult = SF ([[1998 Davis Cup|1998]])
|HopmanCupresult = '''W''' ([[1997 Hopman Cup|1997]])
|updated = 10 June 2021
}}

'''Justin Jeremy Gimelstob''' (born January 26, 1977<ref>Williams, Lena. [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30B1FF639590C758DDDAB0994D0494D81 "TENNIS – EXHIBITION; Gimelstob Starts Charity Event"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 16, 1998. Accessed February 24, 2011. "On Saturday, Gimelstob and three of his Davis Cup teammates – Todd Martin, Jim Courier and Jan-Michael Gambill – will take part in a one-day exhibition to benefit three charities: the Eastern Tennis Association, the Tim and Tom Gullikson Foundation, and the Valerie Fund at St. Barnabas Medical Center in Livingston, N.J. My brothers and I were born there, said Gimelstob, of the medical center."</ref>) is a retired American [[tennis]] player. Gimelstob has been a resident of [[Morristown, New Jersey]],<ref>Robbins, Liz. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE3D61330F932A0575BC0A9679C8B63 "Gimelstob Says Fine For Spitting Is Low"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 31, 2001. Accessed June 1, 2008. "Gimelstob was so disturbed that he threatened to find Tabara in the locker room afterward. Yesterday, Gimelstob, from Morristown, N.J., was even more angry."</ref> and as of 2009 lived in [[Santa Monica, California]].<ref>[http://www.atpworldtour.com/Corporate/Management.aspx ATP Board of Directors.] Accessed July 17, 2009.</ref>

He was the top-ranked boy in his age group at the ages of 12, 14, 16, and 18.<ref name="njjewishnews1">{{cite web |url=http://njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/050406/sptsThirdGroupOfAthletes.html |author=Ron Kaplan |title=Third group of athletes to enter JCC MetroWest Sports Hall of Fame |work=[[New Jersey Jewish News]] |date=January 27, 1936 |access-date=February 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714185306/http://njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/050406/sptsThirdGroupOfAthletes.html |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As a pro, he made the final of the Newport Tournament in singles and has 15 doubles championships to his name, including the [[1998 Australian Open]] and [[1998 French Open]] [[Mixed doubles (tennis)|mixed doubles]] titles with [[Venus Williams]]. He was twice a member of the U.S. Davis Cup team.<ref name="njjewishnews1"/>

In singles matches, he defeated [[Andre Agassi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/andre-agassi-vs-justin-gimelstob/A092/G354|title=Andre Agassi VS Justin Gimelstob | Head 2 Head | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref> [[Petr Korda]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/petr-korda-vs-justin-gimelstob/K148/G354|title=Petr Korda VS Justin Gimelstob | Head 2 Head | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref> [[Àlex Corretja]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/alex-corretja-vs-justin-gimelstob/C344/G354|title=Alex Corretja VS Justin Gimelstob | Head 2 Head | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref> [[Pat Rafter]],<ref name="jweekly1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/37187/gimel-takes-his-game-from-court-to-announcers-booth/comment/ |author=Amanda Pazornik|title='Gimel' takes his game from court to announcer's booth |publisher=Jweekly.com |date=February 12, 2009 |access-date=February 15, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/patrick-rafter-vs-justin-gimelstob/R255/G354|title=Patrick Rafter VS Justin Gimelstob | Head 2 Head | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref> and [[Gustavo Kuerten]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/players/justin-gimelstob/g354/overview|title=Justin Gimelstob | Overview | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref> His career singles record was 107–172.<ref name="auto1"/> His highest career singles ranking was No. 63 in 1999, and his highest career doubles ranking was No. 18 in 2000.

Gimelstob most recently coached American [[John Isner]].<ref name="ISNER TO BE COACHED BY GIMELSTOB">{{cite web |url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/News/Tennis/2014/12/50/Gimelstob-To-Coach-Isner.aspx|title=Isnert to be coached by Gimlestob|access-date=December 16, 2014}}</ref>

==Tennis career==

===Juniors===

Gimelstob had one of the most successful junior tennis careers in American junior tennis history. He started playing tennis when he was eight, and was the top-ranked boy in his age group from ages 12 through 18.<ref name="njjewishnews1"/> In 1991, he was ranked No. 1 in the [[USTA]] Boys' 14 age group, and he was No. 1 ranked again in the USTA Boys' 16 age group, winning the USTA championship, in 1993.<ref name="njjewishnews1"/> He was also ranked No. 1 at age 18, and in 1995 he won the USTA National Boys' 18 Championships.<ref name="njjewishnews1"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080519185456/http://ustaboys.com/tournament/past_winners.php Past Winners: 18s Singles], [[USTA]] Boys National Tennis Championships. Accessed September 3, 2007.</ref>

Gimelstob grew up in the [[New Vernon, New Jersey|New Vernon]] section of [[Harding Township, New Jersey]].<ref>Staff. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E2DE1339F935A25756C0A960958260 "Gimelstob Takes Shot at the Pros"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 16, 1996. Accessed September 3, 2007. "The first pro tournament for the 19-year-old U.C.L.A. sophomore from Harding Township, N.J., will be the Stella Artois Grass Court Championships in London in June."</ref> He graduated from [[Newark Academy]] in [[Livingston, New Jersey]], in 1995.<ref>Seeges, Sandy. [http://www.dailyrecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070828/SPORTS/708280319/1002 "Last Open for Gimelstob: New Vernon tennis player has tough match in Roddick"]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''[[Daily Record (Morristown)]]'', August 28, 2007. Accessed September 3, 2007. "The 30-year-old Gimelstob, a graduate of Newark Academy, has known for awhile that his career was coming to an end."</ref> As a sophomore at Newark Academy, Gimelstob led the school's tennis team to a 26–0 record and won the state [[Tournament of Champions (NJSIAA)|Tournament of Champions]].<ref>[http://www.nj.com/hssports/ledger/index.ssf?/hssports/century/stories/btennistop10.html "Best Boys Tennis Team of the Century"], ''[[The Star-Ledger]]''. Accessed December 12, 2007.</ref> In 2005, he was entered into the high school's hall of fame, the Newark (N.J.) Academy Hall of Fame.<ref name="atpworldtour1">{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Gi/J/Justin-Gimelstob.aspx |title= Justin Gimelstob |publisher=ATP World Tour |access-date=February 15, 2011}}</ref> The high school named its tennis facility after him and his brothers.<ref name="tennisnow1">{{cite web |url=http://www.tennisnow.com/2010_News/Shoes_Racquet/Justin_Gimelstob_Tennis.aspx |title=Legends Justin Gimelstob – USA |publisher=TennisNow.com |access-date=February 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214161926/http://www.tennisnow.com/2010_News/Shoes_Racquet/Justin_Gimelstob_Tennis.aspx |archive-date=February 14, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Gimelstob, as a resident of [[Essex Fells, New Jersey]], competed in junior tennis.<ref>Staff. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1993/08/16/goldstein-wins-18s-open-spot/58c7c6fe-8b6b-4f59-a571-3743290e889b/ "Goldstein Wins 18s, Open Spot"], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', August 16, 1993. Accessed August 28, 2017. "In the 16s, top-seeded Justin Gimelstob of Essex Fells, N.J., beat No. 4 Ryan Wolters of San Jose. 6–3, 6–1."</ref>

===College and pro careers===

In January 1995, Gimelstob enrolled at [[UCLA]] after first recruiting him as a 12 year old, and eliciting legendary UCLA basketball coach John Wooden during his recruitment process, Gimelstob accepted a scholarship to attend UCLA after graduating high school a year early.<ref name="njjewishnews1"/> There, he completed his first semester with a 4.0 [[GPA]] and throughout his two years maintained the highest GPA of any student athlete.<ref name="Justin Gimelstob">{{cite web |url=http://www.justingimelstob.com/bio.html |title=Personal Biography and Career Highlights |publisher=Justin Gimelstob |date=January 26, 1977 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213195807/http://www.justingimelstob.com/bio.html |archive-date=December 13, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> He was an Academic All American is his freshman year.<ref name="njjewishnews1"/><ref name="Justin Gimelstob"/> In Gimelstob's sophomore season he was ranked #1 in singles and doubles, while leading UCLA to the #1 team ranking throughout the season until losing a heartbreaking final to Stanford after defeating them three times during the season. Gimelstob went on to partner Srdan Muskatirovic to win the 1996 NCAA Doubles Championship.

In September 1995, when he defeated [[David Prinosil]] in the first round of the U.S. Open it was stated in ''[[Sports Illustrated]]''. that Gimelstob was ranked # 1,154 at the time, and Prinosil #85.<ref name="Jews In Sports">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=tennis&ID=11|title=Gimelstob, Justin|publisher=Jews In Sports|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref>

Gimelstob turned pro in 1996. At Wimbledon in June 1997 he upset world # 12 [[Gustavo Kuerten]], 6–3, 6–4, 4–6, 1–6, 6–4. In July 1997, he defeated world # 32 [[Andre Agassi]] at the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] event in Los Angeles, 7–5, 6–2. Later that month, he defeated world # 16 [[Petr Korda]] 6–4, 6–4 in Montreal. Gimelstob then reached the 3rd round at the [[1997 US Open (tennis)|1997 US Open]].

Gimelstob subsequently established himself chiefly as a [[Doubles (tennis)|doubles]] specialist, winning 12 titles. In 11 appearances at the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], he partnered 11 different players.

He won the 1998 Australian Open and French Open [[Mixed doubles (tennis)|mixed doubles]] titles, with [[Venus Williams]] as his partner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tennisgrandstand.com/2010/05/19/the-a-z-guide-to-jewish-grand-slam-champions/ |author=David Goodman |title=The A-Z Guide to Jewish Grand Slam Champions |publisher=TennisGrandStand |date=May 19, 2010 |access-date=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304181643/http://www.tennisgrandstand.com/2010/05/19/the-a-z-guide-to-jewish-grand-slam-champions/ |archive-date=March 4, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In June 1998 at Wimbledon he beat world No. 9 [[Àlex Corretja]] in straight sets. In July he upset world No. 5 [[Pat Rafter]] 6–4, 6–3 in Los Angeles.

[[File:Justin gimelstob.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Gimelstob serving]]
In March he beat world # 22 [[Thomas Muster]], 6–4, 7–5 in Scottsdale, and in August he upset world # 7 [[Todd Martin]], 6–4, 6–4 in Cincinnati. In June 2000 he beat world No.27 [[Fabrice Santoro]] in London, 4–6, 6–4, 6–0. In July he upset world # 19 [[Mark Philippoussis]] 3–6, 7–6 (7–5), 7–6 (7–3). In 2001, he and partner Scott Humphries got to the semifinals of the Australian Open.<ref name="Jews In Sports"/> At the US Open, 5' 9" [[Michal Tabara]] was fined $1,000 for unsportsmanlike behavior for spitting at Gimelstob after their match. Tabara felt Gimelstob had taken an excessive number of time outs for injuries. "Unless he grows about another foot by the time I get back to the locker room", the 6' 5" Gimelstob said, "he's in trouble."<ref>{{cite news|last=Robbins |first=Liz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/31/sports/tennis-notebook-gimelstob-says-fine-for-spitting-is-low.html |title=Gimelstob Says Fine For Spitting Is Low |work=New York Times |date=August 31, 2001 |access-date=May 2, 2016}}</ref>

At the 2002 U.S. Open singles competition, Gimelstob lost in the second round to [[Andre Agassi]]. In doubles, he and [[Jeff Tarango]] lost in the 2nd round to Brian MacPhee and [[Nenad Zimonjić]], 7–5, 2–6, 6–7 (5–7).<ref name="Jews In Sports"/> In February 2003 he upset world No. 13 [[Paradorn Srichaphan]], 7–5 6–2, in [[San Jose, California|San Jose]]. At Wimbledon in 2003, he competed in both the singles and doubles events. He upset No. 15 seed Arnaud Clément of France in the second round in five sets. In the third round, Gimelstob lost in three sets to [[Jonas Björkman]] of Sweden.

At Wimbledon 2004, Gimelstob and [[Scott Humphries]] defeated [[Bob Bryan|Bob]] and [[Mike Bryan]] 6–3, 3–6, 6–4 in the second round. They lost to [[Mark Knowles]] and [[Daniel Nestor]] in the quarterfinals, 3–6, 2–6.<ref name="Jews In Sports"/> In July 2004, Gimelstob won in singles at [[Forest Hills, New York]], beating Dušan Vemić 7–6 (7), 6–2 in the final. That September, he beat [[Florent Serra]] of France 6–2, 6–2 in the quarterfinals, and [[Alex Bogomolov Jr.]] 6–1, 6–3 in the final of a hard court tournament in Beijing. He also won the doubles event at both of these tournaments, and a singles title at Nashville in November.<ref name="Jews In Sports"/>

Gimelstob made it to the finals in the hard court tournament in [[Tallahassee]] in April 2005,. At Wimbledon that year, Gimelstob defeated 29th seed [[Nicolás Massú]] in the 2nd round 6–3, 4–6, 7–6 (7–5), 7–6 (7–0). He was eliminated in the 3rd round by [[Lleyton Hewitt]] (seeded 3rd) 7–6 (7–5), 6–4, 7–5.<ref name="Jews In Sports"/> In 2006, Gimelstob reached his first ATP Tour Singles Final at The Hall of Fame Championships in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], losing to [[Mark Philippoussis]]. In March 2006 he defeated world # 39 [[Feliciano López]], 7–5. 6–3, in Indian Wells. In May he defeated world # 32 [[Nicolás Massú]], 2–6, 7–6 (7–3), 6–4, in the Portugal, and in July he defeated world # 36 [[Andy Murray]], 6–1, 7–6 (4), in the semifinals at Newport, Rhode Island.

In September 2006 he had back surgery to remove two large disc fragments that were putting pressure on the nerves to his right leg, causing him to lose sensation.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/writers/justin_gimelstob/09/26/back.surgery/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628232154/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/writers/justin_gimelstob/09/26/back.surgery/index.html |archive-date=June 28, 2011 |title= Writers – Justin Gimelstob: Career-threatening surgery gives me life perspective |magazine=Sports Illustrated|date=September 26, 2006 |access-date=February 14, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2006-09-14/news/0609131284_1_justin-gimelstob-surgery-henri-leconte |title=Gimelstob Is Set For Surgery |publisher=Sun Sentinel|date=September 14, 2006 |access-date=February 15, 2011}}</ref>

In June 2007, Gimelstob lost a contentious 6–4 vote of the ATP Players Council in his attempt to replace Andre Agassi's manager, Perry Rogers, on the men's tour's 3-man board of directors, and to become the first active player on the board.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsobserver.com/sports/story/616859.html |title=Stormy weekend for Gimelstob |publisher=newsobserver.com |date=August 6, 2010 |access-date=February 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413183307/http://www.newsobserver.com/sports/story/616859.html |archive-date=April 13, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

Gimelstob retired from professional tennis in the fall of 2007.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2007/writers/justin_gimelstob/08/30/last.match/ |title= Writers – Justin Gimelstob: After 13 U.S. Open appearances, it's time to say goodbye |magazine=Sports Illustrated |date=August 30, 2007 |access-date=February 14, 2011}}</ref> His highest world singles ranking was # 63, and in doubles, # 18.<ref name="Jews In Sports"/> In his final singles major, he was defeated by [[Andy Roddick]] in the first round of the 2007 U.S. Open, 7–6, 6–3, 6–3. He also played doubles in the 2007 US open. After retirement, he pursued a career in sports commentary, working for [[Tennis Channel]]. He resigned from his position at the Tennis Channel after being convicted of assaulting an acquaintance.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tennisnow.com/Blogs/NET-POSTS/May-2019/Gimelstob-Done-at-Tennis-Channel.aspx|title=tennisnow.com|work=TennisNow|date=May 2019|access-date=December 2, 2019}}</ref>

===Jewish heritage===
Gimelstob is [[Jewish]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/articles/2008/07/24/news/local/holding0725.txt |title= Holding court in Cleveland |publisher=Cleveland Jewish News |date=July 24, 2008 |access-date=February 14, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOTWUl-9LQoC&q=gimelstob&pg=PA164 |title=Day by day in Jewish sports history |isbn=9781602800137 |access-date=February 14, 2011|last1=Wechsler |first1=Bob |year=2008 |publisher=KTAV Publishing House }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.morethanthegames.co.uk/summer-sports/034722-sw19-court-circular-the-wimbledon-diary |title=SW19 Court Circular – The Wimbledon Diary |publisher=More than the games |access-date=February 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222144834/http://www.morethanthegames.co.uk/summer-sports/034722-sw19-court-circular-the-wimbledon-diary |archive-date=December 22, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Alan Fleishman |url=http://longislandtennismagazine.com/article546/exhibitions-story-two-acts |title=Exhibitions: A Story in Two Acts |publisher=Long Island Tennis Magazine |date=April 1, 2010 |access-date=February 14, 2011}}</ref> He was an assistant coach of Team USA's tennis squad at the [[1981 Maccabiah Games]] in Israel.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/07/05/sports/an-athlete-tests-the-scholarship-system.html | title=An Athlete Tests the Scholarship System | newspaper=The New York Times | date=July 5, 1981 | last1=Goldaper | first1=Sam }}</ref> Asked in 2003, in the wake of a ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' magazine article about increased [[anti-Semitism]] in France, whether he had been the brunt of anti-Semitism while he was in France for the French Open, he responded that he was uncertain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PBPB&p_theme=pbpb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0FB7B7F1D62CD66F&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= News|publisher=Palm Beach Post|date=May 31, 2003 |access-date=February 14, 2011}}</ref> "They're so impolite and rude in general, you don't know if they think I'm Jewish or whether I'm just another American tourist".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/sports/2003/06/28/2003-06-28_bjorkman_beats_jersey_s_just.html |title=Bjorkman Beats Jersey's Justin |work=Daily News |location=New York [|date=June 28, 2003 |access-date=February 14, 2011 }} {{Dead link|date=April 2014|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

He is a member of the [[Southern California Jewish Sports Hall of Fame]] in 2003.<ref name="jweekly1"/><ref name="atpworldtour1"/><ref name="tennisnow1"/> He was inducted into the [[MetroWest Jewish Sports Hall]] of Fame in New Jersey in 2006.<ref name="jweekly1"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Ron |url=http://www.njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/060806/mwHallOfFameInduction.html |title=Hall of Fame induction becomes a family affair |publisher=NJ Jewish News |access-date=February 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517015617/http://www.njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/060806/mwHallOfFameInduction.html |archive-date=May 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

He said he was proud to be a Jewish role model.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Ron |url=http://njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/060806/mwHallOfFameInduction.html |title=Hall of Fame induction becomes a family affair |publisher=NJ Jewish News |access-date=February 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517015617/http://www.njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/060806/mwHallOfFameInduction.html |archive-date=May 17, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He added: "When I played, I got a lot of support from the Jewish community. People identify me as a Jewish athlete. It's a strong responsibility, and I appreciate that."<ref name="jweekly1"/>

===Davis Cup===
Gimelstob played for the US [[Davis Cup]] team in 1998 and 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10010018 |title=Players |publisher=Davis Cup |access-date=February 14, 2011}}</ref>

==Significant finals==

===Grand Slam finals===

====Mixed doubles: 2 (2 titles)====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Outcome
! Year
! Championship
! Surface
! Partner
! Opponents
! class="unsortable"|Score
|- style="background:#ffc;"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[1998 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1998]]
| [[Australian Open]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Venus Williams]]
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Helena Suková]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Cyril Suk]]
| 6–2, 6–1
|- style="background:#ebc2af;"
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| [[1998 French Open – Mixed doubles|1998]]
| French Open
| Clay
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Venus Williams]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Serena Williams]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Luis Lobo]]
| 6–4, 6–4
|}

==ATP Tour career finals==

===Singles: 1 (1 runner-up)===
{|
|- valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Legend
|- style=background:#f3e6d7
|Grand Slam tournaments (0–0)
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|ATP World Tour Finals (0–0)
|- style=background:#e9e9e9
|ATP World Tour Masters Series (0–0)
|- style=background:#d4f1c5
|ATP World Tour Championship Series (0–0)
|-
|ATP World Tour International Series (0–1)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (0–0)
|-
|Clay (0–0)
|-
|Grass (0–1)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Finals by setting
|-
|Outdoor (0–1)
|-
|Indoor (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–1
|[[2006 Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Singles|{{dts|Jul 2006}}]]
|[[Hall of Fame Open|Newport]], United States
|International Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Philippoussis]]
|3–6, 5–7
|}

===Doubles: 17 (13 titles, 4 runner-ups)===
{|
|- valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Legend
|- style=background:#f3e6d7
|Grand Slam tournaments (0–0)
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|ATP World Tour Finals (0–0)
|- style=background:#e9e9e9
|ATP World Tour Masters Series (0–0)
|- style=background:#d4f1c5
|ATP World Tour Championship Series (3–0)
|-
|ATP World Tour World/International Series (10–4)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (8–1)
|-
|Clay (1–2)
|-
|Grass (3–1)
|-
|Carpet (1–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Finals by setting
|-
|Outdoor (10–4)
|-
|Indoor (3–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–0
|[[1997 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 1997}}]]
|[[Hall of Fame Open|Newport]], United States
|World Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Brett Steven]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Kent Kinnear]] {{flagicon|MKD}} [[Aleksandar Kitinov]]
|6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|2–0
|[[1998 Nottingham Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 1998}}]]
|[[Nottingham Open|Nottingham]], United Kingdom
|World Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Byron Talbot]]
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]]
|7–5, 6–7, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|3–0
|[[1999 Franklin Templeton Tennis Classic – Doubles|{{dts|Mar 1999}}]]
|[[Tennis Channel Open|Scottsdale]], United States
|World Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Richey Reneberg]]
|{{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sandon Stolle]]
|6–4, 6–7, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|4–0
|[[1999 AT&T Challenge – Doubles|{{dts|May 1999}}]]
|[[Verizon Tennis Challenge|Atlanta]], United States
|World Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Patrick Galbraith]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mark Woodforde]]
|5–7, 7–6, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|5–0
|[[1999 Nottingham Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 1999}}]]
|[[Nottingham Open|Nottingham]], United Kingdom
|World Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Patrick Galbraith]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Marius Barnard (tennis)|Marius Barnard]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Brent Haygarth]]
|5–7, 7–5, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|6–0
|[[1999 Legg Mason Tennis Classic – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 1999}}]]
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Washington Open (tennis)|Washington]], United States
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|Championship Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[David Adams (tennis)|David Adams]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[John-Laffnie de Jager]]
|7–5, 6–7, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|7–0
|[[1999 Kremlin Cup – Men's doubles|{{dts|Nov 1999}}]]
|[[Kremlin Cup|Moscow]], Russia
|World Series
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Daniel Vacek]]
|{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Andrei Medvedev (tennis)|Andrei Medvedev]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Marat Safin]]
|6–2, 6–1
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|8–0
|[[2000 Kroger St. Jude International – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2000}}]]
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[U.S. National Indoor Championships|Memphis]], United States
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|Championship Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Grabb]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Richey Reneberg]]
|6–2, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|8–1
|[[Verizon Tennis Challenge|{{dts|Apr 2000}}]]
|[[Verizon Tennis Challenge|Atlanta]], United States
|World Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Ellis Ferreira]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rick Leach]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|8–2
|[[2000 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships – Doubles|{{dts|May 2000}}]]
|[[U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships|Orlando]], United States
|World Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Jan Siemerink]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|9–2
|[[2000 President's Cup – Doubles|{{dts|Sep 2000}}]]
|[[President's Cup (tennis)|Tashkent]], Uzbekistan
|International Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Humphries]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Marius Barnard (tennis)|Marius Barnard]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Robbie Koenig]]
|6–3, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|9–3
|[[2002 Mercedes-Benz Cup – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2002}}]]
|[[Los Angeles Open (tennis)|Los Angeles]], United States
|World Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Michaël Llodra]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sébastien Grosjean]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Nicolas Kiefer]]
|4–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|10–3
|[[2003 AIG Japan Open Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Oct 2003}}]]
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|[[Japan Open (tennis)|Tokyo]], Japan
|style="background:#d4f1c5;"|Championship Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nicolas Kiefer]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Humphries]] {{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Merklein]]
|6–7(6–8), 6–3, 7–6(7–4)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|11–3
|[[2004 China Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 2004}}]]
|[[China Open (tennis)|Beijing]], China
|International Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Graydon Oliver]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Taylor Dent]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex Bogomolov Jr.]]
|4–6, 6–4, 7–6(8–6)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|12–3
|[[2004 Thailand Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2004}}]]
|[[Thailand Open (ATP)|Thailand Open]], Thailand
|International Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Graydon Oliver]]
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Roger Federer]] {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Yves Allegro]]
|5–7, 6–4, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|13–3
|[[2005 China Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 2005}}]]
|[[China Open (tennis)|Beijing]], China
|International Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Nathan Healey]]
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Dmitry Tursunov]] {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Mikhail Youzhny]]
|4–6, 6–3, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|13–4
|[[2006 Campbell's Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2006}}]]
|[[Hall of Fame Open|Newport]], United States
|International Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Jeff Coetzee]]
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Jürgen Melzer]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Robert Kendrick]]
|6–7(3–7), 0–6
|}

==ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals==

===Singles: 16 (9–7)===
{|
|- valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Legend
|- style="background:moccasin;"
|ATP Challenger (9–7)
|- style="background:#cffcff;"
|ITF Futures (0–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (8–7)
|-
|Clay (0–0)
|-
|Grass (1–0)
|-
|Carpet (0–0)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponent
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–0
|{{dts|Sep 1996}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[JSM Challenger|Urbana-Champaign]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Steve Bryan]]
|5–7, 6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|2–0
|{{dts|Nov 1996}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Andorra la Vella]], Andorra
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sandon Stolle]]
|6–4, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|3–0
|{{dts|Nov 1998}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Andorra la Vella]], Andorra
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[George Bastl]]
|6–3, 2–6, 7–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|4–0
|{{dts|Nov 1999}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Andorra la Vella]], Andorra
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Max Mirnyi]]
|4–6, 7–6, 7–5
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–1
|{{dts|Aug 2000}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Lexington Challenger|Lexington]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takao Suzuki]]
|1–2 ret.
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–2
|{{dts|Jun 2001}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Tallahassee Tennis Challenger|Tallahassee]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Ramón Delgado]]
|5–7, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–3
|{{dts|Jun 2002}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Tallahassee Tennis Challenger|Tallahassee]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Vahaly]]
|6–7(5–7), 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–4
|{{dts|Oct 2002}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Fresno, California|Fresno]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Scott Draper]]
|1–6, 7–6(7–5), 1–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–5
|{{dts|Feb 2003}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[RBC Tennis Championships of Dallas|Dallas]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Simon Greul]]
|3–6, 6–7(5–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|5–5
|{{dts|Jun 2004}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Grass
|{{flagicon|SCG}} [[Dušan Vemić]]
|7–6(9–7), 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|6–5
|{{dts|Sep 2004}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Beijing]], China
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex Bogomolov Jr.]]
|6–1, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|7–5
|{{dts|Nov 2004}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Music City Challenger|Nashville]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Amer Delić]]
|7–6(7–3), 7–6(7–4)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|8–5
|{{dts|Nov 2004}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[JSM Challenger|Urbana-Champaign]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Ramón Delgado]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|8–6
|{{dts|Apr 2005}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Tallahassee Tennis Challenger|Tallahassee]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Vahaly]]
|4–6, 0–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|9–6
|{{dts|Oct 2005}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Countrywide Classic USTA Challenger|Carson]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Amer Delić]]
|7–6(7–5), 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|9–7
|{{dts|Nov 2005}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[JSM Challenger|Champaign Urbana]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Danai Udomchoke]]
|5–7, 2–6
|}

==ATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals==

===Doubles: 22 (12–10)===
{|
|- valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Legend
|- style="background:moccasin;"
|ATP Challenger (12–10)
|- style="background:#cffcff;"
|ITF Futures (0–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:97%
|-
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (11–8)
|-
|Clay (0–0)
|-
|Grass (1–1)
|-
|Carpet (0–1)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!Date
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–0
|{{dts|Aug 1996}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Levene Gouldin & Thompson Tennis Challenger|Binghamton]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Salzenstein]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[David Di Lucia]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kenny Thorne]]
|6–2, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|1–1
|{{dts|Dec 1996}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Amarillo, Texas|Amarillo]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Salzenstein]]
|{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Max Mirnyi]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Kevin Ullyett]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|2–1
|{{dts|Dec 1996}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Daytona Beach, Florida|Daytona Beach]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Salzenstein]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mark Merklein]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Chad Clark (tennis)|Chad Clark]]
|7–6, 3–6, 7–5
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–2
|{{dts|Nov 1998}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Brest, France|Brest]], France
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Macphie]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Neville Godwin]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Marcos Ondruska]]
|4–6, 7–5, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|3–2
|{{dts|Nov 1998}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Andorra La Vella]], Andorra
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jack Waite]]
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Vincenzo Santopadre]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Massimo Ardinghi]]
|2–6, 6–4, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|3–3
|{{dts|Jan 1999}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Intersport Heilbronn Open|Heilbronn]], Germany
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Chris Woodruff]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Michael Kohlmann]] {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Filippo Veglio]]
|4–6, 7–5, 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|3–4
|{{dts|Jun 1999}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Surbiton Trophy|Surbiton]], United Kingdom
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Humphries]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Scott Draper]]
|walkover
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|4–4
|{{dts|Dec 2001}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[David Macpherson (tennis)|David Macpherson]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Michael Kohlmann]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Julian Knowle]]
|7–6(7–5), 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–5
|{{dts|Jan 2002}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Hilton Waikoloa Village USTA Challenger|Waikoloa]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[James Blake (tennis)|James Blake]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Glenn Weiner]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Gabriel Trifu]]
|4–6, 6–4, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|5–5
|{{dts|Feb 2002}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Joplin, Missouri|Joplin]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Humphries]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Glenn Weiner]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Paul Rosner]]
|6–4, 7–6(7–3)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|5–6
|{{dts|Apr 2002}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Calabasas Pro Tennis Championships|Calabasas]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Paul Goldstein (tennis)|Paul Goldstein]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Glenn Weiner]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Paul Rosner]]
|2–6, 6–4, 6–7(4–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|6–6
|{{dts|Feb 2003}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[RBC Tennis Championships of Dallas|Dallas]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Humphries]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Martin Garcia (tennis)|Martin Garcia]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Graydon Oliver]]
|7–6(9–7), 7–6(7–4)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|7–6
|{{dts|Apr 2003}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Calabasas Pro Tennis Championships|Calabasas]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Humphries]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim Thomas (tennis)|Jim Thomas]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Kevin Kim]]
|6–3, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|8–6
|{{dts|May 2003}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Humphries]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tripp Phillips]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Huntley Montgomery]]
|7–6(7–1), 3–6, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|9–6
|{{dts|Oct 2003}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Tiburon Challenger|Tiburon]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Coupe]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Robert Kendrick]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Diego Ayala (tennis)|Diego Ayala]]
|0–6, 6–3, 7–6(7–3)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|10–6
|{{dts|Jun 2004}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Forest Hills, Queens|Forest Hills]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Coupe]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Travis Rettenmaier]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Michael Tebbutt]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|10–7
|{{dts|Sep 2004}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Beijing]], China
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Graydon Oliver]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ashley Fisher]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tripp Phillips]]
|5–7, 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|10–8
|{{dts|Nov 2004}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[JSM Challenger|Champaign Urbana]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Graydon Oliver]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Baker (tennis)|Brian Baker]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rajeev Ram]]
|6–7(5–7), 6–7(7–9)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|10–9
|{{dts|May 2005}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Busan Open|Busan]], South Korea
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Wesley Moodie]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Paul Goldstein (tennis)|Paul Goldstein]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rajeev Ram]]
|walkover
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|11–9
|{{dts|Jun 2005}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Sunset Moulding YCRC Challenger|Yuba City]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Coupe]]
|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Santiago González (tennis)|Santiago González]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]
|6–2, 3–6, 7–6(7–1)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|11–10
|{{dts|Nov 2005}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[JSM Challenger|Champaign Urbana]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Rajeev Ram]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ashley Fisher]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tripp Phillips]]
|3–6, 7–5, 0–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|12–10
|{{dts|Jul 2006}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Open Diputación Ciudad de Pozoblanco|Córdoba]], Spain
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Kevin Kim]]
|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Ivo Klec]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Jan Mertl]]
|6–3, 7–5
|}

==Junior Grand Slam finals==

===Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up)===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Result
!Year
!Championship
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponent
!Score
|- style="background:#ebc2af;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|[[1995 French Open|1995]]
|[[French Open]]
|Clay
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Ryan Wolters]]
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Raemon Sluiter]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Peter Wessels]]
|6–7, 5–7
|}

==Grand Slam tournament performance timelines==
{{Performance key|short=yes|active=no}}

===Singles===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:90%
|-
!width=110|Tournament!![[1993 ATP Tour|1993]]!![[1994 ATP Tour|1994]]!![[1995 ATP Tour|1995]]!![[1996 ATP Tour|1996]]!![[1997 ATP Tour|1997]]!![[1998 ATP Tour|1998]]!![[1999 ATP Tour|1999]]!![[2000 ATP Tour|2000]]!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!![[2002 ATP Tour|2002]]!![[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!![[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!![[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!![[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]!!SR!!W–L!!Win %
|-
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Australian Open]]}}
|A
|A
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1997 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1998 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1999 Australian Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2001 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#ecf2ff;"|[[2002 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2003 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2005 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|0 / 7
|1–7
|14%
|-
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[French Open]]}}
|A
|A
|A
|A
| style="background:#ecf2ff;"|[[1997 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
| style="background:#ecf2ff;"|[[1998 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1999 French Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2000 French Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2003 French Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 French Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2007 French Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|0 / 5
|0–5
|0%
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|A
|A
|A
| style="background:#ecf2ff;"|[[1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
|A
| style="background:#ecf2ff;"|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q3]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| style="background:#ecf2ff;"|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles qualifying|Q3]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|0 / 8
|9–8
|53%
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
| style="background:#ecf2ff;"|[[1993 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
| style="background:#ecf2ff;"|[[1994 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1995 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#ecf2ff;"|[[1996 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1997 US Open – Men's singles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1998 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1999 US Open – Men's singles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2000 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2001 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2002 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2003 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#ecf2ff;"|[[2004 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2005 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2007 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|0 / 11
|9–11
|45%
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–0
!0–0
!1–1
!0–0
!3–3
!1–3
!3–4
!3–3
!1–2
!1–1
!2–4
!0–0
!2–3
!2–4
!0–3
!{{nowrap|0 / 31}}
!19–31
!38%
|}

===Doubles===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:90%
|-
!width=110|Tournament!![[1995 ATP Tour|1995]]!![[1996 ATP Tour|1996]]!![[1997 ATP Tour|1997]]!![[1998 ATP Tour|1998]]!![[1999 ATP Tour|1999]]!![[2000 ATP Tour|2000]]!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!![[2002 ATP Tour|2002]]!![[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!![[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!![[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!![[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]!!SR!!W–L!!Win %
|-
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Australian Open]]}}
|A
|A
|A
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[1998 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1999 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2001 Australian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2002 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2005 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[2006 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|A
|0 / 6
|9–6
|60%
|-
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[French Open]]}}
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1997 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1998 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2000 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2003 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2007 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|0 / 7
|0–7
|0%
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|0 / 10
|14–10
|58%
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1995 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1996 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1997 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1998 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1999 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2000 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2001 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2002 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2003 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2004 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2005 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2006 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[2007 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|0 / 13
|10–12
|45%
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–1
!0–1
!2–2
!7–4
!4–4
!2–3
!3–2
!1–3
!1–3
!5–2
!0–3
!5–4
!3–3
!{{nowrap|0 / 36}}
!33–35
!49%
|-
|colspan=25 style=text-align:left|'''[[ATP Tour Masters 1000]]'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef; text-align:left;"|[[Indian Wells Masters|Indian Wells]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1997 Newsweek Champions Cup – Doubles|Q2]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 Newsweek Champions Cup – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Indian Wells Masters – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Indian Wells Masters – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Pacific Life Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|0 / 4
|1–4
|{{tennis win percentage|won=1|lost=4|integer=yes}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef; text-align:left;"|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1996 Lipton Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1997 Lipton Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 Lipton Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2000 Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2002 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 NASDAQ-100 Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|0 / 8
|6–8
|{{tennis win percentage|won=6|lost=8|integer=yes}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef; text-align:left;"|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Canada Masters]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1997 du Maurier Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 du Maurier Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Canada Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|0 / 3
|0–3
|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=3|integer=yes}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef; text-align:left;"|[[Cincinnati Masters]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1998 Great American Insurance ATP Championships – Doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1999 Great American Insurance ATP Championships – Doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 Cincinnati Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|A
|0 / 5
|5–5
|{{tennis win percentage|won=5|lost=5|integer=yes}}
|-
| style="background:#efefef; text-align:left;"|[[Paris Masters]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1999 Paris Open – Doubles|QF]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|0 / 1
|2–1
|{{tennis win percentage|won=2|lost=1|integer=yes}}
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–0
!1–1
!0–2
!2–1
!2–5
!2–2
!2–4
!1–1
!0–0
!0–0
!2–2
!2–3
!0–0
!0 / 21
!14–21
!{{tennis win percentage|won=14|lost=21|integer=yes}}
|}

===Mixed doubles===

{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:90%
|-
!width=110|Tournament!![[1997 ATP Tour|1997]]!![[1998 ATP Tour|1998]]!![[1999 ATP Tour|1999]]!![[2000 ATP Tour|2000]]!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!![[2002 ATP Tour|2002]]!![[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!![[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!![[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!![[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]!!SR!!W–L!!Win %
|-
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[Australian Open]]}}
|A
|bgcolor=lime|[[1998 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|1 / 1
|5–0
|{{tennis win percentage|won=5|lost=0|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|{{nowrap|[[French Open]]}}
|A
|bgcolor=lime|[[1998 French Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|1 / 1
|6–0
|{{tennis win percentage|won=6|lost=0|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|0 / 6
|10–6
|{{tennis win percentage|won=10|lost=6|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[1997 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[1998 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2001 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2002 US Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2003 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2005 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
| style="background:yellow;"|[[2006 US Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2007 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|0 / 8
|10–8
|{{tennis win percentage|won=10|lost=8|integer=yes}}
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!1–2
!17–2
!3–1
!1–1
!0–1
!3–1
!0–1
!0–0
!0–2
!4–2
!2–1
!2 / 16
!31–14
!{{tennis win percentage|won=31|lost=14|integer=yes}}
|}

==Post-playing career==
Gimelstob was a blogger for ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' (under the name "Gimel Takes All"), and served as a regular commentator for [[Tennis Channel]].<ref name="njjewishnews1"/><ref name="jweekly1"/><ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/writers/justin_gimelstob/archive/index.html SI.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322223310/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/writers/justin_gimelstob/archive/index.html |date=March 22, 2007 }}</ref> In 2010, Gimelstob was suspended from his Tennis Channel commentating duties for comments he made about President [[Barack Obama]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gimelstob known to serve up controversy |url=https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2010/08/30/SBJ-In-Depth/Gimelstob-Known-to-Serve-Up-Controversy.aspx |access-date=16 February 2015 |website=Sports Business Daily|date=August 30, 2010 }}</ref> He also presented tennis features and interviews for the ''[[TV Guide]]'' channel.<ref name="jweekly1"/>

Gimelstob was one of the three [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] board representatives elected by the ATP player council.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.atpworldtour.com/en/news/atp-player-council-election-2018|title=New ATP Player Council Elected In London {{!}} ATP World Tour {{!}} Tennis|work=ATP World Tour|access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref> On May 1, 2019, Gimelstob resigned from the ATP Player Council after a series of controversies (see below) and subsequent pressure from [[Stan Wawrinka]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=Gimelstob case shameful – Wawrinka |publisher=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/48113971}}</ref> and [[Andy Murray]].<ref name="auto" /> He also resigned from his job at the Tennis Channel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shmerler |first=Cindy |date=April 23, 2019 |title=Justin Gimelstob's Criminal Case Is Settled. Now He Awaits a Verdict from His Tennis Peers. |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/sports/justin-gimelstob-atp.html}}</ref>

[[John Isner]] hired Gimelstob as his new coach at the end of the 2014 season<ref name="ISNER TO BE COACHED BY GIMELSTOB"/> and worked with him until April 2016.

==Controversies==

=== Sexist comments ===
On June 17, 2008, when Gimelstob was a guest on the Washington, D.C., morning [[radio show]] ''[[The Sports Junkies]]'',<ref>{{cite news |last=Steinberg |first=Dan |url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/dcsportsbog/2008/06/new_dc_athlete_has_a_kournikov.html |title=New D.C. Athlete Has a Kournikova Feud |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=June 18, 2008 |access-date=February 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915014240/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/dcsportsbog/2008/06/new_dc_athlete_has_a_kournikov.html |archive-date=September 15, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> he referred to French tennis player [[Tatiana Golovin]] as a "sexpot", Czech player [[Nicole Vaidišová]] as a "well developed young lady", and French player [[Alizé Cornet]] as a "little sexpot".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gammell |first1=Caroline |title=Tennis official Justin Gimelstob serves up sexist rant against top female players |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/atptour/2304243/Tennis-official-Justin-Gimelstob-serves-up-sexist-rant-against-top-female-players.html |access-date=13 July 2018 |work=The Telegraph |date=27 June 2008}}</ref>

Also in 2008, Gimelstob told ''[[Out Magazine]]'': "The locker room couldn't be a more homophobic place. We're not gay-bashing. There's just a lot of positive normal hetero talk about pretty girls and working out and drinking beer. That's why people want to be pro athletes!"<ref>{{cite web|title=Former tennis pro Justin Gimelstob says locker room no place for gays…|url=http://blogs.dailynews.com/outinhollywood/2008/08/01/former-tennis-pro-justin-gimel/|website=DailyNews.com|date=August 2008|access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref>

=== Domestic abuse allegations ===
In 2016, Gilmelstob's wife Cary sought a restraining order against him, alleging that he "physically assaulted, harassed, verbally attacked, and stole" from her.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/former-tennis-star-justin-gimelstob-arrested-on-suspicion-of-halloween-night-attack/ar-BBPY8bJ {{dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref> Cary also accused Justin of a placing a "video recording device in my bedroom" which captured "me having sex with another man" and that Justin threatened to show the footage to the couple's son.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-30 |title=Justin Gimelstob, ex-tennis star, faces slew of violent accusations |url=https://nypost.com/2018/11/30/ex-tennis-star-now-facing-slew-of-bizarre-violence-accusations/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=New York Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-23 |title=Will Justin Gimelstob's Violent History Ever Make Him A Tennis Pariah? |url=https://deadspin.com/will-justin-gimelstobs-violent-history-ever-make-him-a-1834249932 |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Deadspin |language=en}}</ref>

=== Assault case ===
In November 2018, Gimelstob was charged with assault after being accused of repeatedly striking [[Randall Kaplan]] while the venture capitalist, his wife and their two-year-old daughter were trick-or-treating on Halloween in West Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/former-tennis-star-justin-gimelstob-arrested-on-suspicion-of-halloween-night-attack/ar-BBPY8bJ|title=Former tennis star Justin Gimelstob arrested on suspicion of Halloween night attack|last=Winton|first=Richard|date=November 22, 2018|website=MSN|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/46300344|title=Justin Gimelstob charged with assault in Los Angeles|date=November 23, 2018|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Briggs |first=Simon |date=November 30, 2018 |title=Exclusive: Tennis supremo Justin Gimelstob facing explosive assault allegations |newspaper=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2018/11/30/tennis-supremo-justin-gimelstob-facing-explosive-assault-allegations/ |access-date=September 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/former-tennis-star-justin-gimelstob-arrested-on-suspicion-of-halloween-night-attack/ar-BBPY8bJ|title=Former tennis star Justin Gimelstob arrested on suspicion of Halloween night attack|last=Winton|first=Richard|date=November 22, 2018|website=MSN|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Joshua Rhett |date=November 30, 2018 |title=Ex-tennis star now facing slew of bizarre violence accusations |url=https://nypost.com/2018/11/30/ex-tennis-star-now-facing-slew-of-bizarre-violence-accusations/ |access-date=September 23, 2022 |website=The New York Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Briggs |first=Simon |date=2019-05-08 |title=Justin Gimelstob could see assault case reopened after prosecutors in LA claim he breached terms of plea bargain |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2019/05/08/justin-gimelstob-could-see-assault-case-reopened-prosecutors/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Briggs |first=Simon |date=2018-11-30 |title=Exclusive: Tennis supremo Justin Gimelstob facing explosive assault allegations |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2018/11/30/tennis-supremo-justin-gimelstob-facing-explosive-assault-allegations/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gimelstob Sentenced To Three Years Probation for Assault – Tennis Now |url=https://www.tennisnow.com/News/2019/April/Gimelstob-Sentenced-To-Three-Years-Probation-for-A.aspx |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www.tennisnow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Simons |first=Bill |title=ENOUGH IS ENOUGH – TENNIS MUST STAND UP TO JUSTIN GIMELSTOB {{!}} InsideTennis.com |url=https://www.insidetennis.com/2019/04/enough-is-enough-tennis-must-stand-up-to-justin-gimelstob/ |access-date=2022-09-23 }}</ref> Gimelstob denied the accusations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadspin.com/tennis-channel-broadcaster-atp-board-member-justin-gim-1830832323|title=Tennis Channel Broadcaster, ATP Board Member Justin Gimelstob Denies Multiple Accusations Of Violence|last=Nathan|first=Giri|date=December 3, 2018|website=Deadspin|access-date=December 8, 2018}}</ref> Gilmelstob later changed his plea to "no contest" to a felony battery charge, and was sentenced to three years’ probation and 60 days of community labor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/22/sports/justin-gimelstob-plea.html|title=Justin Gimelstob Pleads No Contest in Battery Case|first=Cindy|last=Shmerler|work=The New York Times|date=April 22, 2019}}</ref>
The wife of the victim attributed the miscarriage of her unborn child to the stress of witnessing the attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://au.sports.yahoo.com/tennis-star-contributed-miscarriage-violent-unprovoked-assault-215142516.html|title=Wife reveals miscarriage after tennis star's 'unprovoked' attack on husband|website=au.sports.yahoo.com|date=April 23, 2019 }}</ref> In 2019, he resigned from the ATP board of directors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Justin Gimelstob Will Leave Tennis Board |work=The New York Times |date=May 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/sports/justin-gimelstob.html |last1=Clarey |first1=Christopher }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Jews in sports#Tennis|List of select Jewish tennis players]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


==External links==
{{commons category|Justin Gimelstob}}
* {{ATP}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Davis Cup player}}
* {{IMDb name|1716594}}
* [http://www.washingtonkastles.com/ Washington Kastles]
* {{Twitter|justingimelstob}}

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Belleville, Ontario

2024-08-27T00:44:41Z

136.32.60.170: /* Notable people */

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Belleville
| official_name = City of Belleville
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Ontario|City]] ([[List of municipalities in Ontario#Single-tier municipalities|single-tier]])
| image_skyline = Belleville skyline.JPG
| image_caption = Skyline of Downtown Belleville
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| image_shield =
| shield_size =
| image_blank_emblem = Logo of Belleville, Ontario.svg
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| blank_emblem_size = 100px
| nickname = Bellevegas
| motto = The Friendly City
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Canada Southern Ontario
| pushpin_label_position = bottom

| coordinates = {{coord|44|10|N|77|23|W|region:CA-ON|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = Canada
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ontario]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hastings County, Ontario|Hastings]]

| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1789
| established_title2 = Named
| established_date2 = 1816
| established_title3 = Incorporated
| established_date3 = 1836 (as police village)
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = [[Neil Ellis (politician)|Neil Ellis]]
| leader_title1 = Federal riding
| leader_name1 = [[Bay of Quinte (federal electoral district)|Bay of Quinte]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cp2011h" /><ref name="cp2011-CA" />
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 = 247.21
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_metro_km2 = 741.36

| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =

| population_total = 55,071
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2021">{{Cite web |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census: Belleville, City [Census subdivision], Ontario and Belleville [Census metropolitan area], Ontario |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/search-recherche/productresults-resultatsproduits-eng.cfm?Lang=E&GEOCODE=2021A00053512005|publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 222.8
| population_metro = 111,184
| population_density_metro_km2 = 83.1
| population_note =

| demographics_type2 = Gross Metropolitan Product
| demographics2_title1 = Belleville {{Abbr|CMA|Census metropolitan area}}
| demographics2_info1 = [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]5.1{{nbsp}}billion (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statistics Canada. Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610046801&cubeTimeFrame.startYear=2019&cubeTimeFrame.endYear=2020&referencePeriods=20190101%2C20200101|website=Statistics Canada}}</ref>

| postal_code_type = [[Canadian postal code|Postal Code]] FSA
| postal_code = K8N, K8P, K8R
| area_codes = [[Area codes 613, 343, and 753|613, 343, 753]]
| website = [https://www.belleville.ca/ www.belleville.ca]
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = Prov. riding
| leader_name2 = [[Bay of Quinte (provincial electoral district)|Bay of Quinte]]
| established_title4 = Incorporated as city
| established_date4 = 1878

| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Time Zone|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = −4
}}

'''Belleville''' is a city in [[Ontario]], Canada situated on the eastern end of [[Lake Ontario]], located at the mouth of the [[Moira River]] and on the [[Bay of Quinte]]. Belleville is between [[Ottawa]] and [[Toronto]], along the [[Quebec City-Windsor Corridor]]. Its population as of the [[2021 Canadian census]] was 55,071 (Census Metropolitan Area population 111,184). It is the seat of [[Hastings County]], but politically [[Independent city|independent]] of it, and is the centre of the [[Bay of Quinte]] Region.

==History==
[[File:Belleville, Ontario (1900).jpg|thumb|left|Front Street, 1900]]
[[File:HCM188 (Front Street Belleville Ontario 1972) (32697637021).jpg|thumb|left|Front Street, 1972]]
[[Image:Belleville Armouries.JPG|thumb|right|Belleville Armoury is a recognized Federal Heritage building, listed in 1992 on the Register of the Government of Canada Heritage Buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armoury - Recognized Federal Heritage Building - Belleville, Ontario |url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_fhbro_eng.aspx?id=5561 |access-date=18 December 2015 |publisher=Parks Canada}}</ref>]]
[[Image:Highway 401 - Belleville 2001.jpg|thumb|right|Flowerbed beside [[Ontario Highway 401|Highway 401]] near Belleville]]

The settlement was first called Singleton's Creek after an early settler, George Singleton. Next it was called Meyer's Creek, after prominent settler and industrialist [[John Walden Meyers]] (1745–1821), one of the founders of Belleville. He built a sawmill and grist mill.<ref name="MalcomsPlaque">{{Cite web |title=Captain Jordan O. Malcom 1745-1821 |url=http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Hastings21.html |access-date=April 24, 2019 |website=OntarioPlaques.com |publisher=Alan L. Brown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boyce |first=Gerry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xyWxVskcjwcC&q=Belleville+history |title=Belleville - A Popular History |date=2008 |publisher=Dundurn |isbn=9781770703667 |access-date=May 9, 2020}}</ref> After an 1816 visit to the settlement by colonial administrator [[Francis Gore|Sir Francis Gore]] and his wife, Lady Annabella Gore, it was renamed as Belleville in her honour.<ref name="MeyersPlaque">{{Cite web |title=Captain John W. Meyers 1745-1821 |url=http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Hastings21.html |access-date=April 24, 2019 |website=OntarioPlaques.com |publisher=Alan L. Brown}}</ref>

[[Henry Corby]], who arrived in 1832 with his new wife Alma Williams (they had married before immigrating), settled in Belleville. He was a merchant, setting up a grocery store and other businesses. He founded the H. Corby Distillery, and promoted the municipality. He also represented it in Parliament.

Their son [[Henry Corby Jr.]] (Harry) took over the family business and continued to support the town: he donated funding to create the public library, helped develop the park at Massassaga Point, established the Corby Charitable Fund, helped raise funds to build the first bridge across the Bay of Quinte<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangma |first=Benzie |title=Swing bridge changed region |url=http://www.intelligencer.ca/2010/04/24/swing-bridge-changed-region |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427102233/http://www.intelligencer.ca/2010/04/24/swing-bridge-changed-region |archive-date=April 27, 2017 |website=The Belleville Intelligencer}}</ref> and donated the land and development of Corby Park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corby Park (Plaque #18) |url=http://www.waynecook.com/ahastings.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604041421/http://www.waynecook.com/ahastings.html |archive-date=June 4, 2011 |publisher=Wayne Cook}}</ref>

In 1836 Belleville became an incorporated village.<ref name="beautifulbelleville.com">{{Cite web |title=Belleville Ontario History |url=http://www.beautifulbelleville.com/history.html |website=www.beautifulbelleville.com}}</ref> By 1846, it had a population of 2040. Several stone buildings were soon constructed, including a jail and court house, as well as some of the seven churches. Transportation to other communities was by stagecoach and, in summer, by steamboat along the lake. Two weekly newspapers were published. The post office received mail daily. Several court and government offices were located here. In addition to tradesmen, there was some small industry, three cloth factories, a paper mill, two grist mills, three tanneries and two breweries. The seventeen taverns outnumbered the churches and most businesses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Wm. H. |url=https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit |title=Smith's Canadian Gazetteer - Statistical and General Information Respecting all Parts of The Upper Province, or Canada West |date=1846 |publisher=H. & W. Rowsell |location=Toronto |page=[https://archive.org/details/smithscanadianga00smit/page/14 14]}}</ref> The oldest surviving residence within the original boundaries, 67 South Front Street, was built by Alexander Oliphant Petrie in 1814.<ref>Gerry Boyce, ''Belleville: A Popular History''. Dundurn. 2009. p. 68</ref>

With the completion of the [[Grand Trunk Railway]] in 1856, Belleville became an important railway junction. Added to a booming trade in lumber and successful farming in the area, the railway helped increase the commercial and industrial growth. Belleville was incorporated as a town in 1850.<ref name="ontarioplaques.com">{{Cite web |title=Belleville Historical Plaque |url=http://ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Hastings04.html |website=ontarioplaques.com}}</ref>

In 1858 the iron bridge was completed over the Moira River at Bridge Street; it was the first iron bridge in [[Hastings County]]. By 1865, the population reached 6,000.<ref name="beautifulbelleville.com" /> Telephone service to 29 subscribers was in place by 1883; electricity became available in 1885 and in 1886, the town began to offer municipal water service. In 1870, Ontario's first school for the deaf was established in Belleville. Under Dr. Charles B. Coughlin, the school was recognized as making a significant contribution to special education. Originally called the Ontario Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, the facility was renamed as Ontario School for the Deaf. In 1974, it was renamed as the Sir James Whitney School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ontario School for the Deaf |url=http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Hastings02.html |access-date=April 24, 2019 |website=OntarioPlaques.com |publisher=Alan L. Brown}}</ref>

Belleville's city hall operates in a building first constructed in 1873 to house the public market and administrative offices. It was designed in the High Victorian Gothic style and retains much of its original appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Belleville City Hall, Belleville |url=https://www.heritagetrust.on.ca/en/properties/belleville-city-hall |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=Ontario Heritage Trust}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Belleville City Hall |url=http://www.ontarioplaques.com/Plaques/Plaque_Hastings05.html |access-date=April 24, 2019 |website=OntarioPlaques.com |publisher=Alan L. Brown}}</ref> In 1877, Belleville was legally incorporated as a city.<ref name="ontarioplaques.com" />

In 1998, the city was [[Amalgamation (politics)|amalgamated]] with the surrounding Township of Thurlow to form an expanded City of Belleville as part of Ontario-wide municipal restructuring. The city also annexed portions of [[Quinte West]] to the west.

Late-20th-century franchises founded here include the [[Dixie Lee Fried Chicken]] chain in 1964 and, in 1978, [[Journey's End Corporation]]'s economy, limited-service hotel chain.

==Geography==
Belleville is located at the mouth of the [[Moira River]] on the [[Bay of Quinte]] in southeastern [[Ontario]] between the cities of [[Quinte West, Ontario|Quinte West]] to the west and [[Greater Napanee, Ontario|Napanee]] to the east. These cities are connected by both [[Highway 2 (Ontario)|Ontario's Highway 2]] and the [[Highway 401 (Ontario)|Macdonald-Cartier Freeway (Highway 401)]]; The city is also served by [[Highway 37 (Ontario)|Highway 37]], running north–south from Belleville towards [[Tweed, Ontario|Tweed]] to the east of the Moira River; and [[Highway 62 (Ontario)|Highway 62]] (once [[Highway 14]] south of 401), northwards towards [[Madoc, Ontario (village)|Madoc]], and southward to [[Prince Edward County, Ontario|Prince Edward County]] over the Bay Bridge.

Belleville is located in a transitional zone which may be considered part of either the [[Central Ontario]] or [[Eastern Ontario]] regions by different sources. Officially, Belleville is properly considered part of the Central Ontario region as it is located west of the [[St. Lawrence River]]'s starting point, but the city is popularly considered part of Eastern Ontario as it shares the eastern region's [[area code 613]] and [[List of K postal codes of Canada|K postal code]].

===Neighbourhoods===
In addition to the Belleville city centre, the city of Belleville also comprises a number of villages and hamlets, including the following communities: Bayshore, Cannifton, Corbyville, Foxboro, Frink Centre, Gilead, Halloway, Honeywell Corners, Latta, Loyalist, Philipston, Plainfield, Pointe Anne, Roslin (partially), Thrasher's Corners, Thurlow, Thurlow South and Zion Hill.

===Climate===
Belleville's climate has four distinct seasons. The city's traditional [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Dfb]])(hot summers, cold winters) is moderated by its location near Lake Ontario. The lake moderates temperature extremes, cooling hot summer days and warming cold days during the fall and winter.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Berrang Ford |first1=Lena |title=Climate Change and Health in Canada |journal=McGill Journal of Medicine |date=January 2009 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=78–84 |pmid=19753294 |pmc=2687921 }}</ref> Because of this, winter snowfall is somewhat limited due to the increased frequency of precipitation falling as rain during the winter months. In the summer months, severe thunderstorm activity is usually limited because of the non-favourable lake breeze conditions. The city, being located on the north shore of Lake Ontario, is also in an unfavourable location for lake effect snow. One notable exception, however, was in December 2010 when 14 cm of snow occurred in one day as a result of a snow band from Lake Ontario. The summer months do not typically experience exceedingly hot temperatures, however, humidity levels can make daytime highs uncomfortable. Summer rainfall is usually modest and delivered by passing thunderstorms or warm fronts. Remnants of tropical systems do pass through on occasion towards summer's end, resulting in one or two days of consistently wet weather. The winter season is highly variable, with the record setting winter of 2007–08 experiencing near 270 cm of snow. Four years later, the winter of 2011–12 experienced only 60 cm of snow. Winter temperatures are also highly variable, even in one season. Air masses change frequently, and while a few days may see above freezing temperatures at a time in January, the next week may bring cold and snowfall. Autumn is usually mild, with an increase in precipitation starting in late September as conditions for fall storms develop. The highest temperature ever recorded in Belleville was {{convert|104|F|1}} on 9 July 1936.<ref name="CCN" /> The coldest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|-39|F|1}} on 9 February 1934.<ref name="CCN" />

{{Weather box
|location = Belleville, 1981−2010 normals, extremes 1866−present
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 14.5
|Feb record high C = 13.0
|Mar record high C = 23.0
|Apr record high C = 29.0
|May record high C = 35.0
|Jun record high C = 35.6
|Jul record high C = 40.0
|Aug record high C = 36.1
|Sep record high C = 35.0
|Oct record high C = 28.3
|Nov record high C = 22.2
|Dec record high C = 16.5
|year record high C = 40.0
|Jan high C = −2.2
|Feb high C = −0.5
|Mar high C = 4.1
|Apr high C = 11.7
|May high C = 18.7
|Jun high C = 23.9
|Jul high C = 26.8
|Aug high C = 25.7
|Sep high C = 21.0
|Oct high C = 13.7
|Nov high C = 7.2
|Dec high C = 1.2
|year high C = 12.6
|Jan mean C = −6.7
|Feb mean C = −5.1
|Mar mean C = −0.4
|Apr mean C = 7.0
|May mean C = 13.7
|Jun mean C = 19.0
|Jul mean C = 21.8
|Aug mean C = 20.8
|Sep mean C = 16.3
|Oct mean C = 9.5
|Nov mean C = 3.6
|Dec mean C = −2.6
|year mean C = 8.1
|Jan low C = −11.1
|Feb low C = −9.7
|Mar low C = −5.0
|Apr low C = 2.3
|May low C = 8.7
|Jun low C = 14.0
|Jul low C = 16.9
|Aug low C = 15.9
|Sep low C = 11.7
|Oct low C = 5.3
|Nov low C = 0.1
|Dec low C = −6.3
|year low C = 3.6
|Jan record low C = −37.8
|Feb record low C = −39.4
|Mar record low C = −29.4
|Apr record low C = −17.2
|May record low C = −7.2
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 6.1
|Aug record low C = 3.3
|Sep record low C = −1.7
|Oct record low C = −10.0
|Nov record low C = −22.2
|Dec record low C = −34.4
|year record low C = −39.4
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 67.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 58.1
|Mar precipitation mm = 62.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 75.8
|May precipitation mm = 81.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 74.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 65.1
|Aug precipitation mm = 75.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 91.9
|Oct precipitation mm = 85.2
|Nov precipitation mm = 95.7
|Dec precipitation mm = 79.1
|year precipitation mm = 911.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 30.6
|Feb rain mm = 29.4
|Mar rain mm = 40.3
|Apr rain mm = 69.2
|May rain mm = 81.2
|Jun rain mm = 74.5
|Jul rain mm = 65.1
|Aug rain mm = 75.5
|Sep rain mm = 91.9
|Oct rain mm = 84.9
|Nov rain mm = 84.7
|Dec rain mm = 44.6
|year rain mm = 771.9
|Jan snow cm = 36.8
|Feb snow cm = 28.6
|Mar snow cm = 22.1
|Apr snow cm = 6.5
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.2
|Nov snow cm = 11.0
|Dec snow cm = 34.5
|year snow cm = 139.7
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 15.4
|Feb precipitation days = 11.8
|Mar precipitation days = 12.0
|Apr precipitation days = 12.2
|May precipitation days = 12.4
|Jun precipitation days = 11.6
|Jul precipitation days = 9.7
|Aug precipitation days = 10.5
|Sep precipitation days = 11.3
|Oct precipitation days = 13.5
|Nov precipitation days = 14.0
|Dec precipitation days = 14.2
|year precipitation days = 148.6
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm
|Jan rain days = 5.3
|Feb rain days = 4.9
|Mar rain days = 7.4
|Apr rain days = 11.0
|May rain days = 12.3
|Jun rain days = 11.6
|Jul rain days = 9.7
|Aug rain days = 10.5
|Sep rain days = 11.3
|Oct rain days = 13.4
|Nov rain days = 11.4
|Dec rain days = 7.5
|year rain days = 116.2
|unit snow days = 0.2 cm
|Jan snow days = 11.7
|Feb snow days = 8.5
|Mar snow days = 6.4
|Apr snow days = 2.1
|May snow days = 0.04
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.12
|Nov snow days = 3.7
|Dec snow days = 8.8
|year snow days = 41.2
|source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name="CCN">{{Cite web |title=Belleville, Ontario |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?stnID=4859&lang=e&dCode=1&province=ONT&provBut=Go&month1=0&month2=12 |access-date=April 9, 2014 |website=Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 | date=31 October 2011 |publisher=[[Environment Canada]]}}</ref><ref name="January 2013">{{Cite web |title=Daily Data Report for January 2013 |url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?hlyRange=%7C&dlyRange=1866-01-01%7C2016-07-18&mlyRange=1866-01-01%7C2006-12-01&StationID=4859&Prov=ON&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2016&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&Month=1&Day=24&txtStationName=belleville&timeframe=2&Year=2013 |access-date=24 July 2016 |website=Canadian Climate Data | date=31 October 2011 |publisher=[[Environment Canada]]}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|align=right
|footnote=<ref name="autogenerated1996">Statistics Canada: [[Canada 1996 Census|1996]], [[Canada 2001 Census|2001]], [[Canada 2006 Census|2006]] census</ref> The 1991 and 1996 populations are 44,858 and 45,069 respectively when adjusted to the 2001 boundaries. The 2001 population is 46,029 when adjusted to the 2006 boundaries.
|1841|2040
|1851|4593
|1871|7305
|1881|9516
|1891|9916
|1901|9117
|[[Canada 1911 Census|1911]]|9876
|1921|12206
|1931|13790
|1941|15498
|1951|19519
|1961|30655
|1971|35128
|1981|34881
|1991|37243{{efn|Population is the sum of Belleville (city) 37,243, and Thurlow (township): 7,615}}
|[[Canada 1996 Census|1996]]|37083{{efn|Population is the sum of Belleville (city): 37,083, and Thurlow (township): 7,986}}
|[[Canada 2001 Census|2001]]|45986
|[[Canada 2006 Census|2006]]|48821
|[[Canada 2011 Census|2011]]|49454
|[[Canada 2016 Census|2016]]|50,716
|[[Canada 2021 Census|2021]]|55,071}}

The [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census]] by [[Statistics Canada]] found that Belleville had a population of {{val|55071|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|23536|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|24582|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:55071-50716}}|50716|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|50716|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|247.15|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|55071|247.15|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021census>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000235 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Ontario | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | accessdate=March 27, 2022}}</ref>

At the [[census metropolitan area]] (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Belleville - Quinte West CMA had a population of {{val|111184|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|46213|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|48274|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:111184-103401}}|103401|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|103401|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|1337.5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|111184|1337.5|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021censusCMA>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000501 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | accessdate=March 28, 2022}}</ref>

Belleville's population is mostly of European descent. The racial make up of Belleville is as of 2021 was 85.1% [[European Canadian|White]], 5.6% [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]] and 9.3% visible minorities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-02-09 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Belleville, City (CY) [Census subdivision], Ontario |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> The largest visible minority groups in Belleville are [[South Asian Canadians|South Asian]] (3.9%), [[Black Canadians|Black]] (1.3%), [[Filipino Canadians|Filipino]] (0.9%) and [[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]] (0.8%) .

89.7% of residents speak English as their mother tongue. Other common first languages are French (1.5%), Gujarati (0.7%), Punjabi (0.6%), Spanish (0.5%), and Chinese (0.5%). 1.1% list both English and a non-official language as mother tongues, while 0.4% list both English and French.

As of 2021, 53.4% of residents were [[Christians|Christian]], down from 67.1% in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-05-08 |title=2011 National Household Survey Profile - Census subdivision |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3512005&Data=Count&SearchText=belleville&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2019-07-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> 22.7% were [[Protestantism|Protestant]], 19.8% [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], 6.0% Christians not otherwise specified, and 4.9% members of other Christian denominations or Christian-related traditions. 42.1% were non-religious or secular, up from 30.3% in 2011. The remaining 4.5% affiliated with another religion, up from 2.6% in 2011. The largest non-Christian religions were [[Hinduism]] (1.4%), [[Sikhism]] (1.0%) and [[Islam]] (0.8%).
{| class="wikitable"
!Ethnic and Cultural origins (2021)<ref name=":0" />
!Population
!Percent
|-
|[[English people|English]]
|16,515
|30.7%
|-
|[[Irish people|Irish]]
|15,155
|28.2%
|-
|[[Scottish people|Scottish]]
|12,005
|22.3%
|-
|[[Canadian ethnicity|Canadian]]
|9,620
|17.9%
|-
|[[French people|French]] n.o.s
|5,610
|10.4%
|-
|[[German Canadians|German]]
|5,220
|9.7%
|-
|[[Dutch Canadians|Dutch]]
|3,180
|5.9%
|-
|[[White people|Caucasian]] (White) n.o.s+
[[European Canadians|European]] n.o.s
|2,370
|4.4%
|-
|British Isles n.o.s
|2,225
|4.1%
|-
|[[Italian people|Italian]]
|1,920
|3.6%
|-
|[[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] (North American Indian) n.o.s.+
[[Indigenous peoples in Canada|North American Indigenous]], n.o.s.
|1,595
|3.0%
|-
|[[Indo-Canadians|Indian]] (India)
|1,430
|2.7%
|-
|[[Welsh Canadians|Welsh]]
|1,265
|2.4%
|-
|[[Polish Canadians|Polish]]
|1,255
|2.3%
|-
| colspan="3" |Note: a person may report more than one ethnic origin.
|}
[[File:Bridge Street United Church.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Bridge Street United Church]]

==Economy==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2019}}
Some corporations operating in Belleville include the following:

* [[Procter & Gamble]]
* [[Kellogg's]]
* Bardon Supplies Limited,
* Redpath,
* W.T. Hawkins Ltd<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawkins Cheezies |url=http://www.cheezies.com/index3.htm |access-date=December 22, 2023}}</ref>
* Sigma Stretch Film Canada,
* Autosystems Manufacturing (Magna International),
* Amer Sports Canada,
* [[Avaya]] (formerly Nortel)

Many other manufacturing sector companies operate within the City of Belleville, including Bioniche Life Sciences, Sprague Foods, Airborne Systems Canada Ltd, Berry Plastics Canada, CPK Interior Products, Hanon (formerly Halla) Climate Control Canada, Reid's Dairy, Parmalat Canada – Black Diamond Cheese Division and [[Cascades (company)|Norampac Inc]].

Belleville is home to two shopping malls: The Bay View Mall in east-end Belleville and the Quinte Mall along Bell Boulevard (south of Highway 401) in North Belleville. In January 2017 a Shorelines Casino opened on Bell Boulevard.

==Arts and culture==
===Theatre===
* [[Pinnacle Playhouse]]
* The Empire Theatre
* Moonpath Productions
* Quinte Ballet School of Canada

===Annual events===
'''January'''
* Civic Levee

'''February'''
* Downtown Docfest

'''March'''

* Quinte Sportsman Boat & RV Show

'''May'''

* Quinte Trash Bash
* 5k Fun Run
* Front Street Farmers Market

'''June'''
* Berrylicious
* Rockfest
* Quinte Ballet School of Canada Spring Showcase
'''July'''
* Belleville's Canada D'Eh
* Waterfront and Ethnic Festival
*Belleville Poutine Feast
*Quinte Ballet School of Canada Summer Dance Intensive
Belleville Jazz Festival

'''August'''
* Quinte Ribfest
*Dragon Boat Festival

'''September'''
* Quinte Fall Fair and Exhibition
* Porchfest Belleville

'''November'''
* Belleville Festival of Trees
* Belleville Nighttime Santa Claus Parade
* Christmas at the Pier

'''December'''
* Quinte Ballet School of Canada performs Holiday Dance - experts from "The Nutcracker"
* Christmas at the Pier

==Sports==
The [[Belleville Senators]] play in the [[American Hockey League]] (AHL) and began play in the 2017–18 season as the top minor league affiliate of the [[National Hockey League]]'s [[Ottawa Senators]].<ref name="CBC_BSens">{{Cite news |last=Foote |first=Andrew |date=26 September 2016 |title=Senators moving minor league team to Belleville, Ont. |work=CBC News Ottawa |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/ottawa-senators-binghamton-belleville-ahl-1.3778890 |access-date=26 September 2016}}</ref> They play at the [[CAA Arena]], formally [[Belleville Yardmen Arena|Yardmen Arena]], located on 265 Cannifton Road.

[[Belleville Bulls]] played in the [[Ontario Hockey League]] from 1981 to 2015. The team was then sold and relocated to [[Hamilton, Ontario]]. Belleville was also previously home to two senior hockey teams, the [[Belleville Macs]] and the [[Belleville McFarlands]]. Belleville is also home the [[Bay of Quinte Yacht Club]], which challenged for the [[America's Cup]] in 1881. Belleville also sports minor hockey league teams such as the Belleville Bearcats (female) and the Belleville Jr. Bulls (male).

The [[Belleville McFarlands]] were a men's [[senior ice hockey]] team in the [[OHA Senior A League (1929-1979)|Ontario Hockey Association Senior division]] from 1956 to 1961. The McFarlands were [[Allan Cup]] champions in 1958, defeating the [[Kelowna Packers]] four games to three, and the [[Ice Hockey World Championships|World Championship]] in 1959. The team name was revived by a later team in the [[Eastern Ontario Senior Hockey League]] from 2003 to 2006, known as the [[Belleville Macs]].

[[Shannonville Motorsport Park]] has hosted rounds of the [[Canadian Touring Car Championship]], the [[Canadian Superbike Championship]] and the CASC Ontario Region championships.

==Government==
[[File:City Hall, Belleville ON.jpg|thumb|upright|Belleville City Hall, built in 1873]]

Local government is represented by Belleville City Council with a mayor and eight councillors. There are two city wards with Ward 1 (Belleville) represented by six councillors and Ward 2 (Thurlow) by two councillors. Ward 1 consists of the historic city and Ward 2 was created in 1998 with the amalgamation of Township of Thurlow. City Council sits at [[Belleville City Hall]].

===Police Service===
The city has had its own police force since 1834, and constables since 1790.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2010 |title=History of the Belleville Police Service |url=http://www.police.belleville.on.ca/photos/custom/Belleville%20Police%20History.pdf |access-date=16 November 2018 |publisher=Belleville Police Service}}</ref> The force has about 100 sworn members headed by a Chief of Police and a Deputy Chief. The service is stationed out of one location only. Policing on provincial highways (37, 62 and 401) are provided by the [[Ontario Provincial Police]] from the Centre Hastings detachment.

==Infrastructure==
[[File:VIA Rail train 57 arrives in Belleville 6138 (6997681427).jpg|thumb|A VIA Rail train arrives at Belleville station.]]

===Transportation===
Belleville is serviced by the 401 highway system, and bus service to and from [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] is provided by [[Megabus (North America)|Megabus]]. Deseronto Transit provides public transportation services to destinations including Deseronto, Napanee, and Prince Edward County.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transit |url=https://www.deseronto.ca/residents/transit/ |access-date=11 October 2018 |website=deseronto.ca |publisher=Town of Deseronto}}</ref>

Belleville is located on the Toronto-Montreal main rail lines for both [[Canadian National Railway]] and [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]; both companies provide freight access. [[Via Rail|VIA Rail]] also operates five daily passenger services each way along its [[Quebec City–Windsor Corridor (Via Rail)|Quebec City–Windsor Corridor]].

====Major routes====
* [[Ontario Highway 62|Highway 62]]
* [[Ontario Highway 37|Highway 37]]/Cannifton Road Parkway
* [[Ontario Highway 2|Highway 2]]/Dundas Street.
* Bell Boulevard/Adam Street
* College Street/Airport Parkway

=== Hospital ===
Belleville General Hospital is located near Highway 2 and is Belleville's main healthcare facility. The hospital is one of the four hospitals in the region under [[Quinte Health Care]]. The corporate headquarters of Quinte Health Care is located in the Belleville location.<ref>{{cite web| access-date= March 17, 2021| title= Quinte Health Care Contact Us| url=https://www.qhc.on.ca/contact-us.php}}</ref>

==Education==
===Post-secondary===
[[File:Loyalist College Kente Building 09-22-23 (IMG 4407).jpg|thumb|Front entrance of Loyalist College, 2023]]
The Academy of Learning College is a local [[List of Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology|college]] located on the east end of Belleville.

[[Loyalist College]] is a local [[List of Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology|public community college]] located on the border of Belleville and [[Quinte West]] on Wallbridge Loyalist Road.

===Public schools===
The public school system is served by the [[Hastings & Prince Edward District School Board]]. The Catholic School system is served by the [[Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board]].

Secondary schools:
*[[Centennial Secondary School (Belleville, Ontario)|Centennial Secondary School]]
* Eastside Secondary School
*[[Bayside Secondary School]] (Quinte West)

Elementary schools:
* Susanna Moodie Elementary School
* Parkdale Public Elementary School
* Queen Elizabeth Elementary School
* Prince of Wales Elementary School
* Harry J. Clarke Elementary School (Offers French immersion)
* Queen Victoria Elementary School
* Sir John A Macdonald School
* Prince Charles Elementary School
* Foxboro Public School
* Bayside Elementary School] (Offers French immersion}
* Harmony Public School

===Separate schools===
The following are Belleville area schools managed by the [[Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board]].

Secondary schools:
* [[Nicholson Catholic College]]
* [[St. Theresa Catholic Secondary School]]

Elementary schools:
* Our Lady of Fatima Catholic School
* St Michael's Catholic School (French immersion)
* St Joseph's Catholic School
* Georges Vanier Catholic School
* Holy Rosary Catholic School
* Saint Maracle Catholic School

===Provincial demonstration schools===
* [[Sir James Whitney School for the Deaf]]
* Sagonaska School

===Private and Independent schools===
* [[Albert College (Belleville, Ontario)|Albert College]] (independent school for Pre-Kindergarten to Grade 12)
* Academy of Learning College
* Quinte Ballet School of Canada
* Quinte Christian High School
* Belleville Christian School
* Belleville Montessori School

==Media==
===Print===
* ''[[Belleville Intelligencer]]'' (Tuesday thru Saturday)
*''Community Press'' (Every Thursday)

===Radio===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Frequency
!Call sign
!Branding
!Format
!Owner
!Notes
|-
|[[AM broadcasting|AM]] 800
|[[CJBQ]]
|CJBQ 800
|[[Full service (radio format)|Full service]]
|Quinte Broadcasting
|
|-
|[[FM broadcasting|FM]] 90.3
|[[CBO-FM|CBO-FM-1]]
|[[CBC Radio One]]
|[[Talk radio]], [[public broadcasting|public radio]]
|[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
|Rebroadcaster of [[CBO-FM]] ([[Ottawa, Ontario|Ottawa]]) <ref>[https://crtc.gc.ca/eng/archive/2021/2021-176.htm Broadcasting Decision CRTC 2021-176]</ref>
|-
|[[FM broadcasting|FM]] 91.3
|[[CJLX-FM]]
|91X
|[[Campus radio]]
|[[Loyalist College]]
|
|-
|[[FM broadcasting|FM]] 94.3
|[[CJBC (AM)|CJBC-1-FM]]
|[[Ici Radio-Canada Première]]
|[[Talk radio]], [[public broadcasting|public radio]]
|[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]
|Rebroadcaster of [[CJBC (AM)|CJBC]] ([[Toronto]])
|-
|[[FM broadcasting|FM]] 95.5
|[[CJOJ-FM]]
|95.5 Hits FM
|[[Adult hits]]
|Starboard Communications
|
|-
|[[FM broadcasting|FM]] 97.1
|[[CIGL-FM]]
|Mix 97
|[[Adult contemporary music|Hot adult contemporary]]
|Quinte Broadcasting
|
|-
|[[FM broadcasting|FM]] 100.1
|[[CHCQ-FM]]
|Cool 100.1
|[[Country music]]
|Starboard Communications
|
|-
|[[FM broadcasting|FM]] 102.3
|[[CKJJ-FM]]
|UCB Radio
|[[Christian radio]]
|[[United Christian Broadcasters|United Christian Broadcasters Canada]]
|
|-
|[[FM broadcasting|FM]] 107.1
|[[CJTN-FM]]
|Rock 107
|[[Classic rock]]
|Quinte Broadcasting
|
|}

===Television===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!OTA [[virtual channel]] ([[Program and System Information Protocol|PSIP]])
!OTA actual channel
!Call sign
!Network
!Notes
|-
|22.1
|22 ([[ultra high frequency|UHF]])
|[[TVOntario#Digital television and high definition|CICO-DT-53]]
|[[TVOntario]]
|Rebroadcaster of CICA-DT ([[Toronto]])
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!OTA [[virtual channel]] ([[Program and System Information Protocol|PSIP]])
!OTA actual channel
!Call sign
!Network
!Notes
|-
|4 & 700
|4 ([[Cable TV]] only)
|[[YourTV Quinte]]
|YourTV
|Part of Cogeco Community TV
|}

===Internet===
* Quinte News
*QNet News
*InQuinte.ca

==Sister cities==
The City of Belleville has three sister city arrangements with communities outside of Canada which include:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural Exchange Committee |url=http://belleville.ca/city-hall/page/sister-cities |access-date=18 December 2015 |publisher=City of Belleville}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Lahr]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]] – established in 1971
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Gunpo]], [[Gyeonggi-do]], [[South Korea]] – established in 1996
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhucheng]], [[Shandong]], [[People's Republic of China]] – established in 1996

==Notable people==
{{Div col}}
*[[Lee Aaron]], [[hard rock]] and [[jazz]] singer. Best known for "[[Metal Queen]]"
*[[Marianne Ackerman]], playwright, novelist, and journalist'
*[[Lauren Ash]], actress best known for ''[[Superstore (TV series)|Superstore]]''
*[[Drew Bannister]], professional [[ice hockey]] defenceman
*[[Dennis Bock]], novelist and short story writer
*[[Michael Botterill]], professional [[Canadian football]] linebacker
*[[Mackenzie Bowell|Sir MacKenzie Bowell]], Canada's fifth [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]]
*[[Wilfred Leigh Brintnell]], a pioneering Canadian aviator
*[[James Brown (Canadian politician)|James Brown]], politician
*[[Stevie Cameron]], award-winning investigative journalist and best-selling author
*[[James Collip]], co-discoverer of insulin
*[[Matt Cooke]], NHL hockey player
*[[Nick Cousins]], NHL player
*[[Brander Craighead]], football player
*[[Bob Crawford (ice hockey, born 1959)|Bob Crawford]], retired NHL hockey player
*[[Lou Crawford]], former OHL and [[American Hockey League|AHL]] head coach
*[[Marc Crawford]], NHL head coach
*[[Jack Devine (ice hockey)|Jack Devine]], CJBQ sports commentator, and president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association
*[[Bob Dillabough]], retired NHL player with the [[Detroit Red Wings]], [[Boston Bruins]] and the [[Oakland Seals]]
*[[Herbert Henry Dow]], [[Dow Chemical]], Born February 26, 1866
*[[Rick Green (ice hockey)|Rick Green]], retired NHLer
*[[Ellie Harvie|Ellie Anne Harvie]], actress
*[[Bobby Hull]], [[Hockey Hall of Fame]] member
*[[Brett Hull]], son of Bobby, Hockey Hall of Fame member (inducted 2009)
*[[Dennis Hull]], Bobby's younger brother, member of [[Summit Series|1972 Team Canada]]
*[[Aislinn Hunter]], poet and fiction writer
*[[Frances Itani]], fiction writer, poet and essayist
*[[Avril Lavigne]], Canadian singer/songwriter and actress, born in Belleville and lived here until age five.
*[[James Frederick Lister]], lawyer
*[[Norm Maracle]], hockey goaltender
*[[James Marker]], inventor of [[Cheezies]]<ref name="tstar">{{Cite news |last=Ciarula Taylor |first=Lesley |date=2012-05-03 |title=Cheezies inventor dies in Belleville, Ont., at 90 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/article/1172233--cheezies-inventor-dies-in-belleville-ont-at-90?bn=1 |access-date=2012-05-15}}</ref>
*[[Rick Meagher]], retired NHL player
*[[Rick Mofina]], author of crime fiction and thriller novels
*[[Susanna Moodie]] (1803–1885), author, moved to Belleville with her husband in 1840 after several years spent "roughing it in the bush" near [[Lakefield, Ontario]]
*[[Riyo Mori]], [[Miss Universe 2007]], spent her teenage years in Belleville, studying at [[Centennial Secondary School (Belleville)|Centennial Secondary School]] and at Quinte Ballet School of Canada<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-05-29 |title=New Miss Universe studied in Ont |url=http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2007/05/29/4217363.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711065547/http://cnews.canoe.ca/CNEWS/Canada/2007/05/29/4217363.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 11, 2012 |access-date=2014-06-13 |publisher=Cnews.canoe.ca}}</ref>
*[[Farley Mowat]], author, born in Belleville
*[[William Barton Northrup]], lawyer and politician
*[[Brian Orser]], figure skater and coach
*[[Shawn O'Sullivan]], 1984 Olympic silver medalist boxer
*[[Graham Parkhurst]], actor
*[[Pete Quaife]], bassist for [[The Kinks]] in the 1960s, lived in Quinte Region from 1980 to 2005
*[[Peter Quinney]], Canadian football player, Toronto Argonauts
*[[Andrew Raycroft]], NHL goaltender
*[[Brad Richardson]], NHL forward
*[[Wallace Havelock Robb]], [[poet]] and naturalist
*[[Alexander Milton Ross]], abolitionist and agent for the [[Underground Railroad]]
*[[Johnny Rutherford (baseball)|Johnny Rutherford]], former Major League Baseball pitcher
*[[Nancy Anne Sakovich]], actress and former model
*[[Mike Schad]], [[National Football League]] offensive lineman
*[[Martin Seemungal]], [[Foreign correspondent (journalism)|Foreign Correspondent]] CBC, ABC, CTV, PBS Newshour
*[[Andrew Shaw (ice hockey)|Andrew Shaw]], retired NHL player
*[[Derek Smith (ice hockey, born 1984)|Derek Smith]], NHL forward
*[[Harry Leslie Smith]], British writer, political commentator and [[Royal Air Force]] veteran
*[[Matt Stajan]], NHL forward resided in Belleville from 2000 to 2004
*[[Manly E. MacDonald]], Semi-impressionistic painter
*[[Alex Stieda]], former professional road bicycle racer
*[[Chris Valentine]], former ice hockey player and coach
*[[Thomas Campbell Wallbridge]], lawyer and politician
*[[John Weldon (animator)|John Weldon]], [[animated movie]]s director, [[Oscar Award]] winner (1979)
*[[Ed Westfall]], retired NHL player
*[[The Wilkinsons]], country music group
*[[Ty Wishart]], professional ice hockey player
*[[Jerry Yanover]], political advisor
{{colend}}

==See also==
* [[Belleville Cemetery]]
* [[Belleville Transit]]
* [[Foxboro, Ontario|Foxboro]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="cp2011h">{{Cite web |title=Belleville census profile |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3512005&Geo2=CD&Code2=3512&Data=Count&SearchText=Belleville&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2012-02-29 |website=[[Canada 2011 Census|2011 Census of Population]] |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-date=2015-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017012623/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3512005&Geo2=CD&Code2=3512&Data=Count&SearchText=Belleville&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="cp2011-CA">{{Cite web |title=Belleville (Census agglomeration) census profile |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=522&Geo2=PR&Code2=35&Data=Count&SearchText=Belleville&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2012-02-29 |website=[[Canada 2011 Census|2011 Census of Population]] |publisher=Statistics Canada |archive-date=2014-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318235831/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Belleville, Ontario}}
{{wikivoyage|Belleville (Ontario)|Belleville, Ontario}}
*{{official website|http://www.belleville.ca}}

{{Geographic location
| Centre = Belleville
| North = [[Centre Hastings, Ontario|Centre Hastings]]
| Northeast = [[Tweed, Ontario|Tweed]]
| East = [[Tyendinaga, Ontario|Tyendinaga Township]] [[Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory]]
| Southeast =
| South = ''[[Bay of Quinte]]'' [[Prince Edward County, Ontario|Prince Edward County]]
| Southwest =
| West = [[Quinte West]]
| Northwest = [[Stirling-Rawdon]]
}}
{{Subdivisions of Ontario}}
{{Hastings County}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Belleville, Ontario| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Ontario]]
[[Category:Single-tier municipalities in Ontario]]
[[Category:Populated places on Lake Ontario in Canada]]

Atlantis (Donovan song)

2024-08-26T23:29:40Z

136.32.60.170: /* Other cover versions */

{{Short description|1968 single by Donovan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Atlantis
| cover = Donovan-Atlantis_(song).jpg
| alt =
| border = yes
| type = single
| artist = [[Donovan]]
| album = [[Barabajagal]]
| B-side = [[To Susan on the West Coast Waiting]]
| released = November 1968
| recorded = May 1968
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Folk rock]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-folk-rock-music-2521910|title=What is Folk-Rock Music?|last=Fontenot|first=Robert|date=29 October 2015|website=ThoughtCo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313124539/https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-folk-rock-music-2521910|archive-date=13 March 2017|access-date=12 March 2017}}</ref>|[[psychedelic pop]]<ref name="Summer Of Love">C.Grunenberg and J.Harris, ''Summer Of Love: Psychedelic Art, Social Crisis And Counterculture In The 1960s'', (Liverpool University Press), p.140, {{ISBN|0853239193}}</ref>}}
| length = 4:58
| label =
| writer = [[Donovan|Donovan Leitch]]
| producer = [[Mickie Most]]
| prev_title = [[Hurdy Gurdy Man]]
| prev_year = 1968
| next_title = [[Barabajagal (song)|Barabajagal]]
| next_year = 1969
}}
"'''Atlantis'''" is a song written and performed by Scottish singer-songwriter [[Donovan]]. Produced by [[Mickie Most]] for Donovan's seventh studio album ''[[Barabajagal]]'' (1969), the song tells of a [[Atlantis|mythological antediluvian civilization]] based on the [[fiction]]al island mentioned in an [[allegory]] on the [[hubris]] of nations in [[Plato]]'s works ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' and ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'', with much of the [[Verse–chorus form|verse]]s spoken as a quiet monologue.

The song was first released by [[Pye Records]] as a [[single (music)|single]] in 1968 and became a worldwide success. It reached number one in the Netherlands and in Switzerland in 1969, while also reaching the top five in the Austria, New Zealand, and West Germany. In the United States, it was initially released as the [[B-side|{{nowrap|B-side}}]] to "To Susan on the West Coast, Waiting", but was promoted to the A-side after receiving significant airplay, eventually reaching number seven on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' {{nowrap|Hot 100}}]]. In the singer's native country, the single managed only a modest number 23 on the [[UK Singles Chart]].

"Atlantis" has since been recorded by several artists, including Austrian singer [[Georg Danzer]], German musical project [[U96]] and German actor Thorsten Feller. In 2001, Donovan and German pop band [[No Angels]] re-recorded the track for the [[closing credits]] of the [[Walt Disney Feature Animation]] picture ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'' (2001). Included on a [[wikt:concomitant|concomitant]] album for the German-speaking music market,<ref name="one"/> it was once more released as a single and re-entered the top five in Austria and Germany.

==Background==
"Atlantis" was written by [[Donovan]] and produced by [[Mickie Most]] for his seventh studio album ''[[Barabajagal]]'' (1969). [[Paul McCartney]] was rumored to have sung backing vocals for the song. However, Donovan said in a 2008 interview with Goldmine Magazine that McCartney was not involved in the recording sessions.<ref name="Goldmine">[http://www.goldminemag.com/article/donovan-the-sunshine-superman-part-ii Goldmine Magazine], 10 October 2008.</ref>

The introduction of song is a quiet monologue spoken over the song's repeated musical melody, telling of the mythological [[antediluvian]] civilization of [[Atlantis]].<ref name="Summer Of Love"/> The second half of the song is more energetic, with Donovan singing of finding his true love in Atlantis. The theme is common for the 1960s: fanciful mythology as a symbol of the [[counterculture movement]], with the hope that true love will be found if Atlantis can be rediscovered.<ref name="Summer Of Love"/>

==Release and reception==
Contract disputes at the time caused a complicated series of different releases in the United Kingdom and United States. "Atlantis" was originally released in the United Kingdom as a single with "I Love My Shirt" as the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]]. In 1969, it was released in the US on the album ''[[Barabajagal]]''. The LP was not released in the UK, however, and "Atlantis" was next released in the US as the B-side to "To Susan on the West Coast Waiting".

The song was not deemed likely to be a hit in the US because of its length and the fact that the first third of the song is spoken prose and therefore not "radio-friendly". It was for this reason that, despite its success in Europe, "Atlantis" was demoted to B-side status. However, the record company A&R executives were proved wrong when the popularity of "Atlantis" far surpassed that of its A-side. The song was quite successful, reaching number seven on the [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] charts. It became Donovan's final top-10 single in the US.

==Track listings==
All tracks written by [[Donovan|Donovan Leitch]] and produced by [[Mickie Most]].
{{tracklist
| headline = UK 7" single

| title1 = Atlantis
| length1 = 4:54

| title2 = I Love My Shirt
| length2 = 3:55
}}
{{tracklist
| headline = US 7" single

| title1 = To Susan On the West Coast Waiting
| length1 = 3:13

| title2 = Atlantis
| length2 = 4:54
}}

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chart performance for "Atlantis"
! Chart (1968–1969)
! Peak position
|-
! scope="row"|Australia (''[[Go-Set]]'')
| style="text-align:center;"|15
|-
{{single chart|Austria|4|artist=Donovan|song=Atlantis|rowheader=true|accessdate=13 May 2022}}
|-
{{single chart|Flanders|9|artist=Donovan|song=Atlantis|rowheader=true|accessdate=13 May 2022}}
|-
{{single chart|Wallonia|17|artist=Donovan|song=Atlantis|rowheader=true|accessdate=13 May 2022}}
|-
! scope="row"|Canada Top 100 (''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'')
| style="text-align:center;"|12
|-
! scope="row"| Ireland ([[Irish Singles Chart|IRMA]])
| style="text-align:center;"|13
|-
{{single chart|Dutch40|1|artist=Donovan|song=Atlantis|rowheader=true|accessdate=13 May 2022}}
|-
! scope="row"|New Zealand (''Listener'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search+listener&qartistid=542#n_view_location|title=flavour of new zealand - search listener|website=Flavourofnz.co.nz}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|2
|-
{{single chart|Switzerland|1|artist=Donovan|song=Atlantis|rowheader=true|accessdate=13 May 2022}}
|-
{{single chart|UK|23|artist=Donovan|song=Atlantis|date=19681210|rowheader=true|accessdate=13 May 2022}}
|-
{{single chart|Billboardhot100|7|artist=Donovan|rowheader=true|accessdate=13 May 2022}}
|-
! scope="row"|US ''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]]'' Top 100
| style="text-align:center;"|9
|-
{{single chart|West Germany|2|artist=Donovan|song=Atlantis|songid=73|rowheader=true|accessdate=13 May 2022}}
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Year-end chart performance for "Atlantis"
! Chart (1969)
! Position
|-
! scope="row"| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref name="chyearend">{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/charts/jahreshitparade/1969|title=Swiss Year-End Charts 1969|language=de|access-date=21 March 2023}}</ref>
| 4
|}
{{col-end}}

==Release history==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Release history for "Atlantis"
! scope="col"| Region
! scope="col"| Date
! scope="col"| {{abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | United Kingdom
| November 1968
| align="center"| {{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|-
! scope="row" | United States
| March 1969
| align="center"| {{citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|}

==Georg Danzer version==
{{Infobox song
| name = Atlantis
| cover = Georg Danzer Atlantis.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Georg Danzer]]
| album = Menschliche Wärme
| released = 3 January 1984
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 4:37
| label = [[Polydor Records|Polydor]]
| writer = *Donovan Leitch
*Georg Danzer
| producer = Georg Danzer
| prev_title = Zombieball
| prev_year = 1983
| next_title = Weiße Pferde
| next_year = 1984
}}
In 1984, Austrian musician [[Georg Danzer]] published a German-language version of the song, which has remained musically faithful to the original. First published on his album ''Menschliche Wärm''e, it appeared in the later course on the compilations ''Greenpeace'', ''Hit Barometer'' and ''Überblicke''. In Austria, it became a top 20 hit on the [[Ö3 Austria Top 40]].<ref name="Austria_Danzer"/>

===Track listings===
'''7-inch single'''
# Atlantis - 4:25
# Die Türken - 4:55
'''CD single'''
# "Atlantis" (radio edit) - 3:44
# "Atlantis" (acoustic edit) - 3:50

===Charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chart performance for "Atlantis"
! Chart (1984)
! Peak position
|-
{{single chart|Austria|19|artist=Georg Danzer|song=Atlantis|rowheader=true|access-date=13 May 2022|refname="Austria_Danzer"}}
|}

==No Angels version==
{{Infobox song
| name = Atlantis
| cover = Noa-atlantis.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[No Angels]]
| released = 19 November 2001
| recorded =
| studio = Park ([[Lake Starnberg|Tutzing]], Germany)
| genre =
| length = 4:14
| label = {{hlist||Cheyenne|[[Polydor]]|Zeitgeist}}
| writer = {{hlist|Donovan Leitch|[[Leslie Mándoki]]|Laszlo Bencker}}
| producer = Leslie Mándoki
| prev_title = [[There Must Be an Angel (Playing with My Heart)|There Must Be an Angel]]
| prev_year = 2001
| title = [[When the Angels Sing]]
| title2 = Atlantis
| next_title = [[Something About Us (No Angels song)|Something about Us]]
| next_year = 2002
}}

===Production and recording===
In the late 1990s, [[Walt Disney Feature Animation]] started production on ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]'', an [[animation|animated]] [[science fiction]]/[[action film]], based on the [[Atlantis]] saga. Interested in slipping his 1968 version into the [[Atlantis: The Lost Empire (soundtrack)|film soundtrack]], Donovan immediately opened negotiations with the studios; however Disney was barely interested in the song and plans eventually fell through.<ref name="one"/> By 2000, Disney had committed German [[music producer|producer]] [[Leslie Mándoki]] to produce a concomitant album for the German-speaking music markets, entitled ''Stars Inspired by Atlantis''.<ref name="one"/> After stumbling over the original song, Mándoki approached Donovan by phone, describing him his idea of a collaboration with German newcomers [[No Angels]], with whom Mándoki had previously worked on their debut ''[[Elle'ments]]'' (2001), and a few days later Donovan and the band met at the [[Lake Starnberg]] to start recording.<ref name="one">{{cite web|first=Dirk|last=Peitz|title=Mit 'Atlantis' aus der Versenkung|work=Rhein Zeitung|url=http://rhein-zeitung.de/on/01/11/23/magazin/news/donovan.html|date=23 November 2001|access-date=23 December 2007}}</ref>

===Release and reception===
"Atlantis" served as the band's fourth single along with "[[When the Angels Sing]]", a [[midtempo]] [[ballad (music)|ballad]] from their debut album ''[[Elle'ments]]'' (2001). [[CD single|Physical CD single]]s of the [[double-A side|double-A single]] were released on 19 November 2001 by Cheyenne Records.<ref name="discogs"/> The [[maxi single]] includes the duet version, the Submarine Mix of "Atlantis" and three new remixes "When the Angels Sing".<ref name="discogs"/>

Upon its release, "When the Angels Sing"/"Atlantis" debuted at No. 5 on the [[German Singles Chart]] in the week of 3 December 2001.<ref name="ger"/> It spent six weeks within the top 10 and fell out of the chart in the 14th weeks,<ref name="ger"/> becoming the 79th highest-selling single of 2001 in Germany.<ref name="ger year-end"/> In Austria, the double-A single debuted at No. 10 on the [[Ö3 Austria Top 40]].<ref name="aut"/> It peaked at No. 5 in its third week and spent four more weeks within the top 10, leaving the top 75 after 14 weeks.<ref name="aut"/> In Switzerland, "When the Angels Sing"/"Atlantis" entered the [[Swiss Hitparade]] at No. 56 in the week of 2 December.<ref name="swi2001"/> It reached its peak, No. 16, in its second week, becoming the band's first single to miss the top 10. It fell out of the top 100 after twelve weeks on the chart.<ref name="swi2001"/>

===Music video===
The single's [[music video]] was directed by [[Hannes Rossacher]] for [[DoRo Productions]] and shot in Berlin, Germany in late 2001.<ref name="one"/> It shows Donovan and the band in a recording studio accented by underwater settings, backdrops, and scenes inspired by the animated movie.

==Track listings==
{{tracklist
| headline = Maxi single<ref name="discogs">{{cite web|title=When the Angels Sing / Atlantis|date=19 November 2001 |publisher=[[Discogs]]|url=https://www.discogs.com/de/No-Angels-Donovan-Atlantis/release/1848389|accessdate=13 April 2017}}</ref>
| extra_column = Producer(s)

| title1 = [[#2001 version|Atlantis]]
| note1 = Radio Mix
| writer1 = {{hlist|[[Donovan|Donovan Leitch]]|[[Leslie Mándoki]]|Laszlo Bencker}}
| extra1 = Mándoki
| length1 = 4:14

| title2 = When the Angels Sing
| note2 = New Radio Mix
| writer2 = {{hlist|[[Peter Ries]]|Charlemaine Thomas-Schmidtmer}}
| extra2 = Ries
| length2 = 3:47

| title3 = When the Angels Sing
| note3 = Christmas Mix
| writer3 = {{hlist|Ries|Thomas-Schmidtmer}}
| extra3 = Ries
| length3 = 3:56

| title4 = When the Angels Sing
| note4 = Special X-Mas Mix
| writer4 = {{hlist|Ries|Thomas-Schmidtmer}}
| extra4 = Ries
| length4 = 4:08

| title5 = Atlantis
| note5 = Submarine Mix
| writer5 = {{hlist|Leitch|Mándoki|Bencker}}
| extra5 = Mándoki
| length5 = 4:00
}}

===Credits and personnel===
Credits adapted from the liner notes of ''Elle'ments''.<ref name="discogs"/>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Nadja Benaissa]] – vocals
* Laszlo Bencker – keyboards, bass
* [[Lucy Diakovska]] – vocals
* Pit Floss – additional engineering
* Felix Knöchel – assistant engineer
* George Kopecsni – acoustic guitar
* [[Leslie Mándoki]] – [[music production|production]], drums, percussion
{{col-2}}
* [[Sandy Mölling]] – vocals
* [[Vanessa Petruo]] – vocals
* Mike "Spike" Streefkerk – [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]]
* [[Jessica Wahls]] – vocals
* Peter Wölpe – guitar
* Stefan Zeh – additional engineering
{{col-end}}

===Charts===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

====Weekly charts====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Weekly chart performance for "Atlantis"
! scope="col"| Chart (2001–02)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
{{single chart|Austria|5|artist=No Angels & Donovan|song=Atlantis / When The Angels Sing|accessdate=6 July 2012|rowheader=true|refname="aut"}}
|-
{{single chart|Germany|5|artist=No Angels & Donovan|song=Atlantis / When The Angels Sing|songid=4962|accessdate=11 October 2018|rowheader=true|refname="ger"}}
|-
{{single chart|Switzerland|16|artist=No Angels & Donovan|song=Atlantis / When The Angels Sing|accessdate=6 July 2012|rowheader=true|refname="swi2001"}}
|}
{{col-2}}

====Year-end charts====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Year-end chart performance for "Atlantis"
! Chart (2002)
! Position
|-
! scope="row"| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/year.asp?cat=s&id=2002|title=Jahreshitparade Singles 2002|website=austriancharts.at|access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|25
|-
! scope="row"| Germany (Official German Charts)<ref name="ger year-end">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/single-jahr/for-date-2002|title=Top 100 Singles–Jahrescharts (2002)|publisher=Offiziellecharts.de|access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|79
|}
{{col-end}}

===Certifications===
{{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications for "Atlantis"}}
{{certification Table Entry|region=Austria|type=single|title=Atlantis|artist=No Angels|award=Gold|relyear=2001|accessdate=13 April 2017}}
{{certification Table Entry|region=Germany|type=single|title=When the Angels Sing|artist=No Angels|award=Gold|relyear=2001|accessdate=13 April 2017}}
{{certification Table Bottom}}

==Other cover versions==
*In 1993, doom metal band [[Trouble (band)|Trouble]] released a cover of Atlantis, with additional material, on their album [[Manic Frustration]] and titled it '''"Breathe..."'''
*In 1999, German actor Thorsten Feller covered the song under the pseudonym Feller.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.berliner-kurier.de/serienstar-singt-17744170|title=Serienstar singt|date=4 June 1999|website=Berliner-Kurier.de}}</ref> T
*In 2000, Donovan did a parody version for his cameo in the ''[[Futurama]]'' episode "[[The Deep South (Futurama)|The Deep South]]", in which he describes the lost city of [[Atlanta]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.atlantis-scout.de/atlantis_donovan.htm Mistakes in Donovan's Atlantis]


{{Donovan}}
{{No Angels singles}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Atlantis: The Lost Empire}}

[[Category:Songs about Atlantis]]
[[Category:Spoken word]]
[[Category:1968 songs]]
[[Category:1968 singles]]
[[Category:1969 singles]]
[[Category:1984 singles]]
[[Category:1999 singles]]
[[Category:2001 singles]]
[[Category:Pye Records singles]]
[[Category:Epic Records singles]]
[[Category:Atlantis (franchise)]]
[[Category:Donovan songs]]
[[Category:No Angels songs]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Songs written by Donovan]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Mickie Most]]
[[Category:Disney songs]]
[[Category:Songs about fictional places]]

Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard

2024-08-26T21:27:16Z

136.32.60.170: /* Interpretations */

{{short description|Parable of Jesus (Matthew 20 1–16)}}
__NOTOC__
[[File:Jacob Willemsz. de Wet d. Ä. 002.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|Painting of the parable, by [[Jacob Willemszoon de Wet]], mid-17th century]]
The '''Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard''' (also called the '''Parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard''' or the '''Parable of the Generous Employer''') is a [[parables of Jesus|parable of Jesus]] which appears in [[matthew 20|chapter 20]] of the [[Gospel of Matthew]] in the [[New Testament]]. It is not included in the other [[canonical gospel]]s.<ref>[[Heinrich August Wilhelm Meyer|Meyer, H. A. W.]], [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/meyer/matthew/20.htm Meyer's NT Commentary: Matthew 20], accessed 29 September 2019</ref> It has been described as a difficult parable to [[#interpretation|interpret]].<ref>[[Henry Alford (theologian)|Alford, H.]], [https://biblehub.com/commentaries/alford/matthew/20.htm Greek Testament Critical Exegetical Commentary - Alford] on Matthew 20, accessed 10 December 2022</ref>

==Text==
{{blockquote|“For the kingdom of heaven is like a landowner who went out early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard. After agreeing with the laborers for a [[denarius]] for the day, he sent them into his vineyard. When he went out about nine o’clock, he saw others standing idle in the marketplace, and he said to them, ‘You also go into the vineyard, and I will pay you whatever is right.’ So they went. When he went out again about noon and about three o’clock, he did the same. And about five o’clock he went out and found others standing around, and he said to them, ‘Why are you standing here idle all day?’ They said to him, ‘Because no one has hired us.’ He said to them, ‘You also go into the vineyard.’ When evening came, the owner of the vineyard said to his manager, ‘Call the laborers and give them their pay, beginning with the last and then going to the first.’ When those hired about five o’clock came, each of them received a denarius. Now when the first came, they thought they would receive more; but each of them also received a denarius. And when they received it, they grumbled against the landowner, saying, ‘These last worked only one hour, and you have made them equal to us who have borne the burden of the day and the scorching heat.’ But he replied to one of them, ‘Friend, I am doing you no wrong; did you not agree with me for a denarius? Take what belongs to you and go; I choose to give to this last the same as I give to you. Am I not allowed to do what I choose with what belongs to me? Or are you envious because I am generous?’ So the last will be first, and the first will be last.”|Matthew 20:1–16, [[New Revised Standard Version]]}}

==Interpretations==
[[File:Rembrandt - Parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Painting of the parable by [[Rembrandt]], showing the workers being paid that evening (1637)]]
The parable has often been interpreted to mean that even those who are converted late in life earn equal rewards along with those converted early, and also that people who convert early in life need not feel jealous of those later converts. An alternative interpretation identifies the early laborers as [[Jews]], some of whom resent the late-comers ([[Gentiles]]) being welcomed as equals in God's Kingdom. Both of these interpretations are discussed in [[Matthew Henry]]'s 1706 Commentary on the Bible.<ref>[http://www.studylight.org/com/mhc-com/view.cgi?book=mt&chapter=020 Complete Commentary on the Whole Bible], [[Matthew Henry]], (1706).</ref>

An alternative interpretation is that all Christians can be identified with the eleventh-hour workers. Arland J. Hultgren writes: "While interpreting and applying this parable, the question inevitably arises: Who are the eleventh-hour workers in our day? We might want to name them, such as [[Deathbed conversion|deathbed converts]] or persons who are typically despised by those who are longtime veterans and more fervent in their religious commitment. But it is best not to narrow the field too quickly. At a deeper level, we are all the eleventh-hour workers; to change the metaphor, we are all honored guests of God in the kingdom. It is not really necessary to decide who the eleventh-hour workers are. The point of the parable—both at the level of Jesus and the level of Matthew's Gospel—is that God saves by grace, not by our worthiness. That applies to all of us."<ref name="Hultgren">Arland J. Hultgren, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=P2UvmRVLF18C&pg=PA43 The Parables of Jesus: A Commentary]'', Eerdmans, 2002, {{ISBN|0-8028-6077-X}}, p. 43.</ref>

A [[USCCB]] interpretation is that the parable's "close association with Mt 19:30 suggests that its teaching is the equality of all the disciples in the reward of inheriting [[eternal life]]."<ref>[https://bible.usccb.org/bible/matthew/20?1 USCCB Bible Commentary Matthew 20:1]</ref> The USCCB interpret Mt 19:30 as: "[A]ll who respond to the call of Jesus, at whatever time (first or last), will be the same in respect to inheriting the benefits of the kingdom, which is the gift of God."<ref>[https://bible.usccb.org/bible/matthew/19?30=#48019030 USCCB Bible Commentary Matthew 19:30]</ref> In giving himself via the [[beatific vision]], God is the greatest reward.<ref>[http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p3s2c2a0.htm#2550 Catechism of the Catholic Church 2550]</ref>

Some commentators have used the parable to justify the principle of a "[[living wage]]",<ref name="Coffin">[[William Sloane Coffin]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yII7PLA8oWcC&pg=PA109 The collected sermons of William Sloane Coffin: the Riverside years, Volume 1]'', Westminster John Knox Press, 2008, {{ISBN|0-664-23244-2}}, p. 109.</ref> though generally conceding that this is not the main point of the parable.<ref name="Coffin"/> An example is [[John Ruskin]] in the 19th century, who quoted the parable in the title of his book ''[[Unto This Last]]''. Ruskin did not discuss the religious meaning of the parable but rather its social and economic implications.

{{clear}}

==Parallels==
Many details of the parable, including when the workers receive their pay at the end of the day, the complaints from those who worked a full day, and the response from the king/landowner are paralleled in a similar parable found in tractate Berakhot in the [[Jerusalem Talmud]]:<ref>{{citation |url=https://intertextual.bible/text/matthew-20.9-jerusalem-berakhot-2.8 |title= intertextual.bible/text/matthew-20.9-jerusalem-berakhot-2.8}}</ref>

:To what can Rebbi Bun bar Ḥiyya be likened? To a king who hired many workers and there was one worker who was exceptionally productive in his work. What did the king do? He took him and walked with him the long and the short. In the evening, the workers came to receive their wages and he gave him his total wages with them. The workers complained and said: we were toiling the entire day and this one did toil only for two hours and he gave him his total wages with us! The king told them: This one produced in two hours more than what you produced all day long. So Rebbi Bun produced in Torah in 28 years what an outstanding Or, with the Arabic ותֹיק “constant, resolute”. student cannot learn in a hundred years. (Jerusalem Berakhot 2.8)

{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Life of Jesus in the New Testament]]
* [[Ministry of Jesus]]

==References==
{{commons category|Workers in the Vineyard}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Parables of Jesus}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Parables of Jesus|Workers in the Vineyard, Parable of the]]
[[Category:Gospel of Matthew]]
[[Category:Works about labor]]
[[Category:Fair division]]

White Rabbit (song)

2024-08-25T15:12:33Z

136.32.60.170: /* In popular culture */

{{short description|Single by Jefferson Airplane}}
{{About|the Jefferson Airplane song|the Egypt Central song|White Rabbit (Egypt Central album)||White Rabbit (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox song
| name = White Rabbit
| cover = White Rabbit label.jpg
| alt =
| border =
| type = single
| artist = [[Jefferson Airplane]]
| album = [[Surrealistic Pillow]]
| B-side = Plastic Fantastic Lover
| released = {{Start date|1967|06}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/greatrockdiscogr00stro/page/430/mode/2up|title=The Great Rock Discography|year=1995|page=430 |isbn=9780862415419 |last1=Strong |first1=Martin Charles |publisher=Canongate Press }}</ref>
| recorded = {{Start date|1966|11|03}}<ref>{{Cite AV media notes |last=Tamarkin |first=Jeff |title=Surrealistic Pillow |title-link=Surrealistic Pillow |others=[[Jefferson Airplane]] |date=2003 |type=Liner notes |publisher=[[BMG Heritage Records|BMG Heritage]] |id=82876 50351 2}}</ref>
| studio = [[RCA Records#RCA Victor Music Center of the World, Hollywood|RCA Victor]] (Hollywood, California)
| venue =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Psychedelic rock]]<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Marc|last=Myers|title=How Jefferson Airplane's Grace Slick Wrote 'White Rabbit'|date=May 31, 2016|magazine=[[International Times]]|url=http://internationaltimes.it/how-jefferson-airplanes-grace-slick-wrote-white-rabbit/|access-date=July 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806155030/http://internationaltimes.it/how-jefferson-airplanes-grace-slick-wrote-white-rabbit/|archive-date=August 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[acid rock]]<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Heller |first1=Jason |last2=Spanos |first2=Brittany |author-link=Brittany Spanos |last3=Vozick-Levinson |first3=Simon |last4=Harris |first4=Keith |last5=Greene |first5=Andy |title=Jefferson Airplane: 12 Essential Songs|date=January 29, 2016 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/jefferson-airplane-12-essential-songs-28020/white-rabbit-1967-49607/ |access-date=November 3, 2021}}</ref><ref name= "Masley 2017">{{cite web|first= Ed|last= Masley|title= Sgt. Pepper and beyond: A look back at 20 great albums released in 1967|website= [[The Arizona Republic|azcentral]] |date= May 30, 2017|url= https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/music/2017/05/30/20-great-albums-1967-sgt-pepper/347569001/|quote= ...the Lewis Carroll-inspired acid-rock bolero of “White Rabbit".|accessdate= November 3, 2023}}</ref>}}
| length = {{Duration|m=2|s=31}}
| label = [[RCA Victor]]
| writer = [[Grace Slick]]
| producer = Rick Jarrard
| prev_title = [[Somebody to Love (Jefferson Airplane song)|Somebody to Love]]
| prev_year = 1967
| next_title = [[The Ballad of You and Me and Pooneil]]
| next_year = 1967
| misc = {{External music video|1={{YouTube|pnJM_jC7j_4|"White Rabbit"}}
| type = single
| header = Music video
}}
}}

"'''White Rabbit'''" is a song written by [[Grace Slick]] and recorded by the American [[rock music|rock]] band [[Jefferson Airplane]] for their 1967 album ''[[Surrealistic Pillow]]''. It draws on imagery from [[Lewis Carroll]]'s 1865 book ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' and its 1871 sequel ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]''.

It was released as a single and became the band's second top-10 success, peaking at number eight<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/1967-07-29/hot-100 |title=Top 100 Music Hits, Top 100 Music Charts, Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100 |website=Billboard.com |access-date=July 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713045930/http://www.billboard.com/charts/1967-07-29/hot-100 |archive-date=July 13, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. The song was ranked number 478 on ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s list of the [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|500 Greatest Songs of All Time]]<ref name=roll>{{cite magazine
|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs
|title=The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]
|access-date=August 7, 2011
|date=December 9, 2004
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622142703/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/500songs
|archive-date=June 22, 2008
}}</ref> in 2004, number 483 in 2010, and number 455 in 2021 and appears on [[The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll]]. In 1998, the song was inducted into the [[Grammy Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award#w|title=GRAMMY Hall Of Fame | Hall of Fame Artists | GRAMMY.com|website=grammy.com}}</ref>

==History==
===Background===
"White Rabbit" was written and performed by [[Grace Slick]] while she was still with her previous band, [[The Great Society (band)|the Great Society]]. Slick then left the Great Society to join [[Jefferson Airplane]] to replace their departing female singer, [[Signe Toly Anderson]] (who left the band to give birth to her child). The first album Slick recorded with Jefferson Airplane was ''[[Surrealistic Pillow]]'', and Slick provided two songs from her previous group: her own "White Rabbit" and "[[Somebody to Love (Jefferson Airplane song)|Somebody to Love]]", written by her brother-in-law [[Darby Slick]] and recorded under the title "Someone to Love" by the Great Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jambands.com/news/2014/03/26/darby-slick-puts-original-lyric-page-to-somebody-to-love-up-for-sale|title=Darby Slick Puts Original Lyrics Up For Sale|website=Jambands.com|date=March 26, 2014|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204015526/http://www.jambands.com/news/2014/03/26/darby-slick-puts-original-lyric-page-to-somebody-to-love-up-for-sale|archive-date=February 4, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The Great Society's version of "White Rabbit" was much longer than the more aggressive version of Jefferson Airplane. Both songs became top-10 hits<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/304407/jefferson-airplane/chart?mobile_redirection=falsesuccesses|title=Billboard – Jefferson Airplane|website=[[Billboard.com]]|access-date=January 31, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901125353/http://www.billboard.com/artist/304407/jefferson-airplane/chart?mobile_redirection=falsesuccesses|archive-date=September 1, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> for Jefferson Airplane and have ever since been associated with that band.<ref name=Revolution>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKyYNB0pGIoC&q=grace+slick+contract&pg=PA113|title=Got a revolution!:the turbulent flight of Jefferson Airplane|editor-last=Tamarkin|editor-first=Jeff|publisher=Atria|year=2003|page=113|isbn=0-671-03403-0|access-date=April 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701204724/http://books.google.com/books?id=TKyYNB0pGIoC&pg=PA113&dq=grace+slick+contract&hl=en&ei=X4W8TegBzZy3B-nAucEF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=grace%20slick%20contract&f=false|archive-date=July 1, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Composition, lyrics and inspiration===
[[File:White rabbit.JPG|thumb|200px|1967 trade ad for the single]]
"White Rabbit" is one of [[Grace Slick]]'s earliest songs, written from December 1965 to January 1966.<ref name=myers>{{cite book |last=Myers|first=Marc |author-link= Marc Myers|date=2016 |title=Anatomy of a Song |publisher=Grove Press |pages=92–99 |isbn=978-1-61185-525-8}}</ref> It uses imagery found in the fantasy works of [[Lewis Carroll]] — 1865's ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'' and its 1871 sequel ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' — such as changing size after taking pills or drinking an unknown liquid.

Slick wrote the lyrics first, then composed the music at a red upright piano she had bought for US$50 with eight or ten keys missing — "that was OK because I could hear in my head the notes that weren't there"<ref name=jesudason>{{cite news |title=Grace Slick and Jack Casady of Jefferson Airplane: how we made White Rabbit |last=Jesudason |first=David |newspaper=The Guardian |date=August 23, 2021 |url= https://www.theguardian.com/music/2021/aug/23/grace-slick-and-jack-casady-of-jefferson-airplane-how-we-made-white-rabbit}}</ref> — moving between [[major chord]]s for the verses and chorus. She said that the music was heavily influenced by [[Miles Davis]]'s 1960 album ''[[Sketches of Spain]]'', particularly Davis's treatment of the ''[[Concierto de Aranjuez]]'' (1939). She later said: "Writing weird stuff about Alice backed by a dark Spanish march was in step with what was going on in San Francisco then. We were all trying to get as far away from the expected as possible".<ref name=myers/>

Slick said the song was supposed to be a wake-up call to parents who read their children novels such as these and then would wonder why their children used drugs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jeffersonairplane.com/the-band/grace-slick/ |title=Biography – Grace Slick |website=Jeffersonairplane.com |access-date=January 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507221818/http://www.jeffersonairplane.com/the-band/grace-slick/ |archive-date=May 7, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She later commented that all fairytales read to little girls have a [[Prince Charming]] who comes and saves them. But Alice did not, she was "on her own... in a very strange place, but she kept on going and she followed her curiosity – that's the White Rabbit. A lot of women could have taken a message from that story about how you can push your own agenda". Slick added that "The line in the song 'feed your head' is both about reading and psychedelics...feeding your head by paying attention: read some books, pay attention".<ref name=jesudason/>

Characters Slick referenced include [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]], the [[White Rabbit]], the [[Caterpillar (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|hookah-smoking caterpillar]], the [[White Knight (Through the Looking-Glass)|White Knight]], the [[Red Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)|Red Queen]], and [[the Dormouse]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metrolyrics.com/white-rabbit-lyrics-jefferson-airplane.html |title=White Rabbit Lyrics |website=Metrolyrics.com |access-date=January 31, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216061413/http://www.metrolyrics.com/white-rabbit-lyrics-jefferson-airplane.html |archive-date=February 16, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Slick reportedly wrote the song after an [[Psychedelic experience|acid trip]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Hughes | first = Rob | title = The Story Behind The Song: White Rabbit by Jefferson Airplane | website = [[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]] | date = October 29, 2016 | url = https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-story-behind-the-song-white-rabbit-by-jefferson-airplane | access-date = August 2, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170802165147/http://teamrock.com/feature/2016-10-29/the-story-behind-the-song-white-rabbit-by-jefferson-airplane | archive-date = August 2, 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> For Slick, "White Rabbit" "is about following your curiosity. The White Rabbit is your curiosity".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703778104576287303493094530 |last=Myers |first=Marc |title=She Went Chasing Rabbits |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=August 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108161611/http://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703778104576287303493094530?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748703778104576287303493094530.html |archive-date=January 8, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> For her and others in the 1960s, drugs were a part of [[Higher consciousness|mind expansion]] and social experimentation. With its enigmatic lyrics, "White Rabbit" became one of the first songs to sneak drug references passing censorship on the radio. [[Marty Balin]], Slick's former bandmate and co-founder of Jefferson Airplane (and later [[Jefferson Starship]]), regarded the song as a "masterpiece". In interviews, Slick has related that ''Alice in Wonderland'' was often read to her as a child and remained a vivid memory well into her adulthood.<ref name=roll/>

In an interview with ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Slick mentioned that, in addition to ''Alice in Wonderland'', her other inspiration for the song was [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel's]] ''[[Boléro]]''. Like ''Boléro'', "White Rabbit" is essentially one long [[Dynamics (music)#Gradual changes|crescendo]]. The music combined with the song's lyrics strongly suggests the sensory distortions experienced with [[hallucinogens]], and the song was later used in pop culture to imply or accompany just such a state.<ref>{{cite book |title=1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die |last=Robert Dimery |publisher=Cassell |edition= First |date=October 1, 2015 |isbn=978-1844038800}}</ref>

===Recording by Jefferson Airplane===
The song was first played by the Great Society in a bar in San Francisco in early 1966, and later when they opened the bill for bigger bands like the [[Grateful Dead]]. They made a series of [[demo record]]s for [[Autumn Records]], for which they were assisted by [[Sly Stone]]. Grace Slick said: "We were so bad that Sly eventually played all the instruments so the demo would sound OK". When Slick joined Jefferson Airplane later in 1966, she taught the song to the band, who recorded it for their album ''Surrealistic Pillow''.<ref name=myers/> "White Rabbit" is in the key of [[F-sharp minor|F-sharp]] which Slick acknowledges "is difficult for guitar players as it requires some intricate fingering".<ref name=jesudason/>

==Reception==
''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cash Box]]'' called it "a real strong outing guaranteed to get lots of attention."<ref name=cb>{{cite magazine |title=CashBox Record Reviews |date=June 24, 1967 |page=22 |access-date=January 12, 2022 |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/60s/1967/CB-1967-06-24.pdf |magazine=Cash Box}}</ref> ''[[Record World]]'' said it has "a little [[Boléro|bolero]] sound and a haunting lyric."<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Single Picks of the Week|magazine=Record World|date=June 17, 1967|page=1|accessdate=2023-07-11|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Record-World/60s/67/RW-1967-06-17.pdf}}</ref>

==Charts==
{{col-begin|width=67%}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chart (1967)
!Peak position
|-
|Canada ''[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]'' Top Singles<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.10085&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.10085.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.10085 |title=Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada |website=Collectionscanada.gc.ca |date=August 5, 1967 |access-date=January 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114093233/https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.10085&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.10085.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.10085 |archive-date=2018-01-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|1
|-
|US ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]]<ref>''Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990'' - {{ISBN|0-89820-089-X}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|8
|-
|US [[Cash Box (magazine)|''Cash Box'']] Top 100<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19670812.html|title=Cash Box Top 100 8/12/67|website=Tropicalglen.com|access-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128200402/http://www.tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/19670812.html|archive-date=November 28, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align="center"|6
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Chart (1970)
!Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|3|artist=Jefferson Airplane|song=White Rabbit/Somebody to Love|access-date=December 10, 2018}}
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Chart (1987)
!Peak position
|-
|[[UK Singles Chart]] ([[The Official Charts Company|OCC]])
| style="text-align:center;"|94
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Chart (2022)
!Peak position
|-
{{singlechart|Hungarysingle|35|year=2022|week=15|access-date=April 21, 2022}}
|-
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Chart (1967)
! style="text-align:center;"|Rank
|-
|Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.100151&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=dtlhqtcdftn9t40n27r4hds2h0|title=''RPM'' Top 100 Singles of 1967|website=Collectionscanada.gc.ca|access-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812082630/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.100151&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=dtlhqtcdftn9t40n27r4hds2h0|archive-date=August 12, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|48
|-
|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1967.htm|title=Top 100 Hits of 1967/Top 100 Songs of 1967|website=Musicoutfitters.com|access-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323231319/https://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1967.htm|archive-date=March 23, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|81
|-
|US ''Cash Box''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/1967YESP.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907024341/http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/60s_files/1967YESP.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 7, 2013|title=Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1967|website=Tropicalglen.com|access-date=May 12, 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|60
|-
|''[[Cashbox (magazine)|Cashbox]]''<ref>{{cite book
| first= Frank
| last= Hoffmann
| year= 1983
| title= The Cash Box Singles Charts, 1950–1981
| publisher= The Scarecrow Press, Inc
| location= Metuchen, NJ & London
| page= 303}}</ref> (11 weeks): 59, 45, 23, 14, 12, 11, 8, 6, 7, 22, 41
| style="text-align:center;"| -
|}
{{col-end}}

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Jefferson Airplane|title=White Rabbit|award=Gold|relyear=2005|certyear=2024|id=16133-3995-1|access-date=16 February 2024}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=single|artist=Jefferson Airplane|title=White Rabbit|award=Platinum|number=2|relyear=1967|certyear=2022|access-date=16 February 2024}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|streaming=true|noshipments=true}}

==Personnel==
* [[Grace Slick]] – vocals
* [[Jorma Kaukonen]] – lead guitar
* [[Paul Kantner]] – rhythm guitar
* [[Jack Casady]] – bass
* [[Spencer Dryden]] – drums

== In popular culture ==
* A version of the song performed by [[Eliot Sumner]] was used as the theme music of the 2022 German television series ''[[1899_(TV_series)|1899]].''
* A lyric from the song was used as the title of the 1971 novel ''[[Go Ask Alice]]''.<ref name=hendley>{{cite book |last=Hendley |first=Nate |date=2016 |title=The Big Con: Great Hoaxes, Frauds, Grifts, and Swindles in American History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8K_gDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=ABC-CLIO |pages=161–163 |isbn=9781610695862 }}</ref><ref name=loebker>{{cite news |last=Loebker |first=Terri |date=October 16, 1971 |title=Books In Review: Diary of a Young Drug Addict |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/101240321/ |newspaper=The Cincinnati Enquirer |page=Teen-Ager–p. 3 |access-date=December 21, 2016 |via=Newspapers.com |url-access=subscription |quote="Go Ask Alice", (title adapted from Grace Slick's song, "White Rabbit",) is the anonymous diary of a 15-year-old drug user.}}</ref>
* The song was used in episode 9 "The Blue Scorpion" of ''[[The Twilight Zone (2019 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]''.<ref>{{citation |title=THE TWILIGHT ZONE (S1E9) "The Blue Scorpion": Taking Aim At Gun Violence |date=28 May 2019 |url=https://www.filminquiry.com/twilight-zone-s1e9/ |access-date=May 28, 2019}}</ref>
* The song was used in [[The Game (1997 film)|''The Game'']] when Nicholas Van Orton ([[Michael Douglas]]) revisits his house after starting The Game and in the credits.
* The song was used in the [[Chapter One: The Vanishing of Will Byers|debut episode]] of ''[[Stranger Things]]'', when [[Eleven (Stranger Things)|Eleven]] ([[Millie Bobby Brown]]) escapes the diner.
* The song was used in episodes "[[Mona Leaves-a]]", "[[D'oh-in' in the Wind]]", and "[[Midnight RX]]" of ''[[The Simpsons]].''
* The song was used in episode "[[Down Neck]]" of ''[[The Sopranos]]'' (S01E07); time: 14'40 in the year 1999.
* The song appeared in the 1986 film ''[[Platoon (film)|Platoon]]'', when Chris Taylor ([[Charlie Sheen]]) visits a hut of [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]-smoking soldiers.
* An a cappella version of the song was used during [[WWE]] live events and during commercial breaks of televised shows in September 2022, while QR codes were also hidden in various locations on episodes of ''[[WWE Raw|Raw]]'' and ''[[SmackDown]]''. Each code led to websites containing imagery, minigames, and riddles that were seemingly connected to the upcoming [[Extreme Rules]] event on October 8. At the closure of the event, [[Bray Wyatt]] returned to WWE, accompanied by live-action versions of his Firefly Fun House characters and a new mask, revealing himself as the person behind the "White Rabbit" teases.
* The song, in the orchestral remixed version, was used in the trailer for the 2021 movie ''[[The Matrix Resurrections]]'', as well as in the movie itself.
* The song was used in the 1998 film ''[[Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (film)|Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas]]''.
* A remix of the song was used as the main menu soundtrack for ''[[Battlefield Vietnam]]'' made in 2004 with mix of [[Lyndon B. Johnson|Lyndon B Johnson]] line; “Our government... appears united in its determination to take all necessary measures... in support of freedom... and in defense of peace in Southeast Asia.”, as well as [[Hanoi Hannah]]; “How are you, GI Joe? It seems to me that most of you are poorly informed about the going of the war, to say nothing about a correct explanation of your presence over here. Nothing is more confused than to be ordered into a war to die.”. The original song was featured as a loading screen song for a level in the game as well.
* The song was used in episode 8 "Jezebels" of ''[[The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)|The Handmaid's Tale]]''<ref>{{citation |title=Why 'White Rabbit' is the feminist anthem TV needs right now |date=31 May 2017 |url=https://hiddenremote.com/2017/05/31/white-rabbit-feminist-anthem-tv-needs-right-now/ |access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>
* The vocals were sampled and used by [[Paul Kalkbrenner]] in his song "Feed your head".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-06 |title=Paul Kalkbrenner samples Jefferson Airplane with single 'Feed Your Head' |url=https://www.frontview-magazine.be/en/news/paul-kalkbrenner-samples-jefferson-airplane-with-single-feed-your-head}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q23395|id=tt0120669|title=Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas|description=1998 film}}
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q621587|id=tt0978764|title=Sucker Punch|description=2011 film}}

{{Jefferson Airplane}}
{{Alice|state=collapsed}}
{{The Damned}}
{{Pink singles}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:White Rabbit (Song)}}
[[Category:1967 singles]]
[[Category:Jefferson Airplane songs]]
[[Category:Blue Man Group songs]]
[[Category:1980 singles]]
[[Category:1983 singles]]
[[Category:Music based on Alice in Wonderland]]
[[Category:Songs written by Grace Slick]]
[[Category:Songs about drugs]]
[[Category:Songs about fictional male characters]]
[[Category:Songs about fictional female characters]]
[[Category:Songs about rabbits and hares]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Rick Jarrard]]
[[Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients]]
[[Category:1967 songs]]
[[Category:RCA Victor singles]]
[[Category:RPM Top Singles number-one singles]]

Ethan Suplee

2024-08-25T03:28:51Z

136.32.60.170: /* Music video */

{{short description|American actor (born 1976)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Ethan Suplee cropped.jpg
| caption = Suplee in 2011
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|5|25}}
| birth_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| occupation = Actor
| years active = 1994–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Brandy Lewis|2006|}}
| children = 4
}}
'''Ethan Suplee''' ({{IPAc-en|s|uː|ˈ|p|l|iː}};<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2019 |title=American Glutton Trailer |url=https://podtail.com/en/podcast/american-glutton/american-glutton-trailer/ |access-date=January 18, 2020 |website=American Glutton}}</ref> born May 25, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in the films ''[[American History X]]'', ''[[Blow_(film)|Blow]]'', ''[[Remember the Titans]]'', ''[[John Q]]'', ''[[The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)|The Wolf of Wall Street]]'', ''[[Cold Mountain (film)|Cold Mountain]]'', ''[[Without a Paddle]]'', ''[[Unstoppable (2010 film)|Unstoppable]]'', and several of [[Kevin Smith]]'s films as well as Frankie in ''[[Boy Meets World]]'' and [[Randy Hickey]] in ''[[My Name Is Earl]]''.

==Early life==
Suplee was born in [[Manhattan]], New York City, the son of Debbie and Bill Suplee (who later played Willie the One Eyed Mailman in ''My Name Is Earl''). His parents were actors who met while performing [[summer stock theater]] and appeared on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stax |date=May 2, 2006 |title=IGN: Interview: Ethan Suplee |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2006/05/02/interview-ethan-suplee |access-date=2021-06-29 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> On the ''Your Welcome'' show, Ethan stated that he dropped out of school at age 14.

==Career==
The first major role Suplee landed was as Willam in ''[[Mallrats]]'', directed by [[Kevin Smith]], alongside future ''My Name is Earl'' costar [[Jason Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]]. He also appeared briefly in the independent View Askew-produced ''[[Drawing Flies]].'' Smith cast both Suplee and Lee again in later films ''[[Chasing Amy]]'' and ''[[Dogma (film)|Dogma]]''. They both make [[Cameo appearance|cameo]]s in ''[[Clerks II]]''. At the same time as the filming of ''Mallrats'', Suplee also had a recurring role as Frankie "The Enforcer" Stechino in ''[[Boy Meets World]]'', from 1994 to 1998. Suplee's dramatic performances include the roles of the ruthless [[white power skinhead]] Seth in ''[[American History X]]'', one of three men who [[rape]] a [[clown]] in ''[[Vulgar (film)|Vulgar]]'', [[Ashton Kutcher]]'s [[Goth subculture|goth]] college roommate "Thumper" in ''[[The Butterfly Effect]]'', American football player Louie Lastik in ''[[Remember the Titans]]'', [[Johnny Depp]]'s buddy and initial drug-dealing partner Tuna in ''[[Blow (film)|Blow]]'', and the simpleminded Pangle in ''[[Cold Mountain (film)|Cold Mountain]]''. Suplee also had a cameo in the [[HBO]] TV series ''[[Entourage (American TV series)|Entourage]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethan Suplee |url=http://www.ent411.com/entourage-character/75/ethan-suplee/ |access-date=July 9, 2014}}</ref> in the fictional movie ''Queens Boulevard''. In 2014, he was cast in the [[TV Land]] original sitcom ''[[Jennifer Falls]]'', which reunited him with ''My Name Is Earl'' co-star, [[Jaime Pressly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitovich |first=Matt Webb |date=February 28, 2014 |title=Scoop: Ethan Suplee Joins Earl Costar Jaime Pressly's TV Land Comedy Jennifer Falls |url=http://tvline.com/2014/02/28/ethan-suplee-cast-jennifer-falls-with-jaime-pressly/ |access-date=February 28, 2014 |publisher=TV Line |archive-date=August 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801155200/https://tvline.com/2014/02/28/ethan-suplee-cast-jennifer-falls-with-jaime-pressly/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2016, Suplee started playing D in Hulu's series ''[[Chance (TV series)|Chance]]'', as well as police officer Billy "Beer Pong" Tompkins on the Netflix sitcom ''[[The Ranch]]''.

In 2020, Suplee launched his own podcast entitled ''American Glutton''.

==Personal life==
Since 2006, Suplee has been married to Brandy Lewis, the younger sister of actress and singer [[Juliette Lewis]]. He is a [[Scientology|Scientologist]].<ref name= Actualizer>{{cite web |first=Mark |last=Oppenheimer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/15/magazine/15Katselas-t.html |title=The Actualizer |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 15, 2007 |access-date=2023-01-01 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104172512/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/15/magazine/15Katselas-t.html |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |quote= }}</ref>

In March 2011, Suplee was featured on ''[[TMZ on TV]]'', having lost over {{cvt|200|lbs}} in body weight. He mentioned on his podcast ''American Glutton'' that his heaviest weight was {{cvt|530|lbs}} and his lightest weight was {{cvt|220|lbs}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Blechman |first=Phil |date=2020-01-14 |title=How Ethan Suplee from 'Remember the Titans' Got Jacked |url=https://barbend.com/ethan-suplee-fitness-transformation/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website= BarBend.com| publisher= |language=en-US}}</ref> He has credited cycling for helping keep fit, explaining "I ride road bikes, I ride bicycles." He once reached an all-time low of 9% body fat, but put some of the weight back on upon realizing that his weight had been a past source of acting opportunities.<ref name= "Rahman2017">{{cite magazine |last1= Rahman |first1=Ray |title='Chance' actor Ethan Suplee on how losing weight lost him roles |url=https://ew.com/article/2016/12/16/hulu-chance-ethan-suplee-what-to-watch-podcast/ |access-date=28 November 2022 |magazine= [[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=March 14, 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Not yet released}}
|Denotes works that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1995
|''[[Mallrats]]''
|[[Willam Black]]
|
|-
|1996
|''One Down''
|Prison inmate
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1997
|''[[Chasing Amy]]''
|Comic Fan
|
|-
|''[[A Better Place]]''
|Large Rude Student
|
|-
|''35 Miles from Normal''
|Mike
|
|-
|''11th Hour''
|Mike
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1998
|''[[Desert Blue]]''
|Cale
|
|-
|''[[American History X]]''
|Seth Ryan
|
|-
|''Bad Trip''
|Josh
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
|''[[Dogma (film)|Dogma]]''
|Noman the Golgothan
|Voice role
|-
|''Tyrone''
|Joshua Schatzberg
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2000
|''Takedown''
|Dan Brodley
|
|-
|''[[Road Trip (2000 film)|Road Trip]]''
|Ed Bradford
|
|-
|''[[Vulgar (film)|Vulgar]]''
|Frankie Fanelli
|
|-
|''[[Remember the Titans]]''
|Louie Lastik
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
|''[[Don's Plum]]''
|Big Bum
|
|-
|''[[Blow (film)|Blow]]''
|Tuna
|
|-
|''[[Evolution (2001 film)|Evolution]]''
|Deke Donald
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
|''[[John Q.]]''
|Max Conlin
|
|-
|''[[The First $20 Million Is Always the Hardest]]''
|Tiny
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Cold Mountain (film)|Cold Mountain]]''
|Pangle
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2004
|''[[The Butterfly Effect]]''
|Thumper
|
|-
|''[[Without a Paddle]]''
|Elwood
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Neo Ned]]''
|Johnny-Orderly
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|''[[Art School Confidential]]''
|Vince
|
|-
|''[[Clerks II]]''
|Teen #2
|
|-
|''[[The Fountain]]''
|Manny
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''[[Mr. Woodcock]]''
|Nedderman
|
|-
|''Cutlass''
|Bruce
|[[Short film]]
|-
|2008
|''Struck''
|Cupid
|Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|''[[Fanboys (film)|Fanboys]]''
|[[Harry Knowles]]
|
|-
|''[[Brothers (2009 film)|Brothers]]''
|Sweeney
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[The Dry Land]]''
|Jack
|
|-
|''[[Unstoppable (2010 film)|Unstoppable]]''
|Dewey
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''I'm Having a Difficult Time Killing My Parents''
|Andrew
|Short film
|-
|''Grow Up Already''
|Bunky
|Short film
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''Ten Feet Apart''
|Homer
|Short film
|-
|''Paper Cuts''
|Steven
|
|-
|''Delivery''
|Jake
|Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''Breakout''
|Kenny Baxter
|
|-
|''[[The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)|The Wolf of Wall Street]]''
|Toby Welch
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Walk of Shame (film)|Walk of Shame]]''
|Officer Dave
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[True Story (film)|True Story]]''
|Pat Frato
|
|-
|''[[Tooken]]''
|Paul Miller
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[The Trust (2016 film)|The Trust]]''
|Russian Roulette Detective
|
|-
|''[[Deepwater Horizon (film)|Deepwater Horizon]]''
|Jason Anderson
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Motherless Brooklyn (film)|Motherless Brooklyn]]''
|Gilbert Coney
|
|-
|2020
|''[[The Hunt (2020 film)|The Hunt]]''
|Gary
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022
| ''[[Dog (2022 film)|Dog]]''
| Noah
|
|-
| ''[[Clerks III]]''
| Willam Black
| Role shared with [[Scott Mosier]]
|-
| ''[[Babylon (2022 film)|Babylon]]''
| Wilson
|
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2023
| ''[[Manodrome]]''
| Dad Leo
|
|-
| [[God Is a Bullet (film)|''God Is a Bullet'']]
| Gutter
|
|-
| ''[[Blood for Dust]]''
| Slim
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1994
|''[[Tales from the Crypt (TV series)|Tales from the Crypt]]''
|Jaimie
|Episode: "Operation Friendship"
|-
|1994–1998
|''[[Boy Meets World]]''
|Frankie Stechino
|19 episodes
|-
|1995
|''[[Sister, Sister (TV series)|Sister, Sister]]''
|Lionel
|Episode: "Put to the Test"
|-
|1996
|''[[Don't Look Back (1996 film)|Don't Look Back]]''
|Gary
|Television film
|-
|2004
|''[[Third Watch]]''
|Aaron Gordon
|Episode: "Obsession"
|-
|2005–2009
|''[[My Name Is Earl]]''
|Randy Hickey
|96 episodes Main cast
|-
|2005–2010
|''[[Entourage (American TV series)|Entourage]]''
|Himself
|2 episodes
|-
|2006
|''[[The Year Without a Santa Claus (2006 film)|The Year Without a Santa Claus]]''
|Jingle Bells
|Television film
|-
|2010
|''[[The Good Guys (2010 TV series)|The Good Guys]]''
|Andy Davis
|Episode: "Dan on the Run"
|-
|2010
|''Playing with Guns''
|Siff
|Television film
|-
|2010
|''Nevermind Nirvana''
|Perry
|Television film
|-
|2011
|''[[No Ordinary Family]]''
|Tom Seeley
|Episode: "No Ordinary Double Standard"
|-
|2011–2013
|''[[Raising Hope]]''
|Andrew
|5 episodes
|-
|2011
|''[[Wilfred (American TV series)|Wilfred]]''
|Spencer
|2 episodes
|-
|2012
|''[[Men at Work (TV series)|Men at Work]]''
|Dan
|Episode: "Milo Full of Grace"
|-
|2012
|''[[Rise of the Zombies]]''
|Marshall
|Television film
|-
|2014
|''[[Jennifer Falls]]''
|Wayne Doyle
|10 episodes Main cast
|-
|2016–2020
|''[[The Ranch]]''
|Officer Billy "Beer Pong" Tompkins
|13 episodes
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Chance (TV series)|Chance]]''
|Darius "D" Pringle
|20 episodes Main cast
|-
|2017
|''[[Twin Peaks (season 3)|Twin Peaks]]''
|Bill Shaker
|Episode: "The Return, Part 4"
|-
|2018–2020
|''[[Vampirina]]''
|Uncle Bob [[Bigfoot]]
|3 episodes Voice
|-
|2019
|''[[Santa Clarita Diet]]''
|Tommy
|6 episodes
|-
|2020
|''[[Good Girls (TV series)|Good Girls]]''
|Gil
|3 episodes
|-
|}

===Music video===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2002
|"Lonesome Tears"
|Friend
|[[Beck]]
|-
|2008
|"Wasting Time"
|Guy at the door
|[[The Briggs]]
|-
|2010
|"3000 Miles Away"
|Interrogator
|[[Star Fucking Hipsters]]
|-
|}

=== Video games ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Quarry (video game)|The Quarry]]''
| Robert N. "Bobby" Hackett
| Likeness Motion capture Voice
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Year
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Award
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Category
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Work
!style="background:#B0C4DE"|Result
|-
| rowspan=2| 2006
| OFTA Television Award
| Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
| rowspan=4| ''My Name is Earl''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Actors Guild Awards|Screen Actors Guild Award]]
| [[12th Screen Actors Guild Awards#Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series]] Shared with [[Jason Lee (actor)|Jason Lee]], [[Jaime Pressly]], [[Eddie Steeples]], and [[Nadine Velazquez]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 2007
| [[Monte-Carlo Television Festival|Golden Nymph]]
| Outstanding Actor – Comedy Series
| {{nom}}
|-
| OFTA Television Award
| Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
| {{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan=2| 2014
| Gold Derby Film Award
| Ensemble Cast Shared with [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], [[Jonah Hill]], [[Matthew McConaughey]], [[Jon Bernthal]], [[Jean Dujardin]], [[Jon Favreau]], [[Joanna Lumley]], [[Cristin Milioti]], [[Rob Reiner]] and [[Margot Robbie]]
| rowspan=2| ''[[The Wolf of Wall Street (2013 film)|The Wolf of Wall Street]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Seattle Film Critics Award
| Best Ensemble Cast Shared with Leonardo DiCaprio, Jonah Hill, Matthew McConaughey, Jon Bernthal, Jean Dujardin, Jon Favreau, Joanna Lumley, Cristin Milioti, Rob Reiner and Margot Robbie
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cci}}
* {{IMDb name|839486}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suplee, Ethan}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American Scientologists]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Manhattan]]

I Touch Myself

2024-08-24T23:41:18Z

136.32.60.170: /* Usage in other media */

{{Short description|1990 single by Divinyls}}
{{For|the [[T-Boz]] song|Touch Myself}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox song
| name = I Touch Myself
| cover = DivinylsITouchMyself.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Divinyls]]
| album = [[Divinyls (album)|Divinyls]]
| B-side = Follow Through
| written = 1990
| released = {{start date|1990|11|19|df=y}}
| studio = [[Groove Masters]] ([[Santa Monica]], California)
| genre = *[[Soft rock]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=Howard|date=30 June 2016|title=The 10 Sexiest Rock Songs Ever|url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-10-sexiest-rock-songs-ever|access-date=18 April 2022|website=[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]}}</ref>
*[[Pub rock (Australia)|pub rock]]<ref name="tonedeaf.thebrag.com">{{cite web |last1=Gawne |first1=Holley |title=Check out 14 of the most iconic Aussie pub rock songs |url=https://tonedeaf.thebrag.com/iconic-aussie-pub-rock-songs/list/dont-change--inxs/ |website=Tone Deaf |access-date=10 March 2023 |language=en-AU |date=17 October 2021}}</ref>
| length = 3:44
| label = [[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
| writer =
* [[Christine Amphlett]]
* [[Mark McEntee]]
* [[Tom Kelly (songwriter)|Tom Kelly]]
* [[Billy Steinberg]]
| producer =
* Christina Amphlett
* Mark McEntee
* [[David Tickle]]
| prev_title = [[Punxsie]]
| prev_year = 1988
| next_title = [[Love School]]
| next_year = 1991
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|wv-34w8kGPM|"I Touch Myself"}}}}
}}

"'''I Touch Myself'''" is a song recorded by Australian rock band [[Divinyls]]. It was written by the songwriting team of [[Tom Kelly (musician)|Tom Kelly]] and [[Billy Steinberg]] along with [[Christine Amphlett]] and [[Mark McEntee]] of the Divinyls.<ref>{{ cite web | title=Billy Steinberg: Songwriter Interviews | url=https://www.songfacts.com/blog/interviews/billy-steinberg | last=Wiser | first=Carl }}</ref> It was released in November 1990 by [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] as the lead single from the band's fourth album, ''[[Divinyls (album)|Divinyls]]'' (1991), and deals with the subjects of [[eroticism]] and [[female masturbation]].<ref>{{cite news | first = Rose | last = Surnow | title = Masturbation Pioneer and "I Touch Myself Singer," Divinyls' Chrissy Amphlett, Dead at 53 | date = 22 April 2013 | publisher = [[Hearst Corporation]] | url = http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/news/chrissy-amphlett | work = Cosmopolitan | access-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> The single achieved success, reaching {{abbr|No.|Number}} 1 in Australia and No. 4 on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. In January 2018, Australian network [[Triple M]] ranked the song at No. 60 in its list of the "most Australian" songs of all time.<ref name="triplem">{{cite news|work=Musicfeeds|title=Here Are The Songs That Made Triple M's 'Ozzest 100'|url= http://musicfeeds.com.au/news/songs-made-triple-ms-ozzest-100/|access-date=4 January 2020|date=27 January 2018}}</ref> In 2023, ''Billboard'' magazine ranked it among the "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time".<ref name="billboard500bestpopsongs">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/best-pop-songs-all-time-hits/divinyls-i-touch-myself/|title=The 500 Best Pop Songs: Staff List|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=19 October 2023|access-date=20 October 2023}}</ref>

==Composition and recording==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2020}}
[[Chrissy Amphlett]] and [[Mark McEntee]] wrote the song in 1990 with the songwriting team of [[Tom Kelly (songwriter)|Tom Kelly]] and [[Billy Steinberg]] (who had also written songs such as "[[I'll Stand by You]]", "[[Like a Virgin (song)|Like a Virgin]]", "[[Eternal Flame (song)|Eternal Flame]]", "[[True Colors (Cyndi Lauper song)|True Colors]]" and "[[So Emotional]]"). Steinberg had written the first verse and the chorus lyric for "I Touch Myself" and Amphlett liked it immediately. The next day, McEntee, Steinberg, Kelly and Amphlett wrote the remainder of the song despite the fact that Steinberg and Kelly rarely collaborated with others.

The song was recorded to two-inch tape, making it difficult to edit. After much experimentation, the writers devised an unusual song structure with the [[Bridge (music)|bridge]] placed after the first chorus.<ref>{{cite web|title=I Touch Myself Songfacts|url=http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=721|access-date=14 February 2007}}</ref> It is written in the key of [[F major]].<ref>[http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0060386 Divinyls "I Touch Myself" Sheet Music] musicnotes.com</ref>
{{Quote box|width=24%|align=right|quote="It was also written in a heartfelt way, touching yourself in a heartfelt way. But I like double entendres, so... It didn't worry me at all, because I really liked it but the musicians were shocked. The musicians freaked, and they were really worried for me. I don't think they are now; I think they've come to terms with it."|source=—[[Chrissy Amphlett]] talking about the song.<ref>[[J.D. Considine|Considine, J.D.]] (1991). "Interview with Divinyls". ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]''. – via ''[[The Windsor Star]]''. (26 June 1991).</ref>}}

==Promotion and chart performance==
In Australia, "I Touch Myself" was released on 19 November 1990 on 7-inch and cassette,<ref name="aria1">{{cite web|url=https://i.imgur.com/KF7hVns.png|title=New Release Summary > Product Available from: 19/11/90 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 45)|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]|via=[[Imgur]]|access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> and the [[CD single]] was released on 3 December 1990.<ref name="aria2">{{cite web|url=https://i.imgur.com/QLshH0L.png|title=New Release Summary > Product Available from: 03/12/90 (from The ARIA Report Issue No. 47)|publisher=ARIA|via=Imgur|access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> The single debuted at No. 77 on 2 December 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.imgur.com/8ijlevl.png|title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 02 Dec 1990 (61–100)|publisher=ARIA|via=Imgur.com|access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> On its tenth week on the chart, the song reached No. 1, replacing [[Vanilla Ice]]'s debut single "[[Ice Ice Baby]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i.imgur.com/gEgrrXs.png|title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 03 Feb 1991 (1–60)|publisher=ARIA|via=Imgur.com|access-date=23 September 2016}}</ref> and stayed there for another week. The single was certified platinum in Australia.

"I Touch Myself" debuted on the [[UK Singles Chart]] at No. 69 and on its eighth week it peaked at No. 10, spending a total of twelve weeks in the chart.<ref name="uk"/> When released in the [[United States]], the song caused a minor controversy. However, it managed to reach the top five of the [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'']] [[Billboard Hot 100|Hot 100]] chart, peaking at No. 4,<ref name="hot100"/> and at No. 2 on the ''Billboard'' [[Modern Rock Tracks]] chart<ref name="usas"/> after receiving extensive play on [[modern rock]] radio. Divinyls are considered a [[one-hit wonder]] in the U.S., as "I Touch Myself" was their only American top-40 hit.

==Critical reception==
Alex Henderson from [[AllMusic]] described the song as "infectious,"<ref>{{cite web|first= Alex |last= Henderson |title= The Divinyls – ''Divinyls'' |publisher= [[AllMusic]] |access-date= 7 November 2020 |url= https://www.allmusic.com/album/divinyls-mw0000320266}}</ref> while editor Adrian Zupp called it a "lascivious headline-grabber."<ref>{{cite web|first= Adrian |last= Zupp |title= The Divinyls – ''Make You Happy 1981-1993'' |publisher= [[AllMusic]] |access-date= 7 November 2020 |url= https://www.allmusic.com/album/make-you-happy-1981-1993-mw0000055753}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' stated that it's a "[[modern rock]] smash," noting lead singer Christina Amphlett's video appearance as "eye-catching."<ref>{{cite magazine|title= Album Reviews |magazine= [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date= 2 March 1991 |page= 76 |access-date= 22 October 2020 |url= https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Billboard/90s/1991/BB-1991-03-02.pdf}}</ref> James Muretich from ''[[Calgary Herald]]'' joked, "One gathers she's not talking about scratching her nose".<ref>Muretich, James (17 February 1991). "Recent Releases". ''[[Calgary Herald]]''.</ref> Everett True from ''[[Melody Maker]]'' commented, "Yes, it ''is'' about what you think. It's a song about female obsession, gratification, frustration and [[masturbation]] which, apparently, [[Mike Read]] played on ''Round Table'' and then got extremely embarrassed by. He shouldn't have done. It's a song about giving, and giving as much as you can: tantalising, without being titillating. Musically, it's straight-down-the-line mid-American rock ([[The Bangles|Bangles]], [[Go-Go's]]). I'm rather fond of it, to tell the truth."<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Everett|last=True|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/nothingelseon/52348659080/|title=Singles|magazine=[[Melody Maker]]|date=4 May 1991|page=33|access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref> Magazine ''[[Music & Media]]'' wrote that "it will stay in your mind for the rest of the week."<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1991/MM-1991-02-09.pdf |title=New Releases: Singles|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|date=9 February 1991|page=12|access-date=19 February 2020}}</ref> Alan Jones from ''[[Music Week]]'' commented, "'I Touch Myself' has already been a number one single in their native Australia, and is now in the US Top 10. It won't do that well here, but its loose, [[post-punk]] execution and killer hook add up to a hit."<ref>{{cite magazine|first= Alan |last= Jones |url= https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1991/MW-1991-05-04.pdf |title= Mainstream: Singles |magazine= [[Music Week]] |date= 4 May 1991 |page= 20 |access-date= 3 October 2020}}</ref> Caroline Sullivan from ''[[Smash Hits]]'' called it "one of pop's finer nanoseconds" in her review of the ''[[Divinyls (album)|DiVINYLS]]'' album.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Caroline|last=Sullivan|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/smashhits90s/34501437810/in/album-72157681394953612/|title=Reviews: LPs|magazine=[[Smash Hits]]|issue=330|page=46|date=24 July 1991|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref>

==Music video==
The song's accompanying music video, directed by [[Michael Bay]], was nominated for three [[1991 MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Awards]], including Video of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://etcanada.com/photos/96148/music-videos-directed-by-michael-bay/|title=Music Videos Directed By Michael Bay|last=ET Canada Staff|website=[[Entertainment Tonight Canada]]|date=20 December 2014|access-date=17 August 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Impact and legacy==
In January 2018, Australian network [[Triple M]] ranked the song at No. 60 in its list of the "most Australian" songs of all time.<ref name="triplem"/> In October 2023, ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' magazine ranked "I Touch Myself" at No. 326 in their "500 Best Pop Songs of All Time" list.<ref name="billboard500bestpopsongs" />

==I Touch Myself Project==
The I Touch Myself Project was launched in 2014, 12 months after Amphlett's death from [[breast cancer]]. Amphlett wanted "I Touch Myself" to be adapted as a global anthem for breast health. The project was created in her honour with its mission to create educational forums to promote self-examination.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itouchmyself.org/2014/|title=2014|website=I Touch Myself Project|date=2014|access-date=18 March 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119201233/https://itouchmyself.org/2014/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In June 2014, [[Connie Mitchell]], [[Deborah Conway]], [[Kate Ceberano]], [[Katie Noonan]], [[Little Pattie]], [[Megan Washington]], [[Olivia Newton-John]], [[Sarah Blasko]], [[Sarah McLeod (musician)|Sarah McLeod]] and [[Suze DeMarchi]] released a version of "I Touch Myself", with each providing her own interpretation and distinct style to the song.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://itouchmyself.org/project/artists |title=The Artists |website=I Touch Myself Project |access-date=21 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022002754/http://itouchmyself.org/project/artists |archive-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This version, credited to the I Touch Myself Project, peaked at No. 72 on the ARIA chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2014/07/chart-watch-28/|title=Chart Watch|date=5 July 2014|access-date=18 March 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515054415/https://www.auspop.com.au/2014/07/chart-watch-28/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2016, the I Touch Myself Project partnered with [[Berlei]] to create the Chrissy Bra, which reminds women to examine their breasts for anomalies when dressing, and a Chrissy Post-Surgery Bra, designed specifically for women who have undergone breast-cancer surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itouchmyself.org/2016/|title=2016|website=I Touch Myself Project|date=2016|access-date=18 March 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119210332/https://itouchmyself.org/2016/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2018, [[Serena Williams]] recorded "I Touch Myself" and posted her version on [[Instagram]]. It became Instagram's most retweeted post, most widely discussed campaign and most watched video during International [[Breast Cancer Awareness Month]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itouchmyself.org/2018/|title=2018|website=I Touch Myself Project|date=2018|access-date=18 March 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119214824/https://itouchmyself.org/2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Track listings==
* '''7-inch, cassette, and mini-CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=I Touch Myself|others=[[Divinyls]]|year=1990|type=Australian 7-inch single sleeve|publisher=[[Virgin Records]]|id=VOZ 094}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=I Touch Myself|others=Divinyls|year=1990|type=Australian cassette single sleeve|publisher=Virgin Records|id=VOZC 094}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=I Touch Myself|others=Divinyls|year=1991|type=Japanese mini-CD single liner notes|publisher=Virgin Records|id=VJDP-10155}}</ref>
* '''Australian CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=I Touch Myself|others=Divinyls|year=1990|type=Australian CD single liner notes|publisher=Virgin Records|id=VOZCD094}}</ref>
# "I Touch Myself"
# "Follow Through"

* '''UK 12-inch and CD single'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=I Touch Myself|others=Divinyls|year=1991|type=UK 12-inch single sleeve|publisher=Virgin America|id=VUST 36}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=I Touch Myself|others=Divinyls|year=1991|type=UK CD single liner notes|publisher=Virgin America|id=VUSCD 36, 663 984}}</ref>
# "I Touch Myself"
# "Follow Through"
# "I Touch Myself" (alternate version)

==Charts==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}

===Weekly charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Weekly chart performance for "I Touch Myself"
!scope="col"|Chart (1990–1991)
!scope="col"|Peak position
|-
{{single chart|Australia|1|artist=Divinyls|song=I Touch Myself|rowheader=true|access-date=9 May 2024}}
|-
{{single chart|Canadatopsingles|13|chartid=1540|rowheader=true|access-date=26 October 2018}}
|-
!scope="row"|Europe ([[European Hot 100 Singles|Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1991/MM-1991-07-09.pdf|title=Eurochart Hot 100 Singles|magazine=[[Music & Media]]|volume=8|issue=27|page=45|date=9 July 1991|access-date=8 July 2020}}</ref>
|40
|-
{{single chart|Ireland2|8|song=I Touch Myself|rowheader=true|access-date=26 October 2018}}
|-
{{single chart|New Zealand|17|artist=Divinyls|song=I Touch Myself|rowheader=true|access-date=9 May 2024}}
|-
{{single chart|UK|10|date=19910706|rowheader=true|access-date=26 October 2018|refname="uk"}}
|-
!scope="row"|US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref name="hot100">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/1991-05-18/|title=Billboard Hot 100|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=18 May 1991|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>
|4
|-
!scope="row"|US [[Mainstream Rock (chart)|Album Rock Tracks]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-mainstream-rock-tracks/1991-04-13/|title=Mainstream Rock Airplay|magazine=Billboard|date=13 April 1991|url-access=subscription|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>
|35
|-
!scope="row"|US [[Modern Rock Tracks]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="usas">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/alternative-airplay/1991-03-23/|title=Alternative Airplay|magazine=Billboard|date=23 March 1991|url-access=subscription|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>
|2
|}
{{col-2}}

===Year-end charts===
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+Year-end chart performance for "I Touch Myself"
!scope="col"|Chart (1991)
!scope="col"|Position
|-
!scope="row"|Australia (ARIA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/1991/singles-chart|title=ARIA Top 50 Singles for 1991|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]|access-date=2 May 2021}}</ref>
|15
|-
!scope="row"|Canada Top Singles (''RPM'')<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.2024&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.2024.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.2024|title=RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1991|magazine=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|via=[[Library and Archives Canada]]|access-date=26 October 2018}}</ref>
|97
|-
!scope="row"|UK Singles (OCC)<ref>{{cite magazine|title=1991 Top 100 Singles|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=20|date=11 January 1992}}</ref>
|90
|-
!scope="row"|US ''Billboard'' Hot 100<ref>{{cite web|url=http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1991|title=Billboard Top 100 – 1991|access-date=15 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707155835/http://longboredsurfer.com/charts.php?year=1991|archive-date=7 July 2009}}</ref>
|52
|-
!scope="row"|US Modern Rock Tracks (''Billboard'')<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Year in Music 1991: Top Modern Rock Tracks|magazine=Billboard|volume=103|issue=51|page=YE-41|date=21 December 1991}}</ref>
|14
|}
{{col-end}}

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications for "I Touch Myself"}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|type=single|award=Platinum|relyear=1990|certyear=1991|access-date=18 November 2021}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Divinyls|title=I Touch Myself|award=Silver|relyear=2004|certyear=2022|id=18613-6192-1|access-date=6 January 2023}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|streaming=true}}

==Release history==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Release history and formats for "I Touch Myself"
!scope="col"|Region
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Format(s)
!scope="col"|Label(s)
!scope="col"|{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|Australia
|19 November 1990
|{{hlist|7-inch vinyl|cassette}}
|rowspan="4"|[[Virgin Records|Virgin]]
|<ref name="aria1"/>
|-
|3 December 1990
|CD
|<ref name="aria2"/>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="2"|United Kingdom
|29 April 1991
|{{hlist|7-inch vinyl|12-inch vinyl|CD}}
|<ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Releases: Singles|magazine=[[Music Week]]|page=23|date=27 April 1991}}</ref>
|-
|7 May 1991
|7-inch vinyl postcard pack
|<ref>{{cite magazine|title=New Releases: Singles|magazine=Music Week|page=31|date=4 May 1991}}</ref>
|}

==Cover versions==
* [[Gina Riley]] parodied the song on ''[[Fast Forward (Australian TV series)|Fast Forward]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiGviJLRJ0A |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/fiGviJLRJ0A |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Fast Forward - Divinyls - Touch Myself |publisher=YouTube |date=3 June 2007 |access-date=12 November 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [["Weird Al" Yankovic]] included a verse from the song in the polka medley "Polka Your Eyes Out" from ''[[Off the Deep End]]'' (later collected on ''[[Permanent Record: Al in the Box|Permanent Record]]'').<ref>{{Citation|title=Polka Your Eyes Out|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmdkyNZIkhg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/nmdkyNZIkhg |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=15 November 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* [[FHM]] [[High Street Honeys]] released a version of the song in 2007, peaking at number 34 on the [[UK Singles Chart]] in February 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/2118/fhm-high-street-honeys/|title=Official Charts > FHM High Street Honeys|publisher=Official Charts Company|access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref>
*[[Lime Cordiale]] released a cover of the song in 2019 for [[Triple J|Triple J's]] Like a Version that reached number 17 in the [[Triple J Hottest 100, 2019|2019 Triple J Hottest 100]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/triplej/hottest100/19/|title=Hottest 100 2019|website=[[Triple J]]|access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>

==Usage in other media==
The song has been featured in the 1997 comedy film ''[[Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery]]'', as a cover version by [[Scala & Kolacny Brothers]] during the first episode of the second season of ''[[Sex Education (TV series)|Sex Education]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Caruso|first=Nick|date=18 January 2020|title=Sex Education Season 2 Premiere Recap: Hands-On Experience Helps Otis Get Back in Business|url=https://tvline.com/2020/01/17/sex-education-season-2-episode-1-recap/|access-date=5 January 2022|website=TVLine|language=en-US}}</ref> and in the ''[[Friends (TV series)|Friends]]'' episode "The One Where Monica Sings".
An ''a cappella'' version sung by a female choir figured prominently
in the first episode of the 2023 comic mystery TV series ''[[Deadloch]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=Joy|date=5 July 2023|website=Vanity Fair|language=en-US|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2023/07/deadloch-tv-review|access-date=9 July 2024|title=Deadloch is the Feminist Crime Parody You Didn’t Know You Needed}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Divinyls}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1990 singles]]
[[Category:1991 singles]]
[[Category:2006 singles]]
[[Category:Divinyls songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Tom Kelly (musician)]]
[[Category:Songs written by Billy Steinberg]]
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]
[[Category:Songs written by Chrissy Amphlett]]
[[Category:Songs written by Mark McEntee]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Michael Bay]]
[[Category:Virgin Records singles]]
[[Category:1990 songs]]
[[Category:Fiction about masturbation]]
[[Category:Female masturbation]]
[[Category:Australian soft rock songs]]

Matt Burton

2024-08-24T23:17:44Z

136.32.60.170: /* 2022 */

{{short description|Australia international rugby league footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox rugby league biography
|name = Matt Burton
|fullname =
|image = Matt Burton.jpg
|image_size =
|position = {{rlp|FE|CE|HB}}
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|03|14|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Dubbo, New South Wales]], Australia
|height = {{convert|190|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}
|weight = {{convert|105|kg|stlb|abbr=on}}
|club1 = [[Penrith Panthers]]
|year1start = 2019
|year1end = 21
|appearances1 = 32
|tries1 = 20
|goals1 = 6
|fieldgoals1 = 1
|points1 = 93
|club2 = [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs|Canterbury Bulldogs]]
|year2start = 2022
|year2end = present
|appearances2 = 68
|tries2 = 19
|goals2 = 179
|fieldgoals2 = 6
|points2 = 440
|teamA = {{nowrap|[[New South Wales]]}}
|yearAstart = 2022
|yearAend =
|appearancesA = 2
|triesA = 1
|goalsA = 0
|fieldgoalsA = 0
|pointsA = 4
|teamB = [[Prime Minister's XIII]]
|yearBstart = 2022
|yearBend =
|appearancesB = 1
|triesB = 2
|goalsB = 0
|fieldgoalsB = 0
|pointsB = 8
|teamC = [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]]
|yearCstart = 2022
|yearCend =
|appearancesC = 2
|triesC = 1
|goalsC = 0
|fieldgoalsC = 0
|pointsC = 4
|new = yes
|source = <ref>[https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/matt-burton/summary.html Rugby League Project]</ref>
|updated = 23 August 2024
}}

'''Matt "Burto" Burton''' (born 14 March 2000) is an Australian professional [[rugby league]] [[footballer]] who plays as a {{rlp|fe}} or {{rlp|hb}} for the [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs|Canterbury Bulldogs]] in the [[National Rugby League]] (NRL).

Burton has represented [[Australia national rugby league team|Australia]] at international level and previously played for the [[Penrith Panthers]] with whom he won the [[2021 NRL Grand Final]] as a {{rlp|ce}}, and has represented the [[New South Wales rugby league team|NSW Blues]] in [[State of Origin series|State of Origin]].

==Background==
Burton was born in [[Dubbo, New South Wales|Dubbo]], New South Wales, Australia.

He played his junior rugby league for [[Group 11 Rugby League|St Johns, Dubbo]] and [[Dubbo CYMS]] in the [[Group 11 Rugby League]] before being signed by the [[Penrith Panthers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/nrl/from-jersey-flegg-to-the-nrl-for-penrith-s-man-of-mystery-20190807-p52eut.html |title=From Jersey Flegg to the NRL for Penrith's man of mystery |date=7 August 2019 |publisher=SMH Sport |accessdate=7 August 2019}}</ref>

==Playing career==
===2019===
Burton made his first grade debut for Penrith against [[Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks|Cronulla]] in round 21 of the [[2019 NRL season]] which ended in a 26–20 victory for Penrith at [[Penrith Stadium|Panthers Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrl.com/news/2019/08/06/round-21-nrl-team-announcements/ |title=NRL Round 21 team announcements |publisher=NRL.com |accessdate=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://7news.com.au/sport/rugby-league/penrith-rookies-hold-out-cronulla-in-nrl-c-392122/|title=Penrith rookies hold out Cronulla in NRL|website=7 News|date=9 August 2019}}</ref>

===2020===
In round 3 of the [[2020 NRL season]], Burton missed five field goal attempts including one which struck the post as Penrith played out a 14-14 draw with the [[Newcastle Knights]] at an empty [[Campbelltown Sports Ground]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-2020-round-3-results-panthers-v-knights-matt-burton-missed-field-goals-golden-point-ivan-cleary/news-story/1cca3d43826ccbd895cd58e36d29dbca/|title=Penrith v Newcastle Matt Burton missed five field goals|website=www.foxsports.com.au|date=31 May 2020}}</ref>

In round 4 of the [[2020 NRL season]], Burton scored two tries as Penrith defeated the [[New Zealand Warriors]] 26-0 at [[Campbelltown Sports Ground]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/nrl-2020-matt-burton-penrith-panthers-vs-warriors-round-4-rugby-league/news-story/13557e6bee9029becedb2c8db2f95051/|title=Matt Burton Penrith Panthers v Warriors|website=www.foxsports.com.au|date=5 June 2020}}</ref>

On 25 November 2020, Burton signed a three-year deal with Canterbury commencing in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrl.com/news/2020/11/25/young-star-burton-off-to-bulldogs-from-2022/|title=Burton to join Dogs in 2022 but no early release from Panthers|website=www.nrl.com|date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

===2021===
In round 11 of the [[2021 NRL season]], Burton scored a [[hat-trick]] in Penrith's 56-12 victory over [[South Sydney Rabbitohs|South Sydney]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/nrl-2021-south-sydney-rabbitohs-vs-penrith-panthers-live-stream-live-blog-how-to-watch-latrell-mitchell-nathan-cleary-supercoach-scores/news-story/50b9cd1cff51833dc288561d1bf2fd86/|title=Souths duo fall flat in Blues battle as 'untouchable' Panther carves up on home soil: 3 Big Hits|website=www.foxsports.com.au|date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
[[File:MATT BURTON.jpg|thumb|right|Burton watching a game in 2021]]
In round 14, Burton scored two tries in a 19-18 loss against [[Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks|Cronulla]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-11/nrl-sharks-beat-panthers-sea-eagles-thrash-cowboys/100197416/|title=Cronulla Sharks pip Penrith Panthers 19-18, Manly Sea Eagles thrash North Queensland Cowboys 50-18|newspaper=ABC News|date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

In round 16, he kicked a field goal with one minute remaining as Penrith defeated Parramatta 13-12 in front of an empty [[BlueBet Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwos.nine.com.au/nrl/live-scores-2021-warriors-dragons-panthers-eels-start-time-results-news-round-16/dea6b469-0fde-4b05-b950-54e0f629e1b1/|title=Matt Burton field goal enough for Panthers win as Mitchell Moses butchers final-minute victory shot|website=wwos.nine.com.au}}</ref>
In round 21, Burton scored two tries and kicked four goals in Penrith's 20-14 victory over the [[Sydney Roosters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/sydney-roosters-v-penrith-panthers-nrl-live-stream-live-scores-updates-round-21-live-blog-supercoach-scores/news-story/0e89ac1a2067b9268954842e7a6bfa34/|title=Panthers star's 'Fittler-esque' masterclass, Blueprint to beat Roosters revealed: 3 Big Hits|website=www.foxsports.com.au|date=7 August 2021}}</ref>

On 27 September, Burton was named Dally M Centre of the year alongside Melbourne's [[Justin Olam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/nrl/dally-m/2021-nrl-dally-m-awards-live-all-the-winners/news-story/573252f61aca7cfe4d8370d0847c4e28/|title=2021 NRL Dally M Awards Live: Tom Trbojevic crowned NRL's best|newspaper=News.com.au|date=27 September 2021|last1=McMurtry|first1=Andrew}}</ref>

Burton played a total of 26 games for Penrith in the [[2021 NRL season]] including the club's [[2021 NRL Grand Final]] victory over [[South Sydney Rabbitohs|South Sydney]]. Burton scored the opening try in the final as Penrith held on to win 14-12.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/oct/04/one-of-finest-nrl-grand-finals-of-all-time-provides-cure-to-difficult-season/|title=One of finest NRL grand finals of all time provides cure to difficult season|website=www.theguardian.com|date=3 October 2021}}</ref>

===2022===
In round 1 of the [[2022 NRL season]], Burton made his club debut for Canterbury in their 6-4 victory against [[North Queensland Cowboys|North Queensland]] at the [[Queensland Country Bank Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-au/sport/other/nrl-scorecentre-parramatta-eels-vs-gold-coast-titans-north-queensland-cowboys-vs-canterbury-bulldogs-live-scores-stats-and-results/ar-AAUZI2h?ocid=BingNewsSearch/|title=Canterbury Bulldogs edge North Queensland Cowboys in Townsville, Parramatta Eels beat Gold Coast Titans|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> In Round 8, Burton led Canterbury to a crucial 16-12 win over the [[Sydney Roosters]] with an excellent [[Rugby league gameplay|40/20]] which in the ensuing set led to a try for [[Jayden Okunbor]] in the corner. Burton also kicked two goals, converting one of [[Josh Addo-Carr]]'s tries and Okunbor's.

In round 14 of the [[2022 NRL season]], Burton contributed to a 34-4 upset win over their arch-rivals [[Parramatta Eels|Parramatta]] with three try assists - all from kicks, and kicking 5/6 Goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/nrl/disgraceful-mitchell-moses-unforgivable-blunder-in-loss-to-canterbury-bulldogs/news-story/c65ad9409030fcbd9acb1147b9e7e88c/|title='Disgraceful': Mitchell Moses' unforgivable blunder in loss to Canterbury Bulldogs|website=www.news.com.au}}</ref>

On 19 June, Burton was selected by New South Wales for game two of the [[2022 State of Origin series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/state-of-origin-2022-winners-and-losers-matt-burton-siosifa-talakai-jake-trbojevic-angus-crichton-kotoni-staggs/news-story/a6f75b00a20512f7b46a2c113ebbd737/|title=13-game veteran recalled, Eels pair pay the price: Blues Origin II Winners and Losers|website=www.foxsports.com.au|date=20 June 2022 }}</ref> This proved an infamous statement by [[News Corp]] journalist Paul Crawley wrong, as he had stated on [[NRL 360]] “So from a Canterbury recruitment perspective and Gus is talking about having all this money that is available in 2024, what rep player or future rep player with half a clue would want to go to the Bulldogs knowing it could be the end of your representative career if you go there?”.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-31 |title=Why no 'rep player with half a clue' would sign with Dogs as Origin snubs trigger star warning |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/nrl-2022-canterbury-bulldogs-next-coach-phil-gould-brad-fittler-recruiting-nrl-360-who-will-be-the-next-coach/news-story/317e4d3b5a532d5b7df4a97f3a6210f7 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Fox Sports |language=en}}</ref>

Burton scored a try on debut for New South Wales in their 44-12 victory over Queensland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/state-of-origin/nrl-2022-state-of-origin-nsw-player-ratings-nathan-cleary-jarome-luai-matt-burton-james-tedesco/news-story/2835e1118ccf1bc20d1dc24149f7a701/|title=Cleary's stunning response as recalled star, debutant shine: NSW Player Ratings|website=www.foxsports.com.au|date=26 June 2022 }}</ref> In game 3 of the series, Burton was sent to the sin bin after trading punches with Queensland's [[Dane Gagai]] during New South Wales 22-12 loss.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrl.com/news/2022/07/14/tad-ridiculous-fittler-questions-burton-binning/|title='Tad ridiculous': Fittler questions Burton binning|website=www.nrl.com|date=13 July 2022 }}</ref>
[[File:Mattburtonkicking.jpg|right|thumb|Burton warming up for the Bulldogs in 2022]]
In Round 19, Burton produced one of the best performances of his rugby league career against the [[Gold Coast Titans]] in [[Parramatta]] steering Canterbury to a 36-26 win. Burton scored a double and kicked 6 goals. He also had a try assist in the opening ten minutes for teammate [[Josh Addo-Carr]]. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/nrl-2022-canterbury-bulldogs-v-gold-coast-titans-live-blog-updates-score-teams-justin-holbrook-matt-burton-aaron-schoupp-tino-faasuamaleaui/news-story/34d2f72cb2cbf59acbfe2e248daabc7a | title=Foxx a real life 'superman' in Dogs win as Holbrook's spine gamble backfires: Big Hits | date=24 July 2022 }}</ref> In the following week against the [[Newcastle Knights]], Burton chip kicked to winger Addo-Carr who passed back inside for [[Aaron Schoupp]] in what was considered one of the tries of the season in Canterbury's dominant 24-10 win.

The combination between Burton and Addo-Carr had strengthened significantly after a slow start to the season, with former [[Brisbane Broncos]] winger and media personality [[Denan Kemp]] on his YouTube podcast ''Bloke in a Bar'' stating that the only similar comparison in recent rugby league memory was the connection between former Canterbury player [[Johnathan Thurston]] and North Queensland teammate [[Matt Bowen]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEUMREvj8F0 | title=Bloke in a Bar - Round 20 Review w/ RL Guru & SC Playbook | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> Pundits applauded how quickly they built their combination which became a fixture of the new-look Canterbury side under interim coach [[Mick Potter]] and essentially revolutionised the club through innovative attacking play, averaging 25.5 points a game. The media praised Burton for helping the Canterbury side re-establish the "entertainers" tag that the club famously developed in the 1980s. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nrl.com/news/2022/06/14/the-great-entertainers-are-back/ | title=The great Entertainers are back }}</ref> Canterbury hoped that Burton would extend his contract beyond 2023 under general manager [[Phil Gould (rugby league)|Phil Gould]] as they view him as the centre of building the future of the club around. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/nrl-2022-matt-burton-1-million-contract-canterbury-bulldogs-nsw-blues-open-market-teams-clubs/news-story/5dd7759e1ec1972e23ca4a066440b8d5 | title=Buzz's $1M Burton call as sticking point in Bulldogs deal revealed | date=27 June 2022 }}</ref>

In round 25, Burton kicked a field goal with one minute remaining to beat [[Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles|Manly]] 21-20.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/nrl-2022-bulldogs-vs-manly-sea-eagles-live-updates-live-stream-teams-start-time-supercoach-scores-video/news-story/0ae36ca01dea2c078c61da58eecbc829/|title=Bulldogs finally show 'guts' as TPJ sparks revival; Foran's farewell spoiled by late FG: 3 Big Hits|website=www.foxsports.com.au|date=2 September 2022 }}</ref>

Burton was selected to play in the 2022 [[Prime Minister's XIII]] team to play against [[Papua New Guinea national rugby league team|Papua New Guinea]], alongside Canterbury teammates Josh Addo-Carr, [[Max King (rugby league)|Max King]], and [[Jake Averillo]]. The Australian side won the game 64-10, with Burton scoring a try.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AUS PM XIII v Papua New Guinea |url=https://www.nrl.com/draw/internationals/2022/round-2/aus-pm-xiii-v-papua-new-guinea/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=National Rugby League |language=en}}</ref>

'''Rugby League World Cup'''

Burton was selected in the 24-man squad for the [[Australia national rugby league team|Australian Kangaroos]] by [[Mal Meninga]] to travel to [[England]] to compete in the [[2021 Rugby League World Cup – Men’s tournament|2021 Rugby League World Cup]]. He was accompanied by [[Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs| Canterbury Bulldogs]] winger [[Josh Addo-Carr]], both representing the Belmore-based club.

Burton made his international debut against [[Scotland national rugby league team|Scotland Rugby League Team]] at [[Coventry Building Society Arena]] winning 84-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-21 |title=Australia rip through Scotland in 84-0 Rugby League World Cup thrashing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/oct/22/australia-rip-through-scotland-in-84-0-rugby-league-world-cup-thrashing |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Burton scored a try on debut and executed a one-on-one steal. With the game well and truly iced, Addo-Carr and Burton pulled off a "party trick for the ages" with BBC Sport labelling them 'The Kangaroo Globetrotters'.{{cn|date=October 2022}} 'But watch the play from Burton, just watch how he keeps the ball in play, Addo-Carr picks it up and it's a brilliant, brilliant finish,' [[Jonathan Davies (rugby, born 1962)|Johnathan Davies]] added. 'Demonstrated his pace, but he wouldn't have had the opportunity unless for Burton.' 'What a play that is and then to finish it, a kick and a chase, that will be all over social media tomorrow'. The play is considered one of the best tries in Kangaroos history according to [[Mal Meninga]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Dan |date=2022-10-22 |title='I'm a freaky man': Inside one of the most audacious tries in Kangaroos history |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/nrl/i-m-a-freaky-man-inside-one-of-the-most-audacious-tries-in-kangaroos-history-20221022-p5bryj.html |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The Kangaroos went on to win the final against [[Samoa national rugby league team|Samoa]] 30-10 at [[Old Trafford]], with Burton not selected for play.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia v Samoa |url=https://www.nrl.com/draw/rugby-league-world-cup/2022/final/game-1/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=National Rugby League |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title='On the cusp': Meninga names Kangaroos side to face red-hot Samoa in WC final |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/rugby-league-world-cup-2021-australia-kangaroos-team-for-final-vs-samoa-selection-news-mal-meninga-nathan-cleary-james-tedesco-when-is-the-game/news-story/70caf4bc58aff705eec334463d98365c |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=Fox Sports |language=en}}</ref>

===2023===
On 28 January, the Canterbury club announced that Burton and [[Reed Mahoney]] would be the gameday on-field captains. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bulldogs.com.au/news/2023/01/28/ciraldo-announces-new-captains/ | title=Ciraldo Announces New Captains | date=28 January 2023 }}</ref> Burton said "“I never thought I would have got the opportunity to Captain the side and it's obviously a really big honour. I am really looking forward to it and it's great that I'll have Reed there beside me. It's new to both of us so it's going to be a big challenge, but we're both really looking forward to leading the side".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bulldogs.com.au/news/2023/01/28/ciraldo-announces-new-captains/ | title=Ciraldo Announces New Captains | date=28 January 2023 }}</ref>
In round 5 of the [[2023 NRL season]], Burton kicked a field goal in golden point extra-time as Canterbury defeated [[North Queensland Cowboys|North Queensland]] 15-14.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-04-03/matt-burton-field-goal-golden-point-canterbury-bulldogs/102177894/|title=Canterbury's Matt Burton has everything an NRL team would want in their star but he can still have so much more|newspaper=ABC News|date=2 April 2023 }}</ref>
Burton played a total of 23 games for the club throughout the season as Canterbury finished 15th on table.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/au/rugby-league/news/nrl-2023-canterbury-bulldogs-season-review/ubsemk2vg6ihykdbrn33revb#:~:text=Did%20the%20Bulldogs%20over%2Ddeliver,their%20roster%20and%20coaching%20staff./|title=NRL 2023: Canterbury Bulldogs season review|website=www.sportingnews.com}}</ref>

===2024===
In round 5 of the [[2024 NRL season]], Burton scored a [[hat-trick]] and kicked five goals in Canterbury's 30-26 upset victory over the [[Sydney Roosters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/nrl/nrl-premiership/nrl-news-2024-canterbury-bulldogs-vs-sydney-roosters-live-updates-weather-start-time-supercoach-scores/news-story/602f53cb695edc4d542d7843edd50984/|title=‘Scare of their life’: Dogs survive shock implosion vs 11 Roosters in absurd NRL thriller|website=www.foxsports.com.au}}</ref>
In round 12, Burton scored two tries for Canterbury and kicked six goals in their 44-12 win over [[St. George Illawarra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-05-23/nrl-live-updates-round-12-bulldogs-vs-dragons/103878456/|title=Canterbury Bulldogs thump St George Illawarra Dragons 44-12 to kick off NRL Indigenous Round|website=www.abc.net.au}}</ref>
In round 17 and 18, Burton kicked back to back golden point extra-time field goals for Canterbury which earned them victories over Cronulla and the New Zealand Warriors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nine.com.au/sport/nrl/news-2024-bulldogs-warriors-result-video-highlights-matt-burton-field-goal-charnze-nicoll-klokstad-injury-20240706-p5jrlf.html/|title='Incredible scenes' as Matt Burton slots golden point field goal for the second week in a row|website=www.nine.com.au}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://www.bulldogs.com.au/teams/telstra-premiership/canterbury-bankstown-bulldogs/matt-burton/ Canterbury Bulldogs profile]
*[https://www.penrithpanthers.com.au/teams/telstra-premiership/penrith-panthers/matt-burton/ Penrith Panthers profile]

{{Bulldogs current}}
{{Penrith Panthers squad 2021 NRL premiership}}
{{Australia 2021 Rugby League World Cup squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burton, Matt}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australia national rugby league team players]]
[[Category:Australian rugby league players]]
[[Category:Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs players]]
[[Category:New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players]]
[[Category:Penrith Panthers players]]
[[Category:Prime Minister's XIII players]]
[[Category:Rugby league five-eighths]]
[[Category:Rugby league centres]]
[[Category:Rugby league players from Dubbo]]

Rising Star Cave

2024-08-24T18:17:48Z

136.32.60.170: /* 2013 and 2014 excavations */

{{short description|Dolomite cave system in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site in South Africa}}
{{Use South African English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox cave
| name = Rising Star Cave
| other_name =
| photo =
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| map = Africa#South Africa#South Africa Gauteng
| map_width =
| relief=yes
| map_caption = Location in Gauteng
| map_alt =
| location = Near [[Krugersdorp]] in the [[West Rand District Municipality|West Rand]] municipality of [[Gauteng]] province, [[South Africa]]
| coords_ref =
| depth =
| length =
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| geology =
| entrance_count = Many
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| difficulty =
| hazards = narrow access
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}}

The '''Rising Star''' cave system (also known as '''Westminster''' or '''Empire''' cave) is located in the
[[Malmani Subgroup|Malmani dolomites]], in Bloubank River valley, about {{convert|800|meters|mi ft|abbr=off}} southwest of [[Swartkrans]], part of the [[Cradle of Humankind]] [[World Heritage Site]] in [[South Africa]].<ref name="Berger2015" /><ref name="NGS-20150910" /> Recreational caving has occurred there since the 1960s.<ref name="NGS-20150910" /> In 2015, fossils found there two years prior were determined to be a previously unknown [[extinct species]] of [[Hominini|hominin]] named ''[[Homo naledi]]''.<ref name=Berger2015 />

==Names==

In the 1980s, the names "Empire", "Westminster", and "Rising Star" were used interchangeably.<ref name="Empire Cave 1989 p. 38">{{cite book|author= Paul Courbon|title=Atlas of the Great Caves of the World|publisher= Cave Books|year=1989|page= 38|isbn=0939748215|quote=Empire Cave [Western Transvaal]: 4010 m; Empire/Westminster/Rising Star Cave. Explored by SASA and Free Cavers}}</ref>

The species's name, ''naledi'' ([[Sotho language|Sesotho]] for "star"), and the "Dinaledi Chamber" (incorporating the Sotho word for "stars")<ref name="Dinaledi etymology">[[Sesotho]] ''dinaledi'' is a [[Sotho nouns#nc 10|class 10]] plural noun built on the class 9 noun ''naledi'' "star" 
([http://bukantswe.sesotho.org/naledi_%28s.9%29_dinaledi_%28pl.10%29_%5B6085%5D.html Bukantswe v.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060401/http://bukantswe.sesotho.org/naledi_%28s.9%29_dinaledi_%28pl.10%29_%5B6085%5D.html |date=23 September 2015 }} dictionary).</ref> were so named by members of the Rising Star Expedition in reference to the species and chamber's location in Rising Star Cave.<ref name="Berger2015" /><ref name="Dinaledi etymology" /><ref name="Dirks2015" />

A portion of the cave, used by the excavation team en route to the Dinaledi Chamber, is called "Superman's Crawl" because most people can fit through only by holding one arm tightly against the body and extending the other above the head, in the manner of [[Superman]] in flight.<ref name="NGS-20150910" /><ref name="Dirks2015" />

The Superman Crawl opens into the "Dragon's Back Chamber," which includes an approximately 15 m (49 foot) exposed climb up a ridge of a sharp-edged [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] block that fell from the roof sometime in the distant past. This block is the so-called Dragon's Back, so named because the climbing route appears to progress from the tail to the head along the spiked spine of a mythical beast.<ref name="Dirks2015" />

==History==
Geologists think the cave in which the fossils were discovered is no older than three million years.<ref name="NYT-20150910">{{Cite news| title = New Species in Human Lineage Is Found in a South African Cave| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/11/science/south-africa-fossils-new-species-human-ancestor-homo-naledi.html| work = [[New York Times]]| date = 10 September 2015| access-date = 2015-09-10| issn = 0362-4331| first = John Noble| last = Wilford| archive-date = 4 July 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180704004306/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/11/science/south-africa-fossils-new-species-human-ancestor-homo-naledi.html| url-status = live}}</ref>

The cave was explored in the 1980s by the Speleological Exploration Club (SEC), a local branch of the [[Caving organizations#South Africa|South African Speleological Association]] (SASA).<ref name="Empire Cave 1989 p. 38"/>

===Discovery of fossils in "Dinaledi Chamber"===
{{multiple image|caption_align=left|
| align = right
| direction = vertical
|

| header_background =
| header_align = 
| header =

| total_width = 400

| image1 = Cross-section of the Rising Star Cave system Dinaledi Chamber.svg
| width1 = 1322
| height1 = 629
| alt1 =
| link1 = File:Cross-section_of_the_Rising_Star_Cave_system_Dinaledi_Chamber.svg
| caption1 = A cross-section of a portion of the Rising Star cave system leading to the Dinaledi Chamber

| image2 = Cartoon illustrating the geological and taphonomic context and distribution of fossils, sediments and flowstones within the Dinaledi Chamber.jpg
| width2 = 
| height2 = 
| alt2 =
| link2 = File:Cartoon_illustrating_the_geological_and_taphonomic_context_and_distribution_of_fossils,_sediments_and_flowstones_within_the_Dinaledi_Chamber.jpg
| caption2 = An illustration of the Dinaledi Chamber, where ''H. naledi'' bones were excavated
}}
On 13 September 2013, while exploring the Rising Star cave system, recreational cavers Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker of the Speleological Exploration Club (SEC) found a narrow, vertically oriented "chimney" or "chute" measuring {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} long with an average width of {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="NGS-20150910" /><ref name=Dirks2015>{{Cite journal
|title = Geological and taphonomic context for the new hominin species ''Homo naledi'' from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa
|journal = [[eLife]]
|date = 2015
|issn = 2050-084X
|pmc = 4559842
|pages = e09561
|volume = 4
|doi = 10.7554/eLife.09561
|last1=Dirks |first1=Paul H. G. M.
|last2=Roberts |first2=Eric M.
|display-authors = et al.
|pmid=26354289
|doi-access = free
}}{{collapsible list |title=et al. list |titlestyle=color:gray; |expand= |hlist=on
|Lucinda R. Backwell
|Georgy A. Belyanin
|[[Lee R. Berger]]
|Pedro Boshoff
|Steven E. Churchill
|Paul H. G. M. Dirks
|[[Marina Elliott]]
|Elen M. Feuerriegel
|[[Alia Gurtov]]
|James du G. Harrison
|[[John D. Hawks]]
|K. Lindsay Hunter
|Rick Hunter
|Jan D. Kramers
|Ashley Kruger
|Tebogo V. Makhubela
|[[Hannah Morris]]
|Charles M. Musiba
|[[Becca Peixotto]]
|Patrick S. Randolph-Quinney
|Eric M. Roberts
|Darryl J. de Ruiter
|[[Peter Schmid (archaeologist)|Peter Schmid]]
|Steven Tucker
}}</ref><ref name="SEC-20131113">{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Steven |title=Rising Star Expedition |publisher=Speleological Exploration Club |date=13 November 2013 |url=http://www.sec-caving.co.za/2013/11/rising-star-expedition.html |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925130112/http://www.sec-caving.co.za/2013/11/rising-star-expedition.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sec-caving.co.za/2014/07/rising-star-expedition-finds-over-1000.html|title=SEC-Caving: Rising Star Expedition Finds over 1,000 Hominid Fossils|author=André Doussy|work=sec-caving.co.za|access-date=20 January 2015|archive-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120192749/http://www.sec-caving.co.za/2014/07/rising-star-expedition-finds-over-1000.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Then Hunter discovered a room {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} underground (Site {{nowrap|U.W.101}}<ref name=Hawks2017 /> or {{nowrap|UW-101}}, the Dinaledi Chamber), the surface of which was littered with fossil bones. On 1 October, photos of the site were shown to Pedro Boshoff and then to [[Lee Rogers Berger|Lee Berger]], both of the [[University of the Witwatersrand]].<ref name="SEC-20131113" /><ref name="ATL-20150910">{{cite web |last=Yong |first=Ed |title=6 Tiny Cavers, 15 Odd Skeletons, and 1 Amazing New Species of Ancient Human |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/09/homo-naledi-rising-star-cave-hominin/404362/ |date=10 September 2015 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=2015-09-13 |archive-date=14 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914115034/http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2015/09/homo-naledi-rising-star-cave-hominin/404362/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The arrangement of bones, as well as several survey pegs, suggested "someone had already been there" as recently as a few decades earlier.<ref name="NGS-20150910" /><ref name="Dirks2015" /> The appearance of limited fossilisation initially led the explorers to think the bones were from the last caver into the chamber, who had subsequently never made it back out alive.<ref name="NGS-20150910" />

===2013 and 2014 excavations===
Berger organized an expedition to excavate the fossils, which started on 7 November 2013.<ref name="ATL-20150910" /> The expedition was funded by the South African [[National Research Foundation of South Africa|National Research Foundation]] and the [[National Geographic Society]].<ref name="NPR-GreenfieldBoyce">{{cite news |last=Greenfieldboyce |first=Nell |title=South African Cave Yields Strange Bones Of Early Human-Like Species |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/10/437249183/south-african-cave-yields-strange-bones-of-early-human-like-species |date=10 September 2015 |work=[[NPR]] |access-date=2015-09-10 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707100428/https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/10/437249183/south-african-cave-yields-strange-bones-of-early-human-like-species |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/blog/rising-star-expedition/?order=asc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909064912/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/blog/rising-star-expedition/?order=asc|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-09-09|title=Rising Star Expedition - National Geographic (blogs)|work=nationalgeographic.com}}</ref>

The excavation team enlisted six paleoanthropologists, all of whom were women, who could pass through an opening only 18 cm (7 inches) wide to access the Dinaledi Chamber.<ref name="ATL-20150910" /><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff |title=Rising Star Expedition Launched |work=[[University of the Witwatersrand]] |date=6 November 2013 |url=http://www.wits.ac.za/newsroom/newsitems/201312/21993/news_item_21993.html |access-date=2015-09-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913115356/http://www.wits.ac.za/newsroom/newsitems/201312/21993/news_item_21993.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brahic |first=Catherine |title=Bone Bonanza: Chamber of Secrets Yields Human Remains |work=[[New Scientist]] |date=26 November 2014 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429970-400-bone-bonanza-chamber-of-secrets-yields-human-remains/ |access-date=2015-09-08 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925132200/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429970-400-bone-bonanza-chamber-of-secrets-yields-human-remains/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Those chosen were [[Hannah Morris]], [[Marina Elliott]], [[Becca Peixotto]], [[Alia Gurtov]], Lindsay Eaves, and [[Elen Feuerriegel]].<ref name=SmithGuardian>{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=David|title='Small spelunkers required': the ad that led to the discovery of Homo naledi|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/sep/10/homo-naledi-small-spelunkers-required-how-an-advert-led-to-the-discovery-of-homo-naledi|access-date=10 January 2016|work=The Guardian|date=10 September 2015|archive-date=30 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230013555/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/sep/10/homo-naledi-small-spelunkers-required-how-an-advert-led-to-the-discovery-of-homo-naledi|url-status=live}}</ref> They have since been nicknamed the [[Underground Astronauts]].<ref name=Feltman>{{cite news|last1=Feltman|first1=Rachel|title=Meet the six female 'underground astronauts' who recovered our newest relative|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/09/10/meet-the-six-female-underground-astronauts-who-recovered-our-newest-relative/|access-date=10 January 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=September 10, 2015|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706163339/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2015/09/10/meet-the-six-female-underground-astronauts-who-recovered-our-newest-relative/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Dinaledi Chamber was assigned the designation '''{{nowrap|UW-101}}''' (or '''{{nowrap|U.W.101}}'''<ref name=Hawks2017 />) and was excavated by these six members of the Rising Star Expedition during November 2013. More than 1,200 fossil elements were recovered and catalogued in November 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/11/27/final-day-of-excavations/|title=Final Day of Excavations|author=Andrew Howley|work=nationalgeographic.com|access-date=2 December 2013|archive-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204213045/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/11/27/final-day-of-excavations/|url-status=dead}}</ref> representing at least a dozen individuals.<ref name="UW-Madison">{{cite news |url=http://www.news.wisc.edu/22375 |title=Anthropologist, 'underground astronaut' strike fossil gold in South Africa dig |access-date=9 December 2013 |archive-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210221031/http://www.news.wisc.edu/22375 |url-status=live }}</ref> Only 20 out of 206 [[List of bones of the human skeleton|bones in the human body]] were not found in the cave as of Summer 2014.<ref name="Isthumus">{{cite news |url=http://www.isthmus.com/isthmus/article.php?article=43599 |title=Anthropology Prof. John Hawks and UW-Madison students dig up crucial remnants of early hominids |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=22 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222095037/http://www.isthmus.com/isthmus/article.php?article=43599 |url-status=live }}</ref> By April 2014, between two localities, 1,754 specimens were recovered.<ref name="2014Report">{{cite news |url=http://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/heritage-reports/rising-star-empire-cave-2014-annual-report |title=Rising Star Empire Cave 2014 Annual Report |author=Lee R. Berger |access-date=7 May 2015 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093716/http://www.sahra.org.za/sahris/heritage-reports/rising-star-empire-cave-2014-annual-report |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The layered distribution of the bones [in clay-rich sediments] suggests that they had been deposited over a long period of time, perhaps centuries.<ref name="NGS-20150910" /><ref name="Dirks2015" /> Only one square meter of the cave chamber has been excavated; other remains might still be there.<ref name="Dirks2015" /><ref name="NPR-GreenfieldBoyce"/><ref name="iflscience">{{cite web |url=http://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/newly-discovered-human-ancestor-likely-ritualistically-disposed-its-dead |title=New Species Of Human Discovered In South Africa |date=10 September 2015 |first=Justine |last=Alford |access-date=21 September 2015 |archive-date=24 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524163630/http://www.iflscience.com/editors-blog/newly-discovered-human-ancestor-likely-ritualistically-disposed-its-dead |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Shreeve 2015">{{cite news |last=Shreeve |first=Jamie |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150910-homo-naledi-human-ancestor-species-reaction-science/ |title=New Human Ancestor Elicits Awe—and Many Questions |work=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=2015-09-17 |archive-date=16 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116055739/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150910-homo-naledi-human-ancestor-species-reaction-science/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 20 February 2014, Rick Hunter, Lee Berger, John Hawks, Alia Gurtov, and Pedro Boshoff returned to Rising Star to evaluate a second potential site. The site, designated UW-102 (or {{nowrap|U.W.102}}, aka Lesedi Chamber),<ref name=Hawks2017>John Hawks, Marina Elliott, Peter Schmid, Steven E. Churchill ''et al.'': [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319535452_New_fossil_remains_of_Homo_naledi_from_the_Lesedi_Chamber_South_Africa New fossil remains of Homo naledi from the Lesedi Chamber, South Africa]. In: eLife Sciences 6. May 2017. Projects: Taphonomic analysis of the Rising Star hominin assemblage; Homo naledi and Australopithecus sediba. [[doi:10.7554/eLife.24232]]. [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-of-the-Lesedi-Chamber-UW102-in-the-Rising-Star-system-red-circle-The_fig2_319535452 Fig. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607160455/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-of-the-Lesedi-Chamber-UW102-in-the-Rising-Star-system-red-circle-The_fig2_319535452 |date=7 June 2023 }}</ref> was found by cavers Rick Hunter and Steve Tucker on the last day of the first Rising Star Expedition, and limited excavation began in April 2014.<ref name="2014Report" /><ref name="SecondSite">{{cite news|url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/20/scientists-return-to-explore-a-second-fossil-chamber/|title=Scientists Return to Explore a Second Fossil Chamber|last=Hawks|first=John|access-date=22 February 2014|archive-date=21 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221014424/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2014/02/20/scientists-return-to-explore-a-second-fossil-chamber/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{As of|2015|9}}, fossils of at least fifteen individuals, amounting to 1,550 specimens, had been excavated from the cave.<ref name="Berger2015" /><ref name="NGS-20150910">{{cite web |last=Shreeve |first=Jamie |date=10 September 2015 |title=This Face Changes the Human Story. But How? |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/150910-human-evolution-change |url-status=dead |access-date=2023-05-21 |work=[[National Geographic News]] |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521133010/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/150910-human-evolution-change }}</ref> About 300 bone fragments were collected from the surface of the Dinaledi Chamber, and about 1,250 fossil specimens were recovered from the chamber's main excavation pit, Unit 3.<ref name=Dirks2015/> The fossils include skulls, jaws, ribs, teeth, bones of an almost complete foot, of a hand, and of an inner ear. The bones of both old and young individuals, as well as infants, were found.<ref name="Berger2015" /><ref name="NGS-20150910"/>

The 15 partial skeletons, which were found in a small underground chamber, invite speculation on the circumstances of their location. Paleoanthropologist [[John D. Hawks]], from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who is a member of the team, has stated that the scientific facts are that all the bones recovered are hominin, except for those of one owl; there are no signs of predation, and there is no predator that accumulates only hominins this way; the bones did not accumulate there all at once. There is no evidence of rocks or sediment having dropped into the cave from any opening in the surface; no evidence of water flowing into the cave carrying the bones into the cave.<ref name=Dirks2015/><ref name="NG-20150915">{{cite web |last=Drake |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Drake |title=Mystery Lingers Over Ritual Behavior of New Human Ancestor |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150915-humans-death-burial-anthropology-Homo-naledi/ |date=15 September 2015 |work=[[National Geographic News]] |access-date=2015-09-16 |archive-date=3 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103060421/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/09/150915-humans-death-burial-anthropology-Homo-naledi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="CNN-20150910">{{cite web |last=McKensie |first=David |title=Homo naledi: Scientists find ancient human relative |url=http://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/09/10/human-ancestor-species-discovered-south-africa-mckenzie-pkg.cnn/video/playlists/ancient-discoveries/ |format=[[Video|Video (02:43)]] |date=10 September 2015 |work=[[CNN News]] |access-date=2015-09-13 |archive-date=2 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102091548/http://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2015/09/10/human-ancestor-species-discovered-south-africa-mckenzie-pkg.cnn/video/playlists/ancient-discoveries |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hawks concluded that the best hypothesis is that the bodies were deliberately placed in the cave after death, by other members of the species.<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Dawn of Humanity |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/dawn-of-humanity.html |date=10 September 2015 |work=[[PBS]] |access-date=2015-09-14 |quote=Documentary time mark: 1h 40 min |archive-date=4 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004235332/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/dawn-of-humanity.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Berger ''et al.'' suggest that "these individuals were capable of ritual behaviour." They speculate the placing of dead bodies in the cave was a ritualistic behaviour, a sign of [[Symbolic behavior|symbolic thought]].<ref name="BBC-20150910">{{cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Pallab |title=New human-like species discovered in S Africa |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-34192447 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=2015-09-10 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804090316/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-34192447 |url-status=live }}</ref> "Ritual" here means an intentional and repeated practice (disposing of dead bodies in the cave), and not implying any type of religious ritual.<ref name="NYT-20150910" /> This hypothesis has been criticised for its improbability.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/sep/10/new-species-of-ancient-human-discovered-claim-scientists |title=Homo naledi: new species of ancient human discovered, claim scientists |work=The Guardian |date=10 September 2015 |access-date=2016-01-06 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910152306/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/sep/10/new-species-of-ancient-human-discovered-claim-scientists |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/debate-erupts-over-strange-new-human-species/|title=Debate Erupts over Strange New Human Species|last=Wong|first=Kate|website=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=2016-07-06|archive-date=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413215801/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/debate-erupts-over-strange-new-human-species/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A study involving the statistical reconstruction of hominin evolutionary trees from skull and tooth measurements, originally indicated that the most likely age for ''H. naledi'' was 912 [[Year#Abbreviations yr and ya|kya]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dembo |first1=Mana |last2=Radovčić |first2=Davorka |last3=Garvin |first3=Heather M. |last4=Laird |first4=Myra F. |last5=Schroeder |first5=Lauren |last6=Scott |first6=Jill E. |last7=Brophy |first7=Juliet |last8=Ackermann |first8=Rebecca R. |last9=Musiba |first9=Chares M. |date=2016-08-01 |title=The evolutionary relationships and age of Homo naledi: An assessment using dated Bayesian phylogenetic methods |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=97 |pages=17–26 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.04.008 |pmid=27457542|bibcode=2016JHumE..97...17D |hdl=2164/8796 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/new-dating-suggests-younger-age-homo-naledi |title=New dating suggests younger age for Homo naledi |last=Bower |first=Bruce |date=5 July 2016 |access-date=2016-07-06 |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705142657/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/new-dating-suggests-younger-age-homo-naledi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Thackeray |first=J. Francis |date=2015 |title=Estimating the age and affinities of Homo naledi |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=111 |issue=11/12 |page=2 |doi=10.17159/sajs.2015/a0124 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{blockquote|The age of the original ''Homo naledi'' remains from the Dinaledi Chamber has been revealed to be startlingly young in age. ''Homo naledi'', which was first announced in September 2015, was alive sometime between 335 and 236 thousand years ago. This places this population of primitive small-brained hominins at a time and place that it is likely they lived alongside ''Homo sapiens''.|[https://www.wits.ac.za/homonaledi/age/ Wits University 9 May 2017]}}

A collaborative workshop involving 54 local and international scientists took place in May 2014 at the University of the Witwatersrand,<ref name="NGS-20150910" /><ref name="2014Report" /><ref name="nature.com">{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/news/crowdsourcing-digs-up-an-early-human-species-1.18305 |title=Crowdsourcing digs up an early human species |journal=Nature News & Comment |date=2015 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18305 |access-date=22 September 2015 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911100757/http://www.nature.com/news/crowdsourcing-digs-up-an-early-human-species-1.18305 |url-status=live |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |volume=525 |issue=7569 |pages=297–298 |pmid=26381960 |bibcode=2015Natur.525..297C }}</ref> On 10 September 2015, the fossils were publicly unveiled and given the name ''[[Homo naledi]]''.<ref name=Berger2015>{{cite journal
| last1 = Berger | first1 = Lee R.
| author-link1 = Lee Rogers Berger
| display-authors = etal
| title = ''Homo naledi'', a new species of the genus ''Homo'' from the Dinaledi Chamber, South Africa
| journal = [[eLife]]
| date = 10 September 2015
| volume = 4
| doi = 10.7554/eLife.09560 |doi-access=free
| pmid=26354291
| pmc=4559886
}}</ref><ref name=Dirks2015/>

===Dating===
The fossils of the Dinaledi chamber have been dated to between 335,000 and 236,000 years ago, long after much larger-brained and more modern-looking hominins had appeared.<ref name="eLIFE-2017a">{{Cite journal|last1= Dirks|first1= Paul H.G.M.|first2= Eric M.|last2= Roberts|first3= Hannah|last3= Hilbert-Wolf|first4= Jan D.|last4= Kramers|first5= John|last5= Hawks|first6= Anthony|last6= Dosseto|first7= Mathieu|last7= Duval|first8=Marina|last8= Elliott|first9= Mary|last9= Evans|first10= Rainer|last10= Grün|first11= John|last11= Hellstrom|first12= Andy I.R.|last12= Herries|first13= Renaud|last13= Joannes-Boyau|first14= Tebogo V.|last14= Makhubela|first15= Christa J.|last15= Placzek|first16= Jessie|last16= Robbins|first17= Carl|last17= Spandler|first18= Jelle|last18= Wiersma|first19= Jon|last19= Woodhead|first20=Lee R.|last20= Berger|display-authors=2|date=9 May 2017 |title=The age of ''Homo naledi'' and associated sediments in the Rising Star Cave, South Africa |journal=eLife |volume=6 |pages=e24231 |doi=10.7554/eLife.24231 |pmid= 28483040|pmc= 5423772|doi-access=free }}{{Clear}}{{collapsible list |title=et al. list |titlestyle=color:gray; |expand= |hlist=on
|[[Lee R. Berger]]
|Paul H. G. M. Dirks
|Anthony Dosseto
|Mathieu Duval
|[[Marina Elliott]]
|Mary Evans
|Rainer Grün
|[[John D. Hawks]]
|John Hellstrom
|Hannah Hilbert-Wolf
|Andy I.R. Herries
|Renaud Joannes-Boyau
|Jan D. Kramers
|Tebogo V. Makhubela
|Christa J. Placzek
|Jessie Robbins
|Eric M. Roberts
|Carl Spandler
|Jelle Wiersma
|Jon Woodhead}}</ref><ref name="BBC-20170509">{{cite news |last=Rincon |first=Paul |title=Amazing haul of ancient human finds unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-39842975 |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=9 May 2017 |access-date=9 May 2017 |author-link=Paul Rincon |archive-date=9 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509122704/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-39842975 |url-status=live }}</ref> Geologists estimate that the cave in which the fossils were discovered is no older than three million years,<ref name="NYT-20150910"/> and the ages for [[flowstone]] where the fossils were recovered from was interpreted to be deposited between 236,000 and 414,000 years ago.<ref name="eLIFE-2017a"/>

===Rock engravings===
In 2023, Berger published a preliminary report that described rock engravings on a pillar in the Hill Antechamber, near where bodies were found. They are "deeply impressed cross-hatchings and other geometric shapes. The surfaces bearing these engravings appear to have been prepared and smoothed." Berger goes on to note, "If confirmed, the antiquity, intentionality, and authorship of the reported markings will have profound archaeological implications, as such behaviors are otherwise widely considered to be unique to our species, Homo sapiens." However it does concede the discovery requires more work to confirm who made the markings and when.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://elifesciences.org/reviewed-preprints/89102 |title=241,000 to 335,000 Years Old Rock Engravings Made by Homo naledi in the Rising Star Cave system, South Africa |journal=[[eLife]] |first1=Lee R. |last1=Berger |first2=John D. |last2=Hawks|first3=Agustin |last3=Fuentes|first4=Dirk van |last4=Rooyen|first5=Mathabela |last5=Tsikoane|first6=Maropeng |last6=Ramalepa|first7=Samuel |last7=Nkwe|first8=Keneiloe |last8=Molopyane |display-authors=1 |date=July 11, 2023 |volume=12 |doi=10.7554/eLife.89102.1 |doi-access=free }}{{collapsible list |title=et al. list |expand= |titlestyle=color:gray; |hlist=on
|[[Lee R. Berger]]
|[[Agustin Fuentes]]
|[[John D. Hawks]]
|[[Keneiloe Molopyane]]
|Samuel Nkwe
|Maropeng Ramalepa
|Dirk van Rooyen
|Mathabela Tsikoane
}}</ref> In addition, Berger found evidence of extensive fire use in the cave, presumably to provide light.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2376824-homo-naledi-may-have-made-etchings-on-cave-walls-and-buried-its-dead/ |title=Homo naledi may have made etchings on cave walls and buried its dead |work=[[New Scientist]] |first=Alison |last=George |date=June 5, 2023 |access-date=2024-01-01}}</ref>

==Geology==
The Rising Star cave system lies in the Bloubank River valley, 2.2 km west of [[Sterkfontein|Sterkfontein Cave]]. It comprises an area of 250 × 150 m of mapped passageways situated in the core of a gently west [[Strike and dip|dipping]] (17°) open [[Fold (geology)|fold]], and it is stratigraphically bound to a 15–20 m-thick, [[Stromatolite|stromatolitic]] [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] horizon in the lower parts of the Monte Christo Formation. This dolomite horizon is largely [[chert]]-free but contains five thin (<10 cm) chert [[marker horizon]]s that have been used to evaluate the relative position of chambers within the system. The upper contact is marked by a 1–1.3 m-thick, capping chert unit that forms the roof of several large cave chambers.<ref name=Dirks2015/> The [[height above sea level]] is 1,450 m for the Dinaledi Chamber's floor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22730383-700-new-species-extinct-human-found-in-cave-may-rewrite-history/|title=New species of extinct human found in cave may rewrite history|work=New Scientist|access-date=23 September 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185613/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22730383-700-new-species-extinct-human-found-in-cave-may-rewrite-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Unknown: Cave of Bones]]'' <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.netflix.com/watch/81473682 | title=Watch Unknown: Cave of Bones | Netflix Official Site | website=[[Netflix]] }}</ref>(2023 Netflix documentary)
* ''[[Dawn of Humanity]]'' (2015 PBS film)
* [[Gondolin Cave]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://elifesciences.org/content/elife/4/e09561/F2.large.jpg Geological map and cross-section of the Rising Star cave system]
* [https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/tag/rising-star-expedition/ The National Geographic 'Rising Star Expedition' Blog]
* [http://bluelionphotos.blogspot.com/2013/11/rising-star-expedition.html Series of videos on 'Rising Star Expedition' by John S. Mead]

{{Cradle of Humankind|state=expande}}
{{Greater Johannesburg|natural}}
{{Navbox prehistoric caves}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in South Africa]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites of Southern Africa]]
[[Category:Caves of South Africa]]
[[Category:Landforms of Gauteng]]
[[Category:Limestone caves]]
[[Category:Paleoanthropological sites]]
[[Category:Paleolithic sites]]
[[Category:South African heritage sites]]

Killer Kids

2024-08-24T15:55:19Z

136.32.60.170:

{{Short description|Canadian television documentary series}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| country = [[Canada]]
| language =
| num_seasons = 4
| num_episodes = 70
| network = [[LMN (TV channel)|LMN]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2011|05|16}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2015|03|25}}
}}
'''''Killer Kids''''' was a Canadian documentary series. It first premiered in 2011 on [[FYI (U.S. TV channel)|The Biography Channel]] and aired for an additional three seasons on [[LMN (TV network)|LMN]] before cancellation.

==Episodes==

===Season 1===
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.locatetv.com/tv/killer-kids/7124938/episode-guide|website=LocateTV|accessdate=11 June 2015|title=Killer Kids - Episode Guide | LocateTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613082136/http://www.locatetv.com/tv/killer-kids/7124938/episode-guide#|archive-date=2015-06-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; background:#FFF;"
|-
! style="background:#979797; width:4%;"| Ep
! style="background:#979797; width:4%;"| No.
! style="background:#979797;"| Title
! style="background:#979797; width:22%;"| Original air date
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|EpisodeNumber2=1
|Title=Occult Killers
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|5|16}}
|ShortSummary=In Canada, a [[Warlock (1989 film)#Copycat murder|7-year-old boy]] is murdered and partially eaten by a 14-year-old boy.
[[Elyse Pahler]], a fifteen-year-old California girl who snuck out of her parents’ home to meet three male acquaintances from school. The boys (teenagers who had a heavy metal band) killed Elyse as a sacrifice to [[Lucifer]] so their band would take off. In [[Northport, New York]], 17-year-old [[Ricky Kasso]] murders his friend, 17-year-old Gary Lauwers, deep inside Aztakea Woods over ten stolen bags of angel dust. He later tells police that Satan appeared to him in the form of a crow to tell him he was pleased with the deed.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|EpisodeNumber2=2
|Title=Psychopath Killers
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|5|23}}
|ShortSummary=Canadian serial killer [[Peter Woodcock]], a teenager who murdered three young children in 1956 and 1957. Woodcock was placed in psychiatric care. While institutionalized, he murdered a fellow psychiatric patient in 1991, alongside another murderer from the institute. In France, Guy Rampillon aka [[Guy Georges]] ("The Beast of the Bastille") from the age of 14 planned evil acts. And in England, a young girl named [[Mary Bell]] strangled two boys to death.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|EpisodeNumber2=3
|Title=Sexual Killers
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|5|30}}
|ShortSummary=In Courtenay, British Columbia, 6-year-old Dawn Shaw is raped and murdered by paroled sex offender, 15-year-old Jason Gamache. Ironically, Gamache was asked to mind Shaw's siblings while the search for the little girl was conducted. Two 13-year-old Essex Junction, Vermont, girls take a shortcut home and are brutalized by two teenagers (Louis Hamlin Jr and Jamie Savage) but one girl lives to identify the killers of her friend. The sexually motivated murder of Joe Geeling by Michael Hamer.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|EpisodeNumber2=4
|Title=Hate Killers
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|6|6}}
|ShortSummary= A [[Murder of Kenneth Zeller|gay Toronto teacher]] is slain by youthful homophobes, the murder of Ecuadorian Marcelo Lucero by 7 racist teens looking to attack "a Mexican." Murder of homeless Pierre "Pierrot" Bourras by 3 young boys, and an [[Murder of Sophie Lancaster|English woman]] is murdered for dressing in Goth style.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|EpisodeNumber2=5
|Title=Family Killers
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|6|13}}
|ShortSummary=On April 23, 2006, Canadian police find the bodies of the [[Richardson family murders|Richardson family]], killed by 12-year-old Jasmine Richardson and her 23-year-old boyfriend Jeremy Steinke. Wendy Gardner, a young teen, convinces her boyfriend, James Evans, to murder her overly strict grandmother. In France, an adorable choirboy, Pierre Folliot, murders his parents and his brother but his sister survives.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|EpisodeNumber2=6
|Title=School Killers
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|5|16}}
|ShortSummary=Eight days after the [[Columbine High School massacre|Columbine massacre]], Canadian [[W. R. Myers High School shooting|Todd Smith]] opens fire at his high school, killing one student and wounding another. In 1995, French teen "Leila Zafar" murders her friend in her school restroom after an argument. In 1997, American youth [[1997 Pearl High School shooting|Luke Woodham]] murders his mother before going to Pearl High School to murder his ex-girlfriend, her friend and wounding 7 others.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|EpisodeNumber2=7
|Title=Group Killers
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|6|27}}
|ShortSummary=In 1993, two British young friends abducted two-year-old [[Murder of James Bulger|James Bulger]], took him to a railway track and brutally murdered him. In Canada, a teenager Darren Huenemann, arranges for his two friends, Derik Lord and David Muir, to murder his mother and grandmother while hanging out with a girl to establish an alibi. While running away from their California homes, two teen girls, Cindy Collier and Shirley Wolf, kill elderly Anna Brackett for her car.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|EpisodeNumber2=8
|Title=Baby Killers
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2011|7|11}}
|ShortSummary=Matthew Reid was a 3-year-old foster child from Canada who had been with the same foster family since the age of 10-months. The family took in an additional foster child about whom they knew little. This new girl, 14-year-old Jane Jennie Ewing, suffocated Matthew on her first night in the home. The girl was found to have mental disabilities. Though she was known to have violent tendencies, the new foster parents were not told of the problems. Two 17-year-olds (Panna Krom and Stella Bourdais) conceal their pregnancies, murder and poorly hide their newborn babies.
|LineColor=979797
}}
|}

===Season 2 (LMN)===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; background:#FFF;"
|-
! style="background:#979797; width:4%;"| Ep
! style="background:#979797; width:4%;"| No.
! style="background:#979797;"| Title
! style="background:#979797; width:22%;"| Original air date
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Foul Ball & Framed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|11|26}}
| ShortSummary = [[Josh Phillips (murderer)|An 8-year-old girl vanishes]] without a trace and an entire community mobilizes to find her. Police target a neighbor with a suspicious past, but when the body is found, no one is prepared for what it reveals. [[Murder of Jason Sweeney|A hard-working teen]] with a bright future is set up and slaughtered to death in Fishtown, Philadelphia, by the friends he least expects.
| LineColor = 979797|
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = Redemption & Salt in the Wounds
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|11|26}}
| ShortSummary = An adopted son develops violent tendencies. Two teenage siblings commit murders in a Nevada trailer park.
| LineColor = 979797|
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Spoiled Rotten & Bad Dreams
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|12|3}}
| ShortSummary = Family members are shot to death in their sleep and a teen is suspected in her friend's murder.
| LineColor = 979797|
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = Thrill Kill & Poisoned
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2012|12|17}}
| ShortSummary = Alyssa Bustamante kills [[Murder of Elizabeth Olten|a little girl]] in St. Martin's, Missouri. A teenager poisons her grandmother.
| LineColor = 979797|
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = Sibling Rivalry & The Warwick Slasher
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|9|1}}
| ShortSummary = After Ronald Salazar's parents leave him in El Salvador for twelve years, he finally re-joins them in Florida and meets his three siblings. But the reunion goes horribly wrong when culture shock and sibling rivalry turns Ronald into a stone cold killer. When four murders take place in the same neighborhood, police suspect a serial killer is on the loose. What they don't suspect is that they are chasing after the [[Craig Price (murderer)|youngest serial killer]] in U.S history.
| LineColor = 979797|
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = A Scream & Banana Split
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|9|8}}
| ShortSummary = Two cousins, 16-year-old Mario Padilla and 14-year-old cousin, Samuel Ramirez obsessed with the movie ''[[Scream (1996 film)|Scream]]'', plan a killing spree. 13-year-old bullying victim [[Eric Smith (murderer)|Eric Smith]] gets revenge on an innocent four-year-old boy.
| LineColor = 979797|
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = The Lost Boy & Family Heirloom
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|9|15}}
| ShortSummary = Raised in a polygamous cult, a 16-year-old boy is cast out and forced to fend for himself. When this hardworking teen turns to drugs all hell breaks loose in [[West Jordan, Utah]]. To the outside world, the Crains seem to be a model family. But there's a darkness lurking alongside a family heirloom that shatters their lives with deadly force.
| LineColor = 979797|
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = The Runner & Natural Born Killers
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2013|9|22}}
| ShortSummary = A teenage boy from rural Indiana commits a double homicide claiming a demon told him to do it. Together, with two other prisoners he plans a jailbreak to reclaim his freedom and kill again. After the death of her mother, [[Monica Diaz]] begins an intense relationship with a boy who is obsessed with becoming a serial killer. The family's threats to break the two teenagers apart results in one of the worst massacres in the history of Los Angeles.|
}}
|}

===Season 3 (LMN)===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; background:#FFF;"
|-
! style="background:#979797; width:4%;"| Ep
! style="background:#979797; width:4%;"| No.
! style="background:#979797;"| Title
! style="background:#979797; width:22%;"| Original air date
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|EpisodeNumber2=37
|Title=Like Father, Like Son & Back For Seconds
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|4|21}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|EpisodeNumber2=38
|Title=Mommie Dearest & Forbidden Love
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|4|28}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|EpisodeNumber2=39
|Title=Frenemies & The Reject
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|5|5}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|EpisodeNumber2=40
|Title=Allentown Massacre & The Copycat
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|5|12}}
|ShortSummary= [[Freeman family murders|Two neo-Nazi brothers and their cousin]] murder their parents and brother in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]]. Days later, [[Jeffrey Howorth|a boy]] in the same town follows their example.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|EpisodeNumber2=41
|Title=For Sandy & Poison Pal
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|5|19}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|EpisodeNumber2=42
|Title=The Million Dollar Plan & Rattlesnake Romeo
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|6|2}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|EpisodeNumber2=43
|Title=Simon Says & For No Good Reason
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|6|9}}
|ShortSummary= An outcast joins a military-style cult of misfit teens who are brainwashed into committing crimes. Two high-school football players share a fantasy of carrying out an armed robbery.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|EpisodeNumber2=44
|Title=Peeping Theodore & The Six
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|6|16}}
|ShortSummary= In 1961, an eight-year-old girl goes missing. A local boy becomes the prime suspect, but is never charged. When the case goes cold for over a decade, the secret to what happened comes in the form of a cryptic confession from death row. A gang of lost teenagers obsessed with vampirism, devil worship, and drugs are determined to escape their dead-end town. But their faith is tested by a family spreading the good news and a senseless act that would shock an entire town.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=9
|EpisodeNumber2=45
|Title=Two Strikes & Hail Mary
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|6|23}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=10
|EpisodeNumber2=46
|Title=I'm So Lonesome I Could Kill & The Bicycle Thief
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|6|30}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=11
|EpisodeNumber2=47
|Title=No Apparent Motive
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|7|7}}
|ShortSummary= The [[Bellevue murders|1997 murder of a family]] in Washington state is featured along with the 1991 disappearance of two boys in Virginia.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=12
|EpisodeNumber2=48
|Title=Please Kill For Me
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|7|14}}
|ShortSummary= A [[Texas]] girl convinces two friends to [[Murder of Caren Koslow|commit a crime]]. A girl gets her boyfriend to [[Barbecue murders|solve her issues]] with her mother for good.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=13
|EpisodeNumber2=49
|Title=Satan's Disciples
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|7|30}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=14
|EpisodeNumber2=50
|Title=Jealousy
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|7|30}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=15
|EpisodeNumber2=51
|Title=Ticking Time Bomb
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|8|6}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=16
|EpisodeNumber2=52
|Title=The Breaking Point
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|8|13}}
|ShortSummary=In 1992, a young girl [[Murder of Betty Garrison|murders her mother]].
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=17
|EpisodeNumber2=53
|Title=Raging Hormones
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|8|18}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=18
|EpisodeNumber2=54
|Title=Dangerously In Love
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|8|20}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=19
|EpisodeNumber2=55
|Title=All In The Family
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|8|27}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=20
|EpisodeNumber2=56
|Title=Out Of Control
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|8|27}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=21
|EpisodeNumber2=57
|Title=Deadly Compulsion
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|9|3}}
|ShortSummary= [[Brenda Spencer]], 16, opens fire on an elementary from her bedroom window, killing 2 men and wounding 9 others in 1979. In 2007, [[Alec Devon Kreider]], 16, kills a close friend and both his parents.
|LineColor=979797
}}
|}

===Season 4 (LMN)===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; background:#FFF;"
|-
! style="background:#979797; width:4%;"| Ep
! style="background:#979797; width:4%;"| No.
! style="background:#979797;"| Title
! style="background:#979797; width:22%;"| Original air date
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|EpisodeNumber2=58
|Title=Stand Out & It Runs in the Family
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|12|10}}
|ShortSummary= A hometown hero is connected to the murder of a Montana business owner. John Olson is shot in the same town a day later.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|EpisodeNumber2=59
|Title=Knight in Shining Armor & Are You Trying to Seduce Me?
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2014|12|17}}
|ShortSummary=Danielle Black murders her father in [[Hagerstown, Maryland]]. The husband of a woman having an affair with a teen is found shot dead in the doorway of his home.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|EpisodeNumber2=60
|Title=Crazy Love & Double Vision
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2015|1|14}}
|ShortSummary=Infidelity leads teen lovers down a twisted path. A [[Murder of Nikki Whitehead|mother of identical twin daughters]] is brutally murdered in Georgia.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|EpisodeNumber2=61
|Title=Assassin & [[The Matrix]] Kid
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2015|1|14}}
|ShortSummary= A young couple are murdered execution-style in a [[Chicago]] suburb. A [[The Matrix defense|teen boy]] descends into a state of mental confusion and becomes obsessed with a [[Neo (The Matrix)|violent movie character]] and violent video games.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|EpisodeNumber2=62
|Title=Southern Belle From Hell & My Best Friend's Girl
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2015|1|21}}
|ShortSummary= The body of [[Christa Pike|a female]] [[Job Corps]] student is discovered on the [[University of Tennessee]] campus in Knoxville. A young man goes missing in Fresno, Texas, and his mother refuses to give up finding him.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|EpisodeNumber2=63
|Title=Pop and Circumstance & Shell Shocked
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2015|1|21}}
|ShortSummary=Six people are murdered by Scott Moody in two adjacent farmhouses in Ohio. The body of a 9-year-old girl is found in a burning abandoned building in Philadelphia.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=7
|EpisodeNumber2=64
|Title=Good vs. Evil & The Good Son
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2015|1|28}}
|ShortSummary=The death of 16-year-old Jacob Hendershot in Florida is investigated. A son exhibits disturbing signs and erupts in a frenzy of violence.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=8
|EpisodeNumber2=65
|Title=Vampire & The Essay
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2015|2|18}}
|ShortSummary= A group's fantasy of being vampires turns bloody when they pick up a teen girl on their way to New Orleans. A homicide involving a teen, his hippie mother and criminal father.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=9
|EpisodeNumber2=66
|Title=Full Metal Jacket & Mommy Issues
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2015|2|25}}
|ShortSummary= Four members of a New Jersey family are brutally murdered. A routine car accident in Florida leads police to the scene of a double homicide hundreds of miles away.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=10
|EpisodeNumber2=67
|Title=Ready, Set, Action & What Happens in Vegas
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2015|3|4}}
|ShortSummary= A girl falls victim to two high school classmates. A [[Las Vegas]] teen tries to break away from a group of kids who want to become mobsters.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=11
|EpisodeNumber2=68
|Title=The One Percent and Why Not?
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2015|3|11}}
|ShortSummary= A 17-year-old boy arrested for murder is released on bail and then lashes out at his own siblings. 17-year-old [[Murders of Blake and Mary-Jo Hadley|Tyler Hadley]] turns violent toward his parents.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=12
|EpisodeNumber2=69
|Title=Rumors and The To Do List
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2015|3|18}}
|ShortSummary= A teen experiencing early onset schizophrenia decides that it is his mission to kill everyone in the world, starting with his best friend. A [[Murder of Kirsten Costas|cheerleader turns up dead]] and the locals wonder why the mostly likely culprit has an airtight alibi.
|LineColor=979797
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=13
|EpisodeNumber2=70
|Title=Tattle Tale Terror & Army Brat
|OriginalAirDate={{Start date|2015|3|25}}
|ShortSummary= Disapproving parents meet the irresistible force of teenage love. A girl joins a gang that soon loses control.
|LineColor=979797
}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=2189874}}

[[Category:2010s American documentary television series]]
[[Category:2010s Canadian documentary television series]]
[[Category:True crime television series]]

Omega Cop

2024-08-22T00:46:45Z

136.32.60.170:

{{Infobox film
| name = Omega Cop
| caption =
| image = Omega Cop FilmPoster.jpeg
| director = [[Paul Kyriazi]]
| producer = [[Ron Marchini]] Garrick Huey
| writer = '''Novel:''' Denny Grayson Joe Meyer Paul Kyriazi '''Screenplay:''' Salli McQuaid
| starring = [[Adam West]] [[Ron Marchini]] [[Stuart Whitman]] [[Troy Donahue]]
| music = Ralph Stover Cecil Ramirez
| cinematography =
| editing = Garrick Huey
| distributor = South Gate Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|1989}}
| runtime = 87 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $180,000
}}
'''''Omega Cop''''' is a 1989 film starring [[Adam West]], [[Ron Marchini]], [[Stuart Whitman]], and [[Troy Donahue]]. It was also released under the title ''John Travis: Solar Survivor''.<ref>{{cite web
| first=Sandra | last=Brennan
| title=Omega Cop (1990)
| url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/36203/Omega-Cop/overview
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022153507/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/36203/Omega-Cop/overview
| url-status=dead
| archive-date=2012-10-22
| department=Movies & TV Dept. | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=2012 | accessdate=2009-09-27 }}</ref> The film was written and produced by Ronald L. Marchini, and executive-produced by his wife, Jo Anne Marchini. Omega Cop was followed by a sequel, ''[[Karate Cop]]''.

==Plot==
In the year 1999, the world is in the midst of an environmental holocaust, the result of a series of solar flares which have scorched the Earth for the last 30 years. Exposure to the flares results in a radiation poisoning which causes the affected to degenerate into psychotic killers. The vast majority of the world's population is dead, the world is desolate and arid, and in the [[United States of America|United States]] the government and military now only control [[New York City]] and [[Washington DC]]. Otherwise, what is left of humanity is divided between militarised encampments protecting pockets of the unaffected survivors, and roving groups of slavers and scavengers. Unradiated water, gasoline and women have become precious resources which the surviving groups hoard jealously and are willing to kill to obtain.

John Travis ([[Ron Marchini]]) is the leader of a security patrol for one of the compounds led by Prescott ([[Adam West]]) when he and his squad are sent to investigate reports of a slaver auction of female captives. Suspecting that notorious bandit leader Wraith is there, he is ordered to break up the auction and kill Wraith if possible. The raid goes badly, however, as the group are forced to open fire, resulting in the deaths of all of Travis' comrades along with several dozen slavers and scavengers. Calling for backup, Travis is told that due to solar flare activity he is not only alone but he cannot be allowed back into the safety of his home compound. Wraith, learning of the identity of his attacker, conducts a ritual sacrifice of a woman and swears before his men that the next sacrifice will be of Travis.

Abandoned in a small urban area, Travis ends up freeing three women, who he takes back to an abandoned local [[baseball]] stadium which he apparently uses as a part-time hide-out. Realizing that the third of the women is sick and needs medical attention, he takes the group to a clinic run by a friend, Dr. Latimer ([[Stuart Whitman]]). While there, he is led into a trap by a boy working for Wraith who steals weapons from his car. Although he escapes, the three women flee the clinic when the doctor reveals that he has been infected by the most recent flare. When Travis returns he finds the clinic abandoned save for Dr. Latimer, who he is forced to shoot.

Reuniting with the three women at the baseball field, Travis makes the decision to return to the compound and demand medical aid from his erstwhile employers. Upon return he finds that Wraith's men already have the bunker under siege, and any chance of saving those inside has passed. Despite making an attempt at buying some time for the survivors inside, Prescott reports that Wraith's men have breached the bunker, ransacked its armory and are overrunning it, killing everyone inside. Left with no other option, Prescott tells Travis that his one chance to kill Wraith is to use the store's explosives to detonate the bunker, killing everyone inside. Travis reluctantly agrees, and aided by his female companions he clears the exterior of the compound, liberates the explosives and levels the facility. From there, he and his companions cross the country to live around the untainted mountain lakes of [[Montana]].

==Cast and characters==
*[[Ron Marchini]] as John Travis
*[[Adam West]] as Prescott
*[[Troy Donahue]] as Slim
*[[Stuart Whitman]] as Dr. Latimer

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0100291}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990s science fiction action films]]
[[Category:American science fiction action films]]
[[Category:American post-apocalyptic films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1999]]
[[Category:Films set in the future]]
[[Category:1990s English-language films]]
[[Category:1980s English-language films]]
[[Category:1980s American films]]
[[Category:1990s American films]]
[[Category:Films set in bunkers]]
[[Category:English-language science fiction action films]]
[[Category:1990 science fiction films]]

Killing of John O'Keefe

2024-08-20T23:23:46Z

136.32.60.170: /* Background */

{{Short description|2022 killing in Canton, Massachusetts, US}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}

{{Use American English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| location = [[Canton, Massachusetts]], US
| date = {{start date|2022|1|29}}
| fatalities = 1
| victim = Officer John O'Keefe
| accused = Karen Read
}}

In the early morning hours of January 29, 2022, [[Boston Police Department]] Officer John O'Keefe was found dead outside the then home of then Boston Police Officer Brian Albert in [[Canton, Massachusetts]]. It is alleged by the [[Massachusetts District Court|Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] that O'Keefe had been dropped off the night before by his girlfriend, Karen Read, to join a party hosted by Brian Albert and Jennifer McCabe. Upon being discovered, he was transported to a local hospital where cause of death was listed as blunt force trauma and [[hypothermia]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Karimi |first=Faith |date=2023-12-10 |title=A snowy night, a cracked taillight and a mystery: How a police officer's death divided a Boston suburb |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/12/10/us/john-okeefe-boston-police-death-cec/index.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

Three days later, Read was arrested and charged with manslaughter, motor vehicle homicide, and leaving the scene of a deadly crash. The Norfolk County District Attorney's Office alleged that Read hit O'Keefe with her [[SUV]] and left the scene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanson |first=Fred |date=Feb 2, 2022 |title=Woman charged with manslaughter in death of Boston cop found outside Canton home |url=https://www.patriotledger.com/story/news/2022/02/02/mansfield-woman-arrested-death-boston-police-officer-canton-fairview-road-state-police-blue-hills/9308519002/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.patriotledger.com |publisher=The Patriot Ledger}}</ref> Read pleaded not guilty. Four months later, on June 9, 2022, she was indicted by a grand jury for second-degree murder, motor vehicle manslaughter while [[driving under the influence]], and leaving the scene of a deadly crash.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=DiGiammerino |first1=Thea |last2=Staff Reports |date=June 9, 2022 |title=Woman Indicted on Murder Charge in Death of Boston Police Officer Boyfriend |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/woman-indicted-on-murder-charge-in-death-of-boston-police-officer-boyfriend/2743877/ |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=NBC10 Boston}}</ref> Read pleaded not guilty again and her defense attorney, David Yannetti, accused the [[Massachusetts State Police]] of manufacturing evidence in the investigation. He also alleged that the lead investigator, [[Trooper first class|Trooper]] Michael Proctor, had a conflict of interest due to his family's relationship with some of the prosecution's witnesses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellement |first=John R. |date=Sep 23, 2022 |title=High-profile attorney joins legal team for woman charged with killing Boston police officer in Canton |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/09/23/metro/high-profile-attorney-joins-legal-team-woman-charged-with-killing-boston-police-officer-canton/ |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=BostonGlobe.com |publisher=The Boston Globe |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
'''John J. O'Keefe, III''', nicknamed "JJ"<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Remembering the Real Victim in the Karen Read Case, My Friend John O’Keefe |url=https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2024/04/12/john-okeefe-karen-read-case/ |last=Kerrigan |first=Tara |date=2024-04-12 |page=[https://connect.metrocorpmedia.com/files/html/flipbooks/bs2405/bs2405.html#p=62 60] |access-date=2024-08-12 |magazine=[[Boston Magazine]] |volume=62 |issue=4 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cartwrightfuneral.com/obituaries/John-J-III-JJ-Okeefe?obId=29113887 |title=John J., III, “JJ” O'Keefe Obituary |access-date=2024-08-12 |publisher=Cartwright Funeral Home}}</ref> or "Johnny"<ref>{{Cite news |title=Boston officer John O’Keefe was called a ‘patron saint’ by the girlfriend accused of killing him |url=https://apnews.com/article/karen-read-boston-murder-trial-8dfa34c4be6aeabe649373ea006e9f10 |date=2024-06-28 |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> (born December 8, 1975), grew up in [[Braintree, Massachusetts]] and graduated from Braintree High School and [[Northeastern University]]. He also earned a master's degree in criminal justice from [[UMass Lowell]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Funeral Planned For Boston Police Officer John O'Keefe, Found Dead Outside Canton Home |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/boston-police-officer-john-okeefe-funeral-wake-karen-read/ |date=February 4, 2022}}</ref> and had lived in Canton since 2014, where he was raising his niece and nephew following his sister and brother-in-law's deaths.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Abraham |first=Yvonne |date=June 8, 2024 |title=In the abhorrent Karen Read circus, the forgotten victims |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/06/08/metro/abhorrent-karen-read-circus-forgotten-victims/ |website=BostonGlobe.com |publisher=The Boston Globe}}</ref> O'Keefe was a 16-year veteran of the [[Boston Police Department]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reports • • |first=Staff |date=2022-02-07 |title=Boston Police Officer John O'Keefe Laid to Rest Monday |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/boston-police-officer-john-okeefe-to-be-laid-to-rest-monday/2636582/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=NBC Boston |language=en-US}}</ref> John O'Keefe's former partner, the deceased Pat Rogers, was featured on the reality television show, ''[[Boston's Finest]]''. Rogers' then-girlfriend Laura Sullivan, who had a child with him, was also long-time friends with John; she met Karen during a trip to Aruba and testified as a witness for the Commonwealth. John's brother Paul, also a witness for the Commonwealth, was Captain and Quarterback of the Stonehill College Football team and teammates with Lieutenant Brian Tully, Michael Proctor's supervisor at the Norfolk Country District Attorney Mass State Police Investigative Unit.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

'''Karen A. Read''' (born 1980) grew up in [[Taunton, Massachusetts]] and also in [[Blacksburg, Virginia]]. She graduated from [[Coyle & Cassidy High School and Middle School|Coyle & Cassidy]], a private Catholic school in Taunton, and went to Bentley University where she graduated with a Bachelor's degree and a Master's degree in finance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thesunchronicle.com/news/local_news/mansfield-woman-freed-on-50-000-cash-bail-in-death-of-police-officer-boyfriend/article_cf0c3852-4cb5-5172-a6c7-5359942bb96d.html |title=Mansfield woman freed on $50,000 cash bail in death of police officer boyfriend |date=2 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karen Read, Lecturer, Finance |url=https://faculty.bentley.edu/profile/kread |website=Bentley University |access-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616205142/https://faculty.bentley.edu/profile/kread|archive-date=2022-06-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Cotter |first1=Sean |title=Who is Karen Read? A look at the woman at the center of a media firestorm. - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/04/13/metro/who-is-karen-read/ |work=BostonGlobe.com |date=April 14, 2024}}</ref> She had been a financial analyst at [[Fidelity Investments]] since 2007, and was an adjunct professor at [[Bentley University]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-02-02 |title=New Details, Timeline Revealed in Boston Police Officer's Death |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/woman-charged-with-manslaughter-in-death-of-bpd-officer-due-in-court-wednesday/2631990/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=NBC Boston |language=en-US}}</ref> Read lived in [[Mansfield, Massachusetts|Mansfield]] at the time of O'Keefe's death.<ref name=":1" /> O'Keefe and Read began dating in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abraham |first=Yvonne |date=June 8, 2024 |title=In the abhorrent Karen Read circus, the forgotten victims |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/06/08/metro/abhorrent-karen-read-circus-forgotten-victims/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=BostonGlobe.com |publisher=The Boston Globe |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Brian Albert''', owner of the Canton home outside of which O'Keefe would be found dead, is a retired Boston Police [[Detective sergeant|Sergeant]], last assigned to [[Boston Police Department|BPD]] Fugitive Unit until his retirement on September 4, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Lance |date=July 6, 2024 |title=Karen Read murder case: Former Boston Police Sgt. Brian Albert earning generous pension |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2024/07/06/karen-read-murder-case-former-boston-police-sgt-brian-albert-earning-generous-pension/ |access-date=July 7, 2024 |website=Boston Herald}}</ref> He was also featured on 2013 reality television series ''[[Boston's Finest]]''. His brothers are Chris Albert, who serves on the Canton Select Board and owns a pizzeria in Canton, and Kevin Albert, who serves in the Canton Police Department as a detective. In June 2024, Kevin was suspended from Canton Police pending an internal investigation based on phone text conversations with Michael Proctor that became public record during the cross-examination of Michael Proctor's testimony. Kevin was alleged by Proctor's text conversations to have lost his badge and gun while on duty after a night out drinking while on duty working a cold case on Cape Cod. Chris and his wife, Julie, and their son Colin, were neighbors with O'Keefe. The Albert family are also long-time friends with Michael Proctor, lead investigator on the case.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

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On the night of January 28, 2022, O'Keefe and Read visited two bars in Canton: C.F. McCarthy's and Waterfall Bar & Grille.<ref name=":2" /> At the second bar, they met up with several acquaintances including fellow police officer Brian Albert. Shortly after midnight Albert invited a group of people, including the couple, back to his home on Fairview Road in Canton.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

The two drove to the home in Read's SUV.<ref name=":3" /> Read claims to have dropped O'Keefe off in front of the home and left because she wasn't feeling well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Girlfriend indicted for murder in death of off-duty police officer |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/girlfriend-indicted-for-second-degree-murder-in-january-death-of-off-duty-boston-police-officer/40254218 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=WCVB |language=en}}</ref>

[[January 2022 North American blizzard#Massachusetts|A snow storm hit]] Canton in the early morning of January 29. Read reported that when she woke up the next day, O'Keefe had not returned home. After he did not respond to calls or texts, she contacted an acquaintance from that night, Jennifer McCabe, who agreed to join her and another woman, Kerry Roberts, in looking for him.<ref name=":2" /> The three women returned to Fairview Road in Roberts's vehicle, where they saw O'Keefe lying unresponsive in the snow.<ref name=":1" /> Read exited the car and began CPR. McCabe called 911 at approximately 6:04 am and Canton Police, Fire, and EMS responded to the scene.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=Prosecution reveals alleged timeline in death of police officer |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/karen-read-case-prosecution-timeline/43775414 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=WCVB |language=en}}</ref>

O'Keefe was transported to Good Samaritan Hospital in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]], where he was pronounced dead.<ref name=":2" /> A medical examiner later reported that O'Keefe had abrasions to his right arm, several lacerations to the face, two black eyes, and skull fractures which would have contributed to brain bleeding. They determined that hypothermia was a contributing factor to O'Keefe's death.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

Read theorizes that O'Keefe was beaten inside the home, and his body was then left outside; however, there are 11 witness statements that say O'Keefe never entered the home.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Whipp |first1=Emily |last2=Kim |first2=Deborah |last3=Bischoff |first3=Tien |last4=Mariani |first4=Meghan |date=August 22, 2023 |title=Karen Read denies killing Boston police officer as prosecution refutes cover-up allegations |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/karen-read-denies-killing-boston-police-officer-john/story?id=102165997 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

== Investigation ==
[[Massachusetts State Police]] Trooper Michael D. Proctor, of the Norfolk State Police Detective Unit, was the lead investigator for this case. He produced a series of written reports (Case # 2022-112-0033) to Detective Lieutenant Brian P. Tully of the Massachusetts State Police.

According to police, pieces of a cocktail glass and patches of blood were found alongside O'Keefe's body. They also found pieces of a broken taillight, said to match a broken light on Read's car.<ref name=":3" />

Read was arrested on February 1, 2022.<ref name=":2" /> Her phone was taken into custody.<ref name=":1" /> She was charged with manslaughter, motor vehicle homicide, and leaving the scene of a collision in the lower Stoughton District Court on February 2, 2022.<ref name=":2" />

In April 2023, Read's attorneys presented a theory that implicated Brian Albert, who owned the home outside of which where O'Keefe was found dead, and his sister-in-law Jennifer McCabe, who had been drinking with Read and O'Keefe on January 28, and helped Read find O'Keefe's body the morning of January 29.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=McColgan |first=Flint |date=2023-12-21 |title=Karen Read case-focused blogger Turtleboy indicted on 16 counts |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2023/12/21/karen-read-case-focused-blogger-turtleboy-indicted-on-16-counts/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Boston Herald |language=en-US}}</ref> Evidence showed that Brian Albert sold his house and got rid of his dog after the incident, and Jennifer McCabe made a Google search "hos[sic] long to die in cold" at 2:27 a.m.<ref name=":1" />

In November 2023, residents of Canton voted to mount an independent investigation into the town's police department.<ref name=":3" />

In January 2024, letters between the General Counsel for the Department of Justice and Norfolk District Attorney, [[Michael W. Morrissey]], were released, confirming a federal investigation was mounted into the Norfolk District Attorney's office.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fieldman |first=Luis |date=2024-01-18 |title=Norfolk DA denies being told he is target of federal investigation |url=https://www.masslive.com/news/2024/01/norfolk-da-denies-being-told-he-is-target-of-federal-investigation.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=masslive |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-23 |title=25 Investigates: Letters between feds, Norfolk DA released in Karen Read case |url=https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/25-investigates-letters-between-feds-norfolk-da-released-karen-read-case/PCBH3ZECNJEEFNNNX4RFYX6PPE/ |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=Boston 25 News |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, the Massachusetts State Police launched an internal investigation into the lead investigator in the case, Trooper Michael Proctor, due to potential violation of department policy, but have not said whether that investigation relates to a specific case.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reports • • |first1=Staff |title=Mass. State Police probe investigator known for Karen Read case |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/mass-state-police-investigate-trooper-in-connection-with-karen-read-case/3307726/ |work=NBC Boston |date=13 March 2024}}</ref>

== Court proceedings ==
On February 2, 2022, Read was arraigned in [[Stoughton, Massachusetts|Stoughton]] District Court on the charges of manslaughter, leaving the scene of a serious accident, and motor vehicle homicide. She pleaded not guilty and was released on $80,000 bail.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sesselman |first=Jamy Pombo |date=2023-09-15 |title=Murder trial date set for Karen Read in death of Officer John O'Keefe |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/karen-read-canton-massachusetts-murder-case-defense-bail-request/45150925 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=WCVB |language=en}}</ref>

In June 2022, a Norfolk County grand jury indicted Read for second-degree murder, motor vehicle manslaughter, and leaving the scene of a collision.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=DiGiammerino |first1=Thea |last2=Reports • • |first2=Staff |date=2022-06-09 |title=Woman Indicted on Murder Charge in Death of Boston Police Officer Boyfriend |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/woman-indicted-on-murder-charge-in-death-of-boston-police-officer-boyfriend/2743877/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=NBC Boston |language=en-US}}</ref>

The case is being heard in [[Norfolk County, Massachusetts|Norfolk County]] Superior Court, with Judge [[Beverly J. Cannone]] presiding. The prosecution is led by Norfolk District Attorney [[Michael W. Morrissey]] and Assistant District Attorney [[Adam Lally]].

The defense is led by criminal defense attorneys [[David R. Yannetti]], [[Alan Jackson (lawyer)|Alan Jackson]], and [[Elizabeth Little (lawyer)|Elizabeth Little]]. Jackson and Little are partners at a [[Los Angeles]] firm and have represented [[Harvey Weinstein]] and [[Kevin Spacey]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patkin |first=Abby |title=Who is on Karen Read's defense team? |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2023/08/01/who-is-on-karen-read-defense-team-alan-jackson-david-yannetti/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=www.boston.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

On March 12, 2024, Read's attorneys filed a motion to dismiss the case due to alleged conflicts of interest and federal crash reconstruction experts determining that O'Keefe's injuries were "inconsistent" with the damage to Read's car.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Karen Read's lawyers tease evidence from federal probe in motions for dismissal, sanctions. What we learned. |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/03/12/livestream-karen-read-lawyers-slated-to-argue-motions-to-dismiss-case-sanction-prosecutors/ |work=www.boston.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |title=Karen Read defense team says federal expert found John O'Keefe was not hit by SUV - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-trial-motion-to-dismiss-hearing/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=13 March 2024}}</ref> The judge denied the motion on March 26 due to "extensive evidence supporting the indictments", such as O'Keefe's DNA being found on the broken taillight of Read's car.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |date=26 March 2024 |title=Judge in Karen Read murder trial denies motion to dismiss, trial set to start April 16 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-murder-trial-motion-to-dismiss-denied/ |work=[[WBZ-TV|CBS Boston]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Shelley |date=9 April 2024 |title=Federal Probe of Karen Read Murder Case Highly Unusual, Legal Experts Say |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2024/04/09/metro/karen-read-federal-investigation/ |access-date=9 April 2024 |work=[[The Boston Globe]]}}</ref>

In early April 2024, ahead of the trial date, the prosecutors filed a motion requesting special restrictions during the trial to keep demonstrations back at least {{convert|500|ft|m}} from the courthouse to maintain an unbiased jury pool; Judge Cannone ruled that 500 feet was excessive, and ordered a {{convert|200|ft|m|adj=on}} buffer zone with no protesters allowed. This ruling came after the [[ACLU]] filed a memorandum opposing the prosecution's request, citing freedom of speech, and urged the court to consider more narrowly tailored restrictions. Read's attorney said the defense takes no position on the motion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |title=Karen Read trial protesters will have "buffer zone" outside courthouse - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-trial-buffer-zone-ruling/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Linton |first1=David |title=ACLU wants a say on proposed demonstration buffer zone for murder trial of Mansfield's Karen Read |url=https://www.thesunchronicle.com/news/local_news/aclu-wants-a-say-on-proposed-demonstration-buffer-zone-for-murder-trial-of-mansfields-karen/article_c5f02968-8038-5ee6-bfd1-936d41a5e7b3.html |work=The Sun Chronicle |date=3 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The judge also approved the prosecution's request to prohibit anyone inside the courtroom from wearing any attire that says "Free Karen Read" and also prohibit law enforcement officers, whether they be testifying or attending the trial, from wearing their uniforms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karen Read supporters accuse prosecution of going on 'unchecked bender' |url=https://www.courttv.com/news/karen-read-supporters-accuse-prosecution-of-going-on-unchecked-bender/ |work=Court TV}}</ref> The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court approved the judge's ruling, and on May 2 formally approved the buffer zone. The SJC ruled that the Judge "struck a balance between the right to protest or demonstrate and the defendant's right to a fair trial".<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Laughlin |first1=Frank |title=Buffer zone for Karen Read murder trial will remain in place, Mass. SJC rules |url=https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/buffer-zone-karen-read-murder-trial-will-remain-place-mass-sjc-rules/IRGBSDCD3REX3OC3QX7JMIQNEA/ |work=Boston 25 News |date=2 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Trial==
Read's trial was first scheduled to begin in March 2024,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Klein |first1=Asher |last2=Fortier |first2=Marc |date=2024-01-18 |title=Private communications at heart of latest Karen Read case debates |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-court-case-updates-thursday/3251184/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=NBC Boston |language=en-US}}</ref> but was rescheduled to April. The trial started on April 16, 2024 with the jury selection, which was completed on April 24.<ref>{{cite news |title=Judge delays start of Karen Read murder trial. What happened in court Monday |url=https://www.patriotledger.com/story/news/2024/02/26/karen-read-murder-trial-will-not-take-place-in-march-john-okeefe-braintree-mansfield/72747359007/ |work=The Patriot Ledger}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Unpacking prosecutors' murder case against Karen Read |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/02/28/unpacking-the-murder-case-against-karen-read-as-told-by-prosecutors/ |work=www.boston.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |title=Karen Read's high-profile Massachusetts murder trial underway with jury selection - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-murder-trial-jury-selection/?intcid=CNR-01-0623 |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=16 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bienick |first1=David |title=Jury selected for Karen Read trial; Work remains before testimony can begin |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/karen-read-canton-murder-trial-john-okeefe-jury-selection-april-24/60589224 |work=WCVB |date=24 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
Prosecutors previously asked the Judge to block Read's lawyers from arguing that others are to blame for O'Keefe's death, also known as third-party culprit defense. The judge instead offered the defense a chance to develop their argument through "relevant, competent, admissible evidence", but still barred them from using the third-party culprit defense during opening statements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |date=2024-04-16 |title=Karen Read's trial gets underway with jury selection |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/04/16/karen-read-trial-jury-selection-starts/ |work=www.boston.com}}</ref>

Commonwealth rested the case on June 21, 2024
after eight weeks of testimony from 68 witnesses. Defense completed its list of six witnesses and rested the case on June 24.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |last2=Rex |first2=Kristina |title=Karen Read's defense team rests their case in her murder trial - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-murder-trial-live-stream-today-day-29/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=25 June 2024}}</ref> Closing arguments were delivered on June 25 and jury deliberation started on the same day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |last2=Rex |first2=Kristina |title=Karen Read murder trial jury begins deliberations after attorneys present vastly different closing arguments - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/watch-karen-read-murder-trial-closing-arguments-live-stream/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=25 June 2024}}</ref>

On July 1, after 25 hours of deliberation, the jury was unable to come to a unanimous decision. Judge Cannone declared a mistrial.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mistrial Declared in Karen Read Case After Jury Can't Reach a Verdict in Murder Trial |url=https://people.com/mistrial-declared-karen-read-case-jury-cant-reach-verdict-murder-trial-8636057 |work=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref> The Commonwealth plans to retry the case.<ref>{{cite news |title=Defense Slams Prosecutors After Karen Read Mistrial as State Says It Will Retry Case |url=https://people.com/karen-read-mistrial-defense-slams-prosecutors-state-says-retry-case-8668934 |work=Peoplemag |language=en}}</ref>

=== Opening statements ===
On April 28, the prosecutors and the defense presented opening statements. Prosecutors outlined circumstantial evidence that pointed to Read's guilt, while the defense told jurors that Read is being framed and that O'Keefe was beaten and attacked by a dog inside the home of another Boston police officer.

===Commonwealth's witnesses===

==== The O'Keefe family ====
O'Keefe's brother and sister-in-law, Paul and Erin O'Keefe, took the stand for the prosecution describing the relationship between Read and O'Keefe. Paul acknowledged that there have been arguments between the two. Erin said she considered Read as a friend.

When asked about the day when John O'Keefe died, Paul recalled seeing Read in the hospital screaming, asking if John was alive, while she was being restrained by hospital employees.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |title=Karen Read murder trial testimony begins, jurors shown police video from scene - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/watch-live-karen-read-trial-opening-statements/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=30 April 2024}}</ref>

==== Police and first responders ====
* Canton Police Officer Steve Saraf, the first police officer to arrive at the scene, testified that Read appeared to be giving O'Keefe CPR, and was "visibly upset", repeatedly asked if O'Keefe is dead and said "this is my fault".<ref>{{cite news |title=Day one of prosecution testimony concludes in Karen Read murder trial |url=https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/day-one-prosecution-testimony-concludes-karen-read-murder-trial/BI6MDRF2PNAN5DKENXZ2DGWS2E/ |work=Boston 25 News |date=29 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Karen Read trial: Trooper's texts reveal 'true feelings,' lawyers say |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/04/29/karen-read-murder-trial-day-1/ |work=www.boston.com}}</ref> The defense pointed out that Officer Saraf's initial report did not include what Read said, but included the statement when he testified to the grand jury in April 2022. Defense attorney Alan Jackson argued that not including the quote "This is my fault" in the initial police report was an important omission.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fieldman |first1=Luis |title=Canton police officers questioned by Karen Read's lawyers during trial |url=https://www.masslive.com/news/2024/04/karen-read-lawyers-cross-examine-canton-police-officers-on-day-2-of-testimony.html |work=masslive |date=30 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Four paramedics testified and told the court that Read was saying "I hit him" repeatedly at the scene.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |title=Karen Read murder trial jury hears testimony from 4 first responders on night of boyfriend's death - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-live-stream-today-massachusetts-murder-trial/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=2 May 2024}}</ref> After the testimony from the paramedics, the defense raised questions about the ties between Canton firefighter and paramedic Katie McLaughlin and the Albert family. When asked about her relationship with Brian Albert's daughter, Caitlin Albert, she acknowledged that they went to high school together, but they are only acquaintances; however, the defense later accused McLaughlin of perjury after dozens of pictures of them together emerged, including one from June 2021.<ref name="NBC Boston">{{cite news |last1=Fortier |first1=Marc |last2=Klein |first2=Asher |last3=Kwangwari |first3=Munashe |last4=Vega • • |first4=Anthony |title=Testimony in Karen Read trial continues, defense accuses witness of perjury |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-trial-day-5/3360359/ |work=NBC Boston |date=6 May 2024}}</ref>
* Canton Police Lt. Paul Gallagher, who was in charge of preserving the crime scene that day, testified that he and other two sergeants used a leaf blower to remove the snow, and collected DNA evidence with uncovered [[Solo Cup Company|Solo cups]] and put them in a brown paper grocery bag. He also said it was not standard practice to do so.
* Canton Police Sgt. Sean Goode testified that upon arrival at the scene, he observed the area, noting at least {{convert|4|in|cm}} of snow and some pink spots which were possibly blood. He also mentioned they improvised methods for evidence collection using leaf blowers, Solo cups, and a grocery bag. Goode recalled officers looking for evidence, though, he noted they did not find the pieces of Read's broken taillight that would later be found at the house or O'Keefe's missing shoe. He also said, when asked, that no officer guarded the crime scene for the two hours they were there, and that there was no protocol for putting up a tent to keep the scene from the elements.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Breslin |first1=Ryan |title=Karen Read trial: Items police used at scene of John O'Keefe's death in Canton shown in court |url=https://www.boston25news.com/news/local/karen-read-trial-items-police-used-scene-john-okeefes-death-canton-shown-court/L7ZEE2HGAVEU5NKMINUYB6KJWQ/ |work=Boston 25 News |date=7 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NBC Boston"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fieldman |first1=Luis |title=Jurors in Karen Read trial shown blood samples in Solo cups, paper bag |url=https://www.masslive.com/news/2024/05/jurors-in-karen-read-trial-shown-blood-samples-in-solo-cups-paper-bag.html |work=masslive |date=6 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Canton Police Sgt. Michael Lank testified during direct examination, holding up a broken cocktail glass that was found during the investigation. During cross-examination, the defense questioned Lank about his relationship with the Albert family, referencing an incident back in 2002, when Chris Albert, Brian Albert's brother, got into a fight with two other men while Lank was present; charges were later filed against the two men.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |title=Karen Read's defense attorney questions Canton police sergeant on ties to Brian Albert's family - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-live-stream-today-murder-trial-day-6/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=7 May 2024}}</ref>

==== Witnesses at the bars ====
Nicholas and Karina Kolokithas, O'Keefe's friends, were at the Waterfall Bar & Grille with Read and O'Keefe. Karina described the couple as "quite lovey-dovey". Nicholas testified that the atmosphere at the Waterfall Bar & Grille was "a fun atmosphere" and he did not see any arguments or tension between Read and O'Keefe.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Klein |first1=Asher |last2=Palumbo |first2=Alysha |title=Day 7 of testimony in the Karen Read trial: Watch live |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-trial-livestream-day-7/3362676/ |work=NBC Boston |date=8 May 2024}}</ref>

Rebecca Trayers, a bartender at the Waterfall Bar & Grille, confirmed that the Albert family, who lived near O'Keefe, were a "well-known" family in Canton.

Curt Roberts, a mutual friend who was at the bar, testified that he did not see any arguments or bickering between Read and O'Keefe while they were at C.F. McCarthy's bar. He also said Read did not appear to be slurring her words, swaying, or experiencing confusion.

Michael and Katherine Camerano, O'Keefe's friends who lived close to him in Canton, also testified. Michael said that there was occasionally some tension in Read and O'Keefe's relationship over differing approaches to childrearing, but their relationship seemed normal in the month prior to O'Keefe's death. Katherine said she received a call from Read early morning on January 29 saying O'Keefe hadn't come home. Read was "frantically screaming" as she called around looking for O'Keefe the morning he was found dead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Karen Read and John O'Keefe were 'lovey-dovey' just before he died, witness says |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/05/08/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-wednesday-may-8/#karina-kolokithas |work=www.boston.com}}</ref>

==== Witnesses at the house ====
The house party at 34 Fairview Road on January 28, 2022 was for Brian Albert's son, Brian Jr., who was celebrating his birthday.

* Julianna "Julie" Nagel and Sara Levinson, both friends of Brian Albert Jr., were leaving the house between 1:30 a.m. and 2 a.m. with the McCabes, Nagel said she saw a "black blob" on the front lawn but didn't say if it was a person; Levinson said she didn't notice anything out of the ordinary on the front lawn.
* Ryan Nagel, Julianna's brother, said he received a text from his sister asking him to pick her up at the Albert home after midnight. When he arrived at the Albert home, he saw a black SUV, but didn't witness anyone exiting it. He noticed the brake lights were on, and he saw a person inside the car in the driver's seat.
* Heather Maxon, Ryan's then girlfriend, testified that she was riding with Ryan on the night of January 28, and as they approached the Albert home, they saw a black SUV with a female driving and a male in the passenger's seat and it was parked outside the house when they arrived, just a couple of feet in front of where they parked their vehicle. However, she noted that she never saw anyone get out of the SUV. When they left the house, Maxon stated that the black SUV was still there with its exterior and interior lights on. She testified seeing a woman in the driver's seat but did not notice anyone else in the vehicle.
* Richard D'Antuono, driver of the truck that Ryan and Heather were riding in that night, testified that when he arrived at the Albert home, there was a black SUV. He observed no damage to the vehicle and did not witness anyone getting out. Under cross-examination, he stated that he did not see the black SUV strike anyone nor did he hear any arguments. He also mentioned that he was not interviewed by investigators until the following year.
* Tristin Morris, Caitlin Albert's boyfriend, was picking her up from 34 Fairview shortly before 2 a.m; he said he didn't notice anything out of the ordinary on the front lawn.<ref name="www.boston.com">{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Karen Read trial: Witnesses describe what they saw outside |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/05/14/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-tuesday-may-14/ |work=www.boston.com}}</ref><ref name="nbcboston.com">{{cite news |last1=Fortier |first1=Marc |last2=Kwangwari |first2=Munashe |title=Key witness Colin Albert testifies in Karen Read murder trial |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-trial-day-12/3369609/ |agency=NBC Boston}}</ref>

====The Albert/McCabe family====
* Caitlin Albert, Brian Albert's daughter, said neither Read nor O'Keefe ever stepped into the house. She stated that she didn't notice anything out of the ordinary on the front lawn, although she also said that she did not look out the window towards the house when leaving in her boyfriend's car. She was also asked about her relationship with the paramedic, Katie McLaughlin, who was accused of perjury earlier. She acknowledged that they knew each other but they were not close. Judge has previously blocked the defense from showing the pictures of them together to the jurors.
* Brian Albert Jr., son of Brian Albert, said he saw a dark SUV, but nothing was on the lawn.<ref name="www.boston.com"/>
* Colin Albert, son of Chris and Julie Albert and nephew of Brian, said he didn't see O'Keefe at his uncle's house that night. When asked about his relationship to O'Keefe, he said he never had any animosity toward O'Keefe or had any arguments with him. When asked if he ever fought with people, he testified that he had never been in a fight, other than with his brothers. During cross-examination, the defense asked about a picture taken on February 26, 2022, where his knuckles were red, which indicated him being in a fight; Colin claimed he slipped on the driveway and injured his knuckles. The defense also showed videos of Colin making threats against people when he was in high school. The defense also asked about his relationship with the Proctors, showing a photo from 10 years ago at Courtney Proctor's wedding, where Colin was the ring bearer; Courtney Proctor is Trooper Proctor's sister. The defense alleged bias in the investigation due to the family ties; Colin said he has not seen Trooper Proctor for years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |title=Karen Read murder trial witness Colin Albert questioned about bloody knuckles, threatening videos - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-live-stream-today-murder-trial-day-13/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=16 May 2024}}</ref>
* Allison McCabe, daughter of Jen McCabe, showed a screenshot of text exchange with her cousin Colin. She testified that she picked Colin up at the Albert home and dropped him off at his house before going to her own home. During cross-examination, it was revealed that the text exchange between McCabe and Colin Albert was not requested by investigators in the Read case until much later, and McCabe only provided the screenshot during the summer of 2023, after upgrading her phone. The defense also showed data from [[Life360]] app her family used showing that she had left her house in the early-morning hours on Jan. 29, 2022, and gone to Canton High School, though she had previously said she had returned home and stayed home.<ref name="nbcboston.com"/>
* Brian Albert said O'Keefe never entered the house. He also claimed that he and his wife slept through the commotions when first responders arrived the next morning.<ref name="boston.com">{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Karen Read murder trial livestream video: Monday, May 13 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/05/13/livestream-brian-alberts-testimony-continues-in-karen-read-murder-trial/ |work=www.boston.com}}</ref> When asked about the several calls with Higgins around 2 a.m., he alleged that those were "[[Pocket dialing|butt dials]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fortier |first1=Marc |title=Why so many butt dials? Who called who and when in the Karen Read case |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/why-so-many-butt-dials-who-called-who-and-when-in-the-karen-read-case/3384232/ |work=NBC Boston |date=30 May 2024}}</ref> He also allegedly upgraded and traded in his phone just a day before a court order to keep his cellphone data. He was asked about the play fight <ref name="boston.com"/> between him and Higgins was captured on security camera from the Waterfall bar, and he said they were just "fooling around", but the defense argued that they were practicing fighting techniques,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |last2=Rex |first2=Kristina |title=Karen Read murder trial Day 10 testimony featured tense cross-examination of Brian Albert - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-live-stream-today-murder-trial-day-10-brian-albert/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=14 May 2024}}</ref> citing his boxing training; he confirmed that he was shown boxing in a reality television show about the Boston Police, ''[[Boston's Finest]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fortier |first1=Marc |last2=Kwangwari |first2=Munashe |last3=Moroney |first3=John |title=Brian Albert and 2 of his children testify in Karen Read murder trial |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-trial-day-10/3366998/?amp=1 |work=NBC Boston |date=13 May 2024}}</ref> When asked about the home sale, he said it has nothing to do with O'Keefe's death.<ref name="Karen Read trial: Owners of home wh">{{cite news |last1=Fortier |first1=Marc |last2=Kwangwari |first2=Munashe |last3=Moroney |first3=John |title=Karen Read trial: Owners of home where John O'Keefe was found testify |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-trial-day-9/3365017/ |work=NBC Boston |date=10 May 2024}}</ref>
* Nicole Albert, wife of Brian Albert, was asked about their family dog, a [[German Shepherd]] named Chloe, which was [[Re-homing|rehomed]] after the incident. They mentioned a few instances of the dog attacking others and that was the reason of rehoming. She said they sold the house because they wanted to move and downsize.<ref name="Karen Read trial: Owners of home wh"/>
* Chris Albert, Canton Select Board member and the brother of Brian Albert, said he lived near O'Keefe and was friendly with him. Chris also said he knows Trooper Proctor.
* Julie Albert, wife of Chris Albert, said she did not notice any injuries to either Brian Albert, Brian Higgins, or their son Colin; she also acknowledged that she knew Trooper Proctor and his wife. When asked about her family's relationship with the Proctors, she said she rarely talks to Trooper Michael Proctor's sister, Courtney; but the defense showed phone records of 67 calls between Julie Albert to Courtney Proctor after Read's arrest on Feb. 1, 2022 and through Sept, 6, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chris and Julie Albert take the stand in day eight of testimony in Karen Read murder trial |url=https://whdh.com/news/chris-and-julie-albert-take-the-stand-in-day-eight-of-testimony-in-karen-read-murder-trial/ |agency=WHDH 7News |date=9 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Linton |first1=David |title=Canton couple pressed on ties to investigators in murder case against Mansfield's Karen Read |url=https://www.thesunchronicle.com/news/local_news/canton-couple-pressed-on-ties-to-investigators-in-murder-case-against-mansfields-karen-read/article_2d337e21-0c03-5df1-bf4b-2cd726f73454.html |work=The Sun Chronicle |date=9 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fortier |first1=Marc |last2=Moroney |first2=John |last3=Kwangwari |first3=Munashe |title=Chris and Julie Albert, friends of John O'Keefe, take stand in Karen Read trial |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-trial-day-8/3363848/ |work=NBC Boston |date=9 May 2024}}</ref>
* Matt McCabe, Brian Albert's brother-in-law, testified that he and Jen left the Waterfall bar around midnight and headed to the home on Fairview Road. He recalled seeing a dark SUV parked outside the house, matching the description of Read's car, but O'Keefe and Read didn't come inside. The next morning, he heard screaming when his wife was on the phone with Read. He said Read "blurted that she broke her taillight, cracked her taillight, something to that effect." He testified that two Massachusetts State Police troopers, Michael Proctor and Yuri Bukhenik, came to his home later that day and interviewed him and his wife separately. His brother-in-law, Brian Albert, also arrived at the McCabes' home and spoke with the troopers. He denied observing any damage to the SUV's rear in the three times he saw the car parked outside the house and said he didn't see O'Keefe sitting in the SUV when he looked outside that night, nor did he see a man lying on the front lawn. He also denied hearing any yelling, crash noises, or screams of pain outside, and said he didn't see a baseball cap, sneaker, or pieces of broken taillight on the front lawn as he left the home that night. The couple gave two of their nephew's friends a ride home that night, and he testified that he did not hear one of the women, Julie Nagel, mention seeing an object on the front lawn as they drove away. The defense also asked Matt McCabe about a group chat he and his wife shared with Brian and Nicole Albert, noting that McCabe texted the group about State Police troopers searching a neighbor's property on Fairview Road on Feb. 1, 2022. McCabe denied "monitoring" the investigation and said he just happened to notice as he was driving by. The defense showed McCabe a series of messages from the chat, noting that McCabe and Brian Albert exchanged some texts about police "barely" interviewing Kerry Roberts. He noted that earlier on Feb. 1, 2022, McCabe texted the group, "Ask Chris (Brian's brother) to ask some questions," "Tell them the guy never went in the house". He confirmed that the "guy" refers to O'Keefe and "them" refers to the news crew who came into Chris Albert's pizza shop.
* Jen McCabe, Brian Albert's sister-in-law and wife of Matt McCabe, said she saw a dark SUV, but Read and O'Keefe didn't come inside the house. Later, she woke up 5 a.m. due to a frantic call from Read stating that O'Keefe didn't come home. McCabe said that Read was saying "Did I hit him? Could I have hit him?" and mentioned a cracked taillight. They spoke with O'Keefe's friend, Kerry Roberts, and they started looking for O'Keefe together. The three women soon arrived at 34 Fairview Road, and, according to Jen McCabe's testimony at Read's murder trial, Read ran "straight to [O'Keefe]," screaming "Is he dead?" and "stated that she hit him" three times when a paramedic asked what happened.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patkin |first=Abby |date=May 17, 2024 |title=What Jen McCabe had to say about the fiercely debated Google search, the broken taillight, and Karen Read's alleged 'I hit him' statements |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/05/17/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-friday-may-17/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=www.boston.com |publisher=Boston.com |language=en-US}}</ref> When asked if she made the infamous "how long to die in cold" search, she said Read asked her to do it that morning after finding O'Keefe on the lawn. However, during cross-examination, the defense showed [[Cellebrite]] data from her cellphone, which showed that the searches were made several times at 2:27 a.m.; one of them was deleted. McCabe denied the allegations. Defense also asked her about a September 2023 visit she had at the home of Trooper Michael Proctor. McCabe said the visit was with the trooper's wife, Elizabeth Proctor, and Michael Proctor was not home at the time. When asked why she was at the home, McCabe said it was to discuss social media harassment, referring to [[Aidan Kearney (journalist)|Aidan Kearney]], the blogger also known as Turtleboy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |title=Karen Read's defense attorney grills witness Jennifer McCabe over Google searches - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-live-stream-today-day-16-jennifer-mccabe/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=22 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Karen Read trial: Jen McCabe, husband Matt testify |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/05/17/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-friday-may-17 |work=www.boston.com}}</ref> Prosecutors later would bring in two more experts to dispute the Jen McCabe Google search, Jessica Hyde, digital forensics examiner, and Ian Whiffin, forensics software expert from Cellebrite, who said the searches happened after 6:20 a.m. on Jan. 29, 2022, and the 2:27 a.m. timestamp actually indicates when McCabe first opened the browser tab.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Price |first1=Victoria |last2=Hall |first2=Jonathan |date=2024-06-17 |title=State police troopers, digital forensic expert testify as Karen Read murder trial continues |url=https://whdh.com/news/state-police-troopers-digital-forensic-expert-testify-as-karen-read-murder-trial-continues/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=WHDH 7News |language=en-US}}</ref> However, Richard Green, digital forensic expert and owner of United States Forensics, stood by the 2:27 a.m. timestamp.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patkin |first=Abby |title=Karen Read's defense team called their first 3 witnesses Friday |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/06/21/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-friday-june-21/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.boston.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Others====
* Brian Higgins, ATF agent and friend of Brian Albert, was reportedly at the Fairview Road home the night before O'Keefe was found dead. The prosecution showed a screenshot of flirtatious text exchange between Higgins and Read just days before O'Keefe's death, trying to indicate Read wanted to leave the relationship with O'Keefe. Higgins denied having any romantic interest.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ramer |first1=Holly |title=A murderous romance or a frame job? Latest look at Karen Read murder trial |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/a-murderous-romance-or-a-frame-job-latest-look-at-karen-read-murder-trial/3380913/ |work=NBC Boston |date=27 May 2024}}</ref> The defense asked him about the reason for destroying his phone and SIM card in 2022, he claimed that a suspect he was investigating at that time found his phone number. Carrier provided call logs showing that he had a few calls with Brian Albert on the night of January 29. He got rid of his phone and disposed it in a military base on [[Cape Cod]]. However, the incident and the disposal of his phone were two months apart.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Karen Read trial: Brian Higgins confirms he threw phone away at military base |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/05/28/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-tuesday-may-28-brian-higgins/ |work=www.boston.com}}</ref>
* Kerry Roberts, friend of O'Keefe, said she got a frantic call from Read to join the search for O'Keefe the next morning; Roberts had warned Read not to drive due to the risk of getting a DUI. After they found him, Roberts started doing CPR on O'Keefe while Read repeatedly asked, "Did I hit him?" and "Is he dead?" She also testified that she saw O'Keefe bleeding from his face and head, two black eyes, as well as scratches on his arm.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title='You're going to get a DUI,' Kerry Roberts says she warned Karen Read before search |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/05/22/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-wednesday-may-22-jen-mccabe/#kerry-roberts |work=www.boston.com}}</ref>

====Witnesses from the Aruba Trip====
Weeks before his death, Read and O'Keefe went to [[Aruba]] with their niece and nephew and 30 friends of O'Keefe, including sisters Laura and Marietta Sullivan. Laura Sullivan had a child with Pat Rogers, John O'Keefe's late partner. The sisters testified that they witnessed an argument between the couple during the trip, claiming that Read had falsely accused John of cheating and had an argument with Marietta for which Read later apologized. The prosecution has alleged that Read and O'Keefe's strained relationship is a possible motive for second-degree murder, citing the Aruba incident.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title='You're going to get a DUI,' Kerry Roberts says she warned Karen Read before search |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/05/22/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-wednesday-may-22-jen-mccabe/#laura-marietta-sullivan |work=www.boston.com}}</ref> O'Keefe's niece and nephew, whose testimonies were not broadcast, testified about the relationship between their uncle and Read, saying arguing between them increased in January, but never in public. They also both said the couple never raised a hand in anger at each other.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Melendez |first1=Lauren |last2=O'Connell |first2=Sue |last3=Becker |first3=Kaitlin McKinley |last4=Fortier |first4=Marc |title=ATF agent Brian Higgins to continue testimony in Karen Read trial: Watch live |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-trial-day-18/3381526/ |work=NBC Boston |date=28 May 2024}}</ref>

====Witnesses from the following investigation====
Read's vehicle was towed from her parents' home in [[Dighton, Massachusetts|Dighton]]<ref name="Michael Proctor, lead investigator">{{cite news |last1=Fortier |first1=Marc |last2=Klein |first2=Asher |last3=DiGiammerino |first3=Thea |last4=Palumbo |first4=Alysha |title=Michael Proctor, lead investigator in Karen Read case, takes the stand |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-trial-day-21/3394575/ |work=NBC Boston |date=10 June 2024}}</ref> around 2:30 p.m on January 29, during the [[January 2022 North American blizzard#Massachusetts|January 2022 North American blizzard]].<ref name="www.cbsnews.com">{{cite news |last1=Riley |first1=Neal |title=Karen Read murder trial testimony focuses on broken taillights found at Canton scene - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-murder-trial-live-stream-today-day-19/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=5 June 2024}}</ref>
* Detective Lt. Brian Tully, who supervised state police detectives including Trooper Michael Proctor, explained the decision not to search Brian Albert's home, citing a lack of evidence or probable cause. He reviewed surveillance videos showing a black SUV resembling Read's vehicle and analyzed cell phone data confirming Read's location and path on January 29, 2022. During cross-examination, he was questioned about not searching the Albert house, video evidence discrepancies regarding Read's SUV, the evidence collection process, and the implications of cell phone location data.
* Lt. Kevin O'Hara, Team Commander of the Massachusetts State Police Special Emergency Response Team (SERT), {{clarify span|text=reached out by|explain=unclear who reached out to whom and why|date=July 2024}} Lt. Brian Tully to assist at the scene. He searched for evidence conducted in blizzard conditions and found pieces of red and clear taillights and O'Keefe's missing sneaker. During cross-examination, he was asked if he was aware that the scene wasn't controlled for 6–7 hours, he said no. He confirmed no additional searches of the scene in February and he and Tully never discussed searching inside the house.
* Needham Police Sgt. Brian Gallerani collected DNA cheek swabs from state police Sgt. Bukhenik and Trooper Proctor on Jan. 16, 2024. Nicholas Bradford, DNA Analyst at Bode Technology, analyzed items including a hair from a taillight and reference samples from Bukhenik and Proctor and found strong support for the inclusion of O'Keefe's DNA and exclusion of Bukhenik and Proctor's DNA on the taillight. Tess Chart, DNA Analyst at Bode Technology, analyzed hair from the scene, finding it consistent with O'Keefe's DNA.
* Andre Porto, Forensic Scientist at Massachusetts State Police Crime Lab, analyzed hair from the taillight and other evidence. He found that evidence, including a broken drinking glass and a stain from O'Keefe's jeans, matched O'Keefe's DNA profile.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fortier |first1=Marc |last2=Palumbo |first2=Alysha |last3=Klein |first3=Asher |title=DNA experts follow state police supervisor in Karen Read trial |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-trial-live-stream/3398488/ |work=NBC Boston |date=13 June 2024}}</ref> Five samples from different stains on O'Keefe's jeans were also tested. Each was found to contain DNA from two or three contributors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lavery |first1=Tréa |last2=Fieldman |first2=Luis |title=Karen Read live updates: John O'Keefe's DNA was found on Read's taillight |url=https://www.masslive.com/news/2024/06/karen-read-live-updates-testimony-to-resume-with-state-police-detective.html |work=masslive |date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Maureen Hartnett, Forensic Scientist at Massachusetts State Police Crime Lab, testified that she observed damage to Read's SUV: dent in trunk door, scratches on rear bumper, and broken taillight. She collected apparent glass and hair from the bumper. Blood test on vehicle was negative. She also tested O'Keefe's clothes for blood and damage and collected evidence for potential dog bite analysis. She was asked how the glass pieces travel about 60 miles in the blizzard, she said she didn't know when the glass pieces ended up on the bumper and she couldn't say.<ref name="www.cbsnews.com"/> She also testified that no DNA testing was ever done on the two swabs taken from the Solo cups.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fieldman |first1=Luis |last2=Lavery |first2=Tréa |title=Karen Read trial live updates: Hair was found on rear bumper of Read's SUV |url=https://www.masslive.com/news/2024/06/karen-read-trial-live-updates-testimony-resumes-monday.html |work=masslive |date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Ashley Vallier, another Crime Lab Forensic Scientist, testified that she found red and clear plastic pieces in debris from John O'Keefe's clothing. She conducted physical match analysis on various pieces of evidence, identifying dirt, fibers, plastic, hairs, and a piece of green material from O'Keefe's clothing. Many plastic pieces from the scene matched the taillight housing from Read's SUV.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Karen Read trial: 3 from State Police testify on evidence collected |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/06/03/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-monday-june-3/#ashley-vallier |work=www.boston.com}}</ref>
* Dighton Police Sgt. Nicholas Barros, who responded to a call regarding Read's vehicle and went to Read's parents' home, testified that when he was there, he saw that the taillight was cracked but not completely damaged, with a piece missing.<ref name="Michael Proctor, lead investigator"/>
* Massachusetts State Police Sgt. Yuriy Bukhenik described the sallyport video of Read's SUV, noting it was inverted but defending its accuracy despite missing time segments. He confirmed neither he nor Proctor touched Read's vehicle. Initially, he suggested O'Keefe's injuries might be from a domestic assault but revised this after viewing the injuries. During cross-examination, he was questioned about not mentioning the video's inversion earlier, its accuracy given the mirrored nature, and if it had been altered. He acknowledged the inversion but maintained the video accurately depicted events and explained the missing segments were due to motion-triggered recording.<ref name="Michael Proctor, lead investigator"/>
* Massachusetts State Police Trooper Michael Proctor described his actions on January 29, 2022, including examining the scene, O'Keefe's injuries, and retrieving his phone. He visited several locations for further investigation and asserted that he and another trooper never touched Read's SUV or taillight, displaying the broken taillight pieces in court. He was asked to read his text message exchanges with his colleagues where he made inappropriate comments about Karen Read's appearance, accent, and her medical condition, but claimed those comments had no impact on the investigation's integrity. During cross-examination, Proctor was asked why he referred to Karen Read and her defense attorney, David Yannetti, with derogatory terms in text messages, why he joked about searching for inappropriate photos on Read's phone, and whether his conduct represented a misuse of his authority. Proctor admitted the comments were "unprofessional and regrettable", but denied that his conduct was an abuse of power, citing a valid warrant for searching Read's phone. His texts with Julie Albert were also presented, where Julie said when this is all over, she will give him a thank you gift, and he responded, "Get Elizabeth one", referring to his wife.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Klein |first1=Asher |last2=Glavin |first2=Kirsten |title='Whack job' and more: What Michael Proctor texted about Karen Read |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-trial-michael-proctor-texts/3395222 |work=NBC Boston |date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Michael Proctor, lead investigator"/>
* Trooper Joseph Paul, State Police Crash Analyst, analyzed data from Read's SUV, concluding it was involved in a pedestrian collision around 12:45 a.m. on January 29, 2022. He claimed O'Keefe was struck by Read's SUV and projected for 30 feet. Defense scrutinized his testimony, questioned the validity of Paul's conclusions, suggesting confirmation bias. His qualification was also scrutinized as he only had an associate's degree in criminal justice. When he was asked why O'Keefe's phone was found under his body if he was projected for 30 feet, he couldn't explain it, saying "it just did".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bienick |first1=David |title=Karen Read murder trial: Experts testify about crash, disputed digital records |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/karen-read-trial-live-updates-june-17-2024/61134720 |work=WCVB |date=17 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Trooper Nicholas Guarino analyzed data from Karen Read and John O'Keefe's cellphones. He presented evidence of Karen Read's voicemails to John O'Keefe the morning he died, including eight voicemails and 53 calls between 12:30 a.m. and 6 a.m. He found heated text messages between the couple days before the incident. In the voicemails from early January 29, Read was yelling and shouting angrily at O'Keefe saying she "hated him" and she would leave the children alone and go back to her home in Mansfield. He also said that Read's phone auto-connected to the home WiFi on 12:37 a.m. at O'Keefe's house.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Trooper reads some of the final messages between Karen Read, John O'Keefe |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/06/17/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-monday-june-17 |work=www.boston.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jurors hear angry voicemails from Karen Read after judge in murder trial issues ruling on defense expert witnesses |url=https://whdh.com/news/jurors-hear-angry-voicemails-from-karen-read-after-judge-in-murder-trial-issues-ruling-on-defense-expert-witnesses/ |work=Boston News, Weather, Sports {{!}} WHDH 7News |date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

====Medical and forensic experts====
* Richard Green, forensic expert, testified that O’Keefe’s Apple Health data from January 29, 2022 showed that he traveled 87.4 meters and took 80 steps between 12:21 and 12:24 a.m and he was also on three flights of stairs between 12:22 and 12:24 a.m. Green also testified that Jen McCabe's Google search did in fact happen at 2:27 a.m.<ref name="Karen Read's defense team called th">{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Karen Read's defense team called their first 3 witnesses Friday |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/06/21/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-friday-june-21/ |work=www.boston.com}}</ref>
* Justin Rice was the emergency room doctor who treated O'Keefe at Good Samaritan Hospital. According to him, O'Keefe was unresponsive, intubated, hypothermic, and in cardiac arrest with no pulse. Rice also ordered the blood alcohol test on Read, who had been brought to the hospital under a "Section 12" order. She had a blood alcohol content of 0.093%, over the legal limit of 0.08%.<ref name="AutoBW-69"/>
* Nicholas Roberts, Member of the Massachusetts Office of Alcohol Testing at Massachusetts State Police Crime Lab, discussed retrograde testing, a method to used to estimate a person's blood alcohol level at an earlier time. Using 12:45 a.m. as the estimated time of the last drink consumed, Roberts estimated her BAC would have been between 0.135% and 0.292%. During cross-examination, the accuracy of the estimation method was questioned, noting that if that if Read continued to drink after 12:45 a.m. the results would be inaccurate.<ref name="AutoBW-69">{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |last2=Rex |first2=Kristina |title=What was Karen Read's blood alcohol level on the night John O'Keefe died? Experts testify at trial - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-live-stream-today-brian-higgins/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=28 May 2024}}</ref>
* Medical Examiner Dr. Renee Stonebridge said O'Keefe's injuries could come from either a fall or traffic collision.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Prosecution plays voicemails Karen Read left for John O'Keefe |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/06/20/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-thursday-june-20/ |work=www.boston.com}}</ref>
* Medical Examiner Dr. Irini Scordi-Bello described the autopsy findings and noted that the [[Manner of death#United States|manner of death]] was undetermined as she did not have enough information. She noted that the injuries are "not immediately lethal", but he could have been incapacitated. She said O'Keefe's injuries could come from a fall, being hit with a blunt object, or being hit with a car. When asked if the injuries are consistent with being hit by a car at 24 miles per hour, she said, "it's likely and unlikely at the same time".<ref name="Karen Read's defense team called th"/>

===Defense's witnesses===
* Brian (Lucky) Loughran, the snow plow driver who drove by the Albert house, said he never saw a body around 2:45 a.m. on January 29.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |last2=Rex |first2=Kristina |last3=Rourke |first3=Riley |title=Prosecution rests in Karen Read murder trial, plow driver said he never saw body - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-trial-live-stream-today-day-28/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=21 June 2024}}</ref>
* Dr. Frank Sheridan, Retired Forensic Pathologist and former Chief Medical Examiner, said O'Keefe's injuries were consistent with a physical altercation, not a vehicle collision; the arm injuries possibly came from an animal attack, and the head injuries would require a hard surface, such as concrete, not consistent with ground conditions.
* Dr. Marie Russell, Retired Emergency Room Physician and Forensic Pathologist, stated that the injuries on O'Keefe's arms were consistent with dog bites.
Two additional experts were hired from ARCCA, an engineering consulting firm. ARCCA was not retained by the defense or prosecution, but by the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] and [[FBI]] as part of a federal investigation into Massachusetts state law enforcement's handling of this case.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bienick |first1=David |title=Karen Read mistrial: Judge gave jury several chances to reach verdict |url=https://www.wcvb.com/article/karen-read-trial-live-updates-jury-deliberations-july-1-2024/61463493 |work=WCVB |date=1 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* Dr. Daniel Wolfe, accident reconstruction expert from ARCCA, said the damage to Read's car was not consistent with a vehicle-pedestrian collision.
* Dr. Andrew Rentschler, biomechanics expert from ARCCA, said O'Keefe's injuries were not consistent with being hit by a car.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=The last 3 witnesses in the Karen Read trial took the stand Monday |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/06/24/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-monday-june-23/ |work=www.boston.com}}</ref>

===Trial outcome===
A mistrial was declared by the judge on July 1, 2024 due to the jury being deadlocked after several days of deliberations. After writing twice to the Judge that they cannot reach a verdict, the jury sent a final note, writing that "fundamental differences" in their beliefs making it impossible to reach a unanimous verdict.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Klein |first1=Asher |last2=Fortier |first2=Marc |last3=Palumbo |first3=Alysha |last4=Curran |first4=Kathy |title=Mistrial declared in Karen Read trial, prosecution intends to re-try |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-verdict-updates-4/3414899/ |work=NBC Boston |date=1 July 2024}}</ref>

===Miscellaneous===
Judge Cannone had a [[voir dire]] day with the last three witnesses called by the defense before testimony when both prosecution and defense could assess the qualifications of the witnesses without the jury present. Prosecutors have previously tried to exclude these witnesses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=Opinion {{!}} The Karen Read murder trial is devolving into a 'battle of the experts' |url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/karen-read-murder-trial-highlights-fascinating-legal-rule-rcna158272 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=MSNBC.com |language=en}}</ref>

Prosecutors wanted to introduce evidence of Read's "DUI attorney" Google search at 1:27 p.m. of January 29, to prove "consciousness of guilt".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patkin |first=Abby |title=Prosecution plays voicemails Karen Read left for John O'Keefe |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/06/20/karen-read-murder-trial-livestream-video-thursday-june-20/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.boston.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The evidence was not included in the trial.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=TLavery@masslive.com |first1=Tréa Lavery {{!}} |last2=lfieldman@masslive.com |first2=Luis Fieldman {{!}} |date=2024-06-20 |title=Karen Read trial live updates: GPS data shows O'Keefe never entered the house |url=https://www.masslive.com/news/2024/06/karen-read-trial-live-updates-testimony-resumes-on-thursday.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=masslive |language=en}}</ref>

== Post-trial motions ==
Read's attorneys filed a motion to dismiss two of the charges, second-degree murder and leaving the scene of an accident, saying that one deliberating juror and two informants have reached out after the mistrial was declared. They indicated that the jury found Read not guilty on both of these charges.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Klein |first1=Asher |last2=Kath |first2=Ryan |last3=Fortier |first3=Marc |title=After mistrial, Karen Read moves to dismiss 2 charges, including murder |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-motion-dismiss-murder/3420465/ |work=NBC Boston |date=8 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |title=Karen Read's attorneys seek to dismiss 2 charges, reveal how jury may have voted in trial - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-murder-trial-result-alan-jackson/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=8 July 2024}}</ref> [[Martin G. Weinberg]], a new attorney for the defense, argued for dismissal of the charges.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Asher |last2=Rosenfield |first2=Michael |date=2024-07-16 |title=Karen Read's lawyers keep up push for 2 charges to be dismissed |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-defense-filing-motion-dismiss/3428784/ |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=NBC Boston |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Impact ==
In August 2023, a Massachusetts citizen ballot initiative was proposed to add [[recall election]]s to the [[Constitution of Massachusetts|Massachusetts Constitution]] in response to Norfolk County District Attorney [[Michael W. Morrissey]]'s perceived corruption in the case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Christian M. Wade {{!}} Statehouse |date=2023-08-28 |title=Proposal would allow recall of governor, other elected officials |url=https://www.eagletribune.com/news/proposal-would-allow-recall-of-governor-other-elected-officials/article_e7e1e6ca-435b-11ee-a1cd-e3c6178c6971.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Eagle-Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

The case has caused divisions in Canton, as town residents have debated whether O'Keefe was killed by Read, or whether Read was framed by the police. Social tensions and old family feuds have reportedly been inflamed by the case.

In July 2023, a "rolling rally" of around 50 cars in support of the coverup theory drove through Canton, stopping at the homes of key figures relating to the case and protesting with a bullhorn.<ref name=":1" />

In November 2023, Canton held a Special Town Meeting where residents voted in favor (903–800) of an independent audit of the Canton Police Department due to the ongoing investigation of this case.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-11-21 |title=Canton votes to audit police department amid Karen Read investigation |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-case-canton-police-department-vote/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=CBS Boston |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Impact on Read's supporters===
Local blogger [[Aidan Kearney (journalist)|Aidan Kearney]], nicknamed Turtleboy, has covered the case extensively on his website under the headline "Canton Coverup" since the defense released their affidavit in April 2023. The case has received little media attention until Kearney started covering the case. He would go to Canton and film himself confronting witnesses, and post the videos on YouTube.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Kearney was indicted on "eight counts of witness intimidation, three counts of conspiracy to intimidate witnesses, and five counts of picketing a witness" in December 2023. In February 2024, he was also indicted on two new charges of harassing a witness and intercepting wire or oral communication. Kearney pleaded not guilty to all those charges, citing freedom of speech.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=WBZ-News |title=How is "Turtleboy" involved in the Karen Read trial? - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/karen-read-trial-aidan-kearney-turtleboy-canton-massachusetts/ |website=www.cbsnews.com |date=24 May 2024}}</ref>

Before the last week of the trial, Kearney was dining with his girlfriend at C.F. McCarthy’s, one of the bars O’Keefe and Read went to. He got into a heated confrontation outside with a few people, one of them was close to the Alberts and the Proctors. Two were charged with assault and battery of the blogger.<ref>{{cite news |last1=DiGiammerino |first1=Thea |last2=Glavin |first2=Kirsten |title=Two charged with assaulting blogger 'Turtleboy' in confrontation outside Canton bar |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/aidan-kearney-turtleboy-assault-canton/3408208/ |work=NBC Boston |date=24 June 2024}}</ref> Shortly after the trial ended, Kearney also found a dead turtle hanging outside his parent's home in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and the local police are investigating the incident as harassment and animal cruelty.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patkin |first1=Abby |title=Dead turtle left outside home of Turtleboy blogger's parents |url=https://www.boston.com/news/crime/2024/07/02/dead-turtle-left-outside-home-of-turtleboy-bloggers-parents/ |work=www.boston.com}}</ref>

Three Canton residents and Read’s supporters, who have spoken at Canton select board meetings calling for accountability, saw their lawn vandalized with bleach-filled balloons.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Logan |first1=Erin |title=Canton police investigate as bleach-filled balloons damage lawns of Karen Read supporters |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/canton-karen-read-case/canton-police-investigate-as-bleach-filled-balloons-damage-lawns-of-karen-read-supporters/3433199/ |work=NBC Boston |date=20 July 2024}}</ref>

===Repercussions for witnesses===
Following the mistrial declared on July 1, 2024, Trooper Proctor was relieved of duty and formally transferred out of the Norfolk County District Attorney's Office State Police Detective's Unit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Michael Proctor 'relieved of duty,' state police say after Karen Read mistrial |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/canton-karen-read-case/michael-proctor-relieved-of-duty-state-police-say-after-karen-read-mistrial/3416025/ |work=NBC Boston |date=2 July 2024}}</ref>
Trooper Proctor was suspended without pay on July 8, 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schooley |first1=Matt |title=Trooper Michael Proctor, lead investigator in Karen Read case, suspended without pay - CBS Boston |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/trooper-michael-proctor-karen-read-massachusetts-state-police/ |work=www.cbsnews.com |date=8 July 2024}}</ref>

On July 10, 2024, Canton Police placed Det. Kevin Albert on leave based on testimony from the trial.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canton Police Det. Kevin Albert put on leave following Karen Read trial - Boston Globe |url=https://www.boston.com/?post_type=post&p=30681112 |date=10 July 2024}}</ref>

== In popular media ==
American TV series [[Dateline NBC|''Dateline'']] plans to release an episode on the case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fortier |first=Marc |date=2023-07-24 |title=Karen Read case to be highlighted on upcoming 'Dateline' episode |url=https://www.nbcboston.com/news/local/karen-read-case-to-be-highlighted-on-upcoming-dateline-episode/3096412/ |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=NBC Boston |language=en-US}}</ref>

In July 2024, [[Netflix]] announced a new three-part documentary is currently in production.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Richards |first1=Amanda |title=Netflix Announces Doc Series About Death of Boston Police Officer John O'Keefe |url=https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/karen-read-john-okeefe-doc-series-news |access-date=22 July 2024 |publisher=Netflix |date=19 July 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24485280-statementofcase6132022 ''Commonwealth v. Karen Read''], statement of case via [[DocumentCloud]]

[[Category:2022 in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Canton, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Crimes in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:January 2022 crimes in the United States]]

Nude swimming in US indoor pools

2024-08-20T00:40:01Z

136.32.60.170: /* Public schools */

{{Short description|Nudity in public indoor pools}}
[[File:Man and woman swim instructors for boys - 1902.jpg| thumb | 240px |Man and woman teaching boys how to swim, 1902]]

'''Nude swimming in US indoor pools''' was common for men and boys from the late 1880s until the early 1970s, but rare for women and girls. For much of that time period, indoor pool use was primarily for [[physical education]] or athletic competition, not recreation. Male nude swimming had been customary in [[Body of water|natural bodies of water]], which was not viewed as a social problem until the 18th century. When the tradition of skinny-dipping in secluded spots had become more visible with urbanization, indoor pools were first built in the 19th century in part to address this issue by moving male swimming indoors.<ref name="Wiltse"/>{{rp|1}} For the first decades of the 20th century, male nude swimming was associated with a [[Trope (literature)|trope]] of the "old swimming hole"<ref name="Sheboygan.1940"/> as representing childhood innocence and adult masculinity. In their own classes, nudity was rare for girls based upon an assumption of modesty, but might include young children. [[Prepubescent]] boys might be nude in mixed-gender settings, including the presence of female staff,<ref name="Sheboygan.1957"/><ref name="Waukesha"/> public competitions,<ref name="NYTimes.1909"/> and open houses for families.<ref name="Sheboygan.1954"/>

The primary reason given for nudity by officials was for public health, swimming pools being prone to contamination by water-borne diseases. During the early developmental stages of filtration and chlorination, behavioral measures were also needed to keep the water clean. Because indoor pools were generally male only, the health of swimmers could be monitored most easily by forbidding swimsuits, which often were a source of contamination, while female swimmers wore suits that were more hygienic. As the 20th century continued, more indoor pools were built by local governments, schools and the [[YMCA]], primarily in northern states, to provide year-round swimming as a sport. As with other physical education activities, swimming was gender-segregated. Although aware of the same issues of hygiene, swimming pools in Canada and the United Kingdom more often made nudity for men and boys optional rather than mandatory.

Male nude swimming in the US remained a common practice in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] through the 1950s, but declined in the 1960s due to technological and social changes. After the passage of [[Title IX]] in 1972, requiring gender equality in physical education, most schools found mixed-gender use of swimming pools to be the easiest means of compliance. A generation later, nude swimming in public pools as a widespread practice was forgotten, and in the 21st century sometimes denied having existed.

==Origins of swimming pools==
[[File:George Bellows - Forty-two Kids, 1907.jpg | thumb | 240px | Forty-two Kids by [[George Bellows]] (1907) depicting boys swimming from a pier in the [[East River]], New York City]]
"Swimming baths" and pools were built in the late 19th century in poorer neighborhoods of northern industrial cities of the US to exert some control over a public swimming culture that offended Victorian sensibilities by including not only nakedness, but roughhousing and swearing. Such behavior had become an issue in the 18th century, but laws prohibiting public indecency had little effect. Naked swimmers from Milwaukee, Wisconsin to New York City, mostly boys and young men, ignored the laws and sometimes flaunted themselves intentionally in view of more upper class passers-by.<ref name="Wiltse">{{Cite book |last=Wiltse |first=Jeffrey |date=2003 |title=Contested Waters: A History of Swimming Pools in America| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRQxbEaV0KUC| isbn=978-0-8078-8898-8| publisher=University of North Carolina Press | access-date=November 2, 2022}}</ref>{{rp|9–10}}
[[File:City children-in free bath at the Battery, New York City LCCN92503575.tif| thumb|240px | Floating bath at [[the Battery (Manhattan)|the Battery]], New York City, 1908]]
Beginning in 1870, the first public pools in New York City were outdoor "floating baths" of wood surrounded by docks that allowed river water to flow through them. In addition to health and hygiene, they were intended to prevent drowning in the open river, which was a frequent occurrence. As the quality of urban river water declined, floating baths became a source of infection. Building indoor pools, and the addition of pools to bathhouses, was done to address this problem.<ref name=Adiv.2015>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1017/ssh.2015.64| issn = 0145-5532| volume = 39| issue = 3| pages = 431–452| last = Adiv| first = Naomi| title = Paidia meets Ludus: New York City Municipal Pools and the Infrastructure of Play| journal = Social Science History| access-date = 2020-12-27| date = 2015| s2cid = 145107499| url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/1986368839| id = {{ProQuest|1986368839}}}}</ref> Since few swimmers in these neighborhoods could afford swimsuits or wanted to wear them, nudity among males was taken for granted.

Historian Jeff Wiltse writes that in cities such as Philadelphia, Boston, and Milwaukee during the [[progressive era]] (1896–1917), indoor and outdoor municipal pools were segregated by gender and class, but often not race. In working class neighborhoods, the white residents were mostly recent immigrants. The pools were for health and exercise, and used by male and female swimmers on alternate days. The outdoor pools were surrounded by a high wall to provide privacy. Women and girls wore bathing costumes, men and boys usually went without. The YMCA pools, which charged a fee and excluded women, were used by middle-class swimmers. The upper classes swam at private health clubs, also male only.<ref name="Wiltse"/>{{rp|1–7}} At the beginning of the 20th century, nudity for the wealthiest men in New York City was the norm at the [[University Club of New York|University Club]], the [[The Yale Club of New York City|Yale Club]] on Vanderbilt Avenue, the [[Racquet and Tennis Club]] and the [[New York Athletic Club]] on Central Park South. Nude swimming ended after a law was passed in the 1980s banning discrimination against women at private clubs.<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0362-4331| last = Vachon| first = Dana| title = The Tao of Skinny-Dipping| work = The New York Times| access-date = 2022-09-09| date = 2005-04-28| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/28/fashion/thursdaystyles/the-tao-of-skinnydipping.html}}</ref>

=== Racial segregation ===
During the [[interwar period]], 1918-1939, when many more pools were constructed, public schools and recreation facilities were [[Racial segregation|segregated]] in the United States, [[de jure]] until the passage of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]], or [[de facto]] due to residential patterns. In some cities segregation was maintained by violence against black swimmers who attempted to enter pools.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Racial History of American Swimming Pools| work = NPR| access-date = 2023-11-09| date = 2008-05-06| url = https://www.npr.org/2008/05/06/90213675/racial-history-of-american-swimming-pools}}</ref>

Prior to the 1960s, the YMCA built separate facilities in black and white neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/2292606| issn = 0022-2984| volume = 9| issue = 3| pages = 354–362| last = Johnson| first = Campbell C.| title = Negro Youth and the Educational Program of the Y.M.C.A.| journal = The Journal of Negro Education| access-date = 2023-03-18| date = 1940| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/2292606| jstor = 2292606}}</ref><ref name="ymcaHist"/>{{rp|580}} The first black YMCA with a pool was the [[Twelfth Street YMCA Building|Twelfth Street YMCA]] in Washington, DC which was completed in 1912.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 3, 1983 |title=NPGallery Digital Asset Management System |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/83003523}}</ref> Swimming nude was required, but did not appeal to all.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Dorrance Publishing| isbn = 978-0-8059-7881-0| last = Mack| first = James Leonard| title = My Life, My Country, My World| date = 2008| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAbgYQqjF0oC&q=11&pg=PA11| quote=The YMCA was a good place to improve my swimming, but I never cottoned to the idea of swimming naked. - poet James Leonard Mack}}</ref>{{rp|11}} In 1942 six agencies in [[Plainfield, New Jersey]] offered free swimming lessons at black and white branches of the YMCA and YWCA; the Jewish Community Center, and Watchung Lake. Suits were not required for men and boys at either YMCA.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 11| title = Six Agencies Offer Free Swim Lessons| newspaper = The Courier-News| location=Plainfield, New Jersey | access-date = 2024-02-03| date = 1942-06-13| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/218956726/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

In spite of the Civil Rights Act, a summer camp in Montgomery, Alabama hosted by the YMCA refused entry to two black children in 1969, resulting in a landmark desegregation decision which included the YMCA as a public accommodation.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Landmark YMCA Desegregation Ruling Turns 40| website = Southern Poverty Law Center| access-date = 2023-03-20| url = https://www.splcenter.org/news/2010/07/20/landmark-ymca-desegregation-ruling-turns-40}}</ref> Across the south, municipalities closed recreational facilities rather than integrate them.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Smith v. Young Men's Christian Association| website = Southern Poverty Law Center| access-date = 2023-03-20| url = https://www.splcenter.org/seeking-justice/case-docket/smith-v-young-mens-christian-association}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| publisher = One World| isbn = 978-0-525-50956-1| pages = 17–40| last = McGhee| first = Heather| title = The Sum of Us| chapter = Racism Drained the Pool| date = 2021}}</ref>

=== Public health recommendations ===
[[File:City children - bathing for free at the Battery, New York City LCCN92503573.jpg| thumb | 240px |Swimming at the Battery, New York City, 1908]]
As early as 1914, pool operators and professionals addressed the problem of maintaining the quality of water due to the prevalence of waterborne diseases, including typhoid, dysentery and pneumonia, as well as infections of the eye and ear. Initially civil engineers recommended nudity in indoor pools for all swimmers, male and female, where such rules could be enforced. While this was generally accepted for men, it was true for only some pools when used by women. Fibers from suits clogging pool filters were also given as a reason for nudity.<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 0022-1899| volume = 15| issue = 1| pages = 159–186| last = Manheimer| first = Wallace A.| title = Studies on the Sanitation of Swimming Pools| journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases| access-date = 2023-07-07| date = 1914| doi = 10.1093/infdis/15.1.159| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/30073404| jstor = 30073404| hdl = 2027/nnc2.ark:/13960/t3xs6gg9m| hdl-access = free}}</ref><ref name="Gage.1918">{{Cite journal| volume = V| issue = 6| pages = 229–306| last = Gage| first = Stephen DeM.| title = The Sanitary Control of Swimming Pools| journal = Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers| date = 1918| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpkSAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> Fibers from wool suits were a greater problem, which was remedied by supplying cotton suits for use by female swimmers.<ref name="Cureton.1934"/>{{rp|77}}<ref>{{Cite news| page = 7| title = Cotton Bathing Suits Ordered: To Replace Woolen Ones at E. Rutherford Pool| work = The Record| location = Hackensack, New Jersey| date = 1936-07-29| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/489615444/| url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In the 1920s, close monitoring of swimmers in public pools was based upon their being from the working class, having generally poor hygiene and often living in tenements with no bath facilities. Officially, municipal pools were built in working-class neighborhoods to provide such facilities, while YMCAs charged an entry or membership fee that excluded the lower classes, black and white.<ref name="Wiltse"/> In 1926, the [[American Public Health Association]] (APHA) standards handbook recommended that indoor swimming pools used by men adopt nude bathing policies and that indoor swimming pools used by women require swimsuits "of the simplest type".<ref>{{cite journal| journal= American Journal of Public Health| volume=16| issue=12| pages = 1186–1201| last = Gage| first = Stephen| title = Swimming Pools and Other Public Bathing Places| date = 1926|doi = 10.2105/AJPH.16.12.1186|pmid = 18012021|pmc = 1321491}}</ref> In 1939, swimming coach and college athletics administrator [[Fred Luehring]] surveyed the issues and made similar recommendations, advising that men and boys should continue to swim nude, tests of water quality showing the advantage over pools were suits are allowed. He noted the problem of water quality following pool use by female swimmers, not only due to suits being worn but their avoidance of taking a nude shower before entering the pool by showering in their suits.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = A. S. Barnes and Company| last = Luehring| first = Frederick William| title = Swimming Pool Standards| location = New York| access-date = 2024-04-15| date = 1939| url = https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001613449 | pages=223-224}}</ref> While finding the same public health issues, the National Environmental Health Association recommendations in 1956 included swimmers taking nude showers and wearing only suits laundered and sterilized by the facility, but not nude swimming.<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 0096-560X| volume = 18| issue = 5| pages = 219–226| last1 = Campbell| first1 = George W.| last2 = Litsky| first2 = Warren| title = Swimming Pools: A Problem In Disinfection| journal = The Sanitarian| access-date = 2023-07-07| date = 1956| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/26326488| jstor = 26326488}}</ref>

In 1940, the wool suits worn by male swimmers continued to be recognized as a source of water contamination. Cotton suits supplied by facilities for female swimmers were a lesser problem, because they could be boiled to decontaminate them. Wool suits cannot be boiled or heated above 105 degrees F. without shrinkage. Wool suits used in salt water cannot be washed effectively, because soap does not lather due to salt residue.<ref name="Manheimer">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/23267240.1940.10623710| volume = 11| issue = 1| pages = 25–63| last = Manheimer| first = Wallace A.| title = Reducing Health Hazards in the Swimming Pool| journal = The Journal of Health and Physical Education| access-date = 2023-07-07| date = 1940-01-01| url = https://doi.org/10.1080/23267240.1940.10623710}}</ref> In 1941, reviewing the steps taken to maintain good hygiene in pools, H. W. Craig, supervisor of swimming at the University of Illinois, favored the continued conduct of physical education swimming programs for men not wearing suits, and for women using cotton suits supplied by the schools that could be steam cleaned. Problems arose when recreational swimmers used their own suits and avoided showering before entering the pool, which had become more frequent with the movement toward "corecreational" swimming.<ref name="Craig.1941">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/23267240.1941.10620207| issn = 2326-7240| volume = 12| issue = 4| pages = 242–279| last = Craig| first = H. W.| title = Safety and Hygiene in the School Swimming Pool| journal = The Journal of Health and Physical Education| access-date = 2023-07-23| date = 1941| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23267240.1941.10620207}}</ref>

From 1926 until 1962, every edition of the APHA guidelines recommended nude swimming for males.<ref name="Andreatta">{{Cite web|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/local/columnists/andreatta/2017/09/22/andreatta-when-boys-swam-nude-gym-class/694542001/|title=Andreatta: When boys swam nude in gym class|first=David|last=Andreatta|website=Rochester Democrat and Chronicle|date=September 22, 2017|access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref>{{ref|b|b}} Given the limits of chlorination and filtration at that time, behavioral measures were also used to maintain water quality. In addition to recommending nudity, all bathers were required to empty their bladder and shower nude before entering the pool. Those suffering from skin or respiratory disease were prohibited from using the pool.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1002/j.1551-8833.1933.tb18220.x| issn = 0003-150X| volume = 25| issue = 1| pages = 124–135| last1 = Horwood| first1 = M. P.| last2 = Gould| first2 = B. S.| last3 = Shwachman| first3 = H.| title = Indices of the Sanitary Quality of Swimming Pool Waters| journal = Journal - American Water Works Association| access-date = 2022-09-13| year = 1933| bibcode = 1933JAWWA..25a.124H| url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1933.tb18220.x}}</ref>

Outside the United States during the same time period, the issues of hygiene were recognized, but close supervision of swimmers and control of bathing suits was an alternative to nudity. In Canada, public health recommendations allowed for suits, but nudity was recommended in pools used exclusively by men.<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 0008-4263| volume = 48| issue = 6| pages = 244–248| last = Cross| first = Alex| title = The Supervision of Swimming Pools| journal = Canadian Journal of Public Health | access-date = 2023-07-07| date = 1957| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/41981084| jstor = 41981084| pmid = 13437239}}</ref> A brochure sent to parents of children in the [[Toronto, Ontario]] school system in 1963 stated that boys participating in the summer education program could swim in bathing trunks or nude.<ref>{{Cite thesis| publisher = University of Nebraska| last = Dichsen| first = Donald V| title = Swimming Education in Douglas County| location = Omaha, Nebraska| date = 1964-02-01}}</ref> In England, it was recommended that suits for both men and women be inspected and stored by the facility.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1017/S0022172400010299| issn = 0022-1724| volume = 30| issue = 1| pages = 66–78| last = Grierson| first = A. M. M.| title = Observations on the Hygienic Condition of Public Swimming Baths| journal = Epidemiology & Infection| year = 1930| pmid = 20475054| pmc = 2170546}}</ref>

== YMCA/YWCA swimming==
[[File:YMCA swim lessons - 1915.png| thumb | 240px |A swim lesson in a YMCA, 1915]]
The first YMCA indoor pool in the United States was built in 1885, in Brooklyn, New York.<ref name="ymcaHist">{{Cite book| publisher = Association Press| last = Hopkins| first = Charles Howard| title = History of the Y.M.C.A. in North America| date = 1951| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=da4cAAAAMAAJ| access-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref>{{rp|154}} Male nudity was required at YMCA pools in both the US and Canada until they became mixed-gender in the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 24| title = Canada men swimming nude at the YMCA until women joined| newspaper = The Leader-Post| location = Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada| access-date = 2022-09-17| date = 1977-09-29| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26814144/canada-men-swimming-nude-at-the-ymca/ | via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The downtown Miami YMCA, built in 1918 and demolished in 1978, featured what was considered a modern swimming pool at the time. While noting the filtration system made the pool water clean enough to drink, nudity is shown in a promotional photograph from the 1930s.<ref>{{Cite web| last = Piket| first = Casey| title = YMCA in Downtown Miami (1918 – 1978)| work = Miami History Blog| access-date = 2024-01-22| date = 2022-03-27| url = https://miami-history.com/ymca-in-downtown-miami-1918-1978/}}</ref> Also in 1930, the Tribune newspaper in [[Pocatello, Idaho]] sponsored 'learn to swim' classes at the YMCA, announcing that girls must bring towels and suits, boys only towels.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 19| title = Tribune's Free Swimming Lessons Open Monday in YMCA Pool| newspaper = The Pocatello Tribune| location = [[Pocatello, Idaho]]| access-date = 2024-02-02| date = 1930-06-01| url = https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/idaho/pocatello/the-pocatello-tribune/1930/06-01/page-19/| via=[[NewspaperArchive.com]]}}</ref> Swim classes at the YMCA for boys only continued into the 1950s, as in [[Steubenville, Ohio]].<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 9| title = YMCA's 'Learn to Swim' Campaign June 11 to 25| newspaper = Steubenville Herald Star| location = Steubenville, Ohio| date = 1953-06-02}}</ref>

In [[Benton Harbor, Michigan]] local newspapers in June 1941 sponsored a course at the "Y" for men over 18 that could not swim, noting in the announcement that no suits were required.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 7| title = 'Learn to Swim' Campaign Will Start Monday| work = The Herald-Palladium| access-date = 2024-01-31| date = 1941-06-10| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/364727448/ | via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Also in Benton Harbor, a program for children in 1943 announced that girls should bring a suit and towel, boys only a towel.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Swim Classes Will Begin at "Y" Monday| work = The Herald-Palladium| location = Benton Harbor, Michigan| access-date = 2024-01-31| date = 1943-06-19| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/365246698/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The same was true in 1945.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 5| title = YMCA 'Learn To Swim Class To Be 'Double Header' Here| newspaper = The Herald-Palladium| location = Benton Harbor, Michigan| access-date = 2024-01-30| date = 1945-05-15| url = https://www.newspaperarchive.com/us/michigan/benton-harbor/benton-harbor-news-palladium/1945/05-15/page-5/}}</ref> However, in 1949 classes had become mixed-gender, so suits were worn.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 12| title = Learn to Swim| newspaper = The Herald-Palladium| access-date = 2024-01-31| date = 1949-06-10| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/365679130/| via= [[Newspapers.com]] }}</ref>

At the YMCA in the South End of Chicago in 1944, a summer program for boys and girls had classes for 500 students in half-hour sessions separated by gender and age. Fridays were family night for adults to see the student's accomplishments.<ref>{{cite news| title=Swim Campaign in Full Swing at 111th St. "Y"| work=Chicago South End Reporter| date=June 28, 1944| url=https://newspaperarchive.com/chicago-south-end-reporter-jun-28-1944-p-6/| url-access=subscription| access-date=July 10, 2023| via=[[NewspaperArchive.com]]}}</ref>{{rp|6}} In 1946 when the Tucson, Arizona YMCA pool was used to teach only boys age 9 through junior high, suits were not worn.<ref>{{cite news| work=Tucson Daily-Citizen| title='Y' Swim Class to Open May 27|date=May 15, 1946| url=https://newspaperarchive.com/tucson-daily-citizen-may-15-1946-p-25/| url-access=subscription| access-date=July 10, 2023| via=[[NewspaperArchive.com]]}}</ref>{{rp|25}} The YMCA pools were also used for youth competitions. In 1955 the creation of a league of four teams for 8 to 10 year old boys in [[York, Pennsylvania]] was announced. The swim meet spectators were limited to male only.<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 28| title = Brand New Swimming Loop for Kids Begins Season| work = York Dispatch| location = York, Pennsylvania| date = 1955-11-09| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/614503781/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

During the transition to gender equality, attempts were made to retain male nudity by limiting access to the pool by women to certain hours, but since they had full membership, this plan was deemed discriminatory.<ref name="YMCA">{{Cite web | title = YMCA of Greater Seattle - Part 3: Readjustment, 1930-1980 | first= Cassandra | last=Tate | website=History Link: The Free Encyclopedia of Washington State History| date = 14 March 2001| access-date = October 17, 2022| url = http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=3100}}</ref> Swimming classes for women and girls (in swimsuits) were held at [[YWCA]]s, sometimes in coordination with YMCA classes in the same locality.<ref name="Alabama.1949">{{Cite news| pages = 3| title = YWCA Learn to Swim Campaign to Open Monday| work = Alabama Journal| location = [[Montgomery, Alabama]]| access-date = 2024-02-03| date = 1949-05-18| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/415469066/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

==Public pools==
[[File:Bath House 3 east close jeh.jpg | thumb | upright | [[Public Bath House No. 3]] built 1909 in [[Yonkers, New York]]]]
=== Boy's clubs===
A 1940 article in LIFE magazine describes the pool in the [[Olneyville, Providence, Rhode Island|Olneyville]] Boy's Club as providing an alternative to [[juvenile delinquency]] in a declining mill neighborhood. Photos show the naked boys crowded into the "dingy little 60 ft. swimming pool" as they had for fifteen years.<ref>{{Cite magazine| pages = 71–73| title = Kids Swarm to Olneyville Boys Club Pool| magazine = LIFE| date = 1940-04-15| publisher=Time, Inc.}}</ref> In 1941 the Olneyville Club won two of the five final events at a national Boys Club of America swimming championship.<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 128| title = Providence Boys Excel| newspaper = The New York Times| access-date = 2023-03-18| date = 1941-04-20| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/04/20/85306520.html| url-access=subscription}}</ref> Following a 1954 cattle judging contest in Wichita Falls, Texas, boys participating were invited to the Wichita Falls Boys Club for a free swim party, no swim suits being needed.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 50| title = Judging Contest Set for Wednesday| newspaper = Wichita Falls Times| location = Wichita Falls, Texas| date = 1954-02-14| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/774437743/| via=[[newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

===Public schools===
The 1909 elementary school swimming championship for New York City included nearly forty schools in Manhattan, the Bronx, and Brooklyn; and was held at what was then called the Interior Public Bath{{ref|a|a}}, the first municipal indoor swimming pool built in New York City.{{blockquote| text=The athletic prowess of the very small boys in the eighty-pound championship was of less moment to the spectators than the enthusiasm of the youngsters, who discovered in their trial heats that their swimming trunks impeded them, and that they could swim faster nude. Thereafter the rule about trunks went into the discard, and very small boys in a state of nature swam like tadpoles through the many heats necessary for a decision.| source=''New York Times''<ref name="NYTimes.1909">{{cite news | title = Young Swimmers in Championships | newspaper = New York Times | page = 30 | date = 18 April 1909 | access-date = 2015-11-17 | url = https://newspaperarchive.com/us/new-york/new-york/new-york-times/1909/04-18/page-30?tag=elementary+schools+swimming+competition+80+division&rtserp=tags/elementary-schools-swimming-competition-80-division?pc=20293&psi=67&pci=7&pt=468&ndt=bd&pd=1&pm=1&py=1909&pe=31&pem=12&pey=1909 | via = [[Newspaper Archive]] | url-access = subscription}}</ref>}} In the 1920s, schools began building indoor swimming pools for purposes of physical fitness and swimming instruction.<ref name="WBEZ"/> In 1900, there were only 67 public pools in the United States; by 1929 there were more than 5,000.<ref name="Wiltse"/> Due to hot weather, the Englewood High pool in New Jersey was open to the public one day per week in July 1926. The announcement emphasized the observance of public health recommendations, all swimmers required to take a soap shower before entering the pool. No mixed bathing was permitted, suits were not allowed for men and boys, while women and girls wore the standard Y.W.C.A. suit.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 6| title = Rules for Use of High School Pool| work = The Record| location = Hackensack, New Jersey| access-date = 2024-04-15| date = 1926-07-09| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/489678529/}}</ref>

In 1935 the school superintendent in Pontiac, Michigan approved nude swim classes for boys in high school, saying it recalled "the days of the old swimming hole".<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 2| title = Male nude swim at school approved 1935| newspaper = The Tennessean| location = Nashville, Tennessee| access-date = 2022-09-17| date = 1935-09-15| url = https://www.newspapers.com/clip/9680678/male-nude-swim-at-school-approved-1935/}}</ref> In 1940 a New York City school official continued to favor boys wearing bathing suits only in pools visible to both sexes. Girls were issued cotton suits that could be boiled to disinfect them between uses; the wool suits used by boys could not because they would shrink and lose their shape.<ref name="Manheimer"/> In addition, fibers from wool swimsuits could clog pool filters.<ref name="WBEZ">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbez.org/shows/curious-city/baring-it-all-why-boys-swam-naked-in-chicago-high-schools/c9a3a9e2-6ae3-404b-80e5-0c4bf4d5a0be|title=Baring It All: Why Boys Swam Naked In Chicago Schools|first=Monica|last=Eng|website=WBEZ.com|date=September 10, 2017|access-date=March 22, 2020}}</ref> Swim classes were advocated not only for exercise, but as a recreational activity that, once learned, could become a lifelong pursuit. The swim classes were also looked upon as an opportunity to teach children proper hygiene.<ref name="Manheimer"/>

Although some advantages in coeducational swim classes were recognized as early as 1934,<ref name="Cureton.1934">{{Cite book| publisher = Association Press| volume = I| last = Cureton| first = Thomas Kirk| title = How to Teach Swimming and Diving| location = New York| access-date = 2024-02-06| date = 1934| hdl = 2027/mdp.39015049748836?urlappend=%3Bseq=7| url = https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015049748836?urlappend=%3Bseq=7}}</ref>{{rp|23-24}} the need to maintain pool water quality by insuring cleanliness of both swimmers and swimsuits dictated separate boys and girls classes and the banning of wool suits.<ref name="Cureton.1934"/>{{rp|56,77}} Few pools had been constructed for coeducation, having a single shower room.<ref name="Craig.1941"/> In a survey of Indiana high schools in 1939, all boys swim classes were nude, while girls wore suits, 87% being cotton suits issued by the school.<ref>{{Cite thesis| institution = Indiana State Teachers College| last = Zemlock| first = Don| title = Swimming in the Public Schools of Indiana| year = 1939| url=https://scholars.indstate.edu/handle/10484/7823| access-date=October 24, 2022}}</ref> Students bringing their own suits was discouraged, the institutions not having control of decontamination.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/23267240.1941.10620207| issn = 2326-7240| volume = 12| issue = 4| pages = 242–279| last = Craig| first = H. W.| title = Safety and Hygiene in the School Swimming Pool| journal = The Journal of Health and Physical Education| access-date = 2022-10-29| date = 1941| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23267240.1941.10620207}}</ref> A 1947 survey of schools in northern Utah found more local variation. Only three of the six schools had pools. One allowed swimmers to wear their own suits, one supplied cotton suits. At the one that required nudity, the athletic director cited the problem of lint from suits clogging the pool filter.<ref>{{Cite thesis| publisher = Utah State University| last = Taylor| first = Wayne G| title = A Survey of the Requirements in Physical Education for Boys in Region One of the Utah State Athletic Association| date = 1947}}</ref>{{rp|28–29}} The October 16, 1950 ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine published a photograph of boys swimming together in the indoor pool of [[New Trier High School]] in [[Winnetka, Illinois]]; the caption did not mention they were naked.<ref name="Life.1950">{{cite magazine | title=A Good High School | magazine=LIFE | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CEwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA106|date=16 October 1950|publisher=Time Inc|pages=101–106|issn=0024-3019}}</ref> A southern city with indoor pools in the junior and senior high schools is [[Houston, Texas]], which required nudity until the mid 1960s. While some former students in 2008 remembered the experience as negative, mainly due to bullying, older men who had attended 30 years earlier had no problem, citing different attitudes regarding privacy before WWII.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Kaplan| first = David| title = This HISD skinny-dip was no fun| newspaper = Houston Chronicle| location = Houston, Texas| access-date = 2023-07-26| date = 2008-06-22| url = https://www.chron.com/life/article/David-Kaplan-This-HISD-skinny-dip-was-no-fun-1566999.php}}</ref>

In 1960 school officials and parents began questioning nude swimming in [[North Tonawanda, New York]], where it had been the practice at the high school for 30 years. Rather than a ban on nudity, suits were made optional by a 4-1 vote of the school board.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 12| title = Pool Controversy Ends at Low Tide| work = The Buffalo News| location = North Tonawanda, New York| access-date = 2024-01-27| date = 1960-12-15| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/868664566/| via=[[newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In 1963, as it had for 33 years, the city of [[Troy, New York]] continued its mandatory citywide program of swim classes for all students in grades 4-8 and 9-12; boys swimming nude. A letter to parents emphasized the importance of learning at least the basics of swimming for survival in an emergency.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/00221473.1963.10621677| issn = 0022-1473| volume = 34| issue = 5| pages = 35–36| last = Mann| first = Channing| title = Swimming Classes in Elementary Schools on a City-Wide Basis| journal = Journal of Health, Physical Education, RPecreation| access-date = 2022-10-29| year = 1963| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00221473.1963.10621677}}</ref>

==== Girls' classes ====
One book on public health did agree that nudity would be the most sanitary option for girls as well as boys, and that this was practiced at some schools, but never widespread as with boys.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Williams | first1=Jesse Feiring| last2=Brownell | first2=Clifford Lee | year=1939| title=The Administration of Health and Physical education|edition=2|publisher=W.B. Saunders Company.}}</ref> In 1947 the 150 girls age 9 to 13 at the Liberty School in [[Highland Park, Michigan]] were directed to wear swimsuits by the Superintendent of Schools in response to a group of mothers protesting to the board of education. Nude swimming for girls had been optional for six weeks prior to the order. Nude swim classes continued for the 200 elementary school girls from two other schools. Boys in the schools had not worn suits in their separate classes for years, and girls requested to do the same in order to give them more time in the pool rather than changing. While following the wishes of parents who believed girls should behave modestly, all the board members disagreed, stating that there was "no moral issue involved".<ref>{{Cite news| title = Rules Girls Must Wear Swim Suits: School Board at Detroit Acts After Mothers Protest| newspaper= Iowa City Press Citizen | date= January 15, 1947| page=1| location = Highland Park, Michigan| access-date = 2022-04-29| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/iowa-city-press-citizen-jan-15-1947-p-1/}}</ref>

===Other programs for young people===
YMCA, high school, and college pools in several [[Midwestern United States|midwestern states]]{{ref|c|c}} were used during weekends and summer programs for children from the 1930s to the 1960s, announcements noting that boys would not wear suits in indoor pools. The YMCA in [[Wichita, Kansas]] was used in 1937 for a 'learn to swim' campaign.<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 9| title = Swimming Lessons at "Y" This Week| work = Wichita Eagle| location = Wichita, Kansas| date = 1937-06-27| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/718401823/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In a 1937 national survey of intermediate swimming programs, it was noted that among the health control methods, the management of suits was given a low priority due to the number of classes that swim without suits.<ref>{{Cite thesis| institution = Springfield College| degree=MS| last = Morris| first = Hubert George| title = National survey of intermediate swimming in the Y.M.C.A| location = Springfield, MA| access-date = 2024-02-07| date = 1937| url = https://cdm16122.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16122coll1/id/290957/rec/16| page=22}}</ref> The [[Iowa State College]] pool in [[Ames, Iowa]] was used for children's swim classes in the summer of 1939.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Swimming Classes - Iowa State College Pool| newspaper = Ames Daily Tribune| page=3| access-date = 2022-10-13| date = 1939-06-13| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/ames-daily-tribune-jun-13-1939-p-3/|url-access=subscription| location=Ames, Iowa | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref> The YMCA in [[Emporia, Kansas]] was used for a 1939 children's 'learn to swim' campaign.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Learn-to-Swim Campaign at "Y" Is Free to All| newspaper = Emporia Gazette|page=3| access-date = 2022-10-13| date = 1939-05-24| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/emporia-gazette-may-24-1939-p-3/|url-access=subscription| location=[[Emporia, Kansas]] | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref> In the summers of 1944 and 1945, the Chicago Parks offered a summer swimming program for children, boys on Monday and Tuesday and Wednesday, girls on Thursday and Friday. In two high schools' indoor pools, girls were required to bring a suit, but boys swam without.<ref>{{cite news| title=South End Swim Natatoriums Open Here to Help Beat Summer Heat| newspaper=Chicago South End Reporter| date=June 28, 1944| url=https://newspaperarchive.com/chicago-south-end-reporter-jun-28-1944-p-6/| page=6 | url-access=subscription| access-date=July 10, 2023| location=Chicago, Illinois | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = Pools Open| newspaper = Chicago Garfieldian| page=12| access-date = 2022-10-12| date = 1945-06-28| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/chicago-garfieldian-jun-28-1945-p-12/|url-access=subscription | location=Chicago, Illinois | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref> The [[Tamalpais High School]] pool in [[Mill Valley, California]] was open to the public three days per week in the summer of 1944. During the days when boys swam in the morning, girls and women in the afternoon, the boys did not wear suits. Boys under 7 were allowed to come to the afternoon sessions with their mothers, but had to bring suits.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Tamalpais Pool Available for Children, Adults| work = Sausalito News| location = Sausalito, California| access-date = 2024-02-19| date = 1944-07-27| url = https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SN19440727.2.43&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------}}</ref> The [[University of Oklahoma]] pool in [[Norman, Oklahoma]] was used for summer swim programs, with separate classes for cub scouts and boy scouts. In 1951 the new pool in [[Marysville High School (Marysville, Michigan)|Marysville High School]] was opened to grade school students on saturday. Boys were allowed to wear a swimsuit if they wanted, but wool suits were not allowed.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 10| title = Swim Classes Open Saturday for Grade Pupils in Marysville| newspaper = The Times Herald| location = Port Huron, Michigan| access-date = 2024-05-19| date = 1951-01-05| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/209834663/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In 1958 the announcement included only the need to bring a towel.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 4| title = Scout Swim Program Begins in Norman| newspaper = Moore Monitor| location = Norman, Oklahoma| access-date = 2024-02-19| date = 1958-04-17| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/591959659/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> In 1961, listed among the attendees for the cub scout sessions were two den mothers.<ref>{{Cite news| page = 3| title = Cub Scouts Have Swim Program| newspaper = The Purcell Register| location = Norman, Oklahoma| access-date = 2024-02-19| date = 1961-05-18| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/602945617/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>

The [[Sheboygan, Wisconsin]] Department of Public Recreation held "Learn to Swim" classes for middle school children at the Central High School pool. The classes were held on Saturday morning during the school year, Monday through Friday mornings in summer. Among the earliest newspaper announcements of the classes, in 1926 the article ended by saying "there will be no restrictions on swimming suits."<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 3| title = Swimming Pool to be Open to Public on Monday| newspaper = Sheboygan Press| date=July 8, 1926| access-date = 2023-07-11| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/sheboygan-press-jul-8-1926-p-3/|url-access=subscription| location=Sheboygan, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref> In 1930, the announcement more clearly states that girls would be issued suits and towels, boys only towels.<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 17| title = Plan Swimming Classes at the High School| newspaper = Sheboygan Press| date=October 8, 1930| access-date = 2023-07-11| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/sheboygan-press-oct-8-1930-p-17/|url-access=subscription| location=Sheboygan, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref> The news article in 1940 includes two photographs, one of a girl's class posing in their suits, the other of the boy's class, all nude, watching one student demonstrating a dive.<ref name="Sheboygan.1940">{{Cite news| page = 12| title = Swimmers and Non-Swimmers Learn How to Handle Selves in Water at Classes Held Here| newspaper = Sheboygan Press| location = Sheboygan, Wisconsin.| access-date = 2023-07-11| date = 1940-10-31| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/sheboygan-press-oct-31-1940-p-12/| via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref>

Through the 1950s until 1960, the Sheboygan Press published the schedules of the separate classes for boys and girls, noting that girls would be issued suits, but boys would be nude.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Recreation Department Has Graded Program| newspaper = Sheboygan Press| page=14| access-date = 2022-10-11| date = 1952-11-11| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/sheboygan-press-nov-11-1952-p-14/|url-access=subscription| location=Sheboygan, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = Inside Recreation Calendar Is Announced by Department| newspaper = Sheboygan Press| page=6| access-date = 2022-10-11| date = 1953-11-11| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/sheboygan-press-nov-11-1953-p-6/|url-access=subscription| location=Sheboygan, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref><ref name="Sheboygan.1957">{{Cite news| title = Swimming Pool to Be Available This Summer| newspaper = Sheboygan Press| page=3| access-date = 2022-10-11| date = 1957-06-19| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/sheboygan-press-jun-19-1957-p-3/|url-access=subscription| location=Sheboygan, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = Recreation Centers Are Open to School Children| newspaper = Sheboygan Press| page=26| access-date = 2022-10-11| date = 1960-01-21| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/sheboygan-press-jan-21-1960-p-26/|url-access=subscription| location=Sheboygan, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref> A longer article in 1954 included details on the conduct of classes. There were an equal number of boys and girls, 404 in total, age 10 to 14 and divided into 14 half-hour classes each day. There were four teachers, three men and one woman, plus two female locker room attendants. "Boys swim unhampered by suits and bring only a towel as their contribution each afternoon. Girls bring their own bathing caps and are supplied with suits, for the morning workout". All swimmers were required to take a soap shower nude before entering the pool. The final class was designated visitor's day, with no mention of boys not being nude with families present.<ref name="Sheboygan.1954">{{cite news| title=Know Your Schools: Recreation Department Conducts Eleven-Day Swimming Instruction Course At Central H. S. Pool| author=Mrs. Richard J. Jarvis| date=June 22, 1954| page=10| newspaper=[[The Sheboygan Press]]|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/sheboygan-press-jun-22-1954-p-10/|url-access=subscription| location=Sheboygan, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref> After 1960, all students were required to bring their own suits because mixed-sex recreational sessions had been added to the schedule.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Swim Schdule Set by Recreation Department| newspaper = Sheboygan Press| page=2| access-date = 2022-10-12| date = 1961-06-09| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/sheboygan-press-jun-09-1961-p-2/|url-access=subscription| location=Sheboygan, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = 'Rec" Department Accepting Learn-to-Swim Applications| newspaper = Sheboygan Press| page=11| access-date = 2022-10-12| date = 1965-05-03| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/sheboygan-press-may-03-1965-p-11/|url-access=subscription| location=Sheboygan, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref>

[[Waukesha, Wisconsin]] also conducted classes in 1954 for children age 9 to 11, with boys nude and girls provided suits. The course included Red Cross certification which was conducted by female instructors for both boys and girls.<ref name="Waukesha">{{Cite news| title = Pool Swimming Lesson Set| newspaper = Waukesha Daily Freeman| access-date = 2023-05-18| date = 1954-10-07| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/waukesha-daily-freeman-oct-07-1954-p-2 | url-access=subscription| location=Waukesha, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}
</ref>

=== Colleges and universities ===
In 1920, a review of swimming pools found similar concerns for hygiene at the collegiate level. "In men's pools, where bathing suits are not ordinarily worn," inspection of swimmers was done by attendants to see that a thorough preliminary shower was taken.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/23267224.1920.10651559| issn = 2326-7224| volume = 25| issue = 9| pages = 383–399| last = Hinman| first = Jack J.| title = The Swimming Pool| journal = American Physical Education Review| access-date = 2023-03-18| date = December 1920| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23267224.1920.10651559}}</ref> Colleges for men, such as those operated by the [[Jesuits]], ended nude swimming when they admitted women in the late 1960s and early 1970s.<ref>{{Cite news| last = Ross| first = Susan A.| title = It's been 50 years since most Jesuit colleges went co-ed. But have they truly embraced their female students?| work = America Magazine| access-date = 2024-01-02| date = 2021-09-20| url = https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2021/09/20/jesuit-coeducation-college-university-ross-241373}}</ref> Public universities, such as the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]],<ref>{{Cite news| pages = 13| last = Allen| first = John| title = The Red Gym's Pool| work = On Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Madison Alumni Magazine| access-date = 2024-01-17| date = 2015| url = https://onwisconsin.uwalumni.com/the-red-gyms-pool/}}</ref> [[Iowa State University]]<ref>{{Cite web| last = Pounds| first = Diana| title = No swimsuits required| work = Inside Iowa State| access-date = 2024-01-17| date = 2008-02-01| url = https://archive.inside.iastate.edu/2008/0201/swim.shtml}}</ref> and the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]<ref>{{Cite news| issn = 0190-8286| last = Kelly| first = John| title = Perspective {{!}} Did the University of Maryland once make men swim nude in swim class?| newspaper = Washington Post| access-date = 2024-01-28| date = 2023-06-02| url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/06/03/naked-swim-instruction/}}</ref> required nudity for male swimmers until the 1970s.

==Questioning and decline of nudity==
By the 1950s, new developments in pool chlorination, filtration, and nylon swimsuits led to the gradual elimination of nudity from recommendations for pool sanitation.<ref>{{Cite journal| issn = 0096-560X| volume = 18| issue = 5| pages = 219–226| last1 = Campbell| first1 = George W.| last2 = Litsky| first2 = Warren| title = Swimming Pools: A Problem In Disinfection| journal = The Sanitarian| access-date = 2023-07-07| date = 1956| url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/26326488| jstor = 26326488}}</ref> The APHA abandoned its recommendation of nude swimming for males in 1962.<ref name="WBEZ"/> However, the custom did not immediately cease, the rationale switching from hygiene to the cost savings and maintaining a tradition of male behavior.<ref name="Menasha"/><ref name="Janesville"/><ref name="Greeley"/><ref name="Ogden"/>

In 1961, parents and students in [[Menasha, Wisconsin]] asked the school board to give boys permission to wear swim trunks. The board voted down a petition signed by 371 parents on the grounds that buying swim trunks would be expensive and that nude swimming built men's character; one board member asserted that "this experience is a good one for later life, for example the armed services, where the disregard for privacy is real and serious". Another board member noted that swimmers had no privacy in the gang showers required for the classes. A letter from the Department of Public Education stated that nudity for boys was practiced throughout the state to promote sanitation and to save time. A survey of other schools found suits were worn only at schools where the pool was not completely separate from other areas.<ref name="Menasha">{{Cite news| edition = 82| title = Boys Will Continue to Swim Nude at Menasha High Pool| newspaper = Appleton Post Crescent| page=13| location = Menasha, Wisconsin| access-date = 2022-10-17| date = 1961-11-14| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/appleton-post-crescent-nov-14-1961-p-13/| url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In [[Janesville, Wisconsin]] nude swimming became an issue at Marshall Junior High in 1967 in part because boys at nearby Franklin Junior High wore suits because their pool had outside windows. The boys at Franklin were issued nylon suits, as were the girls at both schools. One coach noted that boys being from different backgrounds and being at different stages of maturity, some found nudity embarrassing, while others took it for granted. Parents, physicians, and clergy voiced various positions pro and con. The deciding factor was again the cost of purchasing suits for all boys.<ref name="Janesville">{{Cite news| last = Burkhard| first = Patricia| title = Nudity "a Tradition' at Marshall Pool| newspaper = Janesville Daily Gazette| location = Janesville, Wisconsin| access-date = 2022-10-11| date = 1967-02-02| url = https://newspaperarchive.com/janesville-daily-gazette-feb-02-1967-p-23/}}</ref>

In 1966 and 1967, the [[Manitowoc, Wisconsin]] Recreation Department held evening recreational swimming utilizing school pools, families on Tuesdays, women on Wednesdays. On Thursdays, part of the session was for fathers and sons, while the final hour was for men only. Women were supplied suits if they did not bring their own; for men and boys, suits were "permitted...those wishing to wear trunks must bring their own". Children's classes were on Saturday mornings, with separate sessions by age and sex. Only girls were required to bring a suit.<ref>{{cite news| work=Manitowoc Herald-Times| title=Indoor Swim Program Set for All Ages| date=September 30, 1966| url=https://newspaperarchive.com/manitowoc-herald-times-sep-30-1966-p-12/| page=12 | url-access=subscription| access-date=July 10, 2023| location=Manitowoc, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| work=Manitowoc Herald-Times| title=Indoor Swim Program Set at Manitowoc| date=October 12, 1967| url=https://newspaperarchive.com/manitowoc-herald-times-oct-12-1967-p-29/| page=29 | url-access=subscription| access-date=July 10, 2023| location=Manitowoc, Wisconsin | via=[[Newspaperarchive.com]]}}</ref>

In a 1973 Duluth, Minnesota school board meeting, a discussion of "skinny-dipping" in the boys junior high school swim classes following complaints from parents who cited modesty according to the supervisor of physical education. A school board member called this false modesty in a gym class where students must shower nude. For the board, the issue was the $12,000 needed to buy suits for 2500 students in the district.<ref name="Greeley">{{cite news| title=Nude swimming causes concern| date=November 27, 1973| publisher=Associated Press| newspaper=[[Greeley Tribune]]| page=16}}</ref><ref name="Ogden">{{cite news| title='Skinny-Dipping' in School's Swimming Pool Stirs a Fuss| date=November 27, 1973| publisher=Associated Press| newspaper=Ogden [[Standard-Examiner]]| page=6}}</ref>

During the 1970s, the adoption of mixed-gender swimming led to the gradual abandonment of nude male swimming in schools. Federal [[Title IX]] rules mandating gender equality in physical education led most schools to switch to co-educational classes, ending nude swimming in public schools by the 1980s. In the 21st century, the practice has been forgotten, denied having existed, or viewed as an example of questionable behaviors in the past that are no longer acceptable.<ref name="WBEZ"/><ref>{{Citation |ref={{sfnref|NPR|2006}}| publisher = National Public Radio | date = Aug 1, 2006 | url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5597441 | access-date = 2007-11-27| title=Naked in High School: Bad Dreams Do Come True}}</ref> However, Jungian psychoanalyst Barry Miller views the sexualization of nudity in male only situations such as locker rooms and swimming pools as a loss.<ref name="Miller">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/00332925.2016.1134213| issn = 0033-2925| volume = 59| issue = 1| pages = 93–108| last = Miller| first = Barry| title = On the Loss of Nudity in the Men's Locker Room| journal = Psychological Perspectives| accessdate = 2022-10-20| date = 2016-01-02| s2cid = 147364697| url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00332925.2016.1134213}}
</ref>

==Notes==
:a.{{note|a}}Located at 232 West 60th Street, Manhattan, ''Interior Public Bath'' had been built in 1906.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1525/jsah.2008.67.4.504| issn = 0037-9808| volume = 67| issue = 4| pages = 504–531| last = Renner| first = Andrea| title = A Nation That Bathes Together: New York City's Progressive Era Public Baths| journal = Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians| accessdate = 2022-09-13| date = 2008-12-01| url = https://online.ucpress.edu/jsah/article/67/4/504/59984/A-Nation-That-Bathes-Together-New-York-City-s}}</ref> In 2013 the West 60th Street bath building reopened after extensive renovations as the [[Gertrude Ederle]] Recreation Center.
:b.{{note|b}}Alternatives to nudity might be an athletic supporter or gym shorts.<ref>{{Cite thesis| publisher = Springfield College| degree=Master of Science | last = Rawstrom| first = Harry W.| title = Instructional Manual for Swimming, Diving, Water Stunts, and Life Saving for Male Physical Education Majors at the University of Delaware| location = Delaware| date = 1954| url = https://cdm16122.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16122coll1/id/275144/rec/5}}</ref>{{rp|26}}
:c.{{note|c}}Learn-to-swim programs were conducted in outdoor pools in southern states where all swimmers brought their own suits, such as in Phoenix, Arizona (1940<ref>{{Cite news| page = 6| title = Record Classes Attend Opening Day of Free Swim Campaign| newspaper = Arizona Republic| location = Phoenix, Arizona| access-date = 2024-02-03| date = 1940-06-04| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/8347483/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> and 1947<ref>{{Cite news| page = 6| title = Youngsters Get Instruction| newspaper = Arizona Republic| location = Phoenix, Arizona| access-date = 2024-02-03| date = 1947-06-05| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/117365237/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>); Miami, Florida (1947<ref>{{Cite news| page = 62| title = Learn to Swim| newspaper = The Miami Herald| location = Miami, Florida| access-date = 2024-02-03| date = 1947-06-08| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/617407379/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>); Owensboro, Kentucky (1949<ref>{{Cite news| page = 8| title = Learn-to-Swim Campaign Is to Be Held Week of June 27| newspaper = Messenger-Inquirer| location = Owensboro, Kentucky| access-date = 2024-02-03| date = 1949-06-19| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/376115728/ | via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>); St. Louis, Missouri (1941<ref>{{Cite news| page = 16| title = First Section Registration Coupon Star-Times Learn-to-Swim Campaign| newspaper = The St. Louis Star and Times| location = St. Louis, Missouri| access-date = 2024-02-03| date = 1941-05-28| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/204554185/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> and 1949<ref>{{Cite news| page = 6| title = Star-Times holds Learn-to-swim campaign in participating pools.| newspaper = The St. Louis Star and Times| location = St. Louis, Missouri| access-date = 2024-02-03| date = 1949-06-21| url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-st-louis-star-and-times-star-times/86778878/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>); Raleigh, North Carolina (1946<ref>{{Cite news| page = 2| title = Red Cross Plans Swimming Drive | newspaper = The News and Observer| location = Raleigh, North Carolina| access-date = 2024-02-03| date = 1946-07-09| url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-and-observer-red-cross-learn-to/51882677/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>) and Nashville,Tennessee (1941<ref>{{Cite news| page = 8| title = Learn-to-Swim Program Started Dispite Showers| newspaper = Nashville Banner| location = Nashville, Tennessee| access-date = 2024-02-03| date = 1941-07-14| url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/602995653/| via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref>).

==References==
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:History of swimming]]