Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Mary Duggan

2019-05-22T18:56:20Z

141.138.51.145:

{{about|the English cricketer|the American author|Mary M. Duggan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Mary Duggan
| female = true
| image =
| fullname = Mary Beatrice Duggan
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1925|11|7}}
| birth_place = [[Worcester]], [[Worcestershire]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1973|3|10|1925|11|7}}
| death_place = [[Ledbury]], [[Hertfordshire]], England
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| heightm =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]]
| role =
| international = true
| country = England
| testdebutdate = 15 January
| testdebutyear = 1949
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testcap = 21
| lasttestdate = 20 July
| lasttestyear = 1963
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[Women's Test cricket|WTests]]
| matches1 = 17
| runs1 = 652
| bat avg1 = 24.14
| 100s/50s1 = 2/1
| top score1 = 108
| deliveries1 = 3,734
| wickets1 = 77
| bowl avg1 = 13.49
| fivefor1 = 5
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 7/6
| catches/stumpings1 = 9/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/53762.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 8 July
| year = 2017
}}
'''Mary Beatrice Duggan''' (7 November 1925 – 10 March 1973) was an English international cricketer, who played 17 test matches for the [[England women's cricket team]] between her debut against Australia in [[Adelaide]] in 1949,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67409.html|title=1st Test: Australia Women v England Women at Adelaide, Jan 15-18, 1949 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref> and her last game, against the touring Australians, at the Oval in 1963.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67432.html|title=3rd Test: England Women v Australia Women at The Oval, Jul 20-23, 1963 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref>

A right-handed batsman, she scored 652 runs at 24.14, with the highlight an unbeaten century in her last game.<ref name=":0" /> She was an effective bowler, and versatile, too, taking 77 wickets at just 13.49. She took a remarkable 7 for 6 against Australia, the best test figures in English women's test history.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/67422.html|title=2nd Test: Australia Women v England Women at Melbourne, Feb 21-24, 1958 {{!}} Cricket Scorecard {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref> In addition to her hundred in her final match, she took 7 for 72 with her fast-medium left-arm swing and left-arm orthodox spin, and was instrumental in England winning the match and the series.

Born on 7 November 1925, she died on 10 March 1973 in [[Ledbury]], Herefordshire. In addition to her long test career, she played for Middlesex Women, South Women, and Yorkshire Women, as well as Worcestershire women, whom she captained for several years.

She served as vice-principal of Dartford (Kent) College of Education for a decade before her untimely death. She left £500 to the [[Women's Cricket Association]] for the coaching of young women cricketers.

She is still the leading wicket taker in the history of Women's test matches(77)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/one-day-cup-2013-14/content/records/283977.html|title=Records {{!}} Women's Test matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Most wickets in career {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|work=Cricinfo|access-date=2017-05-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=53762}}
*{{cricketarchive|id=17004}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duggan, Mary}}
[[Category:Yorkshire women cricketers]]
[[Category:English women cricketers]]
[[Category:England women Test cricketers]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1973 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ledbury]]

Herefordshire

2019-05-22T18:56:03Z

141.138.51.145: /* Notable people */

{{distinguish|Hertfordshire}}
{{For|the UK Parliamentary constituency (abolished 1885)|Herefordshire (UK Parliament constituency)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{short description|County of England}}
{{infobox English county
| official_name = Herefordshire
| other_name = County of Herefordshire
| flag_image = [[File:County Flag of Herefordshire.svg|150px|Flag of Herefordshire]]
| flag_link = Flag of Herefordshire
| motto = "Pulchra terra Dei donum" ("This fair land is the gift of God")
| locator_map = [[File:Herefordshire UK locator map 2010.svg|200px|Herefordshire within England]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|52|05|N|2|45|W|display=title, inline|region:GB_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki}}
| region = [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]
| established_date = 1 April 1998
| established_by = [[Local Government Commission for England (1992)|Local Government Commission for England]]
| preceded_by = [[Hereford and Worcester]]
| origin = [[Historic counties of England|Ancient]]
| lord_lieutenant_office = Lord Lieutenant of Herefordshire
| lord_lieutenant_name = [[Susan Bligh, Countess of Darnley|Susan Bligh]]
| high_sheriff_office = High Sheriff of Herefordshire
| high_sheriff_name = James Felton Somers Hervey-Bathurst, CBE <ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/3222638|title=Privy Council Office-APPOINTMENT OF SHERIFFS|publisher=London Gazette|accessdate= 16 April 2019}} </ref> (2019–2020)
| area_total_km2 = 2180
| area_total_rank = 26th
| ethnicity = White 98.2%, Asian 0.8%, Mixed 0.7%, Black 0.2%, Other 0.1%<ref name=Ethnicity />
| unitary_council = [[Herefordshire Council]]
| admin_hq = [[Hereford]]
| iso_code = GB-HEF
| ons_code = 00GA
| gss_code = E06000019
| nuts_code = UKG11
| MPs = [[List of Parliamentary constituencies in Herefordshire|List of MPs]]
| police = [[West Mercia Police]]
| website = {{URL|www.herefordshire.gov.uk}}
}}
'''Herefordshire''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛr|ᵻ|f|ər|d|ʃ|ər}}) is a [[Counties of England|county]] in the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]] of England, governed by [[Herefordshire Council]]. It borders [[Shropshire]] to the north, [[Worcestershire]] to the east, [[Gloucestershire]] to the south-east, and the [[Wales|Welsh]] counties of [[Monmouthshire]] and [[Powys]] to the west.

[[Hereford]] is a [[cathedral city]] and is the [[county town]]; with a population of approximately 55,800 inhabitants it is also the largest settlement. Situated in the historic [[Welsh Marches]], Herefordshire is one of the most rural and sparsely populated counties in England, with a [[population density]] of 82/km² (212/sq mi), and a 2017 population of 191,000 - the [[List of ceremonial counties of England|fourth-smallest]] of any [[ceremonial county]] in [[England]]. The land use is mostly agricultural and the county is well known for its fruit and [[cider]] production, and the [[Hereford (cattle)|Hereford cattle]] breed.

==Constitution==
From 1974 to 1998, Herefordshire was part of the former [[non-metropolitan county]] of [[Hereford and Worcester]].

Herefordshire was reconstituted both as a new [[non-metropolitan district|district]] (effective 19 July 1996) and as a new [[non-metropolitan county|county]] (coextensive with the area of the aforementioned district) (effective 1 April 1998) by [[Statutory Instrument]] as defined in ''The Hereford and Worcester (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1996/Uksi_19961867_en_2.htm |title=''The Hereford and Worcester (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996'' |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=16 July 2010 |accessdate=25 September 2010}}</ref> This Order established Herefordshire as a [[unitary authority]] on 1 April 1998, combining county and district functions into a single council. Herefordshire is also commonly called a ''unitary district'', but this is not official nomenclature. Herefordshire is officially known as a unitary authority for local government purposes.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/our-changing-geography/local-government-restructuring/index.html | archive-url = http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/our-changing-geography/local-government-restructuring/index.html | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 5 January 2016 | title = A recent history of UK local government restructuring | publisher = [[Office for National Statistics]] | access-date = 28 February 2016 | quote = 1998 – Several more urban UAs were created. The county of Hereford and Worcester was divided into the two-tier Worcestershire and the misleadingly named UA, County of Herefordshire}}</ref> It is governed by Herefordshire Council which was created in 1998 with the new unitary district that absorbed the previous administrative areas of [[Leominster]] District Council, South Herefordshire District Council, Hereford City Council, parts of Hereford-Worcester County Council, and parts of [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills District Council]].<ref>[http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk Official Hereford Council website]. Retrieved 21 May 2009.</ref>

The [[Lieutenancies Act 1997]] made Herefordshire a [[Ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial county]], covering the exact area of the unitary district. For [[Eurostat]] purposes it is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG11) and is one of three counties that comprise the "Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Warwickshire" [[NUTS 2 statistical regions of the United Kingdom|NUTS 2 region]].<ref>{{cite web | title = NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics), by regional level, version 2013 | publisher = [[Eurostat]] | url = http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/ramon/documents/nuts/NUTS_2013.zip | format = zip | accessdate = 11 January 2015}}</ref>

==Physical geography==
[[File:River Wye.jpg|thumb|right|The [[River Wye]] near [[Ross-on-Wye]].]]
The [[River Wye]], which at {{convert|135|mi|km}} is the fifth-longest in the United Kingdom,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.top-ten-10.com/science/geography/rivers-uk.htm |title=Top Ten Longest Rivers in the United Kingdom |publisher=Top-ten-10.com |date= |accessdate=15 June 2013}}</ref> enters the county after briefly being its border with [[Powys]]. It flows through both [[Hereford]] and [[Ross-on-Wye]] before returning to Wales. [[Leominster]] is situated on the [[River Lugg]], a tributary of the Wye.

There are two [[Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty]] in the county. The [[Wye Valley]] is located in the river's valleys south of Hereford, while the [[Malvern Hills]] are in the east of the county, along its border with [[Worcestershire]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aonb.org.uk/wba/naaonb/naaonbpreview.nsf/Web%20Default%20Frameset?OpenFrameSet&Frame=Main&Src=%2Fwba%2Fnaaonb%2Fnaaonbpreview.nsf%2F%24LU.WebHomePage%2F%24first!OpenDocument%26AutoFramed |title=NAAONB Website |publisher=Aonb.org.uk |date= |accessdate=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624084952/http://www.aonb.org.uk/wba/naaonb/naaonbpreview.nsf/Web%20Default%20Frameset?OpenFrameSet&Frame=Main&Src=%2Fwba%2Fnaaonb%2Fnaaonbpreview.nsf%2F%24LU.WebHomePage%2F%24first!OpenDocument%26AutoFramed |archive-date=24 June 2013 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main article|History of Herefordshire}}

Herefordshire is one of the 39 [[Historic counties of England]].

In 1974 the administrative county formed in 1889 was merged with that of neighbouring [[Worcestershire]] to form Hereford and Worcester. Within this, Herefordshire was covered by the [[Non-metropolitan district|local government districts]] of [[South Herefordshire]], [[Hereford]], and part of [[Malvern Hills (district)|Malvern Hills]] and [[Leominster (district)|Leominster]] districts. However, the county was dissolved in 1998, resulting in the return of Herefordshire and Worcestershire as counties.<ref>{{UK SI | year = 1996 | number = 1867 | section = | url = http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1996/1867/contents/made | title = The Hereford and Worcester (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996 | isbn = | made = 18 July 1996 | laid = | force = 1 April 1998 }}</ref>

The current [[Ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial county]] and [[unitary authority|unitary district]] have broadly the same borders as the historic county.

==Demographics==

===Population growth===
{{see also|List of settlements in Herefordshire by population}}
Herefordshire's growth rate has in recent decades been higher than the national average, with the population increasing by
14.4% between 1991 and 2011 – the population of England as a whole increased by only 10.0%. However this has been from a lower base, with only Northumberland and Cumbria having lower population densities than Herefordshire.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Population
! % Change
|-
| 1991
| 160,400
|
|-
| 2001
| 174,871
| 9.0%
|-
| 2011
| 183,477
| 4.9%
|}

===Ethnicity===
The population is White 98.2%, Asian 0.8%, Mixed 0.7%, Black 0.2%, Other 0.1%.<ref name=Ethnicity>{{cite web | url = https://factsandfigures.herefordshire.gov.uk/about-a-topic/population-and-demographics/ethnicity | title = Ethnicity – Facts and Figures – 2011 Census, table KS201 | date = 12 October 2015 | publisher = [[Herefordshire Council]] | access-date = 25 March 2016 | quote = White: English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish, British 93.70%; White: Other White 3.90%; Asian / Asian British 0.80%; Mixed / multiple ethnic group 0.70%; White: Irish 0.40%; White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller 0.20%; Black / African / Caribbean / Black British 0.20%; Other ethnic group 0.10%}}</ref>

===Travellers===
Gypsies and Travellers have historically been Herefordshire's largest minority ethnic group. They are made up of three main groups:
* [[Romanichal]] or Romany "Gypsies"
* [[Irish Travellers]]
*New Travellers or [[New Age Travellers]]

Romany Gypsies and Irish Travellers fall within the definition of a minority ethnic group under the [[Race Relations Amendment Act 2000|Race Relations Amendment Act (2000)]]. They have contributed to the development of the county, for example through seasonal working in orchards.<ref>[https://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/government-citizens-and-rights/equality-and-diversity/equality-for-gypsies-and-travellers/ Herefordshire Council, ''Equality for Gypsies and Travellers''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203013555/https://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/government-citizens-and-rights/equality-and-diversity/equality-for-gypsies-and-travellers/ |date=3 December 2013 }}. Retrieved 21 November 2013</ref> There were approximately 400 people (0.2%) within this minority group in the county at the 2011 Census.<ref>{{cite web |title=Herefordshire, County of, in the 2011 Census |url=http://www.ukcensusdata.com/herefordshire-county-of-e06000019#sthash.ScocCiKW.dpbs |website=UK Census Data |accessdate=23 December 2018}}</ref>

==Cities, towns and villages==
[[File:Hereford Cathedral, from Church Street.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Hereford Cathedral. Owing to its cathedral, [[Hereford]] is a [[City status in the United Kingdom|city]]; the only one in Herefordshire.]]
{{Main article|List of places in Herefordshire|List of settlements in Herefordshire by population}}
{{see also|Category:Towns in Herefordshire|Category:Villages in Herefordshire}}

The major settlements in the county include [[Hereford]], which is the [[county town]] and Herefordshire's only [[City status in the United Kingdom|city]], as well as the towns of [[Leominster]], [[Ledbury]], [[Ross-on-Wye]], [[Kington, Herefordshire|Kington]] and [[Bromyard]].

==Economy==
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of Herefordshire at current basic prices published by the Office for National Statistics with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf |title=Microsoft Word — Regional GVA Article.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=25 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201002538/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf |archivedate=1 December 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Regional Gross Value Added{{ref|fn_4}} || Agriculture{{ref|fn_1}} || Industry{{ref|fn_2}} || Services{{ref|fn_3}}
|-
| 1995 || '''1,622''' || 218 || 567 || 836
|-
| 2000 || '''1,885''' || 155 || 643 || 1,087
|-
| 2003 || '''2,216''' || 185 || 708 || 1,323
|}

{{note|fn_1}} includes hunting and forestry

{{note|fn_2}} includes energy and construction

{{note|fn_3}} includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured

{{note|fn_4}} Components may not sum to totals due to rounding

Many well-known cider producers are based in Herefordshire. These include Weston's cider of [[Much Marcle]], and [[H. P. Bulmer|Bulmer's]] cider, from Hereford, which produces the UK market leader [[Strongbow Cider|Strongbow]].

==Employment==
Most employment in Herefordshire is in agriculture, manufacturing and services. According to Herefordshire Council's online document "worklessness", 10% of people are unemployed in Herefordshire including out-of-work, homeless, ill and disabled and their carers. [[Cargill Meat Solutions|Cargill Meats]] and H. P. Bulmers are two of the largest private sector employers, with the Council and NHS being the largest public sector employers.

==Politics==

===Westminster Parliamentary===
{{Main article|List of Parliamentary constituencies in Herefordshire and Worcestershire}}
There are two parliamentary constituencies in Herefordshire. {{As of|January 2017}}, [[Bill Wiggin]] represents [[North Herefordshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North Herefordshire]] and [[Jesse Norman]] represents [[Hereford and South Herefordshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Hereford and South Herefordshire]]. Both politicians are members of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].

===Council===
{{main article|Herefordshire Council}}
The Council operates a [[cabinet-style council]] and is Conservative controlled. The Chairman is Councillor Brian Wilcox and the Leader of the Council is Councillor Jonathan Lester.

The Cabinet Leader is appointed yearly by the full council of 53 councillors. The Cabinet Leader then picks their deputy and up to 8 other councillors to form the executive cabinet. Each cabinet member makes the decisions about the portfolio that they are allocated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/government-citizens-and-rights/democracy/council-committees/what-is-the-cabinet-and-who-are-the-cabinet-members |publisher=Herefordshire Council |title=What is the cabinet and who are the cabinet members? |accessdate=28 February 2016 |quote=cabinet consists of six members, including the leader of the council and the deputy leader, each responsible for a programme area |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304142122/https://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/government-citizens-and-rights/democracy/council-committees/what-is-the-cabinet-and-who-are-the-cabinet-members |archive-date=4 March 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Elections to the council are held every 4 years. Elections are conducted under the [[First Past the Post|FPTP]] system with the 53 wards returning 1 councillor each. Elections have been held in [[Herefordshire Council Election, 2000|2000]], 2003, 2007, 2011, and 2015 with the next election due in 2019.

The Herefordshire Youth Council has been running for 4 years; it is chaired by Amy Saunders.

==Education==
{{See also|List of schools in Herefordshire}}
Herefordshire has a comprehensive education system that also includes several independent schools.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/schooltables/herefordshire-1380158.html | location=London | work=The Independent | date=15 January 2009 | title=Herefordshire}}</ref> Most state secondary schools are for ages 11–16. Colleges of further and higher education in the county include [[Hereford College of Arts]], [[Hereford College of Education]], [[Hereford Sixth Form College]], [[Herefordshire and Ludlow College]] and the [[Royal National College for the Blind]].

==Agriculture==
The agricultural economy has changed greatly in recent years within the county. The county is on the western edge of England which has been historically pastoral as opposed to the east which was more [[arable land|arable]]. {{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

===Beef===
[[File:Hereford bull large.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Hereford cattle]], such as this bull, originated in the county and are now bred throughout the world.]]
Probably Hereford's most famous export is its [[Hereford cattle|Hereford beef cattle]]. Herefords are docile but extremely hardy creatures and these attributes have led to their proliferation across the world, particularly the USA, South America and Australia. The breed is so gentle that a Hereford bull has been used as the mascot for [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United Football Club]] for many years, led around the club's [[Edgar Street]] ground before major matches.

===Fruit===
The county is famous for its apple and pear orchards, and its cider. There are many orchards around the county but not as many as there once were.

In the last few years, soft [[fruit]]s such as [[strawberries]] have become a new and rapidly expanding area of the agricultural economy of the county. One of the main reasons for this was the introduction of the [[polytunnel]] or French tunnel. This allows the strawberries to be grown for a far longer season and with a higher quality (with no blemishes from the rain). The strawberries are mainly picked by [[Eastern European]] workers who come over for the season and often earn more money, more than they could working in their own country and with the bonus, for many of them, of learning or improving their English. The polytunnels have been a major issue in the county, as some people see them as a "blot on the landscape".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polytunnelcontrol.org.uk/press.htm |title=CPC — Press |publisher=Polytunnelcontrol.org.uk |date= |accessdate=25 September 2010}}</ref>

Although some polytunnel sites are illegal, [[Herefordshire Council]] has turned a blind eye in the belief that agriculture must be allowed to innovate; otherwise it will stagnate and the county will suffer.<ref>{{cite web | title = THE QUEEN ON THE APPLICATION OF WYE VALLEY ACTION ASSOCIATION LIMITED v HEREFORDSHIRE COUNCIL and EC DRUMMOND & SON | work = [2009] EWHC 3428 (Admin), [2010] Env LR 18, [2010] 2 All ER 863 | publisher = [[BAILII#BAILII]] | date = 18 December 2009 | url = http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2009/3428.html | accessdate = 24 August 2010 | quote = the Council, in my judgment, have made an error of law in relation to their findings that this development was not a project within Schedule 2 and such an error of law, as I set out above, means that quashing of the decision must follow, because the Council have failed to undertake an environmental impact assessment of the process. They failed to go on to consider whether or not the project would have significant environmental effects and, therefore, whether or not it required an environmental statement. In those circumstances, there is no need or purpose for me to consider the subsidiary ground which was raised in relation to the reasons provided with the screening opinion since my conclusions in respect of the first element of the ground of challenge disposes of the case and the planning consent must be quashed. }}</ref>

===Dairy===
Previously, most farms in the county had [[dairy cattle]]. Due to the cost of investing in new equipment, long hours{{clarify|date=September 2013}}, [[bovine spongiform encephalopathy|BSE]], [[foot-and-mouth disease]] and mainly falling milk prices, the county's milk production has drastically reduced, with only a few farms still in dairy farming.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

===Potatoes===
As mentioned above, the county is historically pastoral. The soils are mostly clay, meaning that large scale potato production was very difficult, as tractors were not powerful enough to pull the large machinery required to harvest the crop. Around the early 1990s new technology and more powerful machines overcame this problem. Potato production started to increase, fuelled by a few other key factors: The previously pastoral soils had not had potatoes grown in them; consequently they were not infected with [[nematode|eelworm]] (''Heterodera rostochiensis'' and ''Heterodera pallida''), which in the east of England had to be sprayed against weekly (a large cost). Also, the clay soil produced an unblemished potato of the highest grade. The intensive nature of the crop meant that potatoes could be grown viably on a given field in only one of every five years. Because potato growers always needed more land than they owned, they rented extra. This demand for rental fields came at a time when the rest of the industry was struggling and in serious decline. The potato farmers' rents of £300–500 per acre (as opposed to normally £80 per acre) were very helpful to many farmers in a difficult period. {{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}

==Emblems==

===Coat of arms===
Herefordshire County Council was granted a [[coat of arms]] on 28 February 1946.<ref name="briggs">Geoffrey Briggs, ''Civic and Corporate Heraldry'', London, 1971</ref> The arms became obsolete in 1974 on the abolition of the council, but were transferred to the present Herefordshire Council by [[Order in Council]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1997/19972618.htm |title=''The Local Authorities (Armorial Bearings) (No. 2) Order 1997'', www.opsi.gov.uk, accessed October 31, 2007 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=1 April 1974 |accessdate=25 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103164327/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1997/19972618.htm |archivedate=3 January 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The arms are [[blazon]]ed as follows:

''[[Gules]] on a [[fess]]e wavy between in chief a lion passant guardant [[argent]] and in base a Herefordshire bull's head caboshed proper, a bar wavy [[azure (heraldry)|azure]]; and for a [[crest (heraldry)|Crest]] on a wreath of the colours a demi lion rampant gules holding in the sinister claw a fleece or; and for Supporters, on the dexter side a lion guardant or gorged with a wreath of hops fructed proper and on the sinister a talbot argent gorged with a collar or charged with three apples proper.''<ref name="briggs"/>

The red colouring ("gules") of the shield is taken from the arms of the City of Hereford. The red colour also represents the red earth of Herefordshire. The silver and blue wave across the centre of the shield represents the River Wye. The lions that form parts of the arms, crest and supporters are also taken from Hereford's arms. The agricultural produce of Herefordshire is represented by the bull's head, fleece, hops and apples. The [[Talbot (dog)|talbot dog]] comes from the heraldry of the Talbot family, Marcher Lords of Shrewsbury and also from that of Viscount Hereford.

The [[Latin]] [[motto]] is: ''Pulchra terra Dei donum'' ("This fair land is the gift of God").<ref>C Wilfrid Scott-Giles, ''Civic Heraldry of England and Wales'', 2nd edition, London, 1953</ref>

===County flower===
As part of a competition organised by the charity [[Plantlife]] to raise awareness of conservation issues, the public were asked to vote for "[[county flower]]s" that they felt best represented their county. [[Mistletoe]] was announced as the winning choice for Herefordshire in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kirby |first=Alex |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3684291.stm |title=''UK counties choose floral emblems'', BBC News online, accessed October 31, 2007 |publisher=BBC News |date=5 May 2004 |accessdate=25 September 2010}}</ref> The emblem has no official status and has not been widely adopted. Herefordshire Council uses a logo consisting of a green apple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/homepage.asp |title=Herefordshire Council Homepage, accessed October 31, 2007 |publisher=Herefordshire.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=25 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815063656/http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/homepage.asp |archivedate=15 August 2010 |df= }}</ref>

==Sport==
[[File:Hufc-lwme.jpg|thumb|right|[[Edgar Street]] is the home ground of [[Hereford F.C.]], the successors to [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]], the only club from the county to have ever played in [[The Football League]].]]
Perhaps the most famous sporting team in Herefordshire is [[Hereford United F.C.|Hereford United]] football club, who were members of the [[Football League]] and played at [[Edgar Street]] stadium in the city of Hereford. The club was founded in 1924 on the merger of two local teams – St Martin's and RAOC – and became members of the Birmingham Combination League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herefordunited.co.uk/page/PottedHistory/0,,10835~1917023,00.html |title=Hereford United – Potted History 1924–1949 |date=29 December 2009 |publisher=[[Hereford United F.C.]] |access-date=25 March 2016 |quote=Hereford United Football Club was formed by the amalgamation of two local sides, St Martins and RAOC in June 1924. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314125802/http://www.herefordunited.co.uk/page/PottedHistory/0%2C%2C10835~1917023%2C00.html |archive-date=14 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The club then made its way upwards to the [[Southern Football League]], finally gaining election to the [[Football League]] in 1972 – the same year that the club famously defeated [[Football League First Division|First Division]] side [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]] in an [[FA Cup]] tie. Two successive promotions saw the club reach the [[Football League Second Division|Second Division]] in 1978, but two successive relegations followed and saw the club side back into the [[Football League Fourth Division|Fourth Division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herefordunited.co.uk/page/PottedHistory/0,,10835~1917036,00.html |title=Hereford United – Potted History 1970–1990 |date=29 December 2009 |publisher=[[Hereford United F.C.]] |access-date=25 March 2016 |quote=With the club in a state of decline, a second successive relegation followed and in 1978, United found themselves back where they had started, in the old Fourth Division. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229230603/http://www.herefordunited.co.uk/page/PottedHistory/0%2C%2C10835~1917036%2C00.html |archivedate=29 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Despite being situated within England, the club has competed in the [[Welsh Cup]] on a number of occasions, winning the trophy in 1990. The club suffered relegation from the Football League in 1997 and fell into the [[Football Conference]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herefordunited.co.uk/page/PottedHistory/0,,10835~1917047,00.html |title=Hereford United – Potted History 1990–2000 |date=28 December 2009 |publisher=[[Hereford United F.C.]] |access-date=25 March 2016 |quote=Despite United's brave efforts, the match finished all square at 1–1, breaking Hereford hearts and condemning them to relegation from the Football League after a twenty-five year reign. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314125848/http://www.herefordunited.co.uk/page/PottedHistory/0%2C%2C10835~1917047%2C00.html |archivedate=14 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> not regaining its Football League status until 2006. The club then played in [[Football League Two]] – the fourth tier of English football – for six years before once again being relegated out of the Football League at the end of the 2011–12 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herefordunited.co.uk/page/PottedHistory/0,,10835~1917048,00.html |title=Hereford United – Potted History 2000–2010 |date=7 January 2010 |publisher=[[Hereford United F.C.]] |access-date=25 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314125941/http://www.herefordunited.co.uk/page/PottedHistory/0%2C%2C10835~1917048%2C00.html |archivedate=14 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The club was wound up in 2014. A new [[phoenix club (association football)|phoenix club]], [[Hereford F.C.]] was set up competing in the [[Midland Football League]] Premier Division (9th tier) for its first season, 2015–16.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/32740977 | title = Hereford FC: New club to play in Midland Football League | publisher = [[BBC Sport]] | date = 14 May 2015}}</ref> The club lost to [[Morpeth Town A.F.C.|Morpeth Town]] at [[Wembley Stadium]] on 22 May 2016 in the final of the [[FA Vase]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Peter Beadle: Hereford FC manager enjoys double pre-Wembley celebration | publisher = [[BBC Sport]] | date = 21 March 2016 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35866499 | access-date = 25 March 2016}}</ref>

Cricket is widely played within the county, and [[Herefordshire County Cricket Club]] compete in the [[Minor Counties Championship]], having been elected in 1992 to take Durham's place, when that county joined the First-class structure. The leading club sides in Herefordshire are Brockhampton CC and Eastnor CC, who both compete in the [[Birmingham and District Premier League]], the ECB accredited Premier League for cricket clubs in the West Midlands, and one of the strongest cricket leagues in England. Below that in the cricketing pyramid system 7 other leading Herefordshire clubs compete in the [[Worcestershire County Cricket League]], with the remaining 25 or so cricket clubs within the county competing in the Marches League, or just playing Sunday or mid-week 'friendly' matches.

==Places of interest==
{{EngPlacesKey|align=right}}
* [[Abbey Dore Court]] [[File:HH icon.svg]]
* [[Arthur's Stone, Herefordshire|Arthur's Stone]] [[File:EH icon.svg]]
* [[Berrington Hall]] [[File:NTE icon.svg]] [[File:HH icon.svg]]
* [[Brockhampton Estate]] [[File:NTE icon.svg]] [[File:HH icon.svg]]
* [[Courtyard, Hereford|Courtyard Centre for the Arts]] – Hereford's main theatre and art performance centre
* [[Croft Castle]] [[File:CL icon.svg]]
* [[Dore Abbey]] [[File:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
* [[Eastnor Castle]] [[File:HH icon.svg]]
* [[Edgar Street]] (Football Stadium Home to [[Hereford F.C.]])
* [[Eye Manor]] [[File:HH icon.svg]]
* [[Goodrich Castle]] [[File:CL icon.svg]]
* [[Hampton Court, Herefordshire|Hampton Court]] [[File:HH icon.svg]]
* [[Hellens|Hellens Manor]] [[File:HH icon.svg]]
* [[Hereford Cathedral]] [[File:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
* [[Kilpeck Church]] [[File:AP_Icon.svg]]
* [[Malvern Hills AONB|Malvern Hills]] [[File:UKAL icon.svg]]
* [[Herefordshire Beacon]]
* [[Priory Church, Leominster|Priory Church]] [[File:AP Icon.svg|16px]]
* [[Sutton Walls Hill Fort]]
* [[Wigmore Castle]] [[File:HH icon.svg]]
* [[Welsh Newton]]

==Transport==

===Road===
[[File:M50 motorway from Ryton Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The M50 motorway near [[Ledbury]] and [[Ross-on-Wye]].]]
The [[M50 motorway (Great Britain)|M50]], one of the first [[motorways]] to be built in the United Kingdom, runs through the south of the county and, with the [[A40 road|A40]] [[dual carriageway]], forms part of the major route linking [[South Wales]] with the [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] and the north of England. The [[A49 road|A49]] runs north–south through the county and is a strategic route between [[North Wales|North]] and [[South Wales]] as well as catering for local traffic.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/365282Midlands_to_Wales_and_Gloucestershire.pdf | title = Midlands to Wales and Gloucestershire route-based strategy evidence report | date = April 2014 | website = Department for Transport | publisher = [[Highways Agency]] | access-date = 25 March 2016 | quote = The A49 is also used as a strategic route between North and South Wales. }}</ref>

===Railways===
The [[Welsh Marches Line]] also runs north–south with passenger trains operated by [[Transport for Wales Rail|Transport for Wales]] offering links to [[Manchester Piccadilly railway station|Manchester]] as well as to North and South Wales. [[Hereford railway station|Hereford]] is the western end of the [[Cotswold Line]] which runs via [[Worcester Shrub Hill railway station|Worcester]] with through services to [[Oxford railway station|Oxford]] and [[Paddington railway station|London Paddington]] (operated by [[Great Western Railway (train operating company)|Great Western Railway]]) and to [[Birmingham New Street railway station|Birmingham]] (operated by [[West Midlands Trains]]). The rural [[Heart of Wales Line]] linking [[Craven Arms railway station|Craven Arms]] in Shropshire to [[Llanelli railway station|Llanelli]] in southwest Wales passes through the extreme north west of Herefordshire with stations at [[Knighton railway station|Knighton]] and [[Bucknell railway station|Bucknell]] near the meeting point of the boundaries of Herefordshire, [[Shropshire]] and [[Powys]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Presteigne and Hay-on-Wye: Llanandras A'r Gelli Gandryll (Landranger Maps) | publisher = [[Ordnance Survey]] | year = 2007 | edition = B2 | isbn = 978-0319229484 }}</ref> The majority of passengers between North and South Wales use the Marches line.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.blaenau-gwent.gov.uk/documents/wales%20docs/W29.pdf | title = National Transport Plan | date = 2009 | publisher = [[Welsh Assembly Government]] | access-date = 25 March 2016 | quote = Rail caters for longer distance travel with the services using the Marches Line, which in part runs through England, taking the majority of passengers. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160415153817/http://www.blaenau-gwent.gov.uk/documents/wales%20docs/W29.pdf | archive-date = 15 April 2016 | dead-url = yes | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

Former lines which are now closed were the [[Ledbury and Gloucester Railway]]; [[Ross & Monmouth Railway]]; Hereford to [[Hay-on-Wye]]; [[Pontrilas]] to Hay-on-Wye; Hay-on-Wye to [[Brecon]]; [[Leominster]] to [[New Radnor]]; [[Eardisley]] to [[Presteigne]]; and [[Leominster]] to [[Worcester]] via [[Bromyard]]. Part of the Titley Spur is opened annually by enthusiasts and a steam train is run along the track.

There has long been talk of a new station at Rotherwas, in the south of [[Hereford]].
[[File:Railway at Pontrilas - geograph.org.uk - 889611.jpg|right|350px|thumb|[[Arriva Trains Wales]] service passing the currently closed [[Pontrilas railway station|Pontrilas station]] on the [[Welsh Marches Line]].]]

===Air===
There are no airports with Scheduled air transport in Herefordshire. [[Birmingham Airport]], [[Cardiff Airport]] and [[Bristol Airport]] are the nearest. The RailAir<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railair.com |title=Welcome to |publisher=Railair.com |date= |accessdate=25 September 2010}}</ref> [[RailAir]] [[Coach (rail)|coach]] operated by [[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]] provides connections to [[Heathrow Airport]] via [[Reading railway station|Reading station]] or passengers can change at Reading station and then go all the way by train via [[Hayes & Harlington railway station|Hayes & Harlington]] to Heathrow Airport.
[[Shobdon Aerodrome]] near Leominster is a centre for [[general aviation]] and [[gliding]]. [[Hot air balloon]]ing is also popular with [[Eastnor Castle]] being one of the favourite launch sites in the area.

===Waterways===
Historically, the rivers [[River Wye|Wye]], [[River Teme|Teme]] and [[River Lugg|Lugg]] were [[navigable]] but the wide seasonal variations in water levels mean that few craft larger than [[canoes]] and [[coracles]] are now used. There are canoe centres at [http://www.wyevalleycanoes.co.uk The Boat House], Glasbury-on-Wye (in [[Powys]], Wales), [https://web.archive.org/web/20051119124701/http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk/youthservice/22702.asp the Hereford Youth Service] and [http://www.wye-pursuits.co.uk Kerne Bridge] in [[Ross-on-Wye]], as well as [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] clubs in Hereford and Ross-on-Wye.

The early 19th century saw the construction of two [[canals]], The [[Herefordshire & Gloucestershire Canal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk/post-medieval/canals/hereford_gloucester.htm |title=Hereford & Gloucester Canal |publisher=Smr.herefordshire.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=25 September 2010}}</ref> and The Leominster & Stourport Canal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smr.herefordshire.gov.uk/post-medieval/canals/leominster_stourport.htm |title=Leominster & Stourport Canal |publisher=Smr.herefordshire.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=25 September 2010}}</ref> but these were never successful and there are now few remains to be seen. The Herefordshire & Gloucestershire Canal is currently the subject a restoration project, which includes the construction of a new canal basin in [[Hereford]] city centre as part of the regeneration of the [[Edgar Street Grid]]. The project, however, is being undertaken by a small voluntary group and there is no expected date for any part of the canal to re-open for boating.

==Notable people==
[[File:Elgar-Bicycle-Statue-by-Oliver-Dixon.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Classical composer Sir [[Edward Elgar]] lived in Hereford from 1904 to 1911. His association with the city is commemorated with this statue.]]
[[File:GraveOfStJohnKemble(PhilipHalling)Jan2006.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Roman Catholic martyr St. [[John Kemble (martyr)|John Kemble]]'s grave in the Herefordshire village of [[Welsh Newton]].]]

* [[Matthew_Hall_(writer)|Matthew Hall]], writer
* [[Dennis Potter]], writer
* [[Elizabeth Barrett Browning]], poet
* [[Richard Hammond]], ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'' and [[The Grand Tour (TV series)|The Grand Tour]] presenter
* [[Mary Duggan]], cricketer
* [[Noele Gordon]], actress
* [[Mike Oldfield]], musician
* [[Mick Ralphs]], [[Mott the Hoople]] and [[Bad Company]] guitarist
* [[Richard Ashcroft]], songwriter and lead singer of [[The Verve]]
* [[Monty Don]], BBC TV presenter
* [[Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex]], favourite of [[Queen Elizabeth I]]
* [[Conroy Maddox]], artist
* [[Beryl Reid]], actress
* [[Jessica Raine]], actress
* [[Sir Edward Elgar]], composer
* [[Sir Roy Strong]], art historian
* [[David Garrick]], renowned actor of the 18th century
* [[Lady Godiva]], wife of Leofric, [[Earl of Mercia]]
* [[Harold Godwinson]], Earl of Hereford and last Anglo-Saxon King of England
* [[Ellie Goulding]], musician
* [[Nell Gwynne]], [[Mistress (lover)|mistress]] of [[King Charles II of England]]
* [[Terry Jenkins]], professional [[darts]] player
* St. [[John Kemble (martyr)]] [[Catholic priest]]
* [[Francis Kilvert]], 19th century diarist and [[Church of England]] clergyman
* [[Mark Labbett]], one of five Chasers on ''[[The Chase (UK game show)|The Chase]]'' as well as its [[The Chase Australia|Australian counterpart]]
* [[Albert Lee]], guitarist
* [[Peter Mandelson]], politician and former resident of [[Foy, Herefordshire|Foy]]
* [[John Masefield]], poet laureate
* [[Sidney Nolan]], Australian artist
* [[John Oldcastle]], [[Lollard]] leader and basis for [[Shakespeare's]] character [[Falstaff]]
* [[Blanche Parry]], [[lady-in-waiting]] to [[Queen Elizabeth I]]
* [[Peter Scudamore]], jockey
* [[James Honeyman-Scott]], guitarist [[The Pretenders]]
* [[Pete Farndon]], bass guitarist [[The Pretenders]]
* [[Martin Chambers]], drummer [[The Pretenders]]
* [[Tom Spring]], [[Bare-knuckle boxing|bare-knuckle boxer]], champion of England in the 19th century
* [[Thomas Traherne]], 17th century poet
* [[Fred West]], serial killer
* [[Alfred Watkins]], pioneering archaeologist and photographer
* [[Richard Johnson (jockey)|Richard Johnson]], jockey
* [[Sir Walter Roper Lawrence]], author
* [[Allan Leonard Lewis]] Posthumously awarded the [[Victoria Cross]], Died 21 September 1918, commemorated on Vis-En-Artois Memorial, France
* [[Richard Hakluyt]] Elizabethan writer and geographer who recorded contemporary voyages of exploration and promoted the settlement of North America
* [[Ronald Pennell]], artist, engraver and sculptor

==See also==
* [[Lord Lieutenant of Herefordshire|List of Lord Lieutenants of Herefordshire]]
* [[High Sheriff of Herefordshire|List of High Sheriffs of Herefordshire]]
* [[Custos Rotulorum of Herefordshire]] – Keeper of the Rolls
* [[Herefordshire (UK Parliament constituency)]] – Historical list of MPs for Herefordshire constituency
* [[List of schools in Herefordshire]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{wikivoyage-inline}}
*{{Commonscat-inline}}
*{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Herefordshire}}
*[http://www.herefordshire.gov.uk Herefordshire Council]
*[http://www.visitherefordshire.co.uk/ Visit Herefordshire]

{{Herefordshire}}
{{West_Midlands}}
{{England counties}}
{{Unitary authorities of England}}

[[Category:Herefordshire| ]]
[[Category:Local government districts of the West Midlands (region)]]
[[Category:NUTS 3 statistical regions of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Unitary authority districts of England]]
[[Category:West Midlands (region)]]
[[Category:West Country]]

British Asians

2019-05-22T18:50:46Z

141.138.51.145:

{{About|People in the United Kingdom of South Asian descent|people of East Asian descent|East Asians in the United Kingdom}}{{Short description|Ethnic and racial group}}{{infobox ethnic group
| group = British Asians
| image = {{flagicon|UK}} United Kingdom
| population = South Asian - '''3,078,374''' (4.9%) (2011){{efn|From the 2011 census, all usual residents of ethnic group '''Asian or Asian British''' (Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi only)}} 
of which 
Indian - '''1,451,862''' (2.3%) (2011) 
Pakistani - '''1,174,983''' (1.9%) (2011) 
Bangladeshi - '''451,529''' (0.7%) (2011) 
Sri Lankan - '''231,567''' (0.36%) (2011) 
| region1 = '''[[Countries of the United Kingdom|Countries]]'''<ref name=2011census/>
| region2 = {{flagicon|ENG}} England
| pop2 = '''2,944,498''' (5.5%) (2011)
| region3 = {{flagicon|SCO}} Scotland
| pop3 = '''85,875''' (1.6%) (2011)
| region4 = {{flagicon|WAL}} Wales
| pop4 = '''40,172''' (1.3%) (2011)
| region5 = {{flagicon|NIR}} Northern Ireland
| pop5 = '''7,829''' (0.4%) (2011) 
| langs = Primary language: English 
Ancestral languages: [[Kannada]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]]
| religions = Chiefly [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]] and [[Islam]] {{small| [[Christianity|Christian]], [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]], [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Jainism in the United Kingdom|Jain]] and [[Atheism|Atheist]] minorities}}
}}

'''British Asians''' (also referred to as '''South Asians in the United Kingdom''', '''Asian British people''' or '''Asian Britons''') are persons of South Asian descent who reside in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/|title=Statistics - release calendar - GOV.UK|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> In [[British English]] usage, the term ''Asian'' usually refers to people with roots in [[South Asia]], essentially the [[Indian subcontinent]] (or former British Raj & Ceylon), i.e. modern countries of [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Maldives]] and [[Sri Lanka]].

Immigration of small numbers of [[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asians]] to England began with the arrival of the [[East India Company]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]] in the 17th century. Indians came to Britain, for educational or economic reasons, during the [[British Raj]], with most returning to India after a few months or years,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iPHqigUD6FUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Counterflows+to+Colonialism:+Indian+Traveller+and+Settler+in+Britain+1600-1857.+Orient+Blackswan.#v=onepage&q=settled&f=false|title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600 ...|last=INTRODUCTION page 1|website=|access-date=|isbn=9788178241548|year=2006}}</ref> and in greater numbers as the [[Indian independence movement]] led to [[partition of India|the partition of 1947]], eventually creating the separate countries of [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]].

The most significant wave of Asian immigration to and settlement in the United Kingdom came following [[World War II]], the breakup of the [[British Empire]] and the independence of Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and later Bangladesh, especially during the 1950s and 1960s. An influx of Asian immigrants also took place following the [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expulsion]] or flight of [[Indian diaspora in East Africa|Indian communities]] (then holders of [[British passport]]s) from the newly independent [[Indians in Uganda|Uganda]], [[Indians in Kenya|Kenya]] and [[Indians in Tanzania|Tanzania]] in the early 1970s.

==Terminology==
In Britain, the word "Asian" usually refers specifically to people of [[South Asian]] ancestry ([[British Pakistanis|Pakistanis]], [[British Indian|Indians]], [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshis]] and [[British Sri Lankans|Sri Lankans]]). This usage contrasts to that in the [[United States]], where it is used to refer to people of [[East Asian]] origin.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race: for reflection and debate|first=Raj|last=Bhopal|journal=Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health|volume=58|issue=6|pages=441–445|year=2004|doi=10.1136/jech.2003.013466|pmc=1732794}}</ref><ref name=BSA>{{cite web|url=http://www.britsoc.co.uk/media/25564/EqualityandDiversity_LanguageandtheBSA_RaceMar05.doc?1429559280759|title=Language and the BSA: Ethnicity & Race|publisher=British Sociological Association|date=March 2005|accessdate=27 April 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427143029/http://www.britsoc.co.uk/media/25564/EqualityandDiversity_LanguageandtheBSA_RaceMar05.doc?1429559280759|archivedate=27 April 2015|df=}}</ref> The [[British Sociological Association]]'s guidelines on equality and diversity suggest that "South Asian" is more precise than "Asian", and that the latter should not be used where there is a risk of it conflating South Asians with people from elsewhere in Asia.<ref name=BSA/>

The [[United Kingdom Census 1991]] was the first to include a question on ethnicity (apart from in Northern Ireland, where the question was not asked until 2001). The question had tick-boxes for "Indian", "Pakistani" and "Bangladeshi". There was also a tick box, as well as a general "Any other ethnic group (please describe)" option for those not wishing to identify with any of the pre-set tick boxes. For the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]], in England and Wales, "Indian", "Pakistani" and "Bangladeshi" and "Any other Asian background (please write in)" options were grouped under an "Asian or Asian British" heading, with appearing under a separate heading. In Scotland, all of these tick-boxes were grouped together under an "Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British " heading, and in Northern Ireland no broad headings were used, just tick-boxes for each of the Asian groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/ethnicity/focus-on-ethnicity-and-identity/a-guide-to-comparing-1991-and-2001-census-ethnic-group-data/comparing-1991-and-2001-census-ethnic-group-data.pdf|title=A guide to comparing 1991 and 2001 Census ethnic group data|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref> The [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 Census]] questionnaire was more consistent with regard to the grouping of Asian ethnicities, such that Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and any other Asian background options appeared under a broad "Asian/Asian British" ("Asian, Asian Scottish or Asian British" in Scotland) heading in all parts of the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-nat-identity-religion/ethnic-group/index.html|title=Ethnic group|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=27 April 2015|date=2011-11-02}}</ref>

== Demography and religion ==
[[File:British Asian professionals at a networking event in the City of London.jpg|thumb|British Asian professionals at a networking event in the City of London]]
The [[United Kingdom Census 2011|2011 UK Census]] recorded 1,451,862 residents of Indian, 1,174,983 of Pakistani and 451,529 of Bangladeshi ethnicity, making a total South Asian population of 3,078,374 (4.9 per cent of the total population), excluding other Asian groups and people of mixed ethnicity.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-and-quick-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-the-united-kingdom---part-1/rft-ks201uk.xls|title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=11 October 2013|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref>

South Asian ethnic groups mostly originate from a few select places in South Asia, these are known as place of origins. British Indians tend to originate mainly from the two Indian States, [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Ballard |editor1-first=Roger |year=2007 |title=Desh Pardesh : the South Asian presence in Britain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74ZVFb37zuIC&pg=PA20 |location=London |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |page=19 |isbn=978-1-85065-091-1}}</ref> Evidence from Bradford and Birmingham have shown, Pakistanis originate largely from the [[Mirpur District]] in [[Azad Kashmir]]. The second largest ethnic group of British Pakistanis are the Punjabi people, largely from [[Attock District]] of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] followed by [[pathans]] and other ethnic groups from the districts of [[Nowshera, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa|Nowshera]], [[Peshwar]] and [[Ghazi, NWFP|Ghazi]] in province of [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]. In the [[London Borough of Waltham Forest]] there are substantial numbers of Pakistani people originating from [[Jhelum]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]].<ref>Alison Shaw ''(2000)''. ''Kinship and continuity: Pakistani families in Britain Studies''. Routledge. page. 16. {{ISBN|978-90-5823-075-1}}</ref> Studies have shown 95 per cent of Bangladeshis originate from the [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet region]], one of the 8 divisions in Bangladesh, located in the Northeastern part of Bangladesh. Districts include Sylhet, Habiganj, Moulvibazar, and Sunamganj.<ref name=95percent>{{cite journal |last=Gardner |first=Katy |date=July 1992 |title=International migration and the rural context in Sylhet |journal=New Community |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=579–590 |doi=10.1080/1369183X.1992.9976331}}</ref><ref name=spitafields>{{cite book | last = Kershen | first =Anne J. | title =Strangers, Aliens and Asians: Huguenots, Jews and Bangladeshis in Spitalfields, 1660–2000 | publisher =Routledge | year =2005 | page =247 | isbn =978-0-7146-5525-3}}</ref> In Tower Hamlets, people have origins in different zones in the Sylhet region, mainly from [[Jagannathpur Upazila|Jagannathpur]], [[Beanibazar Upazila|Beanibazar]] and [[Bishwanath Upazila|Bishwanath]], along with Sylhet Sadar and other cities..<ref name=transnational>{{cite book | last =Smith | first =Michael |author2=John Eade | title =Transnational Ties: Cities, Migrations, and Identities | publisher=Transaction Publishers | year =2008 | page =149 | isbn =978-1-4128-0806-4}}</ref>

South Asians who marked "Other Asian" as an ethnic group and then wrote in their specific ethnic group were mostly (23%) of Sri Lankan origin{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=September 2017}}. Due to a growing sense of affiliation with Britain, many third generation South Asians chose to not mark "Asian or British Asian" and instead marked "British Asian" in the "Other Asian" write in section.<ref name="Gardener">Gardener, David. Who are the Other Ethnic Groups. 2005. October 27, 2006. [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/articles/nojournal/other_ethnicgroups.pdf]</ref>

[[File:Members of the Asian community with David Cameron.jpg|thumb|Members of the Asian community with the then prime minister [[David Cameron]] in 2014]]
The language spoken by Indians are, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]. People from Pakistan speak [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Potwari language|Mirpuri]], [[Hindko language|Hindko]] (dialects of Punjabi), [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]] and [[Seraiki language|Seraiki]]. Gujaratis who emigrated from India and East Africa speak [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] (a dialect of Sindhi), while a sizeable number of [[Gujarati Muslims]] speak [[Urdu language|Urdu]] for religious and cultural reasons.<ref>{{cite web|title=Urdu/Hindi today by Viv Edwards|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/urdu.shtml|website=BBC.co.uk|accessdate=23 March 2015|quote=The Urdu community in the UK is very much larger than the Hindi community. Most of those who identify themselves as Urdu speakers use a variety of Panjabi as the language of the home, and speak Urdu as a second language for religious and cultural reasons. The overwhelming majority comes from the west Panjab and the Mirpur district of Azad Kashmir, but smaller groups of Gujarati Muslims from both India and East Africa also use Urdu for religious purposes.}}</ref> Bangladeshis from [[Sylhet]] speak [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. People from Sri Lanka speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]. Those who speak dialects mainly refer their language to the main language, for example Sylheti speakers say they speak Bengali or Mirpuri speakers say they speak Punjabi. The reason for this is because they do not expect outsiders to be well informed about dialects.<ref>Culture, Religion, and Childbearing in a Multiracial Society: A Handbook for Health Professionals. {{ISBN|978-0-7506-2050-5}}</ref>

The unemployment rate among Indian men was only slightly higher than that for White British or White Irish men, 7 per cent compared with 5 per cent for the other two groups. On the other hand, Pakistanis have higher unemployment rates of 13-14%, and Bangladeshis have one of the highest rates, around 23%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=1089&Pos=2&ColRank=2&Rank=768|title=Office for National Statistics (ONS) - ONS|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> Some surveys also revealed the Indian unemployment rate to be 6-7%<ref>National Statistics. Labour Market. 2006. 14 August 2006. Ethnicity and Identity. 2005. 14 August 2006. <{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/foe2004/Ethnicity.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2004-07-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20040722020737/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/foe2004/Ethnicity.pdf |archivedate=2004-07-22 |df= }}>.</ref> Persons of Indian or mixed Indian origin are more likely than [[White British]] to have university degrees, whereas Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are less likely.<ref>National Statistics. Ethnicity and Identity. 2005. 14 August 2006. <{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/foe2004/Ethnicity.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2004-07-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20040722020737/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_compendia/foe2004/Ethnicity.pdf |archivedate=2004-07-22 |df= }}>.</ref> With the exception of Bangladeshi women, every other group of South Asians, have higher attendance at university than the national average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,COUNTRYREP,MRGI,,49749c8c28,0.html|title=Refworld - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - United Kingdom : South Asians|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=Refworld|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> GCSE pass rates have been rising for all South Asians.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.economist.com/images/20071027/CBR228.gif|title=Overtaking | work=The Economist}}</ref>

There have been three waves of migration of Hindus in the United Kingdom.The first wave was before India's independence in 1947. In the early 1950s the Conservative Health Minister, [[Enoch Powell]] recruited a large number of doctors from the Indian sub-continent. The second wave occurred in the 1970s mainly from [[East Africa]]. The later communities included those from [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Mauritius]] and [[Fiji]]. The last wave of migration began in the 1990s and included Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka and professionals including doctors and software engineers from India.

British Pakistanis and Bangladeshis tend to be religiously homogeneous, with Muslims accounting for 92% of each group while their counterparts of Indian and Sri Lankan origin are more religiously diverse, with 55% Hindus, 29% Sikhs, and 15% Muslims. British Gujaratis are predominantly Hindu, belonging to various caste organizations, with large minorities of [[Gujarati Muslims|Muslims]], [[Jainism|Jains]], and smaller numbers of Christians and [[Zoroastrians]]. Notable religious buildings are the [[East London Mosque]], [[London Central Mosque]], [[Birmingham Central Mosque]], [[Baitul Futuh]], [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir London]], [[Bradford Lakshmi Narayan Hindu Temple]], Shikharbandi Jain Derasar in [[Potters Bar]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hegner|first1=Victoria|last2=Margry|first2=Peter Jan|title=Spiritualizing the City: Agency and Resilience of the Urban and Urbanesque habitat|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|location=Oxford UK|isbn=978-1138930728|pages=121–123|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Di4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115&dq=Halar+shah+africa#v=snippet&q=jain&f=false}}</ref> [[Gurdwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha]] in [[Southall]] and [[Guru Nanak Darbar Gurdwara]] in [[Gravesend]].

The publication of [[Salman Rushdie]]'s novel ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' in 1988 caused [[The Satanic Verses controversy|major controversy]]. Muslims condemned the book for [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemy]]. On 2 December 1988 the book was publicly burned at a demonstration in [[Bolton]] attended by 7,000 Muslims, followed by a similar demonstration and book-burning in [[Bradford]] on 14 January 1989.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lustig|first1=Robin|last2=Bailey|first2=Martin|last3=de Bruxelles|first3=Simon|last4=Mather|first4=Ian|title=War of the Word|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1989/feb/19/race.world|accessdate=7 July 2014|work=The Observer|date=19 February 1989}}</ref> In 1989 [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] of [[Iran]] issued a [[fatwā]] ordering Muslims to kill Rushdie.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/14/newsid_2541000/2541149.stm | work=BBC News | title=1989: Ayatollah sentences author to death | date=14 February 1989}}</ref>

Britain is also home of notable Asian religious leaders and scholars. Some of them are [[Mirza Masroor Ahmad]] (Caliph of the [[Ahmadiyya]] Community), [[Abdul Qayum (imam)|Sheikh Abdul Qayum]] (one of the best known scholars in Europe and Chief Imam of [[East London Mosque]]), [[Abu Yusuf Riyadh ul Haq]] (Khateeb of [[Birmingham Central Mosque]]), Dr. Mahmudul Hasan (Khateeb of Essex Mosque), Abdur Rahman Madani (Chairman of Global Eid Trust and Chief Imam of Darul Ummah Mosque), [[Faiz-ul-Aqtab Siddiqi]] (principal of [[Hijaz College]]), [[Ajmal Masroor]] (Imam and Liberal Democrats politician) and [[Pramukh Swami Maharaj]] (fifth spiritual successor of Hindu [[Swaminarayan]]).

==History in Britain==
[[File:Portrait Gandhi.jpg|thumb|[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] who studied in England played a pivotal role in ending the British Raj in [[South Asia]]
]]

The earliest date at which South Asians settled in [[Great Britain]] is not clear.

If the [[Romani people|Romany]] (Gypsies) are included, then the earliest arrivals were in the [[Middle Ages]]. DNA surveys have linked Romanies to present-day South Asian populations and the [[Romany language]] is a member of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] language family. Romanies are believed to have begun travelling westward around 1000 CE, and have mixed with [[South-west Asia]]n and European populations over many centuries.

Romani began arriving in sizeable numbers in parts of [[Western Europe]] in the 16th century. The Romani who settled in Britain are known as [[Romanichal]].
===Lascar===
When the Portuguese [[Vasco da Gama]] arrived in India in 1498, he opened a direct maritime route between South Asia and Europe. In the following century many South Asians arrived in Europe by sea as sailors, slaves and servants. Trade and English [[piracy]] brought some of these people to Britain and four South Asian men in London answered the call for sailors for the first [[English East India Company]] fleet to Asia. Their Portuguese names identifies them as mixed-race Portuguese [[Luso-Asians]].<ref>Pp.6-8. A South Asian History of Britain: Four Centuries of Peoples from the Indian Sub-Continent. By Michael H. Fisher, Shompa Lahiri and Shnider Thandi. 2007. Oxford, UK. {{ISBN|978-1-84645-008-2}}.</ref>

Since the 17th century, the East India Company employed thousands of South Asian ''[[lascar]]s'', scholars and workers (who were mostly [[British Bangladeshi|Bengali]] or [[Islam in the United Kingdom|Muslim]]) mainly to work on British ships and ports around the world. The first group of South Asians to migrate in notable numbers, in the 18th century, were ''[[lascar]]s'' (sailors) recruited from the [[Indian subcontinent]] (largely from the [[Bengal]] region) to work for the [[East India Company|British East India Company]], some, despite prejudice and a language barrier, settled down, often forcibly after ill treatment and being abandoned by ship masters. Many were forced into poverty and starved.[http://www.learningzone.cityoflondon.gov.uk/schoolmate/Bal/sm_bal_timeline_detail.asp?ID=24]<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Goan community of London - Port communities - Port Cities|url = http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.50/chapterId/739/The-Goan-community-of-London.html|website = www.portcities.org.uk|access-date = 2016-02-23}}</ref><ref name="Nijhar">{{Cite book|title = Law and Imperialism: Criminality and Constitution in Colonial India and Victorian England|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kFykCgAAQBAJ|publisher = Routledge|date = 2015-09-30|isbn = 9781317316008|language = en|first = Preeti|last = Nijhar}}</ref> Letters to newspapers in 1785 talked of “the number of miserable objects, Lascars, … shivering and starving in the streets”.<ref name="learningzone.cityoflondon.gov.uk">{{Cite web|title = LMA Learning Zone > schooLMAte > Black and Asian Londoners > Timeline|url = http://www.learningzone.cityoflondon.gov.uk/schoolmate/Bal/sm_bal_timeline_detail.asp?ID=24|website = www.learningzone.cityoflondon.gov.uk|access-date = 2016-02-23|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307001450/http://www.learningzone.cityoflondon.gov.uk/schoolmate/Bal/sm_bal_timeline_detail.asp?ID=24|archivedate = 2016-03-07|df = }}</ref> Some lascars took British wives, and some converted to Anglican Christianity (at least nominally) in order to marry,<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=iPHqigUD6FUC&pg=PA52#v=snippet&q=marry%20these%20women&f=false|title = Counterflows to Colonialism|access-date = |website = |publisher = |isbn = 9788178241548|last1 = Fisher|first1 = Michael H.|year = 2006}}</ref> possibly due to a lack of South Asian women in Britain at the time.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Traveller and Settler in Britain 1600–1857|first=Michael Herbert|last=Fisher|year=2006|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-154-8|pages=111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 172, 181|postscript=}}</ref> Most Indians during this period would visit or reside in Britain temporarily, returning to India after months or several years, bringing back knowledge about Britain in the process.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iPHqigUD6FUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Counterflows+to+Colonialism:+Indian+Traveller+and+Settler+in+Britain+1600-1857.+Orient+Blackswan.#v=snippet&q=some%20settled&f=false|title=Counterflows to Colonialism|last=p1|website=|access-date=|isbn=9788178241548|year=2006}}</ref>

38 lascars were reported arriving in British ports in 1760.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southampton.ac.uk/archaeology/research/projects/lascar_lives_and_the_east_india_company.page|title=Lascar lives and the east India company - Archaeology - University of Southampton|website=www.southampton.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Counterflows to Colonialism|first=Michael Herbert|last=Fisher|year=2006|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7824-154-8|pages=111–9, 129–30, 140, 154–6, 160–8, 181|ref=harv|postscript={{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> Between 1803 and 1813, there were more than 10,000 lascars from the Indian subcontinent visiting British port cities and towns.<ref name="Fisher2004">{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Michael H. |title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600-1857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPHqigUD6FUC|year=2004|publisher=Permanent Black|location=Delhi|isbn=978-81-7824-154-8}}</ref>{{rp |140, 154–6, 160–8, 172}} By 1842, 3,000 lascars visited the UK annually, and by 1855, 12,000 lascars were arriving annually in British ports. In 1873, 3,271 lascars arrived in Britain.<ref name="Ansari">{{cite book |first=Humayun|last=Ansari|title=The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present|year=2004|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-685-2}}.</ref>{{rp |35}} Throughout the early 19th century lascars visited Britain at a rate of 1,000 every year,<ref name="Fisher2004"/>{{rp |140,54–6,60–8,72}} which increased to a rate of 10,000 to 12,000 every year throughout the late 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|first=Diane|last=Robinson-Dunn|title=Lascar Sailors and English Converts: The Imperial Port and Islam in late 19th-Century England|publisher=Seascapes, Littoral Cultures, and Trans-Oceanic Exchanges|date=February 2003|url=http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/dunn.html|accessdate=13 January 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120802143210/http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/dunn.html|archivedate=2 August 2012|df=}}</ref><ref name = behal>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oy67XQk5cukC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false|title = Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History|access-date = |website = |last = Behal, Rana P.; van der Linden, Marcel (eds.) |location= Cambridge|publisher = Cambridge University Press|page =114|isbn = 9780521699747|year = 2006}}</ref>

Due to the majority being ''lascars'', the earliest Muslim communities were found in port towns, found living in barracks, Christian charity homes and hostels.<ref name="Nijhar"/> The first and most frequent South Asian travelers to Britain were Christian Indians and those of European-Asian mixed race. For Muslim Indians considerations about how their dietary and religious practices would alienate them from British society were brought into question but these considerations were often outweighed by economic opportunities. Those that stayed often took British names, dress and diet.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=iPHqigUD6FUC&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q=indian-european&f=false|title = Counterflows to Colonialism|access-date = |website = |publisher = |isbn = 9788178241548|last1 = Fisher|first1 = Michael H.|year = 2006}}</ref> Naval cooks also came, many of them from the [[Sylhet Division]] of what is now [[Bangladesh]]. One of the most famous early [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] immigrants to England was [[Sake Dean Mahomet]], a captain of the British East India Company who in 1810 founded London's first [[Indian restaurant]], the Hindoostane Coffee House. He is also reputed for introducing [[shampoo]] and therapeutic massage to the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Curry house founder is honoured|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/4290124.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 July 2014|date=29 September 2005}}</ref> In 1784 he migrated to Ireland where he fell in love with a woman called Jane Daly. He converted to Anglicanism in order to marry her, as it was illegal at the time for non-Protestants to marry Protestants. They later moved to Brighton.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Travels of Dean Mahomet|url = http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft4h4nb20n&chunk.id=ch3&toc.depth=1&toc.id=ch3&brand=eschol;query=jane#1|website = publishing.cdlib.org|access-date = 2016-02-24}}</ref>

After reports of lascars starving and suffering from poverty the East India Company responded by making available lodgings for them, but no checks were kept on the boarding houses and barracks they provided. The Lascars were made to live in cramped, dreadful conditions which resulted in the deaths of many each year, with reports of Lascars being locked in cupboards and whipped for misbehavior (by owners) which was reported by the Society for the Protection of Asiatic Sailors (founded in 1814).<ref name="learningzone.cityoflondon.gov.uk"/>

In 1842, the Church Missionary Society reported on the dire ″state of the Lascars in London″<ref>{{Cite book|title = Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oy67XQk5cukC|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2006-01-01|isbn = 9780521699747|language = en|first = Rana P.|last = Behal|first2 = Marcel van der|last2 = Linden}}</ref> it was reported in the winter of 1850, 40 Asian men, also known as 'sons of India', were found dead of cold and hunger on the streets of London. Shortly after these reports evangelical Christians proposed the construction of a charity house and gathered £15,000 pounds in assistance of the Lascars . In 1856 ''The Strangers' Home for Asiatics, Africans and South Sea Islanders'' was opened in Commercial Road, Limehouse under the manager Lieutenant-Colonel R. Marsh Hughes.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Strangers' Home for Asiatics, Africans and South Sea Islanders {{!}} Making Britain|url = http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/strangers-home-asiatics-africans-and-south-sea-islanders|website = www.open.ac.uk|access-date = 2016-02-23}}</ref>

The [[Navigation Act]] of 1660 restricted the employment of non-English sailors to a quarter of the crew on returning East India Company ships. Baptism records in [[Greenwich|East Greenwich]] suggest that young Indians from the [[Malabar Coast]] were being recruited as servants at the end of the seventeenth century, and records of the EIC also suggest that Indo-Portuguese cooks from [[Goa]] were retained by captains from voyage to voyage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portcities.org.uk/london/server/show/ConNarrative.50/chapterId/739/The-Goan-community-of-London.html|title=The Goan community of London|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> In 1797, 13 were buried in the parish of [[St Nicholas]] at [[Deptford]].

It is estimated 8,000 Indians (a large proportion being lascar sailors) lived in Britain permanently prior to the 1950s. Although, the comparatively few lascars that gained work often opened shops and helped initiate social and political community associations.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora|url = https://books.google.com/?id=-xCUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121&lpg=PA121&dq=8,000+indians+lascar#v=onepage&q=8%252C000%2520indians%2520lascar&f=false|publisher = Routledge|date = 2014-01-03|isbn = 9781136018244|language = en|first = Joya|last = Chatterji|first2 = David|last2 = Washbrook}}</ref> Indians were less likely to settle permanently because of wage differentials.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Asians In Britain: 400 Years of History|last = Visram|publisher = |year = 2002|isbn = |location = |pages = 254–269}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/?id=oy67XQk5cukC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=lascars+1950s#v=snippet&q=8%2C000&f=false|title = Coolies, Capital and Colonialism: Studies in Indian Labour History|access-date = |website = |publisher = |isbn = 9780521699747|last1 = Behal|first1 = Rana P.|last2 = Linden|first2 = Marcel van der|year = 2006}}</ref> Due to the majority of early South Asian immigrants being ''lascars'', the earliest South Asian communities were found in port towns

The small, often transitory presence of Lascars continued into the 1930s, with the ''Port of London Authority mentioning Lascars in a February 1931 article writing that <nowiki>''</nowiki>''Although appearing so out of place in the East End, they are well able to look after themselves, being regular seamen who came to the Docks time after time and have learnt a little English and know how to buy what they want.<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.lascars.co.uk/plafeb1931.html|title = Lascars in the Port of London 1931|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

In 1932, the Indian National Congress survey of 'all Indians outside India' estimated that there were 7,128 Indians in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://books.google.com/?id=-5pGCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT138&dq=british%20indians%20lascars&pg=PT138#v=snippet&q=estimated%20that%20there&f=false|title = Ayahs, Lascars and Princes: The Story of Indians in Britain 1700-1947|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> It is estimated that from 1800 to 1945, 20,000 South Asians emigrated to Britain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dHB_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA229&dq=black+people+in+victorian+britain#v=onepage&q=estimated&f=false|title=An Immigration History of Britain: Multicultural Racism Since 1800|last=Panayi|first=Panikos|access-date=}}</ref>

===Postwar World war II migration===
Following the [[Second World War]] and the breakup of the [[British Empire]], South Asian migration to the UK increased through the 1950s and 1960s from Pakistan (including present-day Bangladesh), India and Sri Lanka (who are all members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]). Additionally immigrants from former [[Caribbean]] colonies (including [[Indo-Caribbeans]]) were also moving to Britain.

Although this immigration was continuous, several distinct phases can be identified:
*Manual workers, mainly from Pakistan, were recruited to fulfill the labour shortage that resulted from World War II. These included [[Anglo-Indian]]s who were recruited to work on the railways as they had done in India.
*Workers mainly from the [[Punjab region]] of India and Pakistan arrived in the late 1950s and 1960s. Many worked in the foundries of the [[English Midlands]] and a large number worked at [[Heathrow Airport]] in west London. This created an environment to where the next generation of families did not lose their identity as easily. An example would be [[Southall]] which is populated by many [[Sikhs]].
*During the same time, medical staff from the [[Indian subcontinent]] were recruited for the newly formed [[National Health Service]]. These people were targeted as the British had established medical schools in the Indian subcontinent which conformed to the British standards of medical training.

====Asian migration from East Africa====
Beginning around 1964 [[Africanization]] policies in East Africa prompted the arrival of Asians with British passports from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. At first these were the people employed in government and administrative roles, but this was expended to include those Asians engaged in commerce. The movement was called the "Exodus".<ref>Pp. 174–176. Goans of the North Atlantic: A Transnational Study of Migration, Technology Adaptation, and Neoculturation across Six Generations. By Clifford Pereira. In Migration, technology and Transculturation: A Global Perspective. Edited by Myna German and Padmini Banerjee. St. Charles. MO. USA. 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-9846307-4-5}}.</ref>

In 1972, all South Asians were [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expelled from Uganda]] by the controversial figure [[Idi Amin]], then president of Uganda. Those holding British passports came to Britain. Many such displaced people who were predominantly of [[Gujarat]]i origins had left behind successful businesses and vast commercial empires in Uganda, but built up their lives all over again in Britain, starting from scratch. Some of these "twice-over" migrants became retailers, while others found suitable employment in white-collar professions.

The [[Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962]] and [[Immigration Act 1971]] largely restricted any further [[primary immigration]], although family members of already-settled migrants were still allowed. In addition, much of the subsequent growth in the South Asian community has come from the births of second and third-generation South Asian Britons.

British Asians faced discrimination and racism following [[Enoch Powell]]'s [[Rivers of Blood speech]] and the establishment of the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] in the late 1960s. This included overt racism in the form of [[Paki bashing]], predominantly from [[white power skinhead]]s, the National Front, and the [[British National Party]], throughout the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>Nahid Afrose Kabir (2012), [https://books.google.com/books?id=GRPsAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT53 ''Young British Muslims''], [[Edinburgh University Press]]</ref> Drawing inspiration from the [[Indian independence movement]], the [[black power]] movement, and the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement]], young British Asian activists began a number of [[anti-racist]] Asian youth movements in the 1970s and 1980s, including the Bradford Youth Movement in 1977, the Bangladeshi Youth Movement following the murder of [[Altab Ali]] in 1978, and the [[Newham Monitoring Project|Newham Youth Movement]] following the murder of Akhtar Ali Baig in 1980.<ref>Timothy Peace (2015), [https://books.google.com/books?id=9JFMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT55 ''European Social Movements and Muslim Activism: Another World but with Whom?'', page 55], [[Springer Science+Business Media]]</ref>

==Influence==

[[File:Asian business leader showcasing his awards at the Asian Professional Awards.jpg|thumb|An Asian business leader showcasing his awards at the Grange Hotel in London.|alt=]]
===Economic===
South Asians are said to contribute 6% to the UK [[Gross domestic product|GDP]], whilst making up only 4% of the population.{{cn|date=January 2019}} In 2001, the Centre for Social Markets estimated that British Asian businesses contributed more than £5 billion to GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://csmworld.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/stat_overview.pdf|title=British Asians Today: A Statistical Overview|publisher=Centre for Social Markets|date=July 2001|accessdate=20 January 2019|page=1}}</ref>

Many British Asians are regarded as affluent middle-class people.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Derek Laud|title=The Problem With Immigrants|date=2015|publisher=Biteback Publishing|isbn=978-1849548779|url=https://books.google.com/?id=GR8mBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT104&lpg=PT104&dq=Gulu+Lalvani,+gujarati#v=onepage&q=Gulu%20Lalvani%2C%20gujarati&f=false|accessdate=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Shastri Ramachandaran|title=India has much to learn from Britain and Germany|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-india-has-much-to-learn-from-britain-and-germany-2001769|website=dnaindia.com|accessdate=22 October 2015|quote=Britain places high value on the power of commerce. After all, its political and military dominance when Britannia ruled the waves was founded on its trading power. The Gujaratis know this better than many others, which explains their prosperity and success in the UK.|date=2014-07-14}}</ref> British Asians are celebrated for revolutionizing the corner shop, and energising the British economy which changed Britain's antiquated retail laws forever.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Chitra Unnithan|title=Family is key to success of Gujarati businessmen in Britain|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Family-is-key-to-success-of-Gujarati-businessmen-in-Britain/articleshow/13401987.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=4 February 2015|date=May 23, 2012|quote=British Gujaratis were also more successful than other minority communities in Britain because they had already tasted success in Africa. The book also says that Gujarati Hindus have become notably successful public citizens of contemporary, capitalistic Britain; on the other hand, they maintain close family links with India. "British Gujaratis have been successful in a great variety of fields. Many younger Gujaratis took to professions rather than stay behind the counter of their parents' corner shops, or they entered public life, while those who went into business have not remained in some narrow commercial niche," says the book.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Sudeshna Sen|title=How Gujaratis changed corner shop biz in UK|url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/LettersfromLondon/how-gujaratis-changed-corner-shop-biz-in-uk/|website=The Economic Times|accessdate=4 February 2015|date=January 8, 2013|quote="What most people don't get is that those who took the Arab dhows in the 17th and 18th century to leave their villages and set up life in an alien land were already an entrepreneurial and driven minority, in search of a better life. They communicated that hunger to their children," says Raxa Mehta, director at Nomura, based in Tokyo and first generation child of Kenyan Indian parents. So it doesn't surprise the Gujaratis that they did well in Britain – it only surprises the Brits and Indians. The Gujaratis are a trader community. As Manubhai says, they always left the fighting to the others. If there's one diaspora community that East African Asians model themselves on, it's the Jews. Except of course, the Jews get more publicity than they do.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rodger|first1=R|last2=Herbert|first2=J|title='Narratives of South Asian women in Leicester 1964 - 2004', no. 2, pp..|journal=Oral History|date=2008|volume=36|issue=2|pages=554–563|url=http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/files/15509392/RODGER_Narratives_of_South_Asian_Muslim_Women_in_Leicester_1964_2004.pdf}}</ref>

South Asians have also played a pivotal role in rejuvenating a number of UK street markets. According to the New Economics Foundation, Queen's Market in Upton Park, East London is officially the most ethnically diverse.{{cn|date=January 2019}}

[[Lakshmi Mittal]] is currently{{when|date=January 2019}} Britain's richest man and the fifth richest man in the world.{{cn|date=January 2019}} The Mittal family owns 43% of [[Arcelor-Mittal]], the world's largest steel manufacturer, which was known as [[Mittal Steel Company]] before the merger with [[Arcelor]].{{cn|date=January 2019}}

In 2004 it was reported that UK Sikhs had the highest percentage of home ownership, at 82%, out of all UK religious communities.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Housing: Sikhs most likely to own their own homes
|work=Religion
|publisher=UK National Statistics
|date=11 October 2004
|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=962&Pos=2&ColRank=2&Rank=800
|accessdate=2008-04-04
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226140123/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=962&Pos=2&ColRank=2&Rank=800
|archivedate=2008-02-26
|df=
}}</ref>

===Food===
The biggest influence of South Asians on popular British culture has probably been the spread of [[Indian cuisine]], though of the 9,000 Indian restaurants in the UK, most are run by Bangladeshis; their ancestral home was part of British India's Bengal province until [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition in 1947]].

===Performing arts===
[[File:Asian Professionals at a Summer Ball in London dancing to Bhangra.jpg|thumb|Asian Professionals at a Summer Ball in London dancing to Bhangra]]
As in [[Canada]], [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] music has become popular among many in Britain<ref>Dixon, Martha. British Broadcast Corporation News. Bhangra fusion gathers support. 2003. 14 August 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3117432.stm</ref> not only from the works of [[List of British Asian people#Music|British South Asian musicians]] such as [[Panjabi MC]], [[Swami (band)|Swami]] and [[Rishi Rich]] but also incorporated into the works of a number of non-South Asian musicians not only British but including North American artists such as Canadian [[Shania Twain]], who created a whole alternate version of her multi-platinum album [[Up! (album)|Up!]] with full Indian instrumentation, produced by South Asian producers [[Simon & Diamond]]. Diamond, better known as [[DJ Swami]] has also collaborated with rapper [[Pras]], of [[The Fugees]], and his band [[Swami (band)|Swami]] have become one of the most renowned acts in South Asian music history, having had songs in major Hollywood movies and best-selling video games. One of the first artists of South Asian [[India]]n origin to achieve mainstream success was [[Apache Indian]] who infused reggae and hip hop with Indian popular music to create a sound that transcended genre and found a multicultural audience. He is the only Indian artist to have achieved 7 top forty hits in the National UK charts. A subsequent wave of "[[Asian Underground]]" artists went on to blend elements of western underground dance music and the traditional music of their home countries, such as [[Nitin Sawhney]], [[Talvin Singh]], [[Asian Dub Foundation]], [[Panjabi MC]], [[Raghav]], and the [[Rishi Rich Project]] (featuring Rishi Rich, [[Jay Sean]] and [[Juggy D]]).

[[File:British Asian musicians combining Eastern and Western musical traditions.jpg|thumb|British Asian musicians combining Eastern and Western musical traditions]]
The influence of South Asian music has not only been from South Asians living in the UK, but also from some UK artists that were starting using South Asian instruments creating a new sound that was a mixture of sitars and tablas with more rock-based western instruments like drums and guitar.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ymnXgAa1jsAC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=asian+influence+in+uk+music#PPA151,M1. | title = Brimful of Asia: Negotiating Ethnicity on the UK Music Scene | isbn = 978-0-7546-0677-2 | author1 = Hyder | first1 = Rehan | year = 2004}}</ref><ref>Sanjay Sharma, Noisy South Asians or South Asian noise, The Politics of the New Asian Dance Music, ed. Sanjay Sharma, John Hutnyk, and Ashwani Sharma, 32-57. London: Zed Books, 1996.</ref>

===Media===
The films ''[[East Is East (1999 film)|East is East]]'', Chicken Tikka Masala and ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]'' and the [[Television program|TV shows]] ''[[Goodness Gracious Me (TV & radio)|Goodness Gracious Me]]'' and ''[[The Kumars|The Kumars at No. 42]]'' have managed to attract large, multi-ethnic audiences. The success and popularity of British Pakistani boxer [[Amir Khan (British boxer)|Amir Khan]] influenced the revival of [[boxing]] on [[ITV Sport]].

Although there are roughly double the number of South Asians in the UK today compared to people of African descent, South Asians are less represented in global and British media than any other major group; in the UK there is less than half the amount of South Asians represented in the media than those of African and Caribbean descent.

==Organisations honouring Asian achievements==
[[File:Organisers and Hosts of the Asian Professional Awards.jpg|thumb|The Asian Professional Awards from left to right: Onkardeep Singh MBE; Jasvir Singh OBE; Sunny & Shay Grewal; Harry Virdee; Param Singh MBE|alt=]]
With the increasing number of high achievers and trail blazers within the Asian community across a variety of professions, the British Asian community has over the years setup a variety of high-profile Award ceremonies to recognise Asian achievements across the full spectrum of professions and industries. These organisations and ceremonies include:

* Asian Achievers Awards organised by [[Asian Voice]] since 2000 with women dominating the nominee list for the first time in 2017 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/women-dominate-asian-achievers-awards-2017/|title=Women dominate Asian Achievers Awards 2017|date=2017-09-04|work=BizAsia {{!}} Media, Entertainment, Showbiz, Events and Music|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Asian Women of Achievement Awards organised by [[Pinky Lilani]] CBE DL since 1999 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/women-in-leadership/gallery/2015/may/20/asian-women-of-achievement-awards-2015-meet-the-winners|title=Asian women of achievement awards 2015: meet the winners|last=Minter|first=Harriet|date=2015-05-20|work=The Guardian|access-date=2018-09-08|last2=O'Conor|first2=Lottie|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* Asian Legal Awards organised by the Society for Asian Lawyers since 1994 making it one of the oldest Asian awards ceremonies <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lawgazette.co.uk/news/asian-lawyers-recognised-in-awards/55473.article|title=Asian lawyers recognised in awards {{!}} News {{!}} Law Society Gazette|work=Law Society Gazette|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en}}</ref>
* Asian Curry Awards celebrating the best of [[Asian cuisine|Asian restaurants]] since 2010 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessmole.com/restaurants-crisis-asian-curry-awards-nominations-open/|title='Restaurants in Crisis' as Asian Curry Awards Nominations Open – Business Mole|website=www.businessmole.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-08|date=2018-09-06}}</ref>
* [[The Asian Awards]] organised by the Lemon Group since 2010 and usually attended by a host of leading celebrities <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/asian-awards-2018-recognition-glamour|title=Asian Awards 2018: Recognition with Lots of Glitz and Glamour {{!}} DESIblitz|date=2018-04-29|work=DESIblitz|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>
*The Asian Professional Awards organised by [[Jasvir Singh (barrister)|Jasvir Singh]] OBE and Param Singh since 2014 aimed at celebrating success within the City professions <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/asian-professional-awards-2014-nominee-shortlist|title=Asian Professional Awards 2014 Nominee Shortlist {{!}} DESIblitz|date=2014-11-12|work=DESIblitz|access-date=2018-09-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Art==
[[File:ArcelorMittal Orbit, April 2012.jpg|thumb|[[ArcelorMittal Orbit]], [[Olympic Park, London|London Olympic Park]], designated by the Indian [[Anish Kapoor]].]]

[[Anish Kapoor]], [[CBE]], [[Royal Academician|RA]] (born 12 March 1954) is an Indian-born British sculptor. Born in Mumbai, Kapoor has lived and worked in London since the early 1970s when he moved to study art, first at the Hornsey College of Art and later at the [[Chelsea College of Art and Design]]. Kapoor received the [[Turner Prize]] in 1991. Born in London and of Asian origin [[Shezad Dawood]] became known for this work in various media in the early 2000s. Also born in London and of Pakistani origin, [[Haroon Mirza]] emerged as an artist in the late 2000s. Best known for his sculptural installations that generate sound, Mirza was awarded the Silver Lion for the Most Promising Artist at the 54th [[Venice Biennale]] in 2011.

Theatre company [[RIFCO Arts]] has been producing and touring productions based on the British Asian experience since 1999.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rifco theatre company chief: ‘diversity does not always mean cost’|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture-professionals-network/2015/jan/13/rifco-theatre-pravesh-kumar-interview|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref>

==Literature==
Well-known South Asian writers include [[H.S. Bhabra]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Ghulam Murshid]], [[Tahir Shah]], [[Gurinder Chadha]], [[Nazrin Choudhury]], [[Rekha Waheed]], [[Hanif Kureshi]], [[Monica Ali]], [[Meera Syal]], [[Gautam Malkani]], [[Bali Rai]] and [[Raman Mundair]].

==Charity and Interfaith ==
There is a growing number of young British Asians who are making a mark in the charity and interfaith sectors. A recent example is Onkardeep Singh who became the youngest person of South Asian heritage in 2018 to be awarded an [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] for his interfaith and voluntary works. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hillingdontimes.co.uk/news/15801145.Hillingdon_inter-faith_campaigner_made_MBE_in_New_Year_Honours/|title=Hillingdon inter-faith campaigner made MBE in New Year Honours|website=Hillingdon Times|language=en|access-date=2018-10-10}}</ref>

==Sports==
{{see also|British Asians in association football}}
[[File:Khan and Malignaggi 2.jpg|thumb|245px|left|[[Amir Khan (boxer)|Amir Khan]] (left), with American boxer [[Paulie Malignaggi]] (right).]]
[[Jawaid Khaliq]], the first world champion boxer of [[Pakistan]]i origin, was born in [[Nottingham]]. [[Amir Khan (British boxer)|Amir Khan]], the silver medallist at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in [[Athens]], has become a cultural icon in the UK with TV audiences of up to 8 million watching him fight. Khan represents Britain in [[boxing]] and is the former [[World Boxing Association|WBA]] world [[light welterweight]] champion. The boxer [[Haider Ali (boxer)|Haider Ali]] won the first ever gold medal for Pakistan in boxing at the [[commonwealth games]] in Manchester in 2002 in the [[featherweight]] division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sports.gov.pk/Awards/awards_boxing.htm|title=Pakistan Sports Board|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>

[[Michael Chopra]] played for the [[England national under-21 football team]] and became the first [[Association football|footballer]] of Indian descent to play and score in the [[Premier League]]. In 2006 he scored one of the fastest goals in Premier League history, as Chopra had only been on the pitch for fifteen seconds after coming on as a substitute.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/4906562.stm | date = 2006-04-17 | title = Sunderland 1-4 Newcastle | accessdate = 2008-03-24 | work = [[BBC Sport]] | publisher = [[bbc.co.uk]] }}</ref> [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] defender, [[Neil Taylor (footballer)|Neil Taylor]] is also of Indian descent. Currently in the Premier League, [[Hamza Choudhury]], a British Footballer whose parents are of Bangladeshi descent, plays for [[Leicester City]], making him the first player of Bangladeshi descent to play in the Premier League, and has also made appearances for the England Under-21 Team.

Just as in South Asia, the most popular sport among the British Asian community is cricket; as much as third of the players of the sport at recreational level are of South Asian descent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/other-sports/news/12040/11560637/british-asians-in-sport-and-physical-activity-summit-to-get-underway-at-edgbaston|title=British Asians in Sport and Physical Activity Summit to get underway at Edgbaston|website=Sky Sports|language=en|access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref> This has not translated into equal levels of success professionally however, with only 4.2% of cricketers being of British South Asian descent in first-class cricket across the UK.<ref name=":0" /> Regardless, many British South Asians have gone on to represent [[England cricket team|England]] in cricket internationally. [[Nasser Hussain]], who was the captain of the [[England cricket team]], was born in Madras, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/1999/jul/06nasser.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Hussain makes history|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref> Other success stories of the past have included [[Mark Ramprakash]], of [[Indo-Caribbeans|Indo-Caribbean]] descent, and [[Monty Panesar]], of Indian Sikh descent. Currently, [[Moeen Ali]] and [[Adil Rashid]] are the only players in the England squad, both of Pakistani (Mipuri) descent. Ali, affectionately known by fans as 'the beard's that's feared', is currently ranked the 7th best all-rounder in ODI cricket and 8th-best in test cricket worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/player-rankings/odi/all-rounder|title=Live Cricket Scores & News International Cricket Council|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-23}}</ref>

Other British South Asian sport personalities:{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Akaash Bhatia]]
* [[Hamza Choudhury]]
* [[Haroon Khan]]
* [[Vikram Solanki]]
* [[Qasim Nisar]]
* [[Jawaid Khaliq]]
* [[Imran Khan (kickboxer)]]
* [[Tanveer Ahmed (boxing)]]
* [[Sajid Mahmood]]
* [[Monty Panesar]]
* [[Saqlain Mushtaq]]
* [[Adam Langley-Khan|Adam Khan]]
* [[Dimitri Mascarenhas]]
* [[Ravinder Bopara|Ravi Bopara]]
* [[Kabir Ali]]
* [[Mark Ramprakash]]
{{col-break|gap=2em}}
* [[Nasser Hussain]]
* [[Owais Shah]]
* [[Kadeer Ali]]
* [[Moeen Ali]]
* [[Hamza Riazuddin]]
* [[Min Patel]]
* [[Samit Patel]]
* [[Riaz Amin]]
* [[Adil Rashid]]
* [[Zesh Rehman]]
* [[Bilal Shafayat]]
* [[Harpal Singh]]
* [[Anwar Uddin]]
* [[Usman Afzaal]]
* [[Adnan Ahmed]]
{{col-break|gap=2em}}
* [[Michael Chopra]]
* [[Hammad Miah]]
* [[Nayan Doshi]]
* [[Majid Haq]]
* [[Ronnie Irani]]
* [[Omer Hussain]]
* [[Tajiv Masson]]
* [[Kash Gill]]
* [[Netan Sansara]]
* [[Mandip Sehmi]]
* [[Rikki Bains]]
* [[Rajiv Ouseph]]
* [[Ali Jacko]]
* [[Bulbul Hussain]]
* [[Ruqsana Begum]]
* [[Zubair Hoque]]
{{col-end}}

==Celebrities in popular culture==
[[File:Shazia Mirza.jpg|thumb|right|280px|[[Shazia Mirza]] is a popular British comedian.]]

Early South Asian stars to break into English and Hollywood films include [[Sabu Dastagir|Sabu]], remembered for his lead roles in ''[[The Thief of Bagdad (1940 film)|The Thief of Bagdad]]'' (1940), ''[[Jungle Book (1942 film)|Jungle Book]]'' (1942), and ''[[Black Narcissus]]'' (1947).

Since the 1970s, South Asian performers and writers have achieved significant mainstream cultural success. The first South Asian musician to gain wide popularity in the UK and worldwide fame was [[Queen (band)|Queen]] lead singer [[Freddie Mercury]], born Farrokh Bulsara in [[Zanzibar]], East Africa, to parents of [[Parsi people|Parsi]] descent from Bombay. In 2006, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time Asia]]'' magazine voted him as one of the most influential South [[Asian people|Asians]] in the past 60 years.<ref name="TimeAsia2006">Liam Fitzpatrick. "[http://www.time.com/time/asia/2006/heroes/at_bulsara.html Farrokh Bulsara]". ''Time Asia''.</ref> At around the same time, music producer, composer and songwriter [[Biddu]] gained worldwide fame for a number of hit songs, including "[[Kung Fu Fighting]]" by [[Carl Douglas]] and "[[I Love to Love (But My Baby Loves to Dance)]]" for [[Tina Charles (singer)|Tina Charles]]. In the 1990s the South Asian artists who gained mainstream success included [[Apache Indian]], whose 1993 single "[[Boom Shack-A-Lak]]" was used in many [[Hollywood]] movies, and [[Jas Mann]], who headed [[Babylon Zoo]] and whose 1996 single "[[Spaceman (Babylon Zoo song)|Spaceman]]" set a UK chart record when it sold 418,000 copies in its first week of release.

Prominent South Asian actors in the 1980s included [[Art Malik]], for his roles in ''[[The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'' and ''[[The Living Daylights]]'', and Sir [[Ben Kingsley]] (born Krishna Pandit Bhanji), one of Britain's most acclaimed and well-known performers. Kingsley is one of few actors to have won all four major motion picture acting awards, receiving [[Academy Award|Oscar]], [[BAFTA Award|BAFTA]], [[Golden Globe Award|Golden Globe]] and [[Screen Actors Guild Award|Screen Actors Guild]] awards throughout his career, including the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]] for his performance in ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982).<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards for Ben Kingsley|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001426/awards|accessdate=2009-01-25}}</ref> The actress [[Parminder Nagra]] has a prominent role in the US TV series ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', and played the lead role in the successful British film ''Bend It Like Beckham'' (2002). The actor [[Naveen Andrews]] plays the role of [[Sayid Jarrah]] in the popular US TV series ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', and also had a prominent role in the award-winning film ''[[The English Patient (film)|The English Patient]]'' (1996). The actor [[Kunal Nayyar]] plays the character of [[Raj Koothrappali]] in the popular US sitcom, ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]''. Long-running British soap operas such as ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[EastEnders]]'', ''[[Emmerdale]]'' and ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' have all had a number of South Asian characters.

The comedians [[Sanjeev Bhaskar]], [[Meera Syal]], [[Papa CJ]] and [[Shazia Mirza]] are all well-recognised figures in British [[popular culture]]. The presenter and match maker of the BBC marriage arranging show ''[[Arrange Me a Marriage]]'' is a South Asian-Scot [[Aneela Rahman]]. [[Hardeep Singh Kohli]] is a presenter, reporter and comedian on British television and radio. British Bangladeshi, Pakistani and Indian contestants have appeared on ''[[The Apprentice (UK)|The Apprentice]]'' including [[Syed Ahmed (businessman)|Syed Ahmed]], [[Tre Azam]], [[Lohit Kalburgi]], [[Ghazal Asif]], [[Shazia Wahab]], [[Sara Dhada]], and most notably [[Saira Khan]], who is now a British TV presenter. The broadcasters [[Daljit Dhaliwal]], [[Krishnan Guru-Murthy]] and [[Samira Ahmed]] are known for working on ''[[Channel 4 News]]''.

[[File:Save The World Awards 2009 show24 - Suleman Mirza and Madhu Singh.jpg|thumb|215px|The award-winning dance act [[Signature (dance group)|Signature]] involved a [[British Pakistani]] and a [[British Indian]].]]

The term South Asian was given the tag "Br-Asian" around the turn of the millennium by media businessmen Moiz Vas and Nav Sagoo. Vas and Sagoo were responsible for the South Asian Music awards which aired on ITV1 in the UK. Sagoo conceived the Br-Asian stage at Glastonbury Festival in 2004 and 2005 which featured acts such as Rishi Rich, Jay Sean, Swami, Raghav and Pentagram.

In 2008, in the second season of reality television ''[[Britain's Got Talent]]'', one of the country's most successful [[reality television]] shows, the South Asian dance duo ''[[Signature (dance group)|Signature]]'', consisting of Suleman Mirza (a British Pakistani) and Madhu Singh (a [[British Indian]]) performing a fusion of [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] music and dance styles, came second on the show. The most successful South Asian musician in 2008 was the [[British Tamils|British Tamil]] artist [[M.I.A. (artist)|M.I.A.]], who was nominated for two [[Grammy Award]]s for her single "[[Paper Planes]]", and has been nominated for an [[Academy Award for Best Original Score]] for "[[O... Saya]]", from the [[Slumdog Millionaire (soundtrack)|''Slumdog Millionaire'' soundtrack]]. The actor [[Dev Patel]], who played the role of [[Anwar Kharral]] in the teen drama series ''[[Skins (TV series)|Skins]]'', also played the leading role in [[Danny Boyle]]'s ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'', for which he received several awards and was nominated for the [[62nd British Academy Film Awards|2009 BAFTA Award]] for [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Leading Actor]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards for Dev Patel|publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2353862/awards|accessdate=2009-01-04}}</ref>

In 2009, [[Mumzy Stranger]], an R&B and hip-hop music artist, became the first British Bangladeshi to release a music single, called "One More Dance".<ref>[http://www.mtviggy.com/desi/music-video-mumzy-stranger-one-more-dance Music Video: "One More Dance" by Mumzy Stranger] MTV Iggy. Retrieved on 2009-06-18.</ref> In October 2009, Jay Sean's single "[[Down (Jay Sean song)|Down]]" reached the #1 on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.music.yahoo.com/programs/the-new-now/2108/jay-sean-american-boy|title=R&B Star Jay Sean #1 on US Billboard Top 100|publisher=}}</ref> and sold four million copies in the United States,<ref name="riaa">{{cite web|title=Searchable Database |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |accessdate=21 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626050454/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |archivedate=26 June 2007 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=After 2,000 gigs, Hounslow singer tops the US charts|author=Arifa Akbar|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=30 October 2009|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/after-2000-gigs-hounslow-singer-tops-the-us-charts-1811724.html|accessdate=2009-10-30|location=London}}</ref> making him the first South Asian-origin solo artist and "the first UK [[Urban contemporary|Urban]] act to top ''Billboard''{{'}}s Hot 100,"<ref>{{cite news|title=Jay Sean's the Urban US legend|newspaper=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=2009-10-10|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/celebs/news/2009/10/10/jay-sean-s-the-urban-us-legend-115875-21736136/|accessdate=2009-09-30|postscript=}}</ref> "the most successful male UK urban artist in US chart history,"<ref>{{cite news|last=Youngs |first=Ian |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/8269400.stm |title=British R&B star conquers America |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-09-23 |accessdate=2009-10-08}}</ref> and the most successful [[List of songs by British artists which reached number-one on the Hot 100 (USA)|British male artist in the US charts]] since [[Elton John]] in 1997. A new generation of British Asian musicians have followed, such as Shizzio, 21 Perspective and Raxstar. In the early 2010s, Asian boy band members, [[Siva Kaneswaran]] of [[The Wanted]] and [[Zayn Malik]] of [[One Direction]], have gained considerable mainstream popularity worldwide; The Wanted reached #3 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 with "[[Glad You Came]]" while One Direction topped the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] with ''[[Up All Night (One Direction album)|Up All Night]]''.

[[Humza Arshad]] and [[Ali Shahalom]] are well known British Asian Comedians for their YouTube careers which normally consists of stereotyping British Pakistani and Bangladeshi Muslim Culture. In 2011, one of the [[Humza Arshad]]'s video was the seventh most viewed on [[YouTube]] in [[Europe]].<ref name="sky">{{cite news |last= |first= |url=http://news.sky.com/story/910270/talking-dogs-top-youtube-hit|title=Talking dog's top YouTube hit|work= |location= |publisher=''[[Sky News]]''|date=20 December 2011|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="thenational">{{cite news |last=Hawkins|first=Si|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/on-stage/diary-of-a-funny-man-the-comedian-humza-arshad-on-love-and-hate-on-the-web|title=Diary of a funny man: the comedian Humza Arshad on love and hate on the web|location=Abu Dhabi|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=24 August 2013|accessdate=10 October 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[British Bangladeshi]]
* [[British Indian]]
* [[British Pakistanis]]
* [[List of British Sikhs]]
* [[British Sri Lankans]]
* [[List of British Asian people]]
* [[Asian-Scots]]
* [[Anglo-Indian]]
* [[BBC Asian Network]]
* [[British Asians in association football]]
* [[British Asians in politics of the United Kingdom]]
* [[British Cypriots]]
* [[British Indo-Caribbean community]]
* [[Foreign-born population of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Mauritians in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Nepalis in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin]]
* [[Rotherham child sexual exploitation scandal]]
* [[South Asian Canadian]]
* [[Sunrise Radio]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==

*[http://www.theasianpost.co.uk/ The Asian Post UK, The Voice of British Asians - Weekly Newspaper - News, Sports, Business, Opinion, Features, Entertainment, News in Pictures, Breaking News]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/aod/asiannetwork_aod.shtml?asiannet/asiandoc_dontcallmeasian BBC Radio Player] discussion on the dissatisfaction over the term Asian
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312133121/http://www.hweb.org.uk/content/view/26/4/ hWeb - An outline of the immigration pattern of the Pakistani community in Britain]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070203092328/http://www.contemporarywriters.com/authors/?p=auth02D3P205812627300 British Council Arts - Contemporary Writers] information on British Asian writer [[Raman Mundair]].
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6921534.stm BBC News Many Asians 'do not feel British'] 30 July 2007 based on ICM Research poll conducted 4–12 July 2007
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090721023652/http://www.londonasianguide.co.uk/ London Asian Guide - Online Guide for British Asians]
*[http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/OnlineResources/RWWC/Themes/1084/ Reassessing what we collect website - The Asian Community in London] History of Asian London with objects and images
*[http://www.asiansuk.com/ Asians UK Magazine, Events and PR, Engaging the British Asians in the UK]
*[http://www.BritishAsian.co/ British Asian Magazine - News, Features, Lifestyle & Entertainment]
{{UK census ethnic groups}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:South Asians In The United Kingdom}}
[[Category:British Asian| ]]
[[Category:British people of South Asian descent| ]]
[[Category:British people of Asian descent]]

George Goring, Lord Goring

2019-05-22T18:39:30Z

141.138.51.145:

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=Lord Goring
|birth_date=1608
|death_date= 1657 (aged 48 or 49)
|birth_place=
|death_place=[[Madrid]], Spain
|image=George Goring, Baron Goring after Sir Anthony Van Dyck.jpg
|caption= Portrait of Lord Goring after [[Anthony van Dyck]].
|nickname=
|allegiance=[[Cavalier|Royalist]]
|serviceyears=
|rank=[[Lieutenant-General]] of [[Cavalry|Horse]]
|commands=
|unit=
|battles=[[Siege of Breda (1637)|Siege of Breda]] [[Battle of Seacroft Moor]] [[Battle of Marston Moor]] [[Battle of Langport]]
|titles=
|laterwork=
}}

'''George Goring, Lord Goring''' (14 July 1608 – 1657) was an English [[Cavalier|Royalist]] soldier. He was known by the [[Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom|courtesy title]] ''Lord Goring'' as the eldest son of the [[George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich|first Earl of Norwich]].

== Early life ==
Goring, the eldest son of [[George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich]], was born on 14 July 1608. He soon became famous at court for his prodigality and dissolute manners.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

== Experience before the Civil Wars ==
His father-in-law, [[Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork]], procured for him a post in the [[Royal Netherlands Army#1572 to 1814|Dutch Army]] with the rank of colonel. He was permanently lamed by a wound received at the [[Siege of Breda (1637)|Siege of Breda]] in 1637, and returned to England early in 1639, when he was made governor of [[Portsmouth]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=258–259}}

He served in the [[Bishops' Wars]], and already had a considerable reputation when he was involved in the "[[First Army Plot|Army Plot]]" (1641). Officers of the army stationed at [[York]] proposed to petition the king and parliament for the maintenance of the royal [[authority]]. A second party was in favour of more violent measures, and Goring, in the hope of being appointed lieutenant-general, proposed to march the army on London and overawe the [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] during [[Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford|Strafford]]'s trial (1641). This proposition being rejected by his fellow-officers, he betrayed the proceedings to [[Mountjoy Blount, 1st Earl of Newport]], who passed on the information indirectly to [[John Pym]] in April.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=259}}

==Lieutenant-General of Horse==
Colonel Goring was there upon called on to give evidence before the [[British House of Commons|Commons]], who commended him for his services to the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]. This betrayal of his comrades induced confidence in the minds of the parliamentary leaders, who sent him back to his Portsmouth command. Nevertheless he declared for the king in August. He surrendered Portsmouth to the parliament in September 1642 after the [[Siege of Portsmouth]] and went to the Netherlands to recruit for the Royalist army, returning to England in December. Appointed to a cavalry command by the [[William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle|Earl of Newcastle]], he defeated [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron Fairfax of Cameron|Fairfax]] at [[Battle of Seacroft Moor|Seacroft Moor]] near [[Leeds]] in March 1643, but in May he was taken prisoner at [[Wakefield]] on the capture of the town by Fairfax. In April 1644 he effected an exchange.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=259}}

At the [[Battle of Marston Moor]], Goring commanded the Royalist left, and charged with great success, but, allowing his troopers to disperse in search of plunder, was routed by [[Oliver Cromwell]] at the close of the battle. In November 1644, on his father's elevation to the earldom of Norwich, he became Lord Goring. The parliamentary authorities, however, refused to recognise the creation of the earldom, and continued to speak of the father as "Lord Goring" and the son as "General Goring".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=259}}
[[Image:LordGoring.jpg|thumb|200px|Lord Goring.]]
In August Goring had been despatched by [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine]], who recognised his ability, to join [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] in the south, and in spite of his dissolute and insubordinate character he was appointed to supersede [[Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester|Henry, Lord Wilmot]], as lieutenant-general of the Royalist horse. He secured some successes in the west, and in January 1645 advanced through [[Hampshire]] and occupied [[Farnham, Surrey|Farnham]]; but want of money compelled him to retreat to [[Salisbury, England|Salisbury]] and thence to [[Exeter, England|Exeter]]. The excesses committed by his troops seriously injured the Royalist cause, and his exactions made his name hated throughout the west.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=259}}

He had himself prepared to besiege [[Taunton]] in March 1645, yet when in the next month he was desired by Prince [[Charles II of England|Charles]], who was at [[Bristol]], to send reinforcements to [[Sir Richard Grenville, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Grenville]] for the [[siege of Taunton]], he obeyed the order only with ill-humour. Later in April 1645 he was summoned with his troops to the relief of the king at [[Oxford]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=259}}

Lord Goring had long been intriguing for an independent command, and he now secured from the king what was practically supreme authority in the west. It was alleged by the Earl of Newport that he was willing to transfer his allegiance once more to the parliament. It is not likely that he meditated open [[treason]], but he was culpably negligent and occupied with private ambitions and jealousies. He was still engaged in desultory operations against Taunton when the main campaign of 1645 opened.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=259}}

For the part taken by Goring's army in the operations of the [[Battle of Naseby|Naseby]] campaign see [[First English Civil War#Naseby Campaign|First English Civil War: Naseby Campaign]]. After the decisive defeat of the king, the army of Fairfax marched into the west and defeated Goring in a disastrous fight at [[Battle of Langport|Langport]] on 10 July 1645. He made no further serious resistance to the parliamentary general, but wasted his time in frivolous amusements.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=259}}

==Exile and command in Spain==
In November 1645 he obtained leave to quit his disorganised forces and retire to France on the ground of health. His father's services secured him the command of some English regiments in the Spanish service. He died in [[Madrid]] after converting to Catholicism (in the care of the Jesuits) in July or August 1657.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=259}}

==Character assessment==
[[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon|Clarendon]] says of Goring that he "would, without hesitation, have broken any trust, or done any act of treachery to have satisfied an ordinary passion or appetite; and in truth wanted nothing but industry (for he had wit, and courage, and understanding and ambition, uncontrolled by any fear of God or man) to have been as eminent and successful in the highest attempt of wickedness as any man in the age he lived in or before. Of all his qualifications dissimulation was his masterpiece; in which he so much excelled, that men were not ordinarily ashamed, or out of countenance, with being deceived but twice by him".{{sfn|Chisholm 1911|p=259}} Clarendon's assessment according to Florene Memegalos is untrustworthy as he appears to have blackened his name at court for personal reasons. Florene Memegalos also asserts from archive material in the Venice State records and other sources, that George Goring's reputation stood mainly on his military abilities as a Royalist general and not just on Clarendon's all too obvious character assassination of him.<ref>Memegalos.</ref>

==Family==
Goring was married to [[Lettice Boyle]], daughter of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork.{{cn|date=March 2019}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Goring, George Goring, Lord |volume=12|pages=258–259}} This work in turn cites:
**{{Cite DNB |last=Firth |first=C.H.|authorlink=Charles Harding Firth|wstitle=Goring, George (1608-1657)|volume=22|pages=245–248}}
**[[William Dugdale|Dugdale]]'s ''Baronage'', where there are some doubtful stories of his life in Spain
**''Clarendon State Papers''
**[[Lord Clarendon]], ''History of the Great Rebellion''
**[[Samuel Rawson Gardiner]], ''History of the Great Civil War''
*Memegalos, Florene S. ''George Goring (1608-1657): Caroline Courtier and Royalist General''.
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goring, George Goring, Lord}}
[[Category:1608 births]]
[[Category:1657 deaths]]
[[Category:English army officers]]
[[Category:English expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:Cavaliers]]
[[Category:Heirs apparent who never acceded]]
[[Category:British courtesy barons and lords of Parliament]]

Richard Cromwell

2019-05-22T18:38:40Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Other people}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2010}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Richard Cromwell
|image = RichardCromwell.jpeg
|imagesize = 220px
|caption = Richard Cromwell
|office = [[Lord Protector#Cromwellian Commonwealth|Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland]]
|term_start = 3 September 1658
|term_end = 25 May 1659 (264 days)
|predecessor = [[Oliver Cromwell]]
|successor = [[English Council of State|Council of State]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1626|10|4|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Huntingdon]], [[Huntingdonshire]], England
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1712|7|12|1626|10|4|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Cheshunt]], [[Hertfordshire]], England
|nationality = English
|party = [[Roundhead]]
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Dorothy Maijor]] |1649|1675|end=d.}}
|relations = [[Oliver Cromwell]] (father) [[Elizabeth Bourchier]] (mother)
|children = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1=Elizabeth Cromwell (1650–1731) Edward Cromwell (1644–1688) Anne Cromwell (1651–1652) Mary Cromwell (1654) Oliver Cromwell (1656–1705) Dorothy Cromwell (1657–1658) Anna Cromwell Gibson (1659–1727) Dorothy Cromwell Mortimer (1660–1681)}}
|religion = [[Reformed]] (an [[Independent (religion)|Independent]] [[Puritan]])
|nickname = ''Tumbledown Dick'' ''Queen Dick''
}}
{{Infobox British Royalty styles|republic
|name = Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
|dipstyle = [[Highness|His Highness]]
|offstyle = Your Highness
|altstyle = Sir
}}
'''Richard Cromwell''' (4 October 1626{{spaced ndash}}12 July 1712) was an English statesman who was the second [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland]].

On his father's death Richard became [[Lord Protector]], but he lacked authority. He attempted to mediate between the army and civil society, and allowed a Parliament to sit which contained a large number of disaffected Presbyterians and Royalists. Suspicions that civilian councillors were intent on supplanting the army were brought to a head by an attempt to prosecute a major-general for actions against a Royalist. The army made a threatening show of force against Richard, and may have had him in detention. He formally renounced power nine months after succeeding.

Although a Royalist revolt was crushed by recalled civil war figure General [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]], who then prevented the [[Rump Parliament]] from reconvening and created a Committee of Safety, Lambert found his troops melted away in the face of General [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck]]'s advance from Scotland. Monck then presided over the [[Restoration (England)|Restoration of 1660]]. Richard Cromwell subsisted in straitened circumstances after his resignation. He went abroad and lived in relative obscurity for the remainder of his life. He eventually returned to his English estate, dying in his eighties. He has no living descendants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olivercromwell.org/faqs7.htm |title=Oliver Cromwell - Faq 7 |website=www.olivercromwell.org |accessdate=15 July 2017}}</ref>

==Early years and family==
Cromwell was born in Huntingdon on 4 October 1626, the third son of Oliver Cromwell and his wife [[Elizabeth Cromwell|Elizabeth]]. Little is known of his childhood. He and his three brothers were educated at [[Felsted School]] in Essex close to their mother's family home.<ref name="waylencromwell28">{{harvnb |Waylen |Cromwell |1897 |p=28}}</ref> There is no record of his attending university. In May 1647, he became a member of [[Lincoln's Inn]].<ref name="waylencromwell28" /> He may have served as a captain in [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]]'s lifeguard during the late 1640s, but the evidence is inconclusive.

In 1649 Cromwell married [[Dorothy Maijor]], daughter of [[Richard Maijor]], a member of the [[Hampshire]] gentry.<ref>{{harvnb |Waylen |Cromwell |1897 |p=37}}</ref> He and his wife then moved to Maijor's estate at [[Hursley]] in Hampshire. During the 1650s they had nine children, five of whom survived to adulthood.<ref>{{harvnb |Waylen |Cromwell |1897 |pp=37–40}}</ref> Cromwell was named a [[Justice of the Peace]] for Hampshire and sat on various county committees. During this period Cromwell seems to have been a source of concern for his father, who wrote to Richard Maijor saying, "I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and [[cosmography]]: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born".

He did not fight in the English civil wars.{{fact|date=May 2018}}

==Political background==
Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the [[New Model Army]], which emerged victorious from the [[English Civil War]]. When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell became disillusioned at inconclusive debates in the [[Rump Parliament]] between Presbyterians and other schools of thought within Protestantism. Parliamentarian suspicion of anything smacking of Catholicism, which was strongly associated with the Royalist side in the war, led to enforcement of religious precepts that left moderate Anglicans barely tolerated.

A [[Puritan]] regime strictly enforced the Sabbath, and banned almost all form of public celebration, even at Christmas. Cromwell attempted to reform the government through an army-nominated assembly known as [[Barebone's Parliament]], but the proposals were so unworkably radical that he was forced to end the experiment after a few months. Thereafter, a written constitution created the position of [[Lord Protector of the Commonwealth|Lord Protector]] for Cromwell and from 1653 until his death in 1658, he ruled with all the powers of a monarch, while Richard took on the role of heir.

==Move into political life==
In 1653, Cromwell was passed over as a member of [[Barebone's Parliament]], although his younger brother [[Henry Cromwell|Henry]] was a member of it. Neither was he given any public role when his father was made [[Lord Protector]] in the same year; however, he was elected to the [[First Protectorate Parliament]] as M.P. for [[Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdon]] and the [[Second Protectorate Parliament]] as M.P. for [[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge University]].<ref>{{acad |id=CRML656R |name=Cromwell, Richard}}</ref>

Under the Protectorate's constitution, Oliver Cromwell was required to nominate a successor, and from 1657 he involved Richard much more heavily in the politics of the regime. He was present at the second installation of his father as Lord Protector in June, having played no part in the first installation. In July he was appointed [[chancellor]] of [[Oxford University]], and in December was made a member of the [[English Council of State|Council of State]].

==Lord Protector (1658–59)==
[[File:By His Highnes Council in Scotland, for the government thereof Edinburgh 1658.jpg|thumb|200px|Proclamation announcing the death of [[Oliver Cromwell]] and the succession of Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector. Printed in Scotland 1658.]]
{{See also|The Protectorate}}
Oliver Cromwell died on 3 September 1658, and Richard was informed on the same day that he was to succeed him. Some controversy surrounds the succession. A letter by [[John Thurloe]] suggests that Cromwell nominated his son orally on 30 August, but other theories claim either that he nominated no successor, or that he put forward [[Charles Fleetwood]], his son-in-law.

Richard was faced by two immediate problems. The first was the army, which questioned his position as commander given his lack of military experience. The second was the financial position of the regime, with a debt estimated at £2 million. As a result, Cromwell's [[Privy council]] decided to call a parliament in order to redress these financial problems on 29 November 1658 (a decision which was formally confirmed on 3 December 1658). Under the terms of the [[Humble Petition and Advice]], this Parliament was called using the traditional franchise (thus moving away from the system under the [[Instrument of Government]] whereby representation of [[rotten boroughs]] was cut in favour of [[county town]]s). This meant that the government was less able to control elections and therefore unable to manage the parliament effectively. As a result, when this [[Third Protectorate Parliament]] first sat on 27 January 1659 it was dominated by moderate [[Presbyterians]], crypto-[[royalist]]s and a small number of vociferous [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealthsmen]] (or [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|Republicans]]).

The [[Cromwell's Other House|"Other House" of Parliament]] – a body which had been set up under the Humble Petition and Advice to act as a balance on the [[House of Commons of England|Commons]] – was also revived. It was this second parliamentary chamber and its resemblance to the [[House of Lords of England|House of Lords]] (which had been abolished in 1649) that dominated this Parliamentary session. Republican malcontents gave [[filibuster]]ing speeches about the inadequacy of the membership of this upper chamber (especially its military contingent) and also questioned whether it was indicative of the backsliding of the Protectorate regime in general and its divergence from the "[[Good Old Cause]]" for which parliamentarians had originally engaged in [[English Civil War|Civil War]]. Reviving this House of Lords in all but name, they argued, was but a short step to returning to the [[Ancient Constitution]] of King, Lords and Commons.

[[File:Coat of Arms of the Protectorate (1653–1659).svg|thumb|left|200px|Coat of arms of the Protectorate, borne by Cromwell during his reign as Lord Protector.]]

At the same time, the officers of the [[New Model Army]] became increasingly wary about the government's commitment to the military cause. The fact that Cromwell lacked military credentials grated with men who had fought on the battlefields of the English Civil War to secure their nation's liberties. Moreover, the new Parliament seemed to show a lack of respect for the army which many military men found alarming. In particular, there were fears that Parliament would make military cuts to reduce costs, and by April 1659 the army's general council of officers had met to demand higher taxation to fund the regime's costs.

Their grievances were expressed in a petition to Cromwell on 6 April 1659 which he forwarded to the Parliament two days later. Yet Parliament did not act on the army's suggestions; instead they shelved this petition and increased the suspicion of the military by bringing articles of impeachment against [[William Boteler]] on 12 April 1659, who was alleged to have mistreated a royalist prisoner while acting as a major-general under Oliver Cromwell in 1655. This was followed by two resolutions in the Commons on 18 April 1659 which stated that no more meetings of army officers should take place without the express permission of both the Lord Protector and Parliament, and that all officers should swear an oath that they would not subvert the sitting of Parliament by force.

These direct affronts to military prestige were too much for the army grandees to bear and set in motion the final split between the civilian-dominated Parliament and the army, which would culminate in the dissolution of Parliament and Cromwell's ultimate fall from power. When Cromwell refused a demand by the army to dissolve Parliament, troops were assembled at [[St. James's Palace]]. Cromwell eventually gave in to their demands and on 22 April, Parliament was dissolved and the [[Rump Parliament]] recalled on 7 May 1659.

In the subsequent month, Cromwell did not resist and refused an offer of armed assistance from the French ambassador, although it is possible he was being kept under house arrest by the army. On 25 May, after the Rump agreed to pay his debts and provide a pension, Cromwell delivered a formal letter resigning the position of Lord Protector. "Richard was never formally deposed or arrested, but allowed to fade away. The Protectorate was treated as having been from the first a mere usurpation".<ref>Jones, J. R. ''Country and Court: England 1658–1714'' Edward Arnold (1978) p. 120</ref>

He continued to live in the [[Palace of Whitehall]] until July, when he was forced by the Rump to return to Hursley. Royalists rejoiced at Cromwell's fall, and many satirical attacks surfaced, in which he was given the unflattering nicknames "Tumbledown Dick" and "Queen Dick".<ref name="fraser163">Fraser, Antonia (1979). ''King Charles II''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 163.</ref>

===Dates as Lord Protector===
*'''3 September 1658 – 25 May 1659'''. Title: ''His Highness'' By the Grace of God and Republic, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.

==Later years (1659–1712)==
During the political difficulties of the winter of 1659, there were rumours that Cromwell was to be recalled as Protector, but these came to nothing. In July 1660, Cromwell left for France, never to see his wife again.<ref>{{harvnb|Waylen|Cromwell|1897|pp=28–29}}</ref> While there, he went by a variety of pseudonyms, including John Clarke. He later travelled around Europe, visiting various European courts. As a visiting Englishman, he was once invited to dine with [[Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti]], who was unaware of who he was. At dinner, the prince questioned Cromwell about affairs in England and observed, "Well, that Oliver, tho' he was a traitor and a villain, was a brave man, had great parts, great courage, and was worthy to command; but that Richard, that coxcomb and poltroon, was surely the basest fellow alive; what is become of that fool?" Cromwell replied, "He was betrayed by those he most trusted, and who had been most obliged by his father". Cromwell departed the following morning.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Life of Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland |date=1743 |p=406 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlQ9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA406#v=onepage&q&f=false |first=Isaac |last=Kimber |location=London |publisher=J. Brotherton and T. Cox |edition=5th}}</ref> During this period of voluntary exile, he wrote many letters to his family back in England; these letters are now held by [[Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies]] at the County Record Office in Huntingdon.

In 1680 or 1681, he returned to England and lodged with the merchant [[Thomas Pengelly (merchant)|Thomas Pengelly]] in [[Cheshunt]] in Hertfordshire,<ref name="waylencromwell28" /> living off the income from his estate in Hursley. He died on 12 July 1712 at the age of 85.<ref>{{harvnb |Waylen |Cromwell |1897 |p=29}}</ref> His body was returned to [[Hursley]] and interred in a vault beneath All Saints' Parish Church, where a memorial tablet to him has been placed in recent years.

Until 29 January 2012, when [[Queen Elizabeth II]] surpassed Cromwell's age at death (85 years 282 days), he was the longest-lived ruler or ex-ruler of Britain.

==Fictional portrayals==
Cromwell has been depicted in historical films. They include:

*''[[Cromwell (film)|Cromwell]]'' (1970). Portrayed by actor [[Anthony May]].<ref name="Munden">{{harvnb |Munden |1971 |pp=214–215}}</ref>
*''[[To Kill a King]]'' (2003). Portrayed by actor John-Paul Macleod.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1190529-1190529-to_kill_a_king/ |title=To Kill a King (2003) |publisher=RottenTomatoes.com |accessdate=4 May 2011}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
*[[Cromwell family]]

{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Richard Cromwell'''
|2= 2. [[Oliver Cromwell|Oliver Cromwell, 1st Lord Protector]]
|3= 3. [[Elizabeth Cromwell|Elizabeth Bourchier]]
|4= 4. Robert Cromwell
|5= 5. Elizabeth Steward
|6= 6. Sir James Bourchier
|7= 7. Frances Crane
|8= 8. [[Henry Williams (alias Cromwell)|Sir Henry Cromwell]]
|9= 9. Joan Warren
|10= 10. William Steward
|11= 11. Catherine Paine
|12= 12. Thomas Bourchier
|13= 13. Elizabeth Morley
|14= 14. Thomas Crane
|15=
|16= 16. [[Richard Williams (alias Cromwell)|Sir Richard Williams]]
|17= 17. Frances Murfyn
|18= 18. [[Ralph Warren (Lord Mayor)|Sir Ralph Warren]]
|19= 19. Joan Lake
|20=
|21=
|22= 22. Thomas Paine
|23=
|24= 24. Richard Bourchier
|25=
|26= 26. James Morley
|27=
|28=
|29=
|30=
|31=
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{citation| last=Chapman| first=James | title=Past and present: national identity and the British historical film| year=2005 | publisher=I.B.Tauris| isbn=978-1-85043-808-3| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=M6Wazi7wgAkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=el&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gaunt |first=Peter |encyclopedia=11298[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |title=Richard Cromwell |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6768 |year=2004}}
*{{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Hutton |title=The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England and Wales, 1658–1667 |year=1985 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-822698-5}}
*{{cite book |title=Alumni Felstedienses |author=Beevor, R. J. |author2=Roberts, E. T. |author3=others |year=1903}}
*{{citation |last=Munden |first=Kenneth White |title=The American Film Institute Catalog, Feature films 1961–1970 |year=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20970-1 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=s1k1RsGvFwwC&printsec=frontcover&hl=el&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
*{{cite book |title=The House of Cromwell: A Genealogical History of the Family and Descendants of the Protector |first1=James |last1=Waylen |first2=John Gabriel |last2=Cromwell |location=London |publisher=Elliot Stock |date=1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/houseofcromwellg00wayl |ref=harv}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cromwell_oliver.shtml BBC Bio of Oliver Cromwell]
*[http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon48a.html Britannia.com "Monarchs" Page on Richard Cromwell]

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Oliver Cromwell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Protector#Cromwellian Commonwealth|Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland]]|years=3 September 1658 – 25 May 1659}}
{{s-aft|after= [[English Council of State|Council of State]]}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Oliver Cromwell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford|Chancellor of the University of Oxford]]|years=1657–1660}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset|William Seymour]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{English monarchs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cromwell, Richard}}
[[Category:1626 births]]
[[Category:1712 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century English politicians]]
[[Category:18th-century English people]]
[[Category:17th-century English judges]]
[[Category:Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of England for the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Heads of state of England]]
[[Category:People educated at Felsted School]]
[[Category:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Roundheads]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Huntingdon]]
[[Category:Republicanism in England]]
[[Category:Cromwell family]]
[[Category:People of the Interregnum (England)]]
[[Category:English MPs 1654–1655]]
[[Category:English MPs 1656–1658]]
[[Category:Lords Protector of England]]
[[Category:Richard Cromwell| ]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]

Richard Cromwell

2019-05-22T18:38:21Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Other people}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2010}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Richard Cromwell
|image = RichardCromwell.jpeg
|imagesize = 220px
|caption = Richard Cromwell
|office = [[Lord Protector#Cromwellian Commonwealth|Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland]]
|term_start = 3 September 1658
|term_end = 25 May 1659 (264 days)
|predecessor = [[Oliver Cromwell]]
|successor = [[English Council of State|Council of State]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1626|10|4|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Huntingdon]], [[Huntingdonshire]], England
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1712|7|12|1626|10|4|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Cheshunt]], [[Hertfordshire]], England
|nationality = English
|party = [[Roundhead]]
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Dorothy Maijor]] |1649|1675|end=d.}}
|relations = [[Oliver Cromwell]] (father) [[Elizabeth Bourchier]] (mother)
|children = {{List collapsed|title=''See list''|1=Elizabeth Cromwell (1650–1731) Edward Cromwell (1644–1688) Anne Cromwell (1651–1652) Mary Cromwell (1654) Oliver Cromwell (1656–1705) Dorothy Cromwell (1657–1658) Anna Cromwell Gibson (1659–1727) Dorothy Cromwell Mortimer (1660–1681)}}
|religion = [[Reformed]] (an [[Independent (religion)|Independent]] [[Puritan]])
|nickname = ''Tumbledown Dick'' ''Queen Dick''
}}
{{Infobox British Royalty styles|republic
|name = Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
|dipstyle = [[Highness|His Highness]]
|offstyle = Your Highness
|altstyle = Sir
}}
'''Richard Cromwell''' (4 October 1626{{spaced ndash}}12 July 1712) was an English statesman who was the second [[Lord Protector]] of England, Scotland and Ireland.

On his father's death Richard became [[Lord Protector]], but he lacked authority. He attempted to mediate between the army and civil society, and allowed a Parliament to sit which contained a large number of disaffected Presbyterians and Royalists. Suspicions that civilian councillors were intent on supplanting the army were brought to a head by an attempt to prosecute a major-general for actions against a Royalist. The army made a threatening show of force against Richard, and may have had him in detention. He formally renounced power nine months after succeeding.

Although a Royalist revolt was crushed by recalled civil war figure General [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]], who then prevented the [[Rump Parliament]] from reconvening and created a Committee of Safety, Lambert found his troops melted away in the face of General [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck]]'s advance from Scotland. Monck then presided over the [[Restoration (England)|Restoration of 1660]]. Richard Cromwell subsisted in straitened circumstances after his resignation. He went abroad and lived in relative obscurity for the remainder of his life. He eventually returned to his English estate, dying in his eighties. He has no living descendants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olivercromwell.org/faqs7.htm |title=Oliver Cromwell - Faq 7 |website=www.olivercromwell.org |accessdate=15 July 2017}}</ref>

==Early years and family==
Cromwell was born in Huntingdon on 4 October 1626, the third son of Oliver Cromwell and his wife [[Elizabeth Cromwell|Elizabeth]]. Little is known of his childhood. He and his three brothers were educated at [[Felsted School]] in Essex close to their mother's family home.<ref name="waylencromwell28">{{harvnb |Waylen |Cromwell |1897 |p=28}}</ref> There is no record of his attending university. In May 1647, he became a member of [[Lincoln's Inn]].<ref name="waylencromwell28" /> He may have served as a captain in [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]]'s lifeguard during the late 1640s, but the evidence is inconclusive.

In 1649 Cromwell married [[Dorothy Maijor]], daughter of [[Richard Maijor]], a member of the [[Hampshire]] gentry.<ref>{{harvnb |Waylen |Cromwell |1897 |p=37}}</ref> He and his wife then moved to Maijor's estate at [[Hursley]] in Hampshire. During the 1650s they had nine children, five of whom survived to adulthood.<ref>{{harvnb |Waylen |Cromwell |1897 |pp=37–40}}</ref> Cromwell was named a [[Justice of the Peace]] for Hampshire and sat on various county committees. During this period Cromwell seems to have been a source of concern for his father, who wrote to Richard Maijor saying, "I would have him mind and understand business, read a little history, study the mathematics and [[cosmography]]: these are good, with subordination to the things of God. Better than idleness, or mere outward worldly contents. These fit for public services, for which a man is born".

He did not fight in the English civil wars.{{fact|date=May 2018}}

==Political background==
Oliver Cromwell had risen from unknown member of Parliament in his forties to being a commander of the [[New Model Army]], which emerged victorious from the [[English Civil War]]. When he returned from a final campaign in Ireland, Oliver Cromwell became disillusioned at inconclusive debates in the [[Rump Parliament]] between Presbyterians and other schools of thought within Protestantism. Parliamentarian suspicion of anything smacking of Catholicism, which was strongly associated with the Royalist side in the war, led to enforcement of religious precepts that left moderate Anglicans barely tolerated.

A [[Puritan]] regime strictly enforced the Sabbath, and banned almost all form of public celebration, even at Christmas. Cromwell attempted to reform the government through an army-nominated assembly known as [[Barebone's Parliament]], but the proposals were so unworkably radical that he was forced to end the experiment after a few months. Thereafter, a written constitution created the position of [[Lord Protector of the Commonwealth|Lord Protector]] for Cromwell and from 1653 until his death in 1658, he ruled with all the powers of a monarch, while Richard took on the role of heir.

==Move into political life==
In 1653, Cromwell was passed over as a member of [[Barebone's Parliament]], although his younger brother [[Henry Cromwell|Henry]] was a member of it. Neither was he given any public role when his father was made [[Lord Protector]] in the same year; however, he was elected to the [[First Protectorate Parliament]] as M.P. for [[Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdon]] and the [[Second Protectorate Parliament]] as M.P. for [[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge University]].<ref>{{acad |id=CRML656R |name=Cromwell, Richard}}</ref>

Under the Protectorate's constitution, Oliver Cromwell was required to nominate a successor, and from 1657 he involved Richard much more heavily in the politics of the regime. He was present at the second installation of his father as Lord Protector in June, having played no part in the first installation. In July he was appointed [[chancellor]] of [[Oxford University]], and in December was made a member of the [[English Council of State|Council of State]].

==Lord Protector (1658–59)==
[[File:By His Highnes Council in Scotland, for the government thereof Edinburgh 1658.jpg|thumb|200px|Proclamation announcing the death of [[Oliver Cromwell]] and the succession of Richard Cromwell as Lord Protector. Printed in Scotland 1658.]]
{{See also|The Protectorate}}
Oliver Cromwell died on 3 September 1658, and Richard was informed on the same day that he was to succeed him. Some controversy surrounds the succession. A letter by [[John Thurloe]] suggests that Cromwell nominated his son orally on 30 August, but other theories claim either that he nominated no successor, or that he put forward [[Charles Fleetwood]], his son-in-law.

Richard was faced by two immediate problems. The first was the army, which questioned his position as commander given his lack of military experience. The second was the financial position of the regime, with a debt estimated at £2 million. As a result, Cromwell's [[Privy council]] decided to call a parliament in order to redress these financial problems on 29 November 1658 (a decision which was formally confirmed on 3 December 1658). Under the terms of the [[Humble Petition and Advice]], this Parliament was called using the traditional franchise (thus moving away from the system under the [[Instrument of Government]] whereby representation of [[rotten boroughs]] was cut in favour of [[county town]]s). This meant that the government was less able to control elections and therefore unable to manage the parliament effectively. As a result, when this [[Third Protectorate Parliament]] first sat on 27 January 1659 it was dominated by moderate [[Presbyterians]], crypto-[[royalist]]s and a small number of vociferous [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealthsmen]] (or [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|Republicans]]).

The [[Cromwell's Other House|"Other House" of Parliament]] – a body which had been set up under the Humble Petition and Advice to act as a balance on the [[House of Commons of England|Commons]] – was also revived. It was this second parliamentary chamber and its resemblance to the [[House of Lords of England|House of Lords]] (which had been abolished in 1649) that dominated this Parliamentary session. Republican malcontents gave [[filibuster]]ing speeches about the inadequacy of the membership of this upper chamber (especially its military contingent) and also questioned whether it was indicative of the backsliding of the Protectorate regime in general and its divergence from the "[[Good Old Cause]]" for which parliamentarians had originally engaged in [[English Civil War|Civil War]]. Reviving this House of Lords in all but name, they argued, was but a short step to returning to the [[Ancient Constitution]] of King, Lords and Commons.

[[File:Coat of Arms of the Protectorate (1653–1659).svg|thumb|left|200px|Coat of arms of the Protectorate, borne by Cromwell during his reign as Lord Protector.]]

At the same time, the officers of the [[New Model Army]] became increasingly wary about the government's commitment to the military cause. The fact that Cromwell lacked military credentials grated with men who had fought on the battlefields of the English Civil War to secure their nation's liberties. Moreover, the new Parliament seemed to show a lack of respect for the army which many military men found alarming. In particular, there were fears that Parliament would make military cuts to reduce costs, and by April 1659 the army's general council of officers had met to demand higher taxation to fund the regime's costs.

Their grievances were expressed in a petition to Cromwell on 6 April 1659 which he forwarded to the Parliament two days later. Yet Parliament did not act on the army's suggestions; instead they shelved this petition and increased the suspicion of the military by bringing articles of impeachment against [[William Boteler]] on 12 April 1659, who was alleged to have mistreated a royalist prisoner while acting as a major-general under Oliver Cromwell in 1655. This was followed by two resolutions in the Commons on 18 April 1659 which stated that no more meetings of army officers should take place without the express permission of both the Lord Protector and Parliament, and that all officers should swear an oath that they would not subvert the sitting of Parliament by force.

These direct affronts to military prestige were too much for the army grandees to bear and set in motion the final split between the civilian-dominated Parliament and the army, which would culminate in the dissolution of Parliament and Cromwell's ultimate fall from power. When Cromwell refused a demand by the army to dissolve Parliament, troops were assembled at [[St. James's Palace]]. Cromwell eventually gave in to their demands and on 22 April, Parliament was dissolved and the [[Rump Parliament]] recalled on 7 May 1659.

In the subsequent month, Cromwell did not resist and refused an offer of armed assistance from the French ambassador, although it is possible he was being kept under house arrest by the army. On 25 May, after the Rump agreed to pay his debts and provide a pension, Cromwell delivered a formal letter resigning the position of Lord Protector. "Richard was never formally deposed or arrested, but allowed to fade away. The Protectorate was treated as having been from the first a mere usurpation".<ref>Jones, J. R. ''Country and Court: England 1658–1714'' Edward Arnold (1978) p. 120</ref>

He continued to live in the [[Palace of Whitehall]] until July, when he was forced by the Rump to return to Hursley. Royalists rejoiced at Cromwell's fall, and many satirical attacks surfaced, in which he was given the unflattering nicknames "Tumbledown Dick" and "Queen Dick".<ref name="fraser163">Fraser, Antonia (1979). ''King Charles II''. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 163.</ref>

===Dates as Lord Protector===
*'''3 September 1658 – 25 May 1659'''. Title: ''His Highness'' By the Grace of God and Republic, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.

==Later years (1659–1712)==
During the political difficulties of the winter of 1659, there were rumours that Cromwell was to be recalled as Protector, but these came to nothing. In July 1660, Cromwell left for France, never to see his wife again.<ref>{{harvnb|Waylen|Cromwell|1897|pp=28–29}}</ref> While there, he went by a variety of pseudonyms, including John Clarke. He later travelled around Europe, visiting various European courts. As a visiting Englishman, he was once invited to dine with [[Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti]], who was unaware of who he was. At dinner, the prince questioned Cromwell about affairs in England and observed, "Well, that Oliver, tho' he was a traitor and a villain, was a brave man, had great parts, great courage, and was worthy to command; but that Richard, that coxcomb and poltroon, was surely the basest fellow alive; what is become of that fool?" Cromwell replied, "He was betrayed by those he most trusted, and who had been most obliged by his father". Cromwell departed the following morning.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Life of Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland |date=1743 |p=406 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlQ9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA406#v=onepage&q&f=false |first=Isaac |last=Kimber |location=London |publisher=J. Brotherton and T. Cox |edition=5th}}</ref> During this period of voluntary exile, he wrote many letters to his family back in England; these letters are now held by [[Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies]] at the County Record Office in Huntingdon.

In 1680 or 1681, he returned to England and lodged with the merchant [[Thomas Pengelly (merchant)|Thomas Pengelly]] in [[Cheshunt]] in Hertfordshire,<ref name="waylencromwell28" /> living off the income from his estate in Hursley. He died on 12 July 1712 at the age of 85.<ref>{{harvnb |Waylen |Cromwell |1897 |p=29}}</ref> His body was returned to [[Hursley]] and interred in a vault beneath All Saints' Parish Church, where a memorial tablet to him has been placed in recent years.

Until 29 January 2012, when [[Queen Elizabeth II]] surpassed Cromwell's age at death (85 years 282 days), he was the longest-lived ruler or ex-ruler of Britain.

==Fictional portrayals==
Cromwell has been depicted in historical films. They include:

*''[[Cromwell (film)|Cromwell]]'' (1970). Portrayed by actor [[Anthony May]].<ref name="Munden">{{harvnb |Munden |1971 |pp=214–215}}</ref>
*''[[To Kill a King]]'' (2003). Portrayed by actor John-Paul Macleod.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1190529-1190529-to_kill_a_king/ |title=To Kill a King (2003) |publisher=RottenTomatoes.com |accessdate=4 May 2011}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
*[[Cromwell family]]

{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Richard Cromwell'''
|2= 2. [[Oliver Cromwell|Oliver Cromwell, 1st Lord Protector]]
|3= 3. [[Elizabeth Cromwell|Elizabeth Bourchier]]
|4= 4. Robert Cromwell
|5= 5. Elizabeth Steward
|6= 6. Sir James Bourchier
|7= 7. Frances Crane
|8= 8. [[Henry Williams (alias Cromwell)|Sir Henry Cromwell]]
|9= 9. Joan Warren
|10= 10. William Steward
|11= 11. Catherine Paine
|12= 12. Thomas Bourchier
|13= 13. Elizabeth Morley
|14= 14. Thomas Crane
|15=
|16= 16. [[Richard Williams (alias Cromwell)|Sir Richard Williams]]
|17= 17. Frances Murfyn
|18= 18. [[Ralph Warren (Lord Mayor)|Sir Ralph Warren]]
|19= 19. Joan Lake
|20=
|21=
|22= 22. Thomas Paine
|23=
|24= 24. Richard Bourchier
|25=
|26= 26. James Morley
|27=
|28=
|29=
|30=
|31=
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{citation| last=Chapman| first=James | title=Past and present: national identity and the British historical film| year=2005 | publisher=I.B.Tauris| isbn=978-1-85043-808-3| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=M6Wazi7wgAkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=el&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gaunt |first=Peter |encyclopedia=11298[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |title=Richard Cromwell |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6768 |year=2004}}
*{{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |author-link=Ronald Hutton |title=The Restoration: A Political and Religious History of England and Wales, 1658–1667 |year=1985 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-19-822698-5}}
*{{cite book |title=Alumni Felstedienses |author=Beevor, R. J. |author2=Roberts, E. T. |author3=others |year=1903}}
*{{citation |last=Munden |first=Kenneth White |title=The American Film Institute Catalog, Feature films 1961–1970 |year=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-20970-1 |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=s1k1RsGvFwwC&printsec=frontcover&hl=el&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
*{{cite book |title=The House of Cromwell: A Genealogical History of the Family and Descendants of the Protector |first1=James |last1=Waylen |first2=John Gabriel |last2=Cromwell |location=London |publisher=Elliot Stock |date=1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/houseofcromwellg00wayl |ref=harv}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cromwell_oliver.shtml BBC Bio of Oliver Cromwell]
*[http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon48a.html Britannia.com "Monarchs" Page on Richard Cromwell]

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Oliver Cromwell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Lord Protector#Cromwellian Commonwealth|Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland]]|years=3 September 1658 – 25 May 1659}}
{{s-aft|after= [[English Council of State|Council of State]]}}
{{s-aca}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Oliver Cromwell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford|Chancellor of the University of Oxford]]|years=1657–1660}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset|William Seymour]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{English monarchs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cromwell, Richard}}
[[Category:1626 births]]
[[Category:1712 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century English politicians]]
[[Category:18th-century English people]]
[[Category:17th-century English judges]]
[[Category:Members of the pre-1707 Parliament of England for the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:Heads of state of England]]
[[Category:People educated at Felsted School]]
[[Category:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Roundheads]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:People from Huntingdon]]
[[Category:Republicanism in England]]
[[Category:Cromwell family]]
[[Category:People of the Interregnum (England)]]
[[Category:English MPs 1654–1655]]
[[Category:English MPs 1656–1658]]
[[Category:Lords Protector of England]]
[[Category:Richard Cromwell| ]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]

Tory

2019-05-22T18:34:37Z

141.138.51.145: /* Current usage */ Not factual

{{short description|A conservative political philosophy}}
{{about|politics in Canada and the United Kingdom|other uses|Tory (disambiguation)}}
{{Toryism}}
A '''Tory''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɔː|r|i}}) is a person who holds a [[political philosophy]] known as '''Toryism''', based on a British version of [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalism and conservatism]], which upholds the supremacy of social order as it has evolved in the [[English culture]] throughout history. The Tory ethos has been summed up with the phrase "God, King, and Country".<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Ball|title=Portrait of a Party: The Conservative Party in Britain 1918–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZQeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|year=2013|publisher=Oxford U.P.|page=74}}</ref> Tories generally advocate [[monarchism]], and were historically of a [[high church]] [[Church of England|Anglican]] religious heritage,<ref>{{cite book|author=William L. Sachs|title=The Transformation of Anglicanism: From State Church to Global Communion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ARx1B_pbhcC&pg=PA18|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John Charmley|title=A history of conservative politics since 1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MUUAQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=103}}</ref> opposed to the [[liberalism]] of the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig faction]].

The philosophy originates from the [[Cavalier]] faction, a [[royalist]] group during the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms|English Civil War]]. The [[Tories (British political party)|Tories]] political faction that emerged in 1681 was a reaction to the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]-controlled Parliaments that succeeded the [[Cavalier Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/whigstories/|title=Whigs and Tories|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom|website=parliament.uk|accessdate=4 October 2018}}</ref> It also has exponents in other parts of the former [[British Empire]], such as the [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] of [[British America]], who opposed American secession during the [[American War of Independence]]. The loyalists that fled to [[the Canadas]] at the end of the American Revolution, the [[United Empire Loyalists]], formed the support base for political cliques in [[Upper Canada|Upper]] and [[Lower Canada]]. Toryism remains prominent in [[Politics of Canada|Canada]] and the [[politics of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. The [[Conservative Party (UK)|British Conservative Party]] and [[Conservative Party of Canada]], and their members, continue to be referred to as Tories.

The term Tory is used regardless of whether they are traditionalists or not. Adherents to traditional Toryism in contemporary times are referred to as [[High Tory|High Tories]]. The terms [[Blue Tory]] and [[Red Tory]] have been used to describe the two different factions of the federal and provincial Conservative/Progressive Conservative parties in Canada. In addition, [[Pink Tory]] is used in Canadian politics as a pejorative term to describe a member of the Conservative/Progressive Conservative party who is perceived as liberal.

== History ==
[[File:Anthonis van Dyck 058.jpg|upright|thumb|Royalist supporters, such as the [[Cavaliers]], were referred to as tories during the [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|Interregnum]] and [[Restoration (England)|Restoration]] period in Great Britain.]]
The word ''Tory'' derives from the [[Middle Irish]] word ''tóraidhe''; modern [[Irish language|Irish]] ''tóraí''; modern [[Scottish Gaelic]] ''Tòraidh'': [[outlaw]], robber or brigand, from the Irish word ''tóir'', meaning "pursuit", since outlaws were "pursued men".<ref>Entry for "Tory" from Websters New World Dictionary & Thesaurus, version 2.0 for PC, 1998</ref><ref>[http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=Tory&gwp=16 Tory: Definition] Answers.com</ref> The term was initially applied in Ireland to the isolated bands of guerrillas resisting [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s nine-month [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland|1649–1650 campaign in Ireland]], who were allied with [[Cavalier|Royalists]] through treaty with the Parliament of Confederate Ireland, signed at [[Kilkenny]] in January 1649;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecnj.com/review/2009/062509/books062509_01.html?headline=Evil_Oliver%E2%80%99s_legacy_of_enduring_hate|title=Evil Oliver's legacy of enduring hate|work=Camden New Journal|publisher=New Journal Enterprises|date=25 June 2009}}</ref> and later to dispossessed Catholics in [[Ulster]] following the [[Restoration (Ireland)|Restoration]].<ref>Sean J. Connolly ''Oxford Companion to Irish History'', entry on Tory p498</ref> It was also used to refer to a [[Rapparee]] and later applied to [[Confederate Ireland|Confederates]] or [[Cavalier]]s in arms.<ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]] (Second Edition 1989) "1. a. In the 17th c., one of the dispossessed Irish, who became outlaws, subsisting by plundering and killing the English settlers and soldiers; a bog-trotter, a rapparee; later, often applied to any Irish Papist or Royalist in arms. Obs. exc. Hist."</ref> The term was thus originally a term of abuse, "an Irish rebel", before being adopted as a political label in the same way as "[[Whigs (British political party)#Name etymology|Whig]]".

Towards the end of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]'s reign (1660–1685) there was [[Exclusion Crisis|some debate]] about whether or not his brother, [[James II of England|James, Duke of York]], should be allowed to succeed to the throne. "Whigs", originally a reference to Scottish cattle-drovers (stereotypically radical anti-Catholic [[Covenanter]]s), was the abusive term directed at those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic. Those who were not prepared to exclude James were labelled "[[Abhorrers]]" and later "Tories". [[Titus Oates]] applied the term ''Tory'', which then signified an Irish robber, to those who would not believe in his [[Popish Plot]] and the name gradually became extended to all who were supposed to have sympathy with the Catholic Duke of York.<ref>Justin McCarthy, ''A History of the Four Georges'', Volume I (of 4)</ref>

The suffix ''-ism'' was quickly added to both ''Whig'' and ''Tory'' to make [[Whiggism]] and Toryism, meaning the principles and methods of each faction.

===Canada===
{{Main article|Conservatism in Canada}}
{{See also|Upper Canada Tories|Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)}}
The term ''Tory'' was first used to designate the pre-[[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] British ruling classes of [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]], known as the [[Family Compact]] and the [[Château Clique]], an elite within the governing classes and often members within a section of society known as the [[United Empire Loyalist]]s. The United Empire Loyalists were [[Loyalists (American Revolution)|American loyalists]] who resettled in British North America during or after the [[American Revolutionary War]].
[[File:Tory Refugees by Howard Pyle.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[United Empire Loyalist|Loyalist]] refugees on their way to [[the Canadas]] during the [[American Revolution]]. The loyalists helped establish the base of support for political cliques in the Canadas, locally referred to as Tories.]]
In post-Confederation Canada, the terms "[[Red Tory]]" and "[[Blue Tory]]" have long been used to describe the two wings of the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] and previously the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] (PC) parties. The dyadic tensions originally arose out of the 1854 political union of British-Canadian Tories, French-Canadian traditionalists and the [[Monarchism|monarchist]] and loyalist leaning sections of the emerging commercial classes at the time—many of whom were uncomfortable with the pro-American and [[Annexation movements of Canada|annexationist tendencies]] within the liberal [[Clear Grits]]. Tory strength and prominence in the political culture was a feature of life in [[Nova Scotia]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]].<ref>James Farney, and David Rayside, eds. ''Conservatism in Canada'' (University of Toronto Press, 2013)</ref>

By the 1930s, the factions within Canadian Toryism were associated with either the urban business elites, or with rural traditionalists from the country's hinterland. A "Red Tory" is a member of the more moderate wing of the party (in the manner of [[John Farthing]] and [[George Grant (philosopher)|George Grant]]). They are generally unified by their adherence to British traditions in Canada.<ref>Heath Macquarrie, ''Red Tory blues: a political memoir'' (University of Toronto Press, 1992)</ref>

Throughout the course of Canadian history, the Conservative Party was generally controlled by MacDonaldian Tory elements, which in Canada meant an adherence to the English-Canadian traditions of Monarchy, Empire-Commonwealth, parliamentary government, nationalism, protectionism, social reform and eventually acceptance of the necessity of the welfare state.<ref>Denis Smith, ''Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker'' (1997)</ref>

By the 1970s, the Progressive Conservative Party was a Keynesian-consensus party. With the onset of [[stagflation]] in the 1970s, some Canadian Tories came under the influence of neo-liberal developments in Great Britain and the United States, which highlighted the policies for privatization and supply-side interventions. In Canada, these tories have been labeled [[neoconservatism|neoconservatives]]—which has a somewhat different connotation in the United States. By the early 1980s, there was no clear neoconservative in the Tory leadership cadre, but [[Brian Mulroney]] (who became leader in 1983) eventually came to adopt many policies from the [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] governments.<ref>Tomos Dafydd Davies, "'A tale of two Tories?': the British and Canadian Conservative Parties and the'National Question'. The cases of Wales and Quebec." (2011).</ref>

As Mulroney took the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]] further in this direction, with policy initiatives in the areas of deregulation, privatization, free-trade and a consumption tax called the [[Goods and services tax (Canada)|Goods and services tax]] (GST), many traditionally-minded Tories became concerned that a political and cultural schism was occurring within the party.

The 1986 creation of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] attracted some of the neo-liberals and social conservatives away from the Tory party and as some of the neoconservative policies of the Mulroney government proved unpopular, some of the provincial-rights elements moved towards Reform as well. In 1993, Mulroney resigned rather than fight an election based on his record after almost nine years in power. This left the Progressive Conservatives in disarray and scrambling to understand how to make Toryism relevant in provinces such as [[Quebec]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]] that had never had a strong tory tradition and political culture.
[[File:Stephen Harper G8 2007.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Stephen Harper]], 22nd [[Prime Minister of Canada]] and former leader of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]]. The Party is colloquially called the Tories in Canada.]]
Thereafter in the 1990s, the Progressive Conservatives were a small party in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] and could only exert legislative pressure on the government through their power in the [[Senate of Canada]]. Eventually, through death and retirements, this power waned. [[Joe Clark]] returned as leader, but the schism with the Reformers effectively watered down the combined Blue and Red Tory vote in Canada.

By the late 1990s, there was talk of the necessity of uniting the right in Canada, to deter further Liberal majorities. Many tories—both red and blue—opposed such moves, while others took the view that all would have to be pragmatic if there was any hope of reviving a strong party system. The [[Canadian Alliance]] party (as the Reform Party had become) and some leading tories came together on an informal basis to see if they could find common ground. While Progressive Conservative Leader Joe Clark rebuffed the notion, the talks moved ahead and eventually in December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties voted to rejoin into a new party called the Conservative Party of Canada.

After the merger of the Progressive Conservatives with the Canadian Alliance in 2003, there was debate as to whether the "Tory" appellation should survive at the federal level. Although it was widely believed that some Alliance members would take offence to the term, it was officially accepted by the newly merged party during the [[Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, 2004|2004 leadership convention]]. [[Stephen Harper]], former leader of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] and Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015, regularly refers to himself as a Tory and has suggested that the new party is a natural evolution of the conservative political movement in Canada.<ref>Alex Marland, and Tom Flanagan. "Brand New Party: Political Branding and the Conservative Party of Canada." ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' (2013) 46#4 pp: 951–972.</ref><ref>Laura Devaney, "The Unite the Right Movement and the Brokerage of Social Conservative Voices Within the New Conservative Party of Canada." ''The Agora'' 3.2 (2013): 101.</ref> Dissident Red Tories who were against the merger went on to form the [[Progressive Canadian Party]].

===United Kingdom===
{{Main article|Conservatism in the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|Tories (British political party)}}
[[File:John Belasyse (Bellasis), 1st Baron Belasyse of Worlaby by Gilbert Jackson.jpg|upright|thumb|[[John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse|Lord Belasyse]] was the second Tory to lead a Ministry in Great Britain.]]
The [[Tories (British political party)|Tory political faction]] originally emerged within the [[Parliament of England]] to uphold the legitimist rights of [[James II]] to succeed his brother [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] to the thrones of the three kingdoms. James became a Roman Catholic at a time when the state institutions were fiercely independent from the [[Roman Catholic Church]]—this was an issue for the [[Exclusion Crisis]] supporting Patricians, the political heirs to the nonconformist [[Roundhead]]s and [[Covenanter]]s. During the Exclusion Crisis, the word Tory was applied in [[Kingdom of England]] as a nickname to the opponents of the bill, called the [[Abhorrers]]. The word "Tory" had connotations of [[Papist]] and [[outlaw]]<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/humanrights/documents/glossary.htm Human Rights – Glossary] The National Archives</ref> derived from its previous use in Ireland.

There were two Tory ministries after James II came to the throne: the first led by the [[Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester|Earl of Rochester]], the second by [[John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse|Lord Belasyse]]. A significant faction took part in the [[Glorious Revolution|ousting of James II]] with the Whigs to defend the [[Church of England]] and definitive [[protestantism]]. A large but dwindling faction of Tories continued to support James in exile and his Stuart heirs to the throne, especially in 1714 after the accession of [[George I of Great Britain|George I]], the first Hanoverian monarch. Although only a minority of Tories gave their adhesion to the Jacobite risings, this was used by the Whigs to discredit the Tories and paint them as traitors. After the advent of the Prime Ministerial system under the Whig [[Robert Walpole]], [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|Lord Bute]]'s premiership in the reign of [[George III]] marked a revival. Under the [[Corn Laws]] (1815–1846) a majority of Tories supported [[protectionism|protectionist]] [[agrarianism]] with tariffs being imposed at the time for higher food prices, self-sufficiency and enhanced wages in rural employment.

English Tories from the time of the [[Glorious Revolution]] up until the [[Reform Act 1832]] were characterised by strong [[Monarchism|monarchist]] tendencies, support for the [[Church of England]] and hostility to radical reform, while the [[Tories (British political party)|Tory party]] was an actual organisation which held power intermittently throughout the same period.<ref>Keith Feiling, ''The second Tory party, 1714–1832'' (1959)</ref>

[[Conservatism]] began to emerge in the late 18th century—it synthesised [[moderate|moderate Whig]] economic positions and many Tory social values to create a new political philosophy and faction in opposition to the [[French Revolution]]. [[Edmund Burke]] and [[William Pitt the Younger]] led the way in this. [[Interventionism (politics)|Interventionism]] and strong armed forces were to prove a hallmark of Toryism under subsequent Prime Ministers. As a predecessor party of the United Kingdom's [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative and Unionist Party]], its members, and the organization continue to be referred to as Tories.

===United States===
{{See also|Loyalist (American Revolution)}}
[[File:KingsMountain DeathOfFerguson Chappel.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the death of British Major [[Patrick Ferguson]], during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He was shot while commanding Loyalist regulars and [[militia (British Dominions and Crown Colonies)|militia]] at the [[Battle of Kings Mountain]].]]
The term Tory or "Loyalist" was used in the [[American Revolution]] for those who remained loyal to the British Crown. Since early in the 18th century, Tory had described those upholding the right of the King over Parliament. During the war of independence, particularly after the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in 1776, this use was extended to cover anyone who remained loyal to the British Crown. About 80% of the Loyalists remained in the United States after the war. The 60,000 or so Loyalists who settled in Nova Scotia, [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]], [[the Bahamas]], or returned to Great Britain after the American War of Independence are known as United Empire Loyalists.<ref>William Stewart Wallace, ''The United Empire Loyalists: A Chronicle of the Great Migration'' (1920) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9YKAQAAIAAJ online].</ref>

On February 12, 1798, [[Thomas Jefferson]] described the [[Federalist Party]] as "[a] political Sect [...] believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support, [who] are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes Tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition".<ref>letter to John Wise in Francis N. Thorpe, ed "A Letter from Jefferson on the Political Parties, 1798," ''American Historical Review v.3#3 (April 1898) pp 488–89</ref> However, that was clearly a hostile description by the Federalists' foes of whom Jefferson was one and not a name used by the Federalists themselves.

====Texas Revolution====
In Texas in 1832–1836, support for the [[Texas Revolution]] was not unanimous. The "Tories" were men who supported the Mexican government. The Tories generally were long-term property holders whose roots were outside of the lower south. They typically had little interest in politics and sought conciliation rather than war or they withheld judgment from both sides. The Tories preferred to preserve the economic, political and social gains that they enjoyed as citizens of Mexico and the revolution threatened to jeopardize the security of their world.<ref>Margaret Swett Henson, "Tory Sentiment in Anglo-Texan Public Opinion, 1832–1836," ''Southwestern Historical Quarterly,'' July 1986, Vol. 90 Issue 1, pp 1–34</ref>

====American Civil War====
During the [[American Civil War]], the term "Tory" was used to refer to [[Southern Unionists]] ([[White Southerners]] who stayed loyal to the Union) by the [[Confederate States of America|Confederates]] as a reference to the Loyalists of the American Revolution.

==Current usage==
Tory has become shorthand for a member of the Conservative Party or for the party in general in Canada and the UK. Some Conservatives call themselves Tories. The term is common in the media, but deprecated by some media channels.

"Tory" in Canada typically refers to either a member of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]], or the party as a whole. In addition to federal parties, the term Tory has been used in Canada to refer to members of provincial Conservative/Progressive Conservative parties, or the provincial organization as a whole. It is also used to refer to the Conservative Party's predecessor parties, including the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]]. The term is used in contrast to "Grit", a shorthand for the [[Liberal Party of Canada]]. [[LGBTory]] is an advocacy group for LGBT supporters of the Conservative Party of Canada and provincial conservative parties.
[[File:Pride London Parade, July 2011 (5963245767).jpg|thumb|Members of [[LGBT+ Conservatives]] with a banner reading LGBTory. The group is the [[LGBT]] wing of the United Kingdom's [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].]]

In the United Kingdom, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative and Unionist Party]], along with its members, are often referred to as "Tory" in the public, with the party frequently getting called the "Tories" by many media outlets. In Scotland, the term "Tory" is used predominantly in a derogatory way to describe members and supporters of the Conservative Party, or to accuse other parties of being insufficiently opposed to that party. For example, members and supporters of the [[Scottish Labour Party]] (especially those from the "[[Blairism|Blairite]]" faction) may be referred to as "Red Tories" by traditional Labour members and advocates of an [[independent Scotland]]. Similarly, Labour supporters have referred to [[Scottish National Party]] members and supporters as being "Tartan Tories".{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

In Australia, "Tory" is occasionally used as a pejorative term by members of the [[Australian Labor Party]] to refer to conservative members of the [[Liberal Party of Australia]] and [[National Party of Australia]] parties (who are in [[Coalition (Australia)|a long-standing coalition]]).<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Sparkes|first=A. W.|title=Talking Politics: A Wordbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TvFvphrjMAC&pg=PA203|year=2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-02211-5}}</ref> The term is not used anywhere near as often as in the UK and Canada, and it is rare – though not unheard of – for members of those parties to self-describe as "Tories". Chief Justice [[Garfield Barwick]] titled his memoir ''A Radical Tory''.<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21087548?q&versionId=45140417 A Radical Tory], Trove</ref> A moderate faction of the [[Australian Greens]] has been pejoratively dubbed the "Tree Tories" by the hard left faction.<ref>''Still, the pair have aligned themselves with the "eastern bloc" or "watermelon" faction (green on the outside, red in the middle) that dismisses environmentally-minded, middle class Greens like Di Natale as "tree tories".'' [https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/new-left-faction-that-threatens-to-white-ant-the-greens-20170119-gtuowl.html New left faction threatens to white ant the Greens]</ref><ref>''Once again, they were let down in NSW. The state hosts a factional divide between so-called "Tree Tories" – people who believe in a mixed economy but with strong environmental controls – and "watermelons".'' [https://www.afr.com/news/politics/national/andrew-clark-on-the-greens-20170208-gu8e71 The Greens have got their own problems, just like the mainstream parties]</ref>

== Modern proponents of Toryism ==
* [[Cornerstone Group]] – Conservative Party (UK) faction
* ''[[The Dorchester Review]]'' – history and commentary magazine founded in Canada
* ''[[The Salisbury Review]]'' – political quarterly founded in the United Kingdom

==See also==
* [[Tory corporatism]]
* [[Tory socialism]]
* [[Tory Party (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

===Canada section===
*W. Christian and C. Campbell (eds), ''Parties, Leaders and Ideologies in Canada''
*J. Farthing, ''Freedom Wears a Crown''
*G. Grant, ''[[Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism]]''
*G. Horowitz, "Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation", CJEPS (1966)

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172950/http://www.utulsa.edu/law/classes/rice/Constitutional/Tory_Act.htm Tory Act] University of Tulsa; Order of the Continental Congress, Philadelphia, 2 January 1776
*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/08/06.htm The Elections in England—Tories and Whigs] Marxists.org (Karl Marx in the New York Tribune 1852)

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[[Category:American Revolution]]
[[Category:Conservatism]]
[[Category:Conservatism in Canada]]
[[Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Corporatism]]
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[[Category:Political history of Canada]]
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[[Category:Toryism]]

Tory

2019-05-22T18:33:27Z

141.138.51.145:

{{short description|A conservative political philosophy}}
{{about|politics in Canada and the United Kingdom|other uses|Tory (disambiguation)}}
{{Toryism}}
A '''Tory''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɔː|r|i}}) is a person who holds a [[political philosophy]] known as '''Toryism''', based on a British version of [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalism and conservatism]], which upholds the supremacy of social order as it has evolved in the [[English culture]] throughout history. The Tory ethos has been summed up with the phrase "God, King, and Country".<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Ball|title=Portrait of a Party: The Conservative Party in Britain 1918–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZQeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|year=2013|publisher=Oxford U.P.|page=74}}</ref> Tories generally advocate [[monarchism]], and were historically of a [[high church]] [[Church of England|Anglican]] religious heritage,<ref>{{cite book|author=William L. Sachs|title=The Transformation of Anglicanism: From State Church to Global Communion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ARx1B_pbhcC&pg=PA18|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=John Charmley|title=A history of conservative politics since 1830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MUUAQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=103}}</ref> opposed to the [[liberalism]] of the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig faction]].

The philosophy originates from the [[Cavalier]] faction, a [[royalist]] group during the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms|English Civil War]]. The [[Tories (British political party)|Tories]] political faction that emerged in 1681 was a reaction to the [[Whigs (British political party)|Whig]]-controlled Parliaments that succeeded the [[Cavalier Parliament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/revolution/overview/whigstories/|title=Whigs and Tories|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom|website=parliament.uk|accessdate=4 October 2018}}</ref> It also has exponents in other parts of the former [[British Empire]], such as the [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] of [[British America]], who opposed American secession during the [[American War of Independence]]. The loyalists that fled to [[the Canadas]] at the end of the American Revolution, the [[United Empire Loyalists]], formed the support base for political cliques in [[Upper Canada|Upper]] and [[Lower Canada]]. Toryism remains prominent in [[Politics of Canada|Canada]] and the [[politics of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]. The [[Conservative Party (UK)|British Conservative Party]] and [[Conservative Party of Canada]], and their members, continue to be referred to as Tories.

The term Tory is used regardless of whether they are traditionalists or not. Adherents to traditional Toryism in contemporary times are referred to as [[High Tory|High Tories]]. The terms [[Blue Tory]] and [[Red Tory]] have been used to describe the two different factions of the federal and provincial Conservative/Progressive Conservative parties in Canada. In addition, [[Pink Tory]] is used in Canadian politics as a pejorative term to describe a member of the Conservative/Progressive Conservative party who is perceived as liberal.

== History ==
[[File:Anthonis van Dyck 058.jpg|upright|thumb|Royalist supporters, such as the [[Cavaliers]], were referred to as tories during the [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|Interregnum]] and [[Restoration (England)|Restoration]] period in Great Britain.]]
The word ''Tory'' derives from the [[Middle Irish]] word ''tóraidhe''; modern [[Irish language|Irish]] ''tóraí''; modern [[Scottish Gaelic]] ''Tòraidh'': [[outlaw]], robber or brigand, from the Irish word ''tóir'', meaning "pursuit", since outlaws were "pursued men".<ref>Entry for "Tory" from Websters New World Dictionary & Thesaurus, version 2.0 for PC, 1998</ref><ref>[http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery?s=Tory&gwp=16 Tory: Definition] Answers.com</ref> The term was initially applied in Ireland to the isolated bands of guerrillas resisting [[Oliver Cromwell]]'s nine-month [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland|1649–1650 campaign in Ireland]], who were allied with [[Cavalier|Royalists]] through treaty with the Parliament of Confederate Ireland, signed at [[Kilkenny]] in January 1649;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecnj.com/review/2009/062509/books062509_01.html?headline=Evil_Oliver%E2%80%99s_legacy_of_enduring_hate|title=Evil Oliver's legacy of enduring hate|work=Camden New Journal|publisher=New Journal Enterprises|date=25 June 2009}}</ref> and later to dispossessed Catholics in [[Ulster]] following the [[Restoration (Ireland)|Restoration]].<ref>Sean J. Connolly ''Oxford Companion to Irish History'', entry on Tory p498</ref> It was also used to refer to a [[Rapparee]] and later applied to [[Confederate Ireland|Confederates]] or [[Cavalier]]s in arms.<ref>[[Oxford English Dictionary]] (Second Edition 1989) "1. a. In the 17th c., one of the dispossessed Irish, who became outlaws, subsisting by plundering and killing the English settlers and soldiers; a bog-trotter, a rapparee; later, often applied to any Irish Papist or Royalist in arms. Obs. exc. Hist."</ref> The term was thus originally a term of abuse, "an Irish rebel", before being adopted as a political label in the same way as "[[Whigs (British political party)#Name etymology|Whig]]".

Towards the end of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]'s reign (1660–1685) there was [[Exclusion Crisis|some debate]] about whether or not his brother, [[James II of England|James, Duke of York]], should be allowed to succeed to the throne. "Whigs", originally a reference to Scottish cattle-drovers (stereotypically radical anti-Catholic [[Covenanter]]s), was the abusive term directed at those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic. Those who were not prepared to exclude James were labelled "[[Abhorrers]]" and later "Tories". [[Titus Oates]] applied the term ''Tory'', which then signified an Irish robber, to those who would not believe in his [[Popish Plot]] and the name gradually became extended to all who were supposed to have sympathy with the Catholic Duke of York.<ref>Justin McCarthy, ''A History of the Four Georges'', Volume I (of 4)</ref>

The suffix ''-ism'' was quickly added to both ''Whig'' and ''Tory'' to make [[Whiggism]] and Toryism, meaning the principles and methods of each faction.

===Canada===
{{Main article|Conservatism in Canada}}
{{See also|Upper Canada Tories|Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)}}
The term ''Tory'' was first used to designate the pre-[[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] British ruling classes of [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]], known as the [[Family Compact]] and the [[Château Clique]], an elite within the governing classes and often members within a section of society known as the [[United Empire Loyalist]]s. The United Empire Loyalists were [[Loyalists (American Revolution)|American loyalists]] who resettled in British North America during or after the [[American Revolutionary War]].
[[File:Tory Refugees by Howard Pyle.jpg|left|upright|thumb|[[United Empire Loyalist|Loyalist]] refugees on their way to [[the Canadas]] during the [[American Revolution]]. The loyalists helped establish the base of support for political cliques in the Canadas, locally referred to as Tories.]]
In post-Confederation Canada, the terms "[[Red Tory]]" and "[[Blue Tory]]" have long been used to describe the two wings of the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] and previously the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] (PC) parties. The dyadic tensions originally arose out of the 1854 political union of British-Canadian Tories, French-Canadian traditionalists and the [[Monarchism|monarchist]] and loyalist leaning sections of the emerging commercial classes at the time—many of whom were uncomfortable with the pro-American and [[Annexation movements of Canada|annexationist tendencies]] within the liberal [[Clear Grits]]. Tory strength and prominence in the political culture was a feature of life in [[Nova Scotia]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]].<ref>James Farney, and David Rayside, eds. ''Conservatism in Canada'' (University of Toronto Press, 2013)</ref>

By the 1930s, the factions within Canadian Toryism were associated with either the urban business elites, or with rural traditionalists from the country's hinterland. A "Red Tory" is a member of the more moderate wing of the party (in the manner of [[John Farthing]] and [[George Grant (philosopher)|George Grant]]). They are generally unified by their adherence to British traditions in Canada.<ref>Heath Macquarrie, ''Red Tory blues: a political memoir'' (University of Toronto Press, 1992)</ref>

Throughout the course of Canadian history, the Conservative Party was generally controlled by MacDonaldian Tory elements, which in Canada meant an adherence to the English-Canadian traditions of Monarchy, Empire-Commonwealth, parliamentary government, nationalism, protectionism, social reform and eventually acceptance of the necessity of the welfare state.<ref>Denis Smith, ''Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker'' (1997)</ref>

By the 1970s, the Progressive Conservative Party was a Keynesian-consensus party. With the onset of [[stagflation]] in the 1970s, some Canadian Tories came under the influence of neo-liberal developments in Great Britain and the United States, which highlighted the policies for privatization and supply-side interventions. In Canada, these tories have been labeled [[neoconservatism|neoconservatives]]—which has a somewhat different connotation in the United States. By the early 1980s, there was no clear neoconservative in the Tory leadership cadre, but [[Brian Mulroney]] (who became leader in 1983) eventually came to adopt many policies from the [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] governments.<ref>Tomos Dafydd Davies, "'A tale of two Tories?': the British and Canadian Conservative Parties and the'National Question'. The cases of Wales and Quebec." (2011).</ref>

As Mulroney took the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]] further in this direction, with policy initiatives in the areas of deregulation, privatization, free-trade and a consumption tax called the [[Goods and services tax (Canada)|Goods and services tax]] (GST), many traditionally-minded Tories became concerned that a political and cultural schism was occurring within the party.

The 1986 creation of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] attracted some of the neo-liberals and social conservatives away from the Tory party and as some of the neoconservative policies of the Mulroney government proved unpopular, some of the provincial-rights elements moved towards Reform as well. In 1993, Mulroney resigned rather than fight an election based on his record after almost nine years in power. This left the Progressive Conservatives in disarray and scrambling to understand how to make Toryism relevant in provinces such as [[Quebec]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]] that had never had a strong tory tradition and political culture.
[[File:Stephen Harper G8 2007.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Stephen Harper]], 22nd [[Prime Minister of Canada]] and former leader of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]]. The Party is colloquially called the Tories in Canada.]]
Thereafter in the 1990s, the Progressive Conservatives were a small party in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] and could only exert legislative pressure on the government through their power in the [[Senate of Canada]]. Eventually, through death and retirements, this power waned. [[Joe Clark]] returned as leader, but the schism with the Reformers effectively watered down the combined Blue and Red Tory vote in Canada.

By the late 1990s, there was talk of the necessity of uniting the right in Canada, to deter further Liberal majorities. Many tories—both red and blue—opposed such moves, while others took the view that all would have to be pragmatic if there was any hope of reviving a strong party system. The [[Canadian Alliance]] party (as the Reform Party had become) and some leading tories came together on an informal basis to see if they could find common ground. While Progressive Conservative Leader Joe Clark rebuffed the notion, the talks moved ahead and eventually in December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties voted to rejoin into a new party called the Conservative Party of Canada.

After the merger of the Progressive Conservatives with the Canadian Alliance in 2003, there was debate as to whether the "Tory" appellation should survive at the federal level. Although it was widely believed that some Alliance members would take offence to the term, it was officially accepted by the newly merged party during the [[Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, 2004|2004 leadership convention]]. [[Stephen Harper]], former leader of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] and Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015, regularly refers to himself as a Tory and has suggested that the new party is a natural evolution of the conservative political movement in Canada.<ref>Alex Marland, and Tom Flanagan. "Brand New Party: Political Branding and the Conservative Party of Canada." ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' (2013) 46#4 pp: 951–972.</ref><ref>Laura Devaney, "The Unite the Right Movement and the Brokerage of Social Conservative Voices Within the New Conservative Party of Canada." ''The Agora'' 3.2 (2013): 101.</ref> Dissident Red Tories who were against the merger went on to form the [[Progressive Canadian Party]].

===United Kingdom===
{{Main article|Conservatism in the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|Tories (British political party)}}
[[File:John Belasyse (Bellasis), 1st Baron Belasyse of Worlaby by Gilbert Jackson.jpg|upright|thumb|[[John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse|Lord Belasyse]] was the second Tory to lead a Ministry in Great Britain.]]
The [[Tories (British political party)|Tory political faction]] originally emerged within the [[Parliament of England]] to uphold the legitimist rights of [[James II]] to succeed his brother [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] to the thrones of the three kingdoms. James became a Roman Catholic at a time when the state institutions were fiercely independent from the [[Roman Catholic Church]]—this was an issue for the [[Exclusion Crisis]] supporting Patricians, the political heirs to the nonconformist [[Roundhead]]s and [[Covenanter]]s. During the Exclusion Crisis, the word Tory was applied in [[Kingdom of England]] as a nickname to the opponents of the bill, called the [[Abhorrers]]. The word "Tory" had connotations of [[Papist]] and [[outlaw]]<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/humanrights/documents/glossary.htm Human Rights – Glossary] The National Archives</ref> derived from its previous use in Ireland.

There were two Tory ministries after James II came to the throne: the first led by the [[Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester|Earl of Rochester]], the second by [[John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse|Lord Belasyse]]. A significant faction took part in the [[Glorious Revolution|ousting of James II]] with the Whigs to defend the [[Church of England]] and definitive [[protestantism]]. A large but dwindling faction of Tories continued to support James in exile and his Stuart heirs to the throne, especially in 1714 after the accession of [[George I of Great Britain|George I]], the first Hanoverian monarch. Although only a minority of Tories gave their adhesion to the Jacobite risings, this was used by the Whigs to discredit the Tories and paint them as traitors. After the advent of the Prime Ministerial system under the Whig [[Robert Walpole]], [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|Lord Bute]]'s premiership in the reign of [[George III]] marked a revival. Under the [[Corn Laws]] (1815–1846) a majority of Tories supported [[protectionism|protectionist]] [[agrarianism]] with tariffs being imposed at the time for higher food prices, self-sufficiency and enhanced wages in rural employment.

English Tories from the time of the [[Glorious Revolution]] up until the [[Reform Act 1832]] were characterised by strong [[Monarchism|monarchist]] tendencies, support for the [[Church of England]] and hostility to radical reform, while the [[Tories (British political party)|Tory party]] was an actual organisation which held power intermittently throughout the same period.<ref>Keith Feiling, ''The second Tory party, 1714–1832'' (1959)</ref>

[[Conservatism]] began to emerge in the late 18th century—it synthesised [[moderate|moderate Whig]] economic positions and many Tory social values to create a new political philosophy and faction in opposition to the [[French Revolution]]. [[Edmund Burke]] and [[William Pitt the Younger]] led the way in this. [[Interventionism (politics)|Interventionism]] and strong armed forces were to prove a hallmark of Toryism under subsequent Prime Ministers. As a predecessor party of the United Kingdom's [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative and Unionist Party]], its members, and the organization continue to be referred to as Tories.

===United States===
{{See also|Loyalist (American Revolution)}}
[[File:KingsMountain DeathOfFerguson Chappel.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the death of British Major [[Patrick Ferguson]], during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He was shot while commanding Loyalist regulars and [[militia (British Dominions and Crown Colonies)|militia]] at the [[Battle of Kings Mountain]].]]
The term Tory or "Loyalist" was used in the [[American Revolution]] for those who remained loyal to the British Crown. Since early in the 18th century, Tory had described those upholding the right of the King over Parliament. During the war of independence, particularly after the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in 1776, this use was extended to cover anyone who remained loyal to the British Crown. About 80% of the Loyalists remained in the United States after the war. The 60,000 or so Loyalists who settled in Nova Scotia, [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]], [[the Bahamas]], or returned to Great Britain after the American War of Independence are known as United Empire Loyalists.<ref>William Stewart Wallace, ''The United Empire Loyalists: A Chronicle of the Great Migration'' (1920) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9YKAQAAIAAJ online].</ref>

On February 12, 1798, [[Thomas Jefferson]] described the [[Federalist Party]] as "[a] political Sect [...] believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support, [who] are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes Tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition".<ref>letter to John Wise in Francis N. Thorpe, ed "A Letter from Jefferson on the Political Parties, 1798," ''American Historical Review v.3#3 (April 1898) pp 488–89</ref> However, that was clearly a hostile description by the Federalists' foes of whom Jefferson was one and not a name used by the Federalists themselves.

====Texas Revolution====
In Texas in 1832–1836, support for the [[Texas Revolution]] was not unanimous. The "Tories" were men who supported the Mexican government. The Tories generally were long-term property holders whose roots were outside of the lower south. They typically had little interest in politics and sought conciliation rather than war or they withheld judgment from both sides. The Tories preferred to preserve the economic, political and social gains that they enjoyed as citizens of Mexico and the revolution threatened to jeopardize the security of their world.<ref>Margaret Swett Henson, "Tory Sentiment in Anglo-Texan Public Opinion, 1832–1836," ''Southwestern Historical Quarterly,'' July 1986, Vol. 90 Issue 1, pp 1–34</ref>

====American Civil War====
During the [[American Civil War]], the term "Tory" was used to refer to [[Southern Unionists]] ([[White Southerners]] who stayed loyal to the Union) by the [[Confederate States of America|Confederates]] as a reference to the Loyalists of the American Revolution.

==Current usage==
Tory has become shorthand for a member of the Conservative Party or for the party in general in Canada and the UK. Some Conservatives call themselves Tories. The term is common in the media, but deprecated by some media channels.

"Tory" in Canada typically refers to either a member of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]], or the party as a whole. In addition to federal parties, the term Tory has been used in Canada to refer to members of provincial Conservative/Progressive Conservative parties, or the provincial organization as a whole. It is also used to refer to the Conservative Party's predecessor parties, including the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]]. The term is used in contrast to "Grit", a shorthand for the [[Liberal Party of Canada]]. [[LGBTory]] is an advocacy group for LGBT supporters of the Conservative Party of Canada and provincial conservative parties.
[[File:Pride London Parade, July 2011 (5963245767).jpg|thumb|Members of [[LGBT+ Conservatives]] with a banner reading LGBTory. The group is the [[LGBT]] wing of the United Kingdom's [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].]]

In the United Kingdom, the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative and Unionist Party]], along with its members, are often referred to as "Tory" in the public, with the party frequently getting called the "Tories" by many media outlets. In Scotland, the term "Tory" is used predominantly in a derogatory way to describe members and supporters of the Conservative Party, or to accuse other parties of being insufficiently opposed to that party. For example, members and supporters of the [[Scottish Labour Party]] (especially those from the "[[Blairism|Blairite]]" faction) may be referred to as "Red Tories" by traditional Labour members and advocates of an [[independent Scotland]]. Similarly, Labour supporters have referred to [[Scottish National Party]] members and supporters as being "Tartan Tories".{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

The [[New Zealand National Party]] has been labelled Tories for many years, Some believe the name was brought to New Zealand by British immigrants who have likened the National party to the British Conservative party.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} In New Zealand using the term Tory to describe the National party has taken a derogatory meaning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/national-party|title=National Party – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|last=Taonga|website=teara.govt.nz}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=February 2018|reason=Can't find statement in source}} In Australia, "Tory" is occasionally used as a pejorative term by members of the [[Australian Labor Party]] to refer to conservative members of the [[Liberal Party of Australia]] and [[National Party of Australia]] parties (who are in [[Coalition (Australia)|a long-standing coalition]]).<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Sparkes|first=A. W.|title=Talking Politics: A Wordbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TvFvphrjMAC&pg=PA203|year=2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-02211-5}}</ref> The term is not used anywhere near as often as in the UK and Canada, and it is rare – though not unheard of – for members of those parties to self-describe as "Tories". Chief Justice [[Garfield Barwick]] titled his memoir ''A Radical Tory''.<ref>[https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21087548?q&versionId=45140417 A Radical Tory], Trove</ref> A moderate faction of the [[Australian Greens]] has been pejoratively dubbed the "Tree Tories" by the hard left faction.<ref>''Still, the pair have aligned themselves with the "eastern bloc" or "watermelon" faction (green on the outside, red in the middle) that dismisses environmentally-minded, middle class Greens like Di Natale as "tree tories".'' [https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/new-left-faction-that-threatens-to-white-ant-the-greens-20170119-gtuowl.html New left faction threatens to white ant the Greens]</ref><ref>''Once again, they were let down in NSW. The state hosts a factional divide between so-called "Tree Tories" – people who believe in a mixed economy but with strong environmental controls – and "watermelons".'' [https://www.afr.com/news/politics/national/andrew-clark-on-the-greens-20170208-gu8e71 The Greens have got their own problems, just like the mainstream parties]</ref>

== Modern proponents of Toryism ==
* [[Cornerstone Group]] – Conservative Party (UK) faction
* ''[[The Dorchester Review]]'' – history and commentary magazine founded in Canada
* ''[[The Salisbury Review]]'' – political quarterly founded in the United Kingdom

==See also==
* [[Tory corporatism]]
* [[Tory socialism]]
* [[Tory Party (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

===Canada section===
*W. Christian and C. Campbell (eds), ''Parties, Leaders and Ideologies in Canada''
*J. Farthing, ''Freedom Wears a Crown''
*G. Grant, ''[[Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism]]''
*G. Horowitz, "Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation", CJEPS (1966)

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060210172950/http://www.utulsa.edu/law/classes/rice/Constitutional/Tory_Act.htm Tory Act] University of Tulsa; Order of the Continental Congress, Philadelphia, 2 January 1776
*[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/08/06.htm The Elections in England—Tories and Whigs] Marxists.org (Karl Marx in the New York Tribune 1852)

{{Portal bar|British politics|Canadian politics|Conservatism|Social and political philosophy}}

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[[Category:American Revolution]]
[[Category:Conservatism]]
[[Category:Conservatism in Canada]]
[[Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Corporatism]]
[[Category:Jacobitism]]
[[Category:Political history of Canada]]
[[Category:Political history of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Canada]]
[[Category:Political terms in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Toryism]]

Oliver Cromwell

2019-05-22T18:30:35Z

141.138.51.145:

{{short description|17th-century English military and political leader}}
{{redirect|Cromwell}}
{{for|other topics referred to as Oliver Cromwell}}

{{use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{use British English|date=October 2012}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Highness]]
| name = Oliver Cromwell
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Oliver Cromwell by Samuel Cooper.jpg
| caption = A 1656 [[Samuel Cooper]] portrait of Cromwell
| office = Lord Protector of the [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland]]
| term_start = 16 December 1653
| term_end = 3 September 1658
| predecessor = Council of State
| successor = [[Richard Cromwell]]
| term_start1 = 1640
| term_end1 = 1649
| constituency_MP1 = [[Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge]]
| monarch1 = [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]
| term_start2 = 1628
| term_end2 = 1629
| monarch2 = Charles I
| constituency_MP2 = [[Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdon]]
| birth_date = 25 April 1599
| birth_place = [[Huntingdon]], [[Huntingdonshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]
| death_date = 3 September 1658 (aged 59)
| death_place = [[Palace of Whitehall]], [[London]], The Protectorate
| restingplace = [[Tyburn, London]]
| nationality = English
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Elizabeth Bourchier]]|22 August 1620}}
| parents = {{unbulleted list | Robert Cromwell (father) | Elizabeth Steward (mother) }}
| children = {{unbulleted list | Robert| Oliver| [[Bridget Cromwell|Bridget]] | [[Richard Cromwell|Richard]] | [[Henry Cromwell|Henry]] | [[Elizabeth Claypole|Elizabeth]] | James | [[Mary Cromwell, Countess Fauconberg|Mary]] | Frances }}
| alma_mater = [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]]
| occupation = Farmer, parliamentarian, military commander
| signature = Signature of Oliver Cromwell (1651).png

| nickname = Old Noll;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dickens |first1=Charles |title=A Child's History of England volume 3 |date=1854 |publisher=Bradbury and Evans |page=239}}</ref> Old Ironsides
| allegiance = [[Roundhead]]
| branch = [[Eastern Association]] (1643–1645); [[New Model Army]] (1645–1646)
| serviceyears = 1643–1651
| rank = Colonel (1643 – bef. 1644); Lieutenant-General of Horse (bef. 1644–1645); Lieutenant-General of Cavalry (1645–1646)
| commands = Cambridgeshire [[Ironside (cavalry)|Ironsides]] (1643 – bef. 1644); Eastern Association (bef. 1644–1645); New Model Army (1645–1646)
| battles = '''[[English Civil War]] (1642–1651):'''
* [[Battle of Gainsborough|Gainsborough]]
* [[Battle of Marston Moor|Marston Moor]]
* [[Second Battle of Newbury|Newbury II]]
* [[Battle of Naseby|Naseby]]
* [[Battle of Langport|Langport]]
* [[Battle of Preston (1648)|Preston]]
* [[Battle of Dunbar (1650)|Dunbar]]
* [[Battle of Worcester|Worcester]]
}}
{{Infobox British Royalty styles|republic
| name = Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
| dipstyle = His Highness
| offstyle = Your Highness
| altstyle = Sir
}}

'''Oliver Cromwell''' (25 April 1599{{spaced ndash}}3 September 1658){{NoteTag|Dates in this article are according to the Julian calendar in force in England during Cromwell's lifetime; however, years are assumed to start on 1 January rather than 25 March, which was the English New Year. The Gregorian calendar counterparts are: born 5 May 1599; died 13 September 1658 (see [[Old Style and New Style dates]]).}} was an English military and political leader. He served as [[Lord Protector]] of the [[Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland]] "and of [[English overseas possessions|the dominions thereto belonging]]" from 1653 until his death, acting simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new [[republic]].

Cromwell was born into the middle gentry to a family descended from the sister of [[King Henry VIII]]'s minister [[Thomas Cromwell]]. Little is known of the first 40 years of his life, as only four of his personal letters survive along with a summary of a speech that he delivered in 1628.<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=Morrill |title=Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658) |work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6765 |accessdate = 23 April 2017 }}</ref> He became an Independent Puritan after undergoing a religious conversion in the 1630s, taking a generally tolerant view towards the many Protestant sects of his period.<ref>"The survival of English nonconformity and the reputation of the English for tolerance is part of his abiding legacy," says David Sharp, {{harv|Sharp|2003|p=68}}</ref> He was an intensely religious man, a self-styled Puritan Moses, and he fervently believed that God was guiding his victories. He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the [[Short Parliament|Short]] (1640) and [[Long Parliament|Long]] (1640–1649) Parliaments. He entered the [[English Civil War]]s on the side of the "[[Roundheads]]" or Parliamentarians, nicknamed "Old [[Ironside (cavalry)|Ironsides]]". He demonstrated his ability as a commander and was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to being one of the principal commanders of the [[New Model Army]], playing an important role under General [[Sir Thomas Fairfax]] in the defeat of the [[Cavalier|Royalist ("Cavalier")]] forces.

Cromwell was one of the signatories of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]]'s death warrant in 1649, and he dominated the short-lived [[Commonwealth of England]] as a member of the [[Rump Parliament]] (1649–1653). He was selected to take command of the English campaign in Ireland in 1649–1650. Cromwell's forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, bringing to an end the [[Irish Confederate Wars]]. During this period, a series of [[Penal Laws]] were passed against Roman Catholics (a significant minority in England and Scotland but the vast majority in Ireland), and a substantial amount of their land was confiscated. Cromwell also led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651.

On 20 April 1653, he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as [[Barebone's Parliament]] before being invited by his fellow leaders to rule as [[Lord Protector]] of England (which included Wales at the time), Scotland, and Ireland from 16 December 1653.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658)|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cromwell_oliver.shtml}}</ref> As a ruler, he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy. He died from natural causes in 1658 and was buried in [[Westminster Abbey]]. The [[Restoration (England)|Royalists returned to power]] along with King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in 1660, and they had his corpse [[Oliver Cromwell's head|dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded]].

Cromwell is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the British Isles, considered a regicidal dictator by historians such as David Sharp,{{sfn|Sharp|2003|p=60}} a military dictator by [[Winston Churchill]],{{sfn|Churchill|1956|page=314}} a hero of liberty by [[John Milton]], [[Thomas Carlyle]], and [[Samuel Rawson Gardiner]], and a revolutionary bourgeois by [[Leon Trotsky]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Trotsky|first1=Leon |title = Two traditions: the seventeenth-century revolution and Chartism |url = https://marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/trotsky/works/britain/ch06.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050717192122/http://marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/trotsky/works/britain/ch06.htm |dead-url=yes|archive-date=17 July 2005|website=marxists.anu.edu.au|publisher=Marxists Internet Archive|accessdate=10 July 2014 }}</ref> His tolerance of Protestant sects did not extend to Catholics; his measures against them in Ireland have been characterised by some as genocidal or near-genocidal,<ref name=near-genocidal>Genocidal or near-genocidal: Brendan O'Leary and John McGarry, "Regulating nations and ethnic communities", in Breton Albert (ed.) (1995). ''Nationalism and Rationality'', Cambridge University Press. p. 248.</ref> and his record is harshly criticised in Ireland.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ó Siochrú|first=Micheál |title=God's executioner|year=2008|publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-24121-7 }}</ref> He was selected as one of the [[100 Greatest Britons|ten greatest Britons of all time]] in a 2002 BBC poll.<ref name="autogenerated2002">{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/2341661.stm |title=Ten greatest Britons chosen |publisher=BBC |accessdate=27 November 2008 |date=20 October 2002 }}</ref>

== Early years ==
Cromwell was born in [[Huntingdon]] on 25 April 1599<ref>{{cite web |first = David |last = Plant |url = http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/oliver-cromwell.htm |title=Oliver Cromwell 1599–1658 |publisher=British-civil-wars.co.uk |accessdate=27 November 2008}}</ref> to Robert Cromwell and Elizabeth Steward. The family's estate derived from Oliver's great-grandfather Morgan ap William, a brewer from [[Glamorgan]] who settled at [[Putney]] in London, and married Katherine Cromwell (born 1482), the sister of [[Thomas Cromwell]], the famous chief minister to Henry VIII. The Cromwell family acquired great wealth as occasional beneficiaries of Thomas's administration of the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]].<ref name=Morill>Morill, John. [https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/6765 Cromwell, Oliver] in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', online article, 17 September 2015. (Requires library access or subscription)</ref> Morgan ap William was a son of William ap Yevan of Wales. The family line continued through [[Richard Williams (alias Cromwell)]], (c. 1500–1544), [[Henry Williams (alias Cromwell)]], (c. 1524 – 6 January 1604),{{NoteTag|Henry VIII believed that the Welsh should adopt surnames in the English style rather than taking their fathers' names as Morgan ap William and his male ancestors had done. Henry suggested to Sir Richard Williams, who was the first to use a surname in his family, that he adopt the surname of his uncle Thomas Cromwell. For several generations, the Williamses added the surname of Cromwell to their own, styling themselves "Williams alias Cromwell" in legal documents ({{harvnb|Noble|1784|pp=11–13}})}} then to Oliver's father Robert Williams, alias Cromwell (c. 1560–1617), who married Elizabeth Steward (c. 1564 – 1654), probably in 1591. They had ten children, but Oliver, the fifth child, was the only boy to survive infancy.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first = Thomas |editor-last = Carlyle |title=Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches |volume=1 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lroNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA17 |year=1887 |page=17 }}</ref>

Cromwell's paternal grandfather Sir Henry Williams was one of the two wealthiest landowners in [[Huntingdonshire]]. Cromwell's father Robert was of modest means but still a member of the [[landed gentry]]. As a younger son with many siblings, Robert inherited only a house at Huntingdon and a small amount of land. This land would have generated an income of up to £300 a year, near the bottom of the range of gentry incomes.<ref>Gaunt, p. 31.</ref> Cromwell himself in 1654 said, "I was by birth a gentleman, living neither in considerable height, nor yet in obscurity".<ref>Speech to the First Protectorate Parliament, 4 September 1654, {{harv|Roots|1989|p=42}}.</ref>

Cromwell was baptised on 29 April 1599 at [[All Saints' Church, Huntingdon|St John's Church]],<ref name="BritishCivil">''British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Proctectorate 1638–1660''</ref> and attended [[Hinchingbrooke School|Huntingdon Grammar School]]. He went on to study at [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]], then a recently founded college with a strong Puritan ethos. He left in June 1617 without taking a degree, immediately after his father's death.<ref>{{acad|id=CRML616O|name=Cromwell, Oliver}}</ref> Early biographers claim that he then attended [[Lincoln's Inn]], but the Inn's archives retain no record of him. [[Antonia Fraser]] concludes that it was likely that he did train at one of the London [[Inns of Court]] during this time.<ref name="Antonia Fraser 1973">[[Antonia Fraser]], ''Cromwell: Our Chief of Men'' (1973), {{ISBN|0-297-76556-6}}, p. 24.</ref> His grandfather, his father, and two of his uncles had attended Lincoln's Inn, and Cromwell sent his son Richard there in 1647.<ref name="Antonia Fraser 1973" />

Cromwell probably returned home to Huntingdon after his father's death. As his mother was widowed, and his seven sisters unmarried, he would have been needed at home to help his family.<ref>John Morrill, (1990). "The Making of Oliver Cromwell", in Morrill, ed., ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' (Longman), {{ISBN|0-582-01675-4}}, p. 24.</ref>

===Marriage and family===
[[File:Elizabeth Bourchier Cromwell.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Cromwell's wife Elizabeth Bourchier, painted by Robert Walker]]

On 22 August 1620 at [[St Giles-without-Cripplegate]], [[Fore Street, London|Fore Street]], [[City of London|London]],<ref name="BritishCivil" /> Cromwell married [[Elizabeth Bourchier]] (1598–1665). Elizabeth's father, Sir James Bourchier, was a London leather merchant who owned extensive lands in [[Essex]] and had strong connections with Puritan gentry families there. The marriage brought Cromwell into contact with [[Oliver St John]] and with leading members of the London merchant community, and behind them the influence of the Earls of [[Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick|Warwick]] and [[Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland|Holland]]. A place in this influential network would prove crucial to Cromwell's military and political career. The couple had nine children:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://olivercromwell.org/faqs6.htm|title=Cromwell's family|publisher=The Cromwell Association|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>
* Robert (1621–1639), died while away at school.
* Oliver (1622–1644), died of [[typhoid fever]] while serving as a Parliamentarian officer.
* [[Bridget Cromwell|Bridget]] (1624–1662), married (1) [[Henry Ireton]], (2) [[Charles Fleetwood]].
* [[Richard Cromwell|Richard]] (1626–1712), his father's successor as Lord Protector,<ref>Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901). ''Oliver Cromwell'', {{ISBN|1-4179-4961-9}}, p.4; Gaunt, Peter (1996). ''Oliver Cromwell'' (Blackwell), {{ISBN|0-631-18356-6}}, p.23.</ref> married [[Dorothy Maijor]].
* [[Henry Cromwell|Henry]] (1628–1674), later [[Lord Deputy of Ireland]], married Elizabeth Russell (daughter of [[Sir Francis Russell, 2nd Baronet, of Chippenham|Sir Francis Russell]]).
* [[Elizabeth Claypole|Elizabeth]] (1629–1658), married [[John Claypole]].
* James (b. & d. 1632), died in infancy.
* [[Mary Cromwell, Countess Fauconberg|Mary]] (1637–1713), married [[Thomas Belasyse, 1st Earl Fauconberg]]
* Frances (1638–1720), married (1) Robert Rich (1634–1658), son of [[Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick]], (2) [[Sir John Russell, 3rd Baronet]]

===Crisis and recovery===
Little evidence exists of Cromwell's religion at this stage. His letter in 1626 to Henry Downhall, an [[Arminian]] minister, suggests that Cromwell had yet to be influenced by radical Puritanism.<ref name="autogenerated1">Morrill, p. 34.</ref> However, there is evidence that Cromwell went through a period of personal crisis during the late 1620s and early 1630s. In 1628 he was elected to Parliament from the [[Huntingdonshire]] [[county town]] of [[Huntingdon]]. Later that year, he sought treatment for a variety of physical and emotional ailments, including ''valde melancholicus'' (depression), from the Swiss-born London doctor [[Théodore de Mayerne]]. In 1629 he was caught up in a dispute among the gentry of Huntingdon over a new charter for the town, as a result of which he was called before the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] in 1630.<ref>Morrill, pp. 24–33.</ref>

[[File:Oliver Cromwell House Ely.jpg|thumb|left|[[Oliver Cromwell's House]] in [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]]]]

In 1631 Cromwell sold most of his properties in Huntingdon—probably as a result of the dispute—and moved to a farmstead in nearby [[St Ives, Cambridgeshire|St Ives]] (then in Huntingdonshire, now in Cambridgeshire). This signified a major step down in society compared with his previous position, and seems to have had a significant emotional and spiritual impact. A 1638 letter survives from Cromwell to his cousin, the wife of Oliver St John, and gives an account of his spiritual awakening. The letter outlines how, having been "the chief of sinners", Cromwell had been called to be among "the congregation of the firstborn".<ref name="autogenerated1" /> The language of this letter, which is saturated with biblical quotations and which represents Cromwell as having been saved from sin by God's mercy, places his faith firmly within the [[Independent (religion)|Independent]] beliefs that the [[Reformation]] had not gone far enough, that much of England was still living in sin, and that Catholic beliefs and practices needed to be fully removed from the church.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> It would appear that in 1634 Cromwell attempted to emigrate to [[Connecticut]] in America, but was prevented by the government from leaving.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/cromwell_01.shtml|title=A unique leader|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 April 2019}}</ref>

Along with his brother Henry, Cromwell had kept a smallholding of chickens and sheep, selling eggs and wool to support himself, his lifestyle resembling that of a [[yeoman]] farmer. In 1636 Cromwell inherited control of various properties in [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]] from his uncle on his mother's side, and his uncle's job as [[tithe]] collector for Ely Cathedral. As a result, his income is likely to have risen to around £300–400 per year;<ref>Gaunt, p.34.</ref> by the end of the 1630s Cromwell had returned to the ranks of acknowledged gentry. He had become a committed Puritan and had established important family links to leading families in London and [[Essex]].<ref name=bcw>{{cite web|url=http://bcw-project.org/biography/oliver-cromwell|title=Oliver Cromwell|publisher=British Civil Wars Project|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>

==Member of Parliament: 1628–29 and 1640–42==
Cromwell became the Member of Parliament for [[Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdon]] in the Parliament of 1628–1629, as a client of the Montagu family of [[Hinchingbrooke House]]. He made little impression: records for the Parliament show only one speech (against the [[Arminianism|Arminian]] Bishop [[Richard Neile]]), which was poorly received.<ref>Morrill, pp.25–26.</ref> After dissolving this Parliament, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] ruled without a Parliament for the next 11 years. When Charles faced the Scottish rebellion known as the [[Bishops' Wars]], shortage of funds forced him to call a Parliament again in 1640. Cromwell was returned to this Parliament as member for [[Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge]], but it lasted for only three weeks and became known as the [[Short Parliament]]. Cromwell moved his family from Ely to London in 1640.<ref>''Cromwell: Our Chief of Men'', by [[Antonia Fraser]], Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London 1973</ref>

A second Parliament was called later the same year, and became known as the [[Long Parliament]]. Cromwell was again returned as member for Cambridge. As with the Parliament of 1628–29, it is likely that Cromwell owed his position to the patronage of others, which might explain why in the first week of the Parliament he was in charge of presenting a petition for the release of [[John Lilburne]], who had become a Puritan [[cause célèbre]] after his arrest for importing religious tracts from the Netherlands. For the first two years of the Long Parliament Cromwell was linked to the godly group of aristocrats in the [[House of Lords]] and Members of the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] with whom he had established familial and religious links in the 1630s, such as the Earls of [[Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex|Essex]], [[Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick|Warwick]] and [[Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford|Bedford]], Oliver St John and [[William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele|Viscount Saye and Sele]].<ref>Adamson, John (1990). "Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament", in Morrill, p. 57.</ref> At this stage, the group had an agenda of reformation: the executive checked by regular parliaments, and the moderate extension of liberty of conscience. Cromwell appears to have taken a role in some of this group's political manoeuvres. In May 1641, for example, it was Cromwell who put forward the second reading of the Annual Parliaments Bill and later took a role in drafting the [[Root and Branch Bill]] for the abolition of [[episcopacy]].<ref>Adamson, p. 53.</ref>

==Military commander: 1642–46==

===English Civil War begins===
{{Main|First English Civil War}}
[[File:Giovanni-Paolo-Marana-Espion-turc MG 9438.tif|thumb|Engraving of Oliver Cromwell]]

Failure to resolve the issues before the Long Parliament led to armed conflict between Parliament and Charles I in late 1642, the beginning of the [[English Civil War]]. Before joining Parliament's forces Cromwell's only military experience was in the trained bands, the local county militia. He recruited a cavalry troop in Cambridgeshire after blocking a valuable shipment of silver plate from Cambridge colleges that was meant for the King. Cromwell and his troop then rode to, but arrived too late to take part in, the indecisive [[Battle of Edgehill]] on 23 October 1642. The troop was recruited to be a full regiment in the winter of 1642 and 1643, making up part of the [[Eastern Association]] under the [[Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester|Earl of Manchester]]. Cromwell gained experience in a number of successful actions in [[East Anglia]] in 1643, notably at the [[Battle of Gainsborough]] on 28 July.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Plant |url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1643-lincolnshire.htm#gainsborough |title=1643: Civil War in Lincolnshire |publisher=British-civil-wars.co.uk |accessdate=27 November 2008}}</ref> He was subsequently appointed governor of the [[Isle of Ely]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.elystandard.co.uk/ely-life/fenland-riots-as-country-slides-into-civil-war-1-258647|title=Fenland riots|website=www.elystandard.co.uk|accessdate=12 January 2019}}</ref>and a [[colonel]] in the Eastern Association.<ref name=bcw/>

=== Marston Moor 1644 ===
By the time of the [[Battle of Marston Moor]] in July 1644, Cromwell had risen to the rank of [[Lieutenant General]] of horse in Manchester's army. The success of his cavalry in breaking the ranks of the Royalist cavalry and then attacking their infantry from the rear at Marston Moor was a major factor in the Parliamentarian victory. Cromwell fought at the head of his troops in the battle and was slightly wounded in the neck, stepping away briefly to receive treatment during the battle but returning to help force the victory.<ref>''Cromwell: Our Chief of Men'', by [[Antonia Fraser]], London 1973, {{ISBN|0297765566}}, [[Weidenfeld and Nicolson]], pp. 120–129.</ref> After Cromwell's nephew was killed at Marston Moor he wrote a famous letter to his [[Valentine Walton|brother-in-law]]. Marston Moor secured the north of England for the Parliamentarians, but failed to end Royalist resistance.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://bcw-project.org/military/english-civil-war/northern-england/battle-of-marston-moor|publisher=British Civil Wars| title=The Battle of Marston Moor| accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref>

The indecisive outcome of the [[Second Battle of Newbury]] in October meant that by the end of 1644 the war still showed no signs of ending. Cromwell's experience at Newbury, where Manchester had let the King's army slip out of an encircling manoeuvre, led to a serious dispute with Manchester, whom he believed to be less than enthusiastic in his conduct of the war. Manchester later accused Cromwell of recruiting men of "low birth" as officers in the army, to which he replied: "If you choose godly honest men to be captains of horse, honest men will follow them ... I would rather have a plain russet-coated captain who knows what he fights for and loves what he knows than that which you call a gentleman and is nothing else".<ref>Letter to Sir William Spring, September 1643, quoted in Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition). ''Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations'', vol I, p.154; also quoted in Young and Holmes (2000). ''The English Civil War,'' (Wordsworth), {{ISBN|1-84022-222-0}}, p.107.</ref> At this time, Cromwell also fell into dispute with Major-General [[Lawrence Crawford]], a Scottish [[Covenanter]] attached to Manchester's army, who objected to Cromwell's encouragement of unorthodox Independents and Anabaptists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trinitychurchsutton.org.uk/Sermons/Sermon_999.htm|title=Sermons of Rev Martin Camoux: Oliver Cromwell|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516110059/http://trinitychurchsutton.org.uk/Sermons/Sermon_999.htm|archivedate=16 May 2009}}</ref> He was also charged with [[Familia Caritatis|familism]] by Scottish Presbyterian [[Samuel Rutherford]] in response to his letter to the House of Commons in 1645.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/survspiva00ruth|title=A Survey of the Spirituall Antichrist Opening the Secrets of Familisme and Antinomianisme in the Antichristian Doctrine of John Saltmarsh and Will. del, the Present Preachers of the Army Now in England, and of Robert Town}}</ref>
[[File:Portrait of Oliver Cromwell (4671435).jpg|thumb|Portrait of Cromwell from the Welsh Portrait Collection at the [[National Library of Wales]], c. 1650]]

===New Model Army===
Partly in response to the failure to capitalise on their victory at Marston Moor, Parliament passed the [[Self-Denying Ordinance]] in early 1645. This forced members of the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] and the [[House of Lords|Lords]], such as [[Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester|Manchester]], to choose between civil office and military command. All of them—except Cromwell, whose commission was given continued extensions and was allowed to remain in parliament—chose to renounce their military positions. The Ordinance also decreed that the army be "remodelled" on a national basis, replacing the old county associations; Cromwell contributed significantly to these military reforms. In April 1645 the [[New Model Army]] finally took to the field, with [[Sir Thomas Fairfax]] in command and Cromwell as Lieutenant-General of cavalry and second-in-command.<ref name=bcw/>

===Battle of Naseby 1645===
At the critical [[Battle of Naseby]] in June 1645, the New Model Army smashed the King's major army. Cromwell led his wing with great success at Naseby, again routing the Royalist cavalry. At the [[Battle of Langport]] on 10 July, Cromwell participated in the defeat of the last sizeable Royalist field army. Naseby and Langport effectively ended the King's hopes of victory, and the subsequent Parliamentarian campaigns involved taking the remaining fortified Royalist positions in the west of England. In October 1645, Cromwell besieged and took the wealthy and formidable Catholic fortress [[Basing House]], later to be accused of killing 100 of its 300-man Royalist garrison after its surrender.<ref>Kenyon, John & Ohlmeyer, Jane (eds.) (2000). ''The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638–1660'' (Oxford University Press), {{ISBN|0-19-280278-X}}, p.141</ref> Cromwell also took part in successful sieges at [[Bridgwater]], [[Sherborne]], Bristol, [[Devizes]], and [[Winchester]], then spent the first half of 1646 mopping up resistance in [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]]. Charles I surrendered to the Scots on 5 May 1646, effectively ending the [[First English Civil War]]. Cromwell and Fairfax took the formal surrender of the Royalists at [[Oxford]] in June 1646.<ref name=bcw/>

===Cromwell's military style===
Cromwell had no formal training in military tactics, and followed the common practice of ranging his [[cavalry]] in three ranks and pressing forward, relying on impact rather than firepower. His strengths were an instinctive ability to lead and train his men, and his [[moral authority]]. In a war fought mostly by amateurs, these strengths were significant and are likely to have contributed to the discipline of his cavalry.<ref>[[Austin Herbert Woolrych|Woolrych, Austin]] (1990). ''Cromwell as a soldier'', in Morrill, pp.117–118.</ref>

Cromwell introduced close-order cavalry formations, with troopers riding knee to knee; this was an innovation in England at the time, and was a major factor in his success. He kept his troops close together following skirmishes where they had gained superiority, rather than allowing them to chase opponents off the battlefield. This facilitated further engagements in short order, which allowed greater intensity and quick reaction to battle developments. This style of command was decisive at both Marston Moor and Naseby.<ref>''Cromwell: Our Chief of Men'', by Antonia Fraser, London 1973, [[Weidenfeld and Nicolson]], {{ISBN|0-297-76556-6}}, pp. 154–161</ref>

==Politics: 1647–49==
In February 1647 Cromwell suffered from an illness that kept him out of political life for over a month. By the time he had recovered, the Parliamentarians were split over the issue of the King. A majority in both Houses pushed for a settlement that would pay off the Scottish army, disband much of the New Model Army, and restore Charles I in return for a [[Presbyterian_polity|Presbyterian]] settlement of the Church. Cromwell rejected the Scottish model of Presbyterianism, which threatened to replace one authoritarian hierarchy with another. The New Model Army, radicalised by the failure of the Parliament to pay the wages it was owed, petitioned against these changes, but the Commons declared the petition unlawful. In May 1647 Cromwell was sent to the army's headquarters in [[Saffron Walden]] to negotiate with them, but failed to agree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saffronwaldenreporter.co.uk/news/a-lasting-place-in-history-1-377880|title=A lasting place in history|publisher=Saffron Walden Reporter|date=10 May 2007|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>

In June 1647, a troop of cavalry under Cornet [[George Joyce]] seized the King from Parliament's imprisonment. With the King now present, Cromwell was eager to find out what conditions the King would acquiesce to if his authority was restored. The King appeared to be willing to compromise, so Cromwell employed his son-in-law, Henry Ireton, to draw up proposals for a constitutional settlement. Proposals were drafted multiple times with different changes until finally the "[[Heads of Proposals]]" pleased Cromwell in principle and would allow for further negotiations.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ashley|first=Maurice|title=The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell|year=1957|publisher=Collier- Macmillan LTD.|location=London|pages=187–190}}</ref> It was designed to check the powers of the [[executive branch|executive]], to set up regularly elected parliaments, and to restore a non-compulsory [[Episcopal polity|Episcopalian]] settlement.<ref>Although there is debate over whether Cromwell and Ireton were the authors of the Heads of Proposals or acting on behalf of Saye and Sele: Adamson, John (1987). "The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647", in ''Historical Journal'', 30, 3; Kishlansky, Mark (1990). "Saye What?" in ''Historical Journal'' 33, 4.</ref>

Many in the army, such as the [[Levellers]] led by [[John Lilburne]], thought this was not enough and demanded full political equality for all men, leading to tense debates in Putney during the autumn of 1647 between Fairfax, Cromwell and Ireton on the one hand, and radical Levellers like [[Thomas Rainsborough|Colonel Rainsborough]] on the other. The [[Putney Debates]] ultimately broke up without reaching a resolution.<ref>[[Woolrych, Austin]] (1987). ''Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates'' (Clarendon Press), {{ISBN|0-19-822752-3}}, ch. 2–5.</ref><ref>See ''The Levellers: The Putney Debates'', Texts selected and annotated by Philip Baker, Introduction by [[Geoffrey Robertson]] QC. London and New York: Verso, 2007.</ref>

===Second Civil War===
[[File:Court-charles-I-sm.jpg|thumb|upright|The trial of [[King Charles I of England|Charles I]] on 4 January 1649.]]

The failure to conclude a political agreement with the King led eventually to the outbreak of the [[Second English Civil War]] in 1648, when the King tried to regain power by force of arms. Cromwell first put down a Royalist uprising in south Wales led by [[Rowland Laugharne]], winning back [[Chepstow Castle]] on 25 May and six days later forcing the surrender of [[Tenby]]. The castle at [[Carmarthen]] was destroyed by burning. The much stronger castle at [[Pembroke Castle|Pembroke]], however, fell only after a siege of eight weeks. Cromwell dealt leniently with the ex-royalist soldiers, but less so with those who had previously been members of the parliamentary army, [[John Poyer]] eventually being executed in London after the drawing of lots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/STUlaugharneJ.htm|title=Spartacus: Rowland Laugharne at Spartacus.Schoolnet.co.uk|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025014050/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/STUlaugharneJ.htm|archivedate=25 October 2008}}</ref>

Cromwell then marched north to deal with a pro-Royalist Scottish army (the [[Engagers]]) who had invaded England. At [[Battle of Preston (1648)|Preston]], Cromwell, in sole command for the first time and with an army of 9,000, won a decisive victory against an army twice as large.<ref>Gardiner (1901), pp.144–47; Gaunt (1997) 94–97.</ref>

During 1648, Cromwell's letters and speeches started to become heavily based on biblical imagery, many of them meditations on the meaning of particular passages. For example, after the battle of Preston, study of Psalms 17 and 105 led him to tell Parliament that "they that are implacable and will not leave troubling the land may be speedily destroyed out of the land". A letter to Oliver St John in September 1648 urged him to read [[Book of Isaiah|Isaiah]] 8, in which the kingdom falls and only the godly survive. On four occasions in letters in 1648 he referred to the story of [[Gideon]]'s defeat of the [[Midian]]ites at Ain Harod.<ref>Morrill and Baker (2008), p.31.</ref> These letters suggest that it was Cromwell's faith, rather than a commitment to radical politics, coupled with Parliament's decision to engage in negotiations with the King at the [[Treaty of Newport]], that convinced him that God had spoken against both the King and Parliament as lawful authorities. For Cromwell, the army was now God's chosen instrument.<ref>Adamson, pp.76–84.</ref> The episode shows Cromwell's firm belief in "[[Providentialism]]"—that God was actively directing the affairs of the world, through the actions of "chosen people" (whom God had "provided" for such purposes). Cromwell believed, during the Civil Wars, that he was one of these people, and he interpreted victories as indications of God's approval of his actions, and defeats as signs that God was directing him in another direction.<ref>Jendrysik, p. 79</ref>

===King tried and executed===
{{main|High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I|Execution of Charles I}}
In December 1648, in an episode that became known as [[Pride's Purge]], a troop of soldiers headed by Colonel [[Thomas Pride]] forcibly removed from the [[Long Parliament]] all those who were not supporters of the [[Grandee (New Model Army)|Grandee]]s in the New Model Army and the Independents.<ref>Macaulay, p. 68</ref> Thus weakened, the remaining body of MPs, known as the [[Rump Parliament]], agreed that Charles should be tried on a charge of treason. Cromwell was still in the north of England, dealing with Royalist resistance, when these events took place, but then returned to London. On the day after Pride's Purge, he became a determined supporter of those pushing for the King's trial and execution, believing that killing Charles was the only way to end the civil wars.<ref name=bcw/> Cromwell approved Thomas Brook's address to the House of Commons, which justified the trial and execution of the King on the basis of the Book of Numbers, chapter 35 and particularly verse 33 ("The land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it.").<ref>Coward 1991, p. 65</ref>

The death warrant for Charles was eventually signed by 59 of the trying court's members, including Cromwell (who was the third to sign it).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/collections/deathwarrant/|title=Death Warrant of King Charles I|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref> Though it was not unprecedented, execution of the King, or "[[regicide]]", was controversial, if for no other reason due to the doctrine of the [[divine right of kings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faithandfreedombook.com/faith_and_freedom_chapter_11_oliver_cromwell's_contribution_to_liberty_ben_hart.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107021024/http://faithandfreedombook.com/faith_and_freedom_chapter_11_oliver_cromwell's_contribution_to_liberty_ben_hart.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=7 November 2015|title=Oliver Cromwell Destroys the "Divine Right of Kings"|first=Ben|last=Hart|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref> Thus, even after a trial, it was difficult to get ordinary men to go along with it: "None of the officers charged with supervising the execution wanted to sign the order for the actual beheading, so they brought their dispute to Cromwell...Oliver seized a pen and scribbled out the order, and handed the pen to the second officer, Colonel Hacker who stooped to sign it. The execution could now proceed."<ref>{{cite book |last=Gentles |first=Ian |date=2011 |title=Oliver Cromwell |publisher=Macmillian Distribution Ltd |page=82 |isbn=0-333-71356-7}}</ref> Although Fairfax conspicuously refused to sign,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bcw-project.org/biography/regicides-index|title=The Regicides|publisher=The Brish Civil wars Project|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref> Charles I was executed on 30 January 1649.<ref name=bcw/>

==Establishment of the Commonwealth: 1649==
[[File:Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of England.svg|thumb|upright=0.75|Arms of the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]]]
After the execution of the King, a republic was declared, known as the "[[Commonwealth of England]]". The "Rump Parliament" exercised both executive and legislative powers, with a smaller [[English Council of State|Council of State]] also having some executive functions. Cromwell remained a member of the "Rump" and was appointed a member of the Council. In the early months after the execution of Charles I, Cromwell tried but failed to unite the original "Royal Independents" led by St John and Saye and Sele, which had fractured during 1648. Cromwell had been connected to this group since before the outbreak of [[English Civil War|civil war]] in 1642 and had been closely associated with them during the 1640s. However, only St John was persuaded to retain his seat in Parliament. The [[Cavalier Parliament|Royalists]], meanwhile, had regrouped in Ireland, having signed a treaty with the Irish known as "[[Confederate Ireland|Confederate Catholics]]". In March, Cromwell was chosen by the Rump to command a campaign against them. Preparations for an invasion of Ireland occupied Cromwell in the subsequent months. In the latter part of the 1640s, Cromwell came across political dissidence in the "[[New Model Army]]". The "[[Leveller]]" or "[[Agitator]]" movement was a political movement that emphasised popular sovereignty, extended suffrage, equality before the law, and religious tolerance. These sentiments were expressed in the manifesto "[[Agreement of the People]]" in 1647. Cromwell and the rest of the "[[Grandees]]" disagreed with these sentiments in that they gave too much freedom to the people; they believed that the vote should only extend to the landowners. In the "[[Putney Debates]]" of 1647, the two groups debated these topics in hopes of forming a new constitution for England. There were rebellions and mutinies following the debates, and in 1649, the [[Bishopsgate mutiny]] resulted in the execution of Leveller [[Robert Lockyer]] by firing squad. The next month, the [[Banbury mutiny]] occurred with similar results. Cromwell led the charge in quelling these rebellions. After quelling Leveller mutinies within the English army at [[Andover, England|Andover]] and [[Burford]] in May, Cromwell departed for Ireland from [[Bristol]] at the end of July.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Plant |url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/levellers.htm |title=The Levellers |publisher=British-civil-wars.co.uk |date=14 December 2005 |accessdate=14 June 2012}}</ref>

==Irish campaign: 1649–1650==
{{See also|Irish Confederate Wars|Cromwellian conquest of Ireland}}

Cromwell led a Parliamentary invasion of Ireland from 1649–50. Parliament's key opposition was the military threat posed by the alliance of the [[Confederate Ireland|Irish Confederate Catholics]] and English royalists (signed in 1649). The Confederate-Royalist alliance was judged to be the biggest single threat facing the Commonwealth. However, the political situation in Ireland in 1649 was extremely fractured: there were also separate forces of Irish Catholics who were opposed to the royalist alliance, and Protestant royalist forces that were gradually moving towards Parliament. Cromwell said in a speech to the army Council on 23 March that "I had rather be overthrown by a Cavalierish interest than a Scotch interest; I had rather be overthrown by a Scotch interest than an Irish interest and I think of all this is the most dangerous".<ref>Quoted in Lenihan, Padraig (2000). ''Confederate Catholics at War'' (Cork University Press), {{ISBN|1-85918-244-5}}, p.115.</ref>

Cromwell's hostility to the Irish was religious as well as political. He was passionately opposed to the Catholic Church, which he saw as denying the primacy of the Bible in favour of [[Pope|papal]] and clerical authority, and which he blamed for suspected tyranny and persecution of Protestants in [[continental Europe]].<ref>Fraser, pp.74–76.</ref> Cromwell's association of Catholicism with persecution was deepened with the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641]]. This rebellion, although intended to be bloodless, was marked by massacres of English and Scottish Protestant settlers by [[Gael|Irish ("Gaels")]] and [[Old English (Ireland)|Old English in Ireland]], and Highland Scot Catholics in Ireland. These settlers had settled on land seized from former, native Catholic owners to make way for the non-native Protestants. These factors contributed to the brutality of the Cromwell military campaign in Ireland.<ref>Fraser, pp.326–328.</ref>

Parliament had planned to re-conquer Ireland since 1641 and had already sent an invasion force there in 1647. Cromwell's invasion of 1649 was much larger and, with the civil war in England over, could be regularly reinforced and re-supplied. His nine-month military campaign was brief and effective, though it did not end the war in Ireland. Before his invasion, Parliamentarian forces held only outposts in [[Dublin]] and [[Derry]]. When he departed Ireland, they occupied most of the eastern and northern parts of the country. After his landing at Dublin on 15 August 1649 (itself only recently defended from an Irish and English Royalist attack at the [[Battle of Rathmines]]), Cromwell took the fortified port towns of [[Drogheda]] and [[Wexford]] to secure logistical supply from England. At the [[Siege of Drogheda]] in September 1649, Cromwell's troops killed nearly 3,500 people after the town's capture—comprising around 2,700 Royalist soldiers and all the men in the town carrying arms, including some civilians, prisoners and Roman Catholic priests.<ref name="autogenerated2">Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.98.</ref> Cromwell wrote afterwards that:

<blockquote>I am persuaded that this is a righteous judgment of God upon these barbarous wretches, who have imbrued their hands in so much innocent blood and that it will tend to prevent the effusion of blood for the future, which are satisfactory grounds for such actions, which otherwise cannot but work remorse and regret<ref>{{cite book|last=Cromwell |first=Oliver|title=''"Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations"'' |editor=[[Thomas Carlyle]]|publisher=William H. Colyer|year=1846|page=128|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SvQoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA128 |accessdate=22 January 2010}}</ref></blockquote>

At the [[Siege of Wexford]] in October, another massacre took place under confused circumstances. While Cromwell was apparently trying to negotiate surrender terms, some of his soldiers broke into the town, killed 2,000 Irish troops and up to 1,500 civilians, and burned much of the town.<ref>Fraser, Antonia (1973). ''Cromwell, Our Chief of Men'', and ''Cromwell: the Lord Protector'' (Phoenix Press), {{ISBN|0-7538-1331-9}} pp.344–46; and Austin Woolrych, ''Britain In Revolution'' (Oxford, 2002), p. 470</ref>

After the taking of Drogheda, Cromwell sent a column north to [[Ulster]] to secure the north of the country and went on to [[Siege of Waterford|besiege Waterford]], [[Kilkenny]] and [[Clonmel]] in Ireland's south-east. Kilkenny surrendered on terms, as did many other towns like [[New Ross]] and [[Carlow]], but Cromwell failed to take [[Waterford]], and at the [[siege of Clonmel]] in May 1650 he lost up to 2,000 men in abortive assaults before the town surrendered.<ref name="autogenerated4">Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.100.</ref>

One of his major victories in Ireland was diplomatic rather than military. With the help of [[Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery]], Cromwell persuaded the Protestant Royalist troops in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] to change sides and fight with the Parliament.<ref>Fraser, pp.321–322; Lenihan 2000, p.113.</ref> At this point, word reached Cromwell that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (son of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]]) had landed in Scotland from exile in France and been proclaimed King by the [[Covenanter]] regime. Cromwell therefore returned to England from [[Youghal]] on 26 May 1650 to counter this threat.<ref>Fraser, p.355.</ref>

The Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland dragged on for almost three years after Cromwell's departure. The campaigns under Cromwell's successors [[Henry Ireton]] and [[Edmund Ludlow]] mostly consisted of long sieges of fortified cities and [[guerrilla warfare]] in the countryside. The last Catholic-held town, [[Galway]], surrendered in April 1652 and the last Irish Catholic troops capitulated in April of the following year.<ref name="autogenerated4" />

In the wake of the Commonwealth's conquest of the island of Ireland, the public practice of Roman Catholicism was banned and Catholic priests were killed when captured.<ref>Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.314.</ref> All Catholic-owned land was confiscated under the [[Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652|Act for the Settlement of Ireland of 1652]] and given to Scottish and English settlers, Parliament's financial creditors and Parliamentary soldiers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitution.org/eng/conpur094.htm |title= Act for the Settlement of Ireland, 12 August 1652, Henry Scobell, ii. 197. See Commonwealth and Protectorate, iv. 82-5.|publisher= the [[Constitution Society]]|accessdate= 14 February 2008}}</ref> The remaining Catholic landowners were allocated poorer land in the province of [[Connacht]].<ref>Lenihan 2007, pp. 135-136</ref>

==Debate over Cromwell's effect on Ireland==
The extent of Cromwell's brutality<ref>Christopher Hill, 1972, ''God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'', Penguin Books: London, p.108: "The brutality of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland is not one of the pleasanter aspects of our hero's career ..."</ref><ref>Barry Coward, 1991, Oliver Cromwell, Pearson Education: Rugby, p.74: "Revenge was not Cromwell's only motive for the brutality he condoned at Wexford and Drogheda, but it was the dominant one ..."</ref> in Ireland has been strongly debated. Some historians argue that Cromwell never accepted that he was responsible for the killing of civilians in Ireland, claiming that he had acted harshly but only against those "in arms".<ref>Philip McKeiver, 2007, ''A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign''</ref> Other historians, however, cite Cromwell's contemporary reports to London including that of 27 September 1649 in which he lists the slaying of 3,000 military personnel, followed by the phrase "and many inhabitants".<ref>Micheal O'Siochru, 2008, ''God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland'', p. 83, 90</ref> In September 1649, he justified his sacking of Drogheda as revenge for the massacres of Protestant settlers in [[Ulster]] in 1641, calling the massacre "the righteous judgement of God on these barbarous wretches, who have imbrued their hands with so much innocent blood".<ref name="autogenerated2" /> However, Drogheda had never been held by the rebels in 1641—many of its garrison were in fact English royalists. On the other hand, the worst atrocities committed in Ireland, such as mass evictions, killings and deportation of over 50,000 men, women and children as prisoners of war and indentured servants<ref>{{cite book|title=To Hell or Barbados|first=Sean|last=O'Callaghan|year=2000|publisher=Brandon|isbn=0-86322-287-0|page=86}}</ref> to [[Bermuda]] and [[Barbados]], were carried out under the command of other generals after Cromwell had left for England.<ref>Lenihan 2000, p. 1O22; "After Cromwell returned to England in 1650, the conflict degenerated into a grindingly slow counter-insurgency campaign punctuated by some quite protracted sieges...the famine of 1651 onwards was a man-made response to stubborn guerrilla warfare. Collective reprisals against the civilian population included forcing them out of designated 'no man's lands' and the systematic destruction of foodstuffs".</ref> Some point to his actions on entering Ireland. Cromwell demanded that no supplies were to be seized from the civilian inhabitants and that everything should be fairly purchased; "I do hereby warn....all Officers, Soldiers and others under my command not to do any wrong or violence toward Country People or any persons whatsoever, unless they be actually in arms or office with the enemy.....as they shall answer to the contrary at their utmost peril."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishhistorylinks.net/Historical_Documents/Cromwell.html|title=Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches II: Letters from Ireland, 1649 and 1650| first=Thomas |last=Carlyle|year= 1897 |publisher= Chapman and Hall Ltd, London|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Oliver Cromwell by Robert Walker.jpg|thumb|left|Oliver Cromwell c. 1649 by [[Robert Walker (painter)|Robert Walker]]]]

The massacres at Drogheda and Wexford were in some ways typical of the day, especially in the context of the recently ended [[Thirty Years War]],<ref>[[Austin Herbert Woolrych|Woolrych, Austin]] (1990). ''Cromwell as soldier'', in Morrill, John (ed.), Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (Longman), {{ISBN|0-582-01675-4}}, p. 112: "viewed in the context of the German wars that had just ended after thirty years of fighting, the massacres at Drogheda and Wexford shrink to typical casualties of seventeenth-century warfare".</ref><ref>[http://necrometrics.com/pre1700a.htm#30YrW The Thirty Years War (1618–48) 7 500 000]: "R.J. Rummel: 11.5M total deaths in the war (half democides)"</ref> although there are few comparable incidents during the Civil Wars in England or Scotland, which were fought mainly between Protestant adversaries, albeit of differing denominations. One possible comparison is Cromwell's [[Storming of Basing House|Siege of Basing House]] in 1645—the seat of the prominent Catholic the Marquess of Winchester—which resulted in about 100 of the garrison of 400 being killed after being refused quarter. Contemporaries also reported civilian casualties, six Catholic priests and a woman.<ref>Gardiner (1886), Vol. II, p. 345</ref> However, the scale of the deaths at Basing House was much smaller.<ref>J.C. Davis, ''Oliver Cromwell'', pp. 108–10.</ref> Cromwell himself said of the slaughter at Drogheda in his first letter back to the Council of State: "I believe we put to the sword the whole number of the defendants. I do not think thirty of the whole number escaped with their lives."<ref>Abbott, ''Writings and Speeches'', vol II, p.124.</ref> Cromwell's orders—"in the heat of the action, I forbade them to spare any that were in arms in the town"—followed a request for surrender at the start of the siege, which was refused. The military protocol of the day was that a town or garrison that rejected the chance to surrender was not entitled to [[No quarter|quarter]].<ref>[[Woolrych, Austin]] (1990). ''Cromwell as soldier'', p. 111; Gaunt, p. 117.</ref> The refusal of the garrison at Drogheda to do this, even after the walls had been breached, was to Cromwell justification for the massacre.<ref>Lenihan 2000, p.168.</ref> Where Cromwell negotiated the surrender of fortified towns, as at Carlow, New Ross, and Clonmel, some historians{{who|date=March 2015}} argue that he respected the terms of surrender and protected the lives and property of the townspeople.<ref>Gaunt, p.116.</ref> At Wexford, Cromwell again began negotiations for surrender. However, the captain of Wexford castle surrendered during the middle of the negotiations, and in the confusion some of his troops began indiscriminate killing and looting.<ref>Stevenson, ''Cromwell, Scotland and Ireland'', in Morrill, p.151.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyireland.com/resources/reviews/review1.html |title=Eugene Coyle. Review of ''Cromwell—An Honourable Enemy''. ''History Ireland'' |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20010221184835/http://www.historyireland.com/resources/reviews/review1.html |archivedate = 21 February 2001}}</ref><ref>Micheal O'Siochru, 2008, ''God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland'', p. 83-93</ref><ref>Schama, Simon, "A History of Britain," 2000.</ref>

Although Cromwell's time spent on campaign in Ireland was limited, and although he did not take on executive powers until 1653, he is often the central focus of wider debates about whether, as historians such as Mark Levene and [[John Morrill (historian)|John Morrill]] suggest, the Commonwealth conducted a deliberate programme of [[ethnic cleansing]] in Ireland.<ref name=genocide>Citations for genocide, near genocide and ethnic cleansing:
*Albert Breton (Editor, 1995). ''Nationalism and Rationality''. Cambridge University Press 1995. Page 248. "Oliver Cromwell offered Irish Catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer"
* ''Ukrainian Quarterly''. Ukrainian Society of America 1944. "Therefore, we are entitled to accuse the England of Oliver Cromwell of the genocide of the Irish civilian population.."
*David Norbrook (2000).''Writing the English Republic: Poetry, Rhetoric and Politics, 1627–1660''. Cambridge University Press. 2000. In interpreting Andrew Marvell's contemporarily expressed views on Cromwell Norbrook says; "He (Cromwell) laid the foundation for a ruthless programme of resettling the Irish Catholics which amounted to large scale ethnic cleansing."
* [http://www.electricscotland.com/familytree/frank/axelrod.htm Alan Axelrod] (2002). ''Profiles in Leadership'', Prentice-Hall. 2002. Page 122. "As a leader Cromwell was entirely unyielding. He was willing to act on his beliefs, even if this meant killing the King and perpetrating, against the Irish, something very nearly approaching genocide"
* {{cite journal |last=Morrill |first=John |authorlink=John Morrill (historian) |title=Rewriting Cromwell—A Case of Deafening Silences |url=http://utpjournalsreview.com/index.php/CJOH/article/view/11399/10273 |date=December 2003 |journal=Canadian Journal of History |volume=38 |issue=3 |publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]] |accessdate=23 June 2015 |quote=Of course, this has never been the Irish view of Cromwell. Most Irish remember him as the man responsible for the mass slaughter of civilians at Drogheda and Wexford and as the agent of the greatest episode of ethnic cleansing ever attempted in Western Europe as, within a decade, the percentage of land possessed by Catholics born in Ireland dropped from sixty to twenty. In a decade, the ownership of two-fifths of the land mass was transferred from several thousand Irish Catholic landowners to British Protestants. The gap between Irish and the English views of the seventeenth-century conquest remains unbridgeable and is governed by G.K. Chesterton's mirthless epigram of 1917, that 'it was a tragic necessity that the Irish should remember it; but it was far more tragic that the English forgot it'.}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lutz |first1=James M. |last2=Lutz |first2=Brenda J. |title=Global Terrorism |date=2004 |page=193 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |quote=The draconian laws applied by Oliver Cromwell in Ireland were an early version of ethnic cleansing. The Catholic Irish were to be expelled to the northwestern areas of the island. Relocation rather than extermination was the goal.}}
* [http://www.soton.ac.uk/history/profiles/levene1.html Mark Levene] (2005). ''Genocide in the Age of the Nation State: Volume 2''. {{ISBN|978-1-84511-057-4}} Page 55, 56 & 57. A sample quote describes the Cromwellian campaign and settlement as "a conscious attempt to reduce a distinct ethnic population".
* Mark Levene (2005). ''Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State'', I.B.Tauris: London:
<blockquote>[The Act of Settlement of Ireland], and the parliamentary legislation which succeeded it the following year, is the nearest thing on paper in the English, and more broadly British, domestic record, to a programme of state-sanctioned and systematic ethnic cleansing of another people. The fact that it did not include 'total' genocide in its remit, or that it failed to put into practice the vast majority of its proposed expulsions, ultimately, however, says less about the lethal determination of its makers and more about the political, structural and financial weakness of the early modern English state.</blockquote>
</ref> Faced with the prospect of an Irish alliance with Charles II, Cromwell carried out a series of massacres to subdue the Irish. Then, once Cromwell had returned to England, the English Commissary, General [[Henry Ireton]], adopted a deliberate policy of crop burning and starvation. Total excess deaths for the entire period of the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] in Ireland was estimated by [[Sir William Petty]], the 17th Century economist, to be 600,000 out of a total Irish population of 1,400,000 in 1641.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faolain |first1=Turlough |title=Blood On The Harp |date=1983 |page=191 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=X-XWAAAAMAAJ&q=william+petty+600000+Irish&dq=william+petty+600000+Irish&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwieupnprojeAhUSNOwKHcrUCeMQ6AEIVjAJ |accessdate=15 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=O' Connell |first1=Daniel |title=A collection of speeches spoken by ... on subjects connected with the catholic question |date=1828 |page=317 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=H19_RUCZzNcC&pg=PA317&dq=william+petty+600000+Irish&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ2Ivlr4jeAhVK3qQKHQlVDME4ChDoAQg-MAU#v=onepage&q=william%20petty%20600000%20Irish&f=false |accessdate=15 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Patrick |first1=Brantlinger |title=Dark Vanishings: Discourse on the Extinction of Primitive Races, 1800-1930 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ai5XAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89&dq=william+petty+600000+Irish&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwieupnprojeAhUSNOwKHcrUCeMQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=william%20petty%20600000%20Irish&f=false |accessdate=15 October 2018}}</ref> More modern estimates put the figure closer to 200,000 out of a population of 2 million.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dregne |first1=Lukas |title=Just Warfare, or Genocide?: Oliver Cromwell and the Siege of Drogheda |url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1187&context=utpp |publisher=University of Montana |accessdate=15 October 2018}}</ref>

The sieges of Drogheda and Wexford have been prominently mentioned in histories and literature up to the present day. [[James Joyce]], for example, mentioned Drogheda in his novel ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'': "What about sanctimonious Cromwell and his ironsides that put the women and children of Drogheda to the sword with the bible text God is love pasted round the mouth of his cannon?" Similarly, [[Winston Churchill]] (writing 1957) described the impact of Cromwell on Anglo-Irish relations:

<blockquote>...upon all of these Cromwell's record was a lasting bane. By an uncompleted process of terror, by an iniquitous land settlement, by the virtual proscription of the Catholic religion, by the bloody deeds already described, he cut new gulfs between the nations and the creeds. 'Hell or Connaught' were the terms he thrust upon the native inhabitants, and they for their part, across three hundred years, have used as their keenest expression of hatred 'The Curse of Cromwell on you.' ... Upon all of us there still lies 'the curse of Cromwell'.<ref>Winston S. Churchill, 1957, ''A History of the English Speaking Peoples: The Age of Revolution'', Dodd, Mead and Company: New York (p. 9): "We have seen the many ties which at one time or another have joined the inhabitants of the Western islands, and even in Ireland itself offered a tolerable way of life to Protestants and Catholics alike. Upon all of these Cromwell's record was a lasting bane. By an uncompleted process of terror, by an iniquitous land settlement, by the virtual proscription of the Catholic religion, by the bloody deeds already described, he cut new gulfs between the nations and the creeds. "Hell or Connaught" were the terms he thrust upon the native inhabitants, and they for their part, across three hundred years, have used as their keenest expression of hatred "The Curse of Cromwell on you". The consequences of Cromwell's rule in Ireland have distressed and at times distracted English politics down even to the present day. To heal them baffled the skill and loyalties of successive generations. They became for a time a potent obstacle to the harmony of the English-speaking people throughout the world. Upon all of us there still lies 'the curse of Cromwell'.</ref></blockquote>

A key surviving statement of Cromwell's own views on the conquest of Ireland is his ''Declaration of the lord lieutenant of Ireland for the undeceiving of deluded and seduced people'' of January 1650.<ref>Abbott, W.C. (1929). ''Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell'', Harvard University Press, pp.196–205.</ref> In this he was scathing about Catholicism, saying that "I shall not, where I have the power... suffer the exercise of the Mass."<ref name="autogenerated6">Abbott, p.202.</ref> However, he also declared that: "as for the people, what thoughts they have in the matter of religion in their own breasts I cannot reach; but I shall think it my duty, if they walk honestly and peaceably, not to cause them in the least to suffer for the same."<ref name="autogenerated6" /> Private soldiers who surrendered their arms "and shall live peaceably and honestly at their several homes, they shall be permitted so to do".<ref>Abbott, p.205.</ref>

In 1965 the Irish minister for lands stated that his policies were necessary to "undo the work of Cromwell"; circa 1997, [[Taoiseach]] [[Bertie Ahern]] demanded that a portrait of Cromwell be removed from a room in the Foreign Office before he began a meeting with [[Robin Cook]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham|first=John|title=Conquest and Land in Ireland|url=http://www.theirishstory.com/2012/03/04/book-review-conquest-and-land-in-ireland/#.UM41RTORiSo|publisher=Royal Historical Society, Boydell Press|accessdate=16 December 2012}}</ref>

==Scottish campaign: 1650–51==

===Scots proclaim Charles II as King===
[[File:Moray House in the Canongate.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Moray House School of Education#Old Moray House|Moray House]] on the [[Royal Mile]] – Cromwell's residence in [[Edinburgh]] when he implored the Assembly of the Kirk to stop supporting Charles II]]
Cromwell left Ireland in May 1650 and several months later invaded Scotland after the Scots had proclaimed Charles I's son [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] as King. Cromwell was much less hostile to Scottish [[Presbyterian]]s, some of whom had been his allies in the First English Civil War, than he was to Irish Catholics. He described the Scots as a people "fearing His [God's] name, though deceived".<ref>Lenihan 2000, p.115.</ref> He made a famous appeal to the [[General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]], urging them to see the error of the royal alliance—"I beseech you, in the bowels of Christ, think it possible you may be mistaken."<ref>Gardiner (1901), p.184.</ref> The Scots' reply was robust: "would you have us to be sceptics in our religion?" This decision to negotiate with Charles II led Cromwell to believe that war was necessary.<ref>Stevenson, David (1990). ''Cromwell, Scotland and Ireland'', in Morrill, John (ed.), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' (Longman), {{ISBN|0-582-01675-4}}, p.155.</ref>

===Battle of Dunbar===
His appeal rejected, Cromwell's veteran troops went on to invade Scotland. At first, the campaign went badly, as Cromwell's men were short of supplies and held up at fortifications manned by Scottish troops under [[David Leslie (Scottish general)|David Leslie]]. Sickness began to spread in the ranks. Cromwell was on the brink of evacuating his army by sea from [[Dunbar]]. However, on 3 September 1650, unexpectedly, Cromwell smashed the main Scottish army at the [[Battle of Dunbar (1650)|Battle of Dunbar]], killing 4,000 Scottish soldiers, taking another 10,000 prisoner, and then capturing the Scottish capital of [[Edinburgh]].<ref name="autogenerated3">Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.66.</ref> The victory was of such a magnitude that Cromwell called it "A high act of the Lord's Providence to us [and] one of the most signal mercies God hath done for England and His people".<ref name="autogenerated3" />

===Battle of Worcester===
The following year, Charles II and his Scottish allies made a desperate attempt to invade England and capture London while Cromwell was engaged in Scotland. Cromwell followed them south and caught them at [[Worcester]] on 3 September 1651, and his forces destroyed the last major Scottish Royalist army at the [[Battle of Worcester]]. Charles II [[Escape of Charles II|barely escaped capture]] and fled to exile in France and the Netherlands, where he remained until 1660.<ref>''Cromwell: Our Chief of Men'', by Antonia Fraser, London 1973, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, {{ISBN|0-297-76556-6}}, pp. 385–389.</ref>

To fight the battle, Cromwell organised an envelopment followed by a multi-pronged coordinated attack on Worcester, his forces attacking from three directions with two rivers partitioning them. He switched his reserves from one side of the river Severn to the other and then back again. The editor of the ''Great Rebellion'' article of the Encyclopædia Britannica (eleventh edition) notes that Worcester was a battle of manoeuvre compared to the early Civil War [[Battle of Turnham Green]], which the English parliamentary armies were unable to execute at the start of the war, and he suggests that it was a prototype for the [[Battle of Sedan (1870)]].<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition article "GREAT REBELLION" Sections "4. Battle of Edgehill" and "59. The Crowning Mercy</ref>

===Conclusion===
In the final stages of the Scottish campaign, Cromwell's men under [[George Monck]] sacked Dundee, killing up to 1,000 men and 140 women and children.<ref>{{cite book|title=Constructing the Past: Writing Irish History, 1600-1800|first1=Mark|last1=Williams|first2=Stephen Paul|last2=Forrest|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year=2010|isbn=9781843835738|page=160}}</ref> Scotland was ruled from England during the Commonwealth and was kept under military occupation, with a line of fortifications sealing off the Highlands which had provided manpower for Royalist armies in Scotland. The northwest Highlands was the scene of another pro-royalist uprising in 1653–55, which was put down with deployment of 6,000 English troops there.<ref>Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.306.</ref> Presbyterianism was allowed to be practised as before, but the Kirk (the Scottish church) did not have the backing of the civil courts to impose its rulings, as it had previously.<ref>Parker, Geoffrey (2003). ''Empire, War and Faith in Early Modern Europe'', p.281.</ref>

Cromwell's conquest left no significant legacy of bitterness in Scotland. The rule of the Commonwealth and Protectorate was largely peaceful, apart from the Highlands. Moreover, there were no wholesale confiscations of land or property. Three out of every four Justices of the Peace in Commonwealth Scotland were Scots and the country was governed jointly by the English military authorities and a Scottish Council of State.<ref>Kenyon & Ohlmeyer, p.320.</ref>

==Return to England and dissolution of the Rump Parliament: 1651–53==
{{Wikisource|Dissolution of the Long Parliament}}
Cromwell was away on campaign from the middle of 1649 until 1651, and the various factions in Parliament began to fight amongst themselves with the King gone as their "common cause". Cromwell tried to galvanise the Rump into setting dates for new elections, uniting the three kingdoms under one polity, and to put in place a broad-brush, tolerant national church. However, the Rump vacillated in setting election dates, although it put in place a basic liberty of conscience, but it failed to produce an alternative for tithes or to dismantle other aspects of the existing religious settlement. In frustration, Cromwell demanded that the Rump establish a caretaker government in April 1653 of 40 members drawn from the Rump and the army, and then abdicate; but the Rump returned to debating its own bill for a new government.<ref>Worden, Blair (1977). ''The Rump Parliament'' (Cambridge University Press), {{ISBN|0-521-29213-1}}, ch.16–17.</ref> Cromwell was so angered by this that he cleared the chamber and dissolved the Parliament by force on 20 April 1653, supported by about 40 musketeers. Several accounts exist of this incident; in one, Cromwell is supposed to have said "you are no Parliament, I say you are no Parliament; I will put an end to your sitting".<ref>Abbott, p.643</ref> At least two accounts agree that he snatched up the ceremonial mace, symbol of Parliament's power, and demanded that the "bauble" be taken away.<ref>Abbott, p.642-643.</ref> His troops were commanded by [[Charles Worsley]], later one of his Major Generals and one of his most trusted advisors, to whom he entrusted the mace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bcw-project.org/biography/charles-worsley|title=Charles Worsley|publisher=British Civil Wars Project|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>

==Establishment of Barebone's Parliament: 1653==
After the dissolution of the Rump, power passed temporarily to a council that debated what form the constitution should take. They took up the suggestion of [[Thomas Harrison (soldier)|Major-General Thomas Harrison]] for a "[[sanhedrin]]" of [[saint]]s. Although Cromwell did not subscribe to Harrison's [[apocalypse|apocalyptic]], [[Fifth Monarchists|Fifth Monarchist]] beliefs—which saw a sanhedrin as the starting point for Christ's rule on earth—he was attracted by the idea of an assembly made up of men chosen for their religious credentials. In his speech at the opening of the assembly on 4 July 1653, Cromwell thanked God's providence that he believed had brought England to this point and set out their divine mission: "truly God hath called you to this work by, I think, as wonderful providences as ever passed upon the sons of men in so short a time."{{sfn|Roots|1989|pp=8–27}} The Nominated Assembly, sometimes known as the Parliament of Saints, or more commonly and denigratingly called [[Barebone's Parliament]] after one of its members, [[Praise-God Barebone]]. The assembly was tasked with finding a permanent constitutional and religious settlement (Cromwell was invited to be a member but declined). However, the revelation that a considerably larger segment of the membership than had been believed were the radical Fifth Monarchists led to its members voting to dissolve it on 12 December 1653, out of fear of what the radicals might do if they took control of the Assembly.<ref>[[Woolrych, Austin]] (1982). ''Commonwealth to Protectorate'' (Clarendon Press), {{ISBN|0-19-822659-4}}, ch.5–10.</ref>

==The Protectorate: 1653–58==
{{See also|The Protectorate}}
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After the dissolution of the Barebones Parliament, [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]] put forward a new constitution known as the [[Instrument of Government (1653)|Instrument of Government]], closely modelled on the [[Heads of Proposals]]. It made Cromwell Lord Protector for life to undertake "the chief magistracy and the administration of government". Cromwell was sworn in as Lord Protector on 16 December 1653, with a ceremony in which he wore plain black clothing, rather than any monarchical regalia.<ref>Gaunt, p.155.</ref> However, from this point on Cromwell signed his name 'Oliver P', the ''P'' being an abbreviation for ''Protector'', which was similar to the style of monarchs who used an ''R'' to mean ''Rex'' or ''Regina'', and it soon became the norm for others to address him as "Your Highness".<ref>Gaunt, p.156.</ref> As Protector, he had the power to call and dissolve parliaments but was obliged under the Instrument to seek the majority vote of a Council of State. Nevertheless, Cromwell's power was buttressed by his continuing popularity among the army. As the Lord Protector he was paid £100,000 a year.<ref>{{cite book | title = A History of Britain – The [[Stuarts]] | publisher=[[Ladybird Books|Ladybird]] | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-7214-3370-7 }}</ref>

Cromwell had two key objectives as Lord Protector. The first was "healing and settling" the nation after the chaos of the civil wars and the regicide, which meant establishing a stable form for the new government to take.<ref>Hirst, Derek (1990). "The Lord Protector, 1653–8", in Morrill, p.172.</ref> Although Cromwell declared to the first Protectorate Parliament that, "Government by one man and a parliament is fundamental," in practice social priorities took precedence over forms of government. Such forms were, he said, "but ... dross and dung in comparison of Christ".<ref>Quoted in Hirst, p.127.</ref> The social priorities did not, despite the revolutionary nature of the government, include any meaningful attempt to reform the social order. Cromwell declared, "A nobleman, a gentleman, a yeoman; the distinction of these: that is a good interest of the nation, and a great one!",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strecorsoc.org/docs/cromwell.html |title=Cromwell, At the Opening of Parliament Under the Protectorate (1654) |publisher=Strecorsoc.org |accessdate=27 November 2008}}</ref> Small-scale reform such as that carried out on the [[judiciary|judicial system]] were outweighed by attempts to restore order to English politics. Direct taxation was reduced slightly and peace was made with the Dutch, ending the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/the-commonwealth/first-anglo-dutch-war|title=First Anglo-Dutch War|publisher=British Civil Wars project|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>

England's [[English overseas possessions|overseas possessions]] in this period included the [[New England Confederation]], the [[Providence Plantation]], the [[Virginia Colony]], the [[Maryland Colony]], and islands in the [[West Indies]]. Cromwell soon secured the submission of these and largely left them to their own affairs, intervening only to curb his fellow Puritans who were usurping control over the Maryland Colony at the [[Battle of the Severn]], by his confirming the former Roman Catholic proprietorship and edict of tolerance there. Of all the English dominions, Virginia was the most resentful of Cromwell's rule, and Cavalier emigration there mushroomed during the Protectorate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=David Hackett |authorlink1=David Hackett Fischer |last2= |first2= |authorlink2= |editor1-first= |editor1-last= |editor1-link= |others= |title=Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gd63RFlXIMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false |type= |edition= |series= |year=1991 |origyear=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780195069051 |oclc= |id= |pages=219–220 |at= |trans-chapter=|chapter=The South of England to Virginia: Distressed Cavaliers and Indentured Servants, 1642–75 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=_gd63RFlXIMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref= |bibcode= |laysummary= |laydate= |separator= |postscript= |lastauthoramp=}}</ref>

Cromwell famously stressed the quest to restore order in his speech to the [[First Protectorate Parliament|first Protectorate parliament]] at its inaugural meeting on 3 September 1654. He declared that "healing and settling" were the "great end of your meeting".<ref>Roots 1989, pp.41–56.</ref> However, the Parliament was quickly dominated by those pushing for more radical, properly republican reforms. After some initial gestures approving appointments previously made by Cromwell, the Parliament began to work on a radical programme of constitutional reform. Rather than opposing Parliament's bill, Cromwell dissolved them on 22 January 1655. The First Protectorate Parliament had a property franchise of £200 per annum in real or personal property value set as the minimum value in which a male adult was to possess before he was eligible to vote for the representatives from the counties or shires in the House of Commons. The House of Commons representatives from the boroughs were elected by the burgesses or those borough residents who had the right to vote in municipal elections, and by the aldermen and councilors of the boroughs.<ref>Aylmer, G.E., ''Rebellion or Revolution? England 1640-1660'', Oxford and New York, 1990 Oxford University Paperback, p.169.</ref>
{{multiple image
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| image1=Cromwell signature.jpg|caption1=Cromwell's signature before becoming [[Lord Protector]] in 1653, and afterwards. 'Oliver P', standing for Oliver Protector, similar in style to English monarchs who signed their names as, for example, 'Elizabeth R' standing for [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth Regina]].
| image2=Gold coin of Oliver Cromwell.jpg|caption2=''[[Broad (English gold coin)|Broad]]'' of Oliver Cromwell, dated 1656; on the obverse the Latin inscription ''OLIVAR D G RP ANG SCO ET HIB &c PRO'', translated as "Oliver, by the Grace of God of the Republic of England, Scotland and Ireland etc. Protector".
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Cromwell's second objective was spiritual and moral reform. He aimed to restore liberty of conscience and promote both outward and inward godliness throughout England.<ref>Hirst, p.173.</ref> During the early months of the Protectorate, a set of "triers" was established to assess the suitability of future parish ministers, and a related set of "ejectors" was set up to dismiss ministers and schoolmasters who were deemed unsuitable for office. The triers and the ejectors were intended to be at the vanguard of Cromwell's reform of parish worship. This second objective is also the context in which to see the constitutional experiment of the [[Rule of the Major-Generals|Major Generals]] that followed the dissolution of the first Protectorate Parliament. After a [[Penruddock uprising|royalist uprising in March 1655]], led by [[John Penruddock|Sir John Penruddock]], Cromwell (influenced by Lambert) divided England into military districts ruled by Army Major Generals who answered only to him. The 15 major generals and deputy major generals—called "godly governors"—were central not only to [[national security]], but Cromwell's crusade to reform the nation's morals. The generals not only supervised [[militia]] forces and security commissions, but collected taxes and ensured support for the government in the English and Welsh provinces. Commissioners for securing the peace of the commonwealth were appointed to work with them in every county. While a few of these commissioners were career politicians, most were zealous puritans who welcomed the major-generals with open arms and embraced their work with enthusiasm. However, the major-generals lasted less than a year. Many feared they threatened their reform efforts and authority. Their position was further harmed by a tax proposal by Major General John Desborough to provide financial backing for their work, which the [[Second Protectorate Parliament|second Protectorate parliament]]—instated in September 1656—voted down for fear of a permanent military state. Ultimately, however, Cromwell's failure to support his men, sacrificing them to his opponents, caused their demise. Their activities between November 1655 and September 1656 had, however, reopened the wounds of the 1640s and deepened antipathies to the regime.<ref>Durston, Christopher (1998). ''The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals'' in ''English Historical Review'' 1998 113(450): pp.18–37, {{ISSN|0013-8266}}</ref> In late 1654, Cromwell launched the ''Western Design'' armada against the [[Spanish West Indies]], and in May 1655 [[Invasion of Jamaica|captured]] [[Colony of Santiago|Jamaica]].<ref>Clinton Black, ''The Story of Jamaica from Prehistory to the Present'' (London: Collins, 1965), pp. 48–50</ref>

As Lord Protector, Cromwell was aware of the Jewish community's involvement in the economics of the Netherlands, now England's leading commercial rival. It was this—allied to Cromwell's tolerance of the right to private worship of those who fell outside Puritanism—that led to his [[Resettlement of the Jews in England|encouraging Jews to return to England]] in 1657, over 350 years after their banishment by [[Edward I of England|Edward I]], in the hope that they would help speed up the recovery of the country after the disruption of the Civil Wars.<ref>Hirst, p.137.</ref> There was a longer-term motive for Cromwell's decision to allow the Jews to return to England, and that was the hope that they would convert to Christianity and therefore hasten the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, ultimately based on [[Matthew 23]]:37–39 and [[Romans 11]]. At the Whitehall conference of December 1655 he quoted from St. Paul's [[Epistle to the Romans]] 10:12–15 on the need to send Christian preachers to the Jews. William Prynne the Presbyterian, in contrast to Cromwell the Congregationalist, was strongly opposed to the latter's pro-Jewish policy.<ref>{{cite web |first=Barbara |last=Coulton |title=Cromwell and the ‘readmission’ of the Jews to England, 1656 |publisher=[[Lancaster University]] |url=http://www.olivercromwell.org/jews.pdf |work=The Cromwell Association |accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref>Carlyle, Thomas, ''Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches with Elucidations'', London, Chapman and Hall Ltd, 1897, pp.109-113 and 114-115</ref><ref>Morrill, John (editor), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'', 1990, pp.137-138, 190, and 211-213.</ref>

On 23 March 1657 the Protectorate signed the [[Treaty of Paris (1657)|Treaty of Paris]] with [[Louis XIV]] against Spain. Cromwell pledged to supply France with 6,000 troops and war ships. In accordance with the terms of the treaty, [[Mardyck]] and [[Dunkirk]] – a base for [[privateers]] and [[commerce raiders]] attacking English merchant shipping – were ceded to England.<ref>Manganiello, Stephen, ''The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland and Ireland, 1639-1660'', Scarecrow Press, 2004, 613 p., {{ISBN|9780810851009}}, p. 539.</ref>

In 1657, Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament as part of a revised constitutional settlement, presenting him with a dilemma since he had been "instrumental" in abolishing the monarchy. Cromwell agonised for six weeks over the offer. He was attracted by the prospect of stability it held out, but in a speech on 13 April 1657 he made clear that God's providence had spoken against the office of King: "I would not seek to set up that which Providence hath destroyed and laid in the dust, and I would not build [[Jericho]] again".<ref>Roots 1989, p.128.</ref> The reference to Jericho harks back to a previous occasion on which Cromwell had wrestled with his conscience when the news reached England of the defeat of an expedition against the Spanish-held island of [[Hispaniola]] in the [[West Indies]] in 1655—comparing himself to [[Achan (Bible)|Achan]], who had brought the [[Israelites]] defeat after bringing plunder back to camp after the capture of Jericho.<ref>Worden, Blair (1985). "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan", in Beales, D. and Best, G. (eds.) ''History, Society and the Churches'', {{ISBN|0-521-02189-8}}, pp.141–145.</ref>
Instead, Cromwell was ceremonially re-installed as Lord Protector on 26 June 1657 at [[Westminster Hall]], sitting upon [[King Edward's Chair]], which was moved specially from [[Westminster Abbey]] for the occasion. The event in part echoed a [[coronation]], using many of its symbols and regalia, such as a purple ermine-lined robe, a sword of justice and a sceptre (but not a crown or an orb). But, most notably, the office of Lord Protector was still not to become hereditary, though Cromwell was now able to nominate his own successor. Cromwell's new rights and powers were laid out in the [[Humble Petition and Advice]], a legislative instrument which replaced the Instrument of Government. Despite failing to restore the Crown, this new constitution did set up many of the vestiges of the ancient constitution including a house of life peers (in place of the House of Lords). In the Humble Petition it was called the [[Cromwell's Other House|Other House]] as the Commons could not agree on a suitable name. Furthermore, Oliver Cromwell increasingly took on more of the trappings of monarchy. In particular, he created three peerages after the acceptance of the Humble Petition and Advice: Charles Howard was made Viscount Morpeth and Baron Gisland in July 1657 and [[Edmund Dunch, Baron Burnell of East Wittenham|Edmund Dunch]] was created Baron Burnell of East Wittenham in April 1658.<ref>Masson, p. 354</ref>

==Death and posthumous execution==
{{See also|Oliver Cromwell's head}}
[[File:WarwickCastle CromwellDeathmaskcrop.JPG|thumb|upright|Oliver Cromwell's death mask at [[Warwick Castle]]]]
Cromwell is thought to have suffered from malaria and from "[[Kidney stone|stone]]", a common term for urinary and kidney infections. In 1658, he was struck by a sudden bout of malarial fever, followed directly by illness symptomatic of a urinary or kidney complaint. The Venetian ambassador wrote regular dispatches to the [[Doge of Venice]] in which he included details of Cromwell's final illness, and he was suspicious of the rapidity of his death.{{sfn|McMains|2015|p=75}} The decline may have been hastened by the death of his daughter [[Elizabeth Claypole]] in August. He died at age 59 at Whitehall on Friday 3 September 1658, the anniversary of his great victories at [[Dunbar]] and [[Worcester]].<ref>Gaunt, p.204.</ref> The most likely cause was septicaemia following his urinary infection. He was buried with great ceremony, with an elaborate funeral at [[Westminster Abbey]] based on that of James I,{{sfn|Rutt|1828|pp=516–530}} his daughter Elizabeth also being buried there.<ref name=CCC2010>{{cite web |title=Cromwell's head |url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/leisure/museums/cromwell/online/ |date=2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311214801/http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/leisure/museums/cromwell/online |archivedate=11 March 2010 |website=Cambridge County Council |access-date=5 July 2016}}</ref>

He was succeeded as Lord Protector by his son [[Richard Cromwell|Richard]]. Richard had no power base in Parliament or the Army and was forced to resign in May 1659, ending the Protectorate. There was no clear leadership from the various factions that jostled for power during the reinstated Commonwealth, so [[George Monck]] was able to march on London at the head of New Model Army regiments and restore the [[Long Parliament]]. Under Monck's watchful eye, the necessary constitutional adjustments were made so that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] could be invited back from exile in 1660 to be King under a [[The Restoration|restored monarchy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/monck-george-1608-70|title=MONCK, George (1608-70), of Potheridge, Merton, Devon. - History of Parliament Online|publisher=|accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Execution of Cromwell, Bradshaw and Ireton, 1661.jpg|thumb|left|The execution of the bodies of Cromwell, Bradshaw, and Ireton, from a contemporaneous print]]

Cromwell's body was exhumed from Westminster Abbey on 30 January 1661, the 12th anniversary of the execution of Charles I, and was subjected to a [[posthumous execution]], as were the remains of [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]], [[John Bradshaw (judge)|John Bradshaw]], and [[Henry Ireton]]. (The body of Cromwell's daughter was allowed to remain buried in the Abbey.) His body was hanged in chains at [[Tyburn, London]] and then thrown into a pit. His head was cut off and displayed on a pole outside [[Westminster Hall]] until 1685. Afterwards, it was owned by various people, including a documented sale in 1814 to Josiah Henry Wilkinson,<ref>Staff. "[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809453,00.html Roundhead on the Pike]", ''Time'' magazine, 6 May 1957</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Terri Schlichenmeyer |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/LIVING/wayoflife/08/21/mf.missing.famous/index.html?imw=Y&iref=mpstoryemail |title=Missing body parts of famous people|publisher=CNN|accessdate=27 November 2008 | date=21 August 2007}}</ref> and it was publicly exhibited several times before being buried beneath the floor of the antechapel at [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]] in 1960.<ref name=CCC2010 /><ref>Gaunt, p.4.</ref> The exact position was not publicly disclosed, but a plaque marks the approximate location.<ref name=Larson2014>{{cite journal |last=Larson |first=Frances |date=August 2014 |title=Severance Package |department=Readings |journal=[[Harper's Magazine]] |publisher=Harper's Magazine Foundation |volume=329 |issue=1971 |pages=22–5}}</ref>

Many people began to question whether the body mutilated at Tyburn and the head seen on Westminster Hall were Cromwell's.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pepys |first=Samuel |title=The Diary of Samuel Pepys: Diary entries from October 1664 |url= http://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1664/10/ |at=Thursday 13 October 1664 |access-date=4 August 2017 |quote=When I told him of what I found writ in a French book of one Monsieur Sorbiere, that gives an account of his observations herein England; among other things he says, that it is reported that Cromwell did, in his life-time, transpose many of the bodies of the Kings of England from one grave to another, and that by that means it is not known certainly whether the head that is now set up upon a post be that of Cromwell, or of one of the Kings.}}</ref> These doubts arose because it was assumed that Cromwell's body was reburied in several places between his death in September 1658 and the exhumation of January 1661, in order to protect it from vengeful royalists. The stories suggest that his bodily remains are buried in London, Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, or Yorkshire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaunt |first1=Peter |title=Oliver Cromwell |publisher=Blackwell Publishers Inc |year=1996 |location=Massachusetts |page=4}}</ref>

The Cromwell vault was later used as a burial place for Charles II's illegitimate descendants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/press/news/news/2009/august/westminster-abbey-reveals-cromwells-original-grave |title=Westminster Abbey reveals Cromwell's original grave |publisher=Westminster Abbey |accessdate=29 July 2011}}</ref> In Westminster Abbey, the site of Cromwell's burial was marked during the 19th century by a floor stone in what is now the [[RAF Chapel]] reading: "The burial place of Oliver Cromwell 1658–1661".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/oliver-cromwell |title=Westminster Abbey site: Oliver Cromwell}}</ref>

==Political reputation==
[[File:Cromwell as a usurper.tiff|thumb|upright|A contemporaneous satirical view of Cromwell as a usurper of monarchical power]]
During his lifetime, some tracts painted Cromwell as a hypocrite motivated by power. For example, ''The Machiavilian Cromwell'' and ''The Juglers Discovered'' are parts of an attack on Cromwell by the [[Levellers]] after 1647, and both present him as a [[Machiavellian]] figure.<ref>Morrill, John (1990). "Cromwell and his contemporaries", in Morrill, pp.263–4.</ref> John Spittlehouse presented a more positive assessment in ''A Warning Piece Discharged'', comparing him to [[Moses]] rescuing the English by taking them safely through the [[Red Sea]] of the civil wars.<ref>Morrill, pp.271–2.</ref> Poet [[John Milton]] called Cromwell "our chief of men" in his ''Sonnet XVI''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/html/1807/4350/poem1456.html |title=RPO - John Milton : Sonnet XVI: To the Lord General Cromwell |publisher=Tspace.library.utoronto.ca |date= |accessdate=28 October 2015}}</ref>

Several biographies were published soon after Cromwell's death. An example is ''The Perfect Politician'', which describes how Cromwell "loved men more than books" and provides a nuanced assessment of him as an energetic campaigner for liberty of conscience who is brought down by pride and ambition.<ref>Morrill, pp. 279–81.</ref> An equally nuanced but less positive assessment was published in 1667 by [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon]] in his ''History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England''. Clarendon famously declares that Cromwell "will be looked upon by posterity as a brave bad man".<ref name=g9>Gaunt, p.9.</ref> He argues that Cromwell's rise to power had been helped by his great spirit and energy, but also by his ruthlessness. Clarendon was not one of Cromwell's confidantes, and his account was written after the [[Restoration (England)|Restoration of the monarchy]].<ref name=g9/>

During the early 18th century, Cromwell's image began to be adopted and reshaped by the [[British Whig Party|Whigs]] as part of a wider project to give their political objectives historical legitimacy. [[John Toland]] rewrote [[Edmund Ludlow]]'s ''Memoirs'' in order to remove the Puritan elements and replace them with a Whiggish brand of republicanism, and it presents the Cromwellian Protectorate as a military tyranny. Through Ludlow, Toland portrayed Cromwell as a despot who crushed the beginnings of democratic rule in the 1640s.<ref>Worden, Blair (2001). ''Roundhead Reputations: The English Civil Wars and the Passions of Posterity'' (Penguin), {{ISBN|0-14-100694-3}}, pp. 53–59</ref>

{{quote|text=I hope to render the English name as great and formidable as ever the Roman was.<ref>"The Life and Eccentricities of the late Dr. Monsey, F.R.S, physician to the Royal Hospital at Chelsea", printed by J.D. Dewick, Aldergate street, 1804, p.108</ref>|source=Cromwell}}

During the early 19th century, Cromwell began to be portrayed in a positive light by [[Romanticism|Romantic]] artists and poets. [[Thomas Carlyle]] continued this reassessment in the 1840s, publishing an annotated collection of his letters and speeches, and describing English Puritanism as "the last of all our Heroisms" while taking a negative view of his own era.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carlyle|first1=Thomas|title=Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches|date=December 1843|url=http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Carlyle__Cromwell.pdf}}</ref> By the late 19th century, Carlyle's portrayal of Cromwell had become assimilated into Whig and Liberal historiography, stressing the centrality of puritan morality and earnestness. Oxford civil war historian [[Samuel Rawson Gardiner]] concluded that "the man—it is ever so with the noblest—was greater than his work".<ref>Gardiner (1901), p.315.</ref> Gardiner stressed Cromwell's dynamic and mercurial character, and his role in dismantling absolute monarchy, while underestimating Cromwell's religious conviction.<ref>Worden, pp.256–260.</ref> Cromwell's foreign policy also provided an attractive forerunner of Victorian imperial expansion, with Gardiner stressing his "constancy of effort to make England great by land and sea".<ref>Gardiner (1901), p.318.</ref>

During the first half of the 20th century, Cromwell's reputation was often influenced by the rise of fascism in [[Nazi Germany]] and in [[Italian fascism|Italy]]. Harvard historian [[Wilbur Cortez Abbott]], for example, devoted much of his career to compiling and editing a multi-volume collection of Cromwell's letters and speeches, published between 1937 and 1947. Abbott argues that Cromwell was a proto-fascist. However, subsequent historians such as [[John Morrill (historian)|John Morrill]] have criticised both Abbott's interpretation of Cromwell and his editorial approach.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Morrill | first1 = John | year = 1990 | title = Textualising and Contextualising Cromwell | url = | journal = Historical Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 629–39 }}</ref>

Late 20th-century historians re-examined the nature of Cromwell's faith and of his authoritarian regime. [[Austin Woolrych]] explored the issue of "dictatorship" in depth, arguing that Cromwell was subject to two conflicting forces: his obligation to the army and his desire to achieve a lasting settlement by winning back the confidence of the nation as a whole. He argued that the dictatorial elements of Cromwell's rule stemmed less from its military origin or the participation of army officers in civil government than from his constant commitment to the interest of the people of God and his conviction that suppressing vice and encouraging virtue constituted the chief end of government.<ref>Woolrych, Austin (1990). "The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictatorship?" in ''History'' 1990 75(244): 207–31, {{ISSN|0018-2648}}.</ref> Historians such as John Morrill, Blair Worden, and J. C. Davis have developed this theme, revealing the extent to which Cromwell's writing and speeches are suffused with biblical references, and arguing that his radical actions were driven by his zeal for godly reformation.<ref>Morrill (2004). "Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)", in ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' (Oxford University Press) [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6765 Oxforddnb.com]; Worden, Blair (1985). "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan". In Beales, D. and Best, G., ''History, Society and the Churches''; Davis, J.C. (1990). "Cromwell's religion", in Morrill, John (ed.), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' (Longman).</ref>

==Monuments and posthumous honours==
[[File:Oliver Cromwell statue, Westminster.jpg|thumb|upright|1899 [[statue of Oliver Cromwell, Westminster]] by [[Hamo Thornycroft]] outside the [[Palace of Westminster]], London]]

In 1776, one of the first ships commissioned to serve in the American Continental Navy during the [[American Revolutionary War]] was named ''Oliver Cromwell''.<ref>Hahn, Harold H. ''Ships of the American Revolution and their Models''. Pp. 74–101. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis Maryland, 2000.</ref>

19th-century engineer Sir [[Richard Tangye]] was a noted Cromwell enthusiast and collector of Cromwell manuscripts and memorabilia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/10/15/101803207.pdf|title=Death of Sir Richard Tangye|work=New York Times |date=15 October 1906|accessdate=5 June 2010}}</ref> His collection included many rare manuscripts and printed books, medals, paintings, objects d'art, and a bizarre assemblage of "relics". This includes Cromwell's Bible, button, coffin plate, death mask, and funeral escutcheon. On Tangye's death, the entire collection was donated to the [[Museum of London]], where it can still be seen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/war/findout.html|title=War websites|publisher=Channel4|accessdate=5 June 2010}}</ref>

In 1875, a statue of Cromwell by [[Matthew Noble]] was erected in Manchester outside the [[Manchester Cathedral]], a gift to the city by Abel Heywood in memory of her first husband.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.francisfrith.com/pageloader.asp?page=/shop/books/bookcontent.asp&isbn=1-85937-266-X&start=61 |title=Greater Manchester Photographic Memories |publisher=Francis Frith |accessdate=29 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111230425/http://www.francisfrith.com/pageloader.asp?page=%2Fshop%2Fbooks%2Fbookcontent.asp&isbn=1-85937-266-X&start=61 |archivedate=11 January 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/MR/MR-MCR53.htm |title=Oliver Cromwell |accessdate=12 January 2012 |publisher=Public Monument and Sculpture Association |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209140052/http://pmsa.cch.kcl.ac.uk/MR/MR-MCR53.htm |archivedate=9 February 2012 }}</ref> It was the first large-scale statue to be erected in the open in England and was a realistic likeness, based on the painting by [[Peter Lely]] and showing Cromwell in battledress with drawn sword and leather body armour. It was unpopular with local Conservatives and the large Irish immigrant population. [[Queen Victoria]] was invited to open the new [[Manchester Town Hall]], and she allegedly consented on the condition that the statue be removed. The statue remained, Victoria declined, and the town hall was opened by the Lord Mayor. During the 1980s, the statue was relocated outside [[Wythenshawe Hall]], which had been occupied by Cromwell's troops.<ref>{{cite web |last=Moss |first=John |url=http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/history/history2.html |title=Manchester during the Reformation, Oliver Cromwell & the English Civil Wars |publisher=Manchester2002-uk.com |accessdate=29 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523155732/http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/history/history2.html |archivedate=23 May 2011 }}</ref>

During the 1890s, Parliamentary plans turned controversial to erect a [[Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Westminster|statue of Cromwell outside Parliament]]. Pressure from the [[Nationalist Party (Ireland)|Irish Nationalist Party]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1899/apr/25/statue-of-oliver-cromwell |title=STATUE OF OLIVER CROMWELL |publisher=Hansard.millbanksystems.com |date=25 April 1899 |accessdate=29 July 2011}}</ref> forced the withdrawal of a motion to seek public funding for the project; the statue was eventually erected but it had to be funded privately by [[Lord Rosebery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.icons.org.uk/nom/nominations/cromwell |title=The Cromwell Statue at Westminster – Icons of England |publisher=Icons.org.uk |accessdate=29 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314055436/http://www.icons.org.uk/nom/nominations/cromwell |archivedate=14 March 2009 }}</ref>

Cromwell controversy continued into the 20th century. [[Winston Churchill]] was First Lord of the Admiralty before [[World War I]], and he twice suggested naming a British battleship HMS ''Oliver Cromwell''. The suggestion was vetoed by [[George V of Great Britain|King George V]] because of his personal feelings and because he felt that it was unwise to give such a name to an expensive warship at a time of [[Government of Ireland Act 1914|Irish political unrest]], especially given the anger caused by the statue outside Parliament. Churchill was eventually told by First Sea Lord [[Prince Louis of Battenberg|Admiral Battenberg]] that the King's decision must be treated as final.<ref>[[Kenneth Rose]], ''King George V'', New York: [[Alfred A. Knopf]], 1984, p. 160-61. The King also vetoed the name HMS "Pitt", as sailors might give the ship a nickname based on its rhyming with a "vulgar and ill-conditioned word".</ref> The [[Cromwell Tank]] was a British medium weight tank first used in 1944,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onwar.com/weapons/tanks/firearms/fcromwell1.html|title=Cromwell Mark I|publisher=On war|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref> and a steam locomotive built by [[British Railways]] in 1951 was the [[BR Standard Class 7 70013 Oliver Cromwell]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/2004/oliver.asp |author=National Railway Museum |date=May 2004 |accessdate=13 April 2008 |title=Oliver Cromwell on the move again! |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090118025617/http://www.nrm.org.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/2004/oliver.asp |archivedate=18 January 2009 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>

Other public statues of Cromwell are the [[Statue of Oliver Cromwell, St Ives]] in Cambridgeshire<ref>{{NHLE|num=1161588|desc=Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Market Hill|access-date=5 February 2016|mode=cs2}}</ref> and the [[Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Warrington]] in Cheshire.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1139417|desc=Statue of Oliver Cromwell, Bridge Street|access-date=18 February 2016|mode=cs2}}</ref> An oval plaque at [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]], refers to the end of the travels of [[Oliver Cromwell's head|his head]] and reads:<ref name=Larson2014/><ref name=comerford2009>{{cite web |last=Comerford |first=Patrick |title=Is Cromwell's head buried in Sidney Sussex Chapel? |url=http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2009/07/is-cromwells-head-buried-in-sidney.html |date=6 July 2009 |website=Patrick Comerford: my thoughts on Anglicanism, theology, spirituality, history, architecture, travel, poetry and beach walks |accessdate=16 July 2014}}</ref>

<poem style="margin:0.3em auto; text-align:center;">
Near to
this place was buried
on 25 March 1960 the head of
<big style="margin:0.3em auto; text-align:center;">OLIVER CROMWELL</big>
Lord Protector of the Common-
wealth of England, Scotland &
Ireland, Fellow Commoner
of this College 1616-7</poem>

== Title as Lord Protector and arms ==
* ''His Highness'' By the Grace of God and Republic, Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland (16 December 1653 – 3 September 1658)

=== Arms ===
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Coat of arms of Oliver Cromwell.svg
|image size = 150px
|bannerimage =
|badgeimage =
|notes = Source: ''Klebeband Nr. 2 der Fürstlich Waldeckschen Hofbibliothek Arolsen.''
|year_adopted =
|crest =A demi lion issuant [[argent]], holding in his paws a broken spear proper
|torse =
|helm =
|coronet =
|escutcheon = Quarterly of six: first, sable, a lion rampant argent; second, sable, three spear-heads argent imbrued proper; third, sable, a chevron between three fleurs-de-lis argent; fourth, gules, three [[chevron (insignia)|chevrons]] argent; fifth, argent, a lion rampant sable; sixth, argent, on a chevron sable a mullet of the field.
|compartment =
|motto =
|orders =
|other_elements =
|banner =
|badge =
|symbolism =
|previous_versions =
}}

== In popular culture ==
{{Main|Oliver Cromwell in popular culture}}

{{Clear}}

== See also ==
* ''[[Cromwell's Soldiers' Pocket Bible]]'' – a booklet Cromwell issued to his army in 1643
* [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Robert Walker (painter)|Robert Walker]] – various portraits of Cromwell by the artists Robert Walker, Peter Lely and Samuel Cooper
* [[Cromwell's Panegyrick]], a contemporary satirical ballad
* [[Oliver Cromwell (ship)]] - a corvette launched in 1776 by the [[Connecticut State Navy]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|35em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Adamson |first=John |year=1990 |chapter=Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament |editor-last=Morrill |editor-first=John |title=Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-01675-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Adamson |first=John |year=1987 |title=The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647 |journal=Historical Journal |volume=30 |issue=3 }}
* {{citation |author=BBC staff |date=3 October 2014 |title=BBC Radio 4—This Sceptred Isle—The Execution of Charles I. |chapter-url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/sceptred_isle/page/65.shtml?question=65 |chapter=The Execution of Charles I |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |accessdate=4 November 2007 }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Carlyle |editor-first=Thomas |year=1845 |edition=1904 |url = https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98993729 |title=Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations }} — {{cite web|url= http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Carlyle__Cromwell.pdf |title = All five volumes (1872) }} {{small|(40.2 MB)}};
* {{citation |last=Churchill |first=Winston |year=1956 |title=A History of English Speaking Peoples: |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company |page=314 }}
* {{citation |last=Coward|first=Barry|year=1991 |title=Oliver Cromwell |publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-0582553859 }}
* {{citation |last=Coward |first=Barry |year=2003 |title=The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714 |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-77251-6 }}
* {{citation |last=Durston |first=Christopher |year=1998 |chapter=The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals (CXIII (450)) |title=English Historical Review |chapterurl=http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXIII/450/18.full.pdf+html |pages=18–37 |issn=0013-8266 |doi=10.1093/ehr/CXIII.450.18}} {{subscription}}
* {{citation |last=Gardiner |first=Samuel Rawson |authorlink=Samuel Rawson Gardiner |year=1886 |title= History of the Great Civil War, 1642–1649 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company}}
* {{citation |last=Gardiner |first=Samuel Rawson |year=1901 |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6034779 |title=Oliver Cromwell |isbn=1-4179-4961-9}}
* {{citation |last=Gaunt |first=Peter |year=1996 |title=Oliver Cromwell |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=0-631-18356-6}}
* {{citation |last=Hirst |first=Derek |year=1990 |chapter=The Lord Protector, 1653-8'' |editor-last=Morrill |editor-first=John |title=Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-01675-4}}
* {{citation |last=Jendrysik|first=mark|title=Explaining the English Revolution: Hobbes and His Contemporaries|publisher=Lexington|year=2007|isbn=978-0739121818}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Kenyon |editor-first=John |editor2-last=Ohlmeyer |editor2-first=Jane |year=2000 |url = https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=85742104 |title=The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638–1660 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-280278-X }}
* {{citation |last=Kishlansky |first=Mark |year=1990 |title=Saye What? |journal=Historical Journal |volume=33 |issue=4 }}
* {{citation |last=Lenihan |first=Padraig |year=2000 |title=Confederate Catholics at War |publisher=Cork University Press |isbn=1-85918-244-5 }}
* {{citation |last=Lenihan |first=Padraig |year=2007 |title=Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603-1727 (Longman History of Ireland) |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0582772175 }}
* {{citation |last=Macaulay |first=James |title=Cromwell Anecdotes |year = 1891 |publisher=Hodder |location=London }}
* {{citation |last=McMains |first=H.F. |year=2015 |title=The Death of Oliver Cromwell |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-5910-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YqofBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 75] }}
* {{Citation |last=Masson |first=David |year=1877 |title=The Life of John Milton: 1654-1660 |volume=5 |edition=7 volumes |url = https://archive.org/details/thelifeofjohnmil14380gut |pages= ,354 }}
* {{citation |last=Morrill |first=John |year=1990 |chapter=Cromwell and his contemporaries |editor-last=Morrill |editor-first=John |title=Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-01675-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Morrill |first=John |year=1990 |chapter=The Making of Oliver Cromwell|editor-last=Morrill |editor-first=John |title=Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-01675-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Morrill |first=John |last2=Baker |first2=Phillip |year=2008 |chapter=Oliver Cromwell, the Regicide and the Sons of Zeruiah |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=David Lee |title=Cromwell and the Interregnum: The Essential Readings |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=1405143142 }}
* {{citation |last=Noble |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Noble (biographer) |year=1784 |title=Memoirs of the Protectorate-house of Cromwell: Deduced from an Early Period, and Continued Down to the Present Time,... |volume=2 |publisher=Printed by Pearson and Rollason }}
* {{citation |last=O'Siochru |first=Micheal |year=2008 |title=God's Executioner, Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-571-24121-7 }}
* {{citation |last=Roots |first=Ivan |year=1989 |title=Speeches of Oliver Cromwell |publisher=Everyman classics |isbn=0-460-01254-1 }}
* {{citation |editor-last=Rutt |editor-first=John Towill |year=1828 |title=Cromwell's death and funeral order |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |work=Diary of Thomas Burton esq, April 1657 – February 1658 |volume=2 |pages=516–530 |accessdate=8 November 2011 |url = http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=36889 }}
* {{citation |last=Sharp |first=David |year=2003 |title=Oliver Cromwell |publisher=Heinemann |isbn=978-0-435-32756-9 |page=60 }}
* {{citation |last=Woolrych |first=Austin |year=1982 |title=Commonwealth to Protectorate |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-822659-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Woolrych |first=Austin |year=1990 |chapter=Cromwell as a soldier |editor-last=Morrill |editor-first=John |title=Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-01675-4 }}
* {{citation |last=Woolrych |first=Austin |year=1987 |title=Soldiers and Statesmen: the General Council of the Army and its Debates |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-822752-3 }}
* {{citation |last=Worden |first=Blair |year=1985 |chapter=Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan |editor-last=Beales |editor-first=D. |editor2-last=Best |editor2-first=G. |title=History, Society and the Churches |isbn=0-521-02189-8 }}
* {{citation |last=Worden |first=Blair |year=1977 |title=The Rump Parliament |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-29213-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Worden |first=Blair |year=2000 |title=Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell |journal=Proceedings of the British Academy |volume=105 |pages=131–170 |issn=0068-1202 }}
* {{citation |last=Young |first=Peter |last2=Holmes |first2=Richard |year=2000 |title=The English Civil War |publisher=Wordsworth |isbn=1-84022-222-0 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
===Biographical===
* Adamson, John (1990). "Oliver Cromwell and the Long Parliament", in Morrill, John (ed.), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' Longman, {{ISBN|0-582-01675-4}}
* [[Ashley, Maurice]] (1958). ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3806780 The Greatness of Oliver Cromwell]'' Macmillan. [https://archive.org/details/olivercromwellpu00ashl online]
* [[Ashley, Maurice]] (1969) ''Cromwell'' excerpts from primary and secondary sources [https://archive.org/details/cromwell00ashl online]
* Bennett, Martyn. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (2006), {{ISBN|0-415-31922-6}}
* Boyer, Richard E., ed. ''Oliver Cromwell and the Puritan revolt; failure of a man or a faith?'' (1966) excerpts from primary and secondary sources. [https://archive.org/details/olivercromwellpu00boye online]
* Clifford, Alan (1999). ''Oliver Cromwell: the lessons and legacy of the Protectorate'' Charenton Reformed Publishing, {{ISBN|0-9526716-2-X}}. Religious study.
* Davis, J. C. (2001). ''Oliver Cromwell'' Hodder Arnold, {{ISBN|0-340-73118-4}}
* Firth, C.H. (1900). ''Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=-8Y_AAAAYAAJ online edition] {{ISBN|1-4021-4474-1}}; classic older biography
* [[Antonia Fraser|Fraser, Antonia]] (1973). ''Cromwell, Our Chief of Men,'' and ''Cromwell: the Lord Protector'' Phoenix Press, {{ISBN|0-7538-1331-9}}. Popular narrative. [https://archive.org/details/cromwelllordprot00fras online]
* Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1901). ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6034779 Oliver Cromwell]'', {{ISBN|1-4179-4961-9}}. Classic older biography. [https://archive.org/details/olivercromwell00gard online]
* Gaunt, Peter (1996). ''Oliver Cromwell'' Blackwell, {{ISBN|0-631-18356-6}}. Short biography.
* [[Christopher Hill (historian)|Hill, Christopher]] (1970). ''God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell And The English Revolution'' Dial Press, {{ISBN|0-297-00043-8}}. [https://archive.org/details/godsenglishmanol00hill online]
* Hirst, Derek (1990). "The Lord Protector, 1653-8", in Morrill, John (ed.), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' Longman, {{ISBN|0-582-01675-4}}
* Kerlau, Yann (1989) "Cromwell", Perrin/France
* Mason, James and Angela Leonard (1998). ''Oliver Cromwell'' Longman, {{ISBN|0-582-29734-6}}
* McKeiver, Philip (2007). "A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign", Advance Press, Manchester, {{ISBN|978-0-9554663-0-4}}
* {{ODNB |last=Morrill |first=John |date=May 2008 |origyear=2004 |id=6765 |title=Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658)}}
* Morrill, John (1990). "The Making of Oliver Cromwell", in Morrill, John (ed.), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' Longman, {{ISBN|0-582-01675-4}}.
* Paul, Robert (1958). ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3672431 The Lord Protector: Religion And Politics In The Life Of Oliver Cromwell]''
* Smith, David (ed.) (2003). ''Oliver Cromwell and the Interregnum'' Blackwell, {{ISBN|0-631-22725-3}}
* [[Veronica Wedgwood|Wedgwood, C.V.]] (1939). ''Oliver Cromwell'' Duckworth, {{ISBN|0-7156-0656-5}}
* Worden, Blair (1985). "Oliver Cromwell and the sin of Achan", in Beales, D. and Best, G. (eds.) ''History, Society and the Churches'', {{ISBN|0-521-02189-8}}

===Military studies===
* Durston, Christopher (2000). "'Settling the Hearts and Quieting the Minds of All Good People': the Major-generals and the Puritan Minorities of Interregnum England", in ''History'' 2000 85(278): pp. 247–267, {{ISSN|0018-2648}} . Full text online at Ebsco.
* Durston, Christopher (1998). "The Fall of Cromwell's Major-Generals", in ''English Historical Review'' 1998 113(450): pp. 18–37, {{ISSN|0013-8266}}
* Firth, C.H. (1921). ''Cromwell's Army'' Greenhill Books, {{ISBN|1-85367-120-7}} [https://archive.org/details/cu31924030726537 online]
* Gillingham, J. (1976). ''Portrait of a Soldier: Cromwell'' Weidenfeld & Nicolson, {{ISBN|0-297-77148-5}}
* Kenyon, John & Ohlmeyer, Jane (eds.) (2000). ''The Civil Wars: A Military History of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1638–1660'' Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-280278-X}}
* Kitson, Frank (2004). ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=85742104 Old Ironsides: The Military Biography of Oliver Cromwell]'' Weidenfeld Military, {{ISBN|0-297-84688-4}}
* Marshall, Alan (2004). ''Oliver Cromwell: Soldier: The Military Life of a Revolutionary at War'' Brassey's, {{ISBN|1-85753-343-7}}
* McKeiver, Philip (2007). "A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign", Advance Press, Manchester, {{ISBN|978-0-9554663-0-4}}
* Woolrych, Austin (1990). "The Cromwellian Protectorate: a Military Dictatorship?" in ''History'' 1990 75(244): 207–231, {{doi |10.1111/j.1468-229X.1990.tb01515.x}}. Full text online at Wiley Online Library.
* Woolrych, Austin (1990). "Cromwell as a soldier", in Morrill, John (ed.), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' Longman, {{ISBN|0-582-01675-4}}
* Young, Peter and Holmes, Richard (2000). ''The English Civil War,'' Wordsworth, {{ISBN|1-84022-222-0}}

===Surveys of era===
* Coward, Barry (2002). ''The Cromwellian Protectorate'' Manchester University Press, {{ISBN|0-7190-4317-4}}
* Coward, Barry and Peter Gaunt. (2017). ''The Stuart Age: England, 1603–1714,'' 5th edition, Longman, {{ISBN| 113894954X}}. Survey of political history of the era.
* Davies, Godfrey (1959). ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=774608 The Early Stuarts, 1603–1660]'' Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-821704-8}}. Political, religious, and diplomatic overview of the era.
* Korr, Charles P. (1975). ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98872257 Cromwell and the New Model Foreign Policy: England's Policy toward France, 1649–1658]'' University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-02281-5}}
* Macinnes, Allan (2005). ''The British Revolution, 1629–1660'' Palgrave Macmillan, {{ISBN|0-333-59750-8}}
* Morrill, John (1990). "Cromwell and his contemporaries". In Morrill, John (ed.), ''Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution'' Longman, {{ISBN|0-582-01675-4}}
* Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1967). ''Oliver Cromwell and his Parliaments'', in his ''Religion, the Reformation and Social Change'' Macmillan.
* Venning, Timothy (1995). ''Cromwellian Foreign Policy'' Palgrave Macmillan, {{ISBN|0-333-63388-1}}
* Woolrych, Austin (1982). ''Commonwealth to Protectorate'' Clarendon Press, {{ISBN|0-19-822659-4}}
* Woolrych, Austin (2002). ''Britain in Revolution 1625–1660'' Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-927268-6}}

===Primary sources===
* Abbott, W.C. (ed.) (1937–1947). ''Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell,'' 4 vols. The standard academic reference for Cromwell's own words. [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98993729 Questia.com].
* Carlyle, Thomas (ed.) (1904 edition), ''[https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98993729 Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations]''. {{cite web|url= http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Carlyle__Cromwell.pdf |title=Gasl.org }} {{small|(40.2 MB)}};
* Haykin, Michael A. G. (ed.) (1999). ''To Honour God: The Spirituality of Oliver Cromwell'' Joshua Press, {{ISBN|1-894400-03-8}}. Excerpts from Cromwell's religious writings.
* Morrill, John, et al. (eds.). ''Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell: A New Critical Edition,'' 5 vols. (projected). A new edition of Cromwell's writings, currently in progress. ({{cite web|title=A New Critical Edition of the Writings and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell|url=http://www.cromwell.hist.cam.ac.uk/|accessdate=13 April 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414223411/http://www.cromwell.hist.cam.ac.uk/|archivedate=14 April 2014}})
*{{Cite book|ref=harv |last=Roots |first=Ivan |year=1989 |title=Speeches of Oliver Cromwell |publisher=Everyman classics |isbn=0-460-01254-1}}

===Historiography===
* Davis, J. C. ''Oliver Cromwell'' (2001). 243 pp; a biographical study that covers sources and historiography
* Gaunt, Peter. "The Reputation of Oliver Cromwell in the 19th century", ''Parliamentary History'', Oct 2009, Vol. 28 Issue 3, pp 425–428
* Hardacre, Paul H. "Writings on Oliver Cromwell since 1929", in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed. ''Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939'' (Harvard University Press, 1966), pp 141–59
* Lunger Knoppers, Laura. ''Constructing Cromwell: Ceremony, Portrait and Print, 1645–1661'' (2000), shows how people compared Cromwell to King Ahab, King David, Elijah, Gideon and Moses, as well as Brutus and Julius Caesar.
*Mills, Jane, ed. ''Cromwell's Legacy'' (Manchester University Press, 2012) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=36366 online review by Timothy Cooke]
* Morrill, John. "Rewriting Cromwell: A Case of Deafening Silences". ''Canadian Journal of History'' 2003 38(3): 553–578. {{ISSN|0008-4107}} Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]
* Morrill, John (1990). "Textualizing and Contextualizing Cromwell", in ''Historical Journal'' 1990 33(3): pp. 629–639. {{ISSN|0018-246X}}. Full text online at JSTOR. Examines the Carlyle and Abbott editions.
* Worden, Blair. "Thomas Carlyle and Oliver Cromwell", in ''Proceedings of the British Academy'' (2000) 105: pp. 131–170. {{ISSN|0068-1202}}.
* Worden, Blair. ''Roundhead Reputations: the English Civil Wars and the passions of posterity'' (2001), 387 pp.; {{ISBN|0-14-100694-3}}.

==External links==
{{Sister project links|s=Author:Oliver Cromwell|b=no|v=no|wikt=no}}
*[https://archive.org/details/ThePerfectPoliticianOrAFullViewOfTheLifeAndActionsmilitaryAnd ''The Perfect Politician: Or, a Full View of the Life and Actions (Military and Civil) of O. Cromwell, 1660'']—A digitised copy by John Geraghty
* [http://www.olivercromwell.com/ Well established informational website about Oliver Cromwell]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140414223411/http://www.cromwell.hist.cam.ac.uk/ The Oliver Cromwell Project at the University of Cambridge]
* [http://www.malc.eu/history/Cromwell-Oliver-England.biog.html Oliver Cromwell World History Database]
* [http://www.icl-fi.org/english/wv/918/cromwell.html Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution—In Honor of Christopher Hill 1912–2003]
* [http://www.olivercromwell.org/ The Cromwell Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050311071218/http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/leisure/museums/cromwell/ The Cromwell Museum in Huntingdon]
* [http://www.badley.info/history/Cromwell-Oliver-England.biog.html Chronology of Oliver Cromwell World History Database]
* [http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/oliver-cromwell.htm Biography at the British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website]
* [http://www.olivercromwell.net/london-gazette-1648.html London Gazette report on the trial and execution of Charles I]
* [http://www.olivercromwell.net/london-gazette-1658.html London Gazette report on the death of Oliver Cromwell]
* {{librivox author|Oliver+Cromwell}}
* {{UK National Archives ID}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Oliver Cromwell}}
* Vallely, Paul. [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-big-question-was-cromwell-a-revolutionary-hero-or-a-genocidal-war-criminal-917996.html The Big Question: Was Cromwell a revolutionary hero or a genocidal war criminal?], [[The Independent]] 4 September 2008.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071128180651/http://grad.usask.ca/gateway/art_Hampton_spr_03.pdf The Cromwellian Catastrophe in Ireland: an Historiographical Analysis (an overview of writings/writers on the subject by Jameel Hampton pub. Gateway An Academic Journal on the Web: Spring 2003 PDF)]
* [http://blogs.loc.gov/law/2011/12/an-interview-with-yasmeen-khan-senior-rare-book-conservator-at-the-library-of-congress/ An Interview with a conservator from the Library of Congress who conserved a document that bears the signature of Oliver Cromwell]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065593/ Cromwell (1970)] at [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]]

{{-}}
{{S-start}}
{{s-par|en}}
|-
{{s-bef|before = [[Arthur Mainwaring]]|before2 = John Goldsborough}}
{{s-ttl|title = Member of Parliament for [[Huntingdon (UK Parliament constituency)|Huntingdon]]|years = 1628–1629|with = James Montagu}}
{{s-vac|reason= Parliament suspended until 1640|next=[[Sir Robert Bernard, 1st Baronet|Robert Bernard]]|next2=[[William Montagu (judge)|William Montagu]]}}
|-
{{s-vac|reason= Parliament suspended since 1629|last=Thomas Purchase}}
{{s-ttl|title = Member of Parliament for [[Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge]]|years = 1640–1653|with = [[Thomas Meautys]] 1640|with2 = [[John Lowry (Parliamentarian)|John Lowry]] 1640–1653}}
{{s-vac|reason = Not represented in Barebones Parliament|next=Richard Timbs}}
|-
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Thomas Fairfax]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[Commander-in-Chief of the Forces|Captain General and Commander-in-Chief of the Forces]] |years=1650–1653}}
{{s-vac|reason=Cromwell elected [[Lord Protector]]|next= [[George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle|George Monck]]}}
{{S-off}}
|-
{{s-non|reason= [[English Council of State|Council of State]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland]]|years = 16 December 1653 – 3 September 1658}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Richard Cromwell]]}}
{{S-aca}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke|Earl of Pembroke]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[List of Chancellors of the University of Oxford|Chancellor of the University of Oxford]]|years = 1650–1653}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Richard Cromwell]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{English monarchs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cromwell, Oliver}}
[[Category:Oliver Cromwell| ]]
[[Category:1599 births]]
[[Category:1658 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century English people]]
[[Category:17th-century English Puritans]]
[[Category:Alumni of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Anti-Catholicism in Ireland]]
[[Category:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Chancellors of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Cromwellian Ireland]]
[[Category:Deaths from malaria]]
[[Category:English Congregationalists]]
[[Category:English farmers]]
[[Category:English generals]]
[[Category:English revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Heads of state of England]]
[[Category:English people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]
[[Category:17th-century English MPs]]
[[Category:People from Huntingdon]]
[[Category:Regicides of Charles I]]
[[Category:People convicted under a bill of attainder]]
[[Category:Persecution of Catholics]]
[[Category:Roundheads]]
[[Category:Cromwell family]]
[[Category:People from Ely, Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:English MPs 1628–1629]]
[[Category:English MPs 1640 (April)]]
[[Category:English MPs 1640–1648]]
[[Category:English MPs 1648–1653]]
[[Category:English MPs 1653 (Barebones)]]
[[Category:Critics of the Catholic Church]]
[[Category:Lords Protector of England]]
[[Category:Lords Lieutenant of Ireland]]

The Hessen Affair

2019-05-22T18:23:09Z

141.138.51.145: /* Cast */

{{Infobox film
| name = The Hessen Affair
| image = The Hessen Affair poster.jpg
| image size =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| border =
| alt =
| director = Paul Breuls
| producer = Paul Breuls, Catherine Vandeleene
| screenplay = [[Nicholas Meyer]], Ronald Roose
| based on =
| starring = [[Billy Zane]] [[Lyne Renee]] [[Michael Bowen (actor)|Michael Bowen]] [[Noah Segan]]
| music = [[Stephen Warbeck]]
| cinematography = Kees Van Oostrum
| editing =
| studio = Corsan
| distributor = [[Anchor Bay Entertainment]], Cinematic Vision, Eagle Films
| released = {{Film date|2009|1|14|Belgium}}
| runtime = 113 min
| country = Belgium
| language = English
| budget = $20,000,000
| gross =
}}

'''''The Hessen Affair''''' is a 2009 Belgian thriller movie directed by Paul Breuls and starring [[Billy Zane]], [[Lyne Renee]], [[Noah Segan]], and [[Michael Bowen (actor)|Michael Bowen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/451747/The-Hessen-Affair/overview|title=The Hessen Affair (2009)|publisher=[[nytimes.com]]|accessdate=2015-01-29|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129203204/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/451747/The-Hessen-Affair/overview|archivedate=2015-01-29|df=}} </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/46553/hessen-conspiracy/|title=The Hessen Affair|publisher=[[dvdtalk.com]]|accessdate=2015-01-29}}</ref> The movie was released on DVD as ''The Hessen Conspiracy''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Hessen-Conspiracy-Billy-Zane/dp/B00465I18I|title=Hessen Conspiracy |publisher=[[amazon.com]]|accessdate=2015-01-29}}</ref>

==Plot==
Immediately after [[World War II]], two American officers (played by Bill Zane and Lyne Renee) are stationed in [[Frankfurt, Germany]], killing time in the fancy Kronberg castle. They discover there a cache of priceless jewels, formerly owned by the royal family. But when the two lovers try to smuggle the treasure back in the US and sell it, their plans become quickly complicated by military investigators and violent criminals. Now, if they are able to remain faithful to each other, they may become incredibly rich.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buffalogalpictures.com/film/the_hessen_affair/|title=The Hessen Affair|publisher=buffalogalpictures.com|accessdate=2015-01-29}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Billy Zane]] as Jack Durant
* [[Lyne Renée]] as Lt. Kathleen Nash
* [[Michael Bowen (actor)|Michael Bowen]] as Ben Cassidy
* [[Noah Segan]] as Lt. David Pallard
* Rudolph Segers as Sgt. Roy Tarlton

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt1153106|The Hessen Affair}}
*{{Rottentomatoes|the-hessen-affair|The Hessen Affair}}
*{{allmovie|528617}}
{{Nicholas Meyer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hessen Affair}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2000s thriller films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Screenplays by Nicholas Meyer]]
[[Category:Films scored by Stephen Warbeck]]
[[Category:Treasure hunt films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1945]]

{{2000s-thriller-film-stub}}

Julie Ann Emery

2019-05-22T18:16:29Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =Julie Ann Emery by Gage Skidmore.jpg
| caption = Emery at the 2017 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1975|1|16}}
| birth_place = [[Crossville, Tennessee]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = [[Kevin Earley]]
}}

'''Julie Ann Emery''' (born {{birth date|1975|1|16}}) is an American actress.

==Early life==
Emery was born and raised in [[Crossville, Tennessee]], the daughter of computer analyst Janice (née Fields) and dairy farmer Gary Emery.<ref>http://www.filmreference.com/film/20/Julie-Ann-Emery.html</ref> She graduated from Cumberland County High School in 1990 in Crossville then studied acting at the Webster Conservatory at [[Webster University]] in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]].<ref>http://www.crossville-chronicle.com/news/lifestyles/emery-comes-home-for-christmas/article_4b99b82e-816d-11e4-ba21-3bc1d9908e4b.html</ref>

==Career==
Emery began her career at the age of 16 and has appeared in several stage productions, such as ''[[A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum]]'' and ''[[Bye Bye Birdie (musical)|Bye Bye Birdie]]''. She has appeared in films and television series such as ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', ''[[CSI: Miami]]'', ''[[Taken (TV miniseries)|Taken]]'', ''[[Commander in Chief (TV series)|Commander in Chief]]'', ''[[Line of Fire (2003 TV series)|Line of Fire]]'', ''[[Hitch (film)|Hitch]]'', and ''[[Fargo (TV series)|Fargo]]''. She played recurring character Betsy Kettleman in the first season of ''[[Breaking Bad (TV series)|Breaking Bad]]'' spinoff ''[[Better Call Saul]]''.

In 2017, Emery joined the main cast for the second season of the television series ''[[Preacher (TV series)|Preacher]]'', in the role of [[List of Preacher characters#Hoover and Featherstone|Lara Featherstone]].

==Personal life==
Emery is married to actor [[Kevin Earley]]; they met while attending Webster Conservatory. They live in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].

According to an interview with [[Maximum Fun]] podcast ''[[Can I Pet Your Dog?]]'', Emery had a dog named "Baxter".<ref name="Ep. 4: Mutt Minute and Julie Ann Emery">{{cite web|first=Travis|last=McElroy|url=http://www.maximumfun.org/can-i-pet-your-dog/ep-4-mutt-minute-and-julie-ann-emery|title=Ep. 4: Mutt Minute and Julie Ann Emery|publisher=[[Maximum Fun]]|date=18 August 2015|accessdate=2015-10-21}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Hitch (film)|Hitch]]'' || Casey Sedgewick ||
|-
| 2006 || ''Gillery's Little Secret'' || Abbie || Short film
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Pictures of Hollis Woods]]'' || Izzy Regan || Television film
|-
| 2008 || ''The Rainbow Tribe'' || Lauren ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[House (2008 film)|House]]'' || Leslie ||
|-
| 2012 || ''The History of Future Folk'' || Holly ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Movie 43]]'' || Claire || Segment: "Homeschooled"
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Gifted (2017 film)|Gifted]]'' || Pat Golding ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[I Hate Kids]]'' || Joanna ||
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Taken (TV miniseries)|Taken]]'' || Amelia Keys || Miniseries
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Ghost Whisperer]]'' || Dr. Penn Gorgan || Episode: "Cat's Claw"
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]'' || Janine O'Connell || Episode: "Aliens in a Spaceship"
|-
| 2007 || ''[[October Road (TV series)|October Road]]'' || Christine Cataldo || Episode: "Once Around the Block"
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Army Wives]]'' || Sarah Belgrad || Episode: "Independence Day"
|-
| 2007 || ''[[The Riches]]'' || GiGi || Episode: "It's a Wonderful Lie"
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Dexter (TV series)|Dexter]]'' || Fiona Camp || Season 3 - Episode 4: "All in the family"
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Cupid (2009 TV series)|Cupid]]'' || Riley || Episode: "Live and Let Spy"
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles]]'' || Nurse Hobson || Episode: "Some Must Watch While Some Must Sleep"
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Suits (U.S. TV series)|Suits]]'' || Vanessa || 2 episodes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Damages (TV Series)|Damages]]'' || Tara Conway || 2 episodes
|-
| 2014 || ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' || Erin Pace || Episode: "Kill Chain"
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Unforgettable (2011 TV series)|Unforgettable]]'' || Shelby Delson || Episode: "Throwing Shade"
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Fargo (TV series)|Fargo]]'' || Ida Thurman || 4 episodes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Better Call Saul]]'' || Betsy Kettleman || 4 episodes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Masters of Sex]]'' || Jo || 2 episodes
|-
| 2015 || ''[[The Following]]'' || Nancy || 1 episode
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Major Crimes (TV series)|Major Crimes]]'' || Det. Stephanie Dunn || 5 episodes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[NCIS: New Orleans]]'' || Karen Hardy || Episode "Means to and end"
|-
| 2017–2018 || ''[[Preacher (TV series)|Preacher]]'' || Lara Featherstone || Recurring
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Catch-22 (miniseries)|Catch-22]]'' || Marion Scheisskopf || Recurring
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1024264|Julie Ann Emery}}
* [http://julieannemery.com/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Emery, Julie Ann}}
[[Category:American stage actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Crossville, Tennessee]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tennessee]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Webster University alumni]]
[[Category:1975 births]]

Granollers

2019-05-22T15:22:50Z

141.138.51.145:

{{for|the tennis players|Marcel Granollers|Gerard Granollers}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Granollers
| native_name =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Catalonia|Municipality]]
| image_skyline =Ajuntament_Granollers_2.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Granollers Town Hall
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Escut de Granollers.svg
| shield_size =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| pushpin_map = Catalonia#Spain
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Catalonia
| coordinates = {{coord|41.608|2.288|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous communities of Spain|Community]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Catalonia}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barcelona (province)|Barcelona]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Comarques of Catalonia|Comarca]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vallès Oriental]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| leader_party = [[Socialists' Party of Catalonia|(PSC)]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Josep Mayoral Antigas (2015)<ref name=municat>{{cite web|url=http://aplicacions.municat.gencat.cat/index.php?page=consulta&mostraEns=0809610007|title=Ajuntament de Granollers|publisher=[[Generalitat of Catalonia]]|accessdate=2015-11-13}}</ref>
| area_footnotes = <ref name=idescat>{{cite web|url=http://www.idescat.cat/emex/?lang=en&id=080961|title=El municipi en xifres: Granollers|publisher=[[Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya|Statistical Institute of Catalonia]]|accessdate=2015-11-23}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 14.9
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 145
| population_as_of = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
| population_total = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonyms = ''Granollerí, granollerina Granollerins, granollerines''
| population_note =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 08401-08403
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]
| website = {{URL|granollers.cat}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Granollers''' ({{IPA-ca|ɡɾənuˈʎes}}) is a city in central [[Catalonia]], about 30 kilometers northeast of [[Barcelona]]. It is the capital and most densely populated city of the [[comarca]] of [[Vallès Oriental]].

Granollers is now a bustling business centre, having grown from a town dominated by Catalonia's textile industry that was so prominent during the 19th Century. However, in the southern portion of the municipality, the [[Palou]] area retains the agricultural characteristics of the past.<ref name="Rogers">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thetravelpocketguide.com/2017/07/places/granollers-catalonia/|title=Granollers - The Catalan Life|last=Rogers|first=Joseph|date=7 July 2017|website=The Travel Pocket Guide|access-date=}}</ref>

Granollers forms a conurbation with [[Canovelles]], [[Les Franqueses del Vallès]] and the neighbourhood of La Torreta in [[La Roca del Vallès]]. The city is crossed by the [[Congost River|Congost river]], a tributary of the [[Besòs (river)|Besòs river]]. It is considered to be situated in the second crown of [[Barcelona]] metropolitan area. It is around 25 km north-east of the centre of Barcelona.

==Notable landmarks==
[[La Porxada]], a [[Renaissance]] building which served as a grain storehouse, is an emblematic building. On Corró street, there is the ancient hospital of Sant Domènec, now the Francesc Tarafa theatre, a good example of restored [[Gothic architecture]]. The church of Sant Esteve in the city centre, also contains Gothic elements from the 15th Century along with an octagonal tower.<ref name="Rogers"/>

==Notable natives and residents==
* King [[Peter V of Aragon]] died in Granollers
* [[Gerard López]], football player for Barcelona and Spain, born in Granollers
* [[Jordi López]], footballer, born in Granollers
* [[Marc Valiente]], footballer, born in Granollers
* [[Aleix Espargaró]], motorcycle racer, born in Granollers
* [[Pol Espargaró]], motorcycle racer, born in Granollers
* [[Abraham Minero]], footballer
* [[Jordi Benito]], artist, born in Granollers

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). ''Guia de Catalunya'', Barcelona:Caixa de Catalunya. {{ISBN|84-87135-01-3}} (Spanish). {{ISBN|84-87135-02-1}} (Catalan).

== External links ==
* [http://www.granollers.cat Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080214141528/http://www.guia-granollers.com/ Official guide]
* [http://aplicacions.municat.gencat.cat/index.php?page=consulta&mostraEns=0809610007 Government data pages] {{ca icon}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Granollers
|N = [[Canovelles]]
|NE = [[Les Franqueses del Vallès]]
|E = [[La Roca del Vallès]]
|SE = [[Vilanova del Vallès]]
|S = [[Montornès del Vallès]]
|SW = [[Parets del Vallès]] [[Montmeló]]
|W = [[Lliçà de Vall]]
|NW = [[Lliçà d'Amunt]]
}}
{{Valles Oriental}}
{{Municipalities in Barcelona}}

[[Category:Granollers|*]]

Jordi Turull

2019-05-22T15:13:35Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable#Catalonia|The Honourable]]
| honorific-suffix = [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|MP]]
| image = Jordi Turull retrat oficial govern 2017.jpg
| office2 = MP of [[Parliament of Catalonia]] for the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]]
| term_start2 = 2 April 2004
| term_end2 = 10 July 2018 {{small|(suspended)}}
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| prior_term2 =

| office = [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Counselor and Spokesperson of the Presidency]]
| term_start = 14 July 2017
| term_end = 28 October 2017
| predecessor = [[Neus Munté]]
| successor = [[Elsa Artadi]] {{small|([[2017-18 Spanish constitutional crisis#Independence declaration and direct rule|Direct rule]] until 2 June 2018)}}
| prior_term =
|birth_name = Jordi Turull i Negre
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|09|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Parets del Vallès]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| party = [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]]
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]]
| occupation = politician
| profession =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
|signature =
}}'''Jordi Turull i Negre''' (born 6 September 1966) is a [[Spaniards|Spanish]] politician from [[Catalonia]]. He is a member of the [[Catalan European Democratic Party]] (PDeCAT). Since March 2018 he has been in pre-trial custody by order of the [[Supreme Court of Spain]] and accused of sedition and rebellion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/23/jordi-turull-latest-candidate-catalan-presidency-appear-court-spain|title=Spanish court remands Catalan presidential candidate in custody|last=Jones|first=Sam|date=2018-03-23|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> On July 10, 2018 a Supreme Court judge suspended him as a deputy in the Catalan parliament.<ref>[https://elpais.com/politica/2018/07/10/actualidad/1531222075_746937.html Llarena cierra el sumario del ‘procés’ y suspende como diputados a Puigdemont y Junqueras] Published by El País, July 10, 2018, retrieved July 10, 2018</ref>

== Life and career ==
Turull was born in [[Parets del Vallès]], [[Spain]]. With a degree in law, he joined the Nationalist Youth of Catalonia in 1983 and [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia|Convergència Democràtica]] (CDC) in 1987. He was a councilor in the City Council of [[Parets del Vallès]] in 1987–2003, and headed the [[Convergence and Union|Convergència i Unió]] (CiU) list in the municipal elections of 1991, 1995 and 1999. He was a member of the [[Province of Barcelona|Diputació de Barcelona]] in 1991–1996 and general director of the Catalan Institute of Volunteering between 1996–2000. He was the Regional President of CDC del Vallès Oriental in 2000–2004 and president of the CDC regional federation of Barcelona. He has also been an associate professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona.

Deputy in the [[Parliament of Catalonia|Catalan Parliament]] since 2004, in 2010 he became spokesperson for the Convergència i Unió group in the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] and in March 2013 he was appointed as group president. He presided the research commission on the Fiscal Pact of the Parliament of Catalonia.

After the 2015 elections to the Parliament of Catalonia, he was elected president of the [[Junts pel Sí]] coalition. He held the position until July 14, 2017, when President [[Carles Puigdemont]] chose him as Councilor for Presidency and Government spokesman.

== Imprisonment ==
{{main|Trial of Catalonia independence leaders}}
On October 27, 2017 after the Parliament of Catalonia proclaimed the [[Catalan Republic (2017)|Catalan Republic]], the [[Senate of Spain|Spanish Senate]] approved the measures proposed by the Spanish executive pursuant to Article 155 of the [[Spanish constitution of 1978|Spanish Constitution of 1978]], including the dismissal of the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia and the entire executive, including Jordi Turull.

On November 2, 2017, eight members of the Catalan Government, including Jordi Turull, [[Oriol Junqueras]], [[Josep Rull]], [[Meritxell Borràs]], [[Carles Mundó]], [[Raül Romeva]], [[Dolors Bassa]], [[Joaquim Forn]] and ex-minister [[Santi Vila]], gave testimony before the Spanish [[Audiencia Nacional (Spain)|Audiencia Nacional]] general court. The prosecutor, Miguel Ángel Carballo, requested unconditional jail for all members of the Catalan Government, including Jordi Turull, which was subsequently decreed by the magistrate, Carmen Lamela. On December 4, Turull was released on bail after his case passed to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/politica/consellers-govern-puigdemont-declaracio-audiencia-nacional_0_1898810179.html|title=La jutge envia a presó mig Govern i veu el Procés com un pla delictiu|work=Ara.cat|access-date=2018-03-25|language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/consellers-llibertat-estremera_218424_102.html|title=Rull, Turull, Romeva i Mundó surten de la presó d'Estremera|website=ElNacional.cat|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>

On December 21, Turull was re-elected to the Parliament with the list of [[Junts per Catalunya]] in new elections. After the failed attempts to propose Carles Puigdemont or [[Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol|Jordi Sànchez]] for the presidency, on March 21, 2018, Turull was proposed for president. The investiture took place on March 22, 2018, and the parliamentarians rejected Turull's candidacy for president of the Generalitat with 65 votes against, 64 in favor and 4 abstentions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ccma.cat/324/torrent-proposa-turull-per-a-la-investidura/noticia/2845875/|title=Torrent convoca el ple d'investidura de Turull per a les cinc de la tarda|last=324cat|work=http://www.ccma.cat|access-date=2018-03-25|language=ca-ES}}</ref>

One day later, on March 23, 2018, the magistrate of the Spanish High Court, [[Supreme Court of Spain|Tribunal Supremo]], [[Pablo Llarena]] sent him back to prison, together with the former president of Parliament [[Carme Forcadell]] and the ministers Raül Romeva, Josep Rull and Dolors Bassa. Llarena argued for unconditional provisional bail after considering that was a risk of flight and reiteration of the crimes for which they were prosecuted.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2018/03/23/5ab4f543468aebe24f8b4591.html|title=El juez Llarena manda a prisión a Turull, Forcadell, Bassa, Rull y Romeva por riesgo de fuga|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-03-25|language=es}}</ref> In July 2018, he was transferred to a prison in Catalonia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180704/45643953276/junqueras-romeva-sanchez-cuixart-prision-lledoners.html|title=Seis de los presos catalanes ingresan en las cárceles de Lledoners y Puig de les Basses|work=La Vanguardia|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> Between December 1 and 21 2018, Turull and Jordi Sànchez started a [[hunger strike]] in order to 'raise awareness' of unfair treatment by Spain and to denounce that Spanish courts are refusing to process numerous appeals in relation to their cases.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia/jailed-catalan-separatist-leaders-start-hunger-strike-idUSKCN1O039L|title=Jailed Catalan separatist leaders start hunger strike|last=|first=|date=December 1, 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/jailed-catalan-separatist-leaders-hunger-strike-181201134754967.html|title=Two jailed Catalan separatist leaders begin hunger strike|last=|first=|date=December 1, 2018|work=Al-Jazeera|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref>

On February 1st, 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial will start on February the 12th.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=2019-02-01|work=El País|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

==References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turull, Jordi}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Members of the 11th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 10th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 9th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 8th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 12th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 13th Congress of Deputies (Spain)]]

Jordi Turull

2019-05-22T15:12:20Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable#Catalonia|The Honourable]]
| honorific-suffix = [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|MP]]
| image = Jordi Turull retrat oficial govern 2017.jpg
| office2 = MP of [[Parliament of Catalonia]] for the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]]
| term_start2 = 2 April 2004
| term_end2 = 10 July 2018 {{small|(suspended)}}
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| prior_term2 =

| office = [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Counselor and Spokesperson of the Presidency]]
| term_start = 14 July 2017
| term_end = 28 October 2017
| predecessor = [[Neus Munté]]
| successor = [[Elsa Artadi]] {{small|([[2017-18 Spanish constitutional crisis#Independence declaration and direct rule|Direct rule]] until 2 June 2018)}}
| prior_term =
|birth_name = Jordi Turull i Negre
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|09|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Parets del Vallès|Parets]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| party = [[Catalan European Democratic Party|PDeCAT]]
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]]
| occupation = politician
| profession =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
|signature =
}}'''Jordi Turull i Negre''' (born 6 September 1966) is a [[Spaniards|Spanish]] politician from [[Catalonia]]. He is a member of the [[Catalan European Democratic Party]] (PDeCAT). Since March 2018 he has been in pre-trial custody by order of the [[Supreme Court of Spain]] and accused of sedition and rebellion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/23/jordi-turull-latest-candidate-catalan-presidency-appear-court-spain|title=Spanish court remands Catalan presidential candidate in custody|last=Jones|first=Sam|date=2018-03-23|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> On July 10, 2018 a Supreme Court judge suspended him as a deputy in the Catalan parliament.<ref>[https://elpais.com/politica/2018/07/10/actualidad/1531222075_746937.html Llarena cierra el sumario del ‘procés’ y suspende como diputados a Puigdemont y Junqueras] Published by El País, July 10, 2018, retrieved July 10, 2018</ref>

== Life and career ==
Turull was born in [[Parets del Vallès]], [[Spain]]. With a degree in law, he joined the Nationalist Youth of Catalonia in 1983 and [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia|Convergència Democràtica]] (CDC) in 1987. He was a councilor in the City Council of [[Parets del Vallès]] in 1987–2003, and headed the [[Convergence and Union|Convergència i Unió]] (CiU) list in the municipal elections of 1991, 1995 and 1999. He was a member of the [[Province of Barcelona|Diputació de Barcelona]] in 1991–1996 and general director of the Catalan Institute of Volunteering between 1996–2000. He was the Regional President of CDC del Vallès Oriental in 2000–2004 and president of the CDC regional federation of Barcelona. He has also been an associate professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona.

Deputy in the [[Parliament of Catalonia|Catalan Parliament]] since 2004, in 2010 he became spokesperson for the Convergència i Unió group in the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] and in March 2013 he was appointed as group president. He presided the research commission on the Fiscal Pact of the Parliament of Catalonia.

After the 2015 elections to the Parliament of Catalonia, he was elected president of the [[Junts pel Sí]] coalition. He held the position until July 14, 2017, when President [[Carles Puigdemont]] chose him as Councilor for Presidency and Government spokesman.

== Imprisonment ==
{{main|Trial of Catalonia independence leaders}}
On October 27, 2017 after the Parliament of Catalonia proclaimed the [[Catalan Republic (2017)|Catalan Republic]], the [[Senate of Spain|Spanish Senate]] approved the measures proposed by the Spanish executive pursuant to Article 155 of the [[Spanish constitution of 1978|Spanish Constitution of 1978]], including the dismissal of the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia and the entire executive, including Jordi Turull.

On November 2, 2017, eight members of the Catalan Government, including Jordi Turull, [[Oriol Junqueras]], [[Josep Rull]], [[Meritxell Borràs]], [[Carles Mundó]], [[Raül Romeva]], [[Dolors Bassa]], [[Joaquim Forn]] and ex-minister [[Santi Vila]], gave testimony before the Spanish [[Audiencia Nacional (Spain)|Audiencia Nacional]] general court. The prosecutor, Miguel Ángel Carballo, requested unconditional jail for all members of the Catalan Government, including Jordi Turull, which was subsequently decreed by the magistrate, Carmen Lamela. On December 4, Turull was released on bail after his case passed to the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/politica/consellers-govern-puigdemont-declaracio-audiencia-nacional_0_1898810179.html|title=La jutge envia a presó mig Govern i veu el Procés com un pla delictiu|work=Ara.cat|access-date=2018-03-25|language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/consellers-llibertat-estremera_218424_102.html|title=Rull, Turull, Romeva i Mundó surten de la presó d'Estremera|website=ElNacional.cat|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>

On December 21, Turull was re-elected to the Parliament with the list of [[Junts per Catalunya]] in new elections. After the failed attempts to propose Carles Puigdemont or [[Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol|Jordi Sànchez]] for the presidency, on March 21, 2018, Turull was proposed for president. The investiture took place on March 22, 2018, and the parliamentarians rejected Turull's candidacy for president of the Generalitat with 65 votes against, 64 in favor and 4 abstentions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ccma.cat/324/torrent-proposa-turull-per-a-la-investidura/noticia/2845875/|title=Torrent convoca el ple d'investidura de Turull per a les cinc de la tarda|last=324cat|work=http://www.ccma.cat|access-date=2018-03-25|language=ca-ES}}</ref>

One day later, on March 23, 2018, the magistrate of the Spanish High Court, [[Supreme Court of Spain|Tribunal Supremo]], [[Pablo Llarena]] sent him back to prison, together with the former president of Parliament [[Carme Forcadell]] and the ministers Raül Romeva, Josep Rull and Dolors Bassa. Llarena argued for unconditional provisional bail after considering that was a risk of flight and reiteration of the crimes for which they were prosecuted.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2018/03/23/5ab4f543468aebe24f8b4591.html|title=El juez Llarena manda a prisión a Turull, Forcadell, Bassa, Rull y Romeva por riesgo de fuga|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-03-25|language=es}}</ref> In July 2018, he was transferred to a prison in Catalonia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180704/45643953276/junqueras-romeva-sanchez-cuixart-prision-lledoners.html|title=Seis de los presos catalanes ingresan en las cárceles de Lledoners y Puig de les Basses|work=La Vanguardia|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> Between December 1 and 21 2018, Turull and Jordi Sànchez started a [[hunger strike]] in order to 'raise awareness' of unfair treatment by Spain and to denounce that Spanish courts are refusing to process numerous appeals in relation to their cases.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia/jailed-catalan-separatist-leaders-start-hunger-strike-idUSKCN1O039L|title=Jailed Catalan separatist leaders start hunger strike|last=|first=|date=December 1, 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/jailed-catalan-separatist-leaders-hunger-strike-181201134754967.html|title=Two jailed Catalan separatist leaders begin hunger strike|last=|first=|date=December 1, 2018|work=Al-Jazeera|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref>

On February 1st, 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial will start on February the 12th.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=2019-02-01|work=El País|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

==References ==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turull, Jordi}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Members of the 11th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 10th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 9th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 8th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 12th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 13th Congress of Deputies (Spain)]]

Jordi Sànchez (politician)

2019-05-22T15:11:39Z

141.138.51.145:

{{short description|Catalan political activist}}
{{catalan name|Sànchez|Picanyol}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-suffix = [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|MP]]
| image = Jordi Sánchez (cropped).jpg
| caption = Jordi Sànchez in 2017
| office2 = Member of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] for the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]]
| term_start2 = 17 January 2018
| term_end2 = 10 July 2018 {{small|(suspended)}}
| office = President of the [[Catalan National Assembly]]
| term_start = 2015
| term_end = 2017
| predecessor = [[Carme Forcadell]]
| successor = Elisenda Paluzie
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|10|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
|nationality = [[Spaniards|Spanish]]
| occupation = Political activist
| known_for = President of the [[Catalan National Assembly]]
| alma_mater = [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]]
}}

'''Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol''' (born 1 October 1964) is a Spanish political activist from [[Catalonia]], who was president of the [[Catalan National Assembly]] (ANC) between May 2015 and November 2017.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/politica/Jordi-Sanchez-Barcelona-Junts-Catalunya_0_1907209381.html|title=Sànchez deixa l’ANC per ser el 2 de Puigdemont|last=Moldes|first=Aleix|date=16 November 2017|work=Diari Ara|access-date=13 November 2018|language=ca}}</ref>

He was imprisoned in October 2017, accused of sedition in connection with the [[Catalan independence referendum, 2017|Catalan independence referendum]].<ref name="ElPais18102017">{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/18/inenglish/1508325235_772160.html|title=The "Jordis" are not political prisoners – here’s why|work=El País|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref> In March 2018, following the [[Catalan regional election, 2017|Catalan regional election in December]], he was proposed as candidate for president by the leading pro-independence [[Junts per Catalunya]] party, led by the former president [[Carles Puigdemont]], who was in Belgium.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/02/590196687/from-exile-puigdemont-abandons-pursuit-of-catalonian-presidency|title=From Exile, Puigdemont Abandons Pursuit Of Catalonian Presidency|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-03-02|language=en}}</ref> On July 10, 2018 a Supreme Court judge suspended him as a deputy in the Catalan parliament.<ref>[https://elpais.com/politica/2018/07/10/actualidad/1531222075_746937.html Llarena cierra el sumario del ‘procés’ y suspende como diputados a Puigdemont y Junqueras] Published by El País, July 10, 2018, retrieved July 10, 2018</ref>

During December 2018 he went on a [[hunger strike]] in protest against his imprisonment and treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/jailed-catalan-leaders-end-hunger-strike,%20http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/jailed-catalan-leaders-end-hunger-strike|title=Jailed Catalan leaders end hunger strike|last=Bathgate|first=Rachel|website=www.catalannews.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>

== Background ==
In 1991, he received a degree in [[Political Science]] from the [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]]. A part-time instructor at the University of Barcelona, he has also taught at other universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sindic.cat/ca/page.asp?id=53&ui=2697|title=Jordi Sànchez i Maria Jesús Larios, nous adjunts al Síndic|website=Síndic de Greuges|publisher=Catalonia's Ombudsman|language=Catalan|accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://catalanassembly.org/anc-press-release-22-june/|title=ANC Press Release (22 June)|last=|first=|date=22 June 2015|website=Assemblea Nacional Catalana|publisher=|accessdate=July 19, 2015}}{{dead link|date=November 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

He was the leader and spokesperson, with [[Àngel Colom]], of the ''[[Crida a la Solidaritat]]'' (''Call for Solidarity'')<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Maiol|first1=Roger|title=Jordi Sànchez, nuevo presidente de la ANC|url=http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2015/05/16/catalunya/1431776228_237452.html|accessdate=19 July 2015|publisher=[[El País]]|location=Barcelona|language=Spanish}}</ref> from 1983 until its dissolution in June 1993. Linked for many years to [[Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds]], between 1996 and 2004 he was a board member of the [[Catalan Corporation for Public Broadcasting]]. In 1996 he was named assistant director of the [[Jaume Bofill Foundation]], and then its director in 2001. He left the foundation in 2010 to take on a position as aide to the [[Ombudsman]] of Catalonia, [[Rafael Ribó]], ex-leader of the ICV eco-socialists.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.ccma.cat/324/qui-es-jordi-sanchez-nou-president-de-lanc/noticia/2665426/|title = Qui és Jordi Sànchez, nou president de l'ANC|last = |first = |date = 16 May 2015|work = 324.cat|access-date = 19 July 2015|via = |publisher = 325.cat}}</ref>

In addition to contributing periodically as an analyst of social and political issues in various media, between 2004 and 2006 he coordinated the creation of one of the five areas of the ''Pacte Nacional per l'Educació'' (''National Education Accord''), specifically the one that laid out the foundations for a public education system. In 2008, he was the coordinator of one of the four areas of the ''Pacte Nacional per a la Immigració'' (''National Immigration Accord''), in particular the part that addressed the need to adapt social services.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2015/05/16/555738aee2704e197b8b4573.html|title = Jordi Sánchez releva a Carme Forcadell al frente de la ANC|last = |first = |date = 16 May 2015|work = |access-date = 19 July 2015|via = |publisher = Agencia EFE}}</ref>

== Catalan National Assembly ==
On 16 May 2015, Jordi Sànchez took over the presidency of the ANC from [[Carme Forcadell]], after having been elected by a broad majority of the members of the group's National Board, meeting in Sant Vicenç Hall in the castle at [[Cardona, Spain|Cardona]] despite the fact that the candidate who received the most votes from the organization's members was the US-born publisher and writer, [[Liz Castro]].<ref name=":0" /> Nevertheless, Sànchez was considered a consensus candidate, and had been supported by the outgoing Executive board.<ref name=":0" />

== Imprisonment ==
{{main|Operation Anubis|Trial of Catalonia independence leaders}}
On 16 October 2017, Jordi Sànchez and [[Jordi Cuixart]] were preventively jailed after the state attorney's accusation of [[sedition]], a [[felony]] regulated by the article 544 and subsequents of the Spanish [[Criminal Code]].<ref name="ElPais18102017" /><ref name="ElPeriodico17102017">{{cite web|url=http://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20171017/delito-sedicion-que-es-codigo-penal-6344514|title=¿Qué es el delito de sedición? Así lo regula el Código Penal|date=17 October 2017|publisher=El Periódico|access-date=27 October 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref name="CodigoPenal544">{{cite web|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Penal/lo10-1995.l2t22.html|title=Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal|access-date=27 October 2017|language=es|quote=Article 544. Seditionists are those who, without being included in the crime of rebellion, rise publicly and tumultually to prevent, by force or outside legal channels, the application of the Laws or any authority, official corporation or public official, the legitimate exercise of their functions or compliance with their agreements, or administrative or judicial decisions. Article 545. 1. Those who have induced, sustained or directed the sedition or appear in it as its principal authors, shall be punished with imprisonment from eight to ten years, and from ten to fifteen years, if they were persons constituted in authority. In both cases, absolute disqualification will also be imposed for the same time.}}</ref>

This sedition was allegedly committed when they organized a protest on 20 September 2017 during [[Operation Anubis]] police raids to dismantle the framework of the [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|1 October Catalan independence referendum]] performed by the [[Guardia Civil (Spain)|Spanish Civil Guard]].<ref name="Independent-16Oct17">{{cite news|last=Fotheringham|first=Alasdair|date=16 October 2017|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-leaders-jailed-spain-judge-sedition-jordi-sanchez-jordi-cuixart-latest-news-a8004001.html|title=Catalonia: Spanish judge jails two independence leaders for possible sedition|work=The Independent|quote=An ongoing legal investigation claims Jordi Sanchez and Jordi Cuixart, the leader of the ANC movement, and Mr Cuixart, who heads the Omnium Cultural association, were heavily involved in organising a massive protest aimed at hindering a Guardia Civil investigation in Barcelona into the build-up for the 1 October illegal referendum.}}</ref><ref name="ElMundo20092017">{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2017/09/20/59c2032446163f2b338b459a.html|title=La Guardia Civil cercena el 1-O|date=20 September 2017|publisher=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|accessdate=18 October 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/madrid-jails-catalan-separatist-leaders-jordi-cuixart-and-jordi-sanchez-pending-investigation|title=Spain High Court jails Catalan separatist leaders pending investigation|date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-17-3626_en.htm|title=European Commission - Press release - Statement on the events in Catalonia|last=|first=|date=2 October 2017|website=europa.eu}}</ref> They were accused of leading the protest of tens of thousands of people in front of the Catalan economy department heeding a call made by [[Òmnium Cultural]] and [[Assemblea Nacional Catalana|ANC]].<ref name="ElPais18102017" /> The investigating judge stated that the leaders did not call for "peaceful demonstration but to the protection of Catalan officials through 'massive citizens' mobilisations", even though Sànchez and Cuixart made several public calls asking for "peaceful" and "civic" protests in social networks, in a public statement in front of the media at noon and in a speech in front of the demonstrators in the evening.<ref name="Independent20092017">{{cite news |last= Stone |first= Jon |date= 20 September 2017 |title= Spanish police storm Catalan government buildings to stop independence referendum |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-referendum-catalan-police-storm-ministries-arrested-josep-maria-jov-a7956581.html |work= [[Independent (newspaper)|Independent]] |location= Europe correspondent |access-date= 25 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="ARA19102017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/en/The-interlocutory-decree-Sanchez-Cuixart_0_1891011018.html|title=The bias of the interlocutory decree that sent Sànchez and Cuixart to prison|last=Orriols|first=Núria|date=19 October 2017|work=Ara|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/politica/mobilitzar-se-Gran-via-Rambla-Catalunya-lautogovern_0_1873012845.html|title=Les entitats criden a mobilitzar-se a Gran Via amb rambla de Catalunya en defensa de l'autogovern|last=Orriols|first=Núria|date=20 September 2017|work=Ara|access-date=7 April 2019|last2=Pruna|first2=Gerard|language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/174353/video/son/enemic/poble/aixi/va/cridar/cuixart/aillar/violents/20-s|title=VÍDEO «Són l'enemic del poble»: així va cridar Cuixart a aïllar els violents el 20-S|last=|first=|date=26 February 2019|work=Nació Digital|access-date=7 April 2019|language=ca}}</ref> According to the judge, Sànchez encouraged the demonstrators with expressions such as "no one goes home, it will be a long and intense night", on top of a police vehicle.<ref name="ElEspañol16102017">{{cite web|url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/tribunales/20171016/254725689_0.html|title=Los 'Jordis' a prisión por "alentar a la masa" contra la Guardia Civil el 20-S|date=16 October 2017|publisher=El Español|access-date=25 October 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref name=LaVanguardia20171017>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171017/432142495111/video-jordi-cuixart-jordi-sanchez-disolver-manifestacion-economia.html|title=Un vídeo muestra cómo Cuixart y Sànchez intentaron disolver la manifestación de Economia|work=La Vanguardia|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref><ref name="27SMediapro">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=do5KQV5Qgow|title=20-S|date=11 July 2018|last=Roures|first=Jaume|type=Television production|publisher=Mediapro|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> But footage from that night contradicts that and shows Sànchez and Cuixart calling off the protests on top of the car at 11pm: "We are asking you, to the extent possible and in a peaceful way, to dissolve today's gathering".<ref name=LaVanguardia20171017 /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/i-ll-serve-life-in-jail-if-i-must-vows-catalan-martyr-j2lfx3nh8|title=I’ll serve life in jail if I must, vows Catalan ‘martyr’, Jordi Cuixart|last=Campbell|first=Matthew|date=21 October 2018|work=The Times|access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ccma.cat/324/els-videos-de-sanchez-i-cuixart-el-20s-contra-els-arguments-per-empresonar-los/noticia/2815471/|title=Els vídeos de Sànchez i Cuixart el 20-S contra els arguments per empresonar-los|last=|first=|date=17 October 2017|work=3/24|access-date=3 July 2018|language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eltemps.cat/article/2198/lindependentisme-planta-cara-a-lestat-en-defensa-de-l1-o|title=L'independentisme planta cara a l'Estat en defensa de l'1-O|last=Puig|first=Xavier|date=21 September 2017|work=El Temps|access-date=3 July 2018|language=ca}}</ref><ref name="ARA19102017" /> After those calls, most demonstrators left the place and only a few hundred remainded. Those were dispersed by crowd-controls units of the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous]] [[police]] force of [[Catalonia]], [[Mossos d'Esquadra]].<ref name="ARA19102017" /> Mossos recognized that there was a risk situation and denounced Spanish Civil Guard didn't notify them in advance of the registries, making it impossible to prepare a police operation to keep demonstrators far from the building.<ref name="EuropaPress27022018">{{Cite news|url=http://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-mossos-reconocen-20-hubo-riesgo-ello-secretaria-judicial-salio-azotea-20180227170710.html|title=Mossos reconocen que el 20-S hubo riesgo y por ello la secretaria judicial salió por azotea|last=|first=|date=27 February 2018|work=Europa Press|access-date=3 July 2018|language=es}}</ref><ref name="27SMediapro" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/politica/Transcripco-Josep-Lluis-Trapero-Nacional_0_1889811197.html|title=Transcripció de la declaració de Josep Lluís Trapero a l'Audiència Nacional|last=|first=|date=18 October 2017|work=Diari Ara|access-date=3 July 2018|language=ca}}</ref>

A sentence of sedition can carry up to 15 years in prison.<ref>{{cite news |last= Strange|first= Hannah |date= 16 October 2017|title= Two Catalan independence leaders taken into custody by Spanish national court |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/16/two-catalan-independence-leaders-taken-custody-spanish-government/ |work= [[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]] |location= Barcelona |access-date= 16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Powell |first= Tom |date= 16 October 2017 |title= Spanish judge jails two Catalan separatist leaders during sedition investigation |url= https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/spanish-judge-jails-two-catalan-separatist-leaders-for-possible-sedition-a3660221.html |work= [[Evening Standard]] |access-date= 16 October 2017}}</ref> In July 2018, Sànchez was transferred to a prison in Catalonia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180704/45643953276/junqueras-romeva-sanchez-cuixart-prision-lledoners.html|title=Seis de los presos catalanes ingresan en las cárceles de Lledoners y Puig de les Basses|work=La Vanguardia|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> Between December 1 and December 20, 2018, he started a [[hunger strike]] in order to 'raise awareness' of unfair treatment by Spain and to denounce Spanish courts' refusal to process numerous appeals in relation to their cases.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia/jailed-catalan-separatist-leaders-start-hunger-strike-idUSKCN1O039L|title=Jailed Catalan separatist leaders start hunger strike|last=|first=|date=December 1, 2018|work=Reuters|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/jailed-catalan-separatist-leaders-hunger-strike-181201134754967.html|title=Two jailed Catalan separatist leaders begin hunger strike|last=|first=|date=December 1, 2018|work=Al-Jazeera|access-date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> On February 1st, 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial will start on February the 12th.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=2019-02-01|work=El País|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

=== Reactions ===

After his detention, activists launched a “[[Yellow ribbon#Since 2017|yellow-ribbon]]” campaign in support of Jordi Sànchez and other Catalan activists and leaders who are being prosecuted by Spanish justice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/03/the-guardian-view-on-the-catalonia-election-the-challenge-of-compromise|title=The Guardian view on the Catalonia election: the challenge of compromise {{!}} Editorial|last=Editorial|date=2017-12-03|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref>

Catalan ex-President Carles Puigdemont and the [[European Free Alliance]] referred to Sànchez and Cuixart as "political prisoners".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/we-have-political-prisoners-again-says-catalan-president|title="We have political prisoners again," says Catalan president|work=CatalanNews|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1088&cHash=73d007beece71f2c330e832442bff1ed|title=EU's latest political prisoners|work=European Free Alliance|access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> The Spanish Justice Minister [[Rafael Catalá]] argued that they were not "political prisoners" but "imprisoned politicians".<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-18/political-prisoner-or-jailed-politician-it-s-catalan-feud-spin|title=Political Prisoner or Jailed Politician? It’s Catalans’ Spin Battle With Spain|date=18 October 2017|accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref>

[[Amnesty International]] issued an official statement considering the charge of sedition and the preventive imprisonment "excessive" and called for their immediate release.
{{Quote
|text=Amnesty International calls on Spanish authorities to drop the charges of sedition and to put an immediate end to their pre-trial detention.
|author=Amnesty International
}}
Amnesty International does not consider them "prisoners of conscience". Amnesty International avoids the term "political prisoners" because there is no generally accepted definition of the term in international law and because generally speaking the term has many different meanings and interpretations. The term "political prisoners" is only used sporadically by the organisation as a descriptive term in specific cases with a strong political context. Amnesty explicitly avoids the term in cases where it might be confused with the term "prisoner of conscience". The organisation says the two terms should not be confused.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur41/7308/2017/en/|title=Spain: charges for sedition and pre-trial detention against Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sanchez are excessive|work=Amnesty International|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref><ref name="ElMundo08112017">{{cite news |title=Amnistía no ve como presos políticos a los dirigentes catalanes detenidos |url= http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2017/11/08/5a033877e5fdea2e408b45d0.html|work= [[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|date= 8 November 2017|access-date= 8 November 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Amnesty International">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty-international.be/nieuws/spanje-recente-ontwikkelingen-in-catalonie|title=Spanje: recente ontwikkelingen in Catalonië|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=28 March 2018}}</ref>

On 19 October, 200,000 people with candles gathered in [[Avinguda Diagonal]], [[Barcelona]] and on 21 October, 450,000 joined in [[Passeig de Gràcia]] to protest against their imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |title=200.000 persones, segons la Guàrdia Urbana, omplen d’espelmes la Diagonal contra l’empresonament de Sànchez i Cuixart |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/200-000-persones-segons-la-guardia-urbana-omplen-despelmes-la-diagonal-contra-lempresonament-de-sanchez-i-cuixart/ |work=VilaWeb |date=2017-10-24 |access-date=2018-01-14 |language=ca }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Barcelona crida per la llibertat dels presos i de les institucions |url=https://www.ara.cat/politica/Milers-Gracia-Jordi-Sanchez-Cuixart_0_1891611056.html |work=Ara.cat |access-date=2018-01-14 |language=ca }}</ref>

Another demonstration took place on 11 November, after the imprisonment of some members of the Catalan government, and congregated 750,000 people according to the local police.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unos 750.000 manifestantes en Barcelona según la Guardia Urbana |url=http://eldia.es/nacional/2017-11-11/24-manifestantes-Barcelona-Guardia-Urbana.htm |work=eldia.es |date=2017-11-11 |access-date=2018-01-14 |language=es }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mass protest in Barcelona demands freedom for Catalan leaders |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/167139-mass-protest-in-barcelona-demands-freedom-for-catalan-leaders |work= geo.tv |date=2017-11-11 |access-date=2018-01-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Spain Catalonia: Barcelona rally urges prisoners' release |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41956909 |work= BBC |date= 2017-11-11 |access-date=2018-01-14 }}</ref>

On 7 March 2018, the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] reminded Spanish authorities that "''pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort''" referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum.<ref>{{cite news |title=High Commissioner’s global update of human rights concerns |url=http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22772&LangID=E |work=OHCHR |date=2018-03-07 |access-date=2018-03-08 }}</ref> And on 23 March it reminded "''Under rule 92 of the Committee's rules of procedure, the State party has also been requested to take all necessary measures to ensure that Mr. Jordi Sánchez I Picanyol can exercise his political rights in compliance with article 25 of the Covenant.''".<ref>{{cite news |title=L'ONU insta l'estat espanyol a garantir els drets polítics de Jordi Sànchez |url=http://www.ccma.cat/324/lonu-insta-lestat-espanyol-a-garantir-els-drets-politics-de-jordi-sanchez/noticia/2846339/ |work=CCMA |date=2018-03-25 |access-date=2018-03-25 |language=ca }}</ref>

On 8 August 2018, [[PEN International]] made another statement asking Spanish authorities to release Cuixart and Sànchez and considered their detentions to be "''an excessive and disproportionate restriction on their right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly''".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pen-international.org/news/statement-following-pen-internationals-visit-to-imprisoned-catalan-civil-society-leaders|title=Statement following PEN International’s visit to imprisoned Catalan civil society leaders|last=|first=|date=8 August 2018|work=PEN International|access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elmon.cat/politica/pen-internacional-diu-que-lempresonament-cuixart-sanchez-excessiu-desproporcionat|title=El PEN Internacional diu que l'empresonament de Cuixart i Sánchez és "excessiu"|last=|first=|date=9 August 2018|work=El Món|access-date=9 August 2018|language=ca}}</ref>

The [[World Organisation Against Torture]] sent an open letter to the President of the Government of Spain [[Pedro Sánchez (politician)|Pedro Sánchez]] as well as the Spanish Attorney General and Spanish Ombudsman on 22 November 2018 demanding the end of the "''arbitrary pre-trial detention and judicial harassment of Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart''" and concluded "''OMCT considers that the charges against them are unfounded and must therefore be dropped.''"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.omct.org/monitoring-protection-mechanisms/urgent-interventions/spain/2018/11/d25127/|title=Spain: Open Letter: End the arbitrary pre-trial detention of social leader Mr. Jordi Cuixart|last=|first=|date=22 November 2018|work=World Organisation Against Torture|access-date=22 November 2018|publication-place=Geneva}}</ref> In December 2018, the [[International Association of Democratic Lawyers]] issued a statement requesting the release of 'Catalan political prisoners'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iadllaw.org/2018/12/iadl-calls-for-release-of-catalan-political-prisoners/|title=IADL calls for release of Catalan political prisoners|last=|first=|date=3 December 2018|website=International Association of Democratic Lawyers|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

The day before the beginning of the [[Trial of Catalonia independence leaders|trial]], the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] expressed their support to "''those Catalonian activists being trialled''" and added "''perhaps one of the biggest deficit of justice and deliberate confusion between law and justice, is seen in Catalonia.''".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://unpo.org/article/21373|title=UNPO Celebrates its 28th Anniversary|last=|first=|date=11 February 2019|work=UNPO|access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> On the same day, the [[European Democratic Lawyers]] association requested the "''immediate''" release of the Catalan leaders and expressed their "''concern''" because of the "''lack of procedural guarantees during the trial''".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/judici-presos-politics-1-octubre/associacio-Advocats-Europeus-Democrates-alliberament_0_2178382344.html|title=L'associació Advocats Europeus Demòcrates demana l’alliberament immediat dels presos polítics|last=|first=|date=11 February 2019|work=Diari Ara|access-date=12 February 2019|language=ca}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Catalan nationalism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanchez i Picanyol, Jordi}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Catalan independence movement]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 12th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:People from Barcelona]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain]]
[[Category:Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the 13th Congress of Deputies (Spain)]]

Josep Rull

2019-05-22T15:11:13Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Catalan name|Rull|Andreu}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = Honorable
| name = Josep Rull
| honorific-suffix = [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|MP]]
| image = Retrat_oficial_del_Conseller_de_Territori_i_Sostenibilitat,_Josep_Rull.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| order1 =
| office1 = [[List of Ministers of Territory and Sustainability of Catalonia|Counselor of Territory and Sustainability]] of Catalonia
| term_start1 = 14 January 2016
| term_end1 = 27 October 2017
| president1 = [[Carles Puigdemont]]
| predecessor1 = [[Santi Vila]]
| successor1 = [[Damià Calvet]] {{small|([[2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis#Independence declaration and direct rule|Direct rule]] until 2 June 2018)}}
| office2 = Member of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] for the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]]
| term_start2 = 22 September 1997
| term_end2 = 10 July 2018 {{small|(suspended)}}
| birth_name = Josep Rull i Andreu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|9|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Terrassa]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| party = [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] {{small|(1989–2016)}} [[Catalan European Democratic Party]] {{small|(since 2016)}}
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]]
| occupation = Lawyer
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Josep Rull i Andreu''' (born 2 September 1968)<ref>https://www.ccma.cat/324/josep-rull-conseller-de-territori-i-sostenibilitat/noticia/2707117/</ref><ref>https://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2018/05/19/5b0025e346163fdc388b456e.html</ref> is a Spanish politician from [[Catalonia]]. Had been the [[List of Ministers of Territory and Sustainability of Catalonia|Counselor of Territory and Sustainability]] of Catalonia at the Government of [[Carles Puigdemont]] between 2016 and 2017, when Spanish [[Rajoy]]'s Government ceased the Catalan executive following [[Catalan declaration of independence|the Catalan declaration of independence]] amid the application of Article 155 of the Spanish Constitution.

Between 2 November and 4 December 2017, he was jailed and again since 23 March 2018. He was a member of the [[Parliament of Catalonia|Catalan Parliament]] but on 10 July 2018 a Supreme Court judge suspended him as a deputy.<ref>[https://elpais.com/politica/2018/07/10/actualidad/1531222075_746937.html Llarena cierra el sumario del ‘procés’ y suspende como diputados a Puigdemont y Junqueras] Published by El País, 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.</ref>

== Biography ==
Graduate in Law from the Autonomous University of Barcelona, he is a member of the Illustrious Bar Association of Terrassa.

=== Local career ===
In 1986 he joined the "Nationalist Youth of Catalonia" (JNC) in Terrassa, and he was the general secretary of this organization between 1994 and 1998. In 1989 he joined the political party [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]]. Between 1993 and 1995 he worked as a collaborator of the legal services of the Catalan Association of Municipalities and later as the head of the Institutional Relations of the Board of Waste (1995–1997).

In [[Spanish local elections, 2003|local elections of 2003]], he presented himself for the first time as the list head of CiU in [[Terrassa]] City Council, where he was the president of the Municipal Group of CiU in the Consorcio Egarenc. He also served as a member of the Informative Coordination Commissions with the Autonomous Organizations, General Services and Municipal Societies, in the Boards of Directors of the Municipal Institute of Culture and Sports (IMCET) and the Municipal Institute of Health and Social Welfare (IMSBS), of the General Meeting of Eco Equip, of the General Meeting of the Municipal Communication Society of Terrassa and of the General Meeting and member of the Board of Directors of EGARVIA.

=== Deputy at Catalan Parliament and Counselor of Territory and Sustainability ===
Deputy in the Parliament of Catalonia since 1997, during the VIII legislature he was the spokesman of the Parliamentary Group of [[Convergence and Union]] (CiU) and spokesman of this group to the Territorial Policy commission. In the IX legislature, in 2010, he was elected third secretary of the chamber, position for which he was again chosen in the 10th, in 2012<ref>[https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/57084/josep/rull/tintin/es/torna/indepe Josep Rull, en Tintín es torna indepe] {{ca icon}}</ref>.

On 14 January 2016, he became the Minister of Territory and Sustainability of the [[Puigdemont Government|Government of Carles Puigdemont]].<ref>[http://territori.gencat.cat/ca/01_departament/01_salutacio_del_conseller Josep Rull, nou conseller de Territori i Sostenibilitat] {{ca icon}}</ref> <ref>[http://dogc.gencat.cat/ca/pdogc_canals_interns/pdogc_resultats_fitxa/?action=fitxa&documentId=713650&language=ca_ES DECRET 3/2016, de 13 de gener, pel qual es nomenen el vicepresident del Govern, els consellers i conselleres dels departaments de la Generalitat de Catalunya i el secretari del Govern.] {{ca icon}}</ref> On the same day he announced that he left the General Coordination of Democratic Convergence of Catalonia and that he would not appear to be the new leader of the party<ref>[https://www.estrelladigital.es/articulo/catalunha/josep-rull-deja-ser-coordinador-general-cdc/20160118181115268426.html Josep Rull deja de ser coordinador general de CDC] {{es icon}}</ref>.

=== Imprisonment ===
{{main|Trial of Catalonia independence leaders}}
On 27 October 2017 after the Parliament of Catalonia proclaimed the [[Catalan Republic (2017)|Catalan Republic]], the [[Senate of Spain|Senate]] approved the measures proposed by the government under the protection of article 155 of the Spanish Constitution, including the dismissal of the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia and all of its Government of Catalonia, including Rull. Immediately after it was published in the [[Boletín Oficial del Estado|Official State Gazette]],<ref>[https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2017/10/27/pdfs/BOE-A-2017-12328.pdf Orden PRA/1034/2017, de 27 de octubre, por la que se publica el Acuerdo del Consejo de Ministros de 21 de octubre de 2017, por el que, en aplicación de lo dispuesto en el artículo 155 de la Constitución, se tiene por no atendido el requerimiento planteado al M. H. Sr. Presidente de la Generalitat de Cataluña, para que la Generalitat de Cataluña proceda al cumplimiento de sus obligaciones constitucionales y a la cesación de sus actuaciones gravemente contrarias al interés general, y se proponen al Senado para su aprobación las medidas necesarias para garantizar el cumplimiento de las obligaciones constitucionales y para la protección del mencionado interés general.] {{es icon}}</ref> followed by suspension of autonomy.

On November 2017 eight members of the Catalan Government, including Josep Rull, [[Oriol Junqueras]], [[Jordi Turull]], [[Meritxell Borràs]], [[Carles Mundó]], [[Raül Romeva]], [[Dolors Bassa]], [[Joaquim Forn]] and [[Santi Vila]], who resigned few weeks ago, declared before the judge from the [[Audiencia Nacional]] Carmen Lamela for a rebellion crime<ref>[https://www.eldiario.es/politica/exconsellers-Puigdemont-acuden-Audiencia-Nacional_0_703779714.html La Fiscalía pide prisión incondicional para Junqueras y siete exconsellers de Puigdemont y fianza a Santi Vila] {{es icon}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20171031/audiencia-cita-jueves-viernes-puigdemont-exconsellers-para-declarar-rebelion/1631564.shtml La Audiencia cita el jueves y viernes a Puigdemont y sus exconsellers para declarar por rebelión] {{es icon}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/02/spanish-court-question-catalonia-separatists-except-puigdemont Spanish judge jails eight members of deposed Catalan government]</ref>. The prosecutor, requested unconditional jail for all members of the Catalan Government<ref>[http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171102/432547101813/llegan-carcel-miembros-govern-puigdemont.html Junqueras y los exconsellers pasan su primera noche en prisión] {{es icon}}</ref>. On 4 December he and some other members of the Government were released on bail<ref>[https://www.elindependiente.com/politica/2017/12/04/los-seis-ex-consellers-del-govern-salen-prision-tras-pagar-100-000e-fianza/ Los seis ex ‘consellers’ del Govern salen de prisión tras pagar 100.000€ de fianza] {{es icon}}</ref>.

In the elections to the Parliament of Catalonia of 2017 he was elected deputy with the list of Together for Catalonia.<ref>[https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/el-pdcat-registra-la-marca-electoral-junts-per-catalunya-la-llista-que-liderara-puigdemont/ Junts per Catalunya, la llista del PDECat que encapçalarà Puigdemont] {{ca icon}}</ref>

On 23 March 2018, the magistrate of the [[Supreme Court of Spain|Spanish Supreme Court]] Pablo Llarena ordered his entry to prison, as well as for presidential candidate [[Jordi Turull]], former Speaker of the Parliament [[Carme Forcadell]] and the regional counselors [[Raül Romeva]] and [[Dolors Bassa]]. Llarena argued unconditional provisional bail without bail for five after considering that there was a risk of leakage and reiteration of the crimes for which they were prosecuted.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/23/jordi-turull-latest-candidate-catalan-presidency-appear-court-spain Spanish court remands Catalan presidential candidate in custody]</ref><ref>[http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2018/03/23/5ab4f543468aebe24f8b4591.html El juez Llarena manda a prisión a Turull, Forcadell, Bassa, Rull y Romeva por riesgo de fuga] {{es icon}}</ref>

On 4 July 2018, he was transferred to Lledoners Prison in Catalonia. Since then, several concentrations of support took place at the door of the prison.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.regio7.cat/fet-divers/2018/07/04/preso-del-bages-ple-focus/485112.html|title=Ple focus mediàtic a Lledoners la jornada en què arriben els presos al Bages|last=|first=|date=4 July 2018|work=Regió7|access-date=3 February 2019|language=ca}}</ref> From 3 December until 20 December 2018, he went on a [[hunger strike]]. Same month, the [[International Association of Democratic Lawyers]] issued a statement requesting the release of 'Catalan political prisoners'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iadllaw.org/2018/12/iadl-calls-for-release-of-catalan-political-prisoners/|title=IADL calls for release of Catalan political prisoners|last=|first=|date=3 December 2018|website=International Association of Democratic Lawyers|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

On 1 February 2019, he was transferred back to the Madrilenian prison of Soto del Real, to face the trial that is expected to begin on 12 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=1 February 2019|work=El País|access-date=2 February 2019|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Catalan nationalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rull, Josep}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Catalan lawyers]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Spanish politicians]]
[[Category:Spanish lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Terrassa]]
[[Category:Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni]]
[[Category:Convergence and Union politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Convergence of Catalonia politicians]]
[[Category:Environment ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Housing ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Planning ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Public works ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Transport ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain]]
[[Category:Members of the 12th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 13th Congress of Deputies (Spain)]]

Raül Romeva

2019-05-22T15:10:20Z

141.138.51.145:

{{short description|Catalan politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable#Catalonia|The Honourable]]
| name = Raül Romeva i Rueda
| image = Romeva i Rueda, Raül-1554.jpg
|office=[[Senate of Spain|Senator of Spain]]
|term_start=20 May 2019

| office2 = [[Generalitat of Catalonia|Minister for External and Institutional Relations, and Transparency of Catalonia]]
| term_start2 = 14 January 2016
| term_end2 = 27 October 2017
| predecessor2 = ''Position established''
| successor2 = [[Ernest Maragall]] {{small|([[2017-18 Spanish constitutional crisis#Independence declaration and direct rule|Direct rule]] until 2 June 2018)}}
| prior_term =

| office4 =
| constituency_MP4 = [[Spain (European Parliament constituency)|Spain]]
| term_start4 = 20 July 2004
| term_end4 = 30 June 2014
|parliament4 = European
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| prior_term4 =
| office3 = Member of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] for the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]]
| term_start3 = 26 October 2015
| term_end3 = {{small| suspended on 10 July 2018}}

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|03|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
| nationality = Spanish
| party = [[Junts pel Sí|Together for Yes]] (2015–present) [[Iniciativa per Catalunya]] (2004–2014)
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Economist
| spouse = Diana
| partner = 
| children = 2
| parents =
| website =
}}
'''Raül Romeva i Rueda''' (born 12 March 1971) is a Spanish politician from [[Catalonia]] and a former [[Member of the European Parliament]] with the {{lang|ca|[[Iniciativa per Catalunya Verds]]}}, part of the [[European Greens]]. He sat on the [[European Parliament]]'s [[Committee on Foreign Affairs (EU)|Committee on Foreign Affairs]] and its [[Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality]]. In the [[Catalan parliamentary election, 2015|Catalan parliamentary election of 2015]] he led the [[Catalan independence|Pro-Independence]] electoral list, [[Together for Yes]]. He was named Minister for External and Institutional Relations, and Transparency in the [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Catalan Regional Government]] under President [[Carles Puigdemont]] on January 14, 2016 before his role was revoked by the Spanish Government on the 27th of October 2017, as part of the application of the constitution's article 155. Mr. Romeva i Rueda has been under investigation by the Office of the High Court of Justice of Catalonia for the alleged crimes of malfeasance, disobeying Spain's Constitutional Tribunal and the embezzlement of public funds, after he signed a Decree issued by the Catalonian parliament which called for the celebration of a self-determination referendum, alongside other members of Catalonia's regional government. According to Spanish Constitution, article 149.1.32,<ref>http://www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/titulos/articulos.jsp?ini=149&tipo=2</ref> organizing a referendum is exclusive competence of the Spanish State. The Audiencia Nacional court claimed the referendum as illegal under a sentence by Judge Mrs. [[Carmen Lamela]].

He was jailed on 2 November 2017, and again on 23 March 2018, charged with rebellion and sedition crimes.

==Childhood and education==
Born in [[Madrid]], he lived in the Spanish capital until he was 9 years old, when he moved to [[Caldes de Montbui]], in the [[province of Barcelona]].<ref name=eleconomista /> He remained in Caldes until he was 22 years old.<ref name=eleconomista>{{Cite journal|url=https://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/noticias/noticias/7000312/09/15/El-largo-viaje-de-Raul-Romeva-de-nacer-en-Madrid-a-pedir-la-independencia-de-Cataluna.html|journal=El Economista|title=El 'largo viaje' de Raül Romeva: de nacer en Madrid a pedir la independencia de Cataluña|date=14 September 2015}}</ref> In 1989{{cn|date=February 2019}} he received a degree in [[economics]] from the [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]] (UAB)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Picazo|first1=Sergi|title=Algú pensa que Londres o Berlín ens ajudaran?|url=http://www.elpuntavui.cat/noticia/article/3-politica/17-politica/673283-algu-pensa-que-londres-o-berlin-ens-ajudaran.html|website=El Punt Avui|publisher=El Punt Avui|accessdate=August 29, 2013}}</ref> thirteen years later, on 2002, he earned his PhD in [[international relations]] at the same university.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bella|first1=Emili|title=El candidat europeista|url=http://www.elpuntavui.cat/noticia/article/3-politica/17-politica/43418-el-candidat-europeista.html|website=El Punt Avui|accessdate=May 31, 2009}}</ref>

==Career==

From October 1995 to August 1996, Romeva was the principal aide of the UNESCO representative in [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]], where he was responsible for the Educational programme and for promoting the UNESCO School of Peace Culture. He was also an observer for [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] during the elections in [[Bosnia-Herzegovina]] in 1996 and 1997.<ref>{{cite web|title=Raül Romeva i Rueda|url=http://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-0279201.xml|website=Enciclopèdia.cat|publisher=Grup Enciclpèdia Catalana}}</ref>

Romeva has been an assistant professor of International Relations at the UAB (1994–1995 and 1996–2002), researcher on peace and disarmament at the UNESCO Center of Catalunya (1994–1998) and campaign coordinator for disarmament and armed conflict prevention for [[Oxfam|Intermón-Oxfam]] (1998–1999). He contributes frequently to press and radio.

He began his association with {{lang|ca|Iniciativa Catalunya Verds}} (ICV) in [[Caldes de Montbui]] in 1989. In 1994 and again in 1999 he was a candidate to the European Parliament for ICV, and [[European Parliament election, 2004 (Spain)|in 2004]] was elected as a Member of the [[European Parliament]], where he held his seat until 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Raül Romeva, un home fet a Europa i amb una trajectòria dedicada a la pau|url=http://www.ara.cat/politica/Raul-Romeva-Europa-ferm-defensor_0_1394260701.html|website=Diari ARA}}</ref> During this period, he was considered one of the most active politician of the European Parliament Chamber.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://catalannewsagency.com/politics/item/rauel-romeva-former-eco-socialist-mep-will-top-the-unitary-pro-independence-electoral-list|title = Raül Romeva, former Eco-Socialist MEP, will top the unitary pro-independence electoral list|last = |first = |date = July 14, 2015|work = Catalan News Agency|access-date = July 16, 2015|via = }}</ref>

Romeva is currently a research analyst on armed conflict and postwar rehabilitation at the School of Peace Culture at the UAB. He is also the representative for {{lang|ca|[[Òmnium Cultural]]}} who are responsible for the ''{{lang|ca|Ara és l'hora}}'' (Now is the Time) campaign, organized by Òmnium and the [[Assemblea Nacional Catalana|Catalan National Assembly]].

On 15 July 2015, it was announced that Romeva would head [[Together for the Yes]], the [[Catalan independence|pro-independence]] list for Barcelona in the [[Catalan parliamentary election, 2015|Catalan elections on 27 September 2015]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Raül Romeva encapçalarà la llista del 27-S|url=http://www.vilaweb.cat/noticia/4441246/20150715/raul-romeva-encapcalara-llista-27-s.html|website=VilaWeb|publisher=VilaWeb}}</ref>

=== Imprisonment ===
{{main|Trial of Catalonia independence leaders}}
On November 2, 2017, Judge Carmen Lamela, in charge of the sedition lawsuits against the dismissed government of Catalonia, issued an order that Raül Romeva, together with former vice-president [[Oriol Junqueras]] and seven other advisers to the [[Puigdemont Government|Carles Puigdemont government]], enter the prison that same day. Although he left the prison on bail, on March 23 Judge Pablo Llarena re-sentenced him again without bail, being admitted to the Madrid VII Prison Center of Estremera. In July 2018, he was transferred to a prison in Catalonia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180704/45643953276/junqueras-romeva-sanchez-cuixart-prision-lledoners.html|title=Seis de los presos catalanes ingresan en las cárceles de Lledoners y Puig de les Basses|work=La Vanguardia|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> On February 1st, 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial will start on February the 12th.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=2019-02-01|work=El País|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

==Publications==
Romeva has written several books and articles, including:
* {{Cite book | first1=Raül |last1=Romeva |authormask=2 |year=1997 |title=Pau i seguretat a Europa: prevenció de conflictes armats a l'Europa de la postguerra freda |publisher=Centre UNESCO}}
* {{Cite book | first1=Raül |last1=Romeva |authormask=2 |year=1999 |title=Bòsnia-Hercegovina: lliçons d'una guerra |publisher=Centre UNESCO |isbn=978-84-89622-60-9}}
* {{Cite book | first1=Raül |last1=Romeva |authormask=2 |year=2000 |title=Desarme y desarrollo: claves para armar conciencias''[Disarmament and Development] |publisher=Intermón Oxfam |isbn=978-84-89970-72-4}}
* {{Cite book | first1=Raül |last1=Romeva |authormask=2 |year=2003 |title=Bosnia en paz: lecciones, retos y oportunidades de una posguerra contemporánea |publisher=Catarata |isbn=84-8319-158-X}}
* {{Cite book | first1=Raül |last1=Romeva |authormask=2 |year=2003 |title=Guerra, posguerra y paz: pautas para el análisis y la intervención en contextos posbélicos o postacuerdo [War, PostWar and Peace] |publisher=Icaria |isbn=978-84-7426-652-8}}
* {{Cite book | first1=Raül |last1=Romeva |authormask=2 |year=2012 |title=Sayonara Sushi |publisher=Novel/ Plaza & Janés / Rosa dels Vents |isbn=978-84-01-38800-2}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{MEP}}
* {{Declaration of financial interests of the 6th term|28409_13-09-2004.PDF|es}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romeva, Raul}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Foreign ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Initiative for Catalonia Greens MEPs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 11th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 12th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:MEPs for Spain 2004–09]]
[[Category:MEPs for Spain 2009–14]]
[[Category:People from Madrid]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain]]

Santi Vila

2019-05-22T15:05:49Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Santi Vila
| image = Retrat oficial del Conseller d'Empresa i Coneixement, Santi Vila.jpg
|caption = Vila's official portrait
| order = Mayor of [[Figueres]]
| term_start = 2007
| term_end = 2012
| predecessor =
| birth_name = Marta Madrenas i Mir
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|3|15}}
| birth_place = [[Granollers]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| nationality = Spanish
| party = [[Catalan European Democratic Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]] and [[historian]]
}}

'''Santi Vila''' (born 15 March 1973) is a Spanish historian and politician from [[Catalonia]]. He is a member of the [[Catalan European Democratic Party]].

He was a councillor at [[Figueres]] from 1999 before becoming Mayor from 2007 to 2012.<ref name="GdeC">{{cite web|title=Santi Vila, consejero de Empresa y Conocimiento|url=http://web.gencat.cat/es/actualitat/detall/El-president-Puigdemont-nomena-Santi-Vila-conseller-dEmpresa-i-Coneixement|website=Generalitat de Cataluña|publisher=Generalitat de Cataluña|accessdate=2 November 2017|language=es-ES}}</ref>

On 2 November 2017 members of the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] were arrested for sedition, unlike the others Vila was offered bail of €50,000 as he had resigned before the [[Declaration of Independence of Catalonia|Catalan]] [[unilateral declaration of independence]].<ref name="Aljaz">{{cite web|last1=Newton|first1=Creede|title=Catalonia: Judge jails eight ousted ministers|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/catalonia-judge-jails-ousted-ministers-171102161107413.html|website=www.aljazeera.com|publisher=Aljazeera|accessdate=2 November 2017}}.</ref> He was pre-trial jailed just a night. The [[Trial of Catalonia independence leaders|trial]] began on 12 February 2019.

He's a divorced, openly gay man.<ref>{{cite website|url=http://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2017/11/04/59fca6ddca4741a3678b4690.html|title=Santi Vila: así es el lado más personal del verso suelto del "procés", divorciado y gay|date=4 November 2017|website=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|language=Spanish}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vila, Santi}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Culture ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Gay politicians]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from Spain]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Catalonia]]
[[Category:Municipal councillors in the province of Girona]]
[[Category:People from Granollers]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain]]

Santi Vila

2019-05-22T15:05:20Z

141.138.51.145: infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Santi Vila
| image = Retrat oficial del Conseller d'Empresa i Coneixement, Santi Vila.jpg
|caption = Vila's official portrait
| order = Mayor of [[Figueres]]
| term_start = 2007
| term_end = 2012
| predecessor =
| birth_name = Marta Madrenas i Mir
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1973|3|15}}
| birth_place = [[Granollers]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| nationality = Spanish
| party = [[Catalan European Democratic Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]] and [[historian]]
}}

'''Santi Vila''' (born [[Granollers]], 15 March 1973) is a Spanish historian and politician from [[Catalonia]]. He is a member of the [[Catalan European Democratic Party]].

He was a councillor at [[Figueres]] from 1999 before becoming Mayor from 2007 to 2012.<ref name="GdeC">{{cite web|title=Santi Vila, consejero de Empresa y Conocimiento|url=http://web.gencat.cat/es/actualitat/detall/El-president-Puigdemont-nomena-Santi-Vila-conseller-dEmpresa-i-Coneixement|website=Generalitat de Cataluña|publisher=Generalitat de Cataluña|accessdate=2 November 2017|language=es-ES}}</ref>

On 2 November 2017 members of the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] were arrested for sedition, unlike the others Vila was offered bail of €50,000 as he had resigned before the [[Declaration of Independence of Catalonia|Catalan]] [[unilateral declaration of independence]].<ref name="Aljaz">{{cite web|last1=Newton|first1=Creede|title=Catalonia: Judge jails eight ousted ministers|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/catalonia-judge-jails-ousted-ministers-171102161107413.html|website=www.aljazeera.com|publisher=Aljazeera|accessdate=2 November 2017}}.</ref> He was pre-trial jailed just a night. The [[Trial of Catalonia independence leaders|trial]] began on 12 February 2019.

He's a divorced, openly gay man.<ref>{{cite website|url=http://www.elmundo.es/loc/famosos/2017/11/04/59fca6ddca4741a3678b4690.html|title=Santi Vila: así es el lado más personal del verso suelto del "procés", divorciado y gay|date=4 November 2017|website=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|language=Spanish}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vila, Santi}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Culture ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Gay politicians]]
[[Category:LGBT politicians from Spain]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayors of places in Catalonia]]
[[Category:Municipal councillors in the province of Girona]]
[[Category:People from Granollers]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain]]

Pere Aragonès

2019-05-22T15:03:53Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Catalan name|Aragonès|Garcia}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable#Catalonia|The Honourable]]
| name = Pere Aragonès
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Pere Aragonès retrat oficial 2018.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Aragonès in June 2018

| order1 =
| office1 = [[Vice President of Catalonia]]
| term_start1 = 2 June 2018
| term_end1 =
| president1 = [[Quim Torra]]
| predecessor1 = [[Oriol Junqueras]] {{small|([[2017-18 Spanish constitutional crisis#Independence declaration and direct rule|Direct rule]] from 27 October 2017)}}
| successor1 =

| order2 =
| office2 = [[Minister of Economy and Finance (Catalonia)|Minister of Economy and Finance]]
| term_start2 = 2 June 2018
| term_end2 =
| president2 = Quim Torra
| predecessor2 = Oriol Junqueras {{small|(Direct rule from 27 October 2017)}}
| successor2 =

| constituency_MP3 = the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]]
| parliament3 = Catalan
| term_start3 = 5 December 2006
| term_end3 = 21 January 2016
| predecessor3 = [[Josep Huguet]]
| successor3 = Maria Assumpta Rosell i Medall

| office4 = Member of [[Pineda de Mar Municipal Council]]
| term_start4 = 2011
| term_end4 = 2018
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 = Meritxell Mateu Estopa

| birth_name = Pere Aragonès i Garcia
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|11|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pineda de Mar]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| party = [[Republican Left of Catalonia]]
| otherparty = [[Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes]]
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Open University of Catalonia]] [[University of Barcelona]]
| occupation = Lawyer, academic
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pere Aragonès i Garcia''' (born 16 November 1982) is a Spanish lawyer and politician from [[Catalonia]]. He is the current [[Vice President of Catalonia|Vice President]] and [[Minister of Economy and Finance (Catalonia)|Minister of Economy and Finance]] of [[Catalonia]].

Born in 1982 in [[Pineda de Mar]], Aragonès studied law at the [[Open University of Catalonia]] and economics at the [[University of Barcelona]] before becoming a lawyer and an academic. He was a member of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] from December 2006 to January 2016 when he was appointed Secretary of Economy in the [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Catalan government]]. He was a member of the municipal council in Pineda de Mar from May 2011 to April 2018 and was appointed Vice President and Minister of Economy and Finance of Catalonia in June 2018.

==Early life==
Aragonès was born on 16 November 1982 in [[Pineda de Mar]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].<ref name="LV190116">{{cite news |title=Pere Aragonès és nomenat secretari d'Economia i Lluís Salvadó, secretari d'Hisenda |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20160119/301513060721/pere-aragones-es-nomenat-secretari-d-economia-i-lluis-salvado-secretari-d-hisenda.html |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=[[La Vanguardia]] |agency=[[Catalan News Agency]] |date=19 January 2016 |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="ND130116">{{cite news |title=Lluís Salvadó i Pere Aragonès, els homes forts de Junqueras a Economia |url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/101381/lluis/salvado/pere/aragones/homes/forts/junqueras/economia |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=Nació Digital |date=13 January 2016 |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref> He has a degree in law from the [[Open University of Catalonia]] and a [[masters degree]] in economic history from the [[University of Barcelona]] (UB).<ref name="LV190116"/><ref name="ND130116"/> He has also studied public policy and economic development at the [[Harvard University]]'s [[Kennedy School of Government]].<ref name="ND130116"/><ref name="LV190518">{{cite news |title=Perfil: Pere Aragonès, l’alter ego de Junqueras al Govern |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20180519/443696027294/pere-aragones-lalter-ego-de-junqueras-al-govern.html |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=[[La Vanguardia]] |agency=[[Catalan News Agency]] |date=19 May 2018 |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref> He is currently studying for a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in economic history from UB.<ref name="EP280418">{{cite news |last1=Baquero |first1=Camilo S. |title=L’alumne aplicat de Junqueras |url=https://cat.elpais.com/cat/2018/04/28/catalunya/1524941103_925404.html |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=[[El País]] |date=28 April 2018 |location=Mardid, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref>

Aragonès joined the [[Young Republican Left of Catalonia]], the youth wing of the [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] (ERC), in 1998 and was its national spokesperson from 2003 to 2007.<ref name="ND130116"/><ref name="LV190518"/> He joined ERC in 2000.<ref name="LV190116"/> He has been a member of ERC's executive since 2003 and is currently number three in the party.<ref name="EM190518">{{cite news |title=Pere Aragonès, de 'número dos' de Economía a conseller y vicepresidente |url=http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2018/05/19/5b001fdc468aeb35048b4603.html |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |agency=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] |date=19 May 2018 |location=Madrid, Spain |language=Spanish}}</ref> He is also a member of the [[Òmnium Cultural]].<ref name="LV190518"/>

==Career==
[[File:Sant Jordi 2018 DC74869 (26976554017).jpg|thumb|left|225px|Aragonès at a [[Saint George's Day]] event on 23 April 2018]]
Aragonès worked at a [[law firm]] specialising in corporate and public administration law.<ref name="LV190116"/><ref name="ND130116"/> He was a [[researcher]] at the Institut Ignasi Villalonga d'Economia i Empresa and an associate professor at the [[University of Perpignan]].<ref name="ND130116"/> In January 2016 he was appointed the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]'s Secretary of Economy in January 2016.<ref name="LV190116"/><ref name="ND130116"/>

At the [[Catalan regional election, 2003|2003 regional election]] Aragonès was placed 38th on the [[Republican Left of Catalonia]]'s [[Electoral list|list of candidates]] in the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] but the party only managed to win 13 seats in the province and as a result he was not elected.<ref name="DOGC151003">{{cite magazine |title=Administració de Justícia: Juntes Electorals |journal=Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya |date=15 October 2003 |issue=3988 |page=19858 |url=http://portaldogc.gencat.cat/utilsEADOP/AppJava/PdfProviderServlet?documentId=320475&type=01&language=ca_ES |accessdate=12 June 2018 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re03">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2003: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20031.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=7 June 2018|page=2|language=Catalan}}</ref> At the [[Catalan regional election, 2006|2006 regional election]] he was placed 12th on the ERC's list of candidates in the Province of Barcelona but the party only managed to win 11 seats in the province and as a result he was not elected again.<ref name="DOGC300906">{{cite magazine |title=Administració de Justícia: Juntes Electorals |journal=Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya |date=30 September 2006 |issue=4730 |page=40764 |url=http://portaldogc.gencat.cat/utilsEADOP/AppJava/PdfProviderServlet?documentId=460625&type=01&language=ca_ES |accessdate=12 June 2018 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re06">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2006: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20061.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=6 June 2018|page=2|language=Catalan}}</ref> However, in December 2006, he was appointed to the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] following the resignation of [[Josep Huguet]].<ref name="BOPC181206">{{cite magazine |title=BOPC 009/08: Tramitacions generals |journal=Butlletí Oficial del Parlament de Catalunya |date=18 December 2006 |volume=VIII |issue=9 |pages=14 |url=https://www.parlament.cat/document/bopc/50832.pdf |accessdate=16 June 2018 |publisher=[[Parliament of Catalonia]]}}</ref>

Aragonès was placed 7th on ERC's list of candidates [[Catalan regional election, 2010|2010]] in the Province of Barcelona and, although the party only managed to win six seats in the province, he was re-elected after the second placed candidate [[Ernest Benach]] declined to take his seat in the Catalan parliament.<ref name="DOGC021110">{{cite magazine |title=Administració de Justícia: Administració Electoral |journal=Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya |date=2 November 2010 |issue=5746 |page=80090 |url=http://portaldogc.gencat.cat/utilsEADOP/AppJava/PdfProviderServlet?documentId=562072&type=01&language=ca_ES |accessdate=12 June 2018 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re10">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2010: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20101.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=6 June 2018|page=2|language=Catalan}}</ref> He was re-elected at the [[Catalan regional election, 2012|2012]] and [[Catalan regional election, 2015|2015]] regional elections.<ref name="DOGC241012">{{cite journal |title=Administració Electoral - Juntes Electorals Provincials |journal=Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya |date=24 October 2012 |issue=6239 |page=51639 |url=http://portaldogc.gencat.cat/utilsEADOP/AppJava/PdfProviderServlet?documentId=619044&type=01&language=ca_ES |accessdate=14 June 2018 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re12">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2012: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20121.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=26 December 2017|page=2|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="DOGC010915">{{cite journal |title=Anuncis Diversos: Administració Electoral - Juntes Electorals Provincials |journal=Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya |date=1 September 2015 |issue=6947 |page=10 |url=http://portaldogc.gencat.cat/utilsEADOP/AppJava/PdfProviderServlet?documentId=701480&type=01&language=ca_ES |accessdate=10 June 2018 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re15">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2015: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20151.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=17 January 2018|page=1|language=Catalan}}</ref> He resigned from parliament upon being appointed Secretary of Economy.

[[File:Govern de Catalunya foto oficial 2018.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Aragonès and other members of the Catalan government on 2 June 2018]]
Aragonès contested the [[Spanish local elections, 2011|2011 local elections]] as an Republican Left of Catalonia-Junts per Pineda-Acord Municipal (ERC-JP-AM) [[electoral alliance]] candidate in [[Pineda de Mar]] and was elected.<ref name="BOPB260411">{{cite web |title=Administració Electoral: Junta Electoral de Zona de Arenys de Mar |work=Butlletí Oficial de la Província de Barcelona |date=26 April 2011 |page=30 |url=https://bop.diba.cat/scripts/ftpisa.aspx?fnew?bop2011&04/062011002056.pdf&1 |accessdate=16 June 2018 |publisher=[[Diputació de Barcelona]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="le11">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2011 - Mun. Pineda de Mar|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=16 June 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> He was re-elected at the [[Spanish local elections, 2015|2015 local elections]].<ref name="BOPB280415">{{cite web |title=Administració Electoral: Junta Electoral de Zona de Arenys de Mar |work=Butlletí Oficial de la Província de Barcelona |date=28 April 2015 |page=23 |url=https://bop.diba.cat/scripts/ftpisa.aspx?fnew?bop2015&04/062015000533.pdf&1 |accessdate=16 June 2018 |publisher=[[Diputació de Barcelona]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="le15">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2015 - Mun. Pineda de Mar|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=16 June 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> He resigned from Pineda de Mar Municipal Council in April 2018.<ref name="VW100418">{{cite news |title=Pere Aragonès renuncia a l’acta de regidor a l’Ajuntament de Pineda per centrar-se "en les noves responabilitats a ERC" |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/pere-aragones-renuncia-a-lacta-de-regidor-a-lajuntament-de-pineda-per-centrar-se-en-les-noves-responabilitats-a-erc/ |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=[[VilaWeb]] |agency=[[Catalan News Agency]] |date=10 April 2018 |location=Catalan}}</ref>

On 19 May 2018 newly elected [[President of Catalonia]] [[Quim Torra]] nominated a [[Torra Government|new government]] in which Aragonès was to be [[Vice President of Catalonia|Vice President]] and [[Minister of Economy and Finance (Catalonia)|Minister of Economy and Finance]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Torra nominates new government including jailed and exiled officials|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/torra-nominates-new-government-including-jailed-and-exiled-officials|accessdate=19 May 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=19 May 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Torra nombra en su Govern a Aragonès, Artadi, Turull, Rull, Comín, Puig y Maragall|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/local/barcelona/20180519/443696027178/torra-nombra-en-su-govern-a-aragones-artadi-turull-rull-comin-y-maragall.html|accessdate=19 May 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=19 May 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Puente|first1=Arturo|title=Torra nombra a los encarcelados Turull y Rull consellers de su nuevo Govern|url=https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/politica/Torra-encarcelados-Turull-Rull-Govern_0_773072909.html|accessdate=19 May 2018|work=[[eldiario.es]]|date=19 May 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> He was sworn in on 2 June 2018 at the [[Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya]].<ref name="CNA020618">{{cite news|title=Catalan government takes office in emotional event, lifting direct rule|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/catalan-government-takes-office-in-emotional-event-lifting-direct-rule|accessdate=3 June 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=2 June 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref name="LV020618">{{cite news|last1=Villalonga|first1=Carles|title=El nuevo Govern de Torra toma posesión en un acto reivindicativo y escenifica el fin del 155|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180602/444008791316/govern-torra-consellers-acto-reivindicativo-155.html|accessdate=3 June 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=2 June 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="ED020618">{{cite news |title=Los consellers toman posesión y prometen "lealtad" a Quim Torra |url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/consellers-posesion-prometen-Quim-Torra_0_777972400.html |accessdate=3 June 2018 |work=[[eldiario.es]] |agency=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] |date=2 June 2018 |language=Spanish}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Electoral history==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Electoral history of Pere Aragonès
! scope=col|Election
! scope=col|Constituency
! scope=col|Party
! scope=col|Alliance
! scope=col|No.
! scope=col|Result
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2003|2003 regional]]<ref name="DOGC151003"/><ref name="re03"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || || align=right|38 || Not elected
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2006|2006 regional]]<ref name="DOGC300906"/><ref name="re06"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || || align=right|12 || Not elected
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2010|2010 regional]]<ref name="DOGC021110"/><ref name="re10"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || || align=right|7 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 2011|2011 local]]<ref name="BOPB260411"/><ref name="le11"/> || [[Pineda de Mar]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || Republican Left of Catalonia—Junts per Pineda-Acord Municipal || align=right|1 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2012|2012 regional]]<ref name="DOGC241012"/><ref name="re12"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes]] || align=right|8 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 2015|2015 local]]<ref name="BOPB280415"/><ref name="le15"/> || [[Pineda de Mar]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || Republican Left of Catalonia—Junts per Pineda-Acord Municipal || align=right|1 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2015|2015 regional]]<ref name="DOGC010915"/><ref name="re15"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || [[Junts pel Sí]] || align=right|21 || '''Elected'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{URL|1=https://www.parlament.cat/web/composicio/diputats-fitxa/index.html?p_codi=1059&p_legislatura=11|2=Catalan Parliament profile}}
* {{URL|1=http://www.govern.cat/pres_gov/AppJava/govern/govern/consell-executiu/162/pere-aragones-garcia.html|2=Catalan government profile}}
* {{Twitter|id=perearagones|name=Pere Aragonès}}

{{Catalan nationalism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aragonès, Pere}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Catalan academics]]
[[Category:Catalan lawyers]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Municipal councillors in the province of Barcelona]]
[[Category:Economy ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 8th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 9th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 10th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 11th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:People from Maresme]]
[[Category:Republican Left of Catalonia politicians]]
[[Category:Torra Government]]
[[Category:University of Barcelona alumni]]
[[Category:Vice Presidents of Catalonia]]

Pere Aragonès

2019-05-22T15:03:33Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Catalan name|Aragonès|Garcia}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable#Catalonia|The Honourable]]
| name = Pere Aragonès
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Pere Aragonès retrat oficial 2018.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Aragonès in June 2018

| order1 =
| office1 = [[Vice President of Catalonia]]
| term_start1 = 2 June 2018
| term_end1 =
| president1 = [[Quim Torra]]
| predecessor1 = [[Oriol Junqueras]] {{small|([[2017-18 Spanish constitutional crisis#Independence declaration and direct rule|Direct rule]] from 27 October 2017)}}
| successor1 =

| order2 =
| office2 = [[Minister of Economy and Finance (Catalonia)|Minister of Economy and Finance]]
| term_start2 = 2 June 2018
| term_end2 =
| president2 = Quim Torra
| predecessor2 = Oriol Junqueras {{small|(Direct rule from 27 October 2017)}}
| successor2 =

| constituency_MP3 = the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]]
| parliament3 = Catalan
| term_start3 = 5 December 2006
| term_end3 = 21 January 2016
| predecessor3 = [[Josep Huguet]]
| successor3 = Maria Assumpta Rosell i Medall

| office4 = Member of [[Pineda de Mar Municipal Council]]
| term_start4 = 2011
| term_end4 = 2018
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 = Meritxell Mateu Estopa

| birth_name = Pere Aragonès i Garcia
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|11|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pineda de Mar]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| party = [[Republican Left of Catalonia]]
| otherparty = [[Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes]]
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Open University of Catalonia]] [[University of Barcelona]]
| occupation = Lawyer, academic
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pere Aragonès i Garcia''' (born 16 November 1982) is a Spanish lawyer and politician from [[Catalonia]] who is the current [[Vice President of Catalonia|Vice President]] and [[Minister of Economy and Finance (Catalonia)|Minister of Economy and Finance]] of [[Catalonia]].

Born in 1982 in [[Pineda de Mar]], Aragonès studied law at the [[Open University of Catalonia]] and economics at the [[University of Barcelona]] before becoming a lawyer and an academic. He was a member of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] from December 2006 to January 2016 when he was appointed Secretary of Economy in the [[Generalitat de Catalunya|Catalan government]]. He was a member of the municipal council in Pineda de Mar from May 2011 to April 2018 and was appointed Vice President and Minister of Economy and Finance of Catalonia in June 2018.

==Early life==
Aragonès was born on 16 November 1982 in [[Pineda de Mar]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].<ref name="LV190116">{{cite news |title=Pere Aragonès és nomenat secretari d'Economia i Lluís Salvadó, secretari d'Hisenda |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20160119/301513060721/pere-aragones-es-nomenat-secretari-d-economia-i-lluis-salvado-secretari-d-hisenda.html |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=[[La Vanguardia]] |agency=[[Catalan News Agency]] |date=19 January 2016 |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="ND130116">{{cite news |title=Lluís Salvadó i Pere Aragonès, els homes forts de Junqueras a Economia |url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/101381/lluis/salvado/pere/aragones/homes/forts/junqueras/economia |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=Nació Digital |date=13 January 2016 |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref> He has a degree in law from the [[Open University of Catalonia]] and a [[masters degree]] in economic history from the [[University of Barcelona]] (UB).<ref name="LV190116"/><ref name="ND130116"/> He has also studied public policy and economic development at the [[Harvard University]]'s [[Kennedy School of Government]].<ref name="ND130116"/><ref name="LV190518">{{cite news |title=Perfil: Pere Aragonès, l’alter ego de Junqueras al Govern |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20180519/443696027294/pere-aragones-lalter-ego-de-junqueras-al-govern.html |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=[[La Vanguardia]] |agency=[[Catalan News Agency]] |date=19 May 2018 |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref> He is currently studying for a [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in economic history from UB.<ref name="EP280418">{{cite news |last1=Baquero |first1=Camilo S. |title=L’alumne aplicat de Junqueras |url=https://cat.elpais.com/cat/2018/04/28/catalunya/1524941103_925404.html |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=[[El País]] |date=28 April 2018 |location=Mardid, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref>

Aragonès joined the [[Young Republican Left of Catalonia]], the youth wing of the [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] (ERC), in 1998 and was its national spokesperson from 2003 to 2007.<ref name="ND130116"/><ref name="LV190518"/> He joined ERC in 2000.<ref name="LV190116"/> He has been a member of ERC's executive since 2003 and is currently number three in the party.<ref name="EM190518">{{cite news |title=Pere Aragonès, de 'número dos' de Economía a conseller y vicepresidente |url=http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2018/05/19/5b001fdc468aeb35048b4603.html |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]] |agency=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] |date=19 May 2018 |location=Madrid, Spain |language=Spanish}}</ref> He is also a member of the [[Òmnium Cultural]].<ref name="LV190518"/>

==Career==
[[File:Sant Jordi 2018 DC74869 (26976554017).jpg|thumb|left|225px|Aragonès at a [[Saint George's Day]] event on 23 April 2018]]
Aragonès worked at a [[law firm]] specialising in corporate and public administration law.<ref name="LV190116"/><ref name="ND130116"/> He was a [[researcher]] at the Institut Ignasi Villalonga d'Economia i Empresa and an associate professor at the [[University of Perpignan]].<ref name="ND130116"/> In January 2016 he was appointed the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]'s Secretary of Economy in January 2016.<ref name="LV190116"/><ref name="ND130116"/>

At the [[Catalan regional election, 2003|2003 regional election]] Aragonès was placed 38th on the [[Republican Left of Catalonia]]'s [[Electoral list|list of candidates]] in the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] but the party only managed to win 13 seats in the province and as a result he was not elected.<ref name="DOGC151003">{{cite magazine |title=Administració de Justícia: Juntes Electorals |journal=Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya |date=15 October 2003 |issue=3988 |page=19858 |url=http://portaldogc.gencat.cat/utilsEADOP/AppJava/PdfProviderServlet?documentId=320475&type=01&language=ca_ES |accessdate=12 June 2018 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re03">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2003: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20031.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=7 June 2018|page=2|language=Catalan}}</ref> At the [[Catalan regional election, 2006|2006 regional election]] he was placed 12th on the ERC's list of candidates in the Province of Barcelona but the party only managed to win 11 seats in the province and as a result he was not elected again.<ref name="DOGC300906">{{cite magazine |title=Administració de Justícia: Juntes Electorals |journal=Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya |date=30 September 2006 |issue=4730 |page=40764 |url=http://portaldogc.gencat.cat/utilsEADOP/AppJava/PdfProviderServlet?documentId=460625&type=01&language=ca_ES |accessdate=12 June 2018 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re06">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2006: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20061.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=6 June 2018|page=2|language=Catalan}}</ref> However, in December 2006, he was appointed to the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] following the resignation of [[Josep Huguet]].<ref name="BOPC181206">{{cite magazine |title=BOPC 009/08: Tramitacions generals |journal=Butlletí Oficial del Parlament de Catalunya |date=18 December 2006 |volume=VIII |issue=9 |pages=14 |url=https://www.parlament.cat/document/bopc/50832.pdf |accessdate=16 June 2018 |publisher=[[Parliament of Catalonia]]}}</ref>

Aragonès was placed 7th on ERC's list of candidates [[Catalan regional election, 2010|2010]] in the Province of Barcelona and, although the party only managed to win six seats in the province, he was re-elected after the second placed candidate [[Ernest Benach]] declined to take his seat in the Catalan parliament.<ref name="DOGC021110">{{cite magazine |title=Administració de Justícia: Administració Electoral |journal=Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya |date=2 November 2010 |issue=5746 |page=80090 |url=http://portaldogc.gencat.cat/utilsEADOP/AppJava/PdfProviderServlet?documentId=562072&type=01&language=ca_ES |accessdate=12 June 2018 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re10">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2010: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20101.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=6 June 2018|page=2|language=Catalan}}</ref> He was re-elected at the [[Catalan regional election, 2012|2012]] and [[Catalan regional election, 2015|2015]] regional elections.<ref name="DOGC241012">{{cite journal |title=Administració Electoral - Juntes Electorals Provincials |journal=Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya |date=24 October 2012 |issue=6239 |page=51639 |url=http://portaldogc.gencat.cat/utilsEADOP/AppJava/PdfProviderServlet?documentId=619044&type=01&language=ca_ES |accessdate=14 June 2018 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re12">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2012: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20121.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=26 December 2017|page=2|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="DOGC010915">{{cite journal |title=Anuncis Diversos: Administració Electoral - Juntes Electorals Provincials |journal=Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya |date=1 September 2015 |issue=6947 |page=10 |url=http://portaldogc.gencat.cat/utilsEADOP/AppJava/PdfProviderServlet?documentId=701480&type=01&language=ca_ES |accessdate=10 June 2018 |publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re15">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2015: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20151.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=17 January 2018|page=1|language=Catalan}}</ref> He resigned from parliament upon being appointed Secretary of Economy.

[[File:Govern de Catalunya foto oficial 2018.jpg|thumb|left|225px|Aragonès and other members of the Catalan government on 2 June 2018]]
Aragonès contested the [[Spanish local elections, 2011|2011 local elections]] as an Republican Left of Catalonia-Junts per Pineda-Acord Municipal (ERC-JP-AM) [[electoral alliance]] candidate in [[Pineda de Mar]] and was elected.<ref name="BOPB260411">{{cite web |title=Administració Electoral: Junta Electoral de Zona de Arenys de Mar |work=Butlletí Oficial de la Província de Barcelona |date=26 April 2011 |page=30 |url=https://bop.diba.cat/scripts/ftpisa.aspx?fnew?bop2011&04/062011002056.pdf&1 |accessdate=16 June 2018 |publisher=[[Diputació de Barcelona]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="le11">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2011 - Mun. Pineda de Mar|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=16 June 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> He was re-elected at the [[Spanish local elections, 2015|2015 local elections]].<ref name="BOPB280415">{{cite web |title=Administració Electoral: Junta Electoral de Zona de Arenys de Mar |work=Butlletí Oficial de la Província de Barcelona |date=28 April 2015 |page=23 |url=https://bop.diba.cat/scripts/ftpisa.aspx?fnew?bop2015&04/062015000533.pdf&1 |accessdate=16 June 2018 |publisher=[[Diputació de Barcelona]] |location=Barcelona, Spain |language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="le15">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2015 - Mun. Pineda de Mar|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=16 June 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> He resigned from Pineda de Mar Municipal Council in April 2018.<ref name="VW100418">{{cite news |title=Pere Aragonès renuncia a l’acta de regidor a l’Ajuntament de Pineda per centrar-se "en les noves responabilitats a ERC" |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/pere-aragones-renuncia-a-lacta-de-regidor-a-lajuntament-de-pineda-per-centrar-se-en-les-noves-responabilitats-a-erc/ |accessdate=16 June 2018 |work=[[VilaWeb]] |agency=[[Catalan News Agency]] |date=10 April 2018 |location=Catalan}}</ref>

On 19 May 2018 newly elected [[President of Catalonia]] [[Quim Torra]] nominated a [[Torra Government|new government]] in which Aragonès was to be [[Vice President of Catalonia|Vice President]] and [[Minister of Economy and Finance (Catalonia)|Minister of Economy and Finance]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Torra nominates new government including jailed and exiled officials|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/torra-nominates-new-government-including-jailed-and-exiled-officials|accessdate=19 May 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=19 May 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Torra nombra en su Govern a Aragonès, Artadi, Turull, Rull, Comín, Puig y Maragall|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/local/barcelona/20180519/443696027178/torra-nombra-en-su-govern-a-aragones-artadi-turull-rull-comin-y-maragall.html|accessdate=19 May 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=19 May 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Puente|first1=Arturo|title=Torra nombra a los encarcelados Turull y Rull consellers de su nuevo Govern|url=https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/politica/Torra-encarcelados-Turull-Rull-Govern_0_773072909.html|accessdate=19 May 2018|work=[[eldiario.es]]|date=19 May 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> He was sworn in on 2 June 2018 at the [[Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya]].<ref name="CNA020618">{{cite news|title=Catalan government takes office in emotional event, lifting direct rule|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/catalan-government-takes-office-in-emotional-event-lifting-direct-rule|accessdate=3 June 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=2 June 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref name="LV020618">{{cite news|last1=Villalonga|first1=Carles|title=El nuevo Govern de Torra toma posesión en un acto reivindicativo y escenifica el fin del 155|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180602/444008791316/govern-torra-consellers-acto-reivindicativo-155.html|accessdate=3 June 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=2 June 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="ED020618">{{cite news |title=Los consellers toman posesión y prometen "lealtad" a Quim Torra |url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/consellers-posesion-prometen-Quim-Torra_0_777972400.html |accessdate=3 June 2018 |work=[[eldiario.es]] |agency=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] |date=2 June 2018 |language=Spanish}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Electoral history==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Electoral history of Pere Aragonès
! scope=col|Election
! scope=col|Constituency
! scope=col|Party
! scope=col|Alliance
! scope=col|No.
! scope=col|Result
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2003|2003 regional]]<ref name="DOGC151003"/><ref name="re03"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || || align=right|38 || Not elected
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2006|2006 regional]]<ref name="DOGC300906"/><ref name="re06"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || || align=right|12 || Not elected
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2010|2010 regional]]<ref name="DOGC021110"/><ref name="re10"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || || align=right|7 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 2011|2011 local]]<ref name="BOPB260411"/><ref name="le11"/> || [[Pineda de Mar]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || Republican Left of Catalonia—Junts per Pineda-Acord Municipal || align=right|1 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2012|2012 regional]]<ref name="DOGC241012"/><ref name="re12"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia–Catalonia Yes]] || align=right|8 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 2015|2015 local]]<ref name="BOPB280415"/><ref name="le15"/> || [[Pineda de Mar]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || Republican Left of Catalonia—Junts per Pineda-Acord Municipal || align=right|1 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2015|2015 regional]]<ref name="DOGC010915"/><ref name="re15"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] || [[Junts pel Sí]] || align=right|21 || '''Elected'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{URL|1=https://www.parlament.cat/web/composicio/diputats-fitxa/index.html?p_codi=1059&p_legislatura=11|2=Catalan Parliament profile}}
* {{URL|1=http://www.govern.cat/pres_gov/AppJava/govern/govern/consell-executiu/162/pere-aragones-garcia.html|2=Catalan government profile}}
* {{Twitter|id=perearagones|name=Pere Aragonès}}

{{Catalan nationalism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aragonès, Pere}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Catalan academics]]
[[Category:Catalan lawyers]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Municipal councillors in the province of Barcelona]]
[[Category:Economy ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Finance ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 8th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 9th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 10th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 11th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:People from Maresme]]
[[Category:Republican Left of Catalonia politicians]]
[[Category:Torra Government]]
[[Category:University of Barcelona alumni]]
[[Category:Vice Presidents of Catalonia]]

Marta Madrenas i Mir

2019-05-22T14:54:39Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Marta Madrenas
| image = Marta Madrenas i Mir.jpg
| order = [[Mayor of Girona]]
| term_start = 18 March 2016
| predecessor = [[Albert Ballesta i Tura]]
| birth_name = Marta Madrenas i Mir
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|11|01}}
| birth_place = [[Girona]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| nationality = Spanish
| party = [[Catalan European Democratic Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]] and [[lawyer]]
}}

'''Marta Madrenas i Mir''' (born 1 November 1967) is a Spanish [[politician]] and [[lawyer]] from [[Catalonia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvgirona.xiptv.cat/ultima-hora/capitol/qui-es-marta-madrenas |title=Qui és Marta Madrenas?|author=Xarxa Audiovisual Local |work=tv girona |language=ca-ES |access-date=14 September 2016}}</ref> Since 2016, she serves as [[mayor of Girona|mayor]] of [[Girona]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.elnacional.cat/es/politica/marta-madrenas-nueva-alcaldesa-girona_100637_102.html |title=Marta Madrenas, investida nueva alcaldesa de Girona |newspaper=El Nacional |access-date=14 September 2016 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Europa Press |author-link=Europa Press (news agency) |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2701477/0/marta-madrenas-investida-nueva-alcaldesa-girona/ |title=Marta Madrenas, investida nueva alcaldesa de Girona |newspaper=[[20minutos]] |date=18 March 2016 |access-date=14 September 2016|language=es}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madrenas, Marta}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:People from Girona]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Spanish lawyers]]
[[Category:Women mayors of places in Spain]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Carles Mundó

2019-05-22T14:52:56Z

141.138.51.145: Birth year template

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Catalan name|Mundó|Blanch}}

{{Refimprove|date=May 2019}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Carles Mundó
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Retrat_oficial_del_Conseller_de_Justícia,_Carles_Mundó.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| order1 =
| office1 = [[Minister of Justice (Catalonia)|Minister of Justice]] of Catalonia
| term_start1 = 14 January 2016
| term_end1 = 27 October 2017
| president1 = [[Carles Puigdemont]]
| predecessor1 = Germà Gordó i Aubarell
| successor1 = [[Ester Capella i Farré]] {{small|([[2017-18 Spanish constitutional crisis#Independence declaration and direct rule|Direct rule]] until 2 June 2018)}}
| birth_name = Carles Mundó i Blanch
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1976}}
| birth_place = [[Vic]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| party = [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] (1999-2017) [[Catalonia Yes]] (2017-present)
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Pompeu Fabra University]]
| occupation = Lawyer Politician
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Carles Mundó i Blanch''' (born 1976) is a Spanish lawyer and politician from [[Catalonia]] who served as the [[Minister of Justice (Catalonia)|Minister of Justice]] of Catalonia until the dismissal of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] in 2017 due to its [[Catalan declaration of independence|declaration of independence]].<ref>[http://premsa.gencat.cat/pres_fsvp/AppJava/notapremsavw/290146/ca/president-puigdemont-nomena-nous-membres-consell-executiu.do El president Puigdemont nomena els nous membres del Consell Executiu] {{ca icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.govern.cat/pres_gov/AppJava/govern/govern/consell-executiu/113/carles-mundo-blanch.html?mode=static Carles Mundó i Blanch] {{ca icon}}</ref> He was reelected to the Catalan Parliament on December 21, 2017 as a member of the [[Catalonia Yes]] party.

== Biography ==
Mundó was born in 1976 in [[Vic]], [[Spain]]. He graduated from the [[Pompeu Fabra University]] in 1999 with a degree in law and a master's degree in Urban Law (IDEC-UPF). The same year, he was elected to the City Council of [[Gurb]] as a member of the [[Republican Left of Catalonia|ERC]], retaining the position until 2015. In 2006, Mundó joined the [[Bar Association]] of Barcelona, and is currently responsible for the area of Civil Law of Bufet Vallbé of Barcelona.<ref>[http://www.vallbe.cat/ca/professionals PROFESSIONALS] {{ca icon}}</ref> Between December 2003 and May 2006, Mundó served as the Head of the Cabinet of the Department of Education. He served as the Head of the Department of Culture and Media from December 2006 until January 2008, when he became the Secretary of Media of Communication from the Generalitat de Catalunya. He held this position until January 2011, during which time he supervised the switch of television broadcasts in Spain from analog to digital. He was also the president of the [[Catalan News Agency]] (ACN).<ref>[http://www.ccma.cat/324/carles-mundo-explicar-la-realitat-de-catalunya-en-angles-ens-fa-mes-presents/noticia/1037148/ Carles Mundó: 'Explicar la realitat de Catalunya en anglès ens fa més presents'] {{ca icon}}</ref> On January 14, 2016, he was appointed [[Minister of Justice (Catalonia)|regional Minister of Justice]] of the Generalitat by [[Carles Puigdemont]]. During his term, the Justice Department closed the Barcelona Model prison, the [[Civil Code of Catalonia]] was completed, sixty-six thousand victims of the [[Franco regime]] had their judgements anulled, and the Law of Digital Will was approved.

On 27 October, 2017, after the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] declared [[Catalan republic (2017)|Catalonia's independance]], the [[Senate of Spain]] dismissed the Catalan Parliament, including Carles Mundó. On 2 November, 2017, eight members of the Catalan Government, including Carles Mundó, were tried before the [[Audiencia Nacional]] for rebelling against the Spanish government.<ref>[https://www.eldiario.es/politica/exconsellers-Puigdemont-acuden-Audiencia-Nacional_0_703779714.html La Fiscalía pide prisión incondicional para Junqueras y siete exconsellers de Puigdemont y fianza a Santi Vila] {{es icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20171031/audiencia-cita-jueves-viernes-puigdemont-exconsellers-para-declarar-rebelion/1631564.shtml La Audiencia cita el jueves y viernes a Puigdemont y sus exconsellers para declarar por rebelión] {{es icon}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/02/spanish-court-question-catalonia-separatists-except-puigdemont Spanish judge jails eight members of deposed Catalan government]</ref> The eight members were subsequently imprisoned from 2 November until 4 December,<ref>[http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171102/432547101813/llegan-carcel-miembros-govern-puigdemont.html Junqueras y los exconsellers pasan su primera noche en prisión] {{es icon}}</ref> when he and the other seven members of the Catalan Government were released on bail after their case reached the [[Supreme Court of Spain]].<ref>[https://www.elindependiente.com/politica/2017/12/04/los-seis-ex-consellers-del-govern-salen-prision-tras-pagar-100-000e-fianza/ Los seis ex ‘consellers’ del Govern salen de prisión tras pagar 100.000€ de fianza] {{es icon}}</ref>

In the [[Catalan regional election, 2017|2017 Catalan Parliament elections]], he was elected as a member of the [[Catalonia Yes]] party, although he resigned from the position of deputy for "personal reasons".<ref>[https://www.ara.cat/eleccions21d/Mundo-renuncia-Parlament-personals-dadvocat_0_1939606144.html Mundó renuncia a l’acta de diputat al Parlament per motius "personals" i tornarà a exercir d'advocat] {{ca icon}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Catalan nationalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mundo, Carles}}

[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Catalan lawyers]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Spanish politicians]]
[[Category:Spanish lawyers]]
[[Category:Justice ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:People from Vic]]
[[Category:Republican Left of Catalonia politicians]]
[[Category:Pompeu Fabra University alumni]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain]]

Joaquim Forn

2019-05-22T14:50:38Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Catalan name|Forn|Chiariello}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable#Catalonia|The Honourable]]
| name = Joaquim Forn
| honorific_suffix =
| image = El conseller d'Interior a la compareixença informativa.jpg
| image_size = 200
| caption = Forn in August 2017

| order1 =
| office1 = [[Minister of the Interior (Catalonia)|Minister of the Interior]]
| term_start1 = 14 July 2017
| term_end1 = 27 October 2017
| president1 = [[Carles Puigdemont]]
| predecessor1 = Jordi Jané i Guasch
| successor1 = [[Miquel Buch]] {{small|([[2017-18 Spanish constitutional crisis#Independence declaration and direct rule|Direct rule]] until 2 June 2018)}}

| constituency_MP2 = the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]]
| parliament2 = Catalan
| term_start2 = 21 December 2017
| term_end2 = 24 January 2018
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = Antoni Morral i Berenguer

| order3 =
| office3 = First [[Deputy Mayor]] of [[Barcelona]]
| term_start3 = 2011
| term_end3 = 2015
| predecessor3 = Jordi William Carnes i Ayats
| successor3 = Gerardo Pissarello Prados

| office4 = Member of the Municipality Council of Barcelona
| term_start4 = 1999
| term_end4 = 2017
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =

| birth_name = Joaquim Forn i Chiariello
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|04|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = Spanish
| nationality = Spanish
| party = [[Catalan European Democratic Party]]
| otherparty = [[Junts per Catalunya]]
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[University of Barcelona]]
| occupation = Lawyer
| signature =
| website = {{URL|1=https://governlegitim.org/|2=Catalan government in exile}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Joaquim Forn i Chiariello''' (born 1 April 1964) is a Spanish politician and lawyer from [[Catalonia]]. A former deputy mayor of the city of [[Barcelona]] in north-eastern [[Spain]], Forn served as [[Minister of the Interior (Catalonia)|Minister of the Interior]] from July 2017 to October 2017 when he was removed from office following the [[Catalan declaration of independence]].

Born in 1964 in [[Barcelona]], Forn graduated from the [[University of Barcelona]] before joining the legal profession. A supporter of [[Catalan independence movement|Catalan independence]], Forn joined the nationalist [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] (CDC) whilst a student. He was elected to the Municipality Council of Barcelona in 1999 and in 2011 he became the city's first deputy mayor, serving until 2015. He was appointed Minister of the Interior for Catalonia in July 2017.

On 1 October 2017 an [[Catalan independence referendum, 2017|independence referendum]] was held in Catalonia despite the [[Constitutional Court of Spain|Constitutional Court]] ruling that it breached the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978|Spanish constitution]]. 92% supported independence though turnout was only 43% due to a boycott by [[Spanish unionism|unionists]]. The [[Parliament of Catalonia|Catalan Parliament]] declared independence on 27 October 2017 which resulted in the [[Government of Spain|Spanish government]] imposing [[direct rule]] on Catalonia, dismissing the [[Executive Council of Catalonia|Catalan government]], including Forn. The Catalan Parliament was [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolved]] and fresh [[Catalan regional election, 2017|elections]] imposed by central government. On 30 October 2017 charges of [[rebellion]], [[sedition]] and misuse of public funds were brought against Forn and other members of the [[Puigdemont Government|Catalan government]]. Forn and Puigdemont, along with others, fled to [[Belgium]], but on 31 October 2017 Forn returned to Spain. On 2 November 2017 Forn and seven other Catalan ministers were remanded in custody by the [[Audiencia Nacional (Spain)|Audiencia Nacional]]. Six of the ministers were released on [[bail]] on 4 December 2017 but Forn and [[Vice President of Catalonia|Vice President]] [[Oriol Junqueras]] were kept in custody. At the regional elections held on 21 December 2017 Forn was elected to Parliament and Catalan secessionists retained a slim majority in the Catalan Parliament. Forn resigned from Parliament in January 2018 but remains in prison. During december 2018 he did a hunger strike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/jailed-catalan-leaders-end-hunger-strike,%20http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/jailed-catalan-leaders-end-hunger-strike|title=Jailed Catalan leaders end hunger strike|last=Bathgate|first=Rachel|website=www.catalannews.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> On Feb 1, 2019 he was transferred to a prison in Madrid, waiting for the trial that is expected to start in February 12.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=2019-02-01|work=El País|access-date=2019-02-03|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Forn was born on 1 April 1964 in [[Barcelona]], capital of [[Catalonia]] in north eastern Spain.<ref name="DG140717">{{cite news|title=Nou govern: Joaquim Forn, l'home que dirigirà els Mossos l'1-O|url=http://www.diaridegirona.cat/catalunya/2017/07/14/nou-govern-joaquim-forn/856736.html|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[Diari de Girona]]|agency=[[EFE]]|date=14 July 2017|location=Girona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="AB130615">{{cite web|title=Joaquim Forn|url=http://aspire.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/sites/default/files/joaquim_forn_cv_cat-rev.pdf|publisher=Ajuntament de Barcelona|accessdate=22 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan|date=13 June 2015}}</ref> He is the son of a Catalan and an Ecuadorian.<ref name="EC010917">{{cite news|title=Forn, el guardián del Govern: de ser golpeado por la Policía a comandar a los Mossos|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/cataluna/2017-09-01/joaquim-forn-pitbull-govern-mossos_1436511/|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[El Confidencial]]|date=1 September 2017|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="EN300717">{{cite news|last1=Vila|first1=Enric|title=Joaquim Forn, la Catalunya de orden|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/es/opinion/perfil-joaquim-forn_178689_102.html|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=El Nacional|date=30 July 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> After being [[home schooled]], he joined the [[Lycée Français de Barcelone]] aged 13, avoiding the Spanish [[francoist]] education.<ref name="DG140717"/><ref name="EN300717"/><ref name="LV290717">{{cite news|last1=Hinojosa|first1=Silvia|title=El conseller que gobierna a los Mossos|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20170729/43157847797/conseller-gobierna-mossos-joaquin-forn.html|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=29 July 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref>

After school Forn joined the [[University of Barcelona]], graduating with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree.<ref name="DG140717"/><ref name="EP140717">{{cite news|title=Joaquim Forn, pedigrí convergente para mandar a los Mossos el 1-O|url=http://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20170714/perfil-joaquim-forn-6168860|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|date=14 July 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> Whilst a student he joined the [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] (CDC), a conservative [[Catalan nationalism|Catalan nationalist]] political party, now known as the [[Catalan European Democratic Party]] (PDeCAT), and helped re-establish the National Student Federation of Catalonia (Federació Nacional d'Estudiants de Catalunya, FNEC), a Catalan nationalist student organisation, serving as its president from 1986 to 1988.<ref name="EC010917"/><ref name="EN300717"/>

==Career==
[[File:Joaquim Forn 7628 resize.jpg|thumb|left|Forn speaking at Barcelona City Council in October 2014]]
After university Forn started working in a [[law firm]].<ref name="LV290717"/> In 1989 he joined the Acció Olímpica (Olympic Action) group that organised the ''Freedom for Catalonia'' campaign during the [[Barcelona Olympic games|1992 Olympic Games]] in Barcelona.<ref name="LV290717"/><ref name="VW140717">{{cite news|title=Quim Forn, un activista sense por al capdavant dels Mossos|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/quim-forn-un-activista-sense-port-al-capdavant-dels-mossos-joaquim-pdecat-conseller-interior-jane-jordi-pdecat-freedom-for-catalonia-jjoo-barcelona-olimpics-independencia/|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[VilaWeb]]|date=14 July 2017|language=Catalan}}</ref>

Forn contested the [[Spanish local elections, 1999|1999 local elections]] as a [[Convergence and Union]] (CiU) [[electoral alliance]] candidate in Barcelona and was elected.<ref name="le99">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Junio 1999 - Mun. Barcelona|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> In May 2000 he was beaten and his arm broken by the [[National Police Corps]] (Policía Nacional) as he took part in a demonstration against a [[Spanish Army]] parade on [[Montjuïc]], in the [[Sants]] district of Barcelona, celebrating Armed Forces Day (Día de las Fuerzas Armadas).<ref name="LV290717"/><ref name="VW140717"/> He was re-elected at the [[Spanish local elections, 2003|2003]] and [[Spanish local elections, 2007|2007]] local elections.<ref name="le03">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2003 - Mun. Barcelona|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="le07">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2007 - Mun. Barcelona|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> He was CiU group spokesman on the city council from 2007 to 2011.<ref name="AB130615"/><ref name="LV140717">{{cite news|last1=Garcia|first1=Luis B.|title=Joaquim Forn, independentista de toda la vida y mano derecha de Trias|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20170714/424108195161/joaquim-forn.html|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=14 July 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> At the [[Spanish local elections, 2011|2011]] local elections, in which Forn we re-elected, the CiU ended the [[Socialists' Party of Catalonia|Socialists]]'s 32-year rule in Barcelona and Forn became first deputy mayor.<ref name="DG140717"/><ref name="le11">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2011 - Mun. Barcelona|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> He was spokesman of the city government, president of [[Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona]], vice-president of the [[Autoritat del Transport Metropolità]]'s board of directors, and an advisor and member of the Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona's board of governors.<ref name="AB130615"/><ref name="LV140717"/>

Forn was re-elected at the [[Spanish local elections, 2015|2015 local elections]] but the CiU lost control of Barcelona to [[Barcelona en Comú]].<ref name="le15">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2015 - Mun. Barcelona|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> He was appointed [[Minister of the Interior (Catalonia)|Minister of the Interior]] for Catalonia in July 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Blanchar|first1=Clara|title=Joaquim Forn, l’home tranquil|url=https://cat.elpais.com/cat/2017/07/14/catalunya/1500020404_421162.html|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[El País]]|date=14 July 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref>

===Catalonia independence crisis===
{{Main|Catalan independence referendum, 2017|Catalan declaration of independence|2017 Spanish constitutional crisis}}
In June 2017 [[President of Catalonia]] [[Carles Puigdemont]] announced that a [[Catalan independence referendum, 2017|referendum]] on Catalan independence would be held on 1 October 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dowsett|first1=Sonya|title=Catalonia calls October referendum on independence from Spain|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-catalonia/catalonia-calls-october-referendum-on-independence-from-spain-idUSKBN19012A|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=9 June 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tensions grow in Spain as Catalonia independence referendum confirmed|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/09/tensions-grow-spain-catalonia-independence-referendum-confirmed/|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=9 June 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> The Catalan Parliament passed [[Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia|legislation]] on 6 September 2017 authorising the referendum which would be binding and based on a simple majority without a minimum threshold.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia's lawmakers give nod to independence referendum|url=http://www.dw.com/en/catalonias-lawmakers-give-nod-to-independence-referendum/a-40390009|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=6 September 2017|location=Bonn, Germany}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mortimer|first1=Caroline|title=Catalan independence referendum: ‘844 injured in clashes with police’, says regional government|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalan-independence-referendum-people-hurt-clashes-police-violence-barcelona-a7977646.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=1 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> The following day [[Constitutional Court of Spain]] suspended the legislation, blocking the referendum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spain's constitutional court suspends Catalan referendum law: court source|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia-court/spains-constitutional-court-suspends-catalan-referendum-law-court-source-idUSKCN1BI2TE|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=7 September 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Strange|first1=Hannah|title=Spain's constitutional court suspends Catalan referendum law|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/07/catalonias-independence-referendum-intolerable-act-disobedience/|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=7 September 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> The [[Government of Spain|Spanish government]] put into effect [[Operation Anubis]] in order to disrupt the organisation of the referendum and arrested [[Executive Council of Catalonia|Catalan government]] officials.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|last2=Burgen|first2=Stephen|title=Spain crisis: 'stop this radicalism and disobedience,' PM tells Catalan leaders|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/20/spain-guardia-civil-raid-catalan-government-hq-referendum-row|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 September 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Castillo|first1=Raquel|last2=Edwards|first2=Sam|title=Spanish police raid Catalan government to halt banned referendum|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia/spanish-police-raid-catalan-government-to-halt-banned-referendum-idUSKCN1BV0U0|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=20 September 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> Despite this the referendum went ahead though it was boycotted by [[Spanish unionism|unionists]] and turnout was only 43%.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia's bid for independence from Spain explained|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29478415|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 December 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|last2=Burgen|first2=Stephen|title=Catalan leader calls for mediation with Spain over independence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/02/catalan-government-emergency-meeting-spain-independence|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> 92% of those who voted supported independence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalan crisis: Spain's Rajoy vows to end 'separatist havoc'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41958204|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=12 November 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McGuinness|first1=Alan|title=Spain calls emergency meeting after Catalonia declares independence|url=https://news.sky.com/story/catalan-leader-carles-puigdemont-puts-independence-on-hold-for-talks-with-madrid-11075455|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Sky News]]|date=11 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> Around 900 people were injured as the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Spanish police]] used violence to try to prevent voting in the referendum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia referendum: Madrid representative apologises for police violence during vote|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-06/madrid-representative-in-catalonia-apologises-for-violence/9025670|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=6 October 2017|location=Sydney, Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Child|first1=David|title=Catalan vote: Claims of Spanish police brutality probed|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/catalan-vote-claims-spanish-police-brutality-probed-171003122547459.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=3 October 2017|location=Doah, Qatar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Catalan referendum: Catalonia has 'won right to statehood'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41463719|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref>

On 27 October 2017 the Catalan Parliament [[Catalan declaration of independence|declared independence]] in a vote boycotted by opposition MPs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalans declare independence as Madrid imposes direct rule|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41780116|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=27 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia declares independence as Spain prepares to impose direct rule|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-latest-spain-direct-rule-catalan-parliament-president-a8023221.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=27 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> Almost immediately the [[Senate of Spain]] invoked article 155 of the constitution, dismissing Puigdemont and the [[Puigdemont Government|Catalan government]] and imposing [[direct rule]] on Catalonia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|last2=Burgen|first2=Stephen|last3=Graham-Harrison|first3=Emma|title=Spain dissolves Catalan parliament and calls fresh elections|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/27/spanish-pm-mariano-rajoy-asks-senate-powers-dismiss-catalonia-president|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Burgess|first1=Sanya|title=Catalan votes for independence as Madrid approves direct rule|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/catalan-votes-for-independence-as-madrid-approves-direct-rule-1.670770|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=27 October 2017|location=Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.}}</ref> The following day [[Prime Minister of Spain|Spanish Prime Minister]] [[Mariano Rajoy]] [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolved]] the Catalan Parliament and called for fresh regional elections on 21 December 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41783289|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=28 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Smith-Spark|first1=Laura|last2=Rebaza|first2=Claudia|title=Catalonia government dissolved after declaring independence from Spain|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/27/europe/catalonia-independence-spain/index.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[CNN]]|date=28 October 2017|location=Atlanta, U.S.A.}}</ref> On 30 October 2017 [[Spanish Attorney General]] [[José Manuel Maza]] laid charges of [[rebellion]], [[sedition]] and misuse of public funds at the [[Audiencia Nacional (Spain)|Audiencia Nacional]] against Puigdemont, Forn and other members of the Catalan government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charges of rebellion and sedition called for by Spain's attorney general against Puigdemont and other Catalan officials|url=https://www.thelocal.es/20171101/charges-of-rebellion-and-sedition-called-for-by-spains-attorney-general-against-puigdemont-and-other-catalan-officials|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Local]]|date=1 November 2017|location=Stockholm, Sweden}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Newton|first1=Creede|title=Spain prosecutor files charges against Catalan leaders|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/spain-prosecutor-files-charges-catalan-leaders-171030120056952.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=30 October 2017|location=Doha, Qatar}}</ref> The charges carry maximum sentences of 30, 15 and 6 years in prison respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Baynes|first1=Chris|title=Catalonia independence: Spanish state prosecutor says Catalan leaders will be charged with rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-spain-catalan-leaders-charged-rebellion-sedition-missuse-public-funds-carles-a8027136.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=30 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref>

Forn, Puigdemont and four other Catalan ministers ([[Dolors Bassa]], [[Meritxell Borràs]], [[Antoni Comín]] and [[Meritxell Serret]]) arrived in [[Belgium]] on 30 October 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalan independence: Carles Puigdemont in Belgium, lawyer says|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41811649|accessdate=26 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=31 October 2017|location=London, UK|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031070147/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41811649|archivedate=31 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont has fled the country amid rebellion charges|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-leader-carles-puigdemont-left-spain-brussels-rebellion-charges-eu-independence-latest-a8027366.html|accessdate=26 December 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=30 October 2017|location=London, UK|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105115650/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-leader-carles-puigdemont-left-spain-brussels-rebellion-charges-eu-independence-latest-a8027366.html|archivedate=5 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to Spanish media the group had driven to [[Marseille]] shortly after the charges were laid before the Audiencia Nacional and from there flown to [[Brussels]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|title=Catalan leaders facing rebellion charges flee to Belgium|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/30/spanish-prosecutor-calls-for-rebellion-charges-against-catalan-leaders|accessdate=26 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=31 October 2017|location=London, UK|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030145823/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/30/spanish-prosecutor-calls-for-rebellion-charges-against-catalan-leaders|archivedate=30 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonian leader Carles Puigdemont flees to Belgium amid accusations of sedition from Spain|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-31/catalan-regional-leader-flees-to-belgium-amid-regional-crisis/9103156|accessdate=26 December 2017|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=31 October 2017|location=Sydney, Australia|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104021247/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-31/catalan-regional-leader-flees-to-belgium-amid-regional-crisis/9103156|archivedate=4 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Forn and Bassa flew back to Barcelona on 31 October 2017 where they were met at [[Barcelona–El Prat Airport|El Prat Airport]] by a group of [[Spanish nationalism|Spanish nationalists]] hurling abuse and taunting the former ministers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia: Puigdemont 'will not return' to Spain for questioning|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41829341|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[BBC News]]|date=1 November 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Newton|first1=Creeda|title=Summoned Catalan leader Puigdemont remains in Belgium|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/summoned-catalan-leader-puigdemont-remains-belgium-171101095252003.html|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=1 November 2017|location=Doha, Qatar}}</ref> The [[Flag of Spain|flag]] waving group shouted "off to prison", "dogs", "traitors" and "where is your republic?" through [[megaphone]]s and pursued Forn as he left the airport, causing the [[Mossos d'Esquadra]] to intervene.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spanish nationalists harass ministers Forn and Bassa at Barcelona airport|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/harass-forn-bassa-barcelona-airport_208227_102.html|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=El Nacional|agency=[[EFE]]|date=1 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Forn y Bassa, recibidos en el aeropuerto al grito de “a prisión”|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171101/432516488285/forn-bassa-aeropuerto-barcelona-vuelo-bruselas.html|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|agency=[[EFE]]|date=1 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bassa y Forn recibidos en el aeropuerto de El Prat a gritos de "a prisión"|url=http://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20171101/bassa-forn-recibidos-aeropuerto-el-prat-gritos-a-prision-6394759|accessdate=22 January 2018|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|agency=[[EFE]]|date=1 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref>

===Imprisonment===
{{main|Trial of Catalonia independence leaders}}
On 2 November 2017 Audiencia Nacional judge [[Carmen Lamela]] [[Remand (detention)|remanded]] in custody Forn and seven other Catalan ministers (Bassa, Borrás, [[Oriol Junqueras]], Carles Mundó, [[Raül Romeva]], Josep Rull and [[Jordi Turull]]) as she considered them a flight risk.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia crisis: Protests as ex-ministers held in Spanish custody|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41854248|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2 November 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|title=Spanish judge jails eight members of deposed Catalan government|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/02/spanish-court-question-catalonia-separatists-except-puigdemont|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 November 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Minder|first1=Raphael|title=Spanish Judge Jails 8 Catalan Separatists Before Trial|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/world/europe/spain-catalonia-jail.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 November 2017|location=New York, U.S.A.}}</ref> The jailed ministers were separated and sent to five different prisons: Bassa and Borrás to Alcalá, Junqueras and Forn to [[Estremera]], Mundó to [[Aranjuez]] prison, Romeva and Turull to [[Valdemoro]] and Rull to [[Navalcarnero]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Eight deposed Catalan ministers sent to prison without bail|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/eight-deposed-catalan-ministers-sent-to-prison-without-bail|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=2 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> A ninth minister, [[Santi Vila]], was freed on [[bail]] as he had resigned from the government the day before the declaration of independence, but had to spend a night in Estremera prison whilst his lawyers secured his €50,000 bail.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jailed Catalonia leader Santi Vila to leave jail after paying bail|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia/jailed-catalonia-leader-santi-vila-to-leave-jail-after-paying-bail-idUSKBN1D30X2|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=3 November 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Former Catalan minister Santi Vila leaves prison on 50,000 euro bail|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/former-catalan-minister-santi-vila-prison-bail_209022_102.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=El Nacional|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> According to their lawyer Jaume Alonso-Cuevillas, the ministers were mistreated whilst being transported to prison.<ref name="CNA031117">{{cite news|title=Lawyer alleges mistreatment of jailed ministers|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/lawyer-alleges-mistreatment-of-jailed-ministers|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref name="EN031117">{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Catalan ministers reportedly mistreated on way to prison|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/catalan-ministers-lawyer-prison_209121_102.html|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=El Nacional|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> They were allegedly handcuffed behind their backs without seat belts in a van going very fast, forced to listen to the [[Spanish national anthem]] on a loop and threatened by their guards.<ref name="EN031117"/><ref name="CNA051117">{{cite news|title=Catalan jailed ministers suffered “unjustifiably vexatious” treatment, says lawyer|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/catalan-jailed-ministers-suffered-unjustifiably-vexatious-treatment-says-lawyer|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=5 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref name="TH071117">{{cite news|last1=Russell|first1=Greg|title=Communities rally to show their support for imprisoned Catalan politicians|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15644445.Communities_rally_to_show_their_support_for_imprisoned_Catalan_politicians/|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Mundo allegedly suffered injuries due to the handcuffs and two ministers were allegedly forced to strip to prevent them carrying anything into prison.<ref name="EN031117"/><ref name="CNA051117"/><ref name="TH071117"/> Earlier, as the ministers arrived at the Audiencia Nacional, Spanish police officers were shown, in video obtained ''[[Reuters]]'' and published by the ''[[La Vanguardia]]'', making sneering, homophobic comments about the ministers, with one officer saying "Wait till you see what they do to the little teddy bear", referring to Junqueras, "When they get him on all fours, they’ll fix his eye".<ref name="CNA031117"/><ref name="TH071117"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Las burlas de tres policías nacionales a los consellers en su salida hacia la cárcel|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171103/432559887481/policias-burlan-consellers-junqueras-carcel.html|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Un grupo de policías se burla de Junqueras a las puertas de la Audiencia Nacional: "Está llegando un osito a la cárcel"|url=http://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/politica/MINUTO-Diada_13_685361458_15424.html|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[Eldiario.es]]|date=3 November 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=La Vanguardia|url=https://twitter.com/LaVanguardia/status/926416880763572226|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=1 January 2018|date=3 November 2017}}</ref>

On 1 December 2017 the eight jailed ministers and two jailed independence activists - [[Jordi Cuixart]] and [[Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol]] - appeared before [[Supreme Court of Spain|Supreme Court]] judge Pablo Llarena to request bail while they await trial.<ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court postpones decision over whether to release jailed Catalan leaders until Monday|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/supreme-court-postpones-decision-over-whether-to-release-jailed-catalan-leaders-until-monday|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=1 December 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> They renounced the declaration of independence, pledged support for the imposition of direct rule and agreed to work within the law.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Catalan leaders appear before supreme court in Madrid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/01/catalan-leaders-supreme-court-madrid-regional-elections|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 December 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Castillo|first1=Raquel|title=Former Catalan cabinet members appear before Supreme Court|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-spain-politics-catalonia/former-catalan-cabinet-members-appear-before-supreme-court-idUKKBN1DV3ZL|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=1 December 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia's ex-vice president Oriol Junqueras refused bail by Spanish Supreme Court|url=http://www.dw.com/en/catalonias-ex-vice-president-oriol-junqueras-refused-bail-by-spanish-supreme-court/a-41612722|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]/[[Reuters]]/[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]]|date=4 December 2017|location=Bonn, Germany}}</ref> On 4 December 2017 Llarena released, after 32 days in prison, six of the ministers (Bassa, Borrás, Mundó, Romeva, Rull and Turull) on bail of €100,000 but ordered that their passports be confiscated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Six Catalan ministers freed after 32 days in prison|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/six-catalan-ministers-freed-after-32-days-in-prison|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=4 December 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Supreme Court judge releases Catalan ministers; Junqueras, Forn and 'Jordis' to stay in prison|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/spain-court-judge-releases-catalan-ministers-bail-prison_218433_102.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=El Nacional|date=4 December 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> However, Forn and Junqueras, together with Cuixart and Sànchez, were refused bail.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia: Spanish court releases six secessionists on bail, ousted VP Oriol Junqueras still in custody|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-04/former-catalonia-vice-president-oriol-junquera-denied-bail/9225422|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]/[[Reuters]]|date=4 December 2017|location=Sydney, Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Minder|first1=Raphael|title=Judge Frees Some Jailed Catalan Separatists, but Holds Others|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/world/europe/spain-catalonia-independence.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 December 2012|location=New York, U.S.A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Catalonia's former vice president kept in jail by Spanish judge as Puigdemont faces extradition deadline|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-latest-updates-catalan-vice-president-oriol-junqueras-jail-spanish-judge-leaders-a8090266.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=4 December 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> In denying them bail, Llarena claimed that it remained to be seen if their pledge to abide by Spanish law was "truthful and real" and that there was a risk that they would commit the same crimes if released.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parra|first1=Aritz|last2=Casert|first2=Raf|title=4 Catalan separatists kept in jail as campaigning begins|url=http://beta.latimes.com/nation/sns-bc-eu--catalonia-20171204-story.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=5 December 2017|location=Los Angeles, U.S.A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Latest: Pro-Spain pol urges big turnout in Catalonia|url=http://www.dailyherald.com/article/20171204/news/312049950|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Daily Herald (Arlington Heights)|Daily Herald]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=4 December 2017|location=Chicago, U.S.A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|title=Catalan's deposed vice-president to contest election from prison|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/04/spanish-judge-denies-bail-deposed-catalan-vice-president-oriol-junqueras|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 December 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref>

Whilst remaining in prison, Forn contested the [[Catalan regional election, 2017|2017 regional election]] as a [[Junts per Catalunya]] (JuntsxCat) electoral alliance candidate in the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] and was elected to the [[Parliament of Catalonia]].<ref name="re17">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2017: Composició del Parlament|url=https://resultats.parlament2017.cat/09AU/DAU09000XX.htm?lang=ca|publisher=[[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=22 January 2018|language=Catalan}}</ref> A [[Christmas crib]] sent to Forn and Junqueras in prison was returned to its sender Antoni Bargalló smashed and with [[Viva España]] scrawled on the box.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Russell|first1=Greg|title=Catalan independence: Jailed minister's nativity decoration smashed|url=http://www.thenational.scot/news/15811321.Jailed_Catalan_minister___s_nativity_decoration_returned_____in_pieces/|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]|date=6 January 2018|location=Glasgow, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=De Sancha Rojo|first1=María|title=http://www.huffingtonpost.es/2018/01/04/un-pesebrista-envia-un-belen-a-junqueras-en-prision-y-se-lo-devuelven-roto-y-con-un-viva-espana_a_23324367/|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.es/2018/01/04/un-pesebrista-envia-un-belen-a-junqueras-en-prision-y-se-lo-devuelven-roto-y-con-un-viva-espana_a_23324367/|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[HuffPost]]|date=5 January 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> Cuixart, Forn and Sànchez appeared before Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena on 11 January 2018 to secure release from prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia independence backers attempt to secure jail release|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/pa/article-5258811/Catalonia-independence-backers-attempt-secure-jail-release.html|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[MailOnline]]|agency=[[Press Association]]|date=11 January 2018|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hearing to decide on Catalan pro-independence leaders' incarceration underway|url=http://www.catalannews.com/society-science/item/hearing-to-decide-on-catalan-pro-independence-leaders-incarceration-underway|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=11 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> At the hearing Forn testified that, although he did not renounce Catalan independence, he would only seek to achieve this by reforming the Spanish constitution and if the Catalan government sought to achieve independence unilaterally he would resign from Parliament.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Joaquim Forn says the only path to independence is constitutional reform|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/joaquim-forn-supreme-court-constitutional-reform_228378_102.html|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=El Nacional|date=11 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jailed Catalan leaders give up on unilateral path to independence|url=http://www.catalannews.com/society-science/item/jailed-catalan-leaders-give-up-on-unilateral-path-to-independence|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=11 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> On 12 January 2018, at a separate hearing for Junqueras, Llarena opened the way for the three jailed MPs - Forn, Junqueras and Sànchez - to [[Proxy voting|vote by proxy]] in the Catalan Parliament.<ref>{{cite news|title=Judge denies jailed Catalan VP to attend Parliament|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/judge-denies-jailed-catalan-vp-to-attend-parliament|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=12 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Judge refuses Junqueras's prison transfer request, lets Parliament decide on delegating his vote|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/judge-refuses-junqueras-prison-transfer-parliament_228672_102.html|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=El Nacional|date=12 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> When the Catalan Parliament met on 17 January 2018 it allowed the three jailed MPs to vote by proxy, with Turull voting for Forn and Sànchez.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Russell|first1=Greg|title=Jailed Catalan MPs vote by proxy as Roger Torrent becomes president|url=http://www.thenational.scot/news/15857148.Jailed_Catalan_MPs_vote_by_proxy_in_presidential_poll/|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]|date=18 January 2018|location=Glasgow, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Roger Torrent, new Catalan Parliament president|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/roger-torrent-new-catalan-parliament-president|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=17 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> Forn resigned from Parliament with effect from 24 January 2018 in order to secure his freedom.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jailed Catalan minister gives up post as MP|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/jailed-catalan-minister-gives-up-post-as-mp|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=23 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=González|first1=David|title=Forn resigns as a deputy to increase chances of release from prison|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/forn-resigns-release-strategy_232089_102.html|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=El Nacional|date=23 January 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BUTLLETÍ OFICIAL DEL PARLAMENT DE CATALUNYA: XII legislatura · primer període · número 6 · dilluns 29 de gener de 2018|url=https://www.parlament.cat/document/bopc/240473.pdf|publisher=[[Parliament of Catalonia]]|accessdate=4 February 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|page=3|language=Catalan|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Despite this, on 2 February 2018, Llarena refused Forn's application for release on bail, saying that Forn's refusal to give up support for independence meant that there was a risk that he would re-offend.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jailed pro-independence minister kept in jail|url=http://www.catalannews.com/society-science/item/jailed-pro-independence-minister-kept-in-jail|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=2 February 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Judge keeps Joaquim Forn in prison|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/judge-joaquim-forn-prison_235230_102.html|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=El Nacional|date=2 February 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> The testimony by Spanish army colonel Diego Pérez de los Cobos, who was in charge of Spanish security forces during the crackdown against the independence referendum, was seen as key to keeping Forn in prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Family anguish after judge refuses to free Catalan former minister Joaquim Forn|url=http://www.thenational.scot/news/15917456.Family_anguish_after_judge_refuses_to_free_Catalan_former_minister/|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]|date=3 February 2018|location=Glasgow, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jailed Catalan minister Forn: "It's difficult, but I'm well"|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/politics/jailed-catalan-minister-forn-it-s-difficult-but-i-m-well_235554_102.html|accessdate=4 February 2018|work=El Nacional|date=3 February 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref>

On 7 March 2018 the High Commissioner of the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] reminded Spanish authorities that "''pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort''" referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum.<ref>{{cite news |title=High Commissioner’s global update of human rights concerns |url=http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22772&LangID=E |work=OHCHR |date=2018-03-07 |access-date=2018-03-08 }}</ref>

On December, 3, 2018, he went on a [[hunger strike]], ended on December 20.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/jailed-catalan-leaders-end-hunger-strike,%20http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/jailed-catalan-leaders-end-hunger-strike|title=Jailed Catalan leaders end hunger strike|last=Bathgate|first=Rachel|website=www.catalannews.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref> On February 1st, 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial will start on February the 12th.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=2019-02-01|work=El País|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Forn is married to Laura Masvidal.<ref name="DG140717"/><ref name="EP140717"/> They have two daughters.<ref name="DG140717"/><ref name="LV290717"/>

==Electoral history==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Electoral history of Joaquim Forn
! scope=col|Election
! scope=col|Constituency
! scope=col|Party
! scope=col|Alliance
! scope=col|Result
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 1999|1999 local]]<ref name="le99"/> || [[Barcelona]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 2003|2003 local]]<ref name="le03"/> || [[Barcelona]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 2007|2007 local]]<ref name="le07"/> || [[Barcelona]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 2011|2011 local]]<ref name="le11"/> || [[Barcelona]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 2015|2015 local]]<ref name="le15"/> || [[Barcelona]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2017|2017 regional]]<ref name="re17"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Catalan European Democratic Party]] || [[Junts per Catalunya]] || '''Elected'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Joaquim Forn i Chiariello}}
* {{URL|1=https://governlegitim.org/|2=Catalan government in exile}}
* {{Facebook|id=joaquimforn|name=Joaquim Forn}}

{{Catalan nationalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forn, Joaquim}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Catalan European Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan lawyers]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Convergence and Union politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Convergence of Catalonia politicians]]
[[Category:Interior ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 12th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Politicians from Barcelona]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain]]
[[Category:University of Barcelona alumni]]
[[Category:Barcelona municipal councillors (2015–2019)]]

Carme Forcadell

2019-05-22T14:48:30Z

141.138.51.145: Provinces aren't notable nor autonomous

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Carme Forcadell
| image = Via_Catalana_Barcelona_Plaça_Catalunya_62-edit.jpg
| office = 14th [[President of the Parliament of Catalonia]]
| term_start = 26 October 2015
| term_end = 17 January 2018
| predecessor = [[Núria de Gispert]]
| successor = [[Roger Torrent]]
| prior_term =

| office2 = President of the [[Catalan National Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2012
| term_end2 = 2015
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Jordi Sànchez]]
| prior_term2 =
| office3 = Member of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] for the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]]
| term_start3 = 26 October 2015
| term_end3 = 22 March 2018
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|5|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Xerta]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| nationality = Spanish
| party = independent [[Junts pel Sí]] (2015–2017) [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] (2003–2007)
| residence = Sabadell
| education = Philosophy
| alma_mater = [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]]
| occupation = Teacher, writer, politician
| profession = language teacher
| children = 2
| parents =
| website =
|signature = Signatura_Forcadell.png
}}

'''Maria Carme Forcadell i Lluís''' (born 29 May 1955) is a Spanish politician. She is the former President of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]], as well as a Catalan high school teacher, known for her [[Catalan independence]] activism.

She was one of the founders of [[Plataforma per la Llengua]], member of the executive board of the [[Sabadell]] branch of [[Òmnium Cultural]] and president of the [[Catalan National Assembly]] from its inception until May 2015.<ref name=ccma>{{cite news|title=Jordi Sànchez, nou president de l'Assemblea Nacional Catalana|url=http://www.ccma.cat/324/jordi-sanchez-nou-president-de-lassemblea-nacional-catalana/noticia/2665346/|accessdate=15 July 2015|publisher=CCMA.cat|date=16 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bataller|first1=Marc|title=L'actitud hostil d'Espanya ens ajudarà a tenir estat|journal=El Punt Avui|date=April 30, 2012|url=http://www.elpuntavui.cat/article/3-politica/17-politica/534594-lactitud-hostil-despanya-ens-ajudara-a-tenir-estat.html|accessdate=15 July 2015|language=Catalan}}</ref>

[[Catalan regional election, 2015|In 2015]] she won a seat in the [[Parliament of Catalonia|Catalan parliament]] as part of the [[Junts pel Sí]] coalition.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Diputats electes|journal=El Punt Avui|url=http://www.elpuntavui.cat/canals/politica/eleccions-plebiscitaries-27s2015/electes.html|accessdate=11 October 2015|language=Catalan}}</ref> Subsequently, in October 2015 she was elected [[List of Presidents of the Parliament of Catalonia|President of the Parliament of Catalonia]], a position she held until January 2018. Since March 2018, she is jailed in pre-trial custody accused of rebellion.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=2019-02-01|work=El País|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

==Background==
Forcadell was born in [[Xerta]], [[Spain]].<ref>[http://www.diariodesevilla.es/2017/11/09/Auto_situaciones_personales.pdf?hash=5895e2c6a6127bd731d8085f79fcc1cb1b6dd2f2 Auto judicial con el nombre completo y fecha de nacimiento de Forcadell]</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.parlament.cat/presidencia/biografia/
|title = Biografia - Carme Forcadell i Lluís
|website = www.parlament.cat
|publisher = [[Parliament of Catalonia|Parlament de Catalunya]]
|language = ca
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171107055342/http://www.parlament.cat/presidencia/biografia/#
|archive-date = 2017-11-07
|dead-url = yes
|access-date = 11 November 2017
|quote = Nascuda a Xerta (Baix Ebre) el 1955, viu a Sabadell (Vallès Occidental) des dels divuit anys.
|df =
}}</ref> She is the daughter of a humble family; her father was a farmer and a truck driver. She was born in Xerta and at 18 she moved to Sabadell, where she currently lives.

Forcadell has a degree in [[philosophy]] and [[communication studies]] from the [[Autonomous University of Barcelona]] and a Masters in [[Catalan language|Catalan Philology]] from the same university. She worked at the television station [[Televisión Española|TVE Catalunya]] from 1979 to 1982 and with various other media organizations. Forcadell has been a civil servant within the Catalan Department of Education since 1985, as the coordinator of linguistic normalization for the Department's Catalan Education Service since 1992, and then from 2004 on as a consultant of intercultural studies, language, and social cohesion in [[Vallès Occidental]]. She has published textbooks, books on language and literature, and a dictionary. She has been a contributing writer for various media outlets, writing about language planning, language, and identity. She is a member of the ''Comissió de la Dignitat'' (Commission on Dignity, an organization that works to have documents confiscated by the Franco regime returned to their rightful owners) and the ''Plataforma pel Dret de Decidir'' (Platform for the Right to Decide), where she is part of the communications committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlament.cat/pcat/parlament/presidents/carme-forcadell/|title=Carme Forcadell|last=|first=|date=|website=Parlament de Catalunya|language=ca|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>

==Political career==
[[File:Puigdemont voting for DUI (2017-10-27).jpg|thumb|280px|[[Puigdemont]] voting for Declaration of Independence on 27 October 2017|alt=|left]]
She has been a member of [[Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya]] and served as a city councilperson for this political party in Sabadell from 2003 to 2007.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Minder|first1=Raphael|title=allying Catalans to the Separatist Cause|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 7, 2014|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/08/world/europe/carme-forcadell-barcelona-catalonia-spain.html?_r=0|accessdate=15 July 2015}}</ref>

On April 22, 2012 the members of the Executive Board of the [[Catalan National Assembly]] (ANC) chose Forcadell as president of the ANC. She was joined by Carles Castellanos as Vice president and Jordi Martínez as Secretary. During the summer of 2012, the ANC organized marches for independence all over Catalonia. As president of the ANC, Forcadell was one of the leading voices behind the organization of the 2012 "[[2012 Catalan independence demonstration|Catalonia, Next State in Europe]]" rallies and the [[Catalan Way]] in 2013. On May 17, 2014, she was reelected president of the ANC with 97% of the votes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Domènech|first1=Xavier|title=De les consultes a l´Assemblea Nacional|journal=Diari de Girona|url=http://www.diaridegirona.cat/catalunya/2012/09/14/consultes-lassemblea-nacional/581370.html|accessdate=15 July 2015|language=Catalan}}</ref> Forcadell received the 2014 Joan Blanca Prize from the city of [[Perpignan]] in recognition of her commitment to the defense of Catalan culture and identity.

On May 16, 2015 [[Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol]] succeeded her as President of the ANC, he was chosen by the members of the Executive Board despite [[Elizabeth Castro|Liz Castro]] being the most voted candidate.<ref name=ccma/> The following July it was announced that Forcadell would be a candidate in the [[2015 Catalan regional election|Catalan parliamentary elections]] to be held on September 27, running second behind [[Raül Romeva]] on the [[electoral list]] of the pro-independence coalition [[Together for Yes]] for the province of Barcelona.

On October 26, 2015 Forcadell was elected president of the Catalan parliament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elperiodico.com/es/noticias/politica/forcadell-presidenta-parlament-constitucion-camara-catalunya-4618646|title=Carme Forcadell ya es presidenta del Parlament con los votos de JxSí, la CUP y parte de Sí que es Pot|first=RAFA JULVE / JOSE RICO /|last=BARCELONA|date=26 October 2015|website=Elperiodico.com|accessdate=11 October 2017}}</ref>

=== Imprisonment ===
{{main|Trial of Catalonia independence leaders}}
After the [[Catalan declaration of independence]] on October 27, 2017, she was investigated by the Supreme Court for alleged crimes of rebellion and sedition.

On November 9, 2017 Forcadell was sent to Madrid's Alcalá Meco jail,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/09/catalan-parliament-speaker-carme-forcadell-due-in-madrid-court-on-sedition-charge|title=Catalan parliament speaker and four members of governing body bailed|last=Jones|first=Sam|date=2017-11-10|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> only overnight, over her role as the Speaker of the Catalan Parliament for having processed in the Parliament a bill of [[Catalan independence referendum, 2017|independence referendum]] through an emergency procedure that was declared void by the Constitutional Court, violating the participation rights of the opposition parties and falsifying the publication of said project, because the secretary general of the parliament refused to process it as was unconstitutional. Also, to process the next day the ''Draft Law of legal transience'', which sought to unilaterally break the unity of Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41927777|title=Spain Catalonia: Ex-parliament speaker Forcadell granted bail|last=|first=|date=|website=BBC|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-fiscalia-general-querella-contra-miembros-gobierno-catalan-mesa-parlament-20170907131327.html La Fiscalía General se querella contra los miembros del Gobierno catalán y de la Mesa del Parlament] {{es icon}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/09/catalan-parliament-speaker-carme-forcadell-due-in-madrid-court-on-sedition-charge Catalan parliament speaker and four members of governing body bailed]</ref> She was released the same day with a precautionary bail of 150,000 euros.

In December of the same year she was again elected to the [[2017 Catalan regional election|Parliament elections]] this time for the candidature of [[Republican Left of Catalonia|Esquerra Republicana]]. She renewed his status as a parliamentarian on January 17, 2018, but resigned to be re-elected president of the chamber and was succeeded by the deputy by [[Roger Torrent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/ple-constitucio-parlament-maragall-torrent_230010_102.html|title=Roger Torrent, nou president del Parlament|website=El Nacional|language=Catalan|access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>

On March 22, 2018, once the failed voting for the investiture of [[Jordi Turull]] as president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, she resigned as deputy, along with [[Marta Rovira]] and [[Dolors Bassa]]. One day after, on March 23, 2018, Presidential candidate [[Jordi Turull]], former parliament speaker Carme Forcadell and three deposed ministers were sent to pre-trial prison.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-43523811 Spain Catalonia: Clashes after separatist leaders detained]</ref><ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2018-03-23/spain-wraps-up-judicial-probe-into-catalan-secession-attempt Spain Charges 13 Catalan Separatist Leaders With Rebellion]</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/catalan-leaders-remain-jail-year-independence-referendum-180930202051988.html Catalan leaders remain in jail year after independence referendum]</ref>

On February 1, 2019, she was transferred back to the Madrilenian prison of Alcalá-Meco, to face the Judgment that is expected to begin on February 12, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=2019-02-01|work=El País|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.carmeforcadell.cat/ Carme Forcadell] {{ca icon}}

{{CatalanParliamentPresidents}}
{{Catalan nationalism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forcadell, Carme}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni]]
[[Category:Catalan independence movement]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan women in politics]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 11th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 12th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:People from Baix Ebre]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain]]
[[Category:Republican Left of Catalonia politicians]]
[[Category:Spanish politicians]]
[[Category:Women legislative speakers]]
[[Category:Municipal councillors in the province of Barcelona]]

Jordi Cuixart

2019-05-22T14:47:33Z

141.138.51.145:

{{short description|Catalan businessperson}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Jordi Cuixart i Navarro president Òmnium Foto Òmnium.jpg
| birth_name = Jordi Cuixart i Navarro
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1975|4|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Santa Perpètua de Mogoda]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| nationality = [[Spaniards|Spanish]]
| occupation = Businessperson
| known_for = President of the [[Òmnium Cultural]]
| signature = Signature_of_Jordi_Cuixart.jpg
}}

'''Jordi Cuixart i Navarro''' (born 22 April 1975) is a Spanish businessman, politician and and cultural activist from [[Catalonia]]. He is the president of [[Òmnium Cultural]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.omnium.cat/noticia/jordi-cuixart-es-proclamat-nou-president-domnium|title=Jordi Cuixart és proclamat nou president d'Òmnium|last=Gabarró|first=Jordi|date=2015-12-19|work=Òmnium Cultural|access-date=2017-08-28|language=ca}}</ref> a non-profit cultural organisation founded in 1961 with more than 160,000 members and 40 local branches in [[Catalonia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catalannews.com/society-science/item/viggo-mortensen-joins-catalonia-s-omnium-cultural|title=Viggo Mortensen joins Catalonia’s Òmnium Cultural|last=Terol|first=Alan Ruiz|website=www.catalannews.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-06-24}}</ref> As part of his role in the [[Catalan independence movement|pro-independence demonstrations]] prior to the [[Catalan independence referendum, 2017|Catalan independence referendum of 2017]], he has been imprisoned since October 2017 under charges of [[sedition]] and violent [[rebellion]] brought by the Spanish prosecutor's office. [[Amnesty International]] believes his detention constitutes a disproportionate restriction on his rights to free speech and peaceful assembly, and urges Spain to free him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/spain-leading-catalan-figures-jordi-sanchez-and-jordi-cuixart-should-be-freed-0|title=Spain: leading Catalan figures Jordi Sànchez and Jordi Cuixart should be freed|website=www.amnesty.org.uk|access-date=2018-10-16}}</ref>

== Biography ==

Cuixart was born in [[1975]] in [[Santa Perpètua de Mogoda]]. His mother hailed from [[Murcia]] and his father from [[Badalona]]. He lived in Santa Perpètua de Mogoda for 30 years before moving to [[Sabadell]], where he remained until his imprisonment in 2017.

As a teenager, he studied mechanics in the [[vocational education]] centre [[Institut Escola Industrial i d'Arts i Oficis]] in Sabadell. He joined Òmnium Cultural in 1996. In addition, he is a member of different social organisations, such as Can Capablanca, a pro-Catalan independence social centre in [[Sabadell]], the cooperative financial institution [[Coop 57]], and [[Amnesty International]]. He was an objector to Spanish [[military service]].

As a businessman, Cuixart is the founder and president of Aranow,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://accio.gencat.cat/cat/agenda-activitats/actes/2014/07/mes-idiomes-mes-negoci.jsp|title=Més idiomes, més negoci! {{!}} ACCIÓ|website=accio.gencat.cat|language=ca|access-date=2017-08-28}}</ref> a company that exports packaging machinery. He is co-founder and chairman of FemCAT, a private foundation of Catalan businesspeople.

== Activism in Òmnium Cultural ==

He became the treasurer and later vice-president of Òmnium Cultural as an associate to [[Muriel Casals]], who first became Òmnium's president in 2010 and was re-elected to the post in 2014. Under Casals' leadership, Òmnium Cultural's original focus in Catalan culture broadened to include the promotion of [[self-determination]] and Catalan independence. Jordi Cuixart succeeded Muriel Casals as president of Òmnium in December 2015, after she stepped down in July of that year to stand in the forthcoming [[Catalan regional election, 2015|Catalan election]] (in the meantime, the organisation was headed by [[Quim Torra]] as interim president).

As president of Òmnium Cultural, he focused on widening the sovereignist social majority, while maintaining a program where the Catalan language and culture vertebrate social cohesion. He promoted, among others, the ''Lluites compartides'' (Shared fightings) campaign, with which he wanted to promote the shared historical memory of social mobilization processes that, in different areas and moments of time, have been decisive in shaping what is today Catalonia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/opinio/16645/tardor/lluites/compartides|title=Jordi Muñoz - Una tardor de lluites compartides {{!}} NacióDigital|last=Muñoz|first=Jordi|date=|website=www.naciodigital.cat|language=ca|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> Cuixart also continued the organisation's involvement in the political developments leading to the [[Catalan independence referendum, 2017|Catalan independence referendum of 2017]].

== Imprisonment ==
{{main|Operation Anubis|Trial of Catalonia independence leaders}}

On 16 October 2017, Jordi Cuixart and [[Jordi Sànchez]] were preventively jailed after the state attorney's accusation of [[sedition]], a [[felony]] regulated by the article 544 and subsequents of the Spanish [[Criminal Code]].<ref name="ElPais18102017">{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/10/18/inenglish/1508325235_772160.html|title=The "Jordis" are not political prisoners – here’s why|work=El País|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref><ref name="ElPeriodico17102017">{{cite web|url=http://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20171017/delito-sedicion-que-es-codigo-penal-6344514|title=¿Qué es el delito de sedición? Así lo regula el Código Penal|date=17 October 2017|publisher=El Periódico|access-date=27 October 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref name="CodigoPenal544">{{cite web|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Penal/lo10-1995.l2t22.html|title=Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, del Código Penal|access-date=27 October 2017|language=es|quote=Article 544. Seditionists are those who, without being included in the crime of rebellion, rise publicly and tumultually to prevent, by force or outside legal channels, the application of the Laws or any authority, official corporation or public official, the legitimate exercise of their functions or compliance with their agreements, or administrative or judicial decisions. Article 545. 1. Those who have induced, sustained or directed the sedition or appear in it as its principal authors, shall be punished with imprisonment from eight to ten years, and from ten to fifteen years, if they were persons constituted in authority. In both cases, absolute disqualification will also be imposed for the same time.}}</ref>

This sedition was allegedly committed when they organized a protest on 20 September 2017 during [[Operation Anubis]] police raids to dismantle the framework of the [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|1 October Catalan independence referendum]] performed by the [[Guardia Civil (Spain)|Spanish Civil Guard]].<ref name="Independent-16Oct17">{{cite news|last=Fotheringham|first=Alasdair|date=16 October 2017|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-leaders-jailed-spain-judge-sedition-jordi-sanchez-jordi-cuixart-latest-news-a8004001.html|title=Catalonia: Spanish judge jails two independence leaders for possible sedition|work=The Independent|quote=An ongoing legal investigation claims Jordi Sanchez and Jordi Cuixart, the leader of the ANC movement, and Mr Cuixart, who heads the Omnium Cultural association, were heavily involved in organising a massive protest aimed at hindering a Guardia Civil investigation in Barcelona into the build-up for the 1 October illegal referendum.}}</ref><ref name="ElMundo20092017">{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2017/09/20/59c2032446163f2b338b459a.html|title=La Guardia Civil cercena el 1-O|date=20 September 2017|publisher=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|accessdate=18 October 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/madrid-jails-catalan-separatist-leaders-jordi-cuixart-and-jordi-sanchez-pending-investigation|title=Spain High Court jails Catalan separatist leaders pending investigation|date=17 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-17-3626_en.htm|title=European Commission - Press release - Statement on the events in Catalonia|last=|first=|date=2 October 2017|website=europa.eu}}</ref> They were accused of leading the protest of tens of thousands of people in front of the Catalan economy department heeding a call made by [[Òmnium Cultural]] and [[Assemblea Nacional Catalana|ANC]].<ref name="ElPais18102017" /> The investigating judge stated that the leaders did not call for "peaceful demonstration but to the protection of Catalan officials through 'massive citizens' mobilisations", even though Cuixart and Sànchez made several public calls asking for "peaceful" and "civic" protests in social networks, in a public statement in front of the media at noon and in a speech in front of the demonstrators in the evening.<ref name="Independent20092017">{{cite news |last= Stone |first= Jon |date= 20 September 2017 |title= Spanish police storm Catalan government buildings to stop independence referendum |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-referendum-catalan-police-storm-ministries-arrested-josep-maria-jov-a7956581.html |work= [[Independent (newspaper)|Independent]] |location= Europe correspondent |access-date= 25 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="ARA19102017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/en/The-interlocutory-decree-Sanchez-Cuixart_0_1891011018.html|title=The bias of the interlocutory decree that sent Sànchez and Cuixart to prison|last=Orriols|first=Núria|date=19 October 2017|work=Ara|access-date=7 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/politica/mobilitzar-se-Gran-via-Rambla-Catalunya-lautogovern_0_1873012845.html|title=Les entitats criden a mobilitzar-se a Gran Via amb rambla de Catalunya en defensa de l'autogovern|last=Orriols|first=Núria|date=20 September 2017|work=Ara|access-date=7 April 2019|last2=Pruna|first2=Gerard|language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/174353/video/son/enemic/poble/aixi/va/cridar/cuixart/aillar/violents/20-s|title=VÍDEO «Són l'enemic del poble»: així va cridar Cuixart a aïllar els violents el 20-S|last=|first=|date=26 February 2019|work=Nació Digital|access-date=7 April 2019|language=ca}}</ref> According to the judge, Sànchez encouraged the demonstrators with expressions such as "no one goes home, it will be a long and intense night", on top of a police vehicle.<ref name="ElEspañol16102017">{{cite web|url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/tribunales/20171016/254725689_0.html|title=Los 'Jordis' a prisión por "alentar a la masa" contra la Guardia Civil el 20-S|date=16 October 2017|publisher=El Español|access-date=25 October 2017|language=es}}</ref><ref name=LaVanguardia20171017>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171017/432142495111/video-jordi-cuixart-jordi-sanchez-disolver-manifestacion-economia.html|title=Un vídeo muestra cómo Cuixart y Sànchez intentaron disolver la manifestación de Economia|work=La Vanguardia|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref><ref name="27SMediapro">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=do5KQV5Qgow|title=20-S|date=11 July 2018|last=Roures|first=Jaume|type=Television production|publisher=Mediapro|access-date=3 July 2018}}</ref> But footage from that night contradicts that and shows Cuixart and Sànchez calling off the protests on top of the car at 11pm: "We are asking you, to the extent possible and in a peaceful way, to dissolve today's gathering".<ref name=LaVanguardia20171017 /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/i-ll-serve-life-in-jail-if-i-must-vows-catalan-martyr-j2lfx3nh8|title=I’ll serve life in jail if I must, vows Catalan ‘martyr’, Jordi Cuixart|last=Campbell|first=Matthew|date=21 October 2018|work=The Times|access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ccma.cat/324/els-videos-de-sanchez-i-cuixart-el-20s-contra-els-arguments-per-empresonar-los/noticia/2815471/|title=Els vídeos de Sànchez i Cuixart el 20-S contra els arguments per empresonar-los|last=|first=|date=17 October 2017|work=3/24|access-date=3 July 2018|language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eltemps.cat/article/2198/lindependentisme-planta-cara-a-lestat-en-defensa-de-l1-o|title=L'independentisme planta cara a l'Estat en defensa de l'1-O|last=Puig|first=Xavier|date=21 September 2017|work=El Temps|access-date=3 July 2018|language=ca}}</ref><ref name="ARA19102017" /> After those calls, most demonstrators left the place and only a few hundred remainded. Those were dispersed by crowd-controls units of the [[Autonomous communities of Spain|autonomous]] [[police]] force of [[Catalonia]], [[Mossos d'Esquadra]].<ref name="ARA19102017" /> Mossos recognized that there was a risk situation and denounced Spanish Civil Guard didn't notify them in advance of the registries, making it impossible to prepare a police operation to keep demonstrators far from the building.<ref name="EuropaPress27022018">{{Cite news|url=http://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-mossos-reconocen-20-hubo-riesgo-ello-secretaria-judicial-salio-azotea-20180227170710.html|title=Mossos reconocen que el 20-S hubo riesgo y por ello la secretaria judicial salió por azotea|last=|first=|date=27 February 2018|work=Europa Press|access-date=3 July 2018|language=es}}</ref><ref name="27SMediapro" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/politica/Transcripco-Josep-Lluis-Trapero-Nacional_0_1889811197.html|title=Transcripció de la declaració de Josep Lluís Trapero a l'Audiència Nacional|last=|first=|date=18 October 2017|work=Diari Ara|access-date=3 July 2018|language=ca}}</ref>

A sentence of sedition can carry up to 15 years in prison.<ref>{{cite news |last= Strange|first= Hannah |date= 16 October 2017|title= Two Catalan independence leaders taken into custody by Spanish national court |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/10/16/two-catalan-independence-leaders-taken-custody-spanish-government/ |work= [[The Telegraph (newspaper)|The Telegraph]] |location= Barcelona |access-date= 16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Powell |first= Tom |date= 16 October 2017 |title= Spanish judge jails two Catalan separatist leaders during sedition investigation |url= https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/spanish-judge-jails-two-catalan-separatist-leaders-for-possible-sedition-a3660221.html |work= [[Evening Standard]] |access-date= 16 October 2017}}</ref> In July 2018, Cuixart was transferred to a prison in Catalonia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180704/45643953276/junqueras-romeva-sanchez-cuixart-prision-lledoners.html|title=Seis de los presos catalanes ingresan en las cárceles de Lledoners y Puig de les Basses|work=La Vanguardia|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref> On February 1st, 2019, he was transferred back to a prison in Madrid, expecting trial would start on February the 12th.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=2019-02-01|work=El País|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

=== Reactions ===
==== In Catalonia and Spain ====
Exiled Catalan former President [[Carles Puigdemont]] and the [[European Free Alliance]] referred to Sànchez and Cuixart as "political prisoners".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/we-have-political-prisoners-again-says-catalan-president|title="We have political prisoners again," says Catalan president|work=CatalanNews|access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.e-f-a.org/services/news-single-view/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1088&cHash=73d007beece71f2c330e832442bff1ed|title=EU's latest political prisoners|work=European Free Alliance|access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> The Spanish Justice Minister [[Rafael Catalá]] argued that they were not "political prisoners" but "imprisoned politicians".<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-18/political-prisoner-or-jailed-politician-it-s-catalan-feud-spin|title=Political Prisoner or Jailed Politician? It’s Catalans’ Spin Battle With Spain|date=18 October 2017|accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref>

Since then, there have been several demonstrations and concentrations asking for their release. On 19 October, 200,000 people with candles gathered in [[Avinguda Diagonal]], [[Barcelona]] and on 21 October, 450,000 joined in [[Passeig de Gràcia]] to protest against their imprisonment.<ref>{{cite news |title=200.000 persones, segons la Guàrdia Urbana, omplen d’espelmes la Diagonal contra l’empresonament de Sànchez i Cuixart |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/200-000-persones-segons-la-guardia-urbana-omplen-despelmes-la-diagonal-contra-lempresonament-de-sanchez-i-cuixart/ |work=VilaWeb |date=2017-10-24 |access-date=2018-01-14 |language=ca }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Barcelona crida per la llibertat dels presos i de les institucions |url=https://www.ara.cat/politica/Milers-Gracia-Jordi-Sanchez-Cuixart_0_1891611056.html |work=Ara.cat |access-date=2018-01-14 |language=ca }}</ref> Another demonstration took place on 11 November, after the imprisonment of some members of the Catalan government, and 750,000 people congregated according to Barcelona city police.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unos 750.000 manifestantes en Barcelona según la Guardia Urbana |url=http://eldia.es/nacional/2017-11-11/24-manifestantes-Barcelona-Guardia-Urbana.htm |work=eldia.es |date=2017-11-11 |access-date=2018-01-14 |language=es }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mass protest in Barcelona demands freedom for Catalan leaders |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/167139-mass-protest-in-barcelona-demands-freedom-for-catalan-leaders |work=geo.tv |date=2017-11-11 |access-date=2018-01-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Spain Catalonia: Barcelona rally urges prisoners' release |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-41956909 |work=BBC |date=2017-11-11 |access-date=2018-01-14 }}</ref>

After his detention, activists launched a “[[Yellow ribbon#Since 2017|yellow-ribbon]]” campaign in support of Jordi Cuixart and other Catalan activists and leaders who are being prosecuted by Spanish justice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/dec/03/the-guardian-view-on-the-catalonia-election-the-challenge-of-compromise|title=The Guardian view on the Catalonia election: the challenge of compromise {{!}} Editorial|last=Editorial|date=2017-12-03|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-08-14}}</ref>

==== International ====

[[Amnesty International]] issued an official statement considering the charge of sedition and the preventive imprisonment "excessive" and called for their immediate release.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur41/7308/2017/en/|title=Spain: charges for sedition and pre-trial detention against Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sànchez are excessive|work=Amnesty International|access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/noticias/noticia/articulo/actualizacion-de-la-situacion-en-cataluna/|title=Actualización de la situación en Cataluña|last=|first=|date=1 October 2018|work=Amnesty International|access-date=23 November 2018|language=es}}</ref>

{{Quote
|text=Amnesty International calls on Spanish authorities to drop the charges of sedition and to put an immediate end to their pre-trial detention.
|author=Amnesty International
}}

On 7 March 2018 the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] reminded Spanish authorities that "''pre-trial detention should be considered a measure of last resort''" referring to Catalan politicians and activists arrested after the independence referendum.<ref>{{cite news |title=High Commissioner’s global update of human rights concerns |url=http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22772&LangID=E |work=OHCHR |date=2018-03-07 |access-date=2018-03-08 }}</ref> On 8 August 2018, [[PEN International]] made another statement asking Spanish authorities to release Cuixart and Sànchez and considered their detentions to be "a''n excessive and disproportionate restriction on their right to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly''".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pen-international.org/news/statement-following-pen-internationals-visit-to-imprisoned-catalan-civil-society-leaders|title=Statement following PEN International’s visit to imprisoned Catalan civil society leaders|last=|first=|date=8 August 2018|work=PEN International|access-date=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elmon.cat/politica/pen-internacional-diu-que-lempresonament-cuixart-sanchez-excessiu-desproporcionat|title=El PEN Internacional diu que l'empresonament de Cuixart i Sánchez és "excessiu"|last=|first=|date=9 August 2018|work=El Món|access-date=9 August 2018|language=ca}}</ref>

The [[World Organisation Against Torture]] sent an open letter to the President of the Government of Spain [[Pedro Sánchez (politician)|Pedro Sánchez]] as well as the Spanish Attorney General and Spanish Ombudsman on 22 November 2018 demanding the end of the "''arbitrary pre-trial detention and judicial harassment of Jordi Cuixart and Jordi Sànchez''" and concluded "''OMCT considers that the charges against them are unfounded and must therefore be dropped.''"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.omct.org/monitoring-protection-mechanisms/urgent-interventions/spain/2018/11/d25127/|title=Spain: Open Letter: End the arbitrary pre-trial detention of social leader Mr. Jordi Cuixart|last=|first=|date=22 November 2018|work=World Organisation Against Torture|access-date=22 November 2018|publication-place=Geneva}}</ref> The day after, the NGO [[Front Line Defenders]] also issued a statement calling for the release of Cuixart.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/jordi-cuixart-pre-trial-detention|title=Human rights defender in pre-trial detention for over a year|last=|first=|date=23 November 2018|work=Front Line Defenders|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/sites/default/files/urgent_appeal_spain_human_rights_defender_in_pre-trial_detention_for_over_a_year.pdf|title=Spain: Human rights defender in pre-trial detention for over a year|last=|first=|date=23 November 2018|website=Front Line Defenders|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=23 November 2018}}</ref> In December 2018, the [[International Association of Democratic Lawyers]] issued a statement requesting the release of 'Catalan political prisoners'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://iadllaw.org/2018/12/iadl-calls-for-release-of-catalan-political-prisoners/|title=IADL calls for release of Catalan political prisoners|last=|first=|date=3 December 2018|website=International Association of Democratic Lawyers|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=30 December 2018}}</ref>

The day before the beginning of the [[Trial of Catalonia independence leaders|trial]], the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] expressed their support to "''those Catalan activists being trialled''" and added "''perhaps one of the biggest deficit of justice and deliberate confusion between law and justice, is seen in Catalonia.''".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://unpo.org/article/21373|title=UNPO Celebrates its 28th Anniversary|last=|first=|date=11 February 2019|work=UNPO|access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref> On the same day, the [[European Democratic Lawyers]] association requested the "''immediate''" release of the Catalan leaders and expressed their "''concern''" because of the "''lack of procedural guarantees during the trial''".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/judici-presos-politics-1-octubre/associacio-Advocats-Europeus-Democrates-alliberament_0_2178382344.html|title=L'associació Advocats Europeus Demòcrates demana l’alliberament immediat dels presos polítics|last=|first=|date=11 February 2019|work=Diari Ara|access-date=12 February 2019|language=ca}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Catalan nationalism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuixart, Jordi}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Catalan independence movement]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vallès Occidental]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain]]

Dolors Bassa

2019-05-22T14:44:34Z

141.138.51.145:

{{catalan name|Bassa|Coll}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable#Catalonia|The Honourable]]
| name = Dolors Bassa i Coll
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Catalan
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Retrat oficial de la Consellera de Treball, Afers Socials i Famílies, Dolors Bassa.jpg
| image_size =
| smallimage = 
| alt = Dolors Bassa i Coll
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Generalitat of Catalonia|Counselor of Labour, Social Affairs and Families of Catalonia]]
|president=[[Carles Puigdemont]]
| term_start = 14 January 2016
| term_end = 27 October 2017
| predecessor = [[Felip Puig]] and [[Neus Munté]]
| successor = [[Chakir El Homrani]] {{small|([[2017-18 Spanish constitutional crisis#Independence declaration and direct rule|Direct rule]] until 2 June 2018)}}
| prior_term =
| office2 = Member of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]] for the [[Girona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Girona]]
| term_start2 = 26 October 2015
| term_end2 = 22 March 2018
| office4 = [[Councilor]] of [[Torroella de Montgrí]]
| term_start4 = 2007
| term_end4 = 2015
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| prior_term4 =
| order3 =
| office3 = General Secretary of [[Unión General de Trabajadores]] of [[Province of Girona|Girona]]
| term_start3 = 2008
| term_end3 = 2015
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency3 =
| majority3 =
| prior_term3 =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1959}}
| birth_place = [[Torroella de Montgrí]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| nationality = Spanish
| alma_mater = [[University of Girona]] [[Open University of Catalonia]]
| spouse =
| children =
| religion =
| profession = [[Teacher]] and [[Psychopedagogy|psychopedagogist]]
| party = [[Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya]] [[Junts pel Sí]]
}}

'''Dolors Bassa i Coll''' (born 1959) is a Spanish politician, educator and psychopedagogist who held the position of Counselor of Labour, Social Affairs and Families from the [[Generalitat de Catalunya]] until 27 October 2017. She is renowned for her [[syndicalist]] career in the major Spanish [[trade union]], [[Unión General de Trabajadores]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Dolors Bassa i Coll |url= http://www.enciclopedia.cat/EC-GEC-21887148.xml |language= Catalan |work= [[Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana]] |access-date= 27 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="CCMA">{{cite news |date= 14 January 2016 |title= Dolors Bassa, consellera de Treball, Afers Socials i Famílies |trans-title= Dolors Bassa, Counselor of Labour, Social Affairs and Families|url= http://www.ccma.cat/324/dolors-bassa-consellera-de-treball-afers-socials-i-families/noticia/2707118/ |language= Catalan |work= [[Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals]] |access-date= 27 October 2017}}</ref> Since March 2018 she has been in custody by order of the [[Supreme Court of Spain]], accused of [[sedition]] and [[rebellion]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/23/jordi-turull-latest-candidate-catalan-presidency-appear-court-spain|title=Spanish court remands Catalan presidential candidate in custody|last=Jones|first=Sam|date=2018-03-23|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> Trial is expected to start on February 12, 2019.

== Biography ==

Bassa graduated in Education from the [[University of Girona]] in 1979 and later on, in 2007, she would obtain a [[licentiate degree]] in [[Psychopedagogy]] from the [[Open University of Catalonia]]. She worked as a Catalan language teacher in [[Palafrugell]] from 1979 to 1986 and in [[Torroella de Montgrí]] from 1986 to 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last= Llobet |first= Àlvar |date= 11 January 2016|title= PERFIL Dolors Bassa, una mestra sindicalista a la conselleria de Benestar |trans-title= Profile of Dolors Bassa, a syndicalist teacher as a Counselor of Labour |url= http://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/101236/perfil/dolors/bassa/mestra/sindicalista/conselleria/benestar |language= Catalan |work= Nació Digital |access-date= 27 October 2017}}</ref>

As a politician, she started her career as a Councilor of Torroella de Montgrí for the [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] from 2007 to 2015. Bassa was also a member of the Generalitat's Vocational Training Council between 2007 and 2013, and also served on the steering committee of the Labour Services of the Generalitat (SOC) between 2006 and 2014.<ref>{{cite news |editor= [[Europa Press]] |date= 13 January 2016 |title= Dolors Bassa, de UGT a Trabajo, Asuntos Sociales y Familias |trans-title= Dolors Bassa, from the UGT to Counselor of Labour, Social Affairs and Families |url= http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2648144/0/dolors-bassa-trabajo-asuntos-sociales-familias/ |language= Spanish |work= [[20minutos]] |access-date= 27 October 2017}}</ref>

In 2000 she started her activities with the syndicate [[Unión General de Trabajadores]], UGT. In 2008 she would be elected as a General Secretary of the UGT of Girona and would held the position until 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last= Puig |first= Oriol |date= 5 August 2015 |title= Dolors Bassa dimitirà de la secretaria general de la UGT a Girona al setembre |trans-title= Dolors Bassa is going to resign as General UGT Secretary of Girona in September |url= http://www.diaridegirona.cat/comarques/2015/08/05/dolors-bassa-dimitira-secretaria-general/737491.html |language= Catalan |work= [[Diari de Girona]] |location= Girona |access-date= 28 October 2017}}</ref>

During the [[Catalan regional election, 2015|2015 Catalan regional election]], Dolors Bassa was the sixth candidate of the pro-independence political party [[Junts pel Sí]] of Girona and was elected as a member of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]].

On 13 January 2016 she received the offer of becoming the Counselor of Labour, Social Affairs and Families by the government of [[Carles Puigdemont]]. Dolors Bassa accepted the position the following day.<ref name="CCMA"/> She was dismissed on 27 October 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catalunyadiari.com/tags/dolors-bassa|title=Dolors Bassa {{!}} Catalunya Diari|last=catalunyadiari.com|website=catalunyadiari.com|language=ca|access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref>, with the rest of the Catalan regional government, according to the article 155 of the Spanish Constitution, after being charged of several major constitutional infringements like declaring the independence of Catalonia.

=== Imprisonment ===
{{main|Trial of Catalonia independence leaders}}
On November 2, Bassa was sent to prison in [[Madrid]], where she shared a cell with her parliamentary colleague [[Meritxell Borràs]]. While behind bars, she “started helping some of the convicts to work towards getting a diploma or school certificate.” She also obeyed orders to clean the halls while Borràs cleaned windows. She said that some prison workers were surprised at their willingness to work: “they thought that we would act ‘high and mighty’ and they saw that it wasn’t the case.”<ref>Dolors Bassa: ‘Després del que he passat el cos no em demana tornar a ser consellera’; VilaWeb; December 17, 2017; https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/dolors-bassa-sento-que-no-tinc-llibertat-despres-del-que-he-passat-el-cos-no-em-demana-tornar-a-ser-consellera/ </ref><ref>‘I feel like I’m not free,’ says minister after leaving prison; Catalan News; December 17, 2017; http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/i-feel-like-i-m-not-free-says-minister-after-leaving-prison</ref> On November 11, her sister, Montserrat, appeared before a crowd in Torroella de Montgrí and issued a dramatic plea for Bassa's release.<ref>L’emotiu vídeo en què la germana de Dolors Bassa demana la llibertat dels consellers; VilaWeb; November 11, 2017; https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/lemotiu-video-en-que-la-germana-de-dolors-bassa-demana-la-llibertat-dels-consellers/</ref>

In early December, the Spanish Supreme Court ordered Bassa released along with four other Catalan parliamentarians, [[Jordi Turull]], [[Josep Rull]], [[Carles Mundó]] and [[Raül Romeva]], provided they pay 100,000 euros in bail apiece. Bassa had spent 33 days in prison, but still faced the possibility of a long prison term.<ref> Meritxell Borràs i Dolors Bassa, en llibertat després de 32 nits a la presó; Catalunya Radio; December 4, 2017; http://www.ccma.cat/324/meritxell-borras-i-dolors-bassa-en-llibertat-despres-de-32-nits-a-la-preso/noticia/2824974/</ref><ref>Dolors Bassa: ‘Després del que he passat el cos no em demana tornar a ser consellera’; VilaWeb; December 17, 2017; https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/dolors-bassa-sento-que-no-tinc-llibertat-despres-del-que-he-passat-el-cos-no-em-demana-tornar-a-ser-consellera/ </ref>

Thirteen days after her release from prison, Bassa said she did not feel free. “I feel a threat hanging above me, because they can still request up to 30 years in prison,” she told the Catalan News Agency (ACN). She said she felt “afraid,” but was “proud” of her political career with the ERC. While she planned to return to the Catalan Parliament, she said she would not accept a cabinet position. “After what I went through,” she said, “I don’t feel like it, my body is asking me not to.”<ref>‘I feel like I’m not free,’ says minister after leaving prison; Catalan News; December 17, 2017; http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/i-feel-like-i-m-not-free-says-minister-after-leaving-prison</ref>

On March 23, 2018, the magistrate of the Spanish High Court, [[Supreme Court of Spain|Tribunal Supremo]], [[Pablo Llarena]] sent her back to prison, together with the former president of Parliament [[Carme Forcadell]] and the ministers Raül Romeva, Josep Rull and [[Jordi Turull]]. Llarena argued for unconditional provisional bail after considering that was a risk of flight and reiteration of the crimes for which they were prosecuted.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2018/03/23/5ab4f543468aebe24f8b4591.html|title=El juez Llarena manda a prisión a Turull, Forcadell, Bassa, Rull y Romeva por riesgo de fuga|work=ELMUNDO|access-date=2018-03-25|language=es}}</ref>

On July 4, 2018, she was transferred to the Puig de les Basses Penitentiary Center in [[Figueres]]. Since then, collective dinners and various support concentrations have been promoted in front of the prison to support her.

On February 1, 2019, she was transferred again to Alcalá-Meco, to face the Judgment that is expected to start on February 12. She is processed by rebellion and misuse of public funds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/02/01/inenglish/1549019566_593245.html|title=Catalan independence leaders moved to Madrid jails ahead of trial|last=Congostrina|first=Alfonso L.|date=2019-02-01|work=El País|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She has two daughters.<ref> Meritxell Borràs i Dolors Bassa, en llibertat després de 32 nits a la presó; Catalunya Radio; December 4, 2017; http://www.ccma.cat/324/meritxell-borras-i-dolors-bassa-en-llibertat-despres-de-32-nits-a-la-preso/noticia/2824974/</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Education in Catalan]]
* [[Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia]]
* [[Joaquim Forn]]
* [[Lluís Puig]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.catalangovernment.eu/pres_gov/AppJava/government/government/executive-council/154/dolors-bassa-coll.html?mode=static Dolors Bassa i Coll in the Generalitat de Catalunya webpage]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bassa, Dolors}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan women in politics]]
[[Category:Labour ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 11th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain]]
[[Category:Republican Left of Catalonia politicians]]
[[Category:Social affairs ministers of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Spanish educators]]
[[Category:Members of the 12th Parliament of Catalonia]]

Meritxell Borràs

2019-05-22T14:42:22Z

141.138.51.145: Per agreed style

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Catalan name|Borràs|Solé}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honorable#Catalonia|The Honourable]]
| name = Meritxell Borràs
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Retrat_oficial_de_la_Consellera_de_Governació,_Administracions_Públiques_i_Habitatge,_Meritxell_Borràs.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Borràs in November 2010

| order1 =
| office1 = [[Minister of Governance and Institutional Relations (Catalonia)|Counselor of Governance and Institutional Relations]]{{Efn|[[Minister of Governance, Public Administration and Housing (Catalonia)|Minister of Governance, Public Administration and Housing]] from January 2016.}}
| term_start1 = 22 June 2015
| term_end1 = 27 October 2017
| president1 = [[Artur Mas]]
| predecessor1 = [[Joana Ortega]]
| successor1 = [[Jordi Puigneró]] {{small|([[2017-18 Spanish constitutional crisis#Independence declaration and direct rule|Direct rule]] until 2 June 2018)}}

| constituency_MP2 = the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]]
| parliament2 = Catalan
| term_start2 = 5 December 1995
| term_end2 = 24 August 1999
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =

| term_start3 = 3 February 2000
| term_end3 = 23 September 2003
| predecessor3 = [[Andreu Mas-Colell]]
| successor3 =

| term_start4 = 6 May 2005
| term_end4 = 4 August 2015
| predecessor4 = Jaume Camps i Rovira
| successor4 =

| office5 = Member of the Municipality Council of L'Hospitalet de Llobregat
| term_start5 = 1995
| term_end5 = 2015
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 = Jordi Monrós i Ibáñez

| birth_name = Meritxell Borràs i Solé
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|04|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| party = [[Catalan European Democratic Party]]
| otherparty = [[Junts per Catalunya]]
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[University of Barcelona]]
| occupation =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|1=http://www.meritxellborras.cat/|2=Meritxell Borràs}}
| footnotes = {{Notelist}}
}}
'''Meritxell Borràs i Solé''' (born 12 April 1964) is a Spanish politician and pharmacist from [[Catalonia]]. Borràs served as [[Catalonia]]'s [[Minister of Governance and Institutional Relations (Catalonia)|Minister of Governance and Institutional Relations]] from June 2015 to October 2017 when she was removed from office following the [[Catalan declaration of independence]].

Born in 1964 in [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]], Borràs graduated from the [[University of Barcelona]] before working in the pharmaceutical sector. A supporter of [[Catalan independence movement|Catalan independence]], Borràs was a member of the Nationalist Youth of Catalonia whilst a student. She was elected to the Municipality of L'Hospitalet de Llobregat and [[Parliament of Catalonia]] in 1995. She was appointed Minister of the Governance and Institutional Relations for Catalonia in June 2015.

On 1 October 2017 an [[Catalan independence referendum, 2017|independence referendum]] was held in Catalonia despite the [[Constitutional Court of Spain|Constitutional Court]] ruling that it breached the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978|Spanish constitution]]. 92% supported independence though turnout was 43% due to a boycott by [[Spanish unionism|unionists]] and police and paramilitar police repression. The Catalan Parliament declared independence on 27 October 2017 which resulted in the [[Government of Spain|Spanish government]] imposing [[direct rule]] on Catalonia, dismissing the [[Executive Council of Catalonia|Catalan government]]. The Catalan Parliament was [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolved]] and fresh [[Catalan regional election, 2017|elections]] called. On 30 October 2017 charges of [[rebellion]], [[sedition]] and misuse of public funds were brought against Borràs and other members of the [[Puigdemont Government|Catalan government]]. Borràs and Puigdemont, along with others, fled to [[Belgium]] but Borràs later returned to Spain. On 2 November 2017 Borràs and seven other Catalan ministers were remanded in custody by the [[Audiencia Nacional (Spain)|Audiencia Nacional]]. Six of the ministers, including Borràs, were released on [[bail]] on 4 December 2017. On 23 March 2018 a [[Supreme Court of Spain|Supreme Court]] judge ordered that Borràs be tried for embezzlement and disobedience.

==Early life and family==
Borràs was born on 12 April 1964 in [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]], a municipality in the [[Province of Barcelona]] in eastern [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]].<ref name="PoC">{{cite web|title=H. Sra. Meritxell Borràs i Solé|url=https://www.parlament.cat/web/composicio/diputats-fitxa/index.html?p_codi=590&p_legislatura=9|publisher=[[Parliament of Catalonia]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="EP220615">{{cite news|title=Meritxell Borràs, la veterana de la comissió Pujol, a Governació|url=https://www.elperiodico.cat/ca/politica/20150622/meritxell-borras-la-veterana-de-la-comissio-pujol-a-governacio-4294105|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|date=22 June 2015|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="DG220615">{{cite news|title=PERFIL: Meritxell Borràs, un dels pesos pesants i persona de confiança del grup de CiU al Parlament|url=http://www.diaridegirona.cat/catalunya/2015/06/22/perfil-meritxell-borras-dels-pesos/730927.html|accessdate=30 March 2018|work=[[Diari de Girona]]|agency=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=22 June 2015|location=Girona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref> She is the daughter of Jacint Borràs, one of the founders of the [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] (CDC), a conservative [[Catalan nationalism|Catalan nationalist]] political party, now known as the [[Catalan European Democratic Party]] (PDeCAT).<ref>{{cite news|title=PERFIL Meritxell Borràs, consellera bregada en el municipalisme i veterana diputada|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/noticia/101490/perfil/meritxell/borras/consellera/bregada/municipalisme/veterana/diputada|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=Nació Digital|date=14 January 2016|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref>{{cite new|title=Meritxell Borràs, nueva consellera de Governació|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20150622/54432446485/meritxell-borra-consellera-governacio.html|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=22 June 2015|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref>

After school Borràs joined the [[University of Barcelona]], graduating in 1988 with a degree in [[pharmacy]].<ref name="PoC"/><ref name="EP220615"/><ref name="DG220615"/> She received a [[Master of Business Administration]] from the university in 1990.<ref name="PoC"/><ref name="EP220615"/><ref name="DG220615"/> She founded the Hospitalet de Llobregat branch of the Nationalist Youth of Catalonia (JNC) in 1981 and served as its president.<ref name="PoC"/><ref name="EP220615"/><ref name="DG220615"/> She also sat on the JNC's National Executive Committee, with responsibility for communication and training.<ref name="PoC"/><ref name="EP220615"/><ref name="DG220615"/> Borràs joined the CDC in 1982 and has been a member of its national council, executive committee and steering committee.<ref name="EP220615"/><ref name="DG220615"/><ref>{{cite news|title=eritxell Borràs i Solé|url=http://especiales.abc.es/especiales/elecciones-municipales-autonomicas/2011/candidatos/meritxell-borras-sole-hospitalet-llobregat-2342.html|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|date=10 May 2011|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Catalan National Assembly]] (ANC), [[Òmnium Cultural]] and [[FC Barcelona]].<ref name="EP220615"/><ref name="DG220615"/>

==Career==
After university Borràs worked in the [[Menarini]] laboratories for seven years and in the [[Almirall]] laboratories for two years.<ref name="PoC"/><ref name="DG220615"/>

Borràs contested the [[Spanish local elections, 1995|1995 local elections]] as a [[Convergence and Union]] (CiU) [[electoral alliance]] candidate in L'Hospitalet de Llobrega and was elected.<ref name="le95">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 1995 - Mun. Hospitalet de Llobrega|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> She was re-elected at the [[Spanish local elections, 1999|1999]], [[Spanish local elections, 2003|2003]], [[Spanish local elections, 2007|2007]] and [[Spanish local elections, 2011|2011]] local elections.<ref name="le99">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Junio 1999 - Mun. Hospitalet de Llobrega|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="le03">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2003 - Mun. Hospitalet de Llobrega|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="le07">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2007 - Mun. Hospitalet de Llobrega|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref name="le11">{{cite web|title=Consulta de Resultados Electorales: Municipales / Mayo 2011 - Mun. Hospitalet de Llobrega|url=http://www.infoelectoral.mir.es/infoelectoral/min/busquedaAvanzadaAction.html|publisher=[[Ministry of the Interior (Spain)|Ministry of the Interior]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref> She did not seek re-election at the [[Spanish local elections, 2015|2015 local elections]], giving way to Jordi Monrós as the CIU's leading candidate in L'Hospitalet de Llobrega.<ref>{{cite new|title=Meritxell Borràs deja paso a Jordi Monrós como candidato CiU en L'Hospitalet|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20150129/54425232350/meritxell-borras-deja-paso-a-jordi-monros-como-candidato-ciu-en-l-hospitalet.html|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=29 January 2015|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref>

Borràs contested the [[Catalan regional election, 1995|1995 regional election]] as a [[Convergence and Union]] (CiU) [[electoral alliance]] candidate in the [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] and was elected to the [[Parliament of Catalonia]].<ref name="re95">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 1995: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A19951.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|page=1|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=V legislatura|url=https://www.parlament.cat/web/composicio/legislatures-anteriors/V-legislatura/index.html|publisher=[[Parliament of Catalonia]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref> At the [[Catalan regional election, 1999|1999 regional election]] Borràs was placed 33rd on the CiU's [[Electoral list|list of candidates]] in Barcelona but the alliance only managed to win 31 seats in the province and as a result she failed to get re-elected.<ref>{{cite web|title=Resultats electorals|url=http://governacio.gencat.cat/ca/pgov_ambits_d_actuacio/pgov_eleccions/pgov_dades_electorals/resultats-2?id_eleccions=A19991&id_territori=PR08&a=a|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge|accessdate=1 April 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref> However, in February 2000, she was appointed to the Catalan Parliament to replace [[Andreu Mas-Colell]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Trias, Espadaler y Mas-Colell dimiten como parlamentarios|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2000/01/26/catalunya/948852444_850215.html|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=[[El País]]|date=26 January 2000|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=VI legislatura|url=https://www.parlament.cat/web/composicio/legislatures-anteriors/VI-legislatura/index.html|publisher=[[Parliament of Catalonia]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref>

At the [[Catalan regional election, 2003|2003 regional election]] Borràs was placed 28th on the CiU's list of candidates in Barcelona but the alliance only managed to win 25 seats in the province and as a result she failed to get re-elected.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mas renueva la lista de CiU al Parlament con más jóvenes, mujeres y dirigentes locales|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20030727/51262779067/mas-renueva-la-lista-de-ciu-al-parlament-con-mas-jovenes-mujeres-y-dirigentes-locales.html|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=27 July 2003|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Resultats electorals|url=http://governacio.gencat.cat/ca/pgov_ambits_d_actuacio/pgov_eleccions/pgov_dades_electorals/resultats-2/?id_eleccions=A20031&id_territori=PR08&a=a|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge|accessdate=1 April 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref> However, in May 2005, she was appointed to the Catalan Parliament to replace Jaume Camps i Rovira.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meritxell Borràs torna al Parlament de Catalunya|url=http://lhdigital.cat/web/digital-h/noticia/-/journal_content/56_INSTANCE_txR0/11023/379550|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=L'HDigital|date=24 April 2005|location=L’Hospitalet , Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=VII legislatura|url=https://www.parlament.cat/web/composicio/legislatures-anteriors/VII-legislatura/index.html|publisher=[[Parliament of Catalonia]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref> She was re-elected at the [[Catalan regional election, 2006|2006]], [[Catalan regional election, 2010|2010]] and [[Catalan regional election, 2012|2012]] regional elections.<ref name="re06">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2006: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20061.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|page=1|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re10">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2010: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20101.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=30 March 2018|page=1|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref name="re12">{{cite web|title=Eleccions al Parlament de Catalunya 2012: Candidats electes|url=http://dadeselectorals.gencat.cat/electes/A20121.pdf|publisher=Departament de Governació, Administracions Públiques i Habitatge, [[Generalitat de Catalunya]]|accessdate=26 December 2017|page=1|language=Catalan}}</ref> She was appointed [[Minister of Governance and Institutional Relations (Catalonia)|Minister of Governance and Institutional Relations]] for Catalonia in June 2015.<ref name="DG220615"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Tomàs|first1=Neus|last2=Puig|first2=Laura|title=Neus Munté, Meritxell Borràs, Jordi Jané i Jordi Ciuraneta, nous nomenaments del Govern|url=https://www.elperiodico.cat/ca/politica/20150622/mas-anuncia-canvis-govern-convergencia-4293011|accessdate=30 March 2018|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|date=22 June 2015|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref> For the [[Catalan regional election, 2015|2015 regional election]] the CDC joined with [[Republican Left of Catalonia]] (ERC) and other pro-independence parties to form the [[Junts pel Sí]] (JxSí) electoral alliance. Borràs was amongst several CDC MPs who failed to receive nomination at the election as the alliance sought to include [[Independent politician|independent]] candidates on its lists.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tercero|first1=Alejandro|title=La lista de Mas y Junqueras deja sin escaño a 'pesos pesados' de CDC y ERC|url=https://cronicaglobal.elespanol.com/politica/la-lista-de-mas-y-junqueras-deja-sin-escano-a-pesos-pesados-de-cdc-y-erc_23962_102.html|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=Crónica Global|date=21 August 2015|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref> Borràs remained a member of the [[Executive Council of Catalonia]] and January 2016 news [[President of Catalonia|President]] [[Carles Puigdemont]] expanded her portfolio to include housing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meritxell Borràs pren possessió com a consellera de Governació|url=http://lhdigital.cat/web/digital-h/noticia/-/journal_content/56_INSTANCE_txR0/11023/10235533|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=L'HDigital|date=14 January 2016|location=L’Hospitalet , Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref>{{cite new|last1=Martos|first1=Gemma|title=Toma de posesión del Govern de la Generalitat, en directo|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20160114/301394559472/consellers-generalitat-en-directo.html|accessdate=1 April 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=18 January 2016|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref>

===Catalonia independence crisis and imprisonment===
{{Main|Catalan independence referendum, 2017|Catalan declaration of independence|2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis|Trial of Catalonia independence leaders}}
In June 2017 [[President of Catalonia]] [[Carles Puigdemont]] announced that a [[Catalan independence referendum, 2017|referendum]] on Catalan independence would be held on 1 October 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dowsett|first1=Sonya|title=Catalonia calls October referendum on independence from Spain|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-catalonia/catalonia-calls-october-referendum-on-independence-from-spain-idUSKBN19012A|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=9 June 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tensions grow in Spain as Catalonia independence referendum confirmed|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/09/tensions-grow-spain-catalonia-independence-referendum-confirmed/|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=9 June 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> The Catalan Parliament passed [[Law on the Referendum on Self-determination of Catalonia|legislation]] on 6 September 2017 authorising the referendum which would be binding and based on a simple majority without a minimum threshold.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia's lawmakers give nod to independence referendum|url=http://www.dw.com/en/catalonias-lawmakers-give-nod-to-independence-referendum/a-40390009|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=6 September 2017|location=Bonn, Germany}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mortimer|first1=Caroline|title=Catalan independence referendum: ‘844 injured in clashes with police’, says regional government|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalan-independence-referendum-people-hurt-clashes-police-violence-barcelona-a7977646.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=1 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> The following day [[Constitutional Court of Spain]] suspended the legislation, blocking the referendum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spain's constitutional court suspends Catalan referendum law: court source|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia-court/spains-constitutional-court-suspends-catalan-referendum-law-court-source-idUSKCN1BI2TE|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=7 September 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Strange|first1=Hannah|title=Spain's constitutional court suspends Catalan referendum law|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/07/catalonias-independence-referendum-intolerable-act-disobedience/|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=7 September 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> The [[Government of Spain|Spanish government]] put into effect [[Operation Anubis]] in order to disrupt the organisation of the referendum and arrested [[Executive Council of Catalonia|Catalan government]] officials.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|last2=Burgen|first2=Stephen|title=Spain crisis: 'stop this radicalism and disobedience,' PM tells Catalan leaders|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/sep/20/spain-guardia-civil-raid-catalan-government-hq-referendum-row|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 September 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Castillo|first1=Raquel|last2=Edwards|first2=Sam|title=Spanish police raid Catalan government to halt banned referendum|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia/spanish-police-raid-catalan-government-to-halt-banned-referendum-idUSKCN1BV0U0|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=20 September 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> Despite this the referendum went ahead though it was boycotted by [[Spanish unionism|unionists]] and turnout was only 43%.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia's bid for independence from Spain explained|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-29478415|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=22 December 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|last2=Burgen|first2=Stephen|title=Catalan leader calls for mediation with Spain over independence|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/02/catalan-government-emergency-meeting-spain-independence|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> 92% of those who voted supported independence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalan crisis: Spain's Rajoy vows to end 'separatist havoc'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41958204|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=12 November 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=McGuinness|first1=Alan|title=Spain calls emergency meeting after Catalonia declares independence|url=https://news.sky.com/story/catalan-leader-carles-puigdemont-puts-independence-on-hold-for-talks-with-madrid-11075455|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Sky News]]|date=11 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> Around 900 people were injured as the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Spanish police]] used violence to try to prevent voting in the referendum.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia referendum: Madrid representative apologises for police violence during vote|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-06/madrid-representative-in-catalonia-apologises-for-violence/9025670|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=6 October 2017|location=Sydney, Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Child|first1=David|title=Catalan vote: Claims of Spanish police brutality probed|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/catalan-vote-claims-spanish-police-brutality-probed-171003122547459.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=3 October 2017|location=Doah, Qatar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Catalan referendum: Catalonia has 'won right to statehood'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41463719|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref>

On 27 October 2017 the Catalan Parliament [[Catalan declaration of independence|declared independence]] in a vote boycotted by opposition MPs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalans declare independence as Madrid imposes direct rule|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41780116|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=27 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia declares independence as Spain prepares to impose direct rule|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-latest-spain-direct-rule-catalan-parliament-president-a8023221.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=27 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> Almost immediately the [[Senate of Spain]] invoked article 155 of the constitution, dismissing Puigdemont and the [[Puigdemont Government|Catalan government]] and imposing [[direct rule]] on Catalonia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|last2=Burgen|first2=Stephen|last3=Graham-Harrison|first3=Emma|title=Spain dissolves Catalan parliament and calls fresh elections|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/27/spanish-pm-mariano-rajoy-asks-senate-powers-dismiss-catalonia-president|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Burgess|first1=Sanya|title=Catalan votes for independence as Madrid approves direct rule|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/europe/catalan-votes-for-independence-as-madrid-approves-direct-rule-1.670770|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=27 October 2017|location=Abu Dhabi, U.A.E.}}</ref> The following day [[Prime Minister of Spain|Spanish Prime Minister]] [[Mariano Rajoy]] [[Dissolution of parliament|dissolved]] the Catalan Parliament and called for fresh regional elections on 21 December 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia independence: Rajoy dissolves Catalan parliament|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41783289|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=28 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Smith-Spark|first1=Laura|last2=Rebaza|first2=Claudia|title=Catalonia government dissolved after declaring independence from Spain|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/27/europe/catalonia-independence-spain/index.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[CNN]]|date=28 October 2017|location=Atlanta, U.S.A.}}</ref> On 30 October 2017 [[Spanish Attorney General]] [[José Manuel Maza]] laid charges of [[rebellion]], [[sedition]] and misuse of public funds at the [[Audiencia Nacional (Spain)|Audiencia Nacional]] against Puigdemont, Borràs and other members of the Catalan government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charges of rebellion and sedition called for by Spain's attorney general against Puigdemont and other Catalan officials|url=https://www.thelocal.es/20171101/charges-of-rebellion-and-sedition-called-for-by-spains-attorney-general-against-puigdemont-and-other-catalan-officials|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Local]]|date=1 November 2017|location=Stockholm, Sweden}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Newton|first1=Creede|title=Spain prosecutor files charges against Catalan leaders|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/spain-prosecutor-files-charges-catalan-leaders-171030120056952.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=30 October 2017|location=Doha, Qatar}}</ref> The charges carry maximum sentences of 30, 15 and 6 years in prison respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Baynes|first1=Chris|title=Catalonia independence: Spanish state prosecutor says Catalan leaders will be charged with rebellion, sedition and misuse of public funds|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-independence-spain-catalan-leaders-charged-rebellion-sedition-missuse-public-funds-carles-a8027136.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=30 October 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref>

Borràs, Puigdemont and four other Catalan ministers ([[Dolors Bassa]], [[Antoni Comín]], [[Joaquim Forn]] and [[Meritxell Serret]]) arrived in [[Belgium]] on 30 October 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalan independence: Carles Puigdemont in Belgium, lawyer says|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41811649|accessdate=26 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=31 October 2017|location=London, UK|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031070147/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41811649|archivedate=31 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Catalan leader Carles Puigdemont has fled the country amid rebellion charges|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-leader-carles-puigdemont-left-spain-brussels-rebellion-charges-eu-independence-latest-a8027366.html|accessdate=26 December 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=30 October 2017|location=London, UK|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171105115650/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-leader-carles-puigdemont-left-spain-brussels-rebellion-charges-eu-independence-latest-a8027366.html|archivedate=5 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> According to Spanish media the group had driven to [[Marseille]] shortly after the charges were laid before the Audiencia Nacional and from there flown to [[Brussels]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|title=Catalan leaders facing rebellion charges flee to Belgium|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/30/spanish-prosecutor-calls-for-rebellion-charges-against-catalan-leaders|accessdate=26 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=31 October 2017|location=London, UK|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030145823/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/30/spanish-prosecutor-calls-for-rebellion-charges-against-catalan-leaders|archivedate=30 October 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonian leader Carles Puigdemont flees to Belgium amid accusations of sedition from Spain|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-31/catalan-regional-leader-flees-to-belgium-amid-regional-crisis/9103156|accessdate=26 December 2017|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|date=31 October 2017|location=Sydney, Australia|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104021247/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-31/catalan-regional-leader-flees-to-belgium-amid-regional-crisis/9103156|archivedate=4 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Borrás then returned to Spain.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Montero|first1=Daniel|last2=Requeijo|first2=Alejandro|last3=Lucas-Torres|first3=Carmen|title=Meritxell Borràs vuelve de Bruselas para declarar ante la jueza Carmen Lamela|url=https://www.elespanol.com/espana/tribunales/20171101/258725015_0.html|accessdate=30 March 2018|work=El Español|date=2 November 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref>

On 2 November 2017 Audiencia Nacional judge [[Carmen Lamela]] [[Remand (detention)|remanded]] in custody Borrás and seven other Catalan ministers (Bassa, Forn, [[Oriol Junqueras]], Carles Mundó, [[Raül Romeva]], Josep Rull and [[Jordi Turull]]) as she considered them a flight risk.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia crisis: Protests as ex-ministers held in Spanish custody|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-41854248|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2 November 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|title=Spanish judge jails eight members of deposed Catalan government|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/02/spanish-court-question-catalonia-separatists-except-puigdemont|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 November 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Minder|first1=Raphael|title=Spanish Judge Jails 8 Catalan Separatists Before Trial|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/02/world/europe/spain-catalonia-jail.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 November 2017|location=New York, U.S.A.}}</ref> The jailed ministers were separated and sent to five different prisons: Bassa and Borrás to Alcalá, Junqueras and Forn to [[Estremera]], Mundó to [[Aranjuez]] prison, Romeva and Turull to [[Valdemoro]] and Rull to [[Navalcarnero]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Eight deposed Catalan ministers sent to prison without bail|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/eight-deposed-catalan-ministers-sent-to-prison-without-bail|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=2 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> A ninth minister, [[Santi Vila]], was freed on [[bail]] as he had resigned from the government the day before the declaration of independence, but had to spend a night in Estremera prison whilst his lawyers secured his €50,000 bail.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jailed Catalonia leader Santi Vila to leave jail after paying bail|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spain-politics-catalonia/jailed-catalonia-leader-santi-vila-to-leave-jail-after-paying-bail-idUSKBN1D30X2|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=3 November 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Former Catalan minister Santi Vila leaves prison on 50,000 euro bail|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/former-catalan-minister-santi-vila-prison-bail_209022_102.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=El Nacional|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> According to their lawyer Jaume Alonso-Cuevillas, the ministers were mistreated whilst being transported to prison.<ref name="CNA031117">{{cite news|title=Lawyer alleges mistreatment of jailed ministers|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/lawyer-alleges-mistreatment-of-jailed-ministers|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref name="EN031117">{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Catalan ministers reportedly mistreated on way to prison|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/catalan-ministers-lawyer-prison_209121_102.html|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=El Nacional|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> They were allegedly handcuffed behind their backs without seat belts in a van going very fast, forced to listen to the [[Spanish national anthem]] on a loop and threatened by their guards.<ref name="EN031117"/><ref name="CNA051117">{{cite news|title=Catalan jailed ministers suffered "unjustifiably vexatious" treatment, says lawyer|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/catalan-jailed-ministers-suffered-unjustifiably-vexatious-treatment-says-lawyer|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=5 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref name="TH071117">{{cite news|last1=Russell|first1=Greg|title=Communities rally to show their support for imprisoned Catalan politicians|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15644445.Communities_rally_to_show_their_support_for_imprisoned_Catalan_politicians/|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]|date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Mundo allegedly suffered injuries due to the handcuffs and two ministers were allegedly forced to strip to prevent them carrying anything into prison.<ref name="EN031117"/><ref name="CNA051117"/><ref name="TH071117"/> Earlier, as the ministers arrived at the Audiencia Nacional, Spanish police officers were shown, in video obtained ''[[Reuters]]'' and published by the ''[[La Vanguardia]]'', making sneering, homophobic comments about the ministers, with one officer saying "Wait till you see what they do to the little teddy bear", referring to Junqueras, "When they get him on all fours, they’ll fix his eye".<ref name="CNA031117"/><ref name="TH071117"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Las burlas de tres policías nacionales a los consellers en su salida hacia la cárcel|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20171103/432559887481/policias-burlan-consellers-junqueras-carcel.html|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=3 November 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Un grupo de policías se burla de Junqueras a las puertas de la Audiencia Nacional: "Está llegando un osito a la cárcel"|url=http://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/politica/MINUTO-Diada_13_685361458_15424.html|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[Eldiario.es]]|date=3 November 2017|location=Madrid, Spain|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=La Vanguardia|url=https://twitter.com/LaVanguardia/status/926416880763572226|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=1 January 2018|date=3 November 2017}}</ref>

On 1 December 2017 the eight jailed ministers and two jailed independence activists - [[Jordi Cuixart]] and [[Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol]] - appeared before [[Supreme Court of Spain|Supreme Court]] judge Pablo Llarena to request bail while they await trial.<ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court postpones decision over whether to release jailed Catalan leaders until Monday|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/supreme-court-postpones-decision-over-whether-to-release-jailed-catalan-leaders-until-monday|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=1 December 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> They renounced the declaration of independence, pledged support for the imposition of direct rule and agreed to work within the law.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Catalan leaders appear before supreme court in Madrid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/01/catalan-leaders-supreme-court-madrid-regional-elections|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 December 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Castillo|first1=Raquel|title=Former Catalan cabinet members appear before Supreme Court|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-spain-politics-catalonia/former-catalan-cabinet-members-appear-before-supreme-court-idUKKBN1DV3ZL|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Reuters]]|date=1 December 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia's ex-vice president Oriol Junqueras refused bail by Spanish Supreme Court|url=http://www.dw.com/en/catalonias-ex-vice-president-oriol-junqueras-refused-bail-by-spanish-supreme-court/a-41612722|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]/[[Reuters]]/[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]]|date=4 December 2017|location=Bonn, Germany}}</ref> On 4 December 2017 Llarena released, after 32 days in prison, six of the ministers (Bassa, Borrás, Mundó, Romeva, Rull and Turull) on bail of €100,000 but ordered that their passports be confiscated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Six Catalan ministers freed after 32 days in prison|url=http://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/six-catalan-ministers-freed-after-32-days-in-prison|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=4 December 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Liñán|first1=Gemma|title=Supreme Court judge releases Catalan ministers; Junqueras, Forn and 'Jordis' to stay in prison|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/en/news/spain-court-judge-releases-catalan-ministers-bail-prison_218433_102.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=El Nacional|date=4 December 2017|location=Barcelona, Spain}}</ref> However, Forn and Junqueras, together with Cuixart and Sànchez, were refused bail.<ref>{{cite news|title=Catalonia: Spanish court releases six secessionists on bail, ousted VP Oriol Junqueras still in custody|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-12-04/former-catalonia-vice-president-oriol-junquera-denied-bail/9225422|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]/[[Reuters]]|date=4 December 2017|location=Sydney, Australia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Minder|first1=Raphael|title=Judge Frees Some Jailed Catalan Separatists, but Holds Others|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/world/europe/spain-catalonia-independence.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 December 2012|location=New York, U.S.A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Stone|first1=Jon|title=Catalonia's former vice president kept in jail by Spanish judge as Puigdemont faces extradition deadline|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-latest-updates-catalan-vice-president-oriol-junqueras-jail-spanish-judge-leaders-a8090266.html|accessdate=31 December 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|date=4 December 2017|location=London, U.K.}}</ref>

After a four-month judicial investigation into the referendum and declaration of independence Supreme Court judge Pablo Llarena issued a 70-page ruling on 23 March 2018 in which he ordered that 25 of the 28 Catalan politicians and activists under investigation be tried for rebellion, embezzlement or disobedience.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Latest: Europe Arrest Warrants for 6 Catalan Separatists|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/03/23/world/europe/ap-eu-spain-catalonia-the-latest.html|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=23 March 2018|location=New York, U.S.A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Sam|title=Spanish court remands Catalan presidential candidate in custody|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/23/jordi-turull-latest-candidate-catalan-presidency-appear-court-spain|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=23 March 2018|location=London, U.K.}}</ref> Borràs was charged with disobeying an order of the Constitutional Court (article 410 of the criminal code) and embezzlement.<ref name="SC">{{cite web|title=Causa especial 2090/2017|url=http://www.poderjudicial.es/stfls/TRIBUNAL%20SUPREMO/DOCUMENTOS%20DE%20INTER%C3%89S/Auto%20procesamiento.pdf|publisher=[[Supreme Court of Spain]]|accessdate=31 March 2018|location=Madrid, Spain|pages=68–69|language=Spanish|date=21 March 2018}}</ref> The judge also ordered 14 of the accused, including Borràs, to collectively pay €2.1 million to cover the costs of the referendum and judicial investigation.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Berwick|first1=Angus|title=Spain to try Catalan separatist leaders for rebellion|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-spain-politics-catalonia/spain-to-try-catalan-separatist-leaders-for-rebellion-idUKKBN1GZ184|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|date=23 March 2018|location=London, U.K.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thirteen Catalan politicians charged with rebellion|url=http://www.thenational.scot/news/16112067.Thirteen_Catalan_politicians_charged_with_rebellion/|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]|date=23 March 2018|location=Glasgow, U.K.}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Borràs married partner Antoni Asensio Ollé in March 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meritxell Borràs s'ha casat aquest cap de setmana a l'espera del judici|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/meritxell-borras-casat-preso_252399_102.html|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=El Nacional|agency=[[Catalan News Agency]]|date=27 March 2018|location=Barcelona, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=L'exconsellera Meritxell Borràs s'ha casat aquest cap de setmana per gaudir del vis-a-vis en cas de ser empresonada|url=https://catalunyadiari.com/politica/lexconsellera-meritxell-borras-sha-casat-aquest-cap-setmana-lespera-del-judici|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=Catalunya Diari|date=27 March 2018|location=Reus, Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref> They have two sons, Bernat and Eudald.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meritxell Borràs matina per dipositar el seu vot|url=http://lhdigital.cat/web/digital-h/noticia/diari/-/journal_content/56_INSTANCE_43Th/11023/326970|accessdate=31 March 2018|work=L'HDigital|date=25 May 2003|location=L’Hospitalet , Spain|language=Catalan}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|+ Electoral history of Meritxell Borràs
! scope=col|Election
! scope=col|Constituency
! scope=col|Party
! scope=col|Alliance
! scope=col|No.
! scope=col|Result
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 1995|1995 local]]<ref name="le95"/> || [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || align=right|4 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 1995|1995 regional]]<ref name="re95"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || align=right|31 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 1999|1999 local]]<ref name="le99"/> || [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || align=right|1 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 1999|1999 regional]] || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || align=right|33 || Not elected
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 2003|2003 local]]<ref name="le03"/> || [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || align=right|1 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2003|2003 regional]] || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || align=right|28 || Not elected
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2006|2006 regional]]<ref name="re06"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || align=right|4 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 2007|2007 local]]<ref name="le07"/> || [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || align=right|1 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2010|2010 regional]]<ref name="re10"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || align=right|4 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Spanish local elections, 2011|2011 local]]<ref name="le03"/> || [[L'Hospitalet de Llobregat]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || align=right|1 || '''Elected'''
|-
| [[Catalan regional election, 2012|2012 regional]]<ref name="re12"/> || [[Barcelona (Parliament of Catalonia constituency)|Province of Barcelona]] || [[Democratic Convergence of Catalonia]] || [[Convergence and Union]] || align=right|6 || '''Elected'''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Meritxell Borràs}}
* {{URL|1=http://www.meritxellborras.cat/|2=Meritxell Borràs}}
* {{URL|1=https://governlegitim.org/|2=Catalan government in exile}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borras, Meritxell}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Catalan European Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan politicians]]
[[Category:Catalan prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Catalan women in politics]]
[[Category:Convergence and Union politicians]]
[[Category:Democratic Convergence of Catalonia politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the 5th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 6th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 7th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 8th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 9th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Members of the 10th Parliament of Catalonia]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Spain]]
[[Category:University of Barcelona alumni]]

Cody Ko

2019-05-21T16:45:43Z

141.138.51.145:

{{BLP sources|date=January 2019}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=January 2019}}
{{short description|American Internet personality, YouTube group, comedian
}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
|name=Cody Ko
|image=
|caption=
|birth_name=Cody Kolodziejzyk
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1990|11|22}}
|birth_place=[[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada
|nationality=Canadian
|occupation=[[YouTuber]], [[Viner]], [[comedian]], actor
|website=
|channel_display_name=Cody Ko
|years_active=2013–present
|genre=[[Comedy]]
|subscribers=2.4 million
|subscriber_date=April 2019
|views=269 million
|view_date=March 2019
|network=[[YouTube]]
|associated_acts={{hlist|Tiny Meat Gang|Real Bros of Simi Valley|Noel Miller}}
|silver_button=yes
|silver_year=
|gold_button=yes
|gold_year=
|diamond_button=no
|diamond_year=
|ruby_button=no
}}

'''Cody Kolodziejzyk''' (born November 22, 1990), better known as '''Cody Ko''', is a Canadian-American YouTube personality also known for his short comedy skits on [[Vine (service)|Vine]] and being an internet troll. He is part of the comedy duo Tiny Meat Gang.

== Biography ==
Cody was born in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], to Helen and [[Greg Kolodziejzyk]]. He graduated from Springbank Community High School <ref>http://www.goduke.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=1593502&DB_OEM_ID=4200</ref> and later went on to attend [[Duke University]] in [[Durham, North Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goduke.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=1593502&DB_OEM_ID=4200|title=Cody Kolodziejzyk|website=goduke.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref> He graduated in 2012 with a degree in computer science.

Cody first became popular on [[Vine (service)|Vine]] for making short comedy skits. He now runs a YouTube channel where he uploads a variety of videos mainly critiquing and commentating on other personalities and videos on YouTube and Instagram. He is friends with former Viner and YouTube personality, Noel Miller,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/masonsands/2019/01/17/two-years-later-where-is-the-viner-invasion/|title=Two Years Later, Where Is The Viner Invasion?|last=Mason|first=Sands|date=17 January 2019|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=}}</ref> often collaborating with him on commentary videos, as well as making music together as comedy rap duo Tiny Meat Gang.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cody-ko-and-noel-miller-talk-thats-cringe-tour-and-fortnite-matty-smokes-1310137|title=Cody Ko and Noel Miller talk 'That's Cringe', tour and 'Fortnite' with Matty Smokes|last=Wynne|first=Kelly|date=29 January 2019|work=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=}}</ref> Tiny Meat Gang has released Hip-Hop/Rap music albums ''Bangers & Ass'' on December 15, 2017<ref>{{Citation|title=Bangers & Ass|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0jsQT4x7VfwZAWeDjQ7eRX|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> and ''Locals Only'' on December 20, 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Locals Only|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1GoyonfRoH51VYeWWoQBd3|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> The duo host a commentary series together called That's Cringe,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cody-ko-and-noel-miller-talk-thats-cringe-tour-and-fortnite-matty-smokes-1310137|title=Cody Ko and Noel Miller talk 'That's Cringe', tour and 'Fortnite' with Matty Smokes|last=Wynne|first=Kelly|date=29 January 2019|work=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=}}</ref> as well as a podcast called the Tiny Meat Gang Podcast. Cody also often collaborates with his girlfriend Kelsey Kreppel. In 2017 Cody Ko joined the cast of ''Real Bros of Simi Valley'' alongside fellow Youtube star Jimmy Tatro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9434996/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm|title=Real Bros of Simi Valley|last=|first=|date=2019|website=IMDB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> He portrays a character named Wade Sanders, the show depicts the story of four best friends living in [[Simi Valley, California]] who haven't grown out of their high school ways.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

* {{IMDb name|8150896}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ko, Cody}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Canadian YouTubers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian musicians]]

Christine Milne

2019-05-21T16:42:37Z

141.138.51.145:

{{short description|Australian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Australian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Christine Milne
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=AUS|size=100|AO}}
| image = Christine Milne profile.jpg
| imagesize = 180px
| caption =
| office = [[Australian Greens#Federal leaders|Leader of the Australian Greens]]
| term_start = 13 April 2012
| term_end = 6 May 2015
| predecessor = [[Bob Brown]]
| successor = [[Richard Di Natale]]
| deputy = [[Adam Bandt]]
| office1 = [[Australian Greens|Deputy Leader of the Australian Greens]]
| term_start1 = 10 November 2008
| term_end1 = 13 April 2012
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[Adam Bandt]]
| leader1 = [[Bob Brown]]
| office4 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Tasmania]]
| term_start4 = 1 July 2005
| term_end4 = 10 August 2015
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 = [[Nick McKim]]
| office2 = [[Tasmanian Greens#Parliamentary leaders|Leader of the Australian Greens in Tasmania]]
| term_start2 = 13 March 1993
| term_end2 = 29 August 1998
| deputy2 = [[Peg Putt]]
| predecessor2 = [[Bob Brown]]
| successor2 = [[Peg Putt]]
| office3 = [[Tasmanian Greens|Deputy Leader of the Australian Greens in Tasmania]]
| leader3 = [[Bob Brown]]
| term_start3 = 13 May 1992
| term_end3 = 13 March 1993
| predecessor3 = ''Party established''
| successor3 = [[Peg Putt]]
| office5 = Member of the [[Parliament of Tasmania|Tasmanian Parliament]] for [[Division of Lyons (state)|Lyons]]
| term_start5 = 13 May 1989
| term_end5 = 29 August 1998
| predecessor5 = [[Chris Batt]]
| successor5 = ''Seat abolished''
| birth_name = Christine Anne Morris
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1953|05|14}}
| birth_place = [[Latrobe, Tasmania|Latrobe]], [[Tasmania]], Australia
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| party = [[Australian Greens|Green]] (since 1989)
| otherparty = [[Independent politician|Independent]] [[Green politics|Green]] (until 1989)
| spouse = {{marriage|Neville Milne |1975|1999|reason={{abbr|wid.|widowed; his death}}}}
| relations =
| children = 2<ref>Misha Schubert, Stephanie Peatling and Gary Tippet, [http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/political-news/milne-takes-a-soft-sell-approach-20120414-1x0jg.html Milne takes a soft sell approach ], ''The Age'', 15 April 2012</ref>
| residence =
| education = [[St Mary's College, Hobart|St Mary's College]] [[Devonport High School]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Tasmania]]
| occupation = [[School teacher]] ([[Department of Education (Tasmania)|Department of Education]])
| profession = [[Academic]] [[Politician]]
| signature =
| website = {{URL|christine-milne.greensmps.org.au}}
}}

'''Christine Anne Milne''' {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AO}} ({{nee|'''Morris'''}}; born 14 May 1953)<ref name="tasparl">[http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/history/tasparl/milnec678.htm Parliamentary Library profile], ''Parliament of Tasmania''</ref> is an [[Australia]]n politician who served as a [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Tasmania]]. She was the leader of the parliamentary caucus of the [[Australian Greens]] from 2012 to 2015.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.theage.com.au/opinion/political-news/bob-brown-resigns-as-greens-leader-and-senator-20120413-1wxoz.html | title=Bob Brown resigns as Greens leader and Senator | publisher=The Age | date=13 April 2012 | accessdate=13 April 2012 }}</ref> Milne stepped down as leader on 6 May 2015, replaced by [[Richard Di Natale]].

==Early life and education==
Milne was born in [[Latrobe, Tasmania]], the second daughter of Wesley Vale dairy farmers Tom and June Morris. She attended Wesley Vale Area School from 1959 to 1963, [[St Mary's College, Hobart]] as a boarder from 1964 to 1969, and completed her final year of schooling at [[Devonport High School]] in 1970.

She studied history and political science at the [[University of Tasmania]] from 1971 to 1974, where she resided at [[St. John Fisher College (University of Tasmania)|Ena Waite University College]] and was elected its President. She graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree with Honours in Australian History, and a Certificate of Education in March 1975.

From 1975 to 1984 Milne worked as a secondary school teacher, teaching English, History and Social Science at [[Parklands High School (Burnie)|Parklands High School]], [[Devonport High School]] and [[Don College]]. She first came to public attention for her role in opposing the building of the [[Wesley Vale pulp mill]] near [[Bass Strait]] in North Western Tasmania on the basis of its environmental impact. She also participated in the ultimately successful campaign opposing the [[Franklin Dam]] and was arrested and jailed in 1983.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/qanda/senators/milne.htm | title=Senator Christine Milne | work=Q&A | publisher=ABC Television | accessdate=10 September 2010}}</ref> She worked as a research officer with the Australian Bicentennial Historical Records Search from 1987 to 1988.

==Political career==
Milne was first elected to the [[Tasmanian House of Assembly]] in 1989 as a member of the [[Tasmanian Greens]] in the electorate of [[Division of Lyons (state)|Lyons]],<ref name="tasparl"/> one of five Green politicians elected at that election. She was part of the [[Labor–Green Accord]], a political agreement between the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and the Tasmanian Greens to form government after the 1989 general election had resulted in a [[hung parliament]].<ref>{{Cite news| first=Airlie | last=Ward | url=http://www.abc.net.au/stateline/tas/content/2006/s1588941.htm | title=Minority Government | work=Stateline Tasmania | publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date=10 March 2006 | accessdate=10 September 2010 }}</ref> When [[Bob Brown]] stood down in 1993 to contest the federal election, she became leader of the Greens in the Tasmanian Parliament and the first female leader of a political party in Tasmania.<ref name="tasparl"/>

[[File:2014-09-21 Christine Milne Peoples Climate March Melbourne 600 0479.JPG|thumb|Christine Milne speaking at the Peoples Climate March in Melbourne in September 2014|left]]

She oversaw a loose alliance between the Greens and Liberals after the 1996 general election. During that time, Tasmania saw significant economic and social reform. Measures included gun law reform, liberalisation of gay laws, an apology to the Indigenous stolen generation and support for an Australian republic.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/tv/qanda/txt/s3272234.htm], "ABC's Q&A"</ref>

In 1998, the major parties voted to restructure the House of Assembly from 35 to 25 seats, increasing the quota of votes required to be elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly. Liberal Premier Tony Rundle immediately called an election, which his party subsequently lost. Due to the changes, Milne lost her seat, leaving the Greens with one remaining seat.

After her career in state politics, she was an adviser to Senator [[Bob Brown]] from 2000 until she was elected to represent Tasmania in the Federal [[Australian Senate|Senate]] at the [[Australian federal election, 2004|2004 federal election]].<ref name="senatebio">{{cite web|url=http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au/piweb/TranslateWIPILink.aspx?Folder=BIOGS&Criteria=NAME_ID:KA5%3B|title=Christine Milne, Senate Biography|work=aph.gov.au|accessdate=15 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121127114603/http://parlinfoweb.aph.gov.au/piweb/TranslateWIPILink.aspx?Folder=BIOGS&Criteria=NAME_ID:KA5;|archivedate=27 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Preferences to [[Family First Party|Family First]] from the [[Australian Labor Party]] almost prevented her from being elected; however, she managed to reach a quota mostly as a result of the high level of below-the-line voting in Tasmania. The other Green elected at that election was [[Rachel Siewert]] from Western Australia. Milne was part of [[Frontbench of Bob Brown|Bob Brown's frontbench]] covering the portfolios of Arts, Climate change, Competition Policy & Small Business, Finance & Administration, Food Security, Regional Australia, Resources & Energy, and Trade.

Milne was Vice-President of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN, also known as the [[World Conservation Union]]) from 2005 to 2008.<ref>[https://archive.is/20091013110605/http://www.npc.org.au/speakerArchive/chrismil.html Senator Christine Milne], ''National Press Club of Australia''</ref> She became Deputy Leader of the Australian Greens on 10 November 2008.<ref name="senatebio"/>

In 2009, she debated the shortcomings of Australian Climate Change Regulatory Authority Bill 2009 in the federal parliament.<ref>[http://www.aph.gov.au/hansard/senate/dailys/ds301109.pdf Australian Senate Hansard Monday, 30 November 2009] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124015936/http://aph.gov.au/hansard/senate/dailys/ds301109.pdf |date=24 November 2011 }}</ref>

On 13 April 2012, Milne became the leader of the Australian Greens after the resignation of Bob Brown.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-04-13/bob-brown-resigns-as-greens-leader/3948496 As it happened: Bob Brown resigns as Greens leader] – Australian Broadcasting Corporation – Retrieved 13 April 2012.</ref> She reorganised the [[Frontbench of Christine Milne|Green's front bench.]]

On 6 May 2015, Milne announced her immediate resignation from the leadership of the Australian Greens, and foreshadowed her departure from the Senate.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/Senator.Christine.Milne/posts/10152705390385916?fref=nf Christine Milne announces her resignation and leaves the Senate] – Retrieved 6 May 2015.</ref> Milne resigned from the Senate on 10 August 2015.<ref name=resigtweet>{{cite web|last1=@AuSenate|title=Senator @ChristineMilne has resigned as a senator for Tasmania|url=https://twitter.com/AuSenate/status/630516450441080832|website=Twitter|accessdate=9 August 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|christine-milne.greensmps.org.au}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|au}}
|-
{{s-non|reason=Elected at [[Australian federal election, 2004|2004 election]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Tasmania]]|years=2005{{ndash}}2015}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nick McKim]]}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bob Brown]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Federal Parliamentary Leader of the [[Australian Greens]]|years=2012{{ndash}}2015}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Richard Di Natale]]}}
|-
{{s-non|reason=''New office''}}
{{s-ttl|title=Deputy Federal Parliamentary Leader of the [[Australian Greens]]|years=2008{{ndash}}2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Adam Bandt]]}}
{{s-par|au-tas}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Chris Batt]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member for [[Division of Lyons (state)|Lyons]]|years=1989{{ndash}}1998}}
{{s-non|reason=Lost seat at [[Tasmanian state election, 1998|1998 state election]]}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bob Brown]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Tasmanian Greens]]|years=1993{{ndash}}1998}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Peg Putt]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Australian Greens}}
{{Australian federal election, 2013}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Milne, Christine}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Australian women environmentalists]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Australian republicans]]
[[Category:Australian schoolteachers]]
[[Category:Delegates to the Australian Constitutional Convention 1998]]
[[Category:20th-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:English teachers]]
[[Category:History teachers]]
[[Category:LGBT rights activists from Australia]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Tasmania]]
[[Category:Members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly]]
[[Category:People from Latrobe, Tasmania]]
[[Category:Women members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:University of Tasmania alumni]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Australian Greens]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tasmanian House of Assembly]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Australia]]

Samarkand

2019-05-21T16:32:13Z

141.138.51.145:

{{redirect|Markanda}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Samarkand
| native_name = {{lang-uz|Samarqand / Самарқанд}} {{lang-fa|سمرقند}} {{lang-ru|Самарканд}}
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Registan square Samarkand.jpg|px300{{!}}
| photo2a = Mosque Bibi Khanum (5).JPG{{!}}
| photo2b = Samarkand Shah-i Zinda general view.JPG{{!}}
| photo3a = Le Gour Emir (Samarcande, Ouzbékistan) (5634467674).jpg{{!}}
| photo3b = Hazrat-Hyzr Mosque 04.jpg{{!}}
| photo4a = Samarkand, Shah-i-Zinda (6238891272).jpg{{!}}
| photo4b =
| photo5a =
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| image_alt =
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| seal_alt =
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| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Uzbekistan#Asia
| pushpin_map_alt = 
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uzbekistan
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| pushpin_relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|39|42|N|66|59|E|region:UZ|display=it}}
| coor_pinpoint =
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| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Uzbekistan|Vilayat]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Samarqand Region|Samarkand Vilayat]]
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| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 8th century BC
| founder =
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| government_type = City Administration
| governing_body = Hakim (Mayor)
| leader_party = Furqat Rahimov
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| elevation_m = 705
| population_as_of = 2018
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 530,400
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 950,000
| population_note =
| population_demonym = Samarkandian / Samarkandi
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 = +5
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| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 140100
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}}
'''Samarkand''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|æ|m|ər|k|æ|n|d}}; [[Uzbek language]]: ''{{lang|uz|Samarqand}}''; {{lang-fa|سمرقند}}; {{lang-ru|Самарканд}}), alternatively '''Samarqand''', is a city in southeastern [[Uzbekistan]] and one of the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest continuously inhabited cities]] in [[Central Asia]]. There is evidence of human activity in the area of the city from the late [[Paleolithic]] era, though there is no direct evidence of when Samarkand was founded; some theories propose that it was founded between the 8th and 7th centuries BC. Prospering from its location on the [[Silk Road]] between [[China]] and the Mediterranean, at times Samarkand was one of the greatest cities of Central Asia.<ref name="ReferenceC">Guidebook of history of Samarkand", {{ISBN|978-9943-01-139-7}}</ref>

By the time of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] of Persia, it was the capital of the [[Sogdia]]n [[satrap]]y. The city was taken by [[Alexander the Great]] in 329 BC, when it was known by its Greek name of Marakanda.<ref name="History of Samarkand">{{cite web|title=History of Samarkand|url=http://www.sezamtravel.com/en/Samarkand|publisher=Sezamtravel|accessdate=1 November 2013}}</ref> The city was ruled by a succession of Iranian and Turkic rulers until the Mongols under [[Genghis Khan]] conquered Samarkand in 1220. Today, Samarkand is the capital of [[Samarqand Region]] and [[Uzbekistan]]'s second largest city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Uzbekistan.html|title=Uzbekistan: Provinces, Major Cities & Towns – Statistics & Maps on City Population|date=|publisher=Citypopulation.de|accessdate=2014-08-23}}</ref>

The city is noted for being an Islamic centre for scholarly study. In the 14th century it became the capital of the empire of [[Timur]] (Tamerlane) and is the site of his mausoleum (the [[Gur-e Amir]]). The [[Bibi-Khanym Mosque]], rebuilt during the Soviet era, remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. Samarkand’s [[Registan]] square was the ancient centre of the city, and is bound by three monumental religious buildings. The city has carefully preserved the traditions of ancient crafts: embroidery, gold embroidery, silk weaving, engraving on copper, ceramics, carving and painting on wood.<ref>Энциклопедия туризма Кирилла и Мефодия. 2008.</ref> In 2001, [[UNESCO]] added the city to its [[World Heritage List]] as ''Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures''.

Modern-day Samarkand is divided into two parts: the old city, and the new city developed during the days of the Russian Empire and [[Soviet Union]]. The old city includes historical monuments, shops and old private houses, while the new city includes administrative buildings along with cultural centres and educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/samarkand/history.htm|title=History of Samarkand|website=www.advantour.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref>
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS = Samarkand – Crossroads of Cultures
| Criteria = Cultural: i, ii, iv
| ID = 603
| Year = 2001
| Image = Mosque Bibi Khanum (5).JPG
| Caption = [[Bibi-Khanym Mosque]]
| Area = 1,123 ha
| Buffer_zone = 1,369 ha
}}

== Etymology ==
The name originates in the [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] samar, "stone, rock", and kand, "fort, town".<ref>{{cite book | last = Room | first = Adrian | title = Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites | edition = 2nd | year = 2006 | publisher = McFarland | location = London | isbn = 978-0-7864-2248-7 | page = 330 | quote =Samarkand City, southeastern Uzbekistan. The city here was already named ''Marakanda'', when captured by [[Alexander the Great]] in 329 BC. Its own name derives from the Sogdian words ''samar'', "stone, rock", and ''kand'', "fort, town".}}</ref>

== History ==

===Early history===
{{see also|Timeline of Samarkand}}
[[File:Рихард-Карл Карлович Зоммер - Самарканд, Узбекистан.jpg|thumb|left|''Samarkand'', by Richard-Karl Karlovitch Zommer]]
[[File:1872 Vereshchagin Triumphierend anagoria.JPG|thumb|''Triumph'' by [[Vasily Vereshchagin]], depicting the Sher-Dor [[Madrasa]] in [[Registan]].]]

Along with [[Bukhara]],<ref>Vladimir Babak, Demian Vaisman, Aryeh Wasserman, ''Political organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: sources and documents'', p.374</ref> Samarkand is one of the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest inhabited cities]] in [[Central Asia]], prospering from its location on the trade route between China and the Mediterranean ([[Silk Road]]).

Archeological excavations held within the city limits (Syob and midtown) as well as suburban areas (Hojamazgil, Sazag'on) unearthed forty-thousand-year-old evidence of human activity, dating back to the Late [[Paleolithic]] era. A group of [[Mesolithic]] era (12th–7th millennium BC) archeological sites were discovered at Sazag'on-1, Zamichatosh and Okhalik (suburbs of the city). The Syob and Darg'om canals, supplying the city and its suburbs with water, appeared around the 7th to 5th centuries BC (early [[Iron Age]]). There is no direct evidence when Samarkand was founded. Researchers of the Institute of Archeology of Samarkand argue for the existence of the city between the 8th and 7th centuries BC.

Samarkand has been one of the main centres of [[Sogdia]]n civilization from its early days. By the time of the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] dynasty of Persia it had become the capital of the Sogdian [[satrap]]y.

===Hellenistic period===
[[Alexander the Great]] conquered Samarkand in 329 BC. The city was known as '''Maracanda''' by the Greeks.<ref>''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1972 reprint) p. 1657</ref> Written sources offer small clues as to the subsequent system of government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Frances|title=The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia|year=2002|location=London}}</ref> They tell of an Orepius who became ruler "not from ancestors, but as a gift of Alexander".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shichkina|first=G.V.|title=Ancient Samarkand: capital of Soghd|journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute|year=1994|volume=8|page=83}}</ref>

While Samarkand suffered significant damage during Alexander's initial conquest, the city recovered rapidly and flourished under the new Hellenic influence. There were also major new construction techniques; oblong bricks were replaced with square ones and superior methods of masonry and plastering were introduced.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shichkina|first=G.V.|title=Ancient Samarkand: capital of Soghd|journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute|year=1994|volume=8|page=86}}</ref>

Alexander's conquests introduced classical Greek culture into Central Asia; for a time, Greek aesthetics heavily influenced local artisans. This Hellenistic legacy continued as the city became part of various successor states in the centuries following Alexander's death, i.e. the [[Seleucid Empire]], [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]] and [[Kushan Empire]] (even though the [[Yuezhi|Kushana]] themselves originated in Central Asia). After the Kushan state lost control of Sogdia, during the 3rd century AD, Samarkand went into decline as a centre of economic, cultural and political power. It did not significantly revive until the 5th century AD.

===Sassanian era===
[[File:Samarqand.jpg|thumb|Downtown with Bibi-Khanym Mosque in 1990s]]
Samarkand was conquered by the Persian [[Sassanians]] around 260 AD. Under Sassanian rule, the region became an essential site for [[Manichaeism]], and facilitated the dissemination of the religion throughout Central Asia.<ref name="Dumper, Stanley 2007 319">{{cite book|last=Dumper, Stanley|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|year=2007|location=California|page=319}}</ref>

After the [[Hephtalites]] (Huns) conquered Samarkand, they controlled it until the [[Göktürks]], in an alliance with the Sassanid Persians, won it at the [[Battle of Bukhara]]. The Turks ruled over Samarkand until they were defeated by the [[Sassanids]] during the [[Göktürk–Persian Wars]].

===Early Islamic era===
After the [[Islamic conquest of Iran|Arab conquest of Iran]], the Turks conquered Samarkand and held it until the Turkic khaganate collapsed due to wars with the Chinese [[Tang Dynasty]]. During this time the city became a protectorate and paid tribute to the ruling Tang. The armies of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] under [[Qutayba ibn Muslim]] captured the city in circa 710 from the Turks.<ref name="Dumper, Stanley 2007 319"/> During this period, Samarkand was a diverse religious community and was home to a number of religions, including [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Hinduism]], [[Manichaeism]], [[Judaism]] and [[Nestorian Christianity]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dumper, Stanley|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|year=2007|location=California}}</ref> Central Asia was generally not settled with Arabs by Qutayba, who forced the local rulers to pay tribute but largely left them to their own devices; Samarkand was the major exception to this policy and an Arab garrison and administration was established in the city, its Zoroastrian [[fire temple]]s were razed and a mosque was built.*<ref name="Wellhausen437438">{{cite book |last1=Wellhausen |first1=J. |authorlink=Julius Wellhausen |editor1-last=Weir |editor1-first=Margaret Graham |title=The Arab Kingdom and its Fall |date=1927 |publisher=University of Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxPKpCcVOdcC |pages=437–438}}</ref> Much of the population of the city converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|last=Whitfield|first=Susan|title=Life Along the Silk Road|year=1999|publisher=University of California Press|location=California|page=33}}</ref> As a long-term result, Samarkand developed into a center of Islamic and Arabic learning.<ref name="Wellhausen437438"/>

Legend has it that during [[Abbasid]] rule,<ref>Quraishi, Silim "A survey of the development of papermaking in Islamic Countries", ''Bookbinder'', 1989 (3): 29–36.</ref> the secret of [[papermaking]] was obtained from two [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] prisoners from the [[Battle of Talas]] in 751, which led to the foundation of the first [[paper mill]] of the Islamic world in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe.

Abbasid control of Samarkand soon dissipated and was replaced with that of the [[Samanids]] (862–999), though it must be noted that the Samanids were still nominal vassals of the Caliph during their control of Samarkand. Under Samanid rule the city became one of the capitals of the Samanid dynasty and an even more important link amongst numerous trade routes. The Samanids were overthrown by the [[Karakhanids]] around 1000. During the next two hundred years, Samarkand would be ruled by a succession of Turkic tribes, including the [[Seljuqs]] and the [[Khwarazm]]-Shahs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dumper, Stanley|title=Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia|year=2007|location=California|page=320}}</ref>

The 10th-century Iranian author Istakhri, who travelled in [[Transoxiana]], provides a vivid description of the natural riches of the region he calls "Smarkandian Sogd":

<blockquote>I know no place in it or in Samarkand itself where if one ascends some elevated ground one does not see greenery and a pleasant place, and nowhere near it are mountains lacking in trees or a dusty steppe... Samakandian Sogd... [extends] eight days travel through unbroken greenery and gardens... . The greenery of the trees and sown land extends along both sides of the river [Sogd]... and beyond these fields is pasture for flocks. Every town and settlement has a fortress... It is the most fruitful of all the countries of Allah; in it are the best trees and fruits, in every home are gardens, cisterns and flowing water.</blockquote>

===Mongol period===
The Mongols [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia#Samarkand|conquered Samarkand]] in 1220. Although [[Genghis Khan]] "did not disturb the inhabitants [of the city] in any way", according to [[Ata-Malik Juvayni|Juvaini]] he killed all who took refuge in the citadel and the mosque, pillaged the city completely and conscripted 30,000 young men along with 30,000 craftsmen. Samarkand suffered at least one other Mongol sack by [[Baraq (Chagatai Khan)|Khan Baraq]] to get treasure he needed to pay an army. It remained part of the [[Chagatai Khanate]] (one of four Mongol successor realms) until 1370.

''[[The Travels of Marco Polo|The Travels]]'' of [[Marco Polo]], where Polo records his journey along the Silk Road, describes Samarkand as "a very large and splendid city..."

The Yenisei area had [[Semu#Similar practices in other areas of the Mongol Empire|a community of weavers of Chinese origin]] and Samarkand and Outer Mongolia both had artisans of Chinese origin seen by [[Qiu Chuji|Changchun]].<ref name="Gernet1996">{{cite book|author=Jacques Gernet|title=A History of Chinese Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&pg=PA377#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=31 May 1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49781-7|pages=377–}}</ref> After the Mongol conquest of Central Asia by Genghis Khan, foreigners were chosen as administrators and co-management with Chinese and Qara-Khitays (Khitans) of gardens and fields in Samarqand was put upon the Muslims as a requirement since Muslims were not allowed to manage without them.<ref>{{cite book |title = E.J.W. Gibb memorial series |url = https://books.google.com/?id=35pFAQAAIAAJ&q=After+the+Mongol+massacre+the+number+of+the+inhabitants+had+fallen+to+one+quarter+;+Muslims+were+allowed+to+manage+fields+and+gardens+only+conjointly+with+Chinese,+Qara-Khitays,+and+others,+and+the+chiefs+also+were+appointed+from+different+nations.&dq=After+the+Mongol+massacre+the+number+of+the+inhabitants+had+fallen+to+one+quarter+;+Muslims+were+allowed+to+manage+fields+and+gardens+only+conjointly+with+Chinese,+Qara-Khitays,+and+others,+and+the+chiefs+also+were+appointed+from+different+nations. |year=1928 |page=451}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |others=E. Bretschneider |date=1888 |title=Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources |chapter=The Travels of Ch'ang Ch'un to the West, 1220–1223 recorded by his disciple Li Chi Ch'ang |url=https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/changchun.html |location= |publisher=Barnes & Noble |pages=37–108 |isbn= |author-link= }}</ref>

The khanate allowed the establishment of Christian bishoprics (see below).

=== Timur(id) rule (14th-15th centuries) ===
[[Ibn Battuta]] visited in 1333, and called the city "one of the greatest and finest of cities, and most perfect of them in beauty." He also noted the orchards were supplied water via ''[[noria]]s''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Battutah|first1=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah|date=2002|publisher=Picador|location=London|isbn=9780330418799|pages=143}}</ref>

In 1365, a revolt against Chagatai Mongol control occurred in Samarkand.<ref>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15th Ed, p. 204</ref>

In 1370 the conqueror [[Timur]] (Tamerlane), the founder and ruler of the [[Timurid Empire]], made Samarkand his capital. During the next 35 years, he rebuilt most of the city and populated it with the great artisans and craftsmen from across the empire. Timur gained a reputation as a patron of the arts and Samarkand grew to become the centre of the region of [[Transoxiana]]. Timur's commitment to the arts is evident in the way he was ruthless with his enemies but merciful towards those with special artistic abilities, sparing the lives of artists, craftsmen and architects so that he could bring them to improve and beautify his capital. He was also directly involved in his construction projects and his visions often exceeded the technical abilities of his workers. Furthermore, the city was in a state of constant construction and Timur would often request buildings to be done and redone quickly if he was unsatisfied with the results.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38">{{cite journal|last=Marefat|first=Roya|title=The Heavenly City of Samarkand|journal=The Wilson Quarterly|date=Summer 1992|volume=16|issue=3|pages=33–38|jstor=40258334}}</ref> Timur made it so that the city could only be reached by roads and also ordered the construction of deep ditches and walls, that would run five miles ({{convert|5|mi|abbr=out|disp=output only}}) in circumference, separating the city from the rest of its surrounding neighbors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Frances|title=The Silk Roads: two thousand ears in the heart of Asia|year=2002|location=Berkeley|pages=136–7}}</ref> During this time the city had a population of about 150,000.<ref name="ReferenceB">''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer'', p. 1657</ref> This great period of reconstruction is encapsulated in the account of [[Henry III of Castile|Henry III]]'s ambassador, [[Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo]], who was stationed there between 1403 and 1406. During his stay the city was typically in a constant state of construction. "The Mosque which Timur had caused to be built in memory of the mother of his wife...seemed to us the noblest of all those we visited in the city of Samarkand, but no sooner had it been completed than he begun to find fault with its entrance gateway, which he now said was much too low and must forthwith be pulled down."<ref>{{cite book|last=Le Strange|first=Guy (trans)|title=Clavijo: Embassy to Tamburlaine 1403–1406|year=1928|location=London|page=280}}</ref>

Between 1424 and 1429, the great astronomer [[Ulugh Beg]] built the [[Ulugh Beg Observatory|Samarkand Observatory]]. The [[sextant]] was 11 metres long and once rose to the top of the surrounding three-storey structure, although it was kept underground to protect it from earthquakes. Calibrated along its length, it was the world's largest 90-degree quadrant at the time.<ref name="RW">{{cite web|url=http://www.rayw20.co.uk/SAMARQAND.htm|title=Samarqand|publisher=Raw W Travels|accessdate=November 1, 2009}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, the observatory was destroyed by religious fanatics in 1449.<ref name="RW"/><ref>http://www.oxuscom.com/timursam.htm#9</ref>

=== Post-Timurid regional rulers ===
{{See also|Russian Turkestan}}
{{update|date=November 2011}}
[[File:Самарканд - 6.jpg|thumb|Samarkand in 1890]]
[[File:Samarkand, Uzbekistan.jpg|thumb|Samarkand from space in September 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=82116 |title=Samarkand, Uzbekistan |publisher=Earthobservatory.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2014-08-23}}</ref>]]
In 1500 the Uzbek nomadic warriors took control of Samarkand.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The [[Shaybanids]] emerged as the Uzbek leaders at or about this time.

In the second quarter of the 16th century, the [[Shaybanids]] moved their capital to [[Bukhara]] and Samarkand went into decline. After an assault by the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afshar]] [[shahinshah]] [[Nader Shah]] the city was abandoned in the 18th century, about 1720 or a few years later.<ref>''Britannica''. 15th Ed, p. 204</ref>

From 1599 to 1756, Samarkand was ruled by the [[Astrakhan Khanate|Ashtrakhanid]] branch of the [[Khanate of Bukhara]].

From 1756 to 1868, Samarkand was ruled by the [[Manghud]] (Mongol) Emirs of [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]].<ref name="ReferenceA">''Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer''. p. 1657</ref>

=== Russian Tzarist and Soviet rule ===
{{See also|Uzbeks#Russo-Soviet era}}

The city came under [[imperial Russia]]n rule after the citadel had been taken by a force under Colonel [[Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman]] in 1868. Shortly thereafter the small Russian garrison of 500 men were themselves [[Siege of Samarkand (1868)|besieged]]. The assault, which was led by Abdul Malik Tura, the rebellious elder son of the [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukharan Emir]], as well as Baba [[Bey|Beg]] of [[Shahrisabz]] and Jura Beg of [[Kitab, Uzbekistan|Kitab]], was repelled with heavy losses. Alexander Abramov became the first Governor of the Military [[Okrug]], which the Russians established along the course of the [[Zeravshan River]], with Samarkand as the administrative centre. The Russian section of the city was built after this point, largely to the west of the old city.

In 1886, the city became the capital of the newly formed Samarkand [[Oblast]] of [[Russian Turkestan]] and grew in importance still further when the [[Trans-Caspian railway]] reached the city in 1888.

It became the capital of the [[Uzbek SSR]] in 1925, before being replaced by [[Tashkent]] in 1930. During [[World War II]], after [[Nazi Germany]] [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded]] the [[Soviet Union]], a number of citizens of Samarqand were sent to the land of [[Smolensk]], to [[Battle of Smolensk (1941)|fight the enemy]]. Many were [[German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war|taken captive or killed by the Nazis]].<ref name=Soldat>[http://www.soldat.ru/search/f_glory/soldiers.html "Soviet Field of Glory"] {{ru icon}}</ref><ref name="BBC2017CentralAsians">{{cite news |author=Rustam Qobil |publisher=BBC |title=Why were 101 Uzbeks killed in the Netherlands in 1942? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-39849088 |date=2017-05-09 |accessdate=2017-05-09}}</ref>

==Geography==
Samarkand is located in north-eastern Uzbekistan, in the Zarefshan River valley. [[Qarshi]] is located 135 km away. Road M37 connects it to [[Bukhara]], 240 km away. Road M39 connects it to [[Tashkent]], 270 km away. The [[Tajikistan]] border is about 35 km from Samarkand, the road leading to [[Dushanbe]] which is 210 km away. Road M39 connects it to [[Mazar-i-Sharif]] in [[Afghanistan]], which is 340 km away.

=== Climate ===
Samarkand features a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Csa'') that closely borders on a [[semi-arid climate]] (''BSk'') with hot, dry summers and relatively wet, variable winters that alternate periods of warm weather with periods of cold weather. July and August are the hottest months of the year with temperatures reaching, and exceeding, {{convert|40|C|abbr=on}}. Most of the sparse precipitation is received from December through April. January 2008 was particularly cold, and the temperature dropped to {{convert|-22|°C|0}}<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.samarkand.info/html/weather.html| title = Weather in Samarkand| accessdate = 2009-06-11| author = Samarkand.info}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Samarkand (1981–2010)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 23.2
| Feb record high C = 26.7
| Mar record high C = 31.7
| Apr record high C = 36.2
| May record high C = 39.5
| Jun record high C = 41.4
| Jul record high C = 42.4
| Aug record high C = 41.0
| Sep record high C = 38.6
| Oct record high C = 35.2
| Nov record high C = 29.9
| Dec record high C = 27.5
|year record high C = 42.4
| Jan high C = 6.8
| Feb high C = 9.1
| Mar high C = 14.2
| Apr high C = 21.1
| May high C = 26.4
| Jun high C = 32.2
| Jul high C = 34.1
| Aug high C = 32.9
| Sep high C = 28.3
| Oct high C = 21.6
| Nov high C = 15.3
| Dec high C = 9.1
|year high C = 20.9
| Jan mean C = 1.9
| Feb mean C = 3.6
| Mar mean C = 8.5
| Apr mean C = 14.9
| May mean C = 19.8
| Jun mean C = 25.0
| Jul mean C = 26.7
| Aug mean C = 25.2
| Sep mean C = 20.1
| Oct mean C = 13.6
| Nov mean C = 8.4
| Dec mean C = 3.8
|year mean C = 14.3
| Jan low C = −1.7
| Feb low C = −0.5
| Mar low C = 4.0
| Apr low C = 9.4
| May low C = 13.5
| Jun low C = 17.4
| Jul low C = 18.9
| Aug low C = 17.4
| Sep low C = 12.7
| Oct low C = 7.2
| Nov low C = 3.4
| Dec low C = −0.2
|year low C = 8.5
| Jan record low C = −25.4
| Feb record low C = −22.0
| Mar record low C = −14.9
| Apr record low C = −6.8
| May record low C = −1.3
| Jun record low C = 4.8
| Jul record low C = 8.6
| Aug record low C = 5.9
| Sep record low C = 0.0
| Oct record low C = −6.4
| Nov record low C = −18.1
| Dec record low C = −22.8
|year record low C = −25.4
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 41
| Feb precipitation mm = 46
| Mar precipitation mm = 69
| Apr precipitation mm = 60
| May precipitation mm = 36
| Jun precipitation mm = 6
| Jul precipitation mm = 4
| Aug precipitation mm = 1
| Sep precipitation mm = 4
| Oct precipitation mm = 17
| Nov precipitation mm = 34
| Dec precipitation mm = 47
|year precipitation mm = 365
| Jan humidity = 76
| Feb humidity = 74
| Mar humidity = 70
| Apr humidity = 63
| May humidity = 54
| Jun humidity = 42
| Jul humidity = 42
| Aug humidity = 43
| Sep humidity = 47
| Oct humidity = 59
| Nov humidity = 68
| Dec humidity = 74
|year humidity = 59
| Jan rain days = 8
| Feb rain days = 10
| Mar rain days = 13
| Apr rain days = 11
| May rain days = 9
| Jun rain days = 3
| Jul rain days = 2
| Aug rain days = 1
| Sep rain days = 2
| Oct rain days = 6
| Nov rain days = 8
| Dec rain days = 9
|year rain days = 82
| Jan snow days = 9
| Feb snow days = 7
| Mar snow days = 3
| Apr snow days = 0.3
| May snow days = 0.1
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0.3
| Nov snow days = 2
| Dec snow days = 6
|year snow days = 28
| Jan sun = 132.9
| Feb sun = 130.9
| Mar sun = 169.3
| Apr sun = 219.3
| May sun = 315.9
| Jun sun = 376.8
| Jul sun = 397.7
| Aug sun = 362.3
| Sep sun = 310.1
| Oct sun = 234.3
| Nov sun = 173.3
| Dec sun = 130.3
|year sun = 2953.1
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name = Pogoda >
{{cite web
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161206180636/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/38696.htm
| archivedate = December 6, 2016
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/38696.htm
| title = Weather and Climate-The Climate of Samarkand
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = Russian
| accessdate = December 6, 2016
}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/UZ/38696.TXT
| title = Samarkand Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = December 6, 2016}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

== People ==
According to the official version, the main part of the inhabitants of Samarkand are [[Uzbeks]], who are the [[Turkic people]]. But most of the “Uzbeks” are in fact actually [[Tajiks]] ([[Iranian people]]), but on the passport, in the column, ethnicity is listed as Uzbeks. In fact, about 70% of Samarkand residents are [[Tajik language|Tajik]] ([[Persian language|Persian]])-speaking Tajiks.<ref name=Foltz>{{cite journal|authorlink=Richard Foltz|author=Richard Foltz|title=The Tajiks of Uzbekistan|journal=Central Asian Survey|volume= 15|issue=2|pages= 213–216 |year=1996|doi=10.1080/02634939608400946}}</ref><ref name="Karl Cordell 1999. pg 201">Karl Cordell, "Ethnicity and Democratisation in the New Europe", Routledge, 1998. p. 201: "Consequently, the number of citizens who regard themselves as Tajiks is difficult to determine. Tajikis within and outside of the republic, Samarkand State University (SamGU) academic and international commentators suggest that there may be between six and seven million Tajiks in Uzbekistan, constituting 30% of the republic's 22 million population, rather than the official figure of 4.7%(Foltz 1996;213; Carlisle 1995:88).</ref><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108">Lena Jonson (1976) "Tajikistan in the New Central Asia", I.B.Tauris, p. 108: "According to official Uzbek statistics there are slightly over 1 million Tajiks in Uzbekistan or about 3% of the population. The unofficial figure is over 6 million Tajiks. They are concentrated in the Sukhandarya, Samarqand and Bukhara regions."</ref><ref name="ReferenceD">[[Richard Foltz]]. A History of the Tajiks. Iranians of the East. London: [[I.B. Tauris]], 2019</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/ru/таджики-в-узбекистане-два-мнения/a-965253|title=Таджики в Узбекистане: два мнения|website=Deutsche Welle|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="catoday.org">{{cite web|url=http://catoday.org/tjru/11180-uzbekistan-tadzhikskiy-yazyk-podavlyaetsya|title=Узбекистан: Таджикский язык подавляется|website=catoday.org — ИА "Озодагон"|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="lingvomania.info">{{cite web|url=http://lingvomania.info/2016/status-tadzhikskogo-yazyka-v-uzbekistane.html|title=Статус таджикского языка в Узбекистане|website=Лингвомания.info — lingvomania.info|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="news.tj">{{cite web|url=https://news.tj/ru/news/opinion/20190318/tadzhiki-irantsi-vostoka-retsenziya-knigi-ot-kamoliddina-abdullaeva|title=Таджики – иранцы Востока? Рецензия книги от Камолиддина Абдуллаева|website=«ASIA-Plus» Media Group / Tajikistan — news.tj|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> Tajiks are especially concentrated in the east of the city, where the main architectural monuments of Samarkand are.

According to various independent sources, Tajiks are the major ethnic group in the city, while ethnic [[Uzbek people|Uzbeks]] form a growing minority.<ref name="PB">[[Paul Bergne]]: ''The Birth of Tajikistan. National Identity and the Origins of the Republic''. International Library of Central Asia Studies. [[I.B. Tauris]]. 2007. Pg. 106</ref> Exact figures are difficult to evaluate, since some people in Uzbekistan either identify as "Uzbek" even though they speak [[Tajik language|Tajik]] as their first language, or because they are registered as Uzbeks by the central government despite their Tajik language and identity. As explained by [[Paul Bergne]]:
<blockquote>During the census of 1926 a significant part of the Tajik population was registered as Uzbek. Thus, for example, in the 1920 census in Samarkand city the Tajiks were recorded as numbering 44,758 and the Uzbeks only 3301. According to the 1926 census, the number of Uzbeks was recorded as 43,364 and the Tajiks as only 10,716. In a series of kishlaks [villages] in the Khojand Okrug, whose population was registered as Tajik in 1920 e.g. in Asht, Kalacha, Akjar i Tajik and others, in the 1926 census they were registered as Uzbeks. Similar facts can be adduced also with regard to Ferghana, Samarkand, and especially the Bukhara oblasts.<ref name="PB" /></blockquote>

[[Uzbeks]] are in fact a minority in Samarkand, but are the second largest nation after the Tajiks, and are most concentrated in the west of Samarkand. The third largest ethnic group in Samarkand are Iranians, who mostly live in the west and south-west of Samarkand, in several large Iranian quarters, the largest and most famous is the Iranian quarter Panjab. Samarkandian Iranians mostly speak [[Uzbek language]], with an Iranian accent. Iranians began to move to Samarkand from the 17th century, and their flow to this city intensified in the 19th century and in the early 20th century. Thus, about 100 thousand Iranians now live in Samarkand. They mainly arrived from the cities of [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]] ([[Mashhad]], [[Nishapur]], [[Sabzevar]], [[Astrabad]]), [[Iranian Azerbaijan]] ([[Tabriz]], [[Zanjan, Iran|Zanjan]], [[Ardabil]]) and [[Merv]].

Also in Samarkand there is a large diaspora of [[Russians]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Belarusians]], [[Armenians]], [[Azeris]], [[Tatars]], [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]], [[Poles]], [[Germans]], who also mostly live in the center and in the west of Samarkand. The main language of these nationalities is [[Russian language]]. These peoples have arrived in Samarkand since the end of the 19th century, and especially in [[Soviet times]], and have stayed here forever.

In the extreme west and southwest of Samarkand, [[:ru:Среднеазиатские арабы|Central Asian Arabs]] also live, who mostly speak Uzbek, and only a small part of the older generation speaks [[Central Asian Arabic]]. Also in the east of Samarkand there is a large mahalla of [[Bukharian Jews|Bukharian (Central Asian) Jews]], where only a few Jewish families are left today. The remaining hundreds of thousands of Jews left Uzbekistan from the 1970s to [[Israel]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]] and [[Europe]].

Also in the eastern part of Samarkand there are several quarters, where [[:ru:Среднеазиатские цыгане|Central Asian Gypsies (Luli, Djugi, Mugat, Parya and other groups)]] live, who hail from the modern territories of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], who began to arrive in Samarkand several centuries ago. They mainly speak a special dialect of the Tajik language, as well as their own languages (the [[Parya language]] is most known).

=== Language ===
[[File:Bilingual Samarkand.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Greeting in two languages: Uzbek (Latin) and Tajik (Cyrllic) at the entrance to one of the [[Mahallah|mahallas]] (Bo'zi) of Samarkand]]
The state and official language in Samarkand, as in all Uzbekistan, is [[Uzbek language]], which is one of the [[Turkic languages]]. 95% of signs and inscriptions in the city in Uzbek language (mostly in [[Uzbek alphabet|Uzbek Latin alphabet]]). Officially, it is believed that the most common language in Samarkand is Uzbek, but in fact, according to some data, this language is native to about 30% of the residents of Samarkand. The other inhabitants of Samarkand speak the Uzbek language as the second language. There is no accurate data on this, since there has been no population census in Uzbekistan since 1989. Uzbek language is the mother tongue of [[Uzbeks]], [[Turkmens]], [[:ru:Среднеазиатские иранцы|Samarkandian Iranians]], and most [[:ru:Среднеазиатские арабы|Samarkandian Arabs]] who live in Samarkand.

As in the rest of Uzbekistan, [[Russian language]] is [[de facto]] the second official language in Samarkand, and about 5% of signs and inscriptions in Samarkand are in this language. [[Russians]], [[Belarusians]], [[Poles]], [[Germans]], [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]], the majority of [[Ukrainians]], the majority of [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]], part of [[Tatars]] and part of [[Azerbaijanis]] speak Russian in Samarkand. Several newspapers in Russian are published in Samarkand, the most popular of which is "[[:ru:Самаркандский вестник|Samarkandskiy vestnik]]" (Russian: ''Самаркандский вестник'' — Samarkand Herald), Samarkandian TV channel STV partially broadcasts in Russian language.

De facto, the most common native language in Samarkand is [[Tajik language|Tajik language (Tajiki)]], which is one of the dialects or variants of the [[Persian language|Persian language (Farsi)]]. Samarkand was one of those cities where Persian language developed. Here, at various times, many Persian classical poets and writers lived or visited, the most famous [[Ferdowsi|Abulqasem Ferdowsi]], [[Omar Khayyam]], [[Jami|Abdurahman Jami]], [[Rudaki|Abu Abdullah Rudaki]], [[Suzani Samarqandi]], [[Kamal Khujandi]] and others.

According to some, the native language of about 70% of the inhabitants of Samarkand is Tajik language. These about 70% speak Uzbek as a second language, and Russian as a third language. Despite the fact that Tajik language is actually one of the two (with Uzbek language) most common languages in Samarkand, this language has no status of an official or regional language.<ref name=Foltz/><ref name="Karl Cordell 1999. pg 201"/><ref name="Lena Jonson 2006. pg 108"/><ref name="ReferenceD"/><ref name="catoday.org"/><ref name="lingvomania.info"/><ref name="news.tj"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.profi-forex.org/novosti-mira/novosti-sng/uzbekistan/entry1008185843.html|title=Есть ли шансы на выживание таджикского языка в Узбекистане — эксперты|website="Биржевой лидер" — pfori-forex.org|access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> In the city of Samarkand only one newspaper is published in Tajik language (in [[Tajik alphabet|Cyrllic Tajik alphabet]]), which is called "[[:ru:Овози Самарканд|Ovozi Samarqand]]" (Tajik: ''Овози Самарқанд'' — Voice of Samarkand). Local Samarkandian STV and "Samarqand" TV channels also broadcast partially in Tajik language, also a regional radio station partly broadcasts in Tajik language

In addition to Uzbek, Tajik and Russian languages, for some residents of Samarkand, the native language is [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] (for some [[Ukrainians]]), [[Armenian language|Armenian]] (only [[Eastern Armenian]]), [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]], [[Arabic]] (for a very small percentage of Samarkandian Arabs), and other languages.

== Religion ==
=== Islam ===
[[Islam]] penetrated Samarkand in the 8th century, during the [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|invasion of the Arabs in Central Asia]] ([[Umayyad Caliphate]]). Before that, almost all the inhabitants of Samarqand were [[Zoroastrians]], many [[Nestorians]] and [[Buddhists]] also lived in the city. After the seizure of Samarqand, the [[Arabs]] began to convert the inhabitants of the city to Islam, and began to kill those who did not submit. Tens of thousands of Zoroastrians and members of other religions who refused to convert to Islam were killed. Some of them managed to escape from Samarqand to other regions, mainly to the East, Northeast and Southeast. It was at this time that almost all Zoroastrian, Nestorian and Buddhist temples and holy places were destroyed.

Starting from the 8th century, Muslim [[mosque]]s, [[madrasa]]hs and [[minaret]]s began to be built in Samarkand, in the era of the entry of Samarqand into the states of [[Abbasid Caliphate]], [[Samanid Empire]], [[Kara-Khanid Khanate|Kraakhanid Khanate]], [[Khwarazmian dynasty|Khwarazm Empire]], [[Timurid Empire]], [[Khanate of Bukhara]] and [[Emirate of Bukhara]]. Until today, many ancient Muslim mosques, madrasas, minarets and mausoleums have been preserved in Samarqand. In Samarqand is [[:ru:Мемориальный комплекс имама Аль-Бухари|the shrine]] of [[Muhammad al-Bukhari|Imam Bukhari]]. He [[Ulama|Islamic scholar]], authored the [[History of hadith|hadith collection]] known as ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'', regarded by [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]] as one of the most authentic (''[[Hadith terminology#Ṣaḥīḥ|sahih]]'') [[hadith]] collections. He also wrote other books such as ''[[Al-Adab al-Mufrad]]''. Also in Samarqand is [[:ru:Мавзолей Абу Мансура Матуриди|the shrine]] of [[Abu Mansur al-Maturidi|Imam Maturidi]], the founder of [[Maturidi]]sm. Also in Samarqand is the [[:ru:Мавзолей Ходжа Дониёр|mausoleum of the prophet Daniel]], which is revered in [[Islam]], [[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]].

Most of the inhabitants of Samarqand are [[Muslims]], mostly [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] (mostly [[Hanafi]]) and [[Sufism]]. Sunnis are almost all [[Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]] and Samarqandian Arabs living in Samarkand. Approximately 80-85% of Samarqand Muslims are Sunni. There are also a lot of [[Atheists]] among those peoples in Samarqand, as well as those who have converted to other religions. Also a lot of very secular people.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:AlBukhari mausoleum.jpg|[[:ru:Мемориальный комплекс имама Аль-Бухари|Imam Bukhari Shrine]]
File:Imammaturidi.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Абу Мансура Матуриди|Imam Maturidi Shrine]]
File:Ruhabad.JPG|[[:ru:Мавзолей Рухабад|Ruhabad Mausoleum]]
File:Nuriddin Basir Mausoleum 1.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Нуриддина Басира|Nuriddin Basir Shrine]]
File:Mausoleum Khoja Daniyar 5221.JPG|[[:ru:Мавзолей Ходжа Дониёр|Khoja Daniyar Mausoleum]]
</gallery>

====Shia Muslims====
According to some data, about 1 million people in the [[Samarqand Region|Samarqand Vilayat]] are [[Shiites]] (mostly [[Twelver|Shia Twelwers]]). The population of the Samarqand Vilayat is more than 3,720,000 people (2019). There are no exact data on the number of Shiites in the city of Samarqand. Samarqand Vilayat is one of the two regions of Uzbekistan (along with [[Buxoro Region|Bukhara Vilayat]]), where a large number of Shiites live. In other regions of Uzbekistan there are few Shiites. In Samarqand, there are several Shiite [[mosque]]s and madrasas. For example, the largest of them are the Punjabi Mosque and the Punjabi Madrassah, the Mausoleum of Mourad Avliya. Every year, Shiites of Samarkand celebrate [[Ashura]], as well as other memorable dates and holidays of Shiites. The total number of followers of Shiism in Uzbekistan is not officially announced, but is estimated at "several hundred thousand." According to [[Wikileaks]], in 2007-2008, the [[United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom|US Ambassador for International Religious Freedom]] held a series of meetings with Sunni [[mullah]]s and Shiite [[imam]]s in Uzbekistan. During one of the talks, the Imam of the Shiite mosque in [[Bukhara]] said that about 300 thousand Shiites live in the Bukhara Vliayat and another million in the Samarqand Vilayat. The Ambassador slightly doubted the authenticity of these figures, emphasizing in his report that the data on the number of religious and ethnic minorities by the government of Uzbekistan are considered to be a very “delicate topic” in order not to provoke interethnic and inter-religious contradictions. All the ambassadors of the ambassador tried to emphasize that traditional Islam, especially [[Sufism]] and [[Sunnism]] in the regions of Bukhara and Samarqand, is characterized by great religious tolerance and tolerance towards other religious movements, including Shiites<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamsng.com/uzb/pastfuture/5570|title=Шииты в Узбекистане|work=www.islamsng.com|accessdate=April 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dn.kz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1545:2013-11-29-08-08-10&catid=2:2011-10-23-11-43-45&Itemid=17|title=Ташкент озабочен делами шиитов|work=www.dn.kz|accessdate=April 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://catoday.org/centrasia/uzbekistan-irancy-shiity-stalkivayutsya-c-problemami-s-pravoohranitelnymi-organami-iran|title=Узбекистан: Иранцы-шииты сталкиваются c проблемами с правоохранительными органами|work=catoday.org|accessdate=April 3, 2019}}</ref>

Shiites in Samarqand are mostly [[:ru:Среднеазиатские иранцы|Samarqandian Iranians]], who call themselves ''Irani''. Most Iranians began to move to Samarqand since the 18th century. Some of them arrived in Samarqand in search of a better life, some were forcibly brought in by the [[Turkmens]] who had stolen them, who sold them in Samarqand as slaves, some arrived in the army as soldiers, and remained to live in Samarqand. Mostly they came from [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], [[Mashhad]], [[Sabzevar]], [[Nishapur]], [[Merv]], and also from [[Iranian Azerbaijan]], [[Zanjan, Iran|Zanjan]], [[Tabriz]], [[Ardabil]]. Shiites are also [[Azerbaijanis]] and some [[Tajiks]] living in Samarkand. Also Shiites in Samarkand are local [[Azerbaijanis]], as well as a small part of [[Tajiks]] and [[Uzbeks]].

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Panjab Shia Mosque in Samarkand.jpg|[[:ru:Панджоб (мечеть)|Panjab Shia Mosque]]
File:Panjab Madrasa in Samarkand.jpg|[[:ru:Медресе Панджоб|Panjab Shia Madrasa]]
File:Murad Avliya Mausoleum and Courtyard.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Мурад Авлия|Murad Avliya Shrine]]
</gallery>

=== Christianity ===
==== History ====
[[File:Church of the East provinces 10 c.svg|thumb|right|260px|Provinces of the [[Church of the East]] in 10th century]]
[[Christianity]] was introduced in Samarkand during the existence of the [[Sogdia|Soghdiana]]. At that time, Samarkand became one of the centers of [[Nestorianism]] in [[Central Asia]].<ref>Dickens, Mark "Nestorian Christianity in Central Asia. p. 17</ref> Several Nestorian temples were built, which have not survived to this day. The remains of these temples were found by archeologists in the ancient site [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiyab]] and on the outskirts of Samarkand. At that time, the majority of the population of Samarkand were [[Zoroastrians]], but since Samarkand was the crossroads of caravans between [[History of China|China]], [[Greater Iran|Persia]] and [[Europe]], this city was religiously tolerant. Thus, [[Christianity]] appeared in Samarkand long before the penetration of [[Islam]] into Central Asia. After the penetration of Islam into Central Asia ([[Umayyad Caliphate]]), the Zoroastrians and Nestorians were destroyed by the [[Arabs|Arab]] conquerors, the rest fled to other places, or converted to Islam.

In 1329-1359 the [[:ru:Самаркандская епархия (титулярная)|Samarkand eparchy]] of the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] existed in Samarkand, and several thousand Catholics lived in the city. According to [[Marco Polo]] and Johann Elemosina, a descendant of [[Chagatai Khan|Chaghatai Khan]], the founder of the [[Chagatai Khanate|Chaghatai dynasty]], [[Eljigidey]] converted to Christianity and was baptized. With the assistance of Eljigidey, the Catholic Church of St. John the Baptist was built in Samarkand. After a while Islam completely supplanted Catholicism.

Christianity reappeared in Samarkand several centuries later, from the mid-19th century. Orthodoxy appeared in Samarkand in 1868, after the seizure of Samarkand by the [[Russian Empire]]. In the late 19th century, several churches and temples were built, in the early 20th century, several more Orthodox cathedrals, churches and temples were built, most of which were demolished during the [[USSR]].

==== Now ====
The second largest religious group in Samarkand after [[Islam]] is [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]]. More than about 5% of the residents of Samarkand are Orthodox, among them mostly [[Russians]], [[Ukrainians]] and [[Belarusians]], and also partly [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]] and [[Greeks]] of Samarkand. Samarkand is the center of the Samarkand branch (includes [[Samarkand Region|Samarkand]], [[Qashqadaryo Region|Qashqadarya]] and [[Surxondaryo Region|Surkhandarya]] provinces of Uzbekistan) of the [[:ru:Ташкентская и Узбекистанская епархия|Uzbekistan and Tashkent eparchy]] of the [[:ru:Среднеазиатский митрополичий округ|Central Asian Metropolitan District]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate]]. The city has several active Orthodox churches: [[:ru:Собор Святителя Алексия Московского (Самарканд)|Cathedral of St. Alexiy Moscowskiy]], [[:ru:Храм Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы (Самарканд)|Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin]], [[:ru:Храм Святого Георгия Победоносца (Самарканд, действующий)|Church of St. George the Victorious]], as well as a number of inactive Orthodox churches and temples, for example [[:ru:Храм Святого Георгия Победоносца (Самарканд, недействующий)|Church of St. George Pobedonosets]].<ref>В. А. Нильсен. У истоков современного градостроительства Узбекистана (ΧΙΧ — начало ΧΧ веков). —Ташкент: Издательство литературы и искусства имени Гафура Гуляма, 1988. 208 с.</ref><ref>''Голенберг В. А.'' «Старинные храмы туркестанского края». Ташкент 2011 год</ref>

There are also many [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] in Samarkand, mostly [[Poles]], [[Germans]] and some [[Ukrainians]] of Samarkand. Catholics are a few tens of thousands of Samarkandians. In the center of Samarkand is the [[St. John the Baptist Church, Samarkand|St. John the Baptist Catholic Church]], which is built at the beginning of the last century. Samarkand is part of [[Apostolic Administration of Uzbekistan]].<ref>Католичество в Узбекистане. Ташкент, 1990.</ref>

The third largest Christian movement in Samarkand is the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]]. In the west of Samarkand is the [[:ru:Церковь Святой Богородицы (Самарканд)|Armenian Church Surb Astvatsatsin]].<ref>Назарьян Р.Г. Армяне Самарканда. Москва. 2007</ref> The followers of the Armenian Church are a few tens of thousands of Samarkandian [[Armenians]]. Armenian Christians appeared in Samarkand since the end of the 19th century, and their flow to Samarkand increased especially in [[Soviet times]].<ref>Armenians. Ethnic atlas of Uzbekistan, 2000.</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Orthodox church in Samarkand 11-09.JPG|[[:ru:Собор Святителя Алексия Московского (Самарканд)|Orthodox Cathedral of St. Alexiy Moscowskiy]]
File:Church Cover Blessed Virgin in Samarkand 12-55.JPG|[[:ru:Храм Покрова Пресвятой Богородицы (Самарканд)|Orthodox Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin]]
File:Church of St. George Victorious Samarkand 08-19.JPG|[[:ru:Храм Святого Георгия Победоносца (Самарканд, действующий)|Orthodox Church of St. George the Victorious]]
File:Church of St. George Victorious in Samarkand 08-18.JPG|[[:ru:Храм Святого Георгия Победоносца (Самарканд, недействующий)|Orthodox Church of St. George Pobedonosets]]
File:Church Saint John Baptist in Samarkand 23-38.JPG|[[St. John the Baptist Church, Samarkand|St. John the Baptist Catholic Church]]
File:St. Mary Church in Samarkand 10-54.JPG|[[:ru:Церковь Святой Богородицы (Самарканд)|Armenian Church Surb Astvatsatsin]]
</gallery>

In Samarkand also has several thousand [[Protestantism]] followers, and also [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], [[Baptists]], [[Mormons]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Adventism|Adventists]], [[Korean Presbyterian church]]. These Christian movements appeared in Samarkand mainly after the independence of [[Uzbekistan]] in 1991.<ref>Бабина Ю. Ё. Новые христианские течения и страны мира. Фолкв, 1995.</ref>

== Main sights ==
=== Ensembles ===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Registan square Samarkand.jpg|[[Registan|Registan Ensemble and Square]]
File:Shakh-i-Zinda.jpg|[[Shah-i-Zinda|Shahi Zinda Ensemble]]
</gallery>

=== Mausoleums and shrines ===
==== Mausoleums ====
<gallery mode="packed">
File:ShrineofAmirTimur.jpg|[[Gur-e-Amir|Gure Amir (Shrine of Timur and Timurids)]]
File:Мавзолей Ак-Сарай.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Аксарай|Aqsaray Timurids Mausoleum]]
File:Samarqand Bibi Khanum Mausoleum.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Биби Ханум|Bibi Khanum Mausoleum]]
File:Mausoleum Ishrathona 05.JPG|[[:ru:Ишратхона|Ishratkhana Mausoleum]]
File:Makhsumbobo Mausoleum.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Махсумбобо|Makhsum Baba Mausoleum]]
</gallery>

==== Holy shrines and mausoleums ====
<gallery mode="packed">
File:AlBukhari mausoleum.jpg|[[:ru:Мемориальный комплекс имама Аль-Бухари|Imam Bukhari Shrine]]
File:Ruhabad.JPG|[[:ru:Мавзолей Рухабад|Ruhabad Mausoleum]]
File:Imammaturidi.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Абу Мансура Матуриди|Imam Maturidi Shrine]]
File:Murad Avliya Mausoleum.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Мурад Авлия|Murad Avliya Shrine]]
File:Mausoleum Khoja Daniyar 5221.JPG|[[:ru:Мавзолей Ходжа Дониёр|Khoja Daniyar Mausoleum]]
File:Nuriddin Basir Mausoleum 1.jpg|[[:ru:Мавзолей Нуриддина Басира|Nuriddin Basir Shrine]]
</gallery>

=== Other Complexes ===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Khodzha Abdu-Derun Mausoleum 03.jpg|[[:ru:Ансамбль Абди-Дарун|Abdu Darun Complex]]
File:Entrance to the Abdu Berun Ensemble in Samarkand.jpg|[[:ru:Ансамбль Абди Бирун|Abdu Berun Complex]]
File:Chorsu.JPG|[[Chorsu (Samarkand)|Chorsu]]
File:Ulugh Beg observatory 2.JPG|[[Ulugh Beg Observatory|Ulughbek Observatory]]
</gallery>

=== Madrasas ===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Samarkand, Registan, Ulugbek Medressa (6238565020).jpg|[[Ulugh Beg Madrasa, Samarkand|Ulughbek Madrasa]]
File:Rajasthan.jpg|[[:ru:Медресе Шердор|Shirdar Madrasa]]
File:Tilla-Kori madrasah - Exterior views 1.JPG|[[:ru:Медресе Тилля-Кари|Tilla Kari Madrasa]]
File:Khoja Ahrar entrance.jpg|[[:ru:Ансамбль Ходжа-Ахрар|Khoja Ahrar Madrasa]]
File:Panjab Madrasa in Samarkand.jpg| [[:ru:Медресе Панджоб|Panjab Madrasa]]
</gallery>

=== Mosques ===
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Mosque Bibi Khanum (5).JPG|[[Bibi-Khanym Mosque|Bibi Khanum Mosque]]
File:Namazga mosque 4682.JPG|[[:ru:Мечеть Намазгох (Самарканд)|Namazgah Mosque]]
File:La mosquée Khazret Khyzr (Samarcande) (6009412301).jpg|[[:ru:Мечеть Хазрет-Хызр|Hazrat Hizir Mosque]]
File:Panjab Shia Mosque in Samarkand.jpg|[[:ru:Панджоб (мечеть)|Panjab Shia Mosque]]
File:Khodja Nisbatdor Mosque 1.jpg|[[:ru:Мечеть Ходжа Нисбатдор|Khoja Nisbatdar Mosque]]
</gallery>

=== Architecture ===
[[File:Building Samarkand Mosque.jpg|thumb|Building the Great Mosque of Samarkand. Illustration by [[Bihzad]] for the [[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Zafar-Nameh]]. Text copied in [[Herat]] in 1467–68 and illuminated c. the late 1480s. John Work Garret Collection, Milton S. Eisenhower Library, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Fols. 359v-36or.]]

Timur initiated the building of Bibi Khanum after his campaign in India in 1398–1399. Before its reconstruction after an earthquake in 1897, Bibi Khanum had around 450 marble columns that were established with the help of 95 elephants that Timur had brought back from Hindustan. Also from India, artisans and stonemasons designed the mosque's dome, giving it its distinctiveness amongst the other buildings.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/>

The best-known structure in Samarkand is the mausoleum known as Gur-i Amir. It exhibits many cultures and influences from past civilizations, neighboring peoples, and especially those of Islam. Despite how much devastation the Mongols caused in the past to all of the Islamic architecture that had existed in the city prior to Timur's succession, much of the destroyed Islamic influences were revived, recreated, and restored under Timur. The blueprint and layout of the mosque itself follows the Islamic passion of geometry and other elements of the structure had been precisely measured. The entrance to the Gur-i Amir is decorated with Arabic calligraphy and inscriptions, the latter being a common feature in Islamic architecture. The attention to detail and meticulous nature of Timur is especially obvious when looking inside the building. Inside, the walls have been covered in tiles through a technique, originally developed in Iran, called "mosaic faience," a process where each tile is cut, colored, and fit into place individually.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/> The tiles were also arranged in a specific way that would engrave words relating to the city's religiosity; words like "Muhammad" and "Allah" have been spelled out on the walls using the tiles.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/>

The ornaments and decorations of the walls include floral and vegetal symbols which are used to signify gardens. Gardens are commonly interpreted as paradise in the Islamic religion and they were both inscribed in tomb walls and grown in the city itself.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/> In the city of Samarkand, there were two major gardens, the New Garden and the Garden of Heart's Delight, and these became the central areas of entertainment for ambassadors and important guests. A friend of Genghis Khan in 1218 named Yelü Chucai, reported that Samarkand was the most beautiful city of all where "it was surrounded by numerous gardens. Every household had a garden, and all the gardens were well designed, with canals and water fountains that supplied water to round or square-shaped ponds. The landscape included rows of willows and cypress trees, and peach and plum orchards were shoulder to shoulder."<ref>{{cite book|last=Liu|first=Xinru|title=The Silk Road in world history|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-516174-8}}</ref> The floors of the mausoleum are entirely covered with uninterrupted patterns of tiles of flowers, emphasizing the presence of Islam and Islamic art in the city. In addition, Persian carpets with floral printings have been found in some of the Timurid buildings.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cohn-Wiener|first=Ernst|title=An Unknown Timurid Building|journal=The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs|date=June 1935|volume=66|issue=387|pages=272–273+277|jstor=866154}}</ref>

Turko-Mongol influence is also apparent in the architecture of the buildings in Samarkand. For instance, nomads previously used ''[[yurt]]s'', traditional Mongol tents, to display the bodies of the dead before they were to engage in proper burial procedures. Similarly, it is believed that the melon-shaped domes of the tomb chambers are imitations of those yurts. Timur naturally used stronger materials, like bricks and wood, to establish these tents, but their purposes remain largely unchanged.<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/>

The elements of traditional Islamic architecture can be seen in traditional Uzbek houses that are built around central courtyards with gardens.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/603/|title=Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref> The houses are built from mud brick and most have painted wooden ceilings and wall decorations. Houses in the west of the city are indicative of European style homes built in 19th and 20th centuries.<ref name=":1" />

The color of the buildings in Samarkand also has significant meaning behind it. For instance, blue is the most common and dominant color that will be found on the buildings, which was used by Timur in order to symbolize a large range of ideas. For one, the blue shades seen in the Gur-i Amir are colors of mourning. Blue was the color of mourning in Central Asia at the time, as it is in many cultures even today, so its dominance in the city's mausoleum appears only logical. In addition, blue was also seen as the color that would ward off "the [[evil eye]]" in Central Asia and the notion is evident in the number of doors in and around the city that were colored blue during this time. Furthermore, blue was representative of water, which was a particularly rare resource around the Middle East and Central Asia; coloring the walls blue symbolized the wealth of the city.

Gold also has a strong presence in the city. Timur's fascination with vaulting explains the excessive use of gold in the Gur-i Amir as well as the use of embroidered gold fabric in both the city and his buildings. The Mongols had great interests in Chinese- and Persian-style golden silk textiles as well as [[nasij]] woven in Iran and Transoxiana. Past Mongol leaders, like Ogodei, built textile workshops in their cities in order to be able to produce gold fabrics themselves.

There is evidence that Timur tried to preserve his Mongol roots. In the chamber in which his body was laid, "[[tuq]]s" were found – those are poles with horses' tails hanging at the top, which was symbolic of an ancient Turkic tradition where horses, which were valuable commodities, were sacrificed in order to honor the dead,<ref name="Marefat 1992 33–38"/> and a cavalry standard type shared by many nomads, up to the Ottoman Turks.

== Transport ==
Public transport is developed in Samarkand. [[Municipal bus]] (mostly [[SamAuto]] and [[Isuzu Motors|Isuzu]] buses) is the most common and popular transport in the city. Also in the city since 2017 there are [[:ru:Самаркандский трамвай|several Samarkandian tram lines]] (tram existed in Samarkand also in 1947-1973), mostly Vario LF.S Czech trams. Also, the city very much a city [[taxi]] (mostly [[Chevrolet]] and [[Daewoo Motors|Daewoo]] sedans), which is usually yellow in color. Also in the city a lot of [[taxi]]s, which are usually yellow. Also in the city run the so-called "[[Marshrutka]]", which are [[minibuses]] [[Daewoo Damas]] and [[GAZelle]].

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Beruni street in Samarkand.jpg|Many yellow taxis on the streets of Samarkand
File:Hotel in Rudaki and Dahbed Streets in Samarkand.jpg|Taxi and tram on Rudaki Street in Samarkand
File:Tram in Samarkand.jpg|Tram in Samarkand
File:Beruni and Rudaki Streets in Samarkand.jpg|Beruni and Rudaki Streets in Samarkand
File:Mirzo Ulughbek Street in Samarkand 2.jpg|Taxi and bus on Mirzo Ulughbek Avenue in Samarkand
</gallery>

In [[Soviet times]], up until 2005, in Samarkand plied also to the [[trolleybus]]. In Soviet times, as well as today, municipal buses and taxis ([[GAZ-21]], [[GAZ-24]], [[GAZ-3102]], [[VAZ-2101]], [[VAZ-2106]] and [[VAZ-2107]]) operated in Samarkand. Tram existed in Samarkand also in 1947-1973, and in 1924-1930 there was a steam tram in Samarkand. Until 1950, the main transport in Samarkand were the [[carriage]]s and "[[Araba (carriage)|arabas]]" with [[horse]]s and [[donkey]]s.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Самарканд - 103 - Близ главного входа в Шахи-Зинде.jpg|"Araba" and donkey in Samarkand in 1890
File:Самарканд - 1 - Станция Самарканд, конечный пункт Закаспийской военной железной дороги.jpg|Samarkand railway station in 1890
File:Hammond Slides Samarkand 44.jpg|"Araba" in Samarkand in 1964
File:Hammond Slides Samarkand 04.jpg|"Araba" in Samarkand in 1964
</gallery>

In the North of Samarkand is the [[Samarkand International Airport]], which was opened in Soviet times, in the 1930s. As of spring 2019, Samarkand International Airport has flights to [[Tashkent]], [[Nukus]], [[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Yekaterinburg]], [[Istanbul]] and [[Dushanbe]], and also makes Charter flights to other cities.

Today Samarkand is an important railway center of Uzbekistan. All trains running from East to West of Uzbekistan and back pass through Samarkand. The most important and longest national railway route is [[Tashkent]]-[[Kungrad]], which passes through Samarkand. High-speed [[:ru:Afrosiyob|Afrasiyab (Talgo 250)]] trains run between [[Tashkent]], Samarkand and [[Bukhara]]. Samarkand also has an international railway connection [[Saratov]]-Samarkand, [[Moscow]]-Samarkand, [[Nur-Sultan]]-Samarkand.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Samarkand Railway Station.jpg|Samarkand railway station
File:Afrosiyob Express Train in Station - Samarkand - Uzbekistan (7502824436) (3).jpg|Afrasiyab (Talgo 250) high-speed train in Samarkand railway station
File:Passengers Dismounting from Afrosiyab Express Train - Samarkand Train Station - Samarkand - Uzbekistan (7480148270).jpg|In Samarkand railway station
File:Talgo 250 Afrosiyob.jpg|Afrasiyab (Talgo 250) high-speed train
</gallery>

Railway transport reached Samarkand in 1888 as a result of the construction of the [[Trans-Caspian railway]] in 1880-1891 by the railway troops of the [[Russian Empire]] on the territory of modern [[Turkmenistan]] and the Central part of modern [[Uzbekistan]]. This railway started from Krasnovodsk (now [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan|Turkmenbashi]]) on the [[Caspian Sea]] coast and ended at the station of Samarkand. It was Samarkand station that was the final station of the Trans-Caspian railway. The first station of Samarkand station was opened in May 1888.

Later, due to the construction of the railway in other parts of [[Central Asia]], the station was connected to the Eastern part of the railway of Central Asia and later this railway was called Central Asian Railways. In the Soviet years in Samarkand was annexed, no new line but at the same time, it was one of the largest and most important stations of the [[Uzbekistan SSR]] and [[Soviet Central Asia]].

== Notable locals ==
{{prose|section|date=December 2015}}{{unreferenced section|date=December 2015}}
[[File:Stans08-252 (3135014536).jpg|thumb]]
; Ancient and feudal eras
* [[Amoghavajra]], 8th-century Buddhist monk, a founder of Chinese esoteric Buddhism.
* [[Muhammad Abu Mansur al-Maturidi|Abu Mansur Maturidi]], Sunni theologist of the 10th century
* [[Nizami Aruzi]] Samarqandi, poet and writer of the 12th century
* [[Suzani Samarqandi]], poet of the 12th century
* [[Fatima bint Mohammed ibn Ahmad Al Samarqandi]], a 12th-century ulema (Islamic scholar)
* [[Najib ad-Din-e-Samarqandi]], scholar of the 13th century
* [[Jamshīd al-Kāshī]], astronomer and mathematician of the 15th century
* [[Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī]], scholar
* [[Nawab Khwaja Abid Siddiqi]], general for the Mughal Empire, grandfather of [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I]]
* [[Malik Ibrahim|Ibrahim Asmarakandi]], 14th century proselytizer who introduced Islam to Java
; modern era
* [[Islam Karimov]], first president of Uzbekistan
* [[Lev Avnerovich Leviev|Lev Leviev]] (born 1956), Israeli billionaire businessman, philanthropist, and investor
* [[Irina Viner]] head coach of the Russian rhythmic gymnastics federation
* [[Vladimir Vapnik]] professor of computer science and statistics, co-inventor of SVM method in machine learning
* Allama Makhdoom Aalam Samarqandi

== International relations ==
===Twin towns — sister cities===
{|class="wikitable"
|- valign="top"
|
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Antalya]] ([[Turkey]])
*{{flagicon|AFG}} [[Balkh]] ([[Afghanistan]])
*{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Banda Aceh]] ([[Indonesia]])
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Bremen]] ([[Germany]])
*{{flagicon|PER}} [[Cusco]] ([[Peru]])
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Eskişehir|Eskishehir]] ([[Turkey]])
*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Florence]] ([[Italy]])
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Gyeongju]] ([[South Korea]])
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Istanbul]] ([[Turkey]])
||
*{{flagicon|LAT}} [[Jurmala]] ([[Latvia]])
*{{flagicon|TUN}} [[Kairouan]] ([[Tunisia]])
*{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Khujand]] ([[Tajikistan]])
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Krasnoyarsk]] ([[Russia]])
*{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Lahore]] ([[Pakistan]])
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Liege]] ([[Belgium]])
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lyon]] ([[France]])
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Lviv]] ([[Ukraine]])
*{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]] ([[Turkmenistan]])
||
*{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]] ([[Mexico]])
*{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]] ([[India]])
*{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Nishapur]] ([[Iran]])
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Plovdiv]] ([[Bulgaria]])
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]] ([[Brazil]])
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Samara]] ([[Russia]])
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xian]] ([[China]])
|}

== Photo gallery ==
<center>
<gallery>
File:Samarkand city sights12.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights13.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights10.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights899.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights11.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights8.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights7.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights6.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights3.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights5.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights4.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights1.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights2.jpg
File:Samarkand city sights.jpg
</gallery>
</center>

== See also ==
* [[Samarkand Airport]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* Alexander Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand 1868–1910: A Comparison with British India (Oxford, OUP, 2008) (Oxford Historical Monographs).
* Azim Malikov, Cult of saints and shrines in the Samarqand province of Uzbekistan in International journal of modern anthropology. No.4. 2010, pp.116-123
* Azim Malikov, The politics of memory in Samarkand in post-Soviet period // International Journal of Modern Anthropology. (2018) Vol: 2, Issue No: 11, pp: 127 – 145

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* Forbes, Andrew, & Henley, David: ''[http://www.cpamedia.com/article.php?pg=archive&acid=120613150427&aiid=120613151433 Timur's Legacy: The Architecture of Bukhara and Samarkand]'' (CPA Media).
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/cities/uz/samarkand/samarkand.html Samarkand – Silk Road Seattle Project], University of Washington
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311131202/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/sup/Samarqand.html The history of Samarkand], according to Columbia University's Encyclopædia Iranica
*[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/603 Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures], United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/sama1.htm GCatholic – former Latin Catholic bishopric]
* [http://www.people-travels.com/uzbekistan-cities/samarkand/ Samarkand: Photos, History, Sights], Useful information for travelers
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180818044736/http://samarkand.com/samarkand/about-samarkand-uzbekistan/ About Samarkand in Uzbekistan Latest]

 
{{S-start}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Gurganj]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Capital of [[Khwarazmian Empire]] |years=1212–1220}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ghazni|Ghazna]]}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Tabriz]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Capitals of Persia|Capital of Iran (Persia)]]|years=1370–1501}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Tabriz]]}}
{{s-bef|before=-}}
{{s-ttl|title=Capital of [[Timurid dynasty]]|years=1370–1505}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Herat]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Samarqand Region}}
{{Cities in Uzbekistan}}
{{Tourist attractions in Uzbekistan}}
{{Iranian Architecture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Samarkand| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Samarqand Region]]
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Cities in Central Asia]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Sasanian cities]]
[[Category:Former capitals of Iran]]
[[Category:Former national capitals]]
[[Category:Samarkand Oblast]]
[[Category:Sogdian cities]]

Lingala

2019-05-21T16:31:15Z

141.138.51.145:

{{About|the Lingala language|Lingala music|Soukous|other uses|Lingala (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Bangala language|Ngala language (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Lingala
| altname = Ngala
| nativename = ''lingála''
| states = [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Republic of the Congo]], [[Central African Republic]], [[Angola]]
| region = Congo River
| speakers = 15 million
| date = 2017
| ref = <ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=14&menu=004].</ref><ref>[http://www.senemongaba.com/bato-ya-mangala-bakomi-motuya-boni-na-mokili/#more-552].</ref>
| speakers2 = It is estimated that there are 15 millions native Lingala speakers. They are primarily located in Kinshasa, Brazzaville and throughout the northern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Overall, there are 70 million Lingala speakers.
| familycolor = Niger-Congo
| fam2 = [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
| fam3 = [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]
| fam4 = [[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]]
| fam5 = [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone C|Zone C]])
| fam6 = [[Bangi–Ntomba languages|Bangi–Ntomba]] (C.30)
| fam7 = Bangi–Moi
| fam8 = [[Bangi language|Bangi]]
| dia1 = [[Bangala language|Bangala]]
| nation = {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}, {{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
| iso1 = ln
| iso2 = lin
| iso3 = lin
| glotto = ling1263
| glottorefname = Lingala
| lingua = 99-AUI-f
| guthrie = C30B
| script = [[African reference alphabet]] ([[Latin script|Latin]]), [[Mandombe]]
| map = LanguageMap-Lingala-Larger Location.png
| mapcaption = Geographic distribution of Lingala speakers, showing regions of native speakers (dark green) and other regions of use
| notice = IPA
}}

'''Lingala''' (Ngala) is a [[Bantu language]] spoken throughout the northwestern part of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and a large part of the [[Republic of the Congo]]. It is spoken to a lesser degree in [[Angola]] and the [[Central African Republic]]. There are over 70 million lingalophones.

==History==
In the 19th century, before the creation of the [[Congo Free State]], the ''Bangala'' (literally: 'river people') were a group of similar Bantu peoples living and trading along the bend of the Congo River that reached from [[Irebu]] at the mouth of the [[Ubangi River]] to the [[Mongala River]]. They spoke similar languages, such as [[Losengo language|Losengo]], but their trade language was [[Bangi language|Bangi]], which was the most prestigious language between [[Stanley Pool]] ([[Kinshasa]]) and Irebu. As a result, people upstream of the Bangala mistook Bangi for the language of the Bangala and called it Lingala (language of the Bangala), and European missionaries followed suit.

In the last two decades of the 19th century, after the forces of [[Leopold II of Belgium]] conquered the region and started exploiting it commercially, Bangi came into wider use. The colonial administration, in need of a common language for the region, started to use the language for administrative purposes. It had already simplified, compared to local Bantu languages, in its [[grammar|sentence structure]], [[morphology (linguistics)|word structure]] and [[phonology|sounds]], and speakers borrowed words and constructs liberally from other languages. This allowed the language to spread easily amongst the Congolese population. However, the fact that speakers had very similar native languages prevented Lingala from becoming as radically restructured as [[Kituba]], which developed among speakers of both Bantu and West African languages.

Around 1900, [[Congregatio Immaculati Cordis Mariae|CICM]] missionaries started a project to "purify" the language in order to make it "pure Bantu" again. Meeuwis (1998:7) writes:

<blockquote>[M]issionaries, such as the Protestant W. Stapleton and later, and more influentially, E. De Boeck himself, judged that the grammar and lexicon of this language were too poor for it to function properly as a medium of education, evangelization, and other types of vertical communication with the Africans in the northwestern and central-western parts of the colony (..). They set out to 'correct' and 'expand' the language by drawing on lexical and grammatical elements from surrounding vernacular languages.</blockquote>

The importance of Lingala as a [[vernacular]] has since grown with the size and importance of its main center of use, [[Kinshasa]] and Brazzaville; with its use as the [[lingua franca]] of the armed forces, and with the popularity of [[soukous]] music.

== Name ==
European missionaries called the language ''[[Bangala language|Bangala]]'', after the Bangala people, or ''Lingala''. The latter was intended to mean '(language) of the Bangala' or 'of the River' (that is, 'Riverine Language'). However, this was an error, as the proper Bangi form would have been ''Kingala''.<ref name=Nurse>Derek Nurse (2003) ''The Bantu Languages'', p 199.</ref> The name ''Lingala'' first appears in writing in a publication by the [[CICM Missionaries|CICM]] missionary Egide De Boeck (1903).

== Characteristics and usage ==
According to some linguists, Lingala is a Bantu-based creole of Central Africa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lingala-language|title=Lingala language|publisher=|accessdate=6 May 2018}}</ref> with roots in the Bobangi language.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bobangi.wordpress.com|title=Bobangi language|publisher=|accessdate=10 Oct 2018}}</ref>. In its basic vocabulary, Lingala has many borrowings from different other languages such as in French, Spanish, Portuguese, and English.

In practice, the extent of borrowing varies widely with speakers of different regions (commonly among young people), and during different occasions.

'''[[French language|French]]'''
* momie'', comes from 'ma mie' in old French meaning 'my dear" although it can sound like it means grandmother, is used in Lingala to mean [[girlfriend]]
* ''kelasi'' for [[Class (education)|class]]/[[school]]

'''[[Spanish language|Spanish]]
* ''chiclé'' for [[chewing gum]]

'''[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
* ''manteka'' for [[butter]]
* ''mésa'' for [[Table (furniture)|table]]
* ''sapátu'' for [[shoe]]s

'''[[English language|English]]'''
* ''miliki'' for [[milk]]
* ''supou'' for [[soup]]
* ''mamiwata'' for [[mermaid]], literally [[Mammy archetype|mammy]]/[[seareine]]
* ''búku'' for [[book]]<ref>Le grand Dzo : nouveau dictionnaire illustré lingala-français / Adolphe </ref>
* ''mótuka'', from ''motor-car'', for [[car]]<ref>Lingala – Malóba ma lokóta/Dictionnaire</ref>

== Variations ==
The Lingala language can be divided into several dialects or variations. The major variations are considered to be Standard Lingala, Spoken Lingala, Kinshasa Lingala and Brazzaville Lingala.

Standard Lingala (called ''lingala littéraire'' or ''lingala classique'' in French) is mostly used in educational and news broadcastings on radio or television, in religious services in the Roman Catholic Church and is the language taught as a subject at all educational levels. Standard Lingala is historically associated with the work of the Catholic Church and missionaries. It has a seven-vowel system {{IPA|/a/ /e/ /ɛ/ /i/ /o/ /ɔ/ /u/}} with an obligatory tense-lax [[vowel harmony]]. It also has a full range of morphological noun prefixes with mandatory grammatical agreement system with subject–verb, or noun–modifier for each of class. Standard Lingala is largely used in formal functions.

Spoken Lingala (called ''lingala parlé'' in French) is the variation mostly used in the day-to-day lives of Lingalaphones. It has a full morphological noun prefix system, but the agreement system is more lax than the standard variation, i.e. noun-modifier agreement is reduced to two classes. Regarding phonology, there is also a seven-vowel system but the vowel harmony is not mandatory. This variation of Lingala is historically associated with the Protestant missionaries' work. Spoken Lingala is largely used in informal functions, and the majority of Lingala songs use spoken Lingala over other variations. Modern spoken Lingala is increasingly influenced by French; French verbs, for example, may be "lingalized" adding Lingala inflection prefixes and suffixes: "acomprenaki te" or "acomprendraki te" (he did not understand, using the French word comprendre) instead of classic Lingala "asímbaki ntína te" (literally: s/he grasped/held the root/cause not).

==Phonology==

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA|i}}
| {{IPA|u}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA|e}}
| {{IPA|o}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA|ɛ}}
| {{IPA|ɔ}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA|a}}
|
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! IPA
! Example (IPA)
! Example (written)
! Meaning
! Notes
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|i}}
| {{IPA|/lilála/}}
| lilála
| orange
|
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|u}}
| {{IPA|/kulutu/}}
| kulútu
| elder
|
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|e}}
| {{IPA|/eloᵑɡi/}}
| elongi
| face
|
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|o}}
| {{IPA|/mobáli/}}
| mobáli
| boy
| pronounced slightly higher than the cardinal {{IPA|o}}, realized as {{IPA|[o̝]}}
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| {{IPA|/lɛlɔ́/}}
| lɛlɔ́
| today
|
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|ɔ}}
| {{IPA|/ᵐbɔ́ᵑɡɔ/}}
| mbɔ́ngɔ
| money
|
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|a}}
| {{IPA|/áwa/}}
| áwa
| here
|
|}

====Vowel harmony====
Lingala words show [[vowel harmony]] to some extent. The close-mid vowels {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} normally do not mix with the open-mid vowels {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in words. For example, the words ''ndɔbɔ'' 'fishhook' and ''ndobo'' 'mouse trap' are found, but not ''*ndɔbo'' or ''*ndobɔ''.

====Vowel shift====
The Lingala spoken in Kinshasa shows a vowel shift from {{IPA|/ɔ/}} to {{IPA|/o/}}, leading to the absence of the phoneme {{IPA|/ɔ/}} in favor of {{IPA|/o/}}. The same occurs with {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/e/}}, leading to just {{IPA|/e/}}. So in Kinshasa, a native speaker will say ''mbóte'' as {{IPA|/ᵐbóte/}}, compared to the more traditional pronunciation of {{IPA|/ᵐbɔ́tɛ/}}.

===Consonants===
{{cleanup section|reason=The prenasalized stops are indicated as phonemic in the table of examples, but are not included in the consonants table.|date=June 2017}}
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|- style="font-size: 90%;"
!
! colspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post- alveolar]]
! colspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| width=20px style="border-right: 0;" | || width=20px style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|m}}
| width=20px style="border-right: 0;" | || width=20px style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|n}}
| colspan="2" |
| width=20px style="border-right: 0;" | || width=20px style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|ɲ}}
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPAlink|p}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|b}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPAlink|t}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|d}}
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
| width=20px style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPAlink|k}} || width=20px style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|g}}
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPAlink|f}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|v}}
| style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPAlink|s}} || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|z}}
| width=20px style="border-right: 0;" |{{IPAlink|ʃ}} || width=20px style="border-left: 0;" |({{IPAlink|ʒ}})
| colspan="2" |
| colspan="2" |
|-
! [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|w}}
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|l}}
| colspan="2" |
| style="border-right: 0;" | || style="border-left: 0;" |{{IPAlink|j}}
| colspan="2" |
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! IPA
! Example (IPA)
! Example (written)
! Meaning
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA|/napɛ́si/}}
| napɛ́sí
| I give
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA|ᵐp}}
| {{IPA|/ᵐpɛᵐbɛ́ni/}}
| mpɛmbɛ́ni
| near
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA|/boliᵑɡo/}}
| bolingo
| love
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA|ᵐb}}
| {{IPA|/ᵐbɛlí/}}
| mbɛlí
| knife
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA|/litéja/}}
| litéya
| lesson
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA|ⁿt}}
| {{IPA|/ⁿtɔ́ᵑɡɔ́/}}
| ntɔ́ngó
| dawn
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA|/daidai/}}
| daidai
| sticky
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA|ⁿd}}
| {{IPA|/ⁿdeko/}}
| ndeko
| sibling, cousin, relative
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA|/mokɔlɔ/}}
| mokɔlɔ
| day
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA|ᵑk}}
| {{IPA|/ᵑkóló/}}
| nkóló
| owner
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| {{IPA|/ɡalamɛ́lɛ/}}
| galamɛ́lɛ
| grammar
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA|ᵑɡ}}
| {{IPA|/ᵑɡáí/}}
| ngáí
| me
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA|/mamá/}}
| mamá
| mother
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA|/bojini/}}
| boyini
| hate
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA|/ɲama/}}
| nyama
| animal
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|f}}
| {{IPA|/fɔtɔ́/}}
| fɔtɔ́
| photograph
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA|/veló/}}
| veló
| bicycle
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA|/sɔ̂lɔ/}}
| sɔ̂lɔ
| truly
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA|ⁿs}}
| {{IPA|/ɲɔ́ⁿsɔ/}}
| nyɔ́nsɔ
| all
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|z}}
| {{IPA|/zɛ́lɔ/}}
| zɛ́lɔ
| sand
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA|ⁿz}} (1)
| {{IPA|/ⁿzáᵐbe/}}
| nzámbe
| God
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| {{IPA|/ʃakú/}}
| cakú or shakú
| African grey parrot
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA|/ɔ́lɔ/}}
| ɔ́lɔ
| gold
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA|/jé/}}
| yé
| him; her (object pronoun)
|-
| style="font-size: larger;" | {{IPA link|w}}
| {{IPA|/wápi/}}
| wápi
| where
|}

(1) {{IPA|[ᶮʒ]}} is allophonic with {{IPAblink|ʒ}} depending on the dialect.

====Prenasalized consonants====
The [[prenasalized stop]]s formed with a nasal followed by a voiceless plosive are [[allophone|allophonic]] to the voiceless plosives alone in some variations of Lingala.
* {{IPA|/ᵐp/}}: {{IPA|[ᵐp]}} or {{IPA|[p]}}
*: e.g.: mpɛmbɛ́ni is pronounced {{IPA|[ᵐpɛᵐbɛ́ni]}} but in some variations {{IPA|[pɛᵐbɛ́ni]}}
* {{IPA|/ⁿt/}}: {{IPA|[ⁿt]}} or {{IPA|[t]}}
*: e.g.: ntɔ́ngó is pronounced {{IPA|ⁿtɔ́ᵑɡó}} but in some variations {{IPA|[tɔ́ᵑɡó]}}
* {{IPA|/ᵑk/}}: {{IPA|[ᵑk]}} or {{IPA|[k]}}
*: e.g.: nkanya (''fork'') is pronounced {{IPA|[ᵑkaɲa]}} but in some variations {{IPA|[kaɲa]}}
* {{IPA|/ⁿs/}}: {{IPA|[ⁿs]}} or {{IPA|[s]}} (inside a word)
*: e.g.: nyɔnsɔ is pronounced {{IPA|[ɲɔ́ⁿsɔ]}} but in some variations {{IPA|[ɲɔ́sɔ]}}
The prenasalized voiced occlusives, {{IPA|/ᵐb/, /ⁿd/, /ᵑɡ/, /ⁿz/}} do not vary.

===Tones===
Lingala being a [[tonal language]], tone is a distinguishing feature in [[minimal pair]]s, e.g.: ''mutu'' (human being) and ''mutú'' (head), or kokoma (to write) and kokóma (to arrive). There are two tones possible, the normal one is low and the second one is high. There is a third, less common tone – starting high, dipping low and then ending high – all within the same vowel sound, e.g.: ''bôngó'' (therefore).

====Tonal morphology====
Tense [[morphemes]] carry tones.
* koma (komL-a : write) inflected gives
** [[simple present]] L-aL :
**: ''nakoma'' naL-komL-aL (I write)
** [[subjunctive]] H-aL :
**: ''nákoma'' naH-komL-aL (I would write)
** [[present tense|present]]:
**: ''nakomí'' naL-komL-iH (I have been writing)
* sepela (seLpel-a : enjoy) inflected gives
** [[simple present]] L-aL :
**: ''osepela'' oL-seLpelL-aL (you-SG enjoy)
** [[subjunctive]] H-aL :
**: ''ósepéla'' oH-seLpelH-aH (you-SG would enjoy)
** [[present tense|present]] L-iH:
**: ''osepelí'' oL-seLpelL-iH (you-SG have been enjoying)

==Grammar==

===Noun class system===
Like all [[Bantu languages]], Lingala has a [[noun class]] system in which nouns are classified according to the [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]]es they bear and according to the prefixes they trigger in sentences. The table below shows the noun classes of Lingala, ordered according to the numbering system that is widely used in descriptions of Bantu languages.

{|class="wikitable"
!Class!!Noun prefix!!Example!!Translation
|-
|'''1'''||mo-||mopési||''servant''
|-
|'''2'''||ba-||bapési||''servants''
|-
|'''3'''||mo-||mokíla||''tail''
|-
|'''4'''||mi-||mikíla||''tails''
|-
|'''5'''||li-||liloba||''word''
|-
|'''6'''||ma-||maloba||''words''
|-
|'''7'''||e-||elokó||''thing''
|-
|'''8'''||bi-||bilokó||''things''
|-
|'''9'''||m-/n-||ntaba||''goat''
|-
|'''10'''||m-/n-||ntaba||''goat (pl.)''
|-
|'''9a'''||Ø||sánzá||''moon''
|-
|'''10a'''||Ø||sánzá||''moon'' (pl.)
|-
|'''11'''||lo-||lolemo||''tongue''
|-
|'''12'''||bo-||bosoto||''dirt''
|-
|}

Individual classes pair up with each other to form singular/plural pairs, sometimes called 'genders'. There are seven genders in total. The singular classes 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 take their plural forms from classes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, respectively. Additionally, many household items found in class 9 take a class 2 prefix (''ba'') in the plural: ''lutu'' → ''balutu'' 'spoon', ''mesa'' → ''bamesa'' 'table', ''sani'' → ''basani'' 'plate'. Words in class 11 usually take a class 10 plural. Most words from class 14 (abstract nouns) do not have a plural counterpart.

Class 9 and 10 have a nasal prefix, which [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilates]] to the following consonant. Thus, the prefix shows up as 'n' on words that start with ''t'' or ''d'', e.g. ''ntaba'' 'goat', but as 'm' on words that start with ''b'' or ''p'' (e.g. ''mbisi'' 'fish'). There is also a prefixless class 9a and 10a, exemplified by ''sánzá'' → ''sánzá'' 'moon(s) or month(s)'. Possible ambiguities are solved by the context.

Noun class prefixes do not show up only on the noun itself, but serve as markers throughout the whole sentence. In the sentences below, the class prefixes are underlined. (There is a special verbal form 'a' of the prefix for class 1 nouns.)
*molakisi molai yango abiki (CL1.teacher CL1.tall that CL1:recovered) ''That tall teacher recovered''
*bato bakúmisa Nkómbó ya Yɔ́ (CL2.people CL2.praise name of You) ''(Let) people praise Your name'' (a sentence from the Lord's Prayer)

Only to a certain extent, noun class allocation is [[Semantics|semantically]] governed. Classes 1/2, as in all Bantu languages, mainly contain words for human beings; similarly, classes 9/10 contain many words for animals. In other classes, semantical regularities are mostly absent or are obscured by many exceptions.

===Verb inflections and morphology===

====Verbal extensions====
There are 4 morphemes modifying verbs. They are added to some verb root in the following order:
# Reversive (-ol-)
#: e.g.: kozinga ''to wrap'' and kozingola ''to develop''
# Causative (-is-)
#: e.g. : koyéba ''to know'' and koyébisa ''to inform''
# Applicative (-el-)
#: e.g. : kobíka ''to heal (self), to save (self)'' and kobíkela ''to heal (someone else), to save (someone)''
# Passive (-am-)
#: e.g. : koboma ''to kill'' and kobomama ''to be killed''
# Reciprocal or stationary (-an-, sometimes -en-)
#: e.g. : kokúta ''to find'' and kokútana ''to meet''

====Tense inflections====
The first tone segment affects the subject part of the verb, the second tone segment attaches to the semantic morpheme attached to the root of the verb.
* present perfect (LH-í)
* simple present (LL-a)
* recurrent present (LL-aka)
* undefined recent past (LH-ákí)
* undefined distant past (LH-áká)
* future (L-ko-L-a)
* subjunctive (HL-a)

== Writing system ==
Lingala is more a spoken language than a written language, and has several different writing systems, most of them ad hoc. Due to the low literacy of Lingala speakers in Lingala (in the [[Republic of the Congo]] literacy rate in Lingala as a first language is between 10% and 30%),{{citation needed|date=February 2013}} its popular orthography is very flexible and varies from one Congo to the other. Some orthographies are heavily influenced by the French language orthography; including double S, ''ss'', to transcribe [s] (in the Republic of the Congo); ''ou'' for [u] (in the Republic of the Congo); i with trema, ''aï'', to transcribe {{IPA|[áí]}} or {{IPA|[aí]}}; e with acute accent, ''é'', to transcribe [e]; ''e'' to transcribe {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, o with acute accent, ó, to transcribe {{IPA|[ɔ]}} or sometimes [o] in opposition to o transcribing [o] or {{IPA|[ɔ]}}; i or y can both transcribe [j]. The allophones are also found as alternating forms in the popular orthography; ''sango'' is an alternative to ''nsango'' (information or news); ''nyonso'', ''nyoso'', ''nionso'', ''nioso'' (every) are all transcriptions of ''nyɔ́nsɔ''.

In 1976, the ''Société Zaïroise des Linguistes'' ([[Zaire|Zairian]] Linguists Society) adopted a writing system for Lingala, using the open e {{IPA|(ɛ)}} and the open o {{IPA|(ɔ)}} to write the vowels {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, and sporadic usage of accents to mark tone, though the limitation of input methods prevents Lingala writers from easily using the {{IPA|ɛ}} and {{IPA|ɔ}} and the accents. For example, it is almost impossible to type Lingala according to that convention with a common English or French keyboard. The convention of 1976 reduced the alternative orthography of characters but did not enforce tone marking. The lack of consistent accentuation is lessened by the disambiguation due to context.

The popular orthographies seem to be a step ahead of any academic based orthography. Many Lingala books, papers, even the translation of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] and more recently, Internet forums, newsletters, and major websites, such as Google's Lingala, do not use the Lingala specific characters ɛ and ɔ. Tone marking is found in most literary works.

=== Alphabet ===
The Lingala language has 35 [[Letter (alphabet)|letter]]s and [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]]s. The digraphs each have a specific order in the alphabet, for example ''mza'' will be expected to be ordered before ''mba'', because the digraph ''mb'' follows the letter ''m''. The letters ''r'' and ''h'' are rare but present in borrowed words.
The accents indicate the tones :
* no accent for default tone, the low tone
* acute accent for the high tone
* circumflex for descending tone
* caron for ascending tone

{| class="wikitable"
! style="width:30px;"|
! style="width:30px;"|
! Variants
! Example
|-
||a
||A
||á â ǎ
||nyama, matáta, sâmbóle, libwǎ
|-
||b
||B
||
||bísó
|-
||c
||C
||
||ciluba
|-
||d
||D
||
||{{IPA|madɛ́su}}
|-
||e
||E
||é ê ě
||komeka, mésa, kobênga
|-
||{{IPA|ɛ}}
||{{IPA|Ɛ}}
||{{IPA|ɛ́ ɛ̂ ɛ̌}}
||{{IPA|lɛlɔ́, lɛ́ki, tɛ̂}}
|-
||f
||F
||
||lifúta
|-
||g
||G
||
||kogánga
|-
||gb
||Gb
||
||gbagba
|-
||h
||H
||
||bo'''h'''lu (bohrium)
|-
||i
||I
||í î ǐ
||wápi, zíko, tî, esǐ
|-
||k
||K
||
||kokoma
|-
||l
||L
||
||kolála
|-
||m
||M
||
||kokóma
|-
||mb
||Mb
||
||kolámba, mbwá, mbɛlí
|-
||mp
||Mp
||
||límpa
|-
||n
||N
||
||líno
|-
||nd
||Nd
||
||ndeko
|-
||ng
||Ng
||
||ndéngé
|-
||nk
||Nk
||
||nkámá
|-
||ns
||Ns
||
||{{IPA|nsɔ́mi}}
|-
||nt
||Nt
||
||ntaba
|-
||ny
||Ny
||
||nyama
|-
||nz
||Nz
||
||nzala
|-
||o
||o
||ó ô ǒ
||moto, sóngóló, sékô
|-
||{{IPA|ɔ}}
||{{IPA|Ɔ}}
||{{IPA|ɔ́ ɔ̂ ɔ̌}}
||{{IPA|sɔsɔ, yɔ́, sɔ̂lɔ, tɔ̌}}
|-
||p
||P
||
||{{IPA|pɛnɛpɛnɛ}}
|-
||r
||R
||
||mala'''r'''íya
|-
||s
||S
||
||kopésa
|-
||t
||T
||
||tatá
|-
||u
||U
||ú
||butú, koúma
|-
||v
||V
||
||kovánda
|-
||w
||W
||
||káwa
|-
||y
||Y
||
||koyéba
|-
||z
||Z
||
||kozala
|}

=== Sample ===
[[File:Lingala-pn.jpg|thumb|right|Lord's Prayer]]
'''The Lord's Prayer (Catholic version)'''
::Tatá wa bísó, ozala o likoló,
::bato bakúmisa Nkómbó ya {{IPA|Yɔ́}},
::bandima bokonzi bwa {{IPA|Yɔ́}}, mpo elingo {{IPA|Yɔ́}},
::basálá yangó o nsé,
::lokóla bakosalaka o likoló
::Pésa bísó {{IPA|lɛlɔ́}} biléi bya {{IPA|mokɔlɔ na mokɔlɔ}},
::límbisa mabé ma bísó,
::lokóla bísó tokolimbisaka baníngá.
::Sálisa bísó tondima masɛ́nginyá tê,
::mpe bíkisa bísó o mabé.

::Na {{IPA|yɔ́}} bokonzi,
::nguyá na nkembo,
::o bileko o binso sékô.
::Amen.

'''The Lord's Prayer (Protestant version used in Ubangi-Mongala region)'''
::Tatá na bísó na likoló,
::nkómbó na {{IPA|yɔ́}} ezala mosanto,
::bokonzi na {{IPA|yɔ́}} eya,
::mokano na {{IPA|yɔ́}} esalama na nsé
::lokola na likoló.
::Pésa bísó kwanga ekokí {{IPA|lɛlɔ́}}.
::Límbisa bísó nyongo na bísó,
::pelamoko elimbisi bísó bango nyongo na bango.
::Kamba bísó kati na komekama tê,
::kasi bíkisa bísó na mabé.

::Mpo ete na {{IPA|yɔ́}} ezalí bokonzi,
::na nguyá, na nkembo,
::lobiko na lobiko.
::Amen.

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Africa|Languages}}

== Notes ==
<references/>

== References ==
* Van Everbroeck, René C.I.C.M. (1985) ''Lingala – Malóba ma lokóta/Dictionnaire.'' Editions l'Epiphanie. B.P. 724 LIMETE (Kinshasa).
* Edama, Atibakwa Baboya (1994) ''Dictionnaire bangála–français–lingála''. Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique SÉPIA.
* Etsio, Edouard (2003) ''Parlons lingala / Tobola lingala.'' Paris: L'Harmattan. {{ISBN|2-7475-3931-8}}
* Bokamba, Eyamba George et Bokamba, Molingo Virginie. Tósolola Na Lingála: Let's Speak Lingala (Let's Speak Series). National African Language Resource Center (May 30, 2005) {{ISBN|0-9679587-5-X}}
* Guthrie, Malcolm & [[John F. Carrington|Carrington, John F]]. (1988) ''Lingala: grammar and dictionary: English-Lingala, Lingala-English.'' London: Baptist Missionary Society.
* Meeuwis, Michael (1998) ''Lingala''. (Languages of the world vol. 261). München: LINCOM Europa. {{ISBN|3-89586-595-8}}
* Meeuwis, Michael (2010) ''A Grammatical Overview of Lingála''. (Lincom Studies in African Linguistics vol. 81). München: LINCOM Europa. {{ISBN|978-3-86288-023-2}}.
* Samarin, William J. (1990) 'The origins of Kituba and Lingala', ''Journal of African Languages and Linguistics'', 12, 47-77.
* Bwantsa-Kafungu, ''J'apprends le lingala tout seul en trois mois'''. Centre de recherche pédagogique, Centre Linguistique Théorique et Appliquée, Kinshasa 1982.
* Khabirov, Valeri. (1998) "Maloba ma nkota Russ-Lingala-Falanse. Русско-лингала-французский словарь". Moscow: Institute of Linguistics-Russian Academy of Sciences (соавторы Мухина Л.М., Топорова И.Н.), 384 p.
* {{cite journal|last=Weeks |first=John H.|date=Jan–Jun 1909 |title=Anthropological Notes on the Bangala of the Upper Congo River |journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |volume=39 |issue= |pages=97–136 |id=weeks1909 |doi=10.2307/2843286 |format= – [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3AWeeks+intitle%3AAnthropological+Notes+on+the+Bangala+of+the+Upper+Congo+River&as_publication=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&as_ylo=1909&as_yhi=1909&btnG=Search Scholar search] |jstor=2843286 }}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|Lingala}}
{{InterWiki|code=ln}}
*[http://perso.wanadoo.fr/pascal.grouselle/ First words in Lingala] {{fr icon}}
*[http://www.suka-epoque.de/SukaE-B-dictionaire%20lingala.htm Maloba ya lingála] {{fr icon}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130130125802/http://www.kasaflo.net/lingala/lingala.htm Dictionnaire bilingues lingala - français] {{fr icon}}
*[http://www.bantu-languages.com/en/dico.html Dictionary of Congo-Brazzaville National Languages]
*[http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/lingala.php Lingala-English dictionary] [[Freelang]]
*[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Lingala_Swadesh_list Lingala Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix])
*[http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Lingala PanAfriL10n page on Lingala]
*[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=14&menu=004 UCLA Language Profiles : Lingala]
*[http://www.google.com/intl/ln/ Google in Lingala]
*[http://www.indiana.edu/~hlw/Inflection/problems.html Inflections: Problems]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060212120136/http://dicts.info/1/lingala.php Small Collection of Lingala Online resources]
*[http://www.carelinks.net/gospel/lingala.htm Parallel French-Lingala-English texts]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090720125508/http://www.maneno.org/lin/home/ Maneno (African blogging platform) in Lingala]

{{Languages of Angola}}
{{Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
{{Languages of the Republic of the Congo}}
{{Narrow Bantu languages|C-D}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lingala Language}}
[[Category:Bangi-Ntomba languages]]
[[Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Languages of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Lingala language| ]]
[[Category:Vowel-harmony languages]]

Keri Hilson

2019-05-21T16:28:09Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Keri Hilson
| image = Keri Hilson Supafest 3 - cropped.jpg
| caption = Hilson performing at [[Supafest]] in [[Australia]], April 2011
| birth_name = Keri Lynn Hilson
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|12|5}}
| birth_place = [[Decatur, Georgia]], U.S.
| occupation = {{Flatlist |
* Singer
* songwriter
* record producer
* vocal arranger
* actress
}}
| years_active = 2004–present
| background = solo_singer
| instrument = [[Vocals]]
| genre = [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]<ref name="AllMusicBio">{{cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/keri-hilson-mn0000664272/biography|title=Keri Hilson >> Biography & History >> AllMusic|publisher=''[[AllMusic]]''|work=''[[RhythmOne|RhythmOne plc.]]''|last=Corder|first=Cyril|date=January 1, 2004|access-date=January 16, 2019|quote=R&B singer, vocal arranger, and songwriter}}</ref>
| label = {{Flatlist|
* [[Mosley Music Group|Mosley]]
* [[Zone 4 (record label)|Zone 4]]
* [[Interscope Records|Interscope]]
}}
| associated_acts = {{flatlist|
* [[The Clutch]]
* [[Polow da Don]]
* [[Timbaland]]
}}
| website = {{URL|kerihilson.com}}
}}

'''Keri Lynn Hilson''' (born December 5, 1982) is an American singer, songwriter, vocal arranger<ref name="AllMusicBio"/> and actress. She was born and raised in [[Decatur, Georgia]] and spent most of her youth working with producer Anthony Dent as a songwriter and [[backing vocalist|background vocalist]] for several [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] artists. By the age of 14, Hilson had secured a record deal with the girl group D'Signe, who later disbanded. She attended [[Oxford College of Emory University]] in [[Oxford, Georgia|Georgia]], while she continued writing songs for artists, including [[Britney Spears]], [[The Pussycat Dolls]], and [[Mary J. Blige]], with the production and songwriting team, [[The Clutch]]. In 2006, Hilson signed with American rapper and producer [[Timbaland]]'s record label, [[Mosley Music Group|Mosley Music]]. Her breakthrough came in 2007 after appearing on Timbaland's single "[[The Way I Are]]", which topped [[Record chart|charts]] around the world.

Hilson's music style is R&B, hip hop, and [[Pop music|pop]]; womanhood, sexual intimacy and love are the typical themes. Her musical influences come from her father's side of the family. Hilson's debut studio album, ''[[In a Perfect World...]]'', was released in 2009, and debuted at number four on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart, eventually being [[List of music recording certifications|certified]] gold by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA). The album spawned the hit singles, "[[Knock You Down]]", "[[Turnin Me On]]" and "[[I Like (Keri Hilson song)|I Like]]". It also earned Hilson two [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] nominations for [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] for "Knock You Down". Her second studio album, ''[[No Boys Allowed]]'', was released in 2010 and was considerably less successful than its predecessor; however, it included the platinum single, "[[Pretty Girl Rock]]". In 2016 Hilson announced that her upcoming third studio album would be titled ''L.I.A.R''. The album has yet to be released, and for the past eight years Hilson has not released any new music of her own.

Besides her music career, Hilson has also contributed to various charities and pursued a career in acting, but she continues to record and perform music. She has contributed in the fight against [[HIV/AIDS|HIV and AIDS]], helped various relief efforts for natural disasters, and became involved with several educational organizations. In 2012, Hilson made her acting debut in the [[romantic comedy]] film, ''[[Think Like a Man]]''. Her achievements include a [[BET Award]], [[MOBO Award]], [[NAACP Image Award]] and two [[Soul Train Music Awards]].

== Life and career ==

=== 1982–2007: Early life and career beginnings ===
Keri Lynn Hilson was born on December 5, 1982, in [[Decatur, Georgia]].<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/keri-hilson-p615713/biography |title=Keri Hilson – Biography|last=Cordor|first=Cyril|work=[[Allmusic]]|publisher=[[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=March 8, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Taylor |first=Derrick |url=http://www.essence.com/2011/12/05/happy-29th-birthday-keri-hilson/ |title=Keri Hilson Celebrates Her 29th Birthday |work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]] |publisher=[[Time Inc]] |date=December 5, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/660jIAyBn?url=http://www.essence.com/2011/12/05/happy-29th-birthday-keri-hilson/ |archivedate=March 8, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Hilson's mother owns and runs a [[day care]] center and her father is a developer who served in the army.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shaw |first=Amir |url=http://rollingout.com/music/john-legend-and-keri-hilson-discuss-the-importance-of-education-at-teach-for-americas-promise-night/ |title=John Legend and Keri Hilson Discuss the Importance of Education at Teach For America's Promise Night |work=Rolling Out |publisher=Steed Media Group, Inc |date=March 30, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/68WRgZmqt?url=http://rollingout.com/music/john-legend-and-keri-hilson-discuss-the-importance-of-education-at-teach-for-americas-promise-night/ |archivedate=June 18, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=R. King|first=Caitlin|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/photos/live/953847/katy-perry-nicki-minaj-paramore-lead-vh1-divas-lineup|title=Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj, Paramore Lead 'VH1 Divas' Lineup|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]]|date=October 14, 2010|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref><ref name="bluesandsoulinterview"/> She was raised in a [[American middle class|middle class]] family and an [[African-American neighborhood]].<ref name="complexbio">{{cite web|last=Scott |first=Damien |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2009/07/keri-hilson/page/2 |title=Keri Hilson (Cover Story) |work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]] |publisher=Complex Media |page=2 |date=August 3, 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/660kmtJ3d?url=http://www.complex.com/music/2009/07/keri-hilson/page/2 |archivedate=March 8, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Her brother is Kip and her sisters are Kelsee, Kye and Kaycee.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hilson|first=Keri|url=https://twitter.com/KeriHilson/statuses/97746249624727552|title=@KeriHilson Status|publisher=[[Twitter]]|date=August 1, 2011|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref> Hilson and her siblings did not attend a school within the neighborhood, stating that "they shipped us off for an hour to get to school every day. It was just that important for us to maintain the life that they had created".<ref name="complexbio"/> From the age of 12, Hilson wanted to pursue a musical career, after watching television talent shows, ''[[Star Search]]'' and ''[[Showtime at the Apollo]]''.<ref name="allmusic"/> Her mother then hired a piano teacher to give her piano lessons; however, Hilson wanted to become a singer and therefore "converted those sessions into vocal lessons, accompanying the teacher on piano".<ref name="allmusic"/> By the age of 14, Hilson had secured a record deal with the girl group D'Signe, who later disbanded.<ref name="allmusic"/><ref name="complexstory2">{{cite web|last=Scott |first=Damien |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2009/07/keri-hilson/page/1 |title=Keri Hilson (Cover Story) |work=Complex |publisher=Complex Media |page=1 |date=August 3, 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/661H3w9HC?url=http://www.complex.com/music/2009/07/keri-hilson/page/1 |archivedate=March 8, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

Hilson spent most of her teenage years working with producer Anthony Dent as a songwriter and [[backing vocalist|background vocalist]] for the likes of [[Usher (entertainer)|Usher]], [[Ludacris]], [[Kelly Rowland]], [[Toni Braxton]], [[Ciara]] and [[Polow da Don]].<ref name="allmusic"/> After graduating from [[Tucker High School]] in the [[DeKalb County School District]], Hilson attended [[Oxford College of Emory University]] and [[Emory University]] in [[Atlanta]] for three years and studied a course in theater.<ref name="complexbio"/> She continued working as a songwriter and background vocalist during her schooling years.<ref name="allmusic"/> Hilson eventually stopped working with Dent, and began working more with Polow da Don.<ref name="allmusic"/> She also became a member of the songwriting and production team, [[The Clutch]].<ref name="allmusic"/> Together, they wrote [[Mary J. Blige]]'s "[[Take Me as I Am (Mary J. Blige song)|Take Me as I Am]]" (2006), [[Omarion]]'s "[[Ice Box (song)|Ice Box]]" (2006), Ciara's "[[Like a Boy]]" (2006), The [[Pussycat Dolls]]' "[[Wait a Minute (Pussycat Dolls song)|Wait a Minute]]" (2006) and [[Britney Spears]]' "[[Gimme More]]" (2007).<ref name="allmusic"/><ref name="complexstory2"/> In 2006, Polow introduced Hilson to American rapper and producer [[Timbaland]], who then signed her to his record label, [[Mosley Music Group]].<ref name="allmusic"/> In November 2006, Hilson was featured on American rapper [[Lloyd Banks]]' single, "Help", for his album ''[[Rotten Apple (album)|Rotten Apple]]'' (2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/rotten-apple/id198808176|title=Rotten Apple by Lloyd Banks|work=[[iTunes Store]]|publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple]]|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref>

The following year, Hilson was featured on three singles; in June, on Timbaland's song "[[The Way I Are]]", the second single from his album ''[[Shock Value (Timbaland album)|Shock Value]]'' (2007); on [[Rich Boy]]'s "Good Things" with Polow da Don; and thereafter, in December, on Timbaland's song "[[Scream (Timbaland song)|Scream]]" with [[Nicole Scherzinger]], the fifth single from ''Shock Value''.<ref name="airplayarchives">{{cite web|url=http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239 |title=Airplay Archive |work=[[FMQB]] |accessdate=March 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110705000000/http://www.fmqb.com/Article.asp?id=69239 |archivedate=July 5, 2011 |df= }}</ref> Out of the three singles, "The Way I Are" achieved the most success, topping nine charts around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Timbaland+feat.+Keri+Hilson&titel=The+Way+I+Are&cat=s|title=Timbaland feat. Keri Hilson – The Way I Are|work=''Australian-charts.com''|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=radios&ev=2008&het=14&submit_=Keres%E9s|title=Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ – Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége|language=Hungarian|publisher=[[Mahasz]]|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240001&arch=t&lyr=2007&year=2007&week=30|title=Top 50 Singles, Week Ending 26 July 2007|work=[[Irish Singles Chart]]|publisher=[[Chart-Track]]|date=July 26, 2007|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref name="ukcharts">{{cite web|url=http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/keri%20hilson/|title=Artist Chart History > Keri Hilson|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|accessdate=March 9, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724031532/http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/keri%20hilson/|archivedate=July 24, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=timbaland|chart=all}}|title=The Way I Are – Timbaland|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref>

=== 2008–2009: ''In a Perfect World...'' ===
[[File:Keri Hilson 2009-04-10 Adam-Bielawski.jpg|right|thumb|Hilson in April 2009]]
In 2008, Hilson appeared in the [[music video]]s for Usher's single, "[[Love in This Club]]", and [[Ne-Yo]]'s single, "[[Miss Independent (Ne-Yo song)|Miss Independent]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/04/07/video-usher-f-young-jeezy-love-in-this-club/|title=Video: Usher f/ Young Jeezy – 'Love In This Club'|work=[[Rap-Up]]|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=April 7, 2008|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2008/08/21/video-ne-yo-miss-independent/|title=Video: Ne-Yo – 'Miss Independent'|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=August 21, 2008|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> Her debut studio album, ''[[In a Perfect World...]]'', was released on March 24, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/in-perfect-world...-bonus/id309652741|title=In a Perfect World... (Bonus Track Version) by Keri Hilson|work=iTunes Store|publisher=Apple|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> The album contained [[Pop music|pop]]-oriented [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] songs.<ref name="inaperfectworldallmusic">{{cite web|last=Kellman|first=Andy|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/in-a-perfect-world-r1433517/review|title=In a Perfect World... – Keri Hilson > Review|work=Allmusic|publisher=Rovi Corporation|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> It was initially planned to be released the previous year; however, the album was delayed several times because Hilson wanted to make sure it came out to her liking, stating "I'm just a perfectionist. I have had many [release dates], but it's all for a good cause. The label wants to make sure the album has its proper release, and I'm thankful for that. Very grateful, even though fans look at it like it's a bad thing."<ref>{{cite web|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1607603/keri-hilson-grateful-debut-lps-many-delays.jhtml|title=Keri Hilson 'Grateful' For Debut LP's Many Delays|work=[[MTV News]]|publisher=[[MTV Networks]] ([[Viacom]])|date=March 24, 2009|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> In the United States, ''In a Perfect World...'' debuted at number four on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart, and number one on the [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] chart, with first-week sales of 94,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Christman|first=Ed|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/news/1272413/now-30-hannah-lead-busy-week-on-billboard-200|title='Now 30,' 'Hannah' Lead Busy Week On Billboard 200|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=April 1, 2009|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/2009-04-11/r-b-hip-hop-albums|title=R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: Week of April 11, 2009|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=April 11, 2009|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> By October 2009, the album was certified gold by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA).<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=Hilson,_Keri |title=RIAA – Gold & Platinum – Keri Hilson |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] (RIAA) |accessdate=March 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807050247/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=Hilson%2C_Keri |archivedate=August 7, 2013 |df= }}</ref> Its first single, "[[Energy (Keri Hilson song)|Energy]]", released in May 2008, peaked at number 78 on the US [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart and number 21 on the US [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]] chart.<ref name="billboardsingles">{{cite web|url=http://allmusic.com/artist/keri-hilson-p615713/charts-awards/billboard-singles|title=Keri Hilson > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles|work=Allmusic|publisher=Rovi Corporation|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> It reached the top fifty in the United Kingdom, and peaked the highest in New Zealand at number seven, and was certified gold in that country.<ref name="ukcharts"/><ref name="nzcharts">{{cite web|url=http://charts.org.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Keri+Hilson|title=Discography Keri Hilson|work=''Charts.org.nz''|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref name="nzcerts">{{cite web|url=http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61|title= Latest Gold / Platinum Singles |publisher=Radioscope New Zealand|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724195845/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61|archivedate=July 24, 2011 }}</ref> Hilson also featured on three singles in 2008; in June, on rapper [[Nas]]' song "[[Hero (Nas song)|Hero]]"; in September, on [[Kardinal Offishall]]'s "[[The Tide Is High#Kardinal Offishall version|Numba 1 (Tide Is High)]]"; and thereafter, in October, on [[Chris Brown (American entertainer)|Chris Brown]]'s song "[[Superhuman (song)|Superhuman]]".<ref name="airplayarchives"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/hero-feat.-keri-hilson-single/id283921559 |title=Hero (feat. Keri Hilson) – Single by Nas |work=iTunes Store |publisher=Apple |accessdate=March 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014221848/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/hero-feat.-keri-hilson-single/id283921559 |archivedate=October 14, 2013 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/superhuman-feat.-keri-hilson/id293964028|title=Superhuman (feat. Keri Hilson) – Single by Chris Brown|work=iTunes Store|publisher=Apple|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref>

"[[Return the Favor]]", featuring Timbaland, served as the second international single from Hilson's ''In a Perfect World...'' album, while "[[Turnin Me On]]" featuring [[Lil Wayne]], was released as the second US single. The latter achieved commercial success, reaching number 15 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, and number two on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, eventually being certified platinum in the United States.<ref name="RIAA"/><ref name="billboardsingles"/> "Turnin Me On" spent 10 weeks on the Hot 100.<ref name="hot100">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=keri hilson|chart=all}}|title=Keri Hilson Album & Song Chart History: Billboard Hot 100|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref> Hilson and Lil Wayne performed the song on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]'' on March 27, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2009/03/28/video-keri-hilson-x-lil-wayne-on-kimmel/|title=Video: Keri Hilson x Lil Wayne on 'Kimmel'|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=March 28, 2009|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref> The next single, "[[Knock You Down]]" featuring [[Kanye West]] and Ne-Yo, achieved more success, reaching number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, eventually being certified two times platinum.<ref name="RIAA"/><ref name="billboardsingles"/> The song spent 31 weeks on the Hot 100 and 30 weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.<ref name="hot100"/><ref name="r&bhiphop">{{cite web|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=keri hilson|chart=R&B/Hip-Hop Songs}}|title=Keri Hilson Album & Song Chart History: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref> It also reached the top ten in Canada, Ireland, The Netherlands, New Zealand and the United Kingdom.<ref name="ukcharts"/><ref name="billboardsingles"/><ref name="nzcharts"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240001&arch=t&lyr=2009&year=2009&week=27|title=Top 50 Singles, Week Ending 2 July 2009|work=Irish Singles Chart|publisher=Chart-Track|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> Hilson and West performed "Knock You Down" on the ''[[Late Show with David Letterman]]'' on May 4, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2009/05/05/video-keri-kanye-perform-on-letterman/#more-17459|title=Video: Keri & Kanye Perform on 'Letterman'|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=May 5, 2009|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref> "[[Make Love (song)|Make Love]]", "[[Slow Dance (song)|Slow Dance]]", and "Change Me" featuring [[Akon]], were released as the album's fourth, fifth and sixth US singles, respectively. Hilson performed "Slow Dance" with [[The Roots]] on ''[[Late Night with Jimmy Fallon]]'' on September 18, 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2009/09/19/video-keri-hilson-x-the-roots-on-fallon/|title=Video: Keri Hilson x The Roots on 'Fallon'|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=September 19, 2009|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref>

Hilson, along with [[Gym Class Heroes]], [[Gorilla Zoe]] and [[T-Pain]], were supporting acts on Lil Wayne's [[I Am Music Tour]] in North America.<ref>{{cite web|last=Aswad|first=Jem|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1608095/lil-wayne-keri-hilson-get-hot-heavy-at-california-concert.jhtml|title=Lil Wayne, Keri Hilson Get Hot And Heavy At California Concert|work=MTV News|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)|date=March 30, 2009|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> At the 2009 [[BET Awards]], she was nominated in four categories, including [[BET Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]], Best Female R&B Artist, as well as [[BET Award for Viewer's Choice|Viewer's Choice]] and [[BET Award for Best Collaboration|Best Collaboration]] for "Turnin Me On" with Lil Wayne.<ref name="2009betawardnoms">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2009/05/12/beyonce-lil-wayne-ti-lead-bet-awards-nominations/|title=Beyonce, Lil Wayne, & T.I. Lead BET Awards Nominations|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=May 12, 2009|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> She eventually won the Best New Artist category.<ref name="2009betawardwon">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/tv/story/2009/06/29/bet-jackson-celebration.html|title=BET Awards become star-studded Michael Jackson tribute|work=[[CBC News]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC)|date=June 29, 2009|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> In 2009, Hilson was featured on five singles; "[[Number One (R. Kelly song)|Number One]]" with [[R. Kelly]], "She Don't Wanna" with [[Asher Roth]], "[[Everything, Everyday, Everywhere]]" with [[Fabolous]], "[[Medicine (Plies song)|Medicine]]" with [[Plies (rapper)|Plies]], and on the remix of [[Sean Paul]]'s song, "[[Hold My Hand (Sean Paul song)|Hold My Hand]]".<ref name="airplayarchives"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/number-one-feat.-keri-hilson/id324140447 |title=Number One (feat. Keri Hilson) – Single by R. Kelly |work=iTunes Store |publisher=Apple |accessdate=March 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204125948/http://itunes.apple.com/us/album/number-one-feat.-keri-hilson/id324140447 |archivedate=February 4, 2012 |df= }}</ref> Hilson was nominated for Breakthrough Artist and [[American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist|Favorite Soul/R&B Female Artist]] at the [[American Music Awards of 2009|2009 American Music Awards]], but lost to [[Beyoncé Knowles]].<ref name="2009amas">{{cite web|url=http://www.take40.com/news/17719/2009-american-music-awards-winners-list |title=2009 American Music Awards Winners List! |work=[[Take 40 Australia]] |publisher=MCM Entertainment |date=November 22, 2009 |accessdate=March 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318232755/http://www.take40.com/news/17719/2009-american-music-awards-winners-list |archivedate=March 18, 2012 |df= }}</ref> The re-released edition of ''In a Perfect World...'', in January 2010, included the single "[[I Like (Keri Hilson song)|I Like]]", which reached number one in Germany, Poland and Slovakia, and peaked within the top ten in Austria, Norway and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/title/Hilson%2C+Keri/I+Like+%282-track%29/single|title=Chartverfolgung|work=''Musicline.de''|publisher=PhotoNet|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/top5.php?idlisty=65 |title=Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video |publisher=[[ZPAV]] |accessdate=March 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311034420/http://zpav.pl/rankingi/listy/nielsen/top5.php?idlisty=65 |archivedate=March 11, 2012 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparadask/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=18&titul=146009&sec=04540b652ec2d37835d036cd98a96162|title=Radio Top 100 Oficiálna – I Like|language=Slovak|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] (IFPI)|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Keri+Hilson&titel=I+Like&cat=s|title=Keri Hilson – I Like|language=German|work=''Austriancharts.at''|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> At the [[52nd Grammy Awards]], Hilson was nominated for [[Grammy Award for Best New Artist|Best New Artist]] and [[Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration|Best Rap/Sung Collaboration]] for "Knock You Down" with Kanye West and Ne-Yo.<ref name="grammys2010">{{cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1627527/keri-hilson-had-fight-tears-over-grammy-nods.jhtml|title=Keri Hilson 'Had To Fight Tears' Over Her Grammy Nominations|work=MTV News|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)|date=December 3, 2009|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref>

=== 2010–2014: ''No Boys Allowed'' and acting debut ===
[[File:Keri Hilson VH1 Divas Salute 2010 2.JPG|left|thumb|Hilson performing at the 2010 [[VH1 Divas#VH1 Divas 2010|VH1 Divas Salute the Troops]] concert]]
During the first half of 2010, Hilson guest featured on rapper [[Trina]]'s single, "Million Dollar Girl", and on [[T.I.]]'s single, "[[Got Your Back]]".<ref name="airplayarchives"/> In April 2010, it was made known that she had replaced [[Jennifer Hudson]] as the new face of the [[cosmetics]] and [[personal care]] products company, [[Avon Products|Avon]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/04/14/keri-hilson-is-the-new-face-of-avon/|title=Keri Hilson Is the New Face of Avon|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=April 14, 2010|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> "[[Breaking Point (Keri Hilson song)|Breaking Point]]" was released as the first single from Hilson's second studio album, ''[[No Boys Allowed]]'', in September 2010; it only appeared on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart at number 44, and spent two weeks on the chart.<ref name="billboardsingles"/><ref name="r&bhiphop"/> On December 2, 2010, Hilson was among one of the many female artists who performed at the [[VH1 Divas#VH1 Divas 2010|VH1 Divas Salute the Troops]] concert, where she sang "Turnin Me On", "Knock You Down", "[[Pretty Girl Rock]]", and a duet with American [[country music]] duo, [[Sugarland]], on the [[Aretha Franklin]] song, "[[Think (Aretha Franklin song)|Think]]".<ref name="vh1">{{cite web|last=Elias|first=Matt|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1653558/katy-perry-nicki-minaj-paramore-salute-troops-at-vh1-divas.jhtml|title=Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj, Paramore Salute Troops At 'VH1 Divas'|work=MTV News|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)|date=December 4, 2010|accessdate=March 9, 2012}}</ref> ''No Boys Allowed'' was released on December 21, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/no-boys-allowed/id408188398|title=No Boys Allowed by Keri Hilson|work=iTunes Store|publisher=Apple|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> Described as a "girl power album", ''No Boys Allowed'' was primarily of the R&B and pop genres.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wappler |first=Margaret |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2010/12/album-review-keri-hilsons-no-boys-allowed.html |title=Album review: Keri Hilson's 'No Boys Allowed' |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=December 21, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226050110/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2010/12/album-review-keri-hilsons-no-boys-allowed.html |archivedate=December 26, 2010 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref name="noboysallowedallmusic">{{cite web|last=Kellman|first=Andy|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/no-boys-allowed-r2068989/review|title=No Boys Allowed – Keri Hilson > Review|work=Allmusic|publisher=Rovi Corporation|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> Despite the album's title, Hilson stated "it's not about excluding men. It's more about women understanding that there comes a time in your life when you want a man. A real man. A grown up. Not a boy. And that's not a bad thing."<ref name="nbainterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.singersroom.com/news/6528/Keri-Hilson-Ready-For-A-Real-Man-with-No-Boys-Allowed |title=Keri Hilson Ready For A Real Man with 'No Boys Allowed' |work=Singersroom |date=November 30, 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/662m3S0gA?url=http://www.singersroom.com/news/6528/Keri-Hilson-Ready-For-A-Real-Man-with-No-Boys-Allowed |archivedate=March 9, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Speaking of the songs on the album, she explained "I write from a female perspective, but I'm also telling men what women are really thinking and feeling about them".<ref name="nbainterview"/> In the United States, ''No Boys Allowed'' debuted at number 11 on the ''Billboard'' 200, and number seven on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, with first-week sales of 102,000 copies.<ref name="nbachartdebut">{{cite web|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/948676/taylor-swift-gets-christmas-boost-on-billboard-200-foxx-earns-highest-debut|title=Taylor Swift Gets Christmas Boost on Billboard 200, Foxx Earns Highest Debut|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|date=December 29, 2010|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/2011-01-08/r-b-hip-hop-albums?order=gainer |title=R&B/Hip-Hop Albums: Week of January 08, 2011|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> Although the album sold 8,000 copies more than Hilson's debut album ''In a Perfect World...'', it failed to match that album's debut chart position of number four on the ''Billboard'' 200, due to ''No Boys Allowed'' being released during the festive season with several Christmas albums debuting inside the top-ten.<ref name="nbachartdebut"/> As of February 2011, the album has sold 205,500 copies in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|last=Langhorne |first=Cyrus |url=http://www.sohh.com/2011/02/nicki_minaj_loses_her_top_kanye_west_hit.html |title=Nicki Minaj Loses Her Top, Kanye West Hits A Milli, Slaughterhouse Invades The Chart |publisher=[[SOHH]] |date=February 16, 2011 |accessdate=March 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403033506/http://www.sohh.com/2011/02/nicki_minaj_loses_her_top_kanye_west_hit.html |archivedate=April 3, 2012 |df= }}</ref>

Hilson achieved success with the album's second single, "Pretty Girl Rock", which reached number 24 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and number four on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart, eventually being certified platinum.<ref name="RIAA"/><ref name="billboardsingles"/> The song spent 14 weeks on the Hot 100 and four weeks on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart.<ref name="hot100"/><ref name="r&bhiphop"/> It reached the top twenty in Germany and New Zealand, and top thirty in Austria and Slovakia.<ref name="nzcharts"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/Hilson%2CKeri/single|title=Chartverfolgung|language=German|work=''Musicline.de''|publisher=PhotoNet|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Keri+Hilson|title=Discographie Keri Hilson|language=German|work=''Austriancharts.at''|publisher=Hung Medien|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparadask/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=18&titul=146419&sec=b5757e1134065cb2b0133a6d4db7ea85|title=Radio Top 100 Oficiálna – Pretty Girl Rock|language=Slovak|publisher=International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI)|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> Hilson promoted "Pretty Girl Rock" with live performances on televised shows, including ''[[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]]'', the ''Late Show with David Letterman'' and ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/11/22/video-keri-hilson-rocks-tonight-show/|title=Video: Keri HIlson Rocks 'Tonight Show'|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=November 22, 2010|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/01/04/video-keri-hilson-reigns-supreme-on-letterman/|title=Video: Keri Hilson Reigns Supreme on 'Letterman'|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=January 4, 2011|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/02/17/video-keri-hilson-performs-pretty-girl-rock-on-kimmel/|title=Video: Keri Hilson Performs 'Pretty Girl Rock' on 'Kimmel'|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=February 17, 2011|accessdate=June 19, 2012}}</ref> "[[One Night Stand (Keri Hilson song)|One Night Stand]]" featuring Chris Brown, and "[[Lose Control (Let Me Down)]]" featuring [[Nelly]], were released as the album's third and fourth singles, respectively. In 2011, she was featured on British rapper [[Chipmunk (rapper)|Chipmunk]]'s single "[[In the Air (Chipmunk song)|In the Air]]", for his album ''[[Transition (Chipmunk album)|Transition]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/in-air-radio-edit-feat.-keri/id422026799|title=In the Air (feat. Keri Hilson) by Chipmunk|work=iTunes Store|publisher=Apple|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> In April 2011, Hilson, along with many other R&B and hip hop acts, traveled to Australia to be part of its biggest urban music festival, Supafest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/04/09/keri-hilson-ciara-nelly-snoop-dogg-bow-wow-kick-off-supafest-festival/|title=Keri Hilson, Ciara, Nelly, Snoop Dogg, & Bow Wow Kick Off Supafest Festival|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=April 9, 2011|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> At the [[BET Awards of 2011|2011 BET Awards]], Hilson was nominated for Best Female R&B Artist and [[BET Award for Video of the Year|Video of the Year]] for "Pretty Girl Rock".<ref name="2011betawards">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/05/17/and-the-bet-awards-2011-nominees-are/|title=Chris Brown Leads BET Awards 2011 Nominations|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=May 17, 2011|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> In July 2011, she was a supporting act on the second leg of Lil Wayne's I Am Still Music Tour in North America, before embarking on her first headlining European tour in October.<ref name="iam">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/05/09/lil-wayne-announces-second-leg-of-i-am-still-music-tour-with-keri-hilson-lloyd/|title=Lil Wayne Announces Second Leg of I Am Still Music Tour with Keri Hilson, Lloyd|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=May 9, 2011|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/10/08/keri-hilson-blasts-into-berlin-for-european-tour/|title=Keri Hilson Blasts Into Berlin for European Tour|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=October 8, 2011|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> Hilson made her acting debut in the [[romantic comedy]] film, ''[[Think Like a Man]]'', released on April 20, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/12/09/chris-brown-keri-hilson-hit-the-big-screen-in-think-like-a-man-trailer/|title=Chris Brown, Keri Hilson Hit the Big Screen in 'Think Like a Man' (Trailer)|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=December 9, 2011|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mansfield|first=Brian|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/idolchatter/post/2012/03/video-jennifer-hudsons-think-like-a-man/1|title=Video: Jennifer Hudson's 'Think Like a Man'|work=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|date=March 1, 2012|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> She also appeared alongside [[Vin Diesel]] in the [[Science fiction|sci-fi]] [[action film]], ''[[Riddick (film)|Riddick]]'' (2013), in a brief role as a prisoner allowed to escape to make room for [[Riddick (character)|Riddick]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Eskridge |first=Sonya |url=http://www.s2smagazine.com/stories/2012/03/daily-buzz-3712 |title=Daily Buzz 3.7.12 |work=S2S |date=March 7, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/664IctCiI?url=http://www.s2smagazine.com/stories/2012/03/daily-buzz-3712 |archivedate=March 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

=== 2015–present: ''L.I.A.R.''===
[[File:2018.06.10 Capital Pride Festival and Concert, Washington, DC USA 03408 (42693019352).jpg|thumb|In 2018, Hilson performed at Capital Pride Festival and Concert in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
During an interview on ''[[106 & Park]]'' on October 25, 2011, Hilson revealed that she has already begun recording her third studio album.<ref name="thirdalbumrapup">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/10/25/keri-hilson-channels-emotions-on-third-album/|title=Keri Hilson Channels Emotions on Third Album|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=October 25, 2011|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> She explained, "There's some people in the world that aren't gon' like this album coming from me. As I was experiencing the world, there were things that I was also experiencing on a personal front, and in my music it's coming out. There's a specific few people who ain't gon' like to listen to this album. Very emotional, I'll say that."<ref name="thirdalbumrapup"/> She further explained in an interview with ''The Boombox'' that she's working on a new sound for the album, and described it as a mixture of her first two albums with some surprising elements thrown in.<ref name="boomboxinterview">{{cite web|last=Murphy|first=Keith|url=http://www.theboombox.com/2012/03/05/keri-hilson-third-album/|title=Keri Hilson Third Album: Singer Will Be 'Emotional', 'Hurt' With New Music|work=The Boombox|publisher=[[AOL]]|date=March 5, 2012|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> Hilson also said a release date had not been confirmed yet, saying "I just write about my experiences and keep the release dates far, far from me. When I feel that I have [good material] is when I will give it to the label. But I'm not quite there yet. I'm still working."<ref name="boomboxinterview"/> After a five-year musical hiatus for Hilson, it was announced on March 14, 2016, that the album would be named ''L.I.A.R.'', an acronym for ''Love Is a Religion''. ''L.I.A.R.'' will have contributions from [[Chris Brown]], [[Danja (record producer)|Danja]], [[Timbaland]] and [[Polow Da Don]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Keri Hilson Announces New album L.I.A.R.|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2016/03/14/keri-hilson-announces-new-album-liar/|website=Rap-Up|accessdate=March 14, 2016}}</ref> In July 2017, Hilson was featured on Zambian singer Tiwah Hillz's single "Beautiful".<ref>https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/tiwah-keri-hilson-release-cute-single/</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=‎Beautiful (feat. Keri Hilson) - Single by Tiwah Hillz|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/beautiful-feat-keri-hilson-single/1252713652|language=en-us|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref>

Keri Hilson announced that she will be releasing new music in Summer 2019, a nine years after her previous album.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://youknowigotsoul.com/keri-hilson-announces-return-to-music-with-new-release-to-come-this-summer|title=Keri Hilson Announces Return to Music With New Release to Come This Summer - YouKnowIGotSoul.com|date=2019-03-25|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> She is performing on Femme It Forward Tour in summer 2019 alongside [[Mýa|Mya]], [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]], [[Ashanti (singer)|Ashanti]], [[Monica (singer)|Monica]] and [[Amerie]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/amp/articles/business/touring/8507368/live-nation-urban-femme-it-forward-female-series-cardi-b|title=Live Nation Urban Reveals Femme It Forward All-Female Series With Cardi B, Jorja Smith, Brandy & More|website=www.billboard.com|access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref>

== Artistry ==
{{listen
| filename = Keri Hilson - Pretty Girl Rock.ogg
| pos = left
| title = "Pretty Girl Rock"
| description = A sample of "Pretty Girl Rock" featuring heavy drums with slinky piano and bouncy R&B beats.
| format = [[Ogg]]
}}
Hilson's music is generally R&B, hip hop and pop. Her debut album, ''In a Perfect World...'', consists of a pop/R&B style, with elements of [[electro music]].<ref name="inaperfectworldallmusic"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Balls|first=David|url=http://www.digitalspy.com.au/music/albumreviews/a154977/keri-hilson-in-a-perfect-world.html|title=Keri Hilson: 'In A Perfect World...'|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi Médias]]|date=May 6, 2009|accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref> Many of the album's themes deal with relationships, physical attraction and lovemaking.<ref>{{cite web|last=Huff |first=Quentin |url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/92695-keri-hilson-in-a-perfect-world/ |title=Keri Hilson: In a Perfect World... |work=[[PopMatters]] |publisher=[[Buzz Media]] |date=March 19, 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6663OWPxd?url=http://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/92695-keri-hilson-in-a-perfect-world/ |archivedate=March 12, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Hilson said, "lyrically it's a very vulnerable album. You know, I definitely didn't want to paint myself as perfect on this project. Instead, I wanted it to be something that was very relatable, especially to women".<ref name="bluesandsoulinterview">{{cite web|last=Lewis |first=Pete |url=http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/419/keri_hilson_perrrfect_timing/ |title=Keri Hilson: Perfect timing |work=[[Blues & Soul]] |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/664pebSkF?url=http://www.bluesandsoul.com/feature/419/keri_hilson_perrrfect_timing/ |archivedate=March 11, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
[[File:Keri Hilson Supafest 5.jpg|thumb|Hilson's music is a combination of different styles, including pop, R&B, hip hop, soul, electronic, reggae and acoustic]]
Her second album, ''No Boys Allowed'', displays a wide variety of styles, including pop, R&B, hip hop, [[Soul music|soul]], [[Acoustic music|acoustic]], [[electronic music|electronic]] and [[reggae]].<ref name="noboysallowedallmusic"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Gamboa |first=Glenn |url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/keri-hilson-s-no-boys-allowed-1.2549794 |title=Keri Hilson's 'No Boys Allowed' |work=[[Newsday]] |date=December 17, 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/669sZK4ih?url=http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/keri-hilson-s-no-boys-allowed-1.2549794 |archivedate=March 14, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ratliff|first=Ben|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/21/arts/music/21choice.html?_r=2|title=Critics' Choice – New CDs|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|date=December 21, 2010|accessdate=March 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Caroline|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jan/06/keri-hilson-no-boys-allowed-review|title=Keri Hilson: No Boys Allowed – review|work=[[The Guardian]]|publisher=Guardian News and Media|date=January 6, 2011|accessdate=March 14, 2012}}</ref> Hilson describes the album as "more self-assured. It's a lot more aggressive".<ref>{{cite web|last=Patterson|first=Jason|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/music/urban/2615-keri-hilson-the-interview|title=Keri Hilson: The Interview!|work=[[MTV UK]]|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)|date=June 17, 2011|accessdate=March 14, 2012}}</ref> Kristin Macfarlane of ''[[The Daily Post (New Zealand)|The Daily Post]]'' noted that the album is "pure girl power and about being sexually confident, and confident as a woman; not putting up with crap relationships and getting your way".<ref>{{cite news|last=Macfarlane |first=Kristin |url=http://www.rotoruadailypost.co.nz/news/r-b-keri-hilson/1061757/ |title=Album Review: Keri Hilson, No Boys Allowed |work=[[The Daily Post (New Zealand)|The Daily Post]] |publisher=[[APN News & Media]] |date=July 8, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/669tF49bI?url=http://www.rotoruadailypost.co.nz/news/r-b-keri-hilson/1061757/ |archivedate=March 14, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

Hilson sings with "smooth vocals".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ghanamma.com/2011/11/keri-hilson-flaunts-her-sexy-legs-in-cote-d%E2%80%99ivoire/ |title=Keri Hilson flaunts her sexy legs in Cote d’Ivoire |work=Ghanamma |date=November 28, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66AwE0HjQ?url=http://www.ghanamma.com/2011/11/keri-hilson-flaunts-her-sexy-legs-in-cote-d%E2%80%99ivoire/ |archivedate=March 15, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Following the release of her debut album, Sophie Bruce of [[BBC Music]] expressed that, "there's no denying Hilson has a great voice, but it lacks the feisty edge of [Nicole] Scherzinger, [Mary J.] Blige or [Beyoncé] Knowles".<ref>{{cite web|last=Bruce |first=Sophie |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/pn3n |title=Review of Keri Hilson – In A Perfect World |work=[[BBC Music]] |publisher=[[BBC]] |date=May 8, 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/666491GvA?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/pn3n |archivedate=March 12, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Mark Nero of [[About.com]] commented, "Keri's voice, while strong, isn't particularly distinctive or memorable".<ref>{{cite web|last=Nero |first=Mark |url=http://randb.about.com/od/reviews/fr/KHilsonPerfect.htm |title=Keri Hilson – In A Perfect World... |work=''[[About.com]]'' |publisher=The New York Times Company |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6664EKH2i?url=http://randb.about.com/od/reviews/fr/KHilsonPerfect.htm |archivedate=March 12, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Hilson has stated that her musical influences come from her father's side of the family. "My grandmother would sing in the choir; while my dad—while he was in college—sang and recorded with a quartet. ... it was definitely my dad's Southern side that impacted on me musically". Hilson's father also introduced her to artists such as [[Sade (singer)|Sade]], [[Anita Baker]], [[The Blind Boys of Alabama]], [[Lisa Stansfield]], [[Take 6]] and [[Stevie Wonder]].<ref name="bluesandsoulinterview"/> In addition, she cites [[Michael Jackson]], [[Lauryn Hill]] and late singer [[Aaliyah]] as inspirations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Reid|first=Shaheem|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1614765/mariah-carey-more-remember-michael-jackson.jhtml|title=Mariah Carey, Juelz Santana, More Remember Michael Jackson|work=MTV News|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)|date=June 26, 2009|accessdate=March 14, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/01/05/keri-hilson-meets-her-idol-lauryn-hill/|title=Keri Hilson Meets Her Idol Lauryn Hill|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=January 5, 2011|accessdate=March 14, 2012}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Besides her career in music, Hilson has also been involved with several charities. In January 2010, she teamed up with [[Akon]] on the [[charity single]], "[[Oh Africa]]".<ref name="ohafricarapup">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/01/31/video-akon-f-keri-hilson-oh-africa/|title=Video: Akon f/ Keri Hilson – 'Oh Africa'|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=January 31, 2010|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> All proceeds of the single benefited underprivileged African youth.<ref name="ohafricarapup"/> The following month, Hilson joined the extended list of artists during the recording session of the single, "[[We Are the World 25 for Haiti]]", to benefit victims of the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1631021/we-world-25-haiti-artists-include-kanye-west-miley-cyrus-justin-bieber.jhtml|title='We Are The World – 25 For Haiti' Artists Include Kanye West, Miley Cyrus, Justin Bieber|work=MTV News|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)|date=February 2, 2010|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> On May 25, 2010, she performed at the Virginia Stand Up! A Call to Action benefit concert, organized by Chris Brown to help with continued relief efforts in Haiti.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rodriguez|first=Jayson|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1639310/chris-brown-plays-packed-house-at-virginia-benefit-concert.jhtml|title=Chris Brown Plays To Packed House At Virginia Benefit Concert|work=MTV News|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)|date=May 16, 2010|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> On October 21, 2010, Hilson attended Collins Academy High School in [[Chicago]] as part of the Get Schooled National Challenge and Tour, a "program aimed at increasing high school and college graduation rates and promoting the importance of education".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2010/10/22/keri-hilson-and-big-boi-get-schooled/|title=Keri Hilson and Big Boi 'Get Schooled'|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=March 15, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Ziegbe|first=Mawuse|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1650676/keri-hilson-big-boi-explain-value-education.jhtml|title=Keri Hilson, Big Boi Explain Value of Education|work=MTV News|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=March 15, 2012}}</ref> A year later, she received a Get Schooled Award for her involvement with the program.<ref name="getschooled">{{cite web|last=Regis|first=Sian-Pierre|url=http://act.mtv.com/posts/sweet-tweet-keri-hilson-talks-education-passion-and-success/|title=Sweet Tweet: Keri Hilson Talks Education, Passion and Success|work=MTV|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)|date=October 26, 2011|accessdate=March 15, 2012}}</ref> In 2011, Hilson contributed in the fight against AIDS by posing in retail-clothing company [[H&M]]'s celebrity-driven collection for Fashion Against AIDS.<ref name="h&mrapup">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/04/05/keri-hilson-akon-fight-against-aids-in-hm-campaign/|title=Keri Hilson, Akon Fight Against AIDS in H&M Campaign|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=April 5, 2011|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> 25% of all sales from the collection were donated to the [[Designers Against Aids]] charity.<ref name="h&mrapup"/> Hilson contributed to the [[It Gets Better Project]], a project which aims to prevent [[suicide among LGBT youth]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itgetsbetter.org/video/entry/3152/|title=It Gets Better – Keri Hilson|publisher=Itgetsbetter.org|accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Anderson|first=Kyle|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/06/21/rise-against-make-it-stop-video-it-gets-better/|title=Rise Against premiere video for 'Make It Stop (September's Children)' as part of It Gets Better Project|work=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|publisher=Time Inc|date=June 21, 2011|accessdate=March 12, 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Keri Hilson at Germanys Next Topmodel.JPG|thumb|Keri Hilson's performance can be seen on television series ''[[Germany's Next Topmodel]]'']]
In June 2011, Hilson became an ambassador for [[MTV Staying Alive]], a foundation which raises awareness and prevention of HIV and AIDS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foundation.staying-alive.org/en/about/celebrity_involvement|title=MTV Staying Alive Foundation: About > Ambassadors|work=[[MTV Staying Alive]]|publisher=MTV Networks (Viacom)|accessdate=March 15, 2012}}</ref> In September 2011, she lent her support to [[United States First Lady|US First Lady]] [[Michelle Obama]]'s [[Let's Move!]] campaign, which aims to combat [[childhood obesity]].<ref name="letsmoverapup">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2011/09/25/keri-hilson-gets-physical-for-lets-move-campaign/|title=Keri Hilson Gets Physical for Let's Move! Campaign|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=September 25, 2011|accessdate=March 10, 2012}}</ref> She made T-shirts for the campaign that read "Pretty Girls Sweat", and exercised with the young women at [[The Educational Alliance]]'s Sirovich Senior Center in [[New York City]] on September 24.<ref name="letsmoverapup"/> During Hilson's visit in Africa in November 2011, she stopped by an [[orphanage]] to visit her young fans who had lost their families during the [[2010–2011 Ivorian crisis]].<ref name="ivory">{{cite web |last=Major |first=Sherice |url=http://www.zimbio.com/Keri+Hilson/articles/1UDFmCWh8X4/Keri+Hilson+Gets+Charitable+Christmas |title=Keri Hilson Gets Charitable For Christmas! |work=[[Zimbio]] |publisher=Zimbio Inc |date=January 3, 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/663jaeV5Q?url=http://www.zimbio.com/Keri+Hilson/articles/1UDFmCWh8X4/Keri+Hilson+Gets+Charitable+Christmas |archivedate=March 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> She gave each orphan a "care" package, which consisted of bookbags, T-shirts, sunglasses, notebooks and an electric keyboard.<ref name="ivory"/> In April 2012, Hilson worked with DoSomething.org to encourage young people to take part in the nationwide Epic Book Drive by bringing books to local people in need.<ref name="dosomethingrapup">{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2012/04/13/keri-hilson-shares-love-for-reading-in-epic-book-drive-psa/|title=Keri Hilson Shares Love for Reading in Epic Book Drive PSA|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devin Lazerine|date=April 13, 2012|accessdate=April 14, 2012}}</ref> In a press release, she stated: "Joining DoSomething.org's newest effort to provide for people in need with Epic Book Drive was the easiest decision ever!. I truly believe providing access to those who want to learn is the key to bettering lives around the country. And helping kids find healthy outlets, such as books, has always been a passion of mine. So my involvement here is a natural fit."<ref name="dosomethingrapup"/>

==Personal life==
Hilson dated NBA player [[Serge Ibaka]] from 2012 to November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurweb.com/2016/11/14/keri-hilson-opens-split-orlando-magics-serge-ibaka/|title=Keri Hilson Opens Up About Split with Orlando Magic’s Serge Ibaka|last=Report|first=Electronic Urban|date=2016-11-14|website=EURweb|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> She was in a relationship with [[Seattle Seahawks]] player [[Ricardo Lockette]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/keri-hilson-why-ricardo-lockette-instagram-mistake-twitter-753274|title=Keri Hilson and Ricardo Lockette split, Twitter erupts over cryptic tweet|last=EST|first=Maria Vultaggio On 12/19/17 at 6:03 PM|date=2017-12-19|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.essence.com/celebrity/keri-hilson-her-relationship-status-im-single-choice/|title=Keri Hilson Is Very Happy With Her Relationship Status: 'I'm Single By Choice'|website=Essence|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>

'''<big>Controversy</big>'''

Since 2009, there have been rumors that Wilson has had problems with singer, Beyonce due to a line in her remix to "Turnin' Me On".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lifeandstylemag.com/posts/what-did-keri-hilson-say-about-beyonce-151086/|title=What Did Keri Hilson Say About Beyoncé? The Quote That Got Her Cancelled|date=2018-01-10|website=Life & Style|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-29}}</ref> Although Hilson denied these claims, members of Beyonce's fanbase, known as the Beyhive, began to bully her on Twitter.<ref name=":0" /> As a result, in 2013, Hilson tweeted a plea for the bullying to stop.<ref name=":0" />

== Discography ==
{{Main|Keri Hilson discography}}

;Studio albums
* ''[[In a Perfect World...]]'' (2009)
* ''[[No Boys Allowed]]'' (2010)
* ''L.I.A.R.'' (2019)

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Film and television roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Think Like a Man]]'' || Heather || Film
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Riddick (film)|Riddick]]'' || Santana's Prisoner || Film
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Almost Christmas (film)|Almost Christmas]]'' || Jasmine || Film
|-
| 2017 || ''Love by the 10th Date'' || Billie || [[Television film]]<ref>https://www.yahoo.com/news/lifetime-continues-hot-streak-kelly-201623657.html</ref><ref>https://www.yahoo.com/news/exclusive-meagan-good-kelly-rowland-155632109.html</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Love By The 10th Date - Movie Trailer [Starring Meagan Good, Kelly Rowland, & Keri Hilson]|url=https://vanndigital.com/love-10th-date-movie-trailer-starring-meagan-good-kelly-rowland-keri-hilson/|work=VannDigital|accessdate=December 27, 2016}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Tours ==
'''Headlining'''
*European Tour (2011)

'''Supporting'''
*[[I Am Music Tour]] (2009) (with [[Lil Wayne]])
*I Am Still Music Tour (2011) (with [[Lil Wayne]])
*Femme It Forward Tour (2019) (with various artists)

== Awards and nominations ==
{{awards table}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2007
|"The Way I Are" (Timbaland featuring D.O.E. and Keri Hilson)
|[[2007 MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Award]] for Monster Single of the Year<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.mtvpress.com/2007/nominees.php |title=2007 MTV Video Music Award Press Kit Nominees Press Release |publisher=[[MTV]] |date=September 7, 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/663HsQEU9?url=http://www.mtvpress.com/2007/nominees.php |archivedate=March 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="14" style="text-align:center;"|2009
|rowspan="4"|Herself
|[[American Music Award]] for Favorite Female Soul/R&B Artist<ref name="2009amas"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|American Music Award for Breakthrough Artist<ref name="2009amas"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|BET Award for Best New Artist<ref name="2009betawardwon"/>
| {{won}}
|-
|BET Award for Best Female R&B Artist<ref name="2009betawardnoms"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|"Turnin Me On" (with Lil Wayne)
|BET Award for Viewer's Choice<ref name="2009betawardnoms"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|BET Award for Best Collaboration<ref name="2009betawardnoms"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|''In a Perfect World...''
|[[2009 Urban Music Awards|Urban Music Award]] for Best Album<ref name="uma2009">{{cite web|url=http://urbanmusicawards.net/2011/07/urban-music-awards-usa-reveals-nominations/ |title=Urban Music Awards USA Nominations |publisher=Urbanmusicawards.net |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/663JvxLPl?url=http://urbanmusicawards.net/2011/07/urban-music-awards-usa-reveals-nominations/ |archivedate=March 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|Herself
|Urban Music Award for Best Female Act<ref name="uma2009"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[MOBO Awards|MOBO Award]] for Best International Act<ref name="mobo2009">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/mobos09/awards/ |title=MOBO Awards 2009 – Award list |work=[[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] |publisher=BBC |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/663I3r7x3?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/mobos09/awards/ |archivedate=March 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|MOBO Award for Best R&B/Soul Act<ref name="mobo2009"/>
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Soul Train Music Awards|Soul Train Music Award]] for Best New Artist<ref name="soultrain2009">{{cite press release |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/04/idUS147367+04-Nov-2009+PRN20091104 |title=Love, Peace and Soul Reigned at the 'Centric Presents: 2009 Soul Train Awards' Show Taping on Tuesday, November 3 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=November 4, 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/663IChNoI?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/11/04/idUS147367%2B04-Nov-2009%2BPRN20091104 |archivedate=March 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
|{{won}}
|-
|"Turnin Me On" (with Lil Wayne)
|Soul Train Music Award for Song of the Year<ref name="soultrain2009"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|"Knock You Down" (with Kanye West and Ne-Yo)
|Soul Train Music Award for Best Collaboration<ref name="soultrain2009"/>
|{{won}}
|-
|Soul Train Music Award for Record of the Year<ref name="soultrain2009"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|2010
|[[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration<ref name="grammys2010"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|Herself
|Grammy Award for Best New Artist<ref name="grammys2010"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[NAACP Image Awards|NAACP Image Award]] for Outstanding New Artist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/awards-show/41st/ |title=The 41st NAACP Image Awards Winners |publisher=[[NAACP Image Awards]] |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/663IKVFY8?url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/awards-show/41st/ |archivedate=March 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
|{{won}}
|-
|"Got Your Back" (T.I. featuring Keri Hilson)
|Soul Train Music Award for Best Hip-Hop Song<ref>{{cite web|last=Nero |first=Mark |url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2010-Soul-Train-Awards.htm |title=2010 Soul Train Awards Winners |work=''About.com'' |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=November 28, 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/663Il7ANQ?url=http://randb.about.com/od/musicawardsshows/a/2010-Soul-Train-Awards.htm |archivedate=March 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|2011
|"Pretty Girl Rock"
|BET Award for Video of the Year<ref name="2011betawards"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|Herself
|BET Award for Best Female R&B Artist<ref name="2011betawards"/>
|{{nom}}
|-
|Get Schooled Award<ref name="getschooled"/>
|{{won}}
|-
|"Pretty Girl Rock"
|Soul Train Music Award for Best Dance Performance<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Justin |url=http://blogs.centrictv.com/music/soulsessions/centric-announces-2011-soul-train-awards-nominees-chris-brown-leads-with-5-nominations/ |title=Centric Announces 2011 Soul Train Awards Nominees, Chris Brown Leads With 5 Nominations |publisher=[[BET Her|Centric]] |date=October 20, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/663IpEx7X?url=http://blogs.centrictv.com/music/soulsessions/centric-announces-2011-soul-train-awards-nominees-chris-brown-leads-with-5-nominations/ |archivedate=March 10, 2012 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikipedia books|Keri Hilson}}
{{Commons category-inline|Keri Hilson}}
*{{Official website|http://www.kerihilson.com/}}
*{{IMDb name|id=2778747}}

{{Keri Hilson}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hilson, Keri}}
[[Category:Keri Hilson]]
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:African-American female singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:African-American actresses]]
[[Category:African-American female singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:African-American singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:African-American songwriters]]
[[Category:American female singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:American dance musicians]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American female pop singers]]
[[Category:American hip hop singers]]
[[Category:Women in hip hop music]]
[[Category:American philanthropists]]
[[Category:American rhythm and blues singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Emory University alumni]]
[[Category:Interscope Records artists]]
[[Category:Singers from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:People from Decatur, Georgia]]
[[Category:Southern hip hop musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:American contemporary R&B singers]]
[[Category:21st-century women singers]]

Serge Ibaka

2019-05-21T16:27:34Z

141.138.51.145: /* Early life */ Removed subjectivity

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Spanish name|Ibaka|Ngobila}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Serge Ibaka
| image = Serge Ibaka, Markieff Morris (26715101498) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ibaka with the Raptors in March 2018
| position = [[Power forward (basketball)|Power forward]] / [[Center (basketball)|Center]]
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 10
| weight_lb = 235
| league = [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]
| team = Toronto Raptors
| number = 9
| nationality = Congolese / Spanish
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|9|18}}
| birth_place = [[Brazzaville]], [[DR Congo]]
| draft_round = 1
| draft_pick = 24
| draft_year = 2008
| draft_team = [[Seattle SuperSonics]]
| career_start = 2007
| career_end =
| years1 = 2007–2008
| team1 = [[CB L'Hospitalet]]
| years2 = 2008–2009
| team2 = [[Bàsquet Manresa|Ricoh Manresa]]
| years3 = {{nbay|2009|start}}–{{nbay|2015|end}}
| team3 = [[Oklahoma City Thunder]]
| years4 = 2011
| team4 = [[Real Madrid Baloncesto|Real Madrid]]
| years5 = {{nbay|2016|full=y}}
| team5 = [[Orlando Magic]]
| years6 = {{nbay|2016|end}}–present
| team6 = [[Toronto Raptors]]
| highlights =
* 3× [[NBA All-Defensive First Team]] ({{nbay|2011|end}}–{{nbay|2013|end}})
* 2× [[List of National Basketball Association season blocks leaders|NBA blocks leader]] ({{nbay|2011|end}}, {{nbay|2012|end}})
| nba_profile = serge_ibaka
| bbr = ibakase01
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[basketball]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{flagu|Spain}}}}
{{MedalOlympic}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]]| [[Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[EuroBasket|FIBA European Championship]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[EuroBasket 2011|2011 Lithuania]] | [[Spain national basketball team|National Team]]}}
}}
'''Serge Jonas Ibaka Ngobila''' (born 18 September 1989)<ref>[http://www.sergeibaka.com/descubriendo_a_serge_ibaka/ His story / Su historia] {{es icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nba.com/draft2008/profiles/SergeIbaka.html NBA.com: Serge Ibaka 2008 Draft Profile]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/sergeibaka9/status/52482466778329089|title=no! Serge Jonas Ibaka Ngobila is full name...|work=Twitter|date=29 March 2011|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref> is a Congolese-Spanish professional [[basketball]] player for the [[Toronto Raptors]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). Ibaka was drafted by the [[Oklahoma City Thunder]]'s former incarnation, the [[Seattle SuperSonics]], with the 24th overall pick in the [[2008 NBA draft]]. Ibaka is a three-time [[NBA All-Defensive First Team]] selection and has twice led the league in blocks. Ibaka plays for the [[Spain national basketball team|Spanish national basketball team]] in international competition.

==Early life==
Ibaka was born in [[Brazzaville]], [[Republic of the Congo]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sergeibaka.com/the-story/|title=THE STORY|website=Serge Ibaka|language=es|access-date=2019-02-13}}</ref> and is the third-youngest of 18 children.<ref name=":5">Whitaker, Lang. "Powerserge" – SLAM Magazine, July 2011</ref> Both his mother and his father were basketball players. His father played at the Republic of Congo and with the Congolese national team, and his mother played for the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. He started playing basketball at a very young age with his first club, Avenir du Rail, using the sport as an escape from his mother's untimely death and his father's imprisonment during the [[Second Congo War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.newsok.com/s?a=3449202&p=3&s=16 |title=NewsOK |publisher=M.newsok.com |date=13 April 2010 |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> His father organized for the family to flee the country prior to the war, but ended up as a political prisoner upon their return.<ref name=":5" />

Ibaka moved to France at the age of 17 and joined a second division basketball team before moving to Spain, where he taught himself Spanish.<ref name=":5" /> In Spain, he soon began playing with second division basketball club [[CB L'Hospitalet]]. He averaged 10.8 points and 8.2 rebounds and shot 55%.<ref name=":7">Thomsen, Ian. "[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/ian_thomsen/04/15/hoop.summit/index.html Intriguing players at Hoop Summit]". sportsillustrated.com. Accessed: 13 September 2013</ref> In 2008, he entered several international showcases, picking up an MVP award at the Reebok Eurocamp<ref name=":5" /> and the attention of NBA scouts. An NBA scout at one of the camps said that "athletically he's off the charts—there's no telling how good he can be".<ref name=":7" />

==Professional career==

===Transition to the NBA===
[[File:Serge Ibaka1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ibaka in 2011]]
Ibaka was selected by the [[Seattle SuperSonics]] with the 24th pick in the [[2008 NBA draft]]. He became the first player from the [[Republic of Congo]] to be selected in the draft, although the [[Oklahoma City Thunder]] (the team that inherited the Sonics' place in the NBA six days after the draft) agreed to keep him in Europe. He then signed a three-year contract with [[Bàsquet Manresa|Ricoh Manresa]] from the ACB League in Spain, keeping the option to leave for the NBA after each season. In the ACB, he averaged 7.1 points, 4.5 rebounds, and 1 block in 16 minutes per game.

In July 2009, the Thunder paid the buyout, and signed him to a two-year contract with two more optional seasons.

===Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–2016)===
[[File:Ibaka Asik 2013 playoffs.jpg|thumb|Ibaka and [[Ömer Aşık]] tip off game 6 of the first round of the 2013 playoffs.]]
Although coming to the NBA as a raw talent, Ibaka had managed to become a starter in the [[Oklahoma City Thunder|Thunder]] rotation. He was often used for his energy in the paint, whether on defense or rebounding. In his first NBA season, Ibaka played 18.1 minutes per game in 73 games, averaging 6.3 points, 5.4 rebounds and 1.3 blocks per game. His blocks average led all rookies in the 2009–2010 season, and he ranked number 20 overall. In the first round of the playoffs against the Los Angeles Lakers, he played in 6 games, averaging 25.5 minutes, 7.8 points, 6.5 rebounds and 2 blocks per game. His 7 blocks in game two in Los Angeles was a record (youngest player to have 7 blocks in playoff game).

On 19 February 2011, Ibaka participated in the 2011 NBA [[Slam Dunk Contest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/2011/news/01/05/sprite-slam-dunk-participants/index.html |title=NBA.com |publisher=NBA.com |date= |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> He began the contest with a [[free-throw line dunk]]. In the second round, Ibaka grabbed a stuffed animal from the rim with his mouth and dunked in one motion. However, he lost out to [[Blake Griffin]] in the competition.

During the [[2011 NBA lockout]] he signed a two-month contract with [[Real Madrid Baloncesto|Real Madrid]] in Spain alongside [[Spain national basketball team]] teammate and friend [[Rudy Fernández (basketball)|Rudy Fernández]] with an option to return to the NBA at the end of the lockout.<ref>[http://www.euroleague.net/euroleaguenews/transactions/2011-12-signings/i/88549/5611/real-madrid-adds-size-with-ibaka REAL MADRID adds size with Ibaka]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportando.net/eng/europe/spain/32042/real_madrid_officially_announces_serge_ibaka.html|title=Real Madrid officially announces Serge Ibaka|date=25 October 2011|work=Sportando|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref> Over 6 games in the [[Euroleague Basketball|Euroleague]], he averaged 5.5 points, 4.7 rebounds and 2 blocks in 15 minutes per game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?pcode=003583|title=IBAKA, SERGE – Welcome to EUROLEAGUE BASKETBALL|publisher=|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref>

After the lockout, Ibaka returned to the NBA from Spain. On 19 February 2012, he recorded his first career triple-double against the Denver Nuggets, scoring 14 points, grabbing 15 rebounds and getting a career-high 11 blocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scores.espn.go.com/nba/recap?gameId=320219025|title=Kevin Durant has career-best 51 as Thunder make history in OT win|work=ESPN.com|accessdate=20 February 2012|date=19 February 2012}}</ref> He played all 66 games in the shortened season as a starter, averaging the most blocks in the league, 3.6 per game. In voting for the [[NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award|Defensive Player of the Year]], he finished second behind [[Tyson Chandler]] of the New York Knicks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/2012/news/05/02/dpoy-release/?ls=iref:nbahpt1|title=Knicks' Chandler wins Kia Defensive Player of Year|work=NBA.com|accessdate=2 May 2012|date=2 May 2012}}</ref> In Game 4 of the Western Conference Finals against the [[San Antonio Spurs]], Ibaka went 11–11 from the field. Oklahoma City went on to win the series in six games and advance to the [[2012 NBA Finals]]. In the Finals Ibaka averaged 7 points and 5 rebounds, but the Thunder fell to the [[Miami Heat]] in five games.

[[File:Serge Ibaka Feb 2014.jpg|thumb|left|Ibaka in 2014]]
In August 2012, Ibaka signed a four-year deal worth $48 million with the [[Oklahoma City Thunder|Thunder]].<ref name=ContactExtension>{{cite web|title=Serge Ibaka agrees to extension|url=http://espn.go.com/nba/story/_/id/8280001/oklahoma-city-thunder-agree-serge-ibaka-extension-report|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref>

During the [[2012–13 NBA season]], Ibaka upped his scoring average from 9.1 to 13.2. He also averaged 7.7 rebounds, and a league-leading 3.0 blocks. For his defensive efforts, Ibaka finished 3rd in Defensive Player of the Year voting, behind [[LeBron James]] and the winner, [[Marc Gasol]]. In the playoffs, the Thunder beat the [[Houston Rockets]] in 6 games, but fell to the [[Memphis Grizzlies]] in five games. Ibaka averaged 12.8 points, 8.4 rebounds, and 3 blocks in the postseason but shot only 43.7% from the field, a near 14% drop off from his regular season field goal percentage of 57.3%.

In [[2013–14 Oklahoma City Thunder season|2013–14]], Ibaka averaged career-highs of 15.1 points and 8.8 rebounds per game, and led the league in total blocks (219) for the fourth straight season. In a series-clinching win over the [[Los Angeles Clippers]] in the conference semi-finals, Ibaka suffered a left calf injury that was expected to sideline him for the remainder of the [[2014 NBA Playoffs|2014 playoffs]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Stein|first=Marc|title=Thunder lose Serge Ibaka to injury|date=16 May 2014|work=ESPN.com|url=http://espn.go.com/nba/playoffs/2014/story/_/id/10943844/serge-ibaka-oklahoma-city-thunder-miss-rest-postseason-calf-injury|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6PcpOTXpx|archivedate=16 May 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> However, he made his return in Game 3 against San Antonio Spurs in the Conference Finals. The Thunder eventually fell to the Spurs in six games as Ibaka averaged 12.2 points, 7.3 rebounds and 2.4 blocks throughout the playoffs. Ibaka was also named to the [[NBA All-Defensive First Team]] for the third consecutive year.

On 19 February 2015, Ibaka recorded 21 points and a career-high 22 rebounds in the 104-89 win over the Dallas Mavericks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/games/20150219/DALOKC/gameinfo.html|title=Westbrook leads Thunder past Mavericks, 104-89|work=NBA.com|date=19 February 2015|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref> On 17 March 2015, he was ruled out for four to six weeks after undergoing arthroscopic surgery to address right knee soreness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/thunder/news/pressrelease_ibaka_150317|title=Ibaka Undergoes Successful Surgery|work=NBA.com|date=17 March 2015|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref>

On 4 January 2016, Ibaka scored a season-high 25 points in a loss to the Sacramento Kings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/games/20160104/SACOKC/gameinfo.html|title=Cousins has 33 points, 19 boards, Kings top Thunder 116-104|work=NBA.com|date=4 January 2016|accessdate=4 January 2016}}</ref>

===Orlando Magic (2016–2017)===
On 23 June 2016, Ibaka was traded to the [[Orlando Magic]] in exchange for [[Victor Oladipo]], [[Ersan İlyasova]] and the draft rights to [[Domantas Sabonis]], the 11th pick of the [[2016 NBA draft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/magic/news/magic-acquire-serge-ibaka-thunder|title=Magic Acquire Serge Ibaka From Thunder|work=NBA.com|date=23 June 2016|accessdate=23 June 2016}}</ref> He made his debut for the Magic in their season opener on 26 October, recording 14 points and seven rebounds in a 108–96 loss to the [[Miami Heat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=400899378|title=Whiteside powers Heat to season-opening win|work=ESPN.com|date=26 October 2016|accessdate=26 October 2016}}</ref> On 13 November 2016, he scored a career-high 31 points and hit a game-winning baseline jumper to lead the Magic to a 119–117 win over his former team, the Oklahoma City Thunder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=400899591|title=Ibaka hits game winner vs. former team as Magic top Thunder|work=ESPN.com|date=13 November 2016|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>

===Toronto Raptors (2017–present)===
On 14 February 2017, Ibaka was traded to the [[Toronto Raptors]] in exchange for [[Terrence Ross]] and a future first-round draft pick.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/raptors/press-releases/raptors-acquire-ibaka-from-magic|title=Raptors Acquire Serge Ibaka From Magic|work=NBA.com|date=14 February 2017|accessdate=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Doug|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/raptors/2017/02/14/raptors-trade-terrence-ross-to-magic-for-serge-ibaka.html|title=Raptors trade Terrence Ross to Magic for Serge Ibaka|work=TheStar.com|date=14 February 2017|accessdate=14 February 2017}}</ref> He made his debut for the Raptors ten days later, scoring 15 points in a 107–97 win over the [[Boston Celtics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=400900264|title=DeRozan has career-high 43, Raptors beat Celtics 107-97|work=ESPN.com|date=24 February 2017|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref> On 21 March 2017, against the [[Chicago Bulls]], Ibaka was ejected after an altercation with Bulls' center [[Robin Lopez]]. The next day, Ibaka received a one-game suspension.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/article/2017/03/22/chicago-bulls-robin-lopez-and-toronto-raptors-serge-ibaka-suspended|title=Chicago Bulls' Robin Lopez, Toronto Raptors' Serge Ibaka each suspended one game|work=NBA.com|date=22 March 2017|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref>

On 7 July 2017, Ibaka re-signed with the Raptors to a reported three-year, $65 million contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/raptors/raptors-resign-serge-ibaka|title=Raptors Re-Sign Serge Ibaka|work=NBA.com|date=7 July 2017|accessdate=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nathan|first=Alec|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2704694-serge-ibaka-raptors-reportedly-agree-to-3-year-65-million-contract|title=Serge Ibaka, Raptors Reportedly Agree to 3-Year, $65 Million Contract|work=BleacherReport.com|date=3 July 2017|accessdate=7 July 2017}}</ref> On 4 November 2018, he made his first 14 shots on the way to a career-high 34 points in a 121–107 win over the [[Los Angeles Lakers]]. He finished the game 15 of 17 from the field and became the first player to start a game 14 of 14 from the field since [[Shaquille O'Neal]] did it in February 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=401070820|title=Ibaka's career-high 34 sends Raptors past Lakers, 121-107|work=ESPN.com|date=4 November 2018|accessdate=5 November 2018}}</ref>

On 3 February 2019, Ibaka had 16 points and 12 rebounds in a 121–103 win over the [[Los Angeles Clippers]], marking a career-best sixth straight double-double, Toronto's longest streak since [[Chris Bosh]] had eight in November 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=401071462|title=Leonard scores 18 points, Raptors rout Clippers 121-103|work=ESPN.com|date=3 February 2019|accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref>

==National team career==
[[File:Serge Ibaka by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|right|Ibaka in action for the [[Spain national basketball team]]|215x215px]]
Internationally, Ibaka expressed an early desire to play for the [[Spain national basketball team]].<ref>[https://hoopshype.com/2013/07/28/which-nba-players-compete-most-often-for-their-countries/ Which NBA players compete most often for their countries?]</ref> After years living in the country, he was finally granted [[Spanish nationality law#Spanish nationality by naturalization and residence|Spanish citizenship]] on 15 July 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Helin|first=Kurt|title=Ibaka granted Spanish citizenship, will play in Eurobasket|url=http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/07/15/ibaka-granted-spanish-citizenship-will-play-in-eurobasket/|work=MSNBC.com|accessdate=15 July 2011|date=15 July 2011}}</ref> His team won the gold medal in the [[Eurobasket 2011]], beating France in the final by a score of 98–85. He won a silver medal with Spain at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ib/serge-ibaka-1.html|title=Serge Ibaka Bio, Stats, and Results|website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|language=en|access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ibaka speaks four languages: [[Lingala]], French, English and Spanish.<ref>[http://rollingout.com/entertainment/serge-inaka-teaches-girlfriend-keri-hilson-lingala/ Serge Ibaka teaches girlfriend Keri Hilson a new language]</ref>

Ibaka has a daughter, Ranie, who was born when he was still a teenager, shortly after he had left Congo-Brazzaville.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/video/congo-heartland-nba-star-raises-061219575.html|title=From the Congo to the Heartland: An NBA Star Raises His Daughter|work=Yahoo! Sports|accessdate=18 April 2016}}</ref> Ibaka's younger brother, Igor, currently plays basketball for [[Midwestern State University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.givemesport.com/475293-serge-ibakas-little-brother-headed-to-oklahoma-state|title=Serge Ibaka's little brother headed to Oklahoma State|work=GiveMeSport|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2012, Ibaka began dating [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] singer [[Keri Hilson]]. The couple ended their relationship in November 2016.<ref>[http://www.eurweb.com/2016/11/keri-hilson-opens-split-orlando-magics-serge-ibaka/# KERI HILSON OPENS UP ABOUT SPLIT WITH ORLANDO MAGIC’S SERGE IBAKA]</ref><ref>[http://blacksportsonline.com/home/2016/11/keri-hilson-on-breaking-up-with-serge-ibaka-just-wanting-a-regular-guy-photos/ Keri Hilson On Breaking Up With Ibaka & Just Wanting a Regular & Loyal Guy (Photos)]</ref><ref>[http://www.wetpaint.com/keri-hilson-serge-ibaka-breakup-1538897/ Keri Hilson Addresses Breakup With NBA Baller Serge Ibaka]</ref>

On 3 April 2017, Ibaka was announced as the newest member elected to the board of directors of the NBPA Foundation.<ref>[http://www.prweb.com/releases/2017/04/prweb14207728.htm From Congo Playgrounds to Global Impact: Serge Ibaka Elected to NBPA Foundation Board]</ref> The NBPA Foundation is the charitable arm of the [[National Basketball Players Association]], the union for current professional basketball players in the NBA. The Foundation provides strategic funding and support for players' community engagement initiatives worldwide.

==Career statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|style="background:#CFECEC; width:1em"|
|Led the league
|}

===NBA===

====Regular season====
{{NBA player statistics start}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2009}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2009–10 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 73 || 0 || 18.1 || .543 || '''.500''' || .630 || 5.4 || .1 || .3 || 1.3 || 6.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2010}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2010–11 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| '''82''' || 44 || 27.0 || .543 || .000 || .750 || 7.6 || .3 || .4 || 2.4 || 9.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2011}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2011–12 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 66 || 66 || 27.2 || .535 || .333 || .661 || 7.5 || .4 || .5 || style="background:#cfecec;"| '''3.7''' || 9.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2012}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2012–13 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 80 || 80 || 31.1 || '''.573''' || .351 || .749 || 7.7 || .5 || .4 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 3.0 || 13.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2013}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2013–14 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 81 || '''81''' || 32.9 || .536 || .389 || .784 || '''8.8''' || 1.0 || .5 || 2.7 || '''15.1'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2014}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2014–15 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 64 || 64 || '''33.1''' || .476 || .376 || .836 || 7.8 || .9 || .5 || 2.4 || 14.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2015}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2015–16 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 78 || 78 || 32.1 || .479 || .326 || .752 || 6.8 || .8 || .5 || 1.9 || 12.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2016}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2016–17 Orlando Magic season|Orlando]]
| 56 || 56 || 30.5 || .488 || .388 || .846 || 6.8 || 1.1 || '''.6''' || 1.6 || '''15.1'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2016}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2016–17 Toronto Raptors season|Toronto]]
| 23 || 23 || 31.0 || .459 || .398 || '''.882''' || 6.8 || .7 || .3|| 1.4 || 14.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2017}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2017–18 Toronto Raptors season|Toronto]]
| 76 || 76 || 27.5 || .483 || .360 || .797 || 6.3 || .8 || .4 || 1.3 || 12.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2018}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2018–19 Toronto Raptors season|Toronto]]
| 74 || 51 || 27.2 || .529 || .290 || .763 || 8.1 || '''1.3''' || .4 || 1.4 || 15.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 753 || 619 || 28.7 || .514 || .357 || .761 || 7.3 || .7 || .4 || 2.2 || 12.3
{{S-end}}

====Playoffs====
{{NBA player statistics start}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2010 NBA Playoffs|2010]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2009–10 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 6 || 0 || 25.5 || .571 || - || .700 || 6.5 || .3 || .3 || 2.0 || 7.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2011 NBA Playoffs|2011]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2010–11 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 17 || 17 || 28.8 || .462 || .000 || .825 || 7.3 || .2 || .2 || '''3.1''' || 9.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2012 NBA Playoffs|2012]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2011–12 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| '''20''' || '''20''' || 28.4 || .528 || .250 || .722 || 5.8 || .6 || .6 || 3.0 || 9.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2013 NBA Playoffs|2013]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2012–13 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 11 || 11 || 33.3 || .437 || .444 || .792 || '''8.4''' || .7 || .0 || 3.0 || 12.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2014 NBA Playoffs|2014]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2013–14 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 15 || 15 || '''33.7''' || '''.622''' || .333 || .750 || 7.3 || .5 || .7 || 2.4 || 12.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2016 NBA Playoffs|2016]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2015–16 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 18 || 18 || 33.4 || .521 || '''.449''' || .750 || 6.3 || .6 || '''.8''' || 1.3 || 12.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2017 NBA Playoffs|2017]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2016–17 Toronto Raptors season|Toronto]]
| 10 || 10 || 30.7 || .462 || .316 || '''.846 ''' || 6.5 || '''1.4''' || .4 || 1.7 || '''14.3'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2018 NBA Playoffs|2018]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2017–18 Toronto Raptors season|Toronto]]
| 10 || 9 || 26.0 || .417 || .375 || .818 || 5.9 || 1.1 || .1 || 1.3 || 8.7
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 109 || 102 || 30.5 || .499 || .392 || .779 || 6.6 || .7 || .4 || 2.3 || 11.0
{{S-end}}

===Euroleague===
{{Euroleague player statistics start}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2011–12 Euroleague|2011–12]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Real Madrid Baloncesto|Real Madrid]]
| 6 || 0 || 14.9 || .571 || .000 || .818 || 4.7 || .0 || .5 || 2.0 || 5.5 || 9.2
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 6 || 0 || 14.9 || .571 || .000 || .818 || 4.7 || .0 || .5 || 2.0 || 5.5 || 9.2
{{S-end}}

==See also==
{{portal|National Basketball Association}}
*[[List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders]]
*[[List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders]]
*[[List of National Basketball Association players with 10 or more blocks in a game]]
*[[List of European basketball players in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{basketballstats|nba=serge_ibaka|bbr=i/ibakase01}}
* [http://www.acb.com/jugador.php?id=Y8A Serge Ibaka] at acb.com {{es icon}}
* [http://www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?pcode=003583 Serge Ibaka] at euroleague.net

{{Toronto Raptors current roster}}
{{Navboxes colour
| title = Spain squads
| bg = #DB000D
| fg = #FBEA0E
| bordercolor = Black
| list1 =
{{Spain Squad EuroBasket 2011}}
{{Spain Men Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics}}
}}
{{Navboxes|list1=
{{2008 NBA Draft}}
{{NBA blocks leaders}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibaka, Serge}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Bàsquet Manresa players]]
[[Category:CB L'Hospitalet players]]
[[Category:Expatriate basketball people in the United States]]
[[Category:Liga ACB players]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:National Basketball Association players from the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:National Basketball Association players from Spain]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Spain]]
[[Category:Oklahoma City Thunder players]]
[[Category:Olympic basketball players of Spain]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in basketball]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Spain]]
[[Category:Orlando Magic players]]
[[Category:Power forwards (basketball)]]
[[Category:Real Madrid Baloncesto players]]
[[Category:Republic of the Congo expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Seattle SuperSonics draft picks]]
[[Category:Spanish expatriate basketball people in the United States]]
[[Category:Spanish men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Spanish people of Republic of the Congo descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Brazzaville]]
[[Category:Toronto Raptors players]]

Serge Ibaka

2019-05-21T16:21:15Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Spanish name|Ibaka|Ngobila}}
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Serge Ibaka
| image = Serge Ibaka, Markieff Morris (26715101498) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ibaka with the Raptors in March 2018
| position = [[Power forward (basketball)|Power forward]] / [[Center (basketball)|Center]]
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 10
| weight_lb = 235
| league = [[National Basketball Association|NBA]]
| team = Toronto Raptors
| number = 9
| nationality = Congolese / Spanish
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|9|18}}
| birth_place = [[Brazzaville]], [[DR Congo]]
| draft_round = 1
| draft_pick = 24
| draft_year = 2008
| draft_team = [[Seattle SuperSonics]]
| career_start = 2007
| career_end =
| years1 = 2007–2008
| team1 = [[CB L'Hospitalet]]
| years2 = 2008–2009
| team2 = [[Bàsquet Manresa|Ricoh Manresa]]
| years3 = {{nbay|2009|start}}–{{nbay|2015|end}}
| team3 = [[Oklahoma City Thunder]]
| years4 = 2011
| team4 = [[Real Madrid Baloncesto|Real Madrid]]
| years5 = {{nbay|2016|full=y}}
| team5 = [[Orlando Magic]]
| years6 = {{nbay|2016|end}}–present
| team6 = [[Toronto Raptors]]
| highlights =
* 3× [[NBA All-Defensive First Team]] ({{nbay|2011|end}}–{{nbay|2013|end}})
* 2× [[List of National Basketball Association season blocks leaders|NBA blocks leader]] ({{nbay|2011|end}}, {{nbay|2012|end}})
| nba_profile = serge_ibaka
| bbr = ibakase01
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[basketball]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{flagu|Spain}}}}
{{MedalOlympic}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]]| [[Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[EuroBasket|FIBA European Championship]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[EuroBasket 2011|2011 Lithuania]] | [[Spain national basketball team|National Team]]}}
}}
'''Serge Jonas Ibaka Ngobila''' (born 18 September 1989)<ref>[http://www.sergeibaka.com/descubriendo_a_serge_ibaka/ His story / Su historia] {{es icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nba.com/draft2008/profiles/SergeIbaka.html NBA.com: Serge Ibaka 2008 Draft Profile]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/sergeibaka9/status/52482466778329089|title=no! Serge Jonas Ibaka Ngobila is full name...|work=Twitter|date=29 March 2011|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref> is a Congolese-Spanish professional [[basketball]] player for the [[Toronto Raptors]] of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA). Ibaka was drafted by the [[Oklahoma City Thunder]]'s former incarnation, the [[Seattle SuperSonics]], with the 24th overall pick in the [[2008 NBA draft]]. Ibaka is a three-time [[NBA All-Defensive First Team]] selection and has twice led the league in blocks. Ibaka plays for the [[Spain national basketball team|Spanish national basketball team]] in international competition.

==Early life==
Ibaka was born in [[Brazzaville]], [[Republic of the Congo]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sergeibaka.com/the-story/|title=THE STORY|website=Serge Ibaka|language=es|access-date=2019-02-13}}</ref> and is the third-youngest of 18 children.<ref name=":5">Whitaker, Lang. "Powerserge" – SLAM Magazine, July 2011</ref> Both his mother and his father were basketball players. His father played at the Republic of Congo and with the Congolese national team, and his mother played for the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]. He started playing basketball at a very young age with his first club, Avenir du Rail, using the sport as an escape from his mother's untimely death and his father's imprisonment during the [[Second Congo War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.newsok.com/s?a=3449202&p=3&s=16 |title=NewsOK |publisher=M.newsok.com |date=13 April 2010 |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> (His father had taken his family away from their home to escape the war, but found himself on the wrong side of the battle-line and was held as a political prisoner upon their return.)<ref name=":5" />

Ibaka moved to France at the age of 17 and joined a second division basketball team before moving to Spain, where he taught himself Spanish.<ref name=":5" /> In Spain he soon began playing with second division basketball club [[CB L'Hospitalet]]. He averaged 10.8 points and 8.2 rebounds and shot 55%.<ref name=":7">Thomsen, Ian. "[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/writers/ian_thomsen/04/15/hoop.summit/index.html Intriguing players at Hoop Summit]". sportsillustrated.com. Accessed: 13 September 2013</ref> In 2008, he entered several international showcases, picking up an MVP award at the Reebok Eurocamp<ref name=":5" /> and the attention of NBA scouts. An NBA scout at one of the camps said that "athletically he's off the charts—there's no telling how good he can be".<ref name=":7" />

==Professional career==

===Transition to the NBA===
[[File:Serge Ibaka1.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Ibaka in 2011]]
Ibaka was selected by the [[Seattle SuperSonics]] with the 24th pick in the [[2008 NBA draft]]. He became the first player from the [[Republic of Congo]] to be selected in the draft, although the [[Oklahoma City Thunder]] (the team that inherited the Sonics' place in the NBA six days after the draft) agreed to keep him in Europe. He then signed a three-year contract with [[Bàsquet Manresa|Ricoh Manresa]] from the ACB League in Spain, keeping the option to leave for the NBA after each season. In the ACB, he averaged 7.1 points, 4.5 rebounds, and 1 block in 16 minutes per game.

In July 2009, the Thunder paid the buyout, and signed him to a two-year contract with two more optional seasons.

===Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–2016)===
[[File:Ibaka Asik 2013 playoffs.jpg|thumb|Ibaka and [[Ömer Aşık]] tip off game 6 of the first round of the 2013 playoffs.]]
Although coming to the NBA as a raw talent, Ibaka had managed to become a starter in the [[Oklahoma City Thunder|Thunder]] rotation. He was often used for his energy in the paint, whether on defense or rebounding. In his first NBA season, Ibaka played 18.1 minutes per game in 73 games, averaging 6.3 points, 5.4 rebounds and 1.3 blocks per game. His blocks average led all rookies in the 2009–2010 season, and he ranked number 20 overall. In the first round of the playoffs against the Los Angeles Lakers, he played in 6 games, averaging 25.5 minutes, 7.8 points, 6.5 rebounds and 2 blocks per game. His 7 blocks in game two in Los Angeles was a record (youngest player to have 7 blocks in playoff game).

On 19 February 2011, Ibaka participated in the 2011 NBA [[Slam Dunk Contest]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/2011/news/01/05/sprite-slam-dunk-participants/index.html |title=NBA.com |publisher=NBA.com |date= |accessdate=17 September 2011}}</ref> He began the contest with a [[free-throw line dunk]]. In the second round, Ibaka grabbed a stuffed animal from the rim with his mouth and dunked in one motion. However, he lost out to [[Blake Griffin]] in the competition.

During the [[2011 NBA lockout]] he signed a two-month contract with [[Real Madrid Baloncesto|Real Madrid]] in Spain alongside [[Spain national basketball team]] teammate and friend [[Rudy Fernández (basketball)|Rudy Fernández]] with an option to return to the NBA at the end of the lockout.<ref>[http://www.euroleague.net/euroleaguenews/transactions/2011-12-signings/i/88549/5611/real-madrid-adds-size-with-ibaka REAL MADRID adds size with Ibaka]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportando.net/eng/europe/spain/32042/real_madrid_officially_announces_serge_ibaka.html|title=Real Madrid officially announces Serge Ibaka|date=25 October 2011|work=Sportando|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref> Over 6 games in the [[Euroleague Basketball|Euroleague]], he averaged 5.5 points, 4.7 rebounds and 2 blocks in 15 minutes per game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?pcode=003583|title=IBAKA, SERGE – Welcome to EUROLEAGUE BASKETBALL|publisher=|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref>

After the lockout, Ibaka returned to the NBA from Spain. On 19 February 2012, he recorded his first career triple-double against the Denver Nuggets, scoring 14 points, grabbing 15 rebounds and getting a career-high 11 blocks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scores.espn.go.com/nba/recap?gameId=320219025|title=Kevin Durant has career-best 51 as Thunder make history in OT win|work=ESPN.com|accessdate=20 February 2012|date=19 February 2012}}</ref> He played all 66 games in the shortened season as a starter, averaging the most blocks in the league, 3.6 per game. In voting for the [[NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award|Defensive Player of the Year]], he finished second behind [[Tyson Chandler]] of the New York Knicks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/2012/news/05/02/dpoy-release/?ls=iref:nbahpt1|title=Knicks' Chandler wins Kia Defensive Player of Year|work=NBA.com|accessdate=2 May 2012|date=2 May 2012}}</ref> In Game 4 of the Western Conference Finals against the [[San Antonio Spurs]], Ibaka went 11–11 from the field. Oklahoma City went on to win the series in six games and advance to the [[2012 NBA Finals]]. In the Finals Ibaka averaged 7 points and 5 rebounds, but the Thunder fell to the [[Miami Heat]] in five games.

[[File:Serge Ibaka Feb 2014.jpg|thumb|left|Ibaka in 2014]]
In August 2012, Ibaka signed a four-year deal worth $48 million with the [[Oklahoma City Thunder|Thunder]].<ref name=ContactExtension>{{cite web|title=Serge Ibaka agrees to extension|url=http://espn.go.com/nba/story/_/id/8280001/oklahoma-city-thunder-agree-serge-ibaka-extension-report|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=18 August 2012}}</ref>

During the [[2012–13 NBA season]], Ibaka upped his scoring average from 9.1 to 13.2. He also averaged 7.7 rebounds, and a league-leading 3.0 blocks. For his defensive efforts, Ibaka finished 3rd in Defensive Player of the Year voting, behind [[LeBron James]] and the winner, [[Marc Gasol]]. In the playoffs, the Thunder beat the [[Houston Rockets]] in 6 games, but fell to the [[Memphis Grizzlies]] in five games. Ibaka averaged 12.8 points, 8.4 rebounds, and 3 blocks in the postseason but shot only 43.7% from the field, a near 14% drop off from his regular season field goal percentage of 57.3%.

In [[2013–14 Oklahoma City Thunder season|2013–14]], Ibaka averaged career-highs of 15.1 points and 8.8 rebounds per game, and led the league in total blocks (219) for the fourth straight season. In a series-clinching win over the [[Los Angeles Clippers]] in the conference semi-finals, Ibaka suffered a left calf injury that was expected to sideline him for the remainder of the [[2014 NBA Playoffs|2014 playoffs]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Stein|first=Marc|title=Thunder lose Serge Ibaka to injury|date=16 May 2014|work=ESPN.com|url=http://espn.go.com/nba/playoffs/2014/story/_/id/10943844/serge-ibaka-oklahoma-city-thunder-miss-rest-postseason-calf-injury|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6PcpOTXpx|archivedate=16 May 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> However, he made his return in Game 3 against San Antonio Spurs in the Conference Finals. The Thunder eventually fell to the Spurs in six games as Ibaka averaged 12.2 points, 7.3 rebounds and 2.4 blocks throughout the playoffs. Ibaka was also named to the [[NBA All-Defensive First Team]] for the third consecutive year.

On 19 February 2015, Ibaka recorded 21 points and a career-high 22 rebounds in the 104-89 win over the Dallas Mavericks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/games/20150219/DALOKC/gameinfo.html|title=Westbrook leads Thunder past Mavericks, 104-89|work=NBA.com|date=19 February 2015|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref> On 17 March 2015, he was ruled out for four to six weeks after undergoing arthroscopic surgery to address right knee soreness.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/thunder/news/pressrelease_ibaka_150317|title=Ibaka Undergoes Successful Surgery|work=NBA.com|date=17 March 2015|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref>

On 4 January 2016, Ibaka scored a season-high 25 points in a loss to the Sacramento Kings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/games/20160104/SACOKC/gameinfo.html|title=Cousins has 33 points, 19 boards, Kings top Thunder 116-104|work=NBA.com|date=4 January 2016|accessdate=4 January 2016}}</ref>

===Orlando Magic (2016–2017)===
On 23 June 2016, Ibaka was traded to the [[Orlando Magic]] in exchange for [[Victor Oladipo]], [[Ersan İlyasova]] and the draft rights to [[Domantas Sabonis]], the 11th pick of the [[2016 NBA draft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/magic/news/magic-acquire-serge-ibaka-thunder|title=Magic Acquire Serge Ibaka From Thunder|work=NBA.com|date=23 June 2016|accessdate=23 June 2016}}</ref> He made his debut for the Magic in their season opener on 26 October, recording 14 points and seven rebounds in a 108–96 loss to the [[Miami Heat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=400899378|title=Whiteside powers Heat to season-opening win|work=ESPN.com|date=26 October 2016|accessdate=26 October 2016}}</ref> On 13 November 2016, he scored a career-high 31 points and hit a game-winning baseline jumper to lead the Magic to a 119–117 win over his former team, the Oklahoma City Thunder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=400899591|title=Ibaka hits game winner vs. former team as Magic top Thunder|work=ESPN.com|date=13 November 2016|accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>

===Toronto Raptors (2017–present)===
On 14 February 2017, Ibaka was traded to the [[Toronto Raptors]] in exchange for [[Terrence Ross]] and a future first-round draft pick.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/raptors/press-releases/raptors-acquire-ibaka-from-magic|title=Raptors Acquire Serge Ibaka From Magic|work=NBA.com|date=14 February 2017|accessdate=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Doug|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/raptors/2017/02/14/raptors-trade-terrence-ross-to-magic-for-serge-ibaka.html|title=Raptors trade Terrence Ross to Magic for Serge Ibaka|work=TheStar.com|date=14 February 2017|accessdate=14 February 2017}}</ref> He made his debut for the Raptors ten days later, scoring 15 points in a 107–97 win over the [[Boston Celtics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=400900264|title=DeRozan has career-high 43, Raptors beat Celtics 107-97|work=ESPN.com|date=24 February 2017|accessdate=24 February 2017}}</ref> On 21 March 2017, against the [[Chicago Bulls]], Ibaka was ejected after an altercation with Bulls' center [[Robin Lopez]]. The next day, Ibaka received a one-game suspension.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/article/2017/03/22/chicago-bulls-robin-lopez-and-toronto-raptors-serge-ibaka-suspended|title=Chicago Bulls' Robin Lopez, Toronto Raptors' Serge Ibaka each suspended one game|work=NBA.com|date=22 March 2017|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref>

On 7 July 2017, Ibaka re-signed with the Raptors to a reported three-year, $65 million contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/raptors/raptors-resign-serge-ibaka|title=Raptors Re-Sign Serge Ibaka|work=NBA.com|date=7 July 2017|accessdate=7 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nathan|first=Alec|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/2704694-serge-ibaka-raptors-reportedly-agree-to-3-year-65-million-contract|title=Serge Ibaka, Raptors Reportedly Agree to 3-Year, $65 Million Contract|work=BleacherReport.com|date=3 July 2017|accessdate=7 July 2017}}</ref> On 4 November 2018, he made his first 14 shots on the way to a career-high 34 points in a 121–107 win over the [[Los Angeles Lakers]]. He finished the game 15 of 17 from the field and became the first player to start a game 14 of 14 from the field since [[Shaquille O'Neal]] did it in February 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=401070820|title=Ibaka's career-high 34 sends Raptors past Lakers, 121-107|work=ESPN.com|date=4 November 2018|accessdate=5 November 2018}}</ref>

On 3 February 2019, Ibaka had 16 points and 12 rebounds in a 121–103 win over the [[Los Angeles Clippers]], marking a career-best sixth straight double-double, Toronto's longest streak since [[Chris Bosh]] had eight in November 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/nba/recap?gameId=401071462|title=Leonard scores 18 points, Raptors rout Clippers 121-103|work=ESPN.com|date=3 February 2019|accessdate=4 February 2019}}</ref>

==National team career==
[[File:Serge Ibaka by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg|thumb|right|Ibaka in action for the [[Spain national basketball team]]|215x215px]]
Internationally, Ibaka expressed an early desire to play for the [[Spain national basketball team]].<ref>[https://hoopshype.com/2013/07/28/which-nba-players-compete-most-often-for-their-countries/ Which NBA players compete most often for their countries?]</ref> After years living in the country, he was finally granted [[Spanish nationality law#Spanish nationality by naturalization and residence|Spanish citizenship]] on 15 July 2011.<ref>{{cite web|last=Helin|first=Kurt|title=Ibaka granted Spanish citizenship, will play in Eurobasket|url=http://probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com/2011/07/15/ibaka-granted-spanish-citizenship-will-play-in-eurobasket/|work=MSNBC.com|accessdate=15 July 2011|date=15 July 2011}}</ref> His team won the gold medal in the [[Eurobasket 2011]], beating France in the final by a score of 98–85. He won a silver medal with Spain at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ib/serge-ibaka-1.html|title=Serge Ibaka Bio, Stats, and Results|website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com|language=en|access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ibaka speaks four languages: [[Lingala]], French, English and Spanish.<ref>[http://rollingout.com/entertainment/serge-inaka-teaches-girlfriend-keri-hilson-lingala/ Serge Ibaka teaches girlfriend Keri Hilson a new language]</ref>

Ibaka has a daughter, Ranie, who was born when he was still a teenager, shortly after he had left Congo-Brazzaville.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/video/congo-heartland-nba-star-raises-061219575.html|title=From the Congo to the Heartland: An NBA Star Raises His Daughter|work=Yahoo! Sports|accessdate=18 April 2016}}</ref> Ibaka's younger brother, Igor, currently plays basketball for [[Midwestern State University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.givemesport.com/475293-serge-ibakas-little-brother-headed-to-oklahoma-state|title=Serge Ibaka's little brother headed to Oklahoma State|work=GiveMeSport|accessdate=25 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2012, Ibaka began dating [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] singer [[Keri Hilson]]. The couple ended their relationship in November 2016.<ref>[http://www.eurweb.com/2016/11/keri-hilson-opens-split-orlando-magics-serge-ibaka/# KERI HILSON OPENS UP ABOUT SPLIT WITH ORLANDO MAGIC’S SERGE IBAKA]</ref><ref>[http://blacksportsonline.com/home/2016/11/keri-hilson-on-breaking-up-with-serge-ibaka-just-wanting-a-regular-guy-photos/ Keri Hilson On Breaking Up With Ibaka & Just Wanting a Regular & Loyal Guy (Photos)]</ref><ref>[http://www.wetpaint.com/keri-hilson-serge-ibaka-breakup-1538897/ Keri Hilson Addresses Breakup With NBA Baller Serge Ibaka]</ref>

On 3 April 2017, Ibaka was announced as the newest member elected to the board of directors of the NBPA Foundation.<ref>[http://www.prweb.com/releases/2017/04/prweb14207728.htm From Congo Playgrounds to Global Impact: Serge Ibaka Elected to NBPA Foundation Board]</ref> The NBPA Foundation is the charitable arm of the [[National Basketball Players Association]], the union for current professional basketball players in the NBA. The Foundation provides strategic funding and support for players' community engagement initiatives worldwide.

==Career statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|style="background:#CFECEC; width:1em"|
|Led the league
|}

===NBA===

====Regular season====
{{NBA player statistics start}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2009}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2009–10 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 73 || 0 || 18.1 || .543 || '''.500''' || .630 || 5.4 || .1 || .3 || 1.3 || 6.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2010}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2010–11 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| '''82''' || 44 || 27.0 || .543 || .000 || .750 || 7.6 || .3 || .4 || 2.4 || 9.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2011}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2011–12 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 66 || 66 || 27.2 || .535 || .333 || .661 || 7.5 || .4 || .5 || style="background:#cfecec;"| '''3.7''' || 9.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2012}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2012–13 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 80 || 80 || 31.1 || '''.573''' || .351 || .749 || 7.7 || .5 || .4 || style="background:#cfecec;"| 3.0 || 13.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2013}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2013–14 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 81 || '''81''' || 32.9 || .536 || .389 || .784 || '''8.8''' || 1.0 || .5 || 2.7 || '''15.1'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2014}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2014–15 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 64 || 64 || '''33.1''' || .476 || .376 || .836 || 7.8 || .9 || .5 || 2.4 || 14.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2015}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2015–16 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 78 || 78 || 32.1 || .479 || .326 || .752 || 6.8 || .8 || .5 || 1.9 || 12.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2016}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2016–17 Orlando Magic season|Orlando]]
| 56 || 56 || 30.5 || .488 || .388 || .846 || 6.8 || 1.1 || '''.6''' || 1.6 || '''15.1'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2016}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2016–17 Toronto Raptors season|Toronto]]
| 23 || 23 || 31.0 || .459 || .398 || '''.882''' || 6.8 || .7 || .3|| 1.4 || 14.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2017}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2017–18 Toronto Raptors season|Toronto]]
| 76 || 76 || 27.5 || .483 || .360 || .797 || 6.3 || .8 || .4 || 1.3 || 12.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{nbay|2018}}
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2018–19 Toronto Raptors season|Toronto]]
| 74 || 51 || 27.2 || .529 || .290 || .763 || 8.1 || '''1.3''' || .4 || 1.4 || 15.0
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 753 || 619 || 28.7 || .514 || .357 || .761 || 7.3 || .7 || .4 || 2.2 || 12.3
{{S-end}}

====Playoffs====
{{NBA player statistics start}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2010 NBA Playoffs|2010]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2009–10 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 6 || 0 || 25.5 || .571 || - || .700 || 6.5 || .3 || .3 || 2.0 || 7.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2011 NBA Playoffs|2011]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2010–11 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 17 || 17 || 28.8 || .462 || .000 || .825 || 7.3 || .2 || .2 || '''3.1''' || 9.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2012 NBA Playoffs|2012]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2011–12 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| '''20''' || '''20''' || 28.4 || .528 || .250 || .722 || 5.8 || .6 || .6 || 3.0 || 9.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2013 NBA Playoffs|2013]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2012–13 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 11 || 11 || 33.3 || .437 || .444 || .792 || '''8.4''' || .7 || .0 || 3.0 || 12.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2014 NBA Playoffs|2014]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2013–14 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 15 || 15 || '''33.7''' || '''.622''' || .333 || .750 || 7.3 || .5 || .7 || 2.4 || 12.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2016 NBA Playoffs|2016]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2015–16 Oklahoma City Thunder season|Oklahoma City]]
| 18 || 18 || 33.4 || .521 || '''.449''' || .750 || 6.3 || .6 || '''.8''' || 1.3 || 12.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2017 NBA Playoffs|2017]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2016–17 Toronto Raptors season|Toronto]]
| 10 || 10 || 30.7 || .462 || .316 || '''.846 ''' || 6.5 || '''1.4''' || .4 || 1.7 || '''14.3'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2018 NBA Playoffs|2018]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2017–18 Toronto Raptors season|Toronto]]
| 10 || 9 || 26.0 || .417 || .375 || .818 || 5.9 || 1.1 || .1 || 1.3 || 8.7
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 109 || 102 || 30.5 || .499 || .392 || .779 || 6.6 || .7 || .4 || 2.3 || 11.0
{{S-end}}

===Euroleague===
{{Euroleague player statistics start}}
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[2011–12 Euroleague|2011–12]]
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Real Madrid Baloncesto|Real Madrid]]
| 6 || 0 || 14.9 || .571 || .000 || .818 || 4.7 || .0 || .5 || 2.0 || 5.5 || 9.2
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 6 || 0 || 14.9 || .571 || .000 || .818 || 4.7 || .0 || .5 || 2.0 || 5.5 || 9.2
{{S-end}}

==See also==
{{portal|National Basketball Association}}
*[[List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders]]
*[[List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders]]
*[[List of National Basketball Association players with 10 or more blocks in a game]]
*[[List of European basketball players in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{basketballstats|nba=serge_ibaka|bbr=i/ibakase01}}
* [http://www.acb.com/jugador.php?id=Y8A Serge Ibaka] at acb.com {{es icon}}
* [http://www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?pcode=003583 Serge Ibaka] at euroleague.net

{{Toronto Raptors current roster}}
{{Navboxes colour
| title = Spain squads
| bg = #DB000D
| fg = #FBEA0E
| bordercolor = Black
| list1 =
{{Spain Squad EuroBasket 2011}}
{{Spain Men Basketball Squad 2012 Summer Olympics}}
}}
{{Navboxes|list1=
{{2008 NBA Draft}}
{{NBA blocks leaders}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibaka, Serge}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Bàsquet Manresa players]]
[[Category:CB L'Hospitalet players]]
[[Category:Expatriate basketball people in the United States]]
[[Category:Liga ACB players]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:National Basketball Association players from the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:National Basketball Association players from Spain]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Spain]]
[[Category:Oklahoma City Thunder players]]
[[Category:Olympic basketball players of Spain]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in basketball]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Spain]]
[[Category:Orlando Magic players]]
[[Category:Power forwards (basketball)]]
[[Category:Real Madrid Baloncesto players]]
[[Category:Republic of the Congo expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Seattle SuperSonics draft picks]]
[[Category:Spanish expatriate basketball people in the United States]]
[[Category:Spanish men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Spanish people of Republic of the Congo descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Brazzaville]]
[[Category:Toronto Raptors players]]

Richard Di Natale

2019-05-21T15:42:40Z

141.138.51.145:

{{short description|Australian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Australian Senate|Senator]]
| name = Dr Richard Di Natale
| honorific-suffix = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]], [[Master of Public Health|MPH]], [[Master of Science|MSc]]
| image = File:Richard Di Natale infobox Crop.png
| office1 = [[Australian Greens#Federal leaders|Leader of the Australian Greens]]
| term_start1 = 6 May 2015
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Christine Milne]]
| successor1 =
| deputy1 = [[Larissa Waters]] & [[Adam Bandt]]
| office2 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| term_start2 = 1 July 2011
| term_end2 =
| birth_name = Richard Luigi Di Natale<ref name="fullname">{{cite news|title=Di Natale quashes citizenship doubts with help from Italian consulate|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/07/21/di-natale-quashes-citizenship-doubts-help-italian-consulate|accessdate=26 July 2017|work=SBS News|date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| spouse = {{marriage|Lucy Quarterman|2007}}
| party = [[Australian Greens|Greens]]
| relations =
| children = 2
| residence = [[Otway Ranges]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| education = [[Parade College]]
| alma_mater = [[Monash University]] [[La Trobe University]]
| occupation = [[Senator]]
| profession = [[Politician]], Public Health Physician
| religion =
| website = [http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/ richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au]
}}

'''Richard Luigi Di Natale''' (born 6 June 1970) is an Australian politician who serves as a [[Australian Senate|senator]] for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and leads the [[Australian Greens]]. Di Natale was elected to the [[Australian Senate]] in the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Jenkins|first=Melissa|title=First Green Vic Senator, Fielding out|publisher=[[ninemsn]]|date=22 August 2010|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/election2010/7948957/first-green-vic-senator-fielding-out|accessdate=22 August 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824060229/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/election2010/7948957/first-green-vic-senator-fielding-out|archivedate=24 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A former [[general practitioner]], Di Natale became federal parliamentary leader of the Australian Greens on 6 May 2015 following the resignation of [[Christine Milne]]<ref name="ABC News">{{cite news|last1=Norman|first1=Jane|title=Australian Greens: Richard Di Natale elected new leader after Christine Milne resignation|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-06/greens-elect-richard-di-natale-as-new-leader/6448948|accessdate=6 May 2015|publisher=ABC News|date=6 May 2015}}</ref> and led the Greens at the [[Australian federal election, 2016|2 July 2016 federal election]].

[[File:Bob Brown and Richard Di Natale DSC 2958.JPG|thumb|Di Natale with Senator [[Bob Brown]] in Melbourne during the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]] campaign.]]

==Early life==
Di Natale was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, to Italian Catholic immigrant parents.<ref name="Ireland">{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/time-to-scrap-lords-prayer-in-parliament-greens-20140114-30src.html|title=Time to scrap Lord's Prayer in Parliament: Greens|first=Judith|last=Ireland|date=14 January 2014|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> His mother was born in [[San Marco in Lamis]], [[Apulia]], while his father was born in [[Syracuse, Sicily]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Senators_Interests/CitizenshipRegister |title=Citizenship Register |publisher=Parliament of Australia |accessdate=5 December 2017}}</ref> Di Natale attended [[Parade College]], graduating in 1987, and [[Monash University]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] degree in 1993.<ref name="PoA">{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Parliamentarian?MPID=53369 |title=Senator Richard Di Natale |website=Parliament of Australia |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> He later obtained [[Master of Public Health]] and [[Master of Health Science]] degrees from [[La Trobe University]].<ref name="PoA"/>

Prior to entering parliament, Di Natale was a [[general practitioner]] and [[public health]] specialist. He worked in Aboriginal health in the Northern Territory, on HIV prevention in India and in the drug and alcohol sector.<ref name="aboutmps"/>

==Political career==
Di Natale has been a Greens' Senate candidate since 2004.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/elections/2004/gvt/2004VICGVT.pdf| title = 2004 Election Results| publisher= Australian Electoral Commission| year = 2004| accessdate =14 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{
cite web
| first = Ben |last = Doherty | date = 22 November 2007
| title = A natural Labor man – but he's not | work = The Age
| accessdate=11 July 2008
| url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/federal-election-2007-news/a-natural-labor-man-151-but-hes-not/2007/11/21/1195321865897.html}}</ref>

Di Natale also ran for the position of Lord Mayor of [[City of Melbourne|Melbourne]] in 2004, coming second to the elected [[John So]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/MelbourneResult2004.html| title = Melbourne Result 2004 | publisher= Victorian Electoral Commission | year = 2004| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060906054020/http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/MelbourneResult2004.html | archivedate= 6 September 2006}}</ref>

In both 2002 and 2006, Di Natale was narrowly defeated in the [[Electoral district of Melbourne|seat of Melbourne]] in the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]], almost unseating ALP health minister Bronwyn Pike. Richard received 48% of the two-party preferred vote in both elections, missing out on a win.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/stateresults.html| title = State Results| publisher = Victorian Electoral Commission| year = 2007| accessdate =14 November 2007| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100203211029/http://vec.vic.gov.au/stateresults.html| archivedate = 3 February 2010| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{
cite web | date=6 November 2006 | title= Seat of many faces, many landmarks |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/seats-to-watch/2006/11/06/1162661617891.html | work = The Age | publisher = Faifax | accessdate = 11 July 2008}}</ref> Di Natale has acted as health spokesperson for the Greens in Victoria and in 2002 spoke about the Greens' support for harm reduction policies to manage illicit drug use.<ref>{{
cite web | date=18 July 2006 | title=Greens offer heroin in rehab plan | work = The Age
| url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/greens-offer-heroin-in-rehab-plan/2006/07/17/1152988472787.html
| accessdate=11 July 2008 }}</ref>

In April 2007, Di Natale spoke out about the health implications of climate change,<ref>{{
cite web | first = Carol | last = Nader | date= 28 April 2007 | title = Health costs of global warming
| url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/health-costs-of-global-warming/2007/04/27/1177459981956.html
| work = The Age | accessdate=9 August 2008}}</ref> and later that year voiced concerns about terror laws in relation to the then suspect Dr. [[Mohamed Haneef]].<ref>{{
cite web | date = 4 August 2007 | title = Rally calls for terror laws to be repealed
|url= http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/rally-calls-for-terror-laws-to-be-repealed/2007/08/04/1185648198822.html
| work = Age | accessdate=11 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{
cite web | work = Sunday Times | location = Perth |url=http://www.news.com.au/national/rallies-call-for-overhaul-of-terror-laws/story-e6frfkp9-1111114109677 |title=Rallies call for terror law overhaul|date=4 August 2007|accessdate=11 July 2008}}</ref>

Di Natale was nominated as the Australian Greens' lead senate candidate for Victoria for the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]]. Greens leader Senator [[Bob Brown]] described Di Natale as the Greens' "next strongest hope" at this election.<ref>{{
cite web | first = Carol | last = Nader | date= 19 July 2010
| url =http://www.smh.com.au/federal-election/a-challenging-relationship-for-the-greens-whoever-wins-20100719-10g8o.html
| title = A challenging relationship for the Greens, whoever wins
| work = The Sydney Morning Herald | accessdate = 6 August 2010}}</ref>

At the 2010 election, Di Natale won a Senate seat representing Victoria. His term began on 1 July 2011. Upon taking up his seat in the Senate, Di Natale became the Greens' federal spokesperson for health. Di Natale's other portfolios include sport and multiculturalism.

Di Natale was elected unopposed as parliamentary leader of the Greens party room on 6 May 2015 following the resignation of [[Christine Milne]] from the position.<ref name="ABC News"/>

The Greens achieved mixed results at the [[Australian federal election, 2016|2016 Federal Election]]. The Party targeted several House of Representatives seats, but did not win any additional seats despite achieving large swings. The party also lost a senator. Di Natale argued that the Greens' election strategy had been successful, with voters now seeing them as a major party.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Middleton|first1=Karen|title=The parties' spin on the 2016 election result|url=https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/politics/2016/07/16/the-parties-spin-the-2016-election-result/14685912003500|accessdate=23 December 2016|work=The Saturday Paper|date=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Murphy|first1=Katharine|title=Richard Di Natale tells Greens not to air their election result grievances|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/aug/02/richard-di-natale-tells-greens-not-to-air-their-election-result-grievances|accessdate=23 December 2016|work=The Guardian|date=2 August 2016}}</ref>

==Parliamentary career==
At the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]], the [[Australian Greens]] achieved a shared [[Balance of power (parliament)|balance of power]] in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the sole balance of power in the [[Australian Senate|Senate]]. In the Senate, they have been in a shared balance of power position in the outcomes of the [[Australian federal election, 2007|2007 federal election]] and the [[Australian federal election, 2013|2013 federal election]].

Di Natale secured almost $5 billion towards Medicare-funded dentistry, which he described as "laying the foundations for Denticare" – the Greens' policy of universally available Medicare-funded dentistry.

Di Natale campaigned against the [[Australian Government Future Fund|Future Fund]]'s holdings in tobacco funds, a campaign that was ultimately successful with the Fund divesting the entirety of its tobacco holdings (approximately AUD $250 million) in 2012.<ref name="abc">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-02-28/future-fund-drops-tobacco-investment/4545328|title=Future Fund drops tobacco investment |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref>

Di Natale has also helped establish Senate inquiries into a number of issues of public significance including budget cuts, medicinal cannabis, the emergence of "superbugs",<ref name="aph">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/jetacar/report/index|title=Progress in the implementation of the recommendations of the 1999 Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> hospital funding,<ref name="aph2">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=fapa_ctte/completed_inquiries/2010-13/public_hospital_funding/report/index.htm|title=Senate Committees – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> air pollution,<ref name="aph3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/airquality/report/output/index|title=Impacts on health of air quality in Australia – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> pharmaceutical transparency,<ref name="aph4">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/therapgoodsamendbill2013/index|title=Therapeutic Goods Amendment (Pharmaceutical Transparency) Bill 2013 – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> sports science<ref name="aph5">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Rural_and_Regional_Affairs_and_Transport/Completed_inquiries/2012-13/sportsscience/report/index|title=Practice of sports science in Australia – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> and gambling reform.<ref name="aph6">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/senate_committees?url=gamblingreform_ctte/completed_inquires/2010-13/gambling_sport/report/index.htm|title=Senate Committees – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> Di Natale conducts ongoing campaigns for improved human rights in West Papua,<ref name="greensmps">{{cite web|url=http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/westpapua|title=West Papua | Richard Di Natale|publisher=richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au|accessdate=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125112917/http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/westpapua|archive-date=25 January 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> timely access to cost-effective drugs through Australia's [[Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme]],<ref name="greensmps2">{{cite web|url=http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/search/node/pbs|title=Search | Richard Di Natale|publisher=richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}{{dead link|date=January 2019}}</ref> and science-based public health policies in areas such as wind farms<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWH3MBM3u6I|title=YouTube – Richard Di Natale – Wind farms, health and science|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> and vaccination policy.<ref name="youtube2">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBzZirSrbWQ|title=YouTube – Senator Richard Di Natale – The Australian Vaccination Network|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref>

Di Natale was the Chair of the Senate Select Committee into the [[Abbott Government]] [[Australian federal budget, 2014|2014 federal budget]] budget cuts and Deputy Chair of the Senate Select Committee into health. He is the co-convener of the Parliamentary Friends for Drug Policy and Law Reform, the Parliamentary Friends of West Papua and the Parliamentary Friends of Medicine.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Personal life==
Di Natale, his wife and two young sons live on a working farm in the foothills of Victoria's [[Otway Ranges]].

Growing up in Melbourne, Di Natale played [[Australian rules football]] for the [[Coburg Football Club|Coburg]] and [[Oakleigh Football Club]]s in the [[Victorian Football League|Victorian Football Association]] (VFA).<ref name="aboutmps">{{cite web |url=http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/about |title=About Richard Di Natale |last1=Di Natale |first1=Richard |date=18 March 2015 |website=greensmps.org.au |publisher=The Australian Greens party |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> and is a long time [[Richmond Tigers]] fan.

==See also==
{{Portal|Australian rules football|Environment|Medicine|Victoria}}
*[[Australian federal election, 2019]]
*[[Australian federal election, 2016]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/ Home Page]
* [https://theyvoteforyou.org.au/people/senate/victoria/richard_di_natale Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator Richard Di Natale on TheyVoteForYou.org.au]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Christine Milne]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Federal Parliamentary Leader of the [[Australian Greens]]|years=2015–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{S-end}}

{{Current Senate crossbench}}
{{Australian Senators}}
{{Australian Greens}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Di Natale, Richard}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian politicians of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Australian general practitioners]]
[[Category:La Trobe University alumni]]
[[Category:LGBT rights activists from Australia]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Melbourne]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria]]
[[Category:Monash University alumni]]
[[Category:Coburg Football Club players]]
[[Category:Oakleigh Football Club players]]
[[Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Australian Greens]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:Australian public health doctors]]

Richard Di Natale

2019-05-21T15:42:14Z

141.138.51.145:

{{short description|Australian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Australian Senate|Senator]]
| name = Dr Richard Di Natale
| honorific-suffix = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]], [[Master of Public Health|MPH]], [[Master of Science|MSc]]
| image = File:Richard Di Natale infobox Crop.png
| office1 = [[Australian Greens#Federal leaders|Leader of the Australian Greens]]
| term_start1 = 6 May 2015
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Christine Milne]]
| successor1 =
| deputy1 = [[Larissa Waters]] & [[Adam Bandt]]
| office2 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| term_start2 = 1 July 2011
| term_end2 =
| birth_name = Richard Luigi Di Natale<ref name="fullname">{{cite news|title=Di Natale quashes citizenship doubts with help from Italian consulate|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/07/21/di-natale-quashes-citizenship-doubts-help-italian-consulate|accessdate=26 July 2017|work=SBS News|date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| spouse = {{marriage|Lucy Quarterman|2007}}
| party = [[Australian Greens|Greens]]
| relations =
| children = 2
| residence = [[Otway Ranges]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| education = [[Parade College]]
| alma_mater = [[Monash University]] [[La Trobe University]]
| occupation = [[Senator]]
| profession = [[Politician]], Public Health Physician
| religion =
| website = [http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/ richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au]
}}

'''Richard Luigi Di Natale''' (born 6 June 1970) is an Australian politician who is the current [[Australian Senate|senator]] for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and leader of the [[Australian Greens]]. Di Natale was elected to the [[Australian Senate]] in the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Jenkins|first=Melissa|title=First Green Vic Senator, Fielding out|publisher=[[ninemsn]]|date=22 August 2010|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/election2010/7948957/first-green-vic-senator-fielding-out|accessdate=22 August 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824060229/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/election2010/7948957/first-green-vic-senator-fielding-out|archivedate=24 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A former [[general practitioner]], Di Natale became federal parliamentary leader of the Australian Greens on 6 May 2015 following the resignation of [[Christine Milne]]<ref name="ABC News">{{cite news|last1=Norman|first1=Jane|title=Australian Greens: Richard Di Natale elected new leader after Christine Milne resignation|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-06/greens-elect-richard-di-natale-as-new-leader/6448948|accessdate=6 May 2015|publisher=ABC News|date=6 May 2015}}</ref> and led the Greens at the [[Australian federal election, 2016|2 July 2016 federal election]].

[[File:Bob Brown and Richard Di Natale DSC 2958.JPG|thumb|Di Natale with Senator [[Bob Brown]] in Melbourne during the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]] campaign.]]

==Early life==
Di Natale was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, to Italian Catholic immigrant parents.<ref name="Ireland">{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/time-to-scrap-lords-prayer-in-parliament-greens-20140114-30src.html|title=Time to scrap Lord's Prayer in Parliament: Greens|first=Judith|last=Ireland|date=14 January 2014|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> His mother was born in [[San Marco in Lamis]], [[Apulia]], while his father was born in [[Syracuse, Sicily]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Senators_Interests/CitizenshipRegister |title=Citizenship Register |publisher=Parliament of Australia |accessdate=5 December 2017}}</ref> Di Natale attended [[Parade College]], graduating in 1987, and [[Monash University]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] degree in 1993.<ref name="PoA">{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Parliamentarian?MPID=53369 |title=Senator Richard Di Natale |website=Parliament of Australia |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> He later obtained [[Master of Public Health]] and [[Master of Health Science]] degrees from [[La Trobe University]].<ref name="PoA"/>

Prior to entering parliament, Di Natale was a [[general practitioner]] and [[public health]] specialist. He worked in Aboriginal health in the Northern Territory, on HIV prevention in India and in the drug and alcohol sector.<ref name="aboutmps"/>

==Political career==
Di Natale has been a Greens' Senate candidate since 2004.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/elections/2004/gvt/2004VICGVT.pdf| title = 2004 Election Results| publisher= Australian Electoral Commission| year = 2004| accessdate =14 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{
cite web
| first = Ben |last = Doherty | date = 22 November 2007
| title = A natural Labor man – but he's not | work = The Age
| accessdate=11 July 2008
| url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/federal-election-2007-news/a-natural-labor-man-151-but-hes-not/2007/11/21/1195321865897.html}}</ref>

Di Natale also ran for the position of Lord Mayor of [[City of Melbourne|Melbourne]] in 2004, coming second to the elected [[John So]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/MelbourneResult2004.html| title = Melbourne Result 2004 | publisher= Victorian Electoral Commission | year = 2004| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060906054020/http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/MelbourneResult2004.html | archivedate= 6 September 2006}}</ref>

In both 2002 and 2006, Di Natale was narrowly defeated in the [[Electoral district of Melbourne|seat of Melbourne]] in the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]], almost unseating ALP health minister Bronwyn Pike. Richard received 48% of the two-party preferred vote in both elections, missing out on a win.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/stateresults.html| title = State Results| publisher = Victorian Electoral Commission| year = 2007| accessdate =14 November 2007| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100203211029/http://vec.vic.gov.au/stateresults.html| archivedate = 3 February 2010| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{
cite web | date=6 November 2006 | title= Seat of many faces, many landmarks |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/seats-to-watch/2006/11/06/1162661617891.html | work = The Age | publisher = Faifax | accessdate = 11 July 2008}}</ref> Di Natale has acted as health spokesperson for the Greens in Victoria and in 2002 spoke about the Greens' support for harm reduction policies to manage illicit drug use.<ref>{{
cite web | date=18 July 2006 | title=Greens offer heroin in rehab plan | work = The Age
| url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/greens-offer-heroin-in-rehab-plan/2006/07/17/1152988472787.html
| accessdate=11 July 2008 }}</ref>

In April 2007, Di Natale spoke out about the health implications of climate change,<ref>{{
cite web | first = Carol | last = Nader | date= 28 April 2007 | title = Health costs of global warming
| url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/health-costs-of-global-warming/2007/04/27/1177459981956.html
| work = The Age | accessdate=9 August 2008}}</ref> and later that year voiced concerns about terror laws in relation to the then suspect Dr. [[Mohamed Haneef]].<ref>{{
cite web | date = 4 August 2007 | title = Rally calls for terror laws to be repealed
|url= http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/rally-calls-for-terror-laws-to-be-repealed/2007/08/04/1185648198822.html
| work = Age | accessdate=11 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{
cite web | work = Sunday Times | location = Perth |url=http://www.news.com.au/national/rallies-call-for-overhaul-of-terror-laws/story-e6frfkp9-1111114109677 |title=Rallies call for terror law overhaul|date=4 August 2007|accessdate=11 July 2008}}</ref>

Di Natale was nominated as the Australian Greens' lead senate candidate for Victoria for the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]]. Greens leader Senator [[Bob Brown]] described Di Natale as the Greens' "next strongest hope" at this election.<ref>{{
cite web | first = Carol | last = Nader | date= 19 July 2010
| url =http://www.smh.com.au/federal-election/a-challenging-relationship-for-the-greens-whoever-wins-20100719-10g8o.html
| title = A challenging relationship for the Greens, whoever wins
| work = The Sydney Morning Herald | accessdate = 6 August 2010}}</ref>

At the 2010 election, Di Natale won a Senate seat representing Victoria. His term began on 1 July 2011. Upon taking up his seat in the Senate, Di Natale became the Greens' federal spokesperson for health. Di Natale's other portfolios include sport and multiculturalism.

Di Natale was elected unopposed as parliamentary leader of the Greens party room on 6 May 2015 following the resignation of [[Christine Milne]] from the position.<ref name="ABC News"/>

The Greens achieved mixed results at the [[Australian federal election, 2016|2016 Federal Election]]. The Party targeted several House of Representatives seats, but did not win any additional seats despite achieving large swings. The party also lost a senator. Di Natale argued that the Greens' election strategy had been successful, with voters now seeing them as a major party.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Middleton|first1=Karen|title=The parties' spin on the 2016 election result|url=https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/politics/2016/07/16/the-parties-spin-the-2016-election-result/14685912003500|accessdate=23 December 2016|work=The Saturday Paper|date=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Murphy|first1=Katharine|title=Richard Di Natale tells Greens not to air their election result grievances|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/aug/02/richard-di-natale-tells-greens-not-to-air-their-election-result-grievances|accessdate=23 December 2016|work=The Guardian|date=2 August 2016}}</ref>

==Parliamentary career==
At the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]], the [[Australian Greens]] achieved a shared [[Balance of power (parliament)|balance of power]] in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the sole balance of power in the [[Australian Senate|Senate]]. In the Senate, they have been in a shared balance of power position in the outcomes of the [[Australian federal election, 2007|2007 federal election]] and the [[Australian federal election, 2013|2013 federal election]].

Di Natale secured almost $5 billion towards Medicare-funded dentistry, which he described as "laying the foundations for Denticare" – the Greens' policy of universally available Medicare-funded dentistry.

Di Natale campaigned against the [[Australian Government Future Fund|Future Fund]]'s holdings in tobacco funds, a campaign that was ultimately successful with the Fund divesting the entirety of its tobacco holdings (approximately AUD $250 million) in 2012.<ref name="abc">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-02-28/future-fund-drops-tobacco-investment/4545328|title=Future Fund drops tobacco investment |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref>

Di Natale has also helped establish Senate inquiries into a number of issues of public significance including budget cuts, medicinal cannabis, the emergence of "superbugs",<ref name="aph">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/jetacar/report/index|title=Progress in the implementation of the recommendations of the 1999 Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> hospital funding,<ref name="aph2">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=fapa_ctte/completed_inquiries/2010-13/public_hospital_funding/report/index.htm|title=Senate Committees – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> air pollution,<ref name="aph3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/airquality/report/output/index|title=Impacts on health of air quality in Australia – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> pharmaceutical transparency,<ref name="aph4">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/therapgoodsamendbill2013/index|title=Therapeutic Goods Amendment (Pharmaceutical Transparency) Bill 2013 – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> sports science<ref name="aph5">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Rural_and_Regional_Affairs_and_Transport/Completed_inquiries/2012-13/sportsscience/report/index|title=Practice of sports science in Australia – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> and gambling reform.<ref name="aph6">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/senate_committees?url=gamblingreform_ctte/completed_inquires/2010-13/gambling_sport/report/index.htm|title=Senate Committees – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> Di Natale conducts ongoing campaigns for improved human rights in West Papua,<ref name="greensmps">{{cite web|url=http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/westpapua|title=West Papua | Richard Di Natale|publisher=richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au|accessdate=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125112917/http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/westpapua|archive-date=25 January 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> timely access to cost-effective drugs through Australia's [[Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme]],<ref name="greensmps2">{{cite web|url=http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/search/node/pbs|title=Search | Richard Di Natale|publisher=richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}{{dead link|date=January 2019}}</ref> and science-based public health policies in areas such as wind farms<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWH3MBM3u6I|title=YouTube – Richard Di Natale – Wind farms, health and science|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> and vaccination policy.<ref name="youtube2">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBzZirSrbWQ|title=YouTube – Senator Richard Di Natale – The Australian Vaccination Network|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref>

Di Natale was the Chair of the Senate Select Committee into the [[Abbott Government]] [[Australian federal budget, 2014|2014 federal budget]] budget cuts and Deputy Chair of the Senate Select Committee into health. He is the co-convener of the Parliamentary Friends for Drug Policy and Law Reform, the Parliamentary Friends of West Papua and the Parliamentary Friends of Medicine.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Personal life==
Di Natale, his wife and two young sons live on a working farm in the foothills of Victoria's [[Otway Ranges]].

Growing up in Melbourne, Di Natale played [[Australian rules football]] for the [[Coburg Football Club|Coburg]] and [[Oakleigh Football Club]]s in the [[Victorian Football League|Victorian Football Association]] (VFA).<ref name="aboutmps">{{cite web |url=http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/about |title=About Richard Di Natale |last1=Di Natale |first1=Richard |date=18 March 2015 |website=greensmps.org.au |publisher=The Australian Greens party |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> and is a long time [[Richmond Tigers]] fan.

==See also==
{{Portal|Australian rules football|Environment|Medicine|Victoria}}
*[[Australian federal election, 2019]]
*[[Australian federal election, 2016]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/ Home Page]
* [https://theyvoteforyou.org.au/people/senate/victoria/richard_di_natale Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator Richard Di Natale on TheyVoteForYou.org.au]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Christine Milne]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Federal Parliamentary Leader of the [[Australian Greens]]|years=2015–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{S-end}}

{{Current Senate crossbench}}
{{Australian Senators}}
{{Australian Greens}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Di Natale, Richard}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian politicians of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Australian general practitioners]]
[[Category:La Trobe University alumni]]
[[Category:LGBT rights activists from Australia]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Melbourne]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria]]
[[Category:Monash University alumni]]
[[Category:Coburg Football Club players]]
[[Category:Oakleigh Football Club players]]
[[Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Australian Greens]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:Australian public health doctors]]

Richard Di Natale

2019-05-21T15:40:23Z

141.138.51.145:

{{short description|Australian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Australian Senate|Senator]]
| name = Dr Richard Di Natale
| honorific-suffix = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]], [[Master of Public Health|MPH]], [[Master of Science|MSc]]
| image = File:Richard Di Natale infobox Crop.png
| office1 = [[Australian Greens#Federal leaders|Leader of the Australian Greens]]
| term_start1 = 6 May 2015
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Christine Milne]]
| successor1 =
| deputy1 = [[Larissa Waters]] & [[Adam Bandt]]
| office2 = [[Australian Senate|Senator]] for [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| term_start2 = 1 July 2011
| term_end2 =
| birth_name = Richard Luigi Di Natale<ref name="fullname">{{cite news|title=Di Natale quashes citizenship doubts with help from Italian consulate|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/07/21/di-natale-quashes-citizenship-doubts-help-italian-consulate|accessdate=26 July 2017|work=SBS News|date=22 July 2017}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|6|6}}
| birth_place = [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| spouse = {{marriage|Lucy Quarterman|2007}}
| party = [[Australian Greens|Greens]]
| relations =
| children = 2
| residence = [[Otway Ranges]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| education = [[Parade College]]
| alma_mater = [[Monash University]] [[La Trobe University]]
| occupation = [[Senator]]
| profession = [[Politician]], Public Health Physician
| religion =
| website = [http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/ richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au]
}}

'''Richard Luigi Di Natale''' (born 6 June 1970) is an Australian politician who is the current leader of the [[Australian Greens]]. Di Natale was elected to the [[Australian Senate]] in the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Jenkins|first=Melissa|title=First Green Vic Senator, Fielding out|publisher=[[ninemsn]]|date=22 August 2010|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/election2010/7948957/first-green-vic-senator-fielding-out|accessdate=22 August 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824060229/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/election2010/7948957/first-green-vic-senator-fielding-out|archivedate=24 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A former [[general practitioner]], Di Natale became federal parliamentary leader of the Australian Greens on 6 May 2015 following the resignation of [[Christine Milne]]<ref name="ABC News">{{cite news|last1=Norman|first1=Jane|title=Australian Greens: Richard Di Natale elected new leader after Christine Milne resignation|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-05-06/greens-elect-richard-di-natale-as-new-leader/6448948|accessdate=6 May 2015|publisher=ABC News|date=6 May 2015}}</ref> and led the Greens at the [[Australian federal election, 2016|2 July 2016 federal election]].

[[File:Bob Brown and Richard Di Natale DSC 2958.JPG|thumb|Di Natale with Senator [[Bob Brown]] in Melbourne during the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]] campaign.]]

==Early life==
Di Natale was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, to Italian Catholic immigrant parents.<ref name="Ireland">{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/time-to-scrap-lords-prayer-in-parliament-greens-20140114-30src.html|title=Time to scrap Lord's Prayer in Parliament: Greens|first=Judith|last=Ireland|date=14 January 2014|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> His mother was born in [[San Marco in Lamis]], [[Apulia]], while his father was born in [[Syracuse, Sicily]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Senators_Interests/CitizenshipRegister |title=Citizenship Register |publisher=Parliament of Australia |accessdate=5 December 2017}}</ref> Di Natale attended [[Parade College]], graduating in 1987, and [[Monash University]], where he graduated with a [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] degree in 1993.<ref name="PoA">{{cite web |url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Senators_and_Members/Parliamentarian?MPID=53369 |title=Senator Richard Di Natale |website=Parliament of Australia |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> He later obtained [[Master of Public Health]] and [[Master of Health Science]] degrees from [[La Trobe University]].<ref name="PoA"/>

Prior to entering parliament, Di Natale was a [[general practitioner]] and [[public health]] specialist. He worked in Aboriginal health in the Northern Territory, on HIV prevention in India and in the drug and alcohol sector.<ref name="aboutmps"/>

==Political career==
Di Natale has been a Greens' Senate candidate since 2004.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/elections/2004/gvt/2004VICGVT.pdf| title = 2004 Election Results| publisher= Australian Electoral Commission| year = 2004| accessdate =14 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{
cite web
| first = Ben |last = Doherty | date = 22 November 2007
| title = A natural Labor man – but he's not | work = The Age
| accessdate=11 July 2008
| url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/federal-election-2007-news/a-natural-labor-man-151-but-hes-not/2007/11/21/1195321865897.html}}</ref>

Di Natale also ran for the position of Lord Mayor of [[City of Melbourne|Melbourne]] in 2004, coming second to the elected [[John So]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/MelbourneResult2004.html| title = Melbourne Result 2004 | publisher= Victorian Electoral Commission | year = 2004| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060906054020/http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/MelbourneResult2004.html | archivedate= 6 September 2006}}</ref>

In both 2002 and 2006, Di Natale was narrowly defeated in the [[Electoral district of Melbourne|seat of Melbourne]] in the [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]], almost unseating ALP health minister Bronwyn Pike. Richard received 48% of the two-party preferred vote in both elections, missing out on a win.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.vec.vic.gov.au/stateresults.html| title = State Results| publisher = Victorian Electoral Commission| year = 2007| accessdate =14 November 2007| deadurl = yes| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100203211029/http://vec.vic.gov.au/stateresults.html| archivedate = 3 February 2010| df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{
cite web | date=6 November 2006 | title= Seat of many faces, many landmarks |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/seats-to-watch/2006/11/06/1162661617891.html | work = The Age | publisher = Faifax | accessdate = 11 July 2008}}</ref> Di Natale has acted as health spokesperson for the Greens in Victoria and in 2002 spoke about the Greens' support for harm reduction policies to manage illicit drug use.<ref>{{
cite web | date=18 July 2006 | title=Greens offer heroin in rehab plan | work = The Age
| url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/greens-offer-heroin-in-rehab-plan/2006/07/17/1152988472787.html
| accessdate=11 July 2008 }}</ref>

In April 2007, Di Natale spoke out about the health implications of climate change,<ref>{{
cite web | first = Carol | last = Nader | date= 28 April 2007 | title = Health costs of global warming
| url = http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/health-costs-of-global-warming/2007/04/27/1177459981956.html
| work = The Age | accessdate=9 August 2008}}</ref> and later that year voiced concerns about terror laws in relation to the then suspect Dr. [[Mohamed Haneef]].<ref>{{
cite web | date = 4 August 2007 | title = Rally calls for terror laws to be repealed
|url= http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/rally-calls-for-terror-laws-to-be-repealed/2007/08/04/1185648198822.html
| work = Age | accessdate=11 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{
cite web | work = Sunday Times | location = Perth |url=http://www.news.com.au/national/rallies-call-for-overhaul-of-terror-laws/story-e6frfkp9-1111114109677 |title=Rallies call for terror law overhaul|date=4 August 2007|accessdate=11 July 2008}}</ref>

Di Natale was nominated as the Australian Greens' lead senate candidate for Victoria for the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]]. Greens leader Senator [[Bob Brown]] described Di Natale as the Greens' "next strongest hope" at this election.<ref>{{
cite web | first = Carol | last = Nader | date= 19 July 2010
| url =http://www.smh.com.au/federal-election/a-challenging-relationship-for-the-greens-whoever-wins-20100719-10g8o.html
| title = A challenging relationship for the Greens, whoever wins
| work = The Sydney Morning Herald | accessdate = 6 August 2010}}</ref>

At the 2010 election, Di Natale won a Senate seat representing Victoria. His term began on 1 July 2011. Upon taking up his seat in the Senate, Di Natale became the Greens' federal spokesperson for health. Di Natale's other portfolios include sport and multiculturalism.

Di Natale was elected unopposed as parliamentary leader of the Greens party room on 6 May 2015 following the resignation of [[Christine Milne]] from the position.<ref name="ABC News"/>

The Greens achieved mixed results at the [[Australian federal election, 2016|2016 Federal Election]]. The Party targeted several House of Representatives seats, but did not win any additional seats despite achieving large swings. The party also lost a senator. Di Natale argued that the Greens' election strategy had been successful, with voters now seeing them as a major party.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Middleton|first1=Karen|title=The parties' spin on the 2016 election result|url=https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/news/politics/2016/07/16/the-parties-spin-the-2016-election-result/14685912003500|accessdate=23 December 2016|work=The Saturday Paper|date=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Murphy|first1=Katharine|title=Richard Di Natale tells Greens not to air their election result grievances|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/aug/02/richard-di-natale-tells-greens-not-to-air-their-election-result-grievances|accessdate=23 December 2016|work=The Guardian|date=2 August 2016}}</ref>

==Parliamentary career==
At the [[Australian federal election, 2010|2010 federal election]], the [[Australian Greens]] achieved a shared [[Balance of power (parliament)|balance of power]] in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the sole balance of power in the [[Australian Senate|Senate]]. In the Senate, they have been in a shared balance of power position in the outcomes of the [[Australian federal election, 2007|2007 federal election]] and the [[Australian federal election, 2013|2013 federal election]].

Di Natale secured almost $5 billion towards Medicare-funded dentistry, which he described as "laying the foundations for Denticare" – the Greens' policy of universally available Medicare-funded dentistry.

Di Natale campaigned against the [[Australian Government Future Fund|Future Fund]]'s holdings in tobacco funds, a campaign that was ultimately successful with the Fund divesting the entirety of its tobacco holdings (approximately AUD $250 million) in 2012.<ref name="abc">{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-02-28/future-fund-drops-tobacco-investment/4545328|title=Future Fund drops tobacco investment |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref>

Di Natale has also helped establish Senate inquiries into a number of issues of public significance including budget cuts, medicinal cannabis, the emergence of "superbugs",<ref name="aph">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/jetacar/report/index|title=Progress in the implementation of the recommendations of the 1999 Joint Expert Technical Advisory Committee on Antibiotic Resistance – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> hospital funding,<ref name="aph2">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate_Committees?url=fapa_ctte/completed_inquiries/2010-13/public_hospital_funding/report/index.htm|title=Senate Committees – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> air pollution,<ref name="aph3">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Community_Affairs/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/airquality/report/output/index|title=Impacts on health of air quality in Australia – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> pharmaceutical transparency,<ref name="aph4">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Finance_and_Public_Administration/Completed_inquiries/2010-13/therapgoodsamendbill2013/index|title=Therapeutic Goods Amendment (Pharmaceutical Transparency) Bill 2013 – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> sports science<ref name="aph5">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Rural_and_Regional_Affairs_and_Transport/Completed_inquiries/2012-13/sportsscience/report/index|title=Practice of sports science in Australia – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> and gambling reform.<ref name="aph6">{{cite web|url=http://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/senate_committees?url=gamblingreform_ctte/completed_inquires/2010-13/gambling_sport/report/index.htm|title=Senate Committees – Parliament of Australia|publisher=aph.gov.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> Di Natale conducts ongoing campaigns for improved human rights in West Papua,<ref name="greensmps">{{cite web|url=http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/westpapua|title=West Papua | Richard Di Natale|publisher=richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au|accessdate=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125112917/http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/westpapua|archive-date=25 January 2014|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> timely access to cost-effective drugs through Australia's [[Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme]],<ref name="greensmps2">{{cite web|url=http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/search/node/pbs|title=Search | Richard Di Natale|publisher=richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au|accessdate=9 February 2014}}{{dead link|date=January 2019}}</ref> and science-based public health policies in areas such as wind farms<ref name="youtube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWH3MBM3u6I|title=YouTube – Richard Di Natale – Wind farms, health and science|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> and vaccination policy.<ref name="youtube2">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBzZirSrbWQ|title=YouTube – Senator Richard Di Natale – The Australian Vaccination Network|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref>

Di Natale was the Chair of the Senate Select Committee into the [[Abbott Government]] [[Australian federal budget, 2014|2014 federal budget]] budget cuts and Deputy Chair of the Senate Select Committee into health. He is the co-convener of the Parliamentary Friends for Drug Policy and Law Reform, the Parliamentary Friends of West Papua and the Parliamentary Friends of Medicine.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Personal life==
Di Natale, his wife and two young sons live on a working farm in the foothills of Victoria's [[Otway Ranges]].

Growing up in Melbourne, Di Natale played [[Australian rules football]] for the [[Coburg Football Club|Coburg]] and [[Oakleigh Football Club]]s in the [[Victorian Football League|Victorian Football Association]] (VFA).<ref name="aboutmps">{{cite web |url=http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/about |title=About Richard Di Natale |last1=Di Natale |first1=Richard |date=18 March 2015 |website=greensmps.org.au |publisher=The Australian Greens party |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> and is a long time [[Richmond Tigers]] fan.

==See also==
{{Portal|Australian rules football|Environment|Medicine|Victoria}}
*[[Australian federal election, 2019]]
*[[Australian federal election, 2016]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://richard-di-natale.greensmps.org.au/ Home Page]
* [https://theyvoteforyou.org.au/people/senate/victoria/richard_di_natale Summary of parliamentary voting for Senator Richard Di Natale on TheyVoteForYou.org.au]

{{S-start}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Christine Milne]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Federal Parliamentary Leader of the [[Australian Greens]]|years=2015–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{S-end}}

{{Current Senate crossbench}}
{{Australian Senators}}
{{Australian Greens}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Di Natale, Richard}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Australian Greens members of the Parliament of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian politicians of Italian descent]]
[[Category:Australian general practitioners]]
[[Category:La Trobe University alumni]]
[[Category:LGBT rights activists from Australia]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Melbourne]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate]]
[[Category:Members of the Australian Senate for Victoria]]
[[Category:Monash University alumni]]
[[Category:Coburg Football Club players]]
[[Category:Oakleigh Football Club players]]
[[Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Australian Greens]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian politicians]]
[[Category:Australian public health doctors]]

Philip Demers

2019-05-21T01:43:15Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Infobox person
| name = Philip Demers
| image = Smooshi and Phil.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1978|3|21}}
| birth_place = [[Welland]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| birth_name = Philip Demers
| networth =
| years_active = 2000–2012
| other_names =
| occupation = Marine Mammal Trainer
}}

'''Philip Demers''' (born March 21, 1978) is a Canadian professional [[marine mammal]] [[Animal training|trainer]] at [[MarineLand]] in [[Niagara Falls, Ontario]]. He is best known for his relationship with a captive [[Pacific walrus|walrus]] named Smooshi.

==Career==
Demers' animal training career began in 2000 at MarineLand where he was employed until August 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wellandtribune.ca/2012/08/15/mayor-defends-marineland-amid-allegations |title=Mayor defends Marineland |publisher= [[Welland Tribune]] |date=15 Aug 2012 |accessdate=15 Aug 2012}}</ref> In 2007, Demers became the focus of mass media attention regarding his unique relationship with a captive Pacific walrus named Smooshi.<ref name="Toronto Star">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/Life/article/180883 |title=Warm walrus love |publisher= [[Toronto Star]] |date=13 Feb 2007 |accessdate=11 Apr 2011}}</ref> Their relationship garnered the attention of such television programs as [[CBC Television|CBC]]'s ''[[The National (CBC)|The National]]'', ''[[Inside Edition]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.insideedition.com/videos/51/smooshi-the-love-struck-walrus.aspx |title=Interview: Smooshi the Love Struck Walrus|publisher=Inside Edition |date= |accessdate=14 Apr 2011}}</ref> and ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]''. Demers left his position at Marineland citing allegations of negligent treatment of the animals and unhealthy conditions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/animal-advocates-hold-protest-outside-of-marineland-1.919743 |title=Animal advocates hold protest outside of Marineland |publisher= [[CTV News]] |date=18 Aug 2012 |accessdate=18 Aug 2012}}</ref><ref name=Diebel>{{cite news |title=Marineland animals suffering, former staffers say |author=Diebel, Linda |publisher=Toronto Star |date=15 Aug 2012 |accessdate=21 Dec 2015 |url=http://m.thestar.com/#/article/news/canada/2012/08/15/marineland_animals_suffering_former_staffers_say.html}}</ref> As of fall 2015, Marineland continued to pursue legal action against Demers and other former employees who had claimed deleterious conditions at Marineland.<ref name=Demers1>{{cite news |url=http://m.huffpost.com/ca/entry/8222246 |publisher=Huffington Post |title=Bill 52 Won't Protect Past Whistleblowers Like Me |author=Demers, Philip |date=1 Oct 2015 |accessdate=21 Dec 2015}}</ref>

A news article on 10 August 2017 stated that the park had filed a total of nine lawsuits against activists, former employees and the media since 2012. None of the suits has been resolved in court. On the same date, all of the 11 charges laid by the OSPCA for animal cruelty against Marineland were dropped by the prosecutor who believed that there was no hope of convictions on eight of them. Demers expressed his disappointment: "My jaw's on the floor. It always is. I've tempered my expectations, especially when it comes to this justice system, and especially with the OSPCA. Quite frankly, I find them completely useless."<ref>http://www.niagarafallsreview.ca/2017/08/10/animal-cruelty-charges-dropped-against-marineland</ref>

Later in the day on 10 August, updated news reports added insights as to alternative proposed by the Crown Attorney: the public interest would be better served by a system of ongoing monitoring of the animals' condition at the park.<ref>{{cite news |work=Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/all-animal-cruelty-charges-dropped-against-marineland/article35934648/|title=All animal cruelty charges dropped against Marineland |first=Liam|last=Casey|date=August 10, 2017 |accessdate=August 11, 2017}}</ref>

Demers was a contestant on ''[[Wipeout Canada]]'', becoming the winner of the first episode of the Canadian edition of the show.<ref name="Niagara Falls Review">{{cite web |url=http://www.niagarafallsreview.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3058556 |title=Chippawa resident wins big at Wipeout Canada |publisher= [[Niagara Falls Review]] |date=5 April 2011 |accessdate=11 April 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Blackfish (film)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* "[http://canadalandshow.com/podcast/everyone-loves-marineland Everyone Loves Marineland]". (Interview with Jesse Brown). ''Canadaland'', ep. 113. 21 Dec 2015.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demers, Philip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Participants in Canadian reality television series]]
[[Category:People from Welland]]
[[Category:Franco-Ontarian people]]
[[Category:Whistleblowers]]

{{Canada-bio-stub}}

Philip Demers

2019-05-21T01:43:04Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Infobox person
| name = Philip Demers
| image = Smooshi and Phil.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1978|3|21}}
| birth_place = [[Welland]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| birth_name = Philip Demers
| networth =
| years_active = 2000–2012
| other_names =
| occupation = Marine Mammal Trainer
}}

'''Philip Demers''' (born March 21, 1978) is a former professional [[marine mammal]] [[Animal training|trainer]] at [[MarineLand]] in [[Niagara Falls, Ontario]]. He is best known for his relationship with a captive [[Pacific walrus|walrus]] named Smooshi.

==Career==
Demers' animal training career began in 2000 at MarineLand where he was employed until August 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wellandtribune.ca/2012/08/15/mayor-defends-marineland-amid-allegations |title=Mayor defends Marineland |publisher= [[Welland Tribune]] |date=15 Aug 2012 |accessdate=15 Aug 2012}}</ref> In 2007, Demers became the focus of mass media attention regarding his unique relationship with a captive Pacific walrus named Smooshi.<ref name="Toronto Star">{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com/Life/article/180883 |title=Warm walrus love |publisher= [[Toronto Star]] |date=13 Feb 2007 |accessdate=11 Apr 2011}}</ref> Their relationship garnered the attention of such television programs as [[CBC Television|CBC]]'s ''[[The National (CBC)|The National]]'', ''[[Inside Edition]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.insideedition.com/videos/51/smooshi-the-love-struck-walrus.aspx |title=Interview: Smooshi the Love Struck Walrus|publisher=Inside Edition |date= |accessdate=14 Apr 2011}}</ref> and ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]''. Demers left his position at Marineland citing allegations of negligent treatment of the animals and unhealthy conditions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/animal-advocates-hold-protest-outside-of-marineland-1.919743 |title=Animal advocates hold protest outside of Marineland |publisher= [[CTV News]] |date=18 Aug 2012 |accessdate=18 Aug 2012}}</ref><ref name=Diebel>{{cite news |title=Marineland animals suffering, former staffers say |author=Diebel, Linda |publisher=Toronto Star |date=15 Aug 2012 |accessdate=21 Dec 2015 |url=http://m.thestar.com/#/article/news/canada/2012/08/15/marineland_animals_suffering_former_staffers_say.html}}</ref> As of fall 2015, Marineland continued to pursue legal action against Demers and other former employees who had claimed deleterious conditions at Marineland.<ref name=Demers1>{{cite news |url=http://m.huffpost.com/ca/entry/8222246 |publisher=Huffington Post |title=Bill 52 Won't Protect Past Whistleblowers Like Me |author=Demers, Philip |date=1 Oct 2015 |accessdate=21 Dec 2015}}</ref>

A news article on 10 August 2017 stated that the park had filed a total of nine lawsuits against activists, former employees and the media since 2012. None of the suits has been resolved in court. On the same date, all of the 11 charges laid by the OSPCA for animal cruelty against Marineland were dropped by the prosecutor who believed that there was no hope of convictions on eight of them. Demers expressed his disappointment: "My jaw's on the floor. It always is. I've tempered my expectations, especially when it comes to this justice system, and especially with the OSPCA. Quite frankly, I find them completely useless."<ref>http://www.niagarafallsreview.ca/2017/08/10/animal-cruelty-charges-dropped-against-marineland</ref>

Later in the day on 10 August, updated news reports added insights as to alternative proposed by the Crown Attorney: the public interest would be better served by a system of ongoing monitoring of the animals' condition at the park.<ref>{{cite news |work=Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/all-animal-cruelty-charges-dropped-against-marineland/article35934648/|title=All animal cruelty charges dropped against Marineland |first=Liam|last=Casey|date=August 10, 2017 |accessdate=August 11, 2017}}</ref>

Demers was a contestant on ''[[Wipeout Canada]]'', becoming the winner of the first episode of the Canadian edition of the show.<ref name="Niagara Falls Review">{{cite web |url=http://www.niagarafallsreview.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=3058556 |title=Chippawa resident wins big at Wipeout Canada |publisher= [[Niagara Falls Review]] |date=5 April 2011 |accessdate=11 April 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Blackfish (film)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* "[http://canadalandshow.com/podcast/everyone-loves-marineland Everyone Loves Marineland]". (Interview with Jesse Brown). ''Canadaland'', ep. 113. 21 Dec 2015.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demers, Philip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Participants in Canadian reality television series]]
[[Category:People from Welland]]
[[Category:Franco-Ontarian people]]
[[Category:Whistleblowers]]

{{Canada-bio-stub}}

Nick Cassavetes

2019-05-21T01:18:59Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Infobox person
| name = Nick Cassavetes
| image = NickCassavetesJune09.jpg
| caption = Cassavetes in June 2009
| birthname = Nicholas David Rowland Cassavetes
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|5|21|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[New York City, New York]], U.S.
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*Actor
*director
*writer}}
| yearsactive = 1970–present
| height = 6 ft 6 in
| parents = {{ubl|[[John Cassavetes]]|[[Gena Rowlands]]}}
| partner = Christina Virzi (engaged)
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Isabelle Rafalovich|1985}} (divorced)<ref name="YahooBio">{{cite news|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800025163/bio|title=Nick Cassavetes|publisher=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Movies]]|accessdate=2009-09-19}}</ref>|[[Heather Wahlquist]]<ref name="YahooBio" />}}
}}
'''Nicholas David Rowland Cassavetes''' (born May 21, 1959)<ref name="NNDB">{{cite news|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/642/000042516/|title=Nick Cassavetes|publisher=NNDB|accessdate=2009-09-19}}</ref> is an American actor, director and writer.

==Early life and career==
Cassavetes was born in New York City,<ref>"Nick Cassavetes." Contemporary Theatre, Film and Television. Vol. 76. Gale, 2007. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 21 Mar. 2011.</ref> the son of actress [[Gena Rowlands]] and [[Greek-American]] actor and film director [[John Cassavetes]].<ref name="NNDB" /> As a child, he appeared in two of his father's films: ''[[Husbands (film)|Husbands]]'' (1970) and ''[[A Woman Under the Influence]]'' (1974). After spending so much of his youth surrounded by the film industry, Cassavetes initially decided he did not want to go into the field. He instead attended [[Syracuse University]] on a basketball scholarship. His athletic career was effectively ended by an injury, and he decided to rethink his aspirations, ultimately deciding to attend his parents' alma mater, the [[American Academy of Dramatic Arts]] in New York.<ref name="VideoDetective" />

He has appeared in the films ''[[Face/Off]]'', ''[[The Wraith]]'', ''[[Life (1999 film)|Life]]'', ''[[Class of 1999 II: The Substitute]]'', ''[[Backstreet Dreams (1990 film)|Backstreet Dreams]]'' and ''[[The Astronaut's Wife]]'', among others.<ref name = "NNDB" /> He has directed several films, including ''[[John Q]]'', ''[[Alpha Dog]]'', ''[[She's So Lovely]]'', ''[[Unhook the Stars]]'', ''[[The Notebook (2004 film)|The Notebook]]'', and ''[[My Sister's Keeper (film)|My Sister's Keeper]]''.<ref name = "NNDB" /> He also adapted the screenplay for ''[[Blow (film)|Blow]]''<ref name="VideoDetective">{{cite news|url=http://www.videodetective.com/ActorDetails.aspx?performerid=6124|title=Nick Cassavetes|publisher=VideoDetective.com|accessdate=2009-09-10}}</ref> and wrote the dialogue for the [[Justin Timberlake]] music video "[[What Goes Around... Comes Around]]".<ref name="JT.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.justintimberlake.com/videos/what_goes_around_comes_around|title=What Goes Around, Comes Around|publisher=[[Justin Timberlake|JustinTimberlake.com]]|accessdate=2009-09-19|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005203212/http://www.justintimberlake.com/videos/what_goes_around_comes_around|archivedate=2009-10-05|df=}}</ref>

Cassavetes finished in fifth place in the [[World Poker Tour]] (WPT) Invitational Season 5, attempting a bluff.<ref name="WPT">{{cite news |url=http://www.worldpokertour.com/Live_Updates/Player_Profile.aspx?pl=%7B96EC0D1E-0411-493E-9119-6B91406D6C86%7D&q=%7BB6E9BB41-C627-494E-9D12-F827BC7E0744%7D |title=Nick Cassavetes WPT Celebrity Invitational Profile |publisher=[[World Poker Tour]] |accessdate=2009-09-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402014312/http://www.worldpokertour.com/Live_Updates/Player_Profile.aspx?pl=%7B96EC0D1E-0411-493E-9119-6B91406D6C86%7D&q=%7BB6E9BB41-C627-494E-9D12-F827BC7E0744%7D |archivedate=2010-04-02 |df= }}</ref> He also appeared on season 5 of The [[Game Show Network]]'s (GSN) ''[[High Stakes Poker]]''.<ref name="GSN">{{cite news|url=http://corp.gsn.com/bios/high-stakes-poker-5-nick-casavetes|title=High Stakes Poker 5 - Nick Casavetes|publisher=[[Game Show Network|GSN Pressroom]]|accessdate=2009-09-19}}</ref>

He also has played himself in the season 7 opener of [[Entourage (U.S. TV series)|''Entourage'']] on HBO and Tattoo Joe as a cameo in ''[[The Hangover: Part II]]'', replacing [[Liam Neeson]] from the cast due to scheduling conflicts.<ref name="Marquee Blog: CNN.com Blog">{{cite news|url=http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2011/04/11/liam-neeson-cut-from-the-hangover-part-ii/?hpt=T2|title=Liam Neeson cut from 'The Hangover Part II'|publisher=[[CNN|cnn.com]]|accessdate=2011-04-11}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1985, Cassavetes married Isabelle Rafalovich.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} They had two daughters together, Virginia Sara (born 1986) and Sasha (born 1988),{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} before divorcing. He then married [[Heather Wahlquist|Heather "Queenie" Wahlquist]],<ref name="YahooBio" /> who has appeared in several of his films, including a small role in ''[[The Notebook (2004 film)|The Notebook]]'' as Sara, a secondary character and best friend to the female lead Allie Hamilton, portrayed by [[Rachel McAdams]].<ref name="DVD Commentary">{{cite video | people=Cassavetes, Nick (Director) | date=2005-02-08 | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0332280/dvd | title=The Notebook | medium=DVD | location=United States of America | publisher=New Line Home Entertainment|isbn=978-0-7806-4883-8|accessdate=2009-09-19}}</ref> Cassavetes's own mother, [[Gena Rowlands]], appears as the older, married Allie (Hamilton) Calhoun.

In April 2018, Cassavetes became engaged to his long term girlfriend, Christina Virzi. Virzi who was born in Las Vegas on Jan 25th in 1983 works as a model and hair and make-up artist.

Sasha was born with a heart defect and underwent substantial surgery; Cassavetes' film ''[[John Q.]]'' was dedicated to Sasha, and his later adaptation of ''[[My Sister's Keeper (film)|My Sister's Keeper]]'' was based in part on Sasha's medical experience.<ref>[http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/movie-dedications/28196/dedications-at-the-end-of-movies-and-what-they-mean Dedications at the end of movies, and what they mean]</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Actor===
====Film====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1970
| ''[[Husbands (film)|Husbands]]''
| Nick
| Uncredited
|
|-
| 1974
| ''[[A Woman Under the Influence]]''
| Adolf
| Uncredited
|
|-
| 1985
| ''[[Mask (film)|Mask]]''
| T.J.
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[The Wraith]]''
| Packard Walsh
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Black Moon Rising]]''
| Luis
|
|-
| 1986
| ''[[Quiet Cool]]''
| Valence
|
|-
| 1988
| ''Under the Gun''
| Tony Braxton
|
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Assault of the Killer Bimbos]]''
| Wayne-O
|
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Blind Fury]]''
| Lyle Pike
|
|-
| 1990
| ''[[Backstreet Dreams (film)|Backstreet Dreams]]''
| Mikey
|
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Delta Force 3: The Killing Game]]''
| Charlie
| [[Direct-to-DVD]]
|-
| 1992
| ''Twogether''
| Wolfgang Amadeus "John" Madler
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Sins of Desire]]''
| Barry Mitchum
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Sins of the Night]]''
| Jack Neitsche
|
|-
| 1993
| ''Broken Trust''
| Alan Brogan
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Class of 1999 II: The Substitute]]''
| Emmett Grazer
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle]]''
| [[Robert E. Sherwood|Robert Sherwood]]
|
|-
| 1996
| ''Black Rose of Harlem''
| Johnny
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Face/Off]]''
| Dietrich Hassler
|
|-
| 1997
| ''Farticus''
| Adonis Papadapadopounopoulopoulos
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Life (1999 film)|Life]]''
| Sergeant Dillard
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[The Astronaut's Wife]]''
| Capt. Alex Streck
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Blow (film)|Blow]]''
| Man in Derek's Salon
| Uncredited
|-
| 2011
| ''[[The Hangover Part II]]''
| Tattoo Joe
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Love and Skin''
| Uncle Nicky
| Short film
|}

====Television====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1980
| ''[[Reunion (1980 film)|Reunion]]''
| Steve Cowan
| TV movie
|-
| 1987
| ''[[Matlock (TV series)|Matlock]]''
| Foley
| Episode: "The Convict"
|-
| 1987
| ''[[L.A. Law]]''
| Richard Bertrand
| Episode: "Sparky Brackman R.I.P. ????-1987"
|-
| 1988
| ''[[Shooter (1988 film)|Shooter]]''
| Tex
| TV movie
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Quantum Leap]]''
| Primo La Palma
| Episode: "Double Identity - November 8, 1965"
|-
| 1990
| ''The Marshall Chronicles''
| Gus
| Episode: "Do the Write Thing"
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Entourage (U.S. TV series)|Entourage]]''
| Nick Cassavetes
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Tales (TV series)|Tales]]''
| [[Rodney King]]
| Episode: "F*ck the Police"
|}

===Director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Unhook the Stars]]''
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[She's So Lovely]]''
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[John Q.]]''
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[The Notebook (2004 film)|The Notebook]]''
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Alpha Dog]]''
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[My Sister's Keeper (film)|My Sister's Keeper]]''
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Yellow (2012 film)|Yellow]]''
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[The Other Woman (2014 film)|The Other Woman]]''
|
|-
| TBA
| ''Bruised''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|title=Cannes: Blake Lively to Star in MMA Action-Drama 'Bruised'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cannes-blake-lively-star-mma-action-drama-bruised-1003767|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref>
|
|}

===Writer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Unhook the Stars]]''
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Blow (film)|Blow]]''
|
|-
| 2003
| ''Whatever We Do''
| Short film
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Alpha Dog]]''
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Justin Timberlake|Justin Timberlake: What Goes Around ...Comes Around]]''
| Short film
|-
| 2009
| ''[[My Sister's Keeper (film)|My Sister's Keeper]]''
| Co-writer
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Yellow (2012 film)|Yellow]]''
| Co-writer
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0001024}}
*[http://www.ugo.com/ugo/html/article/?id=16448 Interview with UGO.com]

{{Nick Cassavetes|state=expanded}}
{{John Cassavetes|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cassavetes, Nick}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American people of Welsh descent]]
[[Category:American writers of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Cassavetes family|Nick]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from New York City]]
[[Category:Syracuse University alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from New York City]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:English-language film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from New York (state)]]

Paul Marciano

2019-05-21T01:17:15Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}
{{Infobox person
|image =
|children = Ella Marciano, Nicolai Marciano, Ryan Marciano, Gia Marciano
|name = Paul Marciano
|nationality = [[United States]] [[France]] [[Morocco]]
|birth_date = ca. {{bya|1952}}
|birth_place = [[Debdou]], [[Morocco]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse = Kymberly Marciano (divorced) [[Mareva Georges]]
|education =
|family = Georges Marciano (brother) Armand Marciano (brother) Maurice Marciano (brother)
|known_for = Co- founder of [[GUESS?|Guess? Inc.]]
|occupation = Fashion designer, businessman, investor, philanthropist
|awards =
}}

'''Paul Marciano''' (born ca. 1952)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schachter |first=Jim|authorlink =|title= Marciano Brothers' Time of Trial : Fashion: The four men who built Guess are a story of immigrant success. But their image has taken a severe beating amid a nasty war in the rag trade |publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=21 January 1990 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-21/business/fi-1016_1_paul-marciano |accessdate=}}</ref> is a Moroccan-born American fashion designer, businessman, investor, and philanthropist.<ref>{{harvtxt|Nawar Shora|2008|p=79}}</ref> He is the co-founder of [[Guess (clothing)|Guess? Inc]]; his black-and-white advertisements have won numerous [[Clio awards]]. Initially run by all four Marciano brothers (Paul, Armand, Maurice and Georges), today the company and its extension lines, ''[[Marciano Stores|Marciano]]'' and ''[[Guess (clothing)#Expansion|G by Guess]]'', are handled by Paul and Maurice. He is also a large benefactor to one of the larger [[Sephardic]] synagogues in [[Los Angeles]], Em Habanim.

==Early life==
Paul Marciano was born in 1952 in [[Debdou]], [[Morocco]] to a [[Moroccan Jewish|Jewish]] family and raised in [[Marseilles, France]] with his four siblings, Georges, Armand, Maurice and Jacqueline. His father, grandfather, and great-grandfather were rabbis.<ref name="one">[http://www.guessinc.com/Overview/BrothersBio/Articles/1.asp] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316033710/http://www.guessinc.com/Overview/BrothersBio/Articles/1.asp|date=16 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lovett |first=Ian |authorlink =|title= A Bigger Closet for Their Art - Maurice and Paul Marciano, of Guess Jeans, Plan a Museum |publisher=[[New York Times]]|date= 25 August 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/26/arts/design/maurice-and-paul-marciano-of-guess-jeans-plan-a-museum.html |accessdate=|quote=The four Marciano brothers were born in Algeria and Morocco but grew up in 1950s Marseilles, France, in a devoted observant Jewish family. Their father was a rabbi, as were a grandfather, and a great-grandfather. }}</ref> They lived in an apartment in a synagogue complex and from age 8–15. Paul, along with his brothers, was a member of the ''Éclaireurs israelites de France'', a Jewish boy scout group which was located in the same complex.<ref name="two">{{cite web|url=http://www.guessinc.com/Overview/BrothersBio/Articles/2.asp |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316033039/http://www.guessinc.com/Overview/BrothersBio/Articles/2.asp | title=The Dreamer | publisher=guessinc.com | page=2 | archivedate=16 March 2006 | accessdate=19 June 2018 }}</ref> At 15, he and a friend were involved in a motorcycle accident when they collided with an oncoming car.<ref name="three">{{cite web|url=http://www.guessinc.com/Overview/BrothersBio/Articles/3.asp |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316033714/http://www.guessinc.com/Overview/BrothersBio/Articles/3.asp | publisher=guessinc.com | archivedate=16 March 2006 | title=The Dreamer | page=3 | accessdate=19 June 2018 }}</ref> After being told he would never walk again, he spent seven months in a wheelchair.<ref name="three"/> He eventually regained full use of his limbs after a year and a half, but was not re-accepted into school due to his prolonged absence. Unable to finish his education, he traveled to [[Israel]] to live in a [[kibbutz]].<ref name="three"/>

==Career==

===MGA===
Marciano worked in his family's clothing company, MGA (which stood for Maurice Georges Armand), with shops in [[French Riviera]]. The Marciano brothers, Paul, Georges, Armand and Maurice, visited Southern California during an extended leave in 1977, and developed an appreciation for the area. After political changes in France in 1981 and the rise to power of socialist [[François Mitterrand]], the Marcianos closed MGA and moved to the United States. They also ran an MGA on Little Santa Monica in Beverly Hills in the early '80s. The brothers soon started the world-famous clothing company Guess.<ref>[http://www.guessinc.com/InPress/russian_article_03-06/0306_en.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060411042047/http://www.guessinc.com/InPress/russian_article_03-06/0306_en.html|date=11 April 2006}}</ref>

===Guess? Inc.===
{{main article|Guess? Inc.}}

In 1981, the Marciano brothers founded [[Guess (clothing)|Guess Jeans]]. In 1983, they sold a 50% stake in Guess Jeans<ref name=JewishBusinessEmpire>[http://jewishbusinessnews.com/2013/02/20/the-nakash-bros-small-clothes-shop-transformed-into-2-billion-empire/ "The Nakash Bros. – small clothes shop transformed into $2 billion empire" By Yehudit Haspel Ben-Dak], [[Jewish Business News]], 20 February 2013</ref> to the Nakash Brothers ([[Joseph Nakash|Joseph "Joe" Nakash]], Abraham "Avi" Nakash, and Raphael "Ralph" Nakash) of New York.<ref name=JewishBusinessEmpire /> The joint venture soured<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/01/business/when-the-honeymoon-ended.html?n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fB%2fBelkin%2c%20Lisa New York Times: "WHEN THE HONEYMOON ENDED" by LISA BELKIN] 1 May 1986</ref> and in 1989, a California superior court jury found that the Nakashes had fraudulently lured the Marcianos into the transaction.<ref name=BusinessweekWhatever>[http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-07-26/whatever-happened-to-jordache BusinessWeek: "Whatever Happened to Jordache?" By Matthew Boyle and Lauren Coleman-Lochner] 26 July 2012</ref> In 1990, the Nakash brothers settled for $66 million of $106 million escrowed profits and the ownership of the brand name "Gasoline" while the Marciano brothers received the brand "Diesel."<ref name=JewishBusinessEmpire /><ref>[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/jordache-enterprises-inc-history/ Funding Universe; "Jordache Enterprises, Inc. History"] retrieved 12 January 2013</ref> Paul Marciano first handled advertising and public relations and later became president and chief operating officer of the company in 1993.<ref>Alison Leigh Cowan (4 August 1993), [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/04/business/the-media-business-guess-jeans-chief-to-quit-sell-off-stake.html Guess? Jeans Chief to Quit, Sell Off Stake] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> In 2004, Paul and Maurice Marciano together owned close to 70 percent of the 44 million shares.<ref>Tracie Rozhon (25 September 2004), [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/25/business/25guess.html Guess Tries to Regain Its Fabulousness] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

In August 2015, Paul Marciano stepped down as the CEO of Guess. He became Executive Chairman and remained Guess' chief creative officer.<ref name="Forbes">{{cite web|last1=Brown|first1=Abram|title=Paul Marciano To Step Down As Guess CEO In August, Names Successor|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/abrambrown/2015/07/14/paul-marciano-to-step-down-as-guess-ceo-in-august-names-successor/#acb465e3d1a2|website=Forbes|accessdate=18 April 2016}}</ref>

=== Other business activities ===
Along with his brother Maurice, Paul Marciano joined forces in 2013 with [[Steve Tisch]] and [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] in backing Hero Ventures, a Los Angeles entertainment start-up.<ref>Brooks Barnes (22 August 2013), [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/22/business/media/marvel-superheros-to-start-touring-next-year.html Marvel Superheros to Start Touring Next Year] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
In 2013, the [[Maurice and Paul Marciano Art Foundation]] paid $8 million to buy the former [[Scottish Rite|Scottish Rite Masonic Temple]] on [[Wilshire Boulevard]],<ref>Roger Vincent (24 July 2013), [http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-property-report-20130725,0,845153.story Bluejeans moguls to turn Masonic lodge in L.A. into a private museum] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.</ref> which the two brothers plan to turn into a private museum designed by architect [[Kulapat Yantrasast]].<ref>Jori Finkel (16 September 2014), [http://theartnewspaper.com/articles/Fourth-times-a-charm/35655 Fourth time’s a charm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009235018/http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/Fourth-times-a-charm/35655 |date=9 October 2014 }} ''[[The Art Newspaper]]''.</ref> With 90,000 square feet over four floors, it is almost as large as the [[Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles]]<ref>Ian Lovett (25 August 2013), [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/26/arts/design/maurice-and-paul-marciano-of-guess-jeans-plan-a-museum.html A Bigger Closet for Their Art: Maurice and Paul Marciano, of Guess Jeans, Plan a Museum] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref> and intended to house the Marcianos' 1,000-piece collection.<ref name="latimes.com">Christopher Knight (12 September 2014), [http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/preview/la-et-cm-ca-knight-fall-preview-art-20140915-column.html Los Angeles' art world is bigger and wider] ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.</ref> In order to avoid any conflicts of interest with Maurice Marciano's subsequent co-chairmanship of MOCA, the project was temporarily put on hold.<ref name="latimes.com"/>

In 2014, Paul and his brother Maurice donated $5.2 million to the [[Friends of the Israel Defense Forces]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hollywood gala raises a record $33 million for IDF|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/hollywood-gala-raises-a-record-33-million-for-idf/|accessdate=17 November 2014|work=TIMES OF ISRAEL|date=8 November 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Marciano has been married twice. His first wife was model and photographer Kymberly Marciano; they had two children Nicolai (born 1995) and Ella (born 1996) before divorcing.<ref>{{Cite web|last = |first = |authorlink = |title = Get to Know Mini Maven’s Kymberly Marciano |publisher = Junior Style magazine|date = 14 June 2016 |url = https://juniorstyle.net/mini-mavens-kymberly-marciano/ |accessdate = }}</ref> In 2016, he married French model, [[Mareva Georges]], [[Miss Tahiti]] 1990 and [[Miss France]] 1991, in Bora Bora.<ref>{{Cite web|last = |first = |authorlink = |title = Le mariage de Mareva Georges et Paul Marciano en images |publisher = TNTV|date = 15 November 2016|language = French |url = https://www.tntv.pf/Le-mariage-de-Mareva-Georges-et-Paul-Marciano-en-images_a15317.html |accessdate = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|authorlink= |title=Mareva Georges et Paul Marciano vont se marier à Bora Bora|language=French |publisher=Franceinfo|date=25 October 2016 |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/polynesie/mareva-georges-paul-marciano-vont-se-marier-bora-bora-410013.html |accessdate=}}</ref> They have two children, Ryan (born 2005) and Gia (born 2012)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Plichart |first=Cybèle |authorlink =|title=Mareva Georges, ambassadrice de la Polynésie française |publisher=Franceinfo|language=French|date=28 August 2015 |url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/polynesie/tahiti/mareva-georges-ambassadrice-de-la-polynesie-francaise-282701.html |accessdate=}}</ref> and live in [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=Embrasse>{{Cite web|last = |first = |authorlink = |title = "Embrasse-moi si tu m'aimes" : Mareva Georges prend la défense des vahine |publisher = Tahiti Info|date = 26 January 2016|language = French |url = https://www.tahiti-infos.com/Embrasse-moi-si-tu-m-aimes-Mareva-Georges-prend-la-defense-des-vahine_a143589.html |accessdate = }}</ref> Georges works as an advocate for the protection of children and women from abuse.<ref name=Embrasse />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[https://paulmarciano.co/ Paul Marciano] official website
*[https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/designers/paul-marciano/ Paul Marciano] at the [[Fashion Model Directory]]
*[http://marcianoartfoundation.org Marciano Art Foundation Official Website]
*[https://marcianoartfoundation.co/paul-marciano/ Marciano Art Foundation Fan Website]
*[https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Paul_marciano/ Wikiquote: Paul Marciano]

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Shora|first=Nawar|title=Arab-American Handbook |year=2008|publisher=Cune Press|location=Seattle|isbn=978-188-594-214-2|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marciano, Paul}}
[[Category:American fashion businesspeople]]
[[Category:American fashion designers]]
[[Category:American company founders]]
[[Category:American retail chief executives]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American investors]]
[[Category:American people of French-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American people of Moroccan-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American Sephardic Jews]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles]]
[[Category:California people in fashion]]
[[Category:French emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:French fashion designers]]
[[Category:French investors]]
[[Category:French Jews]]
[[Category:French people of Moroccan-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Jewish American philanthropists]]
[[Category:Jewish fashion designers]]
[[Category:People from Beverly Hills, California]]
[[Category:People from Debdou]]
[[Category:Museum founders]]
[[Category:Philanthropists from California]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century French businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]

Paul Bilzerian

2019-05-21T01:05:14Z

141.138.51.145: implied

'''Paul Alec Bilzerian''' ({{lang-hy|Փօլ Պիլզերեան}}, born 1950) is an Armenian-American businessman and corporate [[takeover]] specialist.<ref name="ChicagoTribune19890115">{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-01-15/business/8902250432_1_bilzerian-first-singer-acquisition-paul-bilzerian|first=Ted|last=Reed|title=Bilzerian Court Fight May Be A Long One|work=Chicago Tribune|date=1989-01-15|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref><ref name="SPTimes19950924">{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/tampabay/access/21324163.html?dids=21324163:21324163&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+24%252C+1995&author=&pub=St.+Petersburg+Times&desc=WHO+IN+THE+WORLD+LIVES+THERE%253F+Series%253A+WHO+IN+THE+WORLD+LIVES+THERE%253F&pqatl=google|title=Who in the world lives there?|work=St. Petersburg Times|date=1995-09-24|accessdate=2013-01-06}}</ref> Convicted of failing to make complete and timely disclosures on Schedule 13(d) filings related to unsuccessful takeover attempts of Cluett, Peabody and Company and Hammermill Paper Company in the 1980s, Bilzerian served a 13-month prison sentence and was also ordered to disgorge his profits, leading him to bankruptcy and a 30-year legal battle with the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]].<ref name="SPTimes20050904"/> Bilzerian has spent the past 31 years maintaining that he is factually and legally innocent. In 2019, he renounced his American citizenship in protest of what he claims has been "a long and disappointing experience in the federal judicial system that has been consistently unjust and shown little regard for the law or the truth.".<ref>Paul Bilzerian, St. Kitts interview, January 31, 2019</ref>

==Career==
One of Bilzerian's first business deals was an investment in the 1970s in a Tampa Bay-area radio station, [[WPLP]], which he made with two Army colleagues from the Vietnam War who had experience in the broadcasting industry.<ref name="NYT19870524"/> However, a dispute over control, Bilzerian left in the late 1970s to join his father-in-law in the real estate business. After Bilzerian left the station its performance deteriorated which led to its bankruptcy and a lawsuit by Bilzerian against his former partners.<ref name="ChicagoTribune19890115"/> Bilzerian's real estate investments were highly successful and led to the beginning of his fortune.<ref name="LATimes19871030">{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1987-10-30/business/fi-11686_1_anti-takeover-laws|first=Denise|last=Gellene|title=Bilzerian Group May Try Takeover of Singer|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1987-10-30|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> In 1984, he moved to [[Sacramento, California]] where his father-in-law and another business associate lived. {{clarify |date=May 2017|reason= incomplete sentence}}

===Failed corporate takeovers===
While living in Sacramento, in 1985 Bilzerian embarked on his first two high-profile takeover attempts, one of New York clothing manufacturer [[Cluett Peabody & Company]], and the other of Pittsburgh construction company H. H. Robertson. After Bilzerian purchased a large stake and raised his bid for the remaining 76% of Cluett Peabody in October,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SB&p_theme=sb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB044A8E87DF427&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Bilzerian ups offer for Cluett|work=The Sacramento Bee|date=1985-10-16|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> Cluett Peabody's board of directors adopted [[shareholder rights plan|poison pill]] provisions, earning them public criticism from Bilzerian.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SB&p_theme=sb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB044ADD4A95A98&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Bilzerian scores Cluett action as 'self-serving'|work=The Sacramento Bee|date=1985-10-24|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> Cluett Peabody eventually accepted a competing merger offer by WestPoint Pepperell (now [[WestPoint Home]]) for $41 per share (in cash or equivalent value of WestPoint Pepperell common stock); Bilzerian and his fellow investors agreed separately to sell their stake to WestPoint Pepperell for $40 per share plus reimbursement of $7.5 million in expenses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u_pfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ec8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=5109,899454|title=Acquisition may mean diversification|work=The Robesonian|date=1985-11-06|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref>

Bilzerian moved back to Florida in 1986.<ref name="ChicagoTribune19890115"/> That July he and fellow investors William and [[Earle I. Mack]] (sons of New Jersey real estate developer [[H. Bert Mack]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/25/business/hammerhill-gets-bid-of-722-million.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%222%22%3A%22RI%3A17%22%7D|first=John|last=Crudele|authorlink=John Crudele|title=Hammerhill Gets Bid of $722 Million|work=The New York Times|date=July 25, 1986|accessdate=2018-02-11}}</ref> launched a takeover bid against the [[Hammermill Paper Company]], purchasing about 3.3 million Hammermill shares at an average price of roughly $47 per share, and then offering $900 million ($52 per share) to purchase the remainder of the company. Bilzerian's offer was ultimately rejected when Hammermill sold out to [[International Paper]] instead at $64.50 per share, but Bilzerian and his fellow investors still made a profit of more than $60 million from the deal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rndIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=a2ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3775,3430807|first=James|last=Greiff|title=Hammermill finds its 'white knight'|work=St. Petersburg Times|date=1986-08-12|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref>

===Singer Corporation===
In 1987, Bilzerian began what would ultimately be a successful takeover of the [[Singer Corporation]], a defense electronics manufacturer. In October 1987, it came to light through SEC-mandated disclosures that a group of investors led by Bilzerian had purchased 2.1 million Singer shares in the preceding two months. Singer seemed an unlikely target for a takeover: early reports cast doubt on the idea that the government would permit a hostile takeover of a defense contractor, and the company had already moved its headquarters from Connecticut to takeover-hostile New Jersey in an attempt to fend off a previous takeover by [[T. Boone Pickens]].<ref name="LATimes19871030"/> In January 1988, Pickens provided $150 million in additional financing which helped Bilzerian acquire Singer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/07/business/company-news-bilzerian-s-singer-bid-aided-by-pickens-loan.html|first=Robert J.|last=Cole|title=Bilzerian's Singer Bid Aided by Pickens Loan|work=The New York Times|date=1988-01-07|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref>

Bilzerian's unexpected success was attributable to several factors. Singer chairman Joseph B. Flavin had died in early October, leaving the company without strong leadership to fight off the takeover attempt. The [[Black Monday (1987)|Black Monday]] crash less than two weeks later spooked competing investors.<ref name="NYT19880824">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/24/business/how-bilzerian-scored-at-singer.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|first=Alison Leigh|last=Cowan|title=How Bilzerian Scored at Singer|work=The New York Times|date=1988-08-24|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> Finally, the [[Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987]] included provisions to disallow sales of assets in certain acquired businesses to be treated as [[capital gains tax in the United States|capital gains]] for tax purposes, making future takeover bids less attractive; however, takeover bids like Bilzerian's which were already outstanding on the date of the Act's passage were exempted from this tax increase.<ref name="NYT19880824"/>

==Stock parking case==
In 1986, the government stumbled onto an insider trading scheme whereby a Drexel Burnham investment banker named Dennis Levine was exchanging inside information for suitcases of cash from Ivan Boesky.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Payback: The Conspiracy to Destroy Michael Milkin and His Financial Revolution|last=Fischel|first=Daniel|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1995|isbn=0-88730-757-4|location=New York|pages=42}}</ref> This led to an indictment of Boyd Jefferies, the well known owner and Chairman of Jefferies & Company.<ref>Payback at 81-82.</ref> Jefferies cut a sweetheart deal to testify against three innocent high-profile men in the corporate and investment banking community, including Bilzerian.<ref>Payback at 94-97; 299-305.</ref> The SEC then went after Bilzerian with a vengeance and ultimately focused its investigation on whether he had failed to timely make two Schedule 13(d) filings and whether he was required to disclose investors in his partnerships.<ref name="Payback at 94-97">Payback at 94-97.</ref> In May 1988, the SEC began a probe against [[Edward J. DeBartolo, Sr.]] to determine whether DeBartolo had illegally aided Bilzerian's hostile takeover attempts through "stock parking", in which one party purchases shares in coordination with another in order to keep legal ownership separated and avoid either party's holdings exceeding disclosure thresholds.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-05-14/business/fi-2835_1_debartolo-corp|title=SEC Probe Checks Possible DeBartolo, Bilzerian Ties|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1988-05-14|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> Then, in December 1988 [[Rudy Giuliani]] announced that Bilzerian had been indicted in Manhattan by a federal grand jury for Schedule 13(d) disclosure violations with respect to Cluett Peabody and Hammermill Paper Company<ref name="Payback at 94-97"/> and general conspiracy claims regarding failed takeovers of H. H. Robinson and Armco.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1988-12-22/news/mn-1012_1_corporate-raider|first=Paul|last=Richter|title=Corporate Raider Bilzerian Charged With Stock Fraud|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1988-12-22|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> Bilzerian was the first person ever to be indicted for 13d disclosure violations as the hundreds of previous cases were civil and resolved with consent decrees and without fines or penalties.

In January 1989, Bilzerian pleaded not guilty to the charges amidst growing public controversy and demanded a speedy trial to clear his name. There were, broadly speaking, two different camps of opinion on Bilzerian's actions. Much of the public had a negative view of corporate takeovers in general and saw Bilzerian's activities as "greenmail", profiting by deceiving companies into believing they faced a hostile takeover attempt and scaring them into buying their stock from him at a high price. In Bilzerian's case he never sought greenmail and always offered all other shareholders all cash for their shares at prices substantially above the market. Many saw Bilzerian as guilty of nothing but making a profit in genuine-but-failed takeover attempts which benefited all investors.<ref name="ChicagoTribune19890115"/> In an article in [[New York (magazine)|''New York'' magazine]], Christopher Byron questioned the entire basis of the case against Bilzerian, describing it as fueled by "Puritan envy". He further stated that the Department of Justice's primary motivation for the case was not the prosecution of wrongdoing but rather the need to justify its earlier unpopular [[plea bargain]] with Boyd Jeffries of [[Jefferies & Company]], which would see Jefferies avoid any jail time at all in exchange for the opportunity to "drag some headline-sized names through the mud".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zucCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25|first=Christopher|last=Byron|title=Trials of a bungling raider|work=New York|date=1989-06-12|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> Daniel Fischel, Dean of the University of Chicago Law School, wrote Payback a treatise on the takeover era in the 1980s in which he argued Bilzerian was an innocent victim of an overzealous prosecutor, Rudy Gulliani, and never should have been indicted as he was viewed as a hero to the shareholders of Cluett Peabody and Hammermill Paper Company.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Payback: The Conspiracy to Destroy Michael Milkin and His Financial Revolution|last=Fischel|first=Daniel|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1995|isbn=0-88730-757-4|location=New York|pages=93–97, 304}}</ref>

After two days of deliberations in June, the jury found Bilzerian guilty on nine counts including conspiracy, making false statements, and securities law violations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.philly.com/1989-06-10/business/26105939_1_bilzerian-securities-and-tax-arthur-f-mathews|title=Bilzerian Guilty On 9 Counts In Securities Case|work=Philadelphia Inquirer|date=1989-06-10|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> In September, Judge [[Robert Joseph Ward]] sentenced Bilzerian to four years in prison and a fine of $1.5 million because he "now must pay the price" for testifying in his own defense. Judge Ward had told Bilzerian before trial that if he lost and did not testify he would receive no jail time, but if he lost and testified he would pay the price. Bilzerian was permitted to remain free pending appeal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-09-28/business/fi-432_1_4-year-prison-term|first=Scot J.|last=Paltrow|title=Bilzerian Gets $1.5-Million Fine, 4-Year Prison Term|work=Los Angeles Times|date=1989-09-28|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> Bilzerian's appeal came before the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]], which in January 1991 ruled against him in a split decision, finding no merit in his argument that his trial had been unfair.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1991/Appeals-Court-Upholds-Conviction-of-Corporate-Raider-Paul-Bilzerian/id-67aea6bf5d34bc47496c3189e377d2b0|first=Vera|last=Haller|title=Appeals Court Upholds Conviction of Corporate Raider Paul Bilzerian|work=Associated Press|date=1991-01-04|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> He started to serve his sentence in December 1991 at the now-closed [[Federal Prison Camp, Eglin]] at [[Eglin Air Force Base, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|first=John|last=Craddock|title=A resigned Bilzerian prepares for prison|work=St. Petersburg Times|date=1991-11-02}}</ref> Bilzerian was released from prison in December 1992 to serve out his sentence under [[house arrest]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=76RhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tH0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6834,3280912|title=Raider must stay in home|work=The Prescott Courier|date=1993-01-17|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> Bilzerian has maintained that the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit should have reversed and vacated his conviction based on two subsequent unanimous United States Supreme Court decisions that mandated his conviction be reversed.<ref>https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/515/506/case.pdf; https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/92-5129.ZO.html</ref> Instead, the Court of Appeals simply ignored the Supreme Court decisions and let his conviction stand. After Bilzerian's release from prison, he became president of Utah-based software company Cimetrix.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/31599/Business/No_time_to_rest_for_P.html|first=Robert|last=Trigaux|title=No time to rest for Paul Bilzerian|work=St. Petersburg Times|date=1999-03-15|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> In 2002, the government confiscated Bilzerian's ownership in Cimetrix and drove the company from several years of high sales growth and profitability to the verge of bankruptcy. Bilzerian has always maintained that the government lawyers are seldom concerned about the shareholders but rather in making a name for themselves by prosecuting high profile and often innocent businessmen.

==Civil suit and bankruptcy==
After Bilzerian was convicted, the SEC filed a civil suit against Bilzerian based on identical charges in order to force him to [[disgorgement (law)|disgorge]] the profits from the takeover attempts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1989/SEC-Plans-To-File-Civil-Suit-Against-Bilzerian/id-193d6d804dac3ca568947f20eb57693a|title=SEC Plans To File Civil Suit Against Bilzerian|work=Associated Press|date=1989-04-18|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> Bilzerian claimed that this was double jeopardy as he had already been punished once for exactly the same conduct. In 1993, a federal judge ruled in favor of the SEC and ordered Bilzerian to disgorge $33.1 million of profits, plus interest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/1993_1109088/ex-corporate-raider-must-pay-restitution.html|title=Ex-corporate raider must pay restitution|work=Houston Chronicle|date=1993-02-02|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> The total amount to be disgorged was thus $62 million. In January 1994, Bilzerian also filed an appeal against the civil judgment in the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia|Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WO&p_theme=wo&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADEE5A158CDE36&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM|title=Bilzerian appeals order to pay $62 million|work=Associated Press|date=1994-01-14|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> However, the court rejected his civil appeal as well.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/61991005.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+23%2C+1994&author=(AP)&pub=Boston+Globe+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Bilzerian+loses+case&pqatl=google|title=Bilzerian loses case|work=Boston Globe|date=1994-07-23|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref>

Due to the size of the disgorgement judgment against him, Bilzerian first filed for bankruptcy in 1991. Bilzerian emerged from that bankruptcy having disgorged all his non-exempt assets in settlement of debts that mostly consisted of claims by the government.<ref name="SPTimes2001015">{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/010501/Business/Ex_corporate_raider_f.shtml|first=Scott|last=Barancik|title=Ex-corporate raider files for bankruptcy|work=St. Petersburg Times|date=2001-01-05|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> In 1999 he tried to put his house up for sale in the prestigious [[Avila, Tampa|Avila]] neighborhood of [[Tampa Bay, Florida|Tampa]], [[Florida]], and at one point even [[Mike Tyson]] was reportedly interested in buying.<ref name="Paul Bilzerian builds house in Avila">{{cite web |url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/business/markets/years-after-62-million-judgment-paul-bilzerian-is-alive-and-well-on/2198173 |title=Years after $62 million judgment, Paul Bilzerian is alive and well on Caribbean island |work=TampaBay.com |first=Robert|last=Trigaux|date=September 17, 2014|accessdate=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/21999/Alive/From_one_big_house_to.html|first=Bill|last=Duryea|title=From one big house to another|work=St. Petersburg Times|date=1999-02-19|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> After the SEC continued its pursuit of Bilzerian and the judge issued an order appointing a receiver over his assets and then issued another order that he be arrested for civil contempt, Bilzerian filed for bankruptcy again in January 2001, declaring his non-exempt assets of $15,805 against $140 million in debts, most of which was for the government's disgorgement judgment. Under [[Florida Bankruptcy Law]], the value of his primary residence was protected from creditors. The SEC alleged that Bilzerian was using bankruptcy as a tactic to block creditors from finding out the true value of his assets, and Bilzerian argued that was a total fabrication as the bankruptcy laws require full disclosure and a trustee to take possession of his assets.<ref name="SPTimes2001015"/> Bilzerian argued the real reason the SEC opposed his bankruptcy was so that the SEC Receiver could control all his assets through an extremely cooperative federal judge in Washington who allowed the SEC to go after Bilzerian's wife and children in complete disregard for an earlier bankruptcy court judgment.

On June 11, 2001, while Bilzerian was in prison, FBI agents raided his family's residence on the strength of a sealed warrant and seized computers, files, and a [[Beretta]] firearm. The raid appeared to be related to SEC contentions that Bilzerian had concealed his ownership of assets during bankruptcy proceedings by transferring them to trusts and shell corporations, which Bilzerian claimed was a total fabrication.<ref name="SPTimes20010622">{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/062201/Business/FBI_agents_raid_Bilze.shtml|first=Scott|last=Barancik|title=FBI agents raid Bilzerian home|work=St. Petersburg Times|date=2001-06-22|accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref> Bilzerian unsuccessfully sued the FBI agent for filing a sworn affidavit that contained mostly false statements but a federal judge dismissed the case. Bilzerian was released from prison in January 2002 pursuant to an agreement under which his wife, Terri Steffen would sell the residence and split the proceeds with the SEC, and transfer most of her wealth to the SEC. Bilzerian was critical of the deal, describing it as the SEC using him "as a hostage to extort money" from his wife.<ref name="SPTimes20020205">{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2002/02/05/TampaBay/Truce.shtml|title=Truce|last=Barancik|first=Scott|date=2002-02-05|work=St. Petersburg Times|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> In May 2004, Steffen sold her residence for $2.55 million to a partnership controlled by a Belgian businessman; SEC attorneys approved the unusually low price.<ref name="SPTimes20050904"/> According to court documents filed in 2006, Steffen's parents purchased a 99% interest in that partnership three weeks later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2006/04/14/Hillsborough/Bilzerian_mansion_sta.shtml|first=Bill|last=Coats|title=Bilzerian mansion stays in family|work=Tampa Bay Times|date=2006-04-14|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref>

==Education and family==
Bilzerian was born in [[Miami, Florida]], but grew up in [[Worcester, Massachusetts]]. He is an [[Armenian American]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Paul Bilzerian - Dan Bilzerian's (MY) father|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8u-DNUxaYWU|publisher=Dan Bilzerian on YouTube|language=hy|date=27 April 2014}}</ref> His father, a civil servant, and his mother later divorced, leading to troubled teenage years for Bilzerian; he would later describe himself as a "juvenile delinquent".<ref name="ChicagoTribune19890115"/> Called into the principal's office of his high school one day in 1968 for violating the [[dress code]] by wearing blue jeans, Bilzerian impulsively responded by dropping out of school.<ref name="NYT19870524"/> However, after serving in the [[Vietnam War]] and earning a [[Vietnamese Gallantry Cross]], [[Bronze Star Medal]], and [[Army Commendation Medal]],<ref name="SPTimes20050904">{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2005/09/04/Hillsborough/Tampa_mansion_at_cent.shtml|first=Jeff|last=Testerman|title=Tampa mansion at center of sprawling tax dispute|work=St. Petersburg Times|date=2005-09-04|accessdate=2012-11-09}}</ref> he went to college and earned a Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Political Science and graduated With Distinction from [[Stanford University]] in 1975.<ref name="ChicagoTribune19890115"/> Bilzerian entered [[Harvard Business School]] that same year. He was unsure about his choice to attend, having passed on offers of admissions to several law schools in order to enroll at HBS.<ref name="NYT19870524">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/24/business/corporate-raider-paul-bilzerian-a-scrappy-takeover-artist-rises-to-the-top.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|first=Alison Leigh|last=Cowan|title=Corporate Raider: Paul Bilzerian; a scrappy takeover artist rises to the top|work=The New York Times|date=1987-05-24|accessdate=2012-11-10}}</ref> After his graduation, Bilzerian married Stanford classmate Terri Steffen in 1978, and moved with her to [[St. Petersburg, Florida]].<ref name="ChicagoTribune19890115"/>

Bilzerian has two sons, [[Adam Bilzerian|Adam]] and [[Dan Bilzerian]]. Adam attended [[Gaither High School]], where he represented his school in tennis.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sptimes.com/News/042101/news_pf/Sports/Boys_tennis_roundup.shtml|title=Boys tennis roundup|work=St. Petersburg Times|date=2001-04-21|accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref> Angered by the government's treatment of his father, Adam abandoned his dream of becoming an [[Special Forces (United States Army)|Army Green Beret]].<ref name="SPTimes20010622"/> After graduating from [[Vanderbilt University]], he moved to [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] in 2007 and became a citizen there, [[relinquishment of United States nationality|relinquishing his U.S. citizenship]] in the process.<ref name="SPTimes20010622"/><ref name="Reuters20120212">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/12/us-passport-idUSTRE81B05A20120212|first=Atossa|last=Abrahamian|title=Special Report: Passports ... for a price|work=Reuters|date=2012-02-12|accessdate=2012-11-08}}</ref> Both Adam and Dan went on to careers as professional poker players; [[Norman Chad]] nicknamed them the "Flying Bilzerian Brothers" for their performance in the [[2009 World Series of Poker]].<ref name="PokerPlayer201004">{{cite news|url=http://www.pokerplayer.co.uk/news/features/10327/laak_and_esfandiari_shoot_guns.html|first=Michael|last=Kaplan|title=Laak and Esfandiari shoot guns|work=Poker Player Magazine|date=April 2010|accessdate=2012-11-08|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828153547/http://www.pokerplayer.co.uk/news/features/10327/laak_and_esfandiari_shoot_guns.html|archivedate=2012-08-28|df=}}</ref> Adam also wrote a book about his experiences, which the [[Midwest Book Review]]'s ''Small Press Bookwatch'' reviewed favorably as "a well-versed list of grievances with the powers that be in America, making for an intriguing read through and through".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-256604514.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611120118/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-256604514.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2014-06-11|title=The Biography Shelf|work=Small Press Bookwatch|date=October 2010|accessdate=2012-11-08|postscript=none}}. Cites {{cite book|first=Adam|last=Bilzerian|title=America: love it or leave it — so I left|publisher=Libertad Publications|year=2010|isbn=9780615360645|postscript=none}}.</ref> Dan has gone on to became an international celebrity with 40 million followers on social media, and is the Chairman of Ignite International, a Cannabis company traded on the Canadian Stock Exchange.

In June 2014, a [[Bloomberg News]] report incorrectly stated that Paul Bilzerian had become one of the licensed service providers who processed applications for the same Saint Kitts and Nevis [[citizenship-by-investment]] program which his son had used. The report also stated that Bilzerian had gone on to process a citizenship-by-investment application for [[Bitcoin]] investor [[Roger Ver]], and that the two men had co-launched a website through which customers could use Bitcoins to pay for the fees and the real estate purchase in the citizenship-by-investment program.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-06-15/-bitcoin-jesus-calls-rich-to-tax-free-tropical-paradise.html|first=Jason|last=Clenfield|first2=Pavel|last2=Alpeyev|title='Bitcoin Jesus' Calls Rich to Tax-Free Tropical Paradise|work=Bloomberg News|date=2014-06-15|accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref> The government of [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] responded in a statement the following week that Bitcoin was not an acceptable payment method for participation in the program.<ref>{{cite news|title=Warning!|url=http://www.ciu.gov.kn/?q=node/267|publisher=Saint Kitts and Nevis Citizenship by Investment Unit|date=2014-06-24|accessdate=2014-07-10}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilzerian, Paul}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American financiers]]
[[Category:Corporate raiders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Miami]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:Criminals from California]]
[[Category:People convicted of making false statements]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]

Stephen Paddock

2019-05-21T01:01:53Z

141.138.51.145: /* Early years and education */

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2017}}

{{Infobox criminal
| image = Stephen Craig Paddock.jpg
| caption = Paddock's photo from his girlfriend's [[Facebook]] page
| birth_name = Stephen Craig Paddock
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1953|04|09}}
| birth_place = [[Clinton, Iowa|Clinton]], [[Iowa]], U.S.
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|10|01|1953|04|09}}
| death_place = [[Paradise, Nevada|Paradise]], [[Nevada]], U.S.
| death_cause = [[Suicide]] by self-inflicted gunshot
| occupation = Accountant, real estate investor
| known_for = Perpetrator of the [[2017 Las Vegas shooting]]
| parents = [[Benjamin Hoskins Paddock|Benjamin Paddock]]
| date = October 1, 2017
| time = {{abbr|≈|approximately}} 10:05{{snd}}10:15{{nbsp}}p.m.
| targets = [[Route 91 Harvest]] music festival audience
| locations = [[Las Vegas Strip]], [[Paradise, Nevada|Paradise]], Nevada, U.S.
| fatalities = 59 (including himself)
| injuries = 851{{r|LVS}}
}}

'''Stephen Craig Paddock''' (April 9, 1953{{snd}}October 1, 2017)<ref name="Maglio">
{{cite news |last=Maglio |first=Tony |url=http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/the-wrap/article/Stephen-Paddock-What-We-Know-About-Las-Vegas-12246204.php |title=Stephen Paddock: What we know about Las Vegas mass shooter |work=[[TheWrap]] |date=October 2, 2017 |accessdate=October 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002192802/http://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/the-wrap/article/Stephen-Paddock-What-We-Know-About-Las-Vegas-12246204.php |archive-date=October 2, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> was an American [[mass murder]]er responsible for the [[2017 Las Vegas shooting]],<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/452097/las-vegas-shooting-stephen-paddock-legally-terrorist |title=Is the Las Vegas Mass-Murderer a Terrorist? |work=[[National Review]] |date=October 2, 2017 |accessdate=October 5, 2017 |first=Andrew C. |last=McCarthy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004221805/http://www.nationalreview.com/article/452097/las-vegas-shooting-stephen-paddock-legally-terrorist |archive-date=October 4, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=https://www.qt.com.au/news/man-who-pulled-trigger-who-was-stephen-paddock/3230314/ |title=What we know about Las Vegas mass murderer Stephen Paddock |website=[[The Queensland Times]] |date=October 3, 2017 |accessdate=October 5, 2017 |first=James |last=Law |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005151231/https://www.qt.com.au/news/man-who-pulled-trigger-who-was-stephen-paddock/3230314/ |archive-date=October 5, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/37322376/las-vegas-shooting-gunshop-owners-admission-on-stephen-paddock/ |title=Gun shop owner's chilling revelation about the Las Vegas mass murderer |publisher=Yahoo! News Australia |date=October 3, 2017 |accessdate=October 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005151253/https://au.news.yahoo.com/a/37322376/las-vegas-shooting-gunshop-owners-admission-on-stephen-paddock/ |archive-date=October 5, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> in which he opened fire into a crowd of approximately 22,000 concertgoers attending a country music festival on the [[Las Vegas Strip]].{{r|cnn.com}}<ref name="people.com">
{{cite news |title=Jason Aldean Ran from Stage When Las Vegas Gunman Opened Fire: 'Tonight Has Been Beyond Horrific' |first=Char |last=Adams |url=http://people.com/crime/jason-aldean-las-vegas-gunman-stage-shooting |work=[[People (magazine) |6=''People'' magazine]] |date=October 2, 2017 |accessdate=October 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002143911/http://people.com/crime/jason-aldean-las-vegas-gunman-stage-shooting/ |archive-date=October 2, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> The incident is the deadliest mass shooting by a lone shooter in United States history, with 58 fatalities (excluding Paddock) and 851 injuries (422 by gunfire).<ref name="LVS">
{{cite news |url=https://lasvegassun.com/news/2018/jan/19/sheriff-to-provide-update-about-strip-mass-shootin/ |title=Sheriff: Person of interest part of Strip shooting probe; Paddock had child porn |date=January 19, 2018 |work=[[Las Vegas Sun]] |accessdate=January 19, 2018 |first1=Ricardo |last1=Torres-Cortez |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119213722/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2018/jan/19/sheriff-to-provide-update-about-strip-mass-shootin/ |archive-date=January 19, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> Paddock committed suicide in his hotel room by [[self-inflicted gunshot wound|shooting himself]].<ref name= death/>

Paddock lived in [[Mesquite, Nevada|Mesquite]], Nevada, and was a real-estate investor, property manager, retired accountant, amateur pilot, and avid [[video poker]] gambler.{{r|vives}}<ref name="delkic">
{{cite news |last=Delkic |first=Melina |url=http://www.newsweek.com/las-vegas-gunman-stephen-paddock-neighbors-say-recluse-675584 |title=Stephen Paddock Motive Unknown: Was a Pilot, Professional Gambler and a Quiet Neighbor |work=[[Newsweek]] |date=October 2, 2017 |accessdate=January 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223828/http://www.newsweek.com/las-vegas-gunman-stephen-paddock-neighbors-say-recluse-675584 |archive-date=October 2, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref>

== Early years and education ==
Paddock was born in [[Clinton, Iowa]].<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://qctimes.com/news/local/updating-las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-born-in-clinton-iowa/article_7a5e1e9d-2393-5177-96ad-d9bc34b6e501.html |title=Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock born in Clinton, Iowa, records show |work=[[Quad-City Times]] |date=October 6, 2017 |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006202121/http://qctimes.com/news/local/updating-las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-born-in-clinton-iowa/article_7a5e1e9d-2393-5177-96ad-d9bc34b6e501.html |archive-date=October 6, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=http://tucson.com/news/local/las-vegas-shooter-lived-in-tucson-as-young-boy-brother/article_6e4a1930-a7ae-11e7-a49f-1b300438b11f.html |title=Las Vegas shooter lived in Tucson as young boy, brother says |work=[[Arizona Daily Star]] |date=October 2, 2017 |accessdate=October 3, 2017 |first=Curt |last=Prendergast |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004040323/http://tucson.com/news/local/las-vegas-shooter-lived-in-tucson-as-young-boy-brother/article_6e4a1930-a7ae-11e7-a49f-1b300438b11f.html |archive-date=October 4, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> The family lived in Clinton at the time.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.kwqc.com/content/news/Las-Vegas-gunman-was-born-in-Quad-Cities-Area-449749323.html|title=Las Vegas gunman was born in Quad Cities Area|publisher=KWQC|date=8 October 2017|author=Nelson, David|access-date=November 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044548/http://www.kwqc.com/content/news/Las-Vegas-gunman-was-born-in-Quad-Cities-Area-449749323.html|archive-date=December 1, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.clintonherald.com/news/birth-certificate-las-vegas-shooter-was-born-in-clinton/article_44eac5e2-aa9e-11e7-bacd-1f9e013960ff.html|title=Birth certificate: Las Vegas shooter was born in Clinton|publisher=Clinton Herald|date=6 October 2017|author=Levine, Scott|access-date=November 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031821/http://www.clintonherald.com/news/birth-certificate-las-vegas-shooter-was-born-in-clinton/article_44eac5e2-aa9e-11e7-bacd-1f9e013960ff.html|archive-date=December 1, 2017|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
</ref> He grew up in [[Tucson, Arizona]], and the [[Sun Valley, Los Angeles|Sun Valley]] neighborhood of [[Los Angeles]], as the oldest of four sons of [[Benjamin Hoskins Paddock|Benjamin Paddock]].{{r|NBCIdentified}} Benjamin was a bank robber who was arrested in 1960 when Stephen was seven years old.<ref>{{cite news |title=Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock was born in Clinton |url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/2017/10/06/las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-born-clinton/729109001/ |work=The Des Moines Register |date=October 6, 2017 |accessdate=October 6, 2017}}</ref> Benjamin was later convicted and escaped prison in 1969, subsequently appearing on the [[FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives|FBI's most-wanted list]].<ref name="thehill">
{{cite news |last=Shelbourne |first=Mallory |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/news/353461-vegas-suspects-father-was-notorious-bank-robber-on-fbi-most-wanted-list |title=Las Vegas suspect's father was bank robber on FBI Most Wanted list |work=The Hill |date=October 2, 2017 |accessdate=October 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003030257/http://thehill.com/homenews/news/353461-vegas-suspects-father-was-notorious-bank-robber-on-fbi-most-wanted-list |archive-date=October 3, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> According to Stephen's brother, they "never really knew" their father as he was never with their mother.{{r|cnn.com}}

Paddock graduated from [[California State University, Northridge]] in 1977, with a degree in [[business administration]].<ref>
{{cite news |last=Woods |first=Wes |title=Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock was a CSUN graduate, university confirms |url=http://www.ocregister.com/2017/10/03/las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-was-a-cal-state-northridge-graduate-university-confirms/ |accessdate=October 3, 2017 |work=[[The Orange County Register]] |date=October 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003220345/http://www.ocregister.com/2017/10/03/las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-was-a-cal-state-northridge-graduate-university-confirms/ |archive-date=October 3, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref>

== Career and gambling habits ==
Paddock worked as a letter carrier for the [[U.S. Postal Service]] from 1976 to 1978. After that, he worked as an [[Internal Revenue Service]] agent until 1984. He was a [[Defense Contract Audit Agency]] auditor for one year, in 1985. Toward the end of the 1980s, Paddock worked for three years as an [[internal auditor]] for a company that later merged to form [[Lockheed Martin]].<ref name=medina>
{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/03/us/las-vegas-gunman.html |title=Meticulous Planning by Las Vegas Gunman Before He Opened Fire |work=The New York Times |first1=Jennifer |last1=Medina |first2=Richard |last2=Pérez-Peña |first3=Adam |last3=Goldman |date=October 3, 2017 |accessdate=October 5, 2017 |author-link2=Richard Pérez-Peña |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004235721/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/03/us/las-vegas-gunman.html |archive-date=October 4, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> He is known to have run a real-estate business with his brother Eric.<ref>
{{cite news |title=What We Know About Las Vegas Gunman Stephen Paddock |url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2017/10/what-we-know-about-las-vegas-gunman-stephen-paddock.html |first1=Jen |last1=Kirby |first2=Margaret |last2=Hartmann |date=October 5, 2017 |work=Daily Intelligencer |accessdate=October 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005001142/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2017/10/what-we-know-about-las-vegas-gunman-stephen-paddock.html |archive-date=October 5, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref>

Paddock lived in the [[Greater Los Angeles Area]] and owned personal property in [[Panorama City]], [[Cerritos, California|Cerritos]], and [[North Hollywood]] from the 1970s to early 2000s.{{r|medina}}{{r|vives}} He also owned two apartment buildings in [[Hawthorne, California]]. In addition, he owned an apartment complex in [[Mesquite, Texas]], which he sold in 2012.<ref name=vives>
{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-vegas-shooter-what-we-know-20171002-story.html |title=The mystery of Stephen Paddock — gambler, real estate investor, mass killer |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |first1=Ruben |last1=Vives |first2=Harriet |last2=Ryan |first3=Joseph |last3=Serna |date=October 2, 2017 |accessdate=October 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005000455/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-vegas-shooter-what-we-know-20171002-story.html |archive-date=October 5, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref>

Relatives said Paddock was worth at least {{US$|2{{nbsp}}million|link=yes}} when he sold off the real-estate business.{{r|Tuttle4}}<ref>
{{cite news |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/dramatic-images-emerge-inside-las-225432690.html |title=Las Vegas gunman pictured dead on hotel room floor alongside weapons, camera and final note |work=The Daily Telegraph |agency=Yahoo! News |first=Nick |last=Allen |date=October 4, 2017 |accessdate=October 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004121837/https://www.yahoo.com/news/dramatic-images-emerge-inside-las-225432690.html |archive-date=October 4, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> Among his most profitable investments was an apartment complex purchased in 2004, which gave him more than $500,000 in annual income by 2011. IRS records show he made $5–6 million in profits from its sale in 2015.<ref name="Allen/Ax">
{{cite news |title = What funded Las Vegas gunman's deadly weapons collection |first1 = Jonathan |last1 = Allen |first2 = Joseph |last2 = Ax |publisher = Reuters |url = http://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/las-vegas-shooter-used-his-millions-to-fund-gun-collection-and-gambling-habits/news-story/a7440e1dd088e0e96e2b58133454c80e |date = October 8, 2017 |accessdate = October 8, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171008055338/http://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/las-vegas-shooter-used-his-millions-to-fund-gun-collection-and-gambling-habits/news-story/a7440e1dd088e0e96e2b58133454c80e |archive-date = October 8, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref>

Paddock was an avid gambler,<ref>
{{cite news |url = https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/06/las-vegas-gunman-earned-millions-as-a-gambler-nbc.html |title = Las Vegas gunman earned millions as a gambler: NBC |work = CNBC |first = Tucker |last = Higgins |date = October 6, 2017 |accessdate = October 8, 2017 |quote = Paddock 'earned at least $5 million in 2015' the NBC said,' according to IRS summary earnings records. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171008052646/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/06/las-vegas-gunman-earned-millions-as-a-gambler-nbc.html |archive-date = October 8, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> and although the extent to which he profited from it is not clear, his reported gambling winnings might have been substantial.{{r|Allen/Ax}}<ref>
{{cite news |last1 = Hunt |first1 = Kasie |last2 = Winter |first2 = Tom |last3 = Al Maguer |first3 = Miguel |last4 = Williams |first4 = Pete |last5 = McCausland |first5 = Phil |title = Police 'Confident' No One Else in Shooter's Room Before Las Vegas Attack |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/las-vegas-shooting/police-confident-no-one-else-shooters-room-las-vegas-attack-n808431 |website = NBC News |date = October 6, 2017 |accessdate = October 17, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017100830/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/las-vegas-shooting/police-confident-no-one-else-shooters-room-las-vegas-attack-n808431 |archive-date = October 17, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> He was sometimes seen in high-limit rooms, but he was not well known among high-stakes gamblers in Las Vegas and was not considered a "[[high roller|whale]]" (high roller) by the casinos.<ref name=branch>
{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/04/us/stephen-paddock-gambling.html |title = Stephen Paddock Chased Gambling's Payouts and Perks |work = New York Times |author = Branch, John |date = October 4, 2017 |accessdate = October 8, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171008060424/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/04/us/stephen-paddock-gambling.html |archive-date = October 8, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> His game of choice was [[video poker]], which he had played for over 25 years.<ref name=branch /><ref>
{{Cite news |url = http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-vegas-shooting-gambler-20171009-story.html |title = In the solitary world of video poker, Stephen Paddock knew how to win. Until he didn't |last = Montero |first = David |date = October 9, 2017 |work = Los Angeles Times |access-date = October 11, 2017 |last2 = Winton |first2 = Richard |language = en-US |issn = 0458-3035 |last3 = Vives |first3 = Ruben |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010233155/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-vegas-shooting-gambler-20171009-story.html |archive-date = October 10, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> He usually gambled after dark and slept during the day; he disliked being out in the sun.<ref name=Glover>
{{cite news |last1 = Glover |first1 = Scott |last2 = Lat |first2 = Kyung |url = http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/09/us/las-vegas-stephen-paddock-deposition/index.html |title = Exclusive: Vegas killer described his unusual habits in 2013 testimony |work = [[CNN]] |date = October 9, 2017 |accessdate = October 29, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171102020706/http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/09/us/las-vegas-stephen-paddock-deposition/index.html |archive-date = November 2, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref>

== Personal life ==
Paddock was married and divorced twice. He was first married from 1977 to 1979, and for the second time from 1985 to 1990, both marriages in [[Los Angeles County, California]].<ref name="cnn.com">
{{cite news |url = http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/02/us/las-vegas-attack-stephen-paddock-trnd/index.html |title = Something went 'incredibly wrong' with Las Vegas gunman, brother says |first = Emanuella |last = Grinberg |publisher = CNN |date = October 6, 2017 |accessdate = October 6, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171006005542/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/02/us/las-vegas-attack-stephen-paddock-trnd/index.html |archive-date = October 6, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> Family members say he stayed on good terms with his ex-wives.<ref name=Geller>
{{cite news |last1 = Geller |first1 = Adam |last2 = Balsamo |first2 = Michael |last3 = Cooper |first3 = Jonathan |last4 = Melley |first4 = Brian |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/stephen-paddock-las-vegas-king-microaggression-eric-brother-shooter-background-life-a7987826.html |title = Stephen Paddock: Las Vegas shooter was 'the king of microaggression', brother says |work = [[The Independent]] |date = October 7, 2017 |accessdate = October 7, 2017 |quote = Others who crossed paths with Paddock in recent months described him as despondent and smelling of alcohol. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171007183032/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/stephen-paddock-las-vegas-king-microaggression-eric-brother-shooter-background-life-a7987826.html |archive-date = October 7, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> His brother Eric said that Stephen had no political or religious affiliations of any kind.{{r|cnn.com}}<ref>
{{cite news |url = http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/las-vegas-concert-gunman-identified-stephen-paddock-64-article-1.3535944 |title = Las Vegas gunman Stephen Paddock was 'not an avid gun guy at all,' brother says |first1 = Soni |last1 = Brown |first2 = Nancy |last2 = Dillon |first3 = Larry |last3 = McShane |date = October 2, 2017 |publisher = [[New York Daily News]] |accessdate = October 7, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171006214511/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/las-vegas-concert-gunman-identified-stephen-paddock-64-article-1.3535944 |archive-date = October 6, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/stephen-paddock-las-vegas-shooting-latest-updates-brother-interview-eric-worst-american-history-a7978791.html |title = Stephen Paddock's brother speaks out after worst mass shooting in US history: 'We're horrified' |last = Sampathkumar |first = Mythili |date = October 2, 2017 |publisher = [[The Independent]] |language = English |accessdate = October 7, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005151350/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/stephen-paddock-las-vegas-shooting-latest-updates-brother-interview-eric-worst-american-history-a7978791.html |archive-date = October 5, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> [[Sheriff of Clark County|Clark County Sheriff]] [[Joe Lombardo]] said Paddock was "happy" with President Trump because the stock market was strong.<ref name=Hayes/> His girlfriend said he was an [[Atheism|atheist]].<ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/amberjamieson/las-vegas-shooting-motive-report |title=The Las Vegas Mass Shooting Investigation Has Closed Without Police Finding A Motive |work=[[BuzzFeed]] |author=Amber Jamieson |date=August 3, 2018 |accessdate=September 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825213845/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/amberjamieson/las-vegas-shooting-motive-report |archive-date=August 25, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref>

Paddock lived in Texas and in California,<ref name="NBCIdentified">
{{cite news |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/las-vegas-shooting/stephen-paddock-las-vegas-shooting-suspect-identified-n806471 |title = Las Vegas Shooter Stephen Paddock Had Recent Large Gambling Transactions |publisher = NBC News |date = October 2, 2017 |first = Pete |last = Williams |first2 = Tracy |last2 = Connor |first3 = Kalhan |last3 = Rosenblatt |first4 = Tom |last4 = Winter |access-date = October 3, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171002125345/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/las-vegas-shooting/stephen-paddock-las-vegas-shooting-suspect-identified-n806471 |archive-date = October 2, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref name="nationalpost">{{cite news |title = Who is Stephen Paddock? Las Vegas gunman's father was 'psychopathic' bank robber on FBI most-wanted list |work = The Washington Post |date = October 2, 2017 |accessdate = October 2, 2017 |url = https://nationalpost.com/news/world/who-is-stephen-paddock-nothing-secret-or-strange-about-retiree-behind-las-vegas-shooting }}</ref> and then in a [[retirement community]] in [[Melbourne, Florida]], from 2013 to 2015.{{r|cnn.com}} In 2016, he moved from Florida to another retirement home in [[Mesquite, Nevada]].{{r|cnn.com}}<ref>
{{cite news |url = http://www.sltrib.com/news/2017/10/03/in-mesquite-nev-neighbors-are-shocked-that-the-las-vegas-shooter-lived-among-them/ |date = October 3, 2017 |first = Christopher |access-date = October 5, 2017 |last = Smart |title = In Mesquite, Nev., neighbors are shocked that the Las Vegas shooter lived among them |work = [[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171004145224/http://www.sltrib.com/news/2017/10/03/in-mesquite-nev-neighbors-are-shocked-that-the-las-vegas-shooter-lived-among-them/ |archive-date = October 4, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> According to property records, he bought a new house in Mesquite in January 2015,{{r|A/D-Oct4}} and sold his two-bedroom home in Melbourne.<ref name="Tuttle4">
{{cite news |title=Las Vegas Shooter Stephen Paddock Had an Unusual Financial Life. Here's What We Know |first=Brad |last=Tuttle |work=Time.com |url=http://time.com/money/4969462/las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-gambler-real-estate-guns/ |date=October 4, 2017 |accessdate=October 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004234944/http://time.com/money/4969462/las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-gambler-real-estate-guns/ |archive-date=October 4, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> Paddock lived in Mesquite for several years with his girlfriend whom he met in [[Reno, Nevada]].<ref name="A/D-Oct4">
{{cite news |title=Las Vegas gunman 'doted' on girlfriend but may have kept secrets |first1=Jonathan |last1=Allen |first2=Alex |last2=Dobuzinski |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lasvegas-shooting-girlfriend-gunman/las-vegas-gunman-doted-on-girlfriend-but-may-have-kept-secrets-idUSKBN1C92PG |work=Reuters |date=October 4, 2017 |accessdate=October 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004235022/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-lasvegas-shooting-girlfriend-gunman/las-vegas-gunman-doted-on-girlfriend-but-may-have-kept-secrets-idUSKBN1C92PG |archive-date=October 4, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> According to neighbors, they also lived together in Reno.{{r|nationalpost}} Many Mesquite residents recalled only seeing him around town; those familiar with Paddock described him as someone who did not speak much and kept a low profile. The local gun owner community never saw him at any of the gun clubs or shooting ranges, including makeshift ones in the nearby desert.<ref>
{{cite news |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/crime/shootings/resident-or-not-paddock-left-little-imprint-on-mesquite/ |title=Resident or not, Paddock left little imprint on Mesquite |work=[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |date=October 7, 2017 |accessdate=October 8, 2017 |first1=Henry |last1=Brean |first2=Wade Tyler |last2=Millward |first3=Sandy |last3=Lopez |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008063108/https://www.reviewjournal.com/crime/shootings/resident-or-not-paddock-left-little-imprint-on-mesquite/ |archive-date=October 8, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref>

An Australian acquaintance said he met Paddock in the United States and in the [[Philippines]]. He described Paddock as intelligent and methodical. In his account, Paddock claimed to have won a lot of money by applying [[algorithm]]s to gambling on machines. Paddock was conversant in [[gun law]]s and in defending his view of the [[Second Amendment to the United States Constitution|Second Amendment]]. The acquaintance considered Paddock a generous man whenever he and his girlfriend visited him.<ref name="Robertson/Smith">
{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/04/las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-intelligent-gambler-gun-rights |title=Las Vegas shooter recalled as intelligent gambler well-versed on gun rights |first1=Joshua |last1=Robertson |first2=David |last2=Smith |date=October 4, 2017 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=October 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004161049/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/04/las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-intelligent-gambler-gun-rights |archive-date=October 4, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref>

In 2010, Paddock applied for and received a United States passport.<ref name="ABC">
{{cite news |url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/las-vegas-massacre/story?id=50246458 |title=Chaos of Las Vegas massacre seen in newly released police bodycam footage |work=ABC News |date=October 4, 2017 |accessdate=October 4, 2017 |first1=Emily |last1=Shapiro |first2=Karma |last2=Allen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003234321/http://abcnews.go.com/US/las-vegas-massacre/story?id=50246458 |archive-date=October 3, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> He went on 20 [[cruise ship]] voyages, visiting several foreign ports including in [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[Greece]], [[Jordan]], and the [[United Arab Emirates]]. He was accompanied by his girlfriend on nine of them.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Las Vegas shooter took 20 cruises, some to foreign ports |first1=Kyung |last1=Lah |first2=Scott |last2=Glover |work=CNN |date=October 6, 2017 |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/06/us/vegas-shooter-paddock-foreign-cruises/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006182635/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/06/us/vegas-shooter-paddock-foreign-cruises/index.html |archive-date=October 6, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> They went to the Philippines together in 2013 and 2014.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Vegas gunman visited Philippines at least twice |first1=Michael |last1=Balsamo |first2=Ken |last2=Ritter |first3=Jim |last3=Gomez |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/04/1745577/vegas-gunman-visited-philippines-least-twice |work=Associated Press |date=October 4, 2017 |accessdate=October 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004150413/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/10/04/1745577/vegas-gunman-visited-philippines-least-twice |archive-date=October 4, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> During the last year of his life, they traveled on a cruise to the Middle East.<ref name=Blake>
{{cite news |last=Blake |first=Sarah |url=http://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/stephen-paddock-had-recently-been-on-a-cruise-to-the-middle-east-as-experts-say-dont-discount-islamic-states-potential-involvement/news-story/4846b116c77f95140968c4cf967f0319 |title=Stephen Paddock had recently been on a cruise to the Middle East |work=[[The Australian]] |date=October 8, 2017 |accessdate=October 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008013514/http://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/stephen-paddock-had-recently-been-on-a-cruise-to-the-middle-east-as-experts-say-dont-discount-islamic-states-potential-involvement/news-story/4846b116c77f95140968c4cf967f0319 |archive-date=October 8, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> Paddock had his [[pilot's license]] since at least 2004 and owned two small planes.{{r|delkic}}<ref>
{{cite news |last=Liston |first=Barbara |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/02/las-vegas-gunman-liked-to-gamble-listened-to-country-music-lived-quiet-retired-life-before-massacre/ |title=Las Vegas gunman Stephen Paddock was a high-stakes gambler who 'kept to himself' before massacre |work=[[Washington Post]] |date=October 2, 2017 |accessdate=January 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124064710/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/10/02/las-vegas-gunman-liked-to-gamble-listened-to-country-music-lived-quiet-retired-life-before-massacre/ |archive-date=January 24, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref>

Paddock's only recorded interaction with law enforcement was a minor traffic citation years before the shooting, which he settled in court.<ref name=Heavy-100217>
{{cite news |title = Las Vegas Shooter Stephen Paddock Filed Lawsuit Against Casino |first = Daniel S. |last = Levine |date = October 2, 2017 |url = http://heavy.com/news/2017/10/stephen-paddock-criminal-record-lawsuit/ |publisher = [[Heavy.com]] |accessdate = October 5, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171003234952/http://heavy.com/news/2017/10/stephen-paddock-criminal-record-lawsuit/ |archive-date = October 3, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref name="N/P:1">{{cite news |title = Who is Stephen Paddock? Las Vegas gunman's father was 'psychopathic' bank robber on FBI most-wanted list |url = https://nationalpost.com/news/world/who-is-stephen-paddock-nothing-secret-or-strange-about-retiree-behind-las-vegas-shooting |date = October 3, 2017 |work = National Post |accessdate = October 3, 2017 }}</ref> According to court records, Paddock also sued the [[Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas]] in September 2012, claiming he "slipped and fell on an obstruction on the floor" and was injured as a result; the lawsuit was dismissed with [[Prejudice (legal term)|prejudice]] in October 2014.<ref name=Heavy-100217 />

=== Leading up to the shooting ===
During his last months, Paddock reportedly smelled of alcohol from early morning,{{r|Geller}}<ref>
{{cite news |title = Police: Despite 1,000 leads, still no clear motive in Las Vegas mass shooting |quote = Every time he had come in [for a haircut], always early in the morning, he had smelled of strong liquor. |publisher = CBS News |url = http://cbs4indy.com/2017/10/06/police-despite-1000-leads-still-no-clear-motive-in-las-vegas-mass-shooting/ |agency = CNN Wire |date = October 6, 2017 |accessdate = October 6, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171007002312/http://cbs4indy.com/2017/10/06/police-despite-1000-leads-still-no-clear-motive-in-las-vegas-mass-shooting/ |archive-date = October 7, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> and appeared despondent.{{r|Geller}} He was reported to have filled three prescriptions for the [[anti-anxiety]] drug [[Valium]], in 2013{{r|Glover}} and again in 2016, and finally 50 tablets of 10-milligrams each in June 2017, four months before the shooting.{{r|Harasim}} The chief medical officer of the Las Vegas Recovery Center said the effects of the drug can be magnified by alcohol,{{r|Harasim}} as confirmed by Dr. Michael First, a clinical psychiatry professor at [[Columbia University]].<ref name=Harasim>
{{cite news |title = Drug given to Paddock calms some, provokes others, experts say |first = Paul |last = Harasim |work = [[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |date = October 7, 2017 |accessdate = October 17, 2017 |url = https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/the-strip/drug-given-to-paddock-calms-some-provokes-others-experts-say/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171018014222/https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/the-strip/drug-given-to-paddock-calms-some-provokes-others-experts-say/ |archive-date = October 18, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }} {{cite news |title = Las Vegas Strip shooter prescribed anti-anxiety drug in June |first = Paul |last = Harasim |author-mask = 2 |work = [[Las Vegas Review-Journal]] |date = October 3, 2017 |url = https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/the-strip/las-vegas-strip-shooter-prescribed-anti-anxiety-drug-in-june/ |access-date = October 10, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010091505/https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/the-strip/las-vegas-strip-shooter-prescribed-anti-anxiety-drug-in-june/ |archive-date = October 10, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |last = Hayes |first = Christal |url = http://www.newsweek.com/las-vegas-gunman-says-he-kept-doctor-retainer-valium-habit-would-gamble-1-680582 |title = Las Vegas Gunman Had a Valium Habit, Would Gamble $1 Million a Night |work = [[Newsweek]] |date = October 9, 2017 |accessdate = October 9, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171010040936/http://www.newsweek.com/las-vegas-gunman-says-he-kept-doctor-retainer-valium-habit-would-gamble-1-680582 |archive-date = October 10, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |last1 = Osborne |first1 = Mark |last2 = Ross |first2 = Brian |last3 = Margolin |first3 = Josh |last4 = Galli |first4 = Cindy |last5 = Francescani |first5 = Chris |last6 = Jacobo |first6 = Julia |url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/motive-remains-elusive-days-las-vegas-massacre/story?id=50320760 |title = 5 days after Las Vegas massacre many questions remain, few answers |work = [[ABC News]] |date = October 6, 2017 |accessdate = October 6, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171006145155/http://abcnews.go.com/US/motive-remains-elusive-days-las-vegas-massacre/story?id=50320760 |archive-date = October 6, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |last = Ramsey |first = Lydia |url = http://www.businessinsider.com/las-vegas-shooter-had-a-diazepam-prescription-heres-what-that-means-2017-10 |title = The Las Vegas shooter was reportedly prescribed a common anxiety medication — here's what you need to know about it |publisher = [[Business Insider]] |date = October 6, 2017 |accessdate = October 6, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171006221058/http://www.businessinsider.com/las-vegas-shooter-had-a-diazepam-prescription-heres-what-that-means-2017-10 |archive-date = October 6, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref>

During an interview with local [[CBS]] affiliate [[KLAS-TV]], [[Sheriff of Clark County|Clark County Sheriff]] [[Joe Lombardo]] said Paddock had reportedly been losing "a significant amount of wealth" since September 2015, which led to him having "bouts of depression".<ref name=Hayes>
{{cite web |last1=Hayes |first1=Christal |url=http://www.newsweek.com/las-vegas-gunman-was-trump-supporter-happy-stock-market-701597 |title=Las Vegas Gunman Was a Trump Supporter, Happy With President Because Stock Was Doing Well |date=November 3, 2017 |accessdate=November 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110195147/http://www.newsweek.com/las-vegas-gunman-was-trump-supporter-happy-stock-market-701597 |archive-date=November 10, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/crime/homicides/las-vegas-gunman-stephen-paddock-lost-money-in-2-years-preceding-shooting/ |title=Las Vegas gunman Stephen Paddock lost money in 2 years preceding shooting |work=Las Vegas Review-Journal |date=November 2, 2017 |accessdate=November 10, 2017 |first=Blake |last=Apgar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110215901/https://www.reviewjournal.com/crime/homicides/las-vegas-gunman-stephen-paddock-lost-money-in-2-years-preceding-shooting/ |archive-date=November 10, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref><ref name=CBS-110417>
{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-had-lost-money-been-depressed-sheriff-says/ |title=Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock had lost money, been depressed, sheriff says |publisher=CBS News |agency=Associated Press |date=November 4, 2017 |accessdate=November 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041857/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-had-lost-money-been-depressed-sheriff-says/ |archive-date=November 11, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref>

Paddock's gun purchases spiked significantly between October 2016 and September 28, 2017, just 2 days before the shooting. He purchased over 55 firearms, the majority of them rifles, according to [[Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives]]. He also purchased a number of firearm-related accessories. Prior to that, he purchased approximately 29 firearms between 1982 and September 2016, mainly handguns and shotguns.<ref name=ABC12>
{{cite news |title = Las Vegas shooter was preparing for siege with authorities, sources say |work = ABC News |first1 = Brian |last1 = Ross |first2 = Rhonda |last2 = Schwartz |first3 = James Gordon |last3 = Meek |first4 = Josh |last4 = Margolin |first5 = James |last5 = Hill |url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/las-vegas-shooter-preparing-siege-authorities-sources/story?id=50416137 |date = October 12, 2017 |accessdate = October 12, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171012163441/http://abcnews.go.com/US/las-vegas-shooter-preparing-siege-authorities-sources/story?id=50416137 |archive-date = October 12, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref name=lvmpdreport/>

At his suggestion, two weeks before the attack, his girlfriend went to her native country, the Philippines. Paddock bought her a surprise airline ticket and soon after wired her $100,000 to buy a house there.<ref>
{{cite news |title = Las Vegas shooting: Marilou Danley knew nothing about plans for attack, lawyer says |url = https://globalnews.ca/news/3786251/las-vegas-shooting-marilou-danley-responds/ |first1 = Ken |last1 = Ritter |first2 = Michael |last2 = Balsamo |first3 = Brian |last3 = Melley |publisher = The Associated Press |date = October 4, 2017 |accessdate = October 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005013015/https://globalnews.ca/news/3786251/las-vegas-shooting-marilou-danley-responds/ |archive-date = October 5, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> He was spotted in Las Vegas with another woman, reported by investigators to be a prostitute.<ref name=Italiano>
{{cite news |last = Italiano |first = Laura |url = https://nypost.com/2017/10/06/mystery-woman-seen-with-vegas-gunman-is-a-hooker/amp/ |title = Investigators say mystery woman seen with Vegas gunman is a hooker |publisher = [[New York Post]] |date = October 6, 2017 |accessdate = October 6, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171007014132/http://nypost.com/2017/10/06/mystery-woman-seen-with-vegas-gunman-is-a-hooker/amp/ |archive-date = October 7, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> It has been confirmed that she was not an accomplice and was not considered a suspect. Her name has not been released.<ref>
{{cite news |title = Stephen Paddock 'Mystery Woman' Identified: Woman Seen With Las Vegas Gunman Was Prostitute, Not An Accomplice |first = Nathan |last = Francis |publisher = Inquisitr |date = October 7, 2017 |accessdate = October 7, 2017 |url = https://www.inquisitr.com/4541591/stephen-paddock-mystery-woman-identified-woman-seen-with-las-vegas-gunman-was-prostitute-not-an-accomplice/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171007070906/https://www.inquisitr.com/4541591/stephen-paddock-mystery-woman-identified-woman-seen-with-las-vegas-gunman-was-prostitute-not-an-accomplice/ |archive-date = October 7, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> Two days prior to the shooting, Paddock was recorded by a home surveillance system driving alone to an area for [[target practice]] located near his home.<ref>
{{cite news |url = https://www.theepochtimes.com/vegas-shooter-may-have-had-target-practice-two-days-before-massacre_2328955.html |title = Vegas Shooter May Have Had Target Practice Two Days Before Massacre |work = [[Epoch Times]] |date = October 7, 2017 |accessdate = October 7, 2017 |first = Ivan |last = Pentchoukov |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171008180242/https://www.theepochtimes.com/vegas-shooter-may-have-had-target-practice-two-days-before-massacre_2328955.html |archive-date = October 8, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref>

In a jailhouse interview with an unemployed chef who claimed that he had offered to sell Paddock schematics for automatic firearms,<ref>
{{Cite news|url=https://www.ktnv.com/news/las-vegas-police-release-documents-related-to-1-october|title=Interesting details about mass shooter contained in 1 October documents released May 16|last=Callahan|first=Joyce Lupiani, Chris Seper, Joe Bartels, Katherine Jarvis, Bryan|date=2018-05-17|work=KTNV|access-date=2018-09-19|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920045711/https://www.ktnv.com/news/las-vegas-police-release-documents-related-to-1-october|archive-date=September 20, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
</ref> the chef said that Paddock had spoken of anti-government conspiracies, and had claimed FEMA's actions after Hurricane Katrina were "a dry run for law enforcement and military to start kickin’ down doors and … confiscating guns." The man went on to say he thought Paddock was "another internet nut, you know, watching too much of it and believing too much of it."<ref>
{{cite news|last1=Raymond|first1=Adam|title=Witnesses: Stephen Paddock Ranted About a Government Plot to Seize Guns Prior to Las Vegas Shooting|url=http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/05/witnesses-vegas-shooter-ranted-about-govt-gun-grabbing-plot.html|accessdate=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519015840/http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2018/05/witnesses-vegas-shooter-ranted-about-govt-gun-grabbing-plot.html|archive-date=May 19, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
</ref>

== Las Vegas shooting ==
{{Main|2017 Las Vegas shooting}}

On the night of October 1, 2017, at 10:05 p.m., Paddock [[2017 Las Vegas shooting|opened fire]] from his hotel room, room 32-135 at the [[Mandalay Bay|Mandalay Bay Hotel and Casino]], onto a large crowd of concertgoers at the [[Route 91 Harvest]] music festival on the [[Las Vegas Strip]], killing 58 people and wounding 851 others before shooting and killing himself.{{r|LVS}}

Paddock meticulously planned the attack.<ref name="abc.net">
{{cite news |url = http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-05/las-vegas-shooting-stephen-paddock-disturbed-and-dangerous/9018366 |title = Vegas shooter 'disturbed, dangerous', stockpiled weapons for decades: police |date = October 5, 2017 |publisher = Australian Broadcasting Corporation |accessdate = October 6, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005134019/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-05/las-vegas-shooting-stephen-paddock-disturbed-and-dangerous/9018366 |archive-date = October 5, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> On September 25, six days before the shooting, he checked into room 32-135 on the 32nd floor of the [[Mandalay Bay]] Hotel<ref name=Pearce>
{{cite news |first1 = Matt |last1 = Pearce |url = http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-vegas-shooting-20171009-story.html |title = Las Vegas gunman shot security guard a full six minutes before opening fire on concertgoers, police reveal |work = [[Los Angeles Times]] |date = October 9, 2017 |accessdate = October 29, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171026201204/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-vegas-shooting-20171009-story.html |archive-date = October 26, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> with 10 shooting range bags and a computer. On September 29, he moved into another suite, 32-134, connected to the first one; both rooms overlooked the festival grounds. He stayed in both in the days leading up to the shooting.<ref name=lvmpdreport/> After Paddock killed himself, the police found 23 rifles and one handgun inside his rooms.<ref name="NYTLive">
{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/02/us/las-vegas-shooting.html |title = Multiple Weapons Found in Las Vegas Gunman's Hotel Room |date = October 2, 2017 |accessdate = October 2, 2017 |work = [[The New York Times]] |language = en-US |issn = 0362-4331 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171002073750/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/02/us/las-vegas-shooting.html |archive-date = October 2, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref name="cbs171002">
{{cite news |title = ATF: Las Vegas shooter had 12 guns modified to mimic automatics – live updates |url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/las-vegas-shooting-last-night-stephen-paddock-live-updates/ |publisher = CBS News |agency = Associated Press |date = October 3, 2017 |accessdate = October 6, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171002223031/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/las-vegas-shooting-last-night-stephen-paddock-live-updates/ |archive-date = October 2, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> They included 14 [[.223 Remington|.223-caliber]] [[List of Colt AR-15 & M16 rifle variants|AR-15-type]] rifles, eight [[.308 Winchester|.308-caliber]] [[AR-10]]-type rifles, one .308-caliber [[Ruger American Rifle|Ruger American]] [[bolt-action rifle]], and one [[.38 Special|.38-caliber]] [[Smith & Wesson]] Model 342 [[revolver]],<ref name=ktnvfound>
{{cite news |url=https://www.abc15.com/news/las-vegas-shooting/list-guns-and-evidence-from-las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock |title=Las Vegas shooting: This is what investigators found in Stephen Paddock's hotel room |publisher=[[KTNV-TV]] |date=January 19, 2018 |accessdate=January 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075805/https://www.abc15.com/news/las-vegas-shooting/list-guns-and-evidence-from-las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock |archive-date=February 1, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> all very expensive, according to a law enforcement source.{{r|guns}} His arsenal included a large quantity of ammunition in special high-capacity magazines, holding up to 75,<ref name=guns>
{{cite news |title = The 'tricked out' guns Las Vegas shooter used in massacre |work = The New York Post |first1 = Gabrielle |last1 = Fonrouge |first2 = Larry |last2 = Celona |first3 = Danika |last3 = Fears |date = October 3, 2017 |accessdate = October 3, 2017 |url = https://nypost.com/2017/10/03/the-tricked-out-guns-las-vegas-shooter-used-in-massacre/ |quote = Paddock's AR-15 rifle had a forward front grip ... high-powered weapons included a .308-caliber AR-10 rifle and an AK-47-type rifle — as well as four Daniel Defense DDM4 rifles, three FN-15s and other rifles made by Sig Sauer and Lewis Machine & Tool, all very expensive. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171004060533/http://nypost.com/2017/10/03/the-tricked-out-guns-las-vegas-shooter-used-in-massacre/ |archive-date = October 4, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }} ''Also in:'' {{cite news |title = The Las Vegas shooter modified a dozen rifles to shoot like automatic weapons |first1 = Alex |last1 = Horton |first2 = Devlin |last2 = Barrett |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/10/02/video-from-las-vegas-suggests-automatic-gunfire-heres-what-makes-machine-guns-different/ |work = Washington Post |date = October 3, 2017 |accessdate = October 3, 2017 |quote = High number of firearms found at the hotel suggest a concern for overheating rifle barrels. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171003025248/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/10/02/video-from-las-vegas-suggests-automatic-gunfire-heres-what-makes-machine-guns-different/ |archive-date = October 3, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }} ''Also in:'' {{cite news |title = Room 32135: Stephen Paddock had 23 guns, purchased legally, in his Las Vegas suite |author = National Post Wire Services |url = https://nationalpost.com/news/world/room-32135-stephen-paddock-had-23-guns-purchased-legally-in-his-las-vegas-suite |date = October 3, 2017 |accessdate = October 3, 2017 |work = NationalPost.com |quote = Investigators found 23 guns in his hotel room and 19 more at his home in Mesquite ... The arsenal in his hotel room included: 4 DDM4 rifles, 3 FN-15 rifles, one handgun, one AK-47 and one Colt AR-15, all legally acquired. }}
</ref> or up to 100 cartridges each.<ref>
{{cite news |title = High-capacity magazine used by Vegas shooter in high demand |first = Kevin |last = Dugan |url = https://nypost.com/2017/10/04/high-capacity-magazine-used-by-vegas-shooter-in-high-demand/ |date = October 4, 2017 |accessdate = October 4, 2017 |work = The New York Post |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005005347/http://nypost.com/2017/10/04/high-capacity-magazine-used-by-vegas-shooter-in-high-demand/ |archive-date = October 5, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> Some of the rifles were resting on bipods,{{r|guns}} and were equipped with high-tech [[telescopic sight]]s.<ref name="WSJGun">
{{cite news |last1 = Palazzolo |first1 = Joe |last2 = Elinson |first2 = Zusha |title = Las Vegas Gunman Had Arsenal in Hotel Room |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/las-vegas-suspect-likely-used-automatic-rifle-in-massacre-1506966716 |work = [[The Wall Street Journal]] |date = October 2, 2017 |accessdate = October 2, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171002194453/https://www.wsj.com/articles/las-vegas-suspect-likely-used-automatic-rifle-in-massacre-1506966716 |archive-date = October 2, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}{{paywall}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |last1 = Delreal |first1 = Jose A. |last2 = Bromwich |first2 = Jonah Engel |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/02/us/stephen-paddock-vegas-shooter.html |title = Stephen Paddock, Las Vegas Gunman, Was a Gambler Who Drew Little Attention |work = The New York Times |date = October 2, 2017 |accessdate = October 2, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005160955/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/02/us/stephen-paddock-vegas-shooter.html |archive-date = October 5, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> All fourteen AR-15-type rifles were outfitted with [[bump fire]] stocks that allow semiautomatic rifles to fire rapidly, simulating [[Automatic firearm|fully-automatic]] gunfire.<ref name=ktnvfound/><ref>
{{cite news |url = https://apnews.com/ff26110203da4a28bfd1d99022fb401c/Once-an-obscure-device,-%27bump-stocks%27-are-in-the-spotlight |title = Once an obscure device, 'bump stocks' are in the spotlight |first = Lisa Marie |last = Pane |date = October 5, 2017 |accessdate = October 5, 2017 |publisher = [[Associated Press]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171004032523/https://apnews.com/ff26110203da4a28bfd1d99022fb401c/Once-an-obscure-device,-'bump-stocks'-are-in-the-spotlight |archive-date = October 4, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> Audio recordings of the attack indicated Paddock used these stocks to fire at the crowd in rapid succession.<ref name="M.K.">
{{cite news |title = Guns, loaded high-capacity magazines found in Vegas shooter's room: Sources |url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/19-weapons-found-las-vegas-shooters-room-sources/story?id=50228093 |date = October 2, 2017 |first = Meghan |last = Keneally |publisher = ABC News |accessdate = October 2, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171002181256/http://abcnews.go.com/US/19-weapons-found-las-vegas-shooters-room-sources/story?id=50228093 |archive-date = October 2, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title = Las Vegas gunman may have used special device to fire faster, expert says |url = https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/02/las-vegas-suspect-stephen-paddock-gun-semi-automatic |first = Lois |last = Beckett |date = October 2, 2017 |work = The Guardian |accessdate = October 2, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005161003/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/oct/02/las-vegas-suspect-stephen-paddock-gun-semi-automatic |archive-date = October 5, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title = Gunman's Vantage Point and Preparations Opened the Way for Mass Slaughter |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/02/us/las-vegas-mass-shooting-weapons.html |first1 = C.J. |last1 = Chivers |first2 = Thomas |last2 = Gibbons-Neff |first3 = Adam |last3 = Goldman |date = October 2, 2017 |work = The New York Times |accessdate = October 3, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171003025819/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/02/us/las-vegas-mass-shooting-weapons.html |archive-date = October 3, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref>

At some point during the attack on the concertgoers, Paddock – who had placed a baby monitor camera on a service cart outside his room – fired about 200 rounds through his door. The shots wounded approaching hotel security guard Jesus Campos. The unarmed Campos had attempted to enter the 32nd floor first at 9:59 p.m. on an unrelated matter, but he found the door to the hallway screwed shut by Paddock.<ref name=ktnvfound/><ref name="NYT13">
{{cite news |title = Another Shift in Las Vegas Timeline Caps. Days of Confusion |first1 = Julie |last1 = Turkewitz |first2 = Adam |last2 = Goldman |publisher = The New York Times |date = October 13, 2017 |accessdate = October 13, 2017 |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/us/las-vegas-timeline.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171013220355/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/13/us/las-vegas-timeline.html |archive-date = October 13, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }} ''– An earlier report based on unrevised version of the events can be found at:'' {{cite news |title = Las Vegas shooter booked hotel overlooking Lollapalooza |first1 = Morgan |last1 = Winsor |first2 = Julia |last2 = Jacobo |first3 = Josh |last3 = Margolin |date = October 5, 2017 |url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/las-vegas-shooter-booked-hotel-overlooking-lollapalooza-visited/story?id=50273390 |publisher = ABC News |access-date = October 12, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171013031556/http://abcnews.go.com/US/las-vegas-shooter-booked-hotel-overlooking-lollapalooza-visited/story?id=50273390 |archive-date = October 13, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> At 10:05 p.m., Paddock began firing thousands of rounds in rapid succession at the crowd below. He stopped shooting ten minutes later at 10:15 p.m.{{r|Pearce}}<ref>
{{cite news |title=Las Vegas massacre gunman fired more than 1,100 rounds, sheriff says |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/11/23/las-vegas-massacre-gunman-fired-more-than-1100-rounds-sheriff-says.html |accessdate=November 24, 2017 |work=Fox News |agency=Associated Press |date=November 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123225205/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/11/23/las-vegas-massacre-gunman-fired-more-than-1100-rounds-sheriff-says.html |archive-date=November 23, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> It is unclear why, but it is speculated that Paddock had committed suicide at that time.{{r|ABC12}}

According to chronology of the events established by the authorities in the following days, the first two police officers reached the 32nd floor of the hotel at 10:17 p.m. A minute later, they were shown the location of his door. Between 10:26 and 10:30 p.m., an additional eight LVMPD officers joined them and began clearing other suites along the 32nd floor hallway. At 10:55 p.m., eight [[SWAT]] team members entered the 32nd floor through the second stairwell nearest to Paddock's suite.<ref name="LAT9">
{{cite news |title=Here's a timeline of the Las Vegas shooting — with the crucial detail police left out last time |publisher=The Los Angeles Times |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-vegas-shooting-timeline-revised-20171009-story.html |date=October 9, 2017 |accessdate=October 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010030330/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-vegas-shooting-timeline-revised-20171009-story.html |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> Once all the other rooms on the floor had been cleared, at 11:20 p.m. more than an hour after the first two officers arrived,<ref name="LA:3">
{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-las-vegas-shooting-live-updates-why-did-it-take-police-so-long-to-1507174474-htmlstory.html |title=Why did it take police so long to breach Las Vegas gunman's room? Here's a new timeline |date=October 4, 2017 |work=Los Angeles Times |access-date=October 5, 2017 |issn=0458-3035 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005072708/http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-las-vegas-shooting-live-updates-why-did-it-take-police-so-long-to-1507174474-htmlstory.html |archive-date=October 5, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref><ref name="Newsweek">
{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/las-vegas-shooting-cops-took-more-hour-storm-gunmans-room-676198 |title=Las Vegas Shooting: Cops Took More Than An Hour to Storm Gunman's Room |work=Newsweek |first=Christal |last=Hayes |date=October 2, 2017 |access-date=October 3, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003142302/http://www.newsweek.com/las-vegas-shooting-cops-took-more-hour-storm-gunmans-room-676198 |archive-date=October 3, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> and 65 minutes after Paddock had ceased firing, the police breached his door with an explosive charge and entered the room.{{r|LAT9}} Paddock was found dead inside his suite from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head.<ref name= death>
{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-planned-escape-left-note-shooting-himself-678572 |title=Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock planned to escape but killed himself as the SWAT team moved in |first=Jack |last=Moore |date=October 5, 2017 |access-date=October 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008051217/http://www.newsweek.com/vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock-planned-escape-left-note-shooting-himself-678572 |archive-date=October 8, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Blankstein |first2=Tom |last2=Winter |first3=Jonathan |last3=Dienst |first4=Alex |last4=Johnson |first5=Sarah |last5=Fitzpatrick |first6=Corky |last6=Siemaszko |title=Marilou Danley, Las Vegas Gunman's Girlfriend, Says She Had No Idea |date=October 4, 2017 |accessdate=October 6, 2017 |website=[[NBC News]] |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/las-vegas-shooting/marilou-danley-girlfriend-las-vegas-gunman-arrives-u-s-sources-n807331 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006000407/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/las-vegas-shooting/marilou-danley-girlfriend-las-vegas-gunman-arrives-u-s-sources-n807331 |archive-date=October 6, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref>

=== Investigation ===
In addition to the firearms and accessories found in Paddock's hotel room, there was a note that included handwritten calculations about where he needed to aim to maximize his accuracy.<ref>
{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/las-vegas-gunman-stephen-paddock-note-hotel-room-details-of-bullet-trajectory/ |title=Note in Las Vegas gunman's hotel room included details of bullet trajectory |work=CBS News |date=October 7, 2017 |access-date=October 7, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007223413/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/las-vegas-gunman-stephen-paddock-note-hotel-room-details-of-bullet-trajectory/ |archive-date=October 7, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref><ref name=CNN-100717>
{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/07/us/las-vegas-shooting-investigation/index.html |title=Source: Las Vegas shooter left behind calculations for targeting crowd |work=CNN |date=October 7, 2017 |accessdate=October 7, 2017 |first1=Jason |last1=Hanna |first2=Steve |last2=Almasy |first3=Euan |last3=McKirdy |first4=Matt |last4=Rehbein |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007184917/http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/07/us/las-vegas-shooting-investigation/index.html |archive-date=October 7, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> The note contained the actual distance to the target, his own elevation, and the bullet trajectory relative to the line of fire.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Police reveal chilling details of note left by Las Vegas gunman |first=Chantal |last=Da Silva |publisher=The Independent |date=October 8, 2017 |accessdate=October 8, 2017 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/las-vegas-massacre-stephen-paddock-gunman-had-note-on-where-to-shoot-to-maximise-death-toll-a7988691.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008162522/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/las-vegas-massacre-stephen-paddock-gunman-had-note-on-where-to-shoot-to-maximise-death-toll-a7988691.html |archive-date=October 8, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> There were also a number of laptops in the suite, one of which was missing a [[hard drive]].{{r|CBS-110417}} Computer forensics discovered hundreds of images of [[child pornography]] on the laptops.<ref name=ritter>
{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/probe-las-vegas-shooting-suspects-motive-remains-mystery-185240271.html |title=Vegas gunman studied SWAT tactics, music site before attack |work=Associated Press |via=[[Yahoo! News]] |author=Ken Ritter |date=January 19, 2018 |accessdate=January 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120002752/https://www.yahoo.com/news/probe-las-vegas-shooting-suspects-motive-remains-mystery-185240271.html |archive-date=January 20, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref> Coincidentally his brother Bruce was arrested in [[North Hollywood, California]] on charges of possessing over 600 child pornography images.<ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/vegas-gunman-stephen-paddock-s-brother-custody-child-porn-probe-n811461|title=Vegas Gunman Stephen Paddock's Brother Arrested in Child Porn Probe|last=NBCNews|date=October 26, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510132650/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/vegas-gunman-stephen-paddock-s-brother-custody-child-porn-probe-n811461|archive-date=May 10, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
</ref><ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.nl/bruce-paddock-las-vegas-shooter-brother-arrested-suspicion-child-pornography-2017-10/?international=true&r=US|title=A brother of the Las Vegas shooter has been arrested on child pornography charges|last=www.businessinsider.com|date=October 25, 2017|access-date=June 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716082414/https://www.businessinsider.nl/bruce-paddock-las-vegas-shooter-brother-arrested-suspicion-child-pornography-2017-10/?international=true&r=US|archive-date=July 16, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
</ref>

[[Ammonium nitrate]], often used in [[improvised explosive device]]s, was found in the trunk of his car, along with 1,600 rounds of ammunition and {{convert|50|lb|abbr=off}} of [[tannerite]], a [[binary explosive]] used to make explosive targets for gun ranges.{{r|abc.net}}<ref name="Chia">
{{cite news |last1 = Chia |first1 = Jessica |title = Las Vegas mass shooter fired at aviation fuel tanks |url = http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/las-vegas-mass-shooter-fired-aviation-fuel-tanks-article-1.3541994 |date = October 4, 2017 |accessdate = October 5, 2017 |location = New York |work = Daily News |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171006045545/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/las-vegas-mass-shooter-fired-aviation-fuel-tanks-article-1.3541994 |archive-date = October 6, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> However, investigators clarified that while Paddock had "nefarious intent" with the material, he did not appear to have assembled an explosive device.<ref name=NBC-100717>
{{cite news |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/las-vegas-shooting/answer-question-las-vegas-massacre-why-elusive-so-far-n808601 |title = Answer to Question in Las Vegas Massacre, 'Why?', Elusive So Far |publisher = [[NBC News]] |date = October 7, 2017 |accessdate = October 7, 2017 |first1 = Miguel |last1 = Almaguer |first2 = Tom |last2 = Winter |first3 = Kasie |last3 = Hunt |first4 = Phil |last4 = Helsel |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171007095114/https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/las-vegas-shooting/answer-question-las-vegas-massacre-why-elusive-so-far-n808601 |archive-date = October 7, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref name=NYTimes-100617>
{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/us/las-vegas-shooting.html |title = Las Vegas Shooting: At a Loss on Motive, F.B.I. Turns to Billboards for Leads |publisher = The New York Times |date = October 6, 2017 |accessdate = October 7, 2017 |first1 = John |last1 = Branch |first2 = Jennifer |last2 = Medina |first3 = Mitch |last3 = Smith |first4 = Richard C. |last4 = Paddock |first5 = Sheryl Gay |last5 = Stolberg |first6 = Richard |last6 = Pérez-Peña |first7 = Christopher |last7 = Mele |first8 = Jonah Engel |last8 = Bromwich |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171007010306/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/06/us/las-vegas-shooting.html |archive-date = October 7, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> An additional 19 firearms were found at his home.{{r|ABC12}}

According to police, Paddock acted alone. His [[Motive (law)|motive]] remains unknown.<ref name=AU1>
{{cite news |title = What we know about Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock |url = http://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/what-we-know-about-las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock/news-story/84534e9684ee5eda80a6989c109fe013 |publisher = [[News.com.au]] |first = James |last = Law |date = October 3, 2017 |accessdate = October 3, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171002173852/http://www.news.com.au/world/north-america/what-we-know-about-las-vegas-shooter-stephen-paddock/news-story/84534e9684ee5eda80a6989c109fe013 |archive-date = October 2, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |first1 = Holly |last1 = Yan |first2 = Philip |last2 = Victor |first3 = Darran |last3 = Simon |title = Weapons cache found at Las Vegas shooter's home |url = http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/02/us/las-vegas-shooter/index.html |publisher = CNN |date = October 2, 2017 |accessdate = October 2, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171002065742/http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/02/us/las-vegas-shooter/index.html |archive-date = October 2, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title = Suspect Named in Las Vegas Shooting, Motive Still Unclear |url = https://variety.com/2017/music/news/suspect-named-las-vegas-shooting-1202577570/ |first1 = Robert |last1 = Mitchell |first2 = Henry |last2 = Chu |date = October 2, 2017 |accessdate = October 2, 2017 |website = Variety |language = en-US |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171002174310/http://variety.com/2017/music/news/suspect-named-las-vegas-shooting-1202577570/ |archive-date = October 2, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |title = Stephen Paddock: What we know about Vegas shooter, 'high stakes gambler' |url = http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/10/02/stephen-paddock-what-know-about-las-vegas-shooting-suspect.html |publisher = [[Fox News Channel]] |date = October 2, 2017 |accessdate = October 2, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171002163956/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/10/02/stephen-paddock-what-know-about-las-vegas-shooting-suspect.html |archive-date = October 2, 2017 |dead-url = no |df = mdy-all }}
</ref> The [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] (ISIL) claimed responsibility, but United States law enforcement officials have given no evidence of a connection between Paddock and ISIL.<ref name=Blake /> There has been some discussion around brain pathology initially thought to be benign as a possible contributor.<ref>
{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/10/05/opinions/mystery-of-stephen-paddocks-brain-opinion-eagleman/index.html |title=The mystery of Stephen Paddock's brain |work=CNN |first=David |last=Eagleman |date=October 5, 2017 |access-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010043153/http://www.cnn.com/2017/10/05/opinions/mystery-of-stephen-paddocks-brain-opinion-eagleman/index.html |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1 = Matt |last1 = Ferner |url = https://m.huffingtonpost.com.au/entry/las-vegas-mass-shooting-investigation-motivation_us_5abd7a8be4b0a47437a9bdc5 |title = 6 Months After The Vegas Shooting, We Still Don’t Know What Motivated The Killer |work = Huffington Post |date = March 31, 2018 |accessdate = August 23, 2018 }}</ref> Paddock's remains were sent to [[Stanford University]] to receive a more extensive analysis of his brain.<ref>{{cite news |title = The Latest: Coroner: Stanford to study body of Vegas shooter |url = http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/latest-vegas-shooter-fired-aviation-fuel-tanks-50467860 |deadurl = yes |website = [[ABC News]] |publisher = ABC |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017023420/http://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/latest-vegas-shooter-fired-aviation-fuel-tanks-50467860 |date = October 13, 2017 |archivedate = October 17, 2017 |accessdate = October 15, 2017 }}</ref> The Stanford pathologists found no abnormalities present within the brain.<ref>
{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/09/us/las-vegas-attack-paddock-brain-autopsy.html|title=Las Vegas Gunman’s Brain Exam Only Deepens Mystery of His Actions|access-date=2018-09-19|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211728/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/09/us/las-vegas-attack-paddock-brain-autopsy.html|archive-date=September 19, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
</ref>

Investigators believe that he was obsessed with cleanliness and possibly had [[bipolar disorder]]. Although a doctor did offer him antidepressants, he only accepted anxiety medication. The doctor also described Paddock as "odd" and showing "little emotion". Psychologists ex post facto have noted a distinct similarity between Paddock's demeanor and the psychological construct [[alexithymia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qk9UDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA296&dq=stephen+paddock+alexithymia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwie49iK6vLeAhUKKVAKHYw0D1wQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=stephen+paddock+alexithymia&f=false|title=The Medicalized Body and Anesthetic Culture: The Cadaver, the Memorial Body, and the Recovery of Lived Experience|first=Brent Dean|last=Robbins|date=April 3, 2018|publisher=Springer|accessdate=December 20, 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> which might have modulated his decision to conduct the shooting given its association with various mass murderers throughout history.<ref>
{{Cite web |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/12377 |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127052304/https://www.karger.com/Article/PDF/12377 |archive-date=November 27, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/11/24/what-made-anders-behring-breivik-a-mass-killer-in-norway|title=What Made Anders Behring Breivik a Mass Killer in Norway?|first=Aage|last=Borchgrevink|date=November 24, 2013|publisher=|accessdate=December 20, 2018|via=www.thedailybeast.com}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/alexithymia-condition-impacts-emotions-new-research-science-a8374496.html|title=This medical condition is widely unheard of but can impact the emotions we feel|date=December 20, 2018|website=The Independent|accessdate=December 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127074731/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/alexithymia-condition-impacts-emotions-new-research-science-a8374496.html|archive-date=November 27, 2018|dead-url=no|df=mdy-all}}
</ref> It was reported that he was fearful of medication and often refused to take it.<ref name=lvmpdreport>
{{cite web |url=https://www.lvmpd.com/en-us/Documents/1_October_FIT_Report_01-18-2018_Footnoted.pdf |title=LVMPD Preliminary Investigative Report 1 October / Mass Casualty Shooting Event: 171001-3519 |publisher=[[Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department]] |date=January 18, 2018 |accessdate=January 31, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120012047/https://www.lvmpd.com/en-us/Documents/1_October_FIT_Report_01-18-2018_Footnoted.pdf |archive-date=January 20, 2018 |dead-url=no |df=mdy-all }}
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/2018/01/20/las-vegas-gunman-germophobe-possibly-bipolar|title=Las Vegas Gunman Was Germophobe, Possibly Bipolar|date=January 20, 2018|website=Snopes|accessdate=January 20, 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paddock, Stephen Craig}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:2017 Las Vegas shooting]]
[[Category:21st-century American criminals]]
[[Category:American accountants]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American gamblers]]
[[Category:American mass murderers]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:California State University, Northridge alumni]]
[[Category:Criminals from Arizona]]
[[Category:Criminals from California]]
[[Category:Criminals from Iowa]]
[[Category:Criminals from Nevada]]
[[Category:John H. Francis Polytechnic High School alumni]]
[[Category:Male suicides]]
[[Category:Murderers who committed suicide]]
[[Category:People from Clinton, Iowa]]
[[Category:People from Mesquite, Nevada]]
[[Category:People from Sun Valley, Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Suicides by firearm in Nevada]]
[[Category:People from Tucson, Arizona]]
[[Category:American male criminals]]

Dan Bilzerian

2019-05-21T00:54:22Z

141.138.51.145:

{{short description|American poker player and internet personality}}
{{COI|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dan Bilzerian
| image = Dan Bilzerian 2013.jpg
| caption = Bilzerian in 2013
| image_size =
| alma_mater = [[University of Florida]]
| birth_name = Dan Brandon Bilzerian
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|12|07}}
| birth_place = [[Tampa, Florida]], U.S.
| citizenship = United States (1980–present) Armenia (2018–present)
| residence = {{plainlist|
*[[Bel Air, Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S.
*[[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], U.S.
}}
| other_names = {{plainlist|
*"Blitz"<ref>{{cite news|last1=Levinson|first1=Sean|title=All In: Dan ‘Blitz’ Bilzerian, The Man With The Epic Instagram, Shows What The High Life Is Like (Video)|url=http://elitedaily.com/news/world/all-in-dan-blitz-bilzerian-the-man-with-the-epic-instagram-shows-what-the-high-life-is-like-video/|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=elitedaily.com|date=March 28, 2014}}</ref>
*"Instagram King"<ref name="dailymail"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Wes challenges Instagram 'king' Dan Bilzerian with wife Rosanna: 'Do you have a Miss World in your pool?'|url=http://www.independent.ie/style/celebrity/celebrity-news/wes-challenges-instagram-king-dan-bilzerian-with-wife-rosanna-do-you-have-a-miss-world-in-your-pool-30391353.html|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[Irish Independent]]|date=June 28, 2014}}</ref>
*"Instagram's Playboy King"<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fleishman|first1=Cooper|title=The dangerous life of Instagram's playboy king|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lifestyle/dan-bilzerian-instagram-interview/|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[The Daily Dot]]|date=December 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rhoades|first1=Logan|title=This Millionaire Playboy Is The Most Interesting Man On Instagram|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/mrloganrhoades/this-millionaire-playboy-is-the-most-interesting-man-on-inst|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=March 21, 2014}}</ref>
}}
| occupation =
| years_active =
| net_worth =
| partner =
| parents = [[Paul Bilzerian]] Terri Steffen
| relatives = [[Adam Bilzerian]] (brother)
| website = {{URL|http://danbilzerian.com/}}
}}

'''Dan Brandon Bilzerian'''<ref name="laweekly_arrest">{{cite news | url=http://www.laweekly.com/informer/2014/12/09/dan-bilzerian-arrested-at-lax | title=Dan Bilzerian Arrested at LAX | work=LA Weekly | first=Dennis | last=Romero | date=December 9, 2014 | accessdate=December 10, 2014}}</ref> (born December 7, 1980)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://victorypoker.com/victory-pros/dan-bilzerian |title=Dan Bilzerian Victory Pros |publisher=Victory Poker |accessdate=March 12, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227035940/http://victorypoker.com/victory-pros/dan-bilzerian |archivedate=February 27, 2014 }}</ref> is an Armenian-American [[internet personality]] and [[gambler]] who is best known for his lavish lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailycaller.com/2015/01/19/ladies-guns-and-cars-the-life-of-the-worlds-biggest-millionaire-playboy/|title=Ladies, Guns, And Cars: The Life Of The World’s Biggest Millionaire Playboy|website=The Daily Caller|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/dan-bilzerian-arrested-clark-county-bomb-making-warrant|title=Las Vegas Review-Journal|website=Las Vegas Review-Journal|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/12/10/king-of-instagram-held-without-bail-in-la.html|title='King of Instagram' held without bail in LA|first=Sarah|last=Whitten|date=December 10, 2014|publisher=|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Chris|title=DJ Steve Aoki balances decadent party image with business dreams|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-steve-aoki-20140810-story.html#page=1|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=August 8, 2014|quote=He ordered his friend, the professional poker player/bon vivant Dan Bilzerian....}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bilzerian was born in [[Tampa, Florida]], the son of corporate takeover specialist [[Paul Bilzerian]] and Terri Steffen. He is the brother of fellow poker player [[Adam Bilzerian]]. He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent through his father.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dan Bilzerian: Fifty Million in Poker Earnings |url=http://www.unfinishedman.com/dan-bilzerian-fifty-million-poker-earnings/|publisher=Unfinished Man|date=June 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-01-15/business/8902250432_1_bilzerian-first-singer-acquisition-paul-bilzerian|first=Ted|last=Reed|title=Bilzerian Court Fight May Be A Long One|work=Chicago Tribune|date=January 15, 1989|accessdate=November 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.facebook.com/danbilzerianofficial/photos/a.1425329161037681.1073741829.1423830694520861/1647223435514918/?type=1&theater Official Facebook-Account]. Post from April 24, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015</ref> His father was a [[corporate raider]] on [[Wall Street]] who set up [[trust fund]]s for both of his sons.<ref name=2014CNBCJail>{{cite news|last1=Whitten|first1=Sarah|title='King of Instagram' released from LA jail|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/102261021|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=CNBC|date=December 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name=2014LVSunFoster>{{cite web|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/vegasdeluxe/2014/dec/24/controversial-playboy-dan-bilzerian-lv-foster-fami/|title=Controversial playboy Dan Bilzerian is L.V. foster family’s Christmas angel|date=December 24, 2014|publisher=|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Actor, Astronaut, Asshole |url=http://www.bluff.com/magazine/actor-astronaut-asshole-17067/ |accessdate=November 9, 2014 |work=bluff.com |agency=BLUFF Magazine |date=October 2013 |quote=I do venture capitalism work.... |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109222318/http://www.bluff.com/magazine/actor-astronaut-asshole-17067/ |archivedate=November 9, 2014 }}</ref> Bilzerian entered the [[United States Navy SEAL selection and training#Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) Training (24 weeks)|Navy SEAL]] training program in 2000; however, after several attempts, he did not graduate. He was reportedly dropped from the program for a "safety violation on the shooting range."<ref name=SOFREP>Webb, Brandon (September 1, 2013).[http://sofrep.com/26399/exclusive-dan-bilzerian-talks-to-sofrep-for-the-record/ "Dan Bilzerian Talks To SOFREP For The Record"]. ''[[SOFREP]]''.</ref> Bilzerian subsequently enrolled at the [[University of Florida]], majoring in Business and Criminology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joesdaily.com/lifestyle/dan-bilzerian-set-retire-crown-instagram-king/ |title=Dan Bilzeran poker playboy crowned Instagram King reveals lunatic lifestyle |date=December 11, 2013 |publisher=''joesdaily'' |accessdate=April 3, 2014}}</ref>

==Poker career==
Bilzerian played in the 2009 [[2009 World Series of Poker#Main event|World Series of Poker Main Event]], finishing in 180th place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/tournaments/results.asp?tid=7283&grid=607|title=Tournament Results - Official World Series of Poker Online|website=www.wsop.com|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref> In 2010, he was voted one of the funniest poker players on [[Twitter]] by ''[[Bluff Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bluff.com/news/readers-choice-nominees-funniest-poker-twitterer-17193/ |date=December 3, 2010 |accessdate=September 26, 2013 |title=Reader’s Choice Nominees: Funniest Poker Twitterer |publisher=''Bluff'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222311/http://www.bluff.com/news/readers-choice-nominees-funniest-poker-twitterer-17193/ |archivedate=October 4, 2013 }}</ref> In November 2011, Bilzerian, along with ten others including actors [[Tobey Maguire]], [[Nick Cassavetes]], and [[Gabe Kaplan]], were asked to pay back winnings that they had won in poker games against [[Ponzi scheme]] operator Bradley Ruderman after Ruderman was sentenced to prison, to help pay back some of the victims Ruderman had stolen from over his criminal career.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/28/showbiz/maguire-poker-suit/ |date=November 28, 2011 |accessdate=September 26, 2013 |publisher=CNN |title=Tobey Maguire settles poker lawsuit |author=Alan Duke}}</ref> That same year, Bilzerian defended [[Alex Rodriguez]] publicly against accusations that he had gambled illegally, claiming that he was present when the alleged gambling event had taken place and Rodriguez was not present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bluff.com/news/am-scramble-karrs-high-roller-rail-hall-of-famers-november-niners-a-rods-alibi-24194/ |title=A.M. SCRAMBLE: Karr’s High Roller Rail, Hall Of Famers, November Niners & A-Rod’s Alibi |date=August 5, 2011 |accessdate=September 26, 2013 |publisher=''Bluff.com'' |author=Lance Bradley |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010555/http://www.bluff.com/news/am-scramble-karrs-high-roller-rail-hall-of-famers-november-niners-a-rods-alibi-24194/ |archivedate=October 5, 2013 }}</ref> In November 2013, Bilzerian posted an unconfirmed claim that he won $10.8 million from a single night of playing poker,<ref name="PocketFives 2013">{{cite web | title=Dan Bilzerian Allegedly Wins $10.8 Million in Epic Poker Session | website=PocketFives | date=December 4, 2013 | url=https://www.pocketfives.com/articles/dan-bilzerian-allegedly-wins-10-8-million-in-epic-poker-session-588992/ | access-date=January 26, 2018}}</ref> and in 2014 he claimed to have won $50 million throughout the year, adding that he "doesn't play against professionals anymore and the most he's ever lost in a single session is $3.6 million."<ref name="PokerStrategy.com 2014">{{cite web | title=News: 'I've won $50 million this year' - Dan Bilzerian | website=PokerStrategy.com | date=July 24, 2014 | url=https://www.pokerstrategy.com/news/world-of-poker/-I-ve-won-$50-million-this-year-Dan-Bilzerian_85745/ | access-date=January 26, 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bilzerian splits his time between homes in [[Hollywood Hills]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]<ref name="dailymail">{{cite news|last1=Collins|first1=Laura|title=EXCLUSIVE - Sex, guns, cocaine-induced heart attacks and a pet Bengal tiger biting a party girl's breast: The $100m poker playboy 'Instagram King' opens his heart and home to reveal what drives his 'lunatic lifestyle'|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2521591/Dan-Bilzeran-poker-playboy-crowned-Instagram-King-reveals-lunatic-lifestyle.html|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[Daily Mail]]|date=December 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name="wsj">{{cite news|last1=Reagan|first1=Brad|title=Dan Bilzerian's Life of Partying and Poker|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dan-bilzerians-life-of-partying-and-poker-1410897368|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=September 16, 2014}}</ref> and [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trweb.co.clark.nv.us/WEP_summary.asp?Parcel=164-14-814-001|title=Ascend Web Inquiry Summary Page|website=trweb.co.clark.nv.us|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref> He moved to [[Bel Air, Los Angeles]] from Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theblast.com/dan-bilzerian-housewarming-party-bel-air/|title=Dan Bilzerian Throws Epic Housewarming Party at $100 Million Mansion|work=The Blast|last1=Steiner|first1=Erica|accessdate=June 11, 2018}}</ref>

On March 9, 2011, Bilzerian raced and beat [[Tom Goldstein]] for a wager of $385,000 at [[Las Vegas Motor Speedway]], with Bilzerian racing a 1967 [[AC Cobra]] and Goldstein behind the wheel of a [[Ferrari 458 Italia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ferrari 458 Challenge 1967 Shelby Cobra: $ 400,000 up for grabs |url=http://motori.nanopress.it/ferrari-458-sfida-shelby-cobra-del-1967-400-000-dollari-in-palio/P69835/ |accessdate=September 26, 2013 |date=March 22, 2011 |publisher=''Nano Press Motori'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220933/http://motori.nanopress.it/ferrari-458-sfida-shelby-cobra-del-1967-400-000-dollari-in-palio/P69835/ |archivedate=October 4, 2013 }}</ref>

Because of his lavish lifestyle and heavy drug abuse, Bilzerian reportedly suffered two heart attacks before the age of 32.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moran|first1=Lee|title=Instagram 'Playboy King' who suffered 3 heart failures rebrands as 'gentleman of poker'|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/poker-playing-bad-boy-suffered-3-heart-failures-article-1.1535828|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[Daily News (New York)|New York Daily News]]|date=December 3, 2013|quote=Dan Bilzerian, who is said to be worth more than $100 million, has built a reputation — thanks to his Instagram feed — of living a lavish lifestyle.}}</ref>

In October 2016, American R&B singer [[T-Pain]] released a song named after Dan Bilzerian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7557658/t-pain-lil-yachty-instagram-dan-bilzerian-song-stream|title=T-Pain & Lil Yachty Team Up for Carefree Anthem 'Dan Bilzerian'|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=November 21, 2017}}</ref>

===Legal issues===
In 2014, Bilzerian sued the producers of the film ''[[Lone Survivor (film)|Lone Survivor]]''. His lawsuit states that although he loaned the production of that film $1 million in exchange for a minimum of eight minutes of screen time and 80 words of dialogue, his role was reduced to less than one minute and has just one line. His lawsuit demanded $1.2 million (the original loan amount plus a 20 percent penalty).<ref name=HollywoodReporter/>{{update after|2017|8|29}}

In August 2014, Bilzerian was banned from a Miami nightclub for kicking model Vanessa Castano in the face during a brawl. Bilzerian stated that Castano and another woman attacked Bilzerian's female companion. Castano stated, "There were two girls standing next to me at the table that were fighting. People started getting shoved and I tried to separate them. Then Dan pushed me off the banquette and once I fell he kicked me in the face."<ref>Driscoll, Brogan (August 12, 2014). [http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/12/08/king-of-instagram-dan-bilzerian_n_6289252.html "'King Of Instagram' Dan Bilzerian Banned For Life From Nightclub For Kicking A Woman In The Face"]. [[The Huffington Post]].</ref> Castano later filed a lawsuit against Bilzerian for her injuries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dan Bilzerian Sued Over Face Kick in Miami|url=http://www.tmz.com/2014/12/10/dan-bilzerian-sued-kicking-woman-face-miami-nightclub/|website=TMZ.com|publisher=TMZ|accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref> It was also reported that Castano has asked Bilzerian for US$1 million to settle the suit citing the possibility of greater [[punitive damages]] based on his income if the suit went to trial.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dan Bilzerian Lifestyle Could Cost Him Millions In Face Kick Lawsuit|url=http://www.tmz.com/2014/12/12/dan-bilzerian-money-face-kick-lawsuit-settle-income/|website=tmz.com|publisher=TMZ|accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref>

In December 2014, Bilzerian was embroiled in a legal matter with [[pornographic actress]] Janice Griffith, whom he threw off the roof of a house and into a pool as part of a photoshoot for ''[[Hustler]]'' magazine in April 2014. She fell short of the pool, hitting the edge, and broke her foot. The 18-year-old Griffith asked Bilzerian for $85,000 for her injuries, which was rejected. She then filed a lawsuit against both ''Hustler'' and Bilzerian, to which Bilzerian's attorney responded that Griffith was under contract for the event by ''Hustler'', that ''Hustler'' hired Bilzerian for the event, and that Bilzerian was not at fault.<ref>Patrice, Joe (May 15, 2014). [http://abovethelaw.com/2014/05/the-most-epic-lawyer-response-ever-to-a-porn-star-threatening-to-sue/ "The Most Epic Lawyer Response Ever To A Porn Star Threatening To Sue"]. Above the Law.</ref> In January 2015, ''Hustler''{{'s}} attorney claimed that the toss was an "[[act of God]]" and stated that it was not the publisher's fault that Griffith suffered injuries as a result.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dowling |first1=Kyle |title=Hustler Magazine, Roof-Tossed XXX Porn Star Janice Griffith, Dan Bilzerian Lawsuit: NSFW Nude Adult Mag Legal Docs Call Instagram "Biggest Playboy" Throw "Act Of God" Following Sex Lead Injuries |url=http://www.mstarz.com/articles/50268/20150125/hustler-magazine-roof-tossed-xxx-porn-star-janice-griffith-dan-bilzerian-lawsuit-nsfw-nude-adult-legal-documents-instagram-biggest-playboy-throw-act-god-sex-star-injuries.htm |accessdate=February 15, 2015 |publisher=M Star News |date=January 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215215915/http://www.mstarz.com/articles/50268/20150125/hustler-magazine-roof-tossed-xxx-porn-star-janice-griffith-dan-bilzerian-lawsuit-nsfw-nude-adult-legal-documents-instagram-biggest-playboy-throw-act-god-sex-star-injuries.htm |archivedate=February 15, 2015 |df= }}</ref>

On December 9, 2014, Bilzerian was arrested at [[Los Angeles International Airport]] on unrelated bomb-making charges.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Caulfield|first1=Philip|title=‘Instagram playboy’ Dan Bilzerian arrested at Los Angeles airport days after alleged model-kicking incident|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/dan-bilzerian-arrested-los-angeles-airport-article-1.2040432|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|date=December 10, 2014|location=New York}}</ref> According to the [[Los Angeles Police Department]], Bilzerian was arrested on a fugitive warrant from Nevada and was booked at the LAPD's Pacific Division around 10 pm: "Bilzerian has been charged with violating a law making it a crime to possess an explosive or incendiary device with the intent to manufacture it."<ref>Bloom, Tracy (December 10, 2014). [http://ktla.com/2014/12/10/instagram-celebrity-dan-bilzerian-arrested-in-la-police-say/ "Instagram Celebrity Dan Bilzerian Arrested at LAX: LAPD"]. [[KTLA]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Celebrity poker player Dan Balzerian arrested in LA on weapons charge|url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/publicsafety/celebrity-poker-player-dan-bilzerian-arrested-in-la-on-weapons-charge/2209800|newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|date=December 10, 2014}}</ref> He was released from LAPD custody on the day of his arrest after charges were dropped but was scheduled to be arraigned in January 2015 in [[Clark County, Nevada]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Serna|first1=Joseph|last2=Hamilton|first2=Matt|title='King of Instagram' freed after arrest at LAX|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-instagram-king-jail-warrant-lax-20141210-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 10, 2014}}</ref> In February 2015, Bilzerian pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor charge of "negligently failing to extinguish a fire in the open" and was fined $17,231.50.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.casino.org/news/dan-bilzerian-pays-fine-avoids-jail-time-nevada-explosion | last = Horridge | first = Kevin | date = February 9, 2015 |accessdate=February 10, 2015 |title=Dan Bilzerian Pays Fine But Avoids Jail Time After Nevada Explosion}}</ref><ref name=2014LVRJbomb>{{cite news|last1=FERRARA|first1=DAVID|title=Dan Bilzerian arrested on Clark County bomb-making warrant|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/dan-bilzerian-arrested-clark-county-bomb-making-warrant|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=LAS VEGAS REVIEW-JOURNAL|date=December 10, 2014}}</ref>

===Politics===
In June 2015, Bilzerian announced his bid to run for the [[President of the United States]] in the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 election]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://national.suntimes.com/national-world-news/national-politics/7/72/1223175/dan-bilzerian-instagram-playboy-running-president/ | title=Dan Bilzerian, Instagram playboy, is running for president | work=Sun Times | date=June 2, 2015 | author=Sutton, Scott | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615195339/http://national.suntimes.com/national-world-news/national-politics/7/72/1223175/dan-bilzerian-instagram-playboy-running-president/ | archivedate=June 15, 2015 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vcpost.com/articles/71390/20150603/dan-bilzerian-latest-updates-king-of-instagram-president-american-playboy-massive-party-june-24th.htm | title=Dan Bilzerian Latest Updates: King of Instagram runs for President? American playboy to throw massive party on June 24th | work=Venture Capital Post | date=June 3, 2015}}</ref> He stopped his run for presidency in December 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/dan-bilzerian-hangs-out-with-donald-trump-2015-12?IR=T | title=Dan Bilzerian hangs out with Donald Trump | work=Businessinsider | date=December 16, 2015 | author=Mulshine, Molly}}</ref>

On August 28, 2018, Bilzerian flew to [[Armenia]] with his brother Adam and father Paul in order to take their oaths to obtain Armenian citizenship and join the [[Armenian Armed Forces]].<ref>https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29455833.html</ref><ref>http://www.armradio.am/en/2018/08/27/dan-bilzerian-registers-with-armenian-armed-forces/</ref> On that same trip he visited the [[Republic of Artsakh]] where he visited a shooting range, and fired weapons there.<ref>https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29474631.html</ref> The government of [[Azerbaijan]] sent a note of protest to the United States over these actions due to the contested status of Artsakh, and summoned U.S. Charge d'Affaires William Gill to take an official note of protest addressed to the U.S. Department of State. A court in Baku issued an arrest warrant for Bilzerian and put him on the international wanted list.<ref>https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29474631.html</ref>

===Las Vegas shooting===
On October 1, 2017, Bilzerian was present at the [[2017 Las Vegas shooting|Las Vegas shooting]] and filmed himself multiple times that evening, posting his videos to Instagram. In the first, he described the shooting and was fleeing to safety; in the second, he stated that "had to go grab a gun. I'm f---ing headed back." In his final two videos, he was heading home, stating "I don't think there's much I can do."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisisinsider.com/las-vegas-shooting-dan-bilzerian-caught-up-in-mandalay-bay-2017-10|title=An Instagram star shared a video with his 23 million followers after being caught up in the Las Vegas shooting|publisher=|accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>

There was media debate over his decisions that night: some praised his bravery for going back, others criticized him for running away and filming.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/03/what-a-macho-gun-packing-instagram-star-did-when-he-was-caught-in-the-las-vegas-shooting/|title=Analysis - What a macho, gun-packing Instagram star did when he was caught in the Las Vegas shooting|website=Washington Post|accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> In particular, Medal of Honor recipient [[Dakota Meyer]] stated that his actions were "disgusting" and criticized his "so so tough" persona.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maxim.com/news/dakota-meyer-slams-dan-bilzerian-2017-10|title=Medal of Honor Recipient Dakota Meyer Slams Dan Bilzerian For His 'Disgusting' Las Vegas Shooting Snapchat Video|publisher=|accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> Later, other videos of him that night appeared. One showed him searching a police car and another showed him running back towards the shooter before asking police for a gun and being refused one.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2017/10/05/dan-bilzerian-searches-cop-truck-vegas-shooting/|title=Dan Bilzerian Searched Police Truck Amid Vegas Shooter's Gunfire|publisher=}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* 2013: ''[[Olympus Has Fallen]]''<ref>Mariano, Kristin Dian (March 27, 2014). [http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/545279/20140327/instagram-playboy-dan-bilzerian-poker-win-10.htm "5 Things You Should Know About 'Instagram Playboy' Dan Da Goat Bielzabub And Why Men Are Envious"]. ''[[International Business Times]]''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922053255/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/545279/20140327/instagram-playboy-dan-bilzerian-poker-win-10.htm |date=September 22, 2014 }}</ref>
* 2013: ''[[Lone Survivor (film)|Lone Survivor]]''<ref name=HollywoodReporter>Couch, Aaron (August 28, 2013). [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/actor-sues-lone-survivor-producers-616876 "Actor Sues 'Lone Survivor' Producers After Role Cut"]. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''.</ref>
* 2014: ''[[The Other Woman (2014 film)|The Other Woman]]''<ref>[http://www.latinopost.com/articles/7066/20140724/dan-bilzerian-net-worth-top-things-know-millionaire.htm "Dan Bilzerian Net Worth & Top Things to Know About The Millionaire"]. The Latino Post. July 24, 2014.</ref>
* 2014: ''[[The Equalizer (film)|The Equalizer]]''
* 2014: ''[[Cat Run 2]]''
* 2015: ''[[Extraction (film)|Extraction]]''
* 2016: ''[[War Dogs (2016 film)|War Dogs]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilzerian, Dan}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American collectors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:American poker players]]
[[Category:United States Navy sailors]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tampa, Florida]]
[[Category:2016 United States presidential candidates]]
[[Category:University of Florida alumni]]

Dan Bilzerian

2019-05-21T00:53:55Z

141.138.51.145:

{{short description|American poker player and internet personality}}
{{COI|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dan Bilzerian
| image = Dan Bilzerian 2013.jpg
| caption = Bilzerian in 2013
| image_size =
| alma_mater = [[University of Florida]]
| birth_name = Dan Brandon Bilzerian
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|12|07}}
| birth_place = [[Tampa, Florida]], United States
| citizenship = United States (1980–present) Armenia (2018–present)
| residence = {{plainlist|
*[[Bel Air, Los Angeles]], [[California]], United States
*[[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], United States
}}
| other_names = {{plainlist|
*"Blitz"<ref>{{cite news|last1=Levinson|first1=Sean|title=All In: Dan ‘Blitz’ Bilzerian, The Man With The Epic Instagram, Shows What The High Life Is Like (Video)|url=http://elitedaily.com/news/world/all-in-dan-blitz-bilzerian-the-man-with-the-epic-instagram-shows-what-the-high-life-is-like-video/|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=elitedaily.com|date=March 28, 2014}}</ref>
*"Instagram King"<ref name="dailymail"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Wes challenges Instagram 'king' Dan Bilzerian with wife Rosanna: 'Do you have a Miss World in your pool?'|url=http://www.independent.ie/style/celebrity/celebrity-news/wes-challenges-instagram-king-dan-bilzerian-with-wife-rosanna-do-you-have-a-miss-world-in-your-pool-30391353.html|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[Irish Independent]]|date=June 28, 2014}}</ref>
*"Instagram's Playboy King"<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fleishman|first1=Cooper|title=The dangerous life of Instagram's playboy king|url=http://www.dailydot.com/lifestyle/dan-bilzerian-instagram-interview/|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[The Daily Dot]]|date=December 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rhoades|first1=Logan|title=This Millionaire Playboy Is The Most Interesting Man On Instagram|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/mrloganrhoades/this-millionaire-playboy-is-the-most-interesting-man-on-inst|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|date=March 21, 2014}}</ref>
}}
| occupation =
| years_active =
| net_worth =
| partner =
| parents = [[Paul Bilzerian]] Terri Steffen
| relatives = [[Adam Bilzerian]] (brother)
| website = {{URL|http://danbilzerian.com/}}
}}

'''Dan Brandon Bilzerian'''<ref name="laweekly_arrest">{{cite news | url=http://www.laweekly.com/informer/2014/12/09/dan-bilzerian-arrested-at-lax | title=Dan Bilzerian Arrested at LAX | work=LA Weekly | first=Dennis | last=Romero | date=December 9, 2014 | accessdate=December 10, 2014}}</ref> (born December 7, 1980)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://victorypoker.com/victory-pros/dan-bilzerian |title=Dan Bilzerian Victory Pros |publisher=Victory Poker |accessdate=March 12, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227035940/http://victorypoker.com/victory-pros/dan-bilzerian |archivedate=February 27, 2014 }}</ref> is an Armenian-American [[internet personality]] and [[gambler]] who is best known for his lavish lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailycaller.com/2015/01/19/ladies-guns-and-cars-the-life-of-the-worlds-biggest-millionaire-playboy/|title=Ladies, Guns, And Cars: The Life Of The World’s Biggest Millionaire Playboy|website=The Daily Caller|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/dan-bilzerian-arrested-clark-county-bomb-making-warrant|title=Las Vegas Review-Journal|website=Las Vegas Review-Journal|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/12/10/king-of-instagram-held-without-bail-in-la.html|title='King of Instagram' held without bail in LA|first=Sarah|last=Whitten|date=December 10, 2014|publisher=|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Chris|title=DJ Steve Aoki balances decadent party image with business dreams|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-steve-aoki-20140810-story.html#page=1|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=August 8, 2014|quote=He ordered his friend, the professional poker player/bon vivant Dan Bilzerian....}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bilzerian was born in [[Tampa, Florida]], the son of corporate takeover specialist [[Paul Bilzerian]] and Terri Steffen. He is the brother of fellow poker player [[Adam Bilzerian]]. He is of [[Armenians|Armenian]] descent through his father.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dan Bilzerian: Fifty Million in Poker Earnings |url=http://www.unfinishedman.com/dan-bilzerian-fifty-million-poker-earnings/|publisher=Unfinished Man|date=June 20, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1989-01-15/business/8902250432_1_bilzerian-first-singer-acquisition-paul-bilzerian|first=Ted|last=Reed|title=Bilzerian Court Fight May Be A Long One|work=Chicago Tribune|date=January 15, 1989|accessdate=November 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>[https://www.facebook.com/danbilzerianofficial/photos/a.1425329161037681.1073741829.1423830694520861/1647223435514918/?type=1&theater Official Facebook-Account]. Post from April 24, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015</ref> His father was a [[corporate raider]] on [[Wall Street]] who set up [[trust fund]]s for both of his sons.<ref name=2014CNBCJail>{{cite news|last1=Whitten|first1=Sarah|title='King of Instagram' released from LA jail|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/102261021|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=CNBC|date=December 11, 2014}}</ref><ref name=2014LVSunFoster>{{cite web|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/vegasdeluxe/2014/dec/24/controversial-playboy-dan-bilzerian-lv-foster-fami/|title=Controversial playboy Dan Bilzerian is L.V. foster family’s Christmas angel|date=December 24, 2014|publisher=|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Actor, Astronaut, Asshole |url=http://www.bluff.com/magazine/actor-astronaut-asshole-17067/ |accessdate=November 9, 2014 |work=bluff.com |agency=BLUFF Magazine |date=October 2013 |quote=I do venture capitalism work.... |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109222318/http://www.bluff.com/magazine/actor-astronaut-asshole-17067/ |archivedate=November 9, 2014 }}</ref> Bilzerian entered the [[United States Navy SEAL selection and training#Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) Training (24 weeks)|Navy SEAL]] training program in 2000; however, after several attempts, he did not graduate. He was reportedly dropped from the program for a "safety violation on the shooting range."<ref name=SOFREP>Webb, Brandon (September 1, 2013).[http://sofrep.com/26399/exclusive-dan-bilzerian-talks-to-sofrep-for-the-record/ "Dan Bilzerian Talks To SOFREP For The Record"]. ''[[SOFREP]]''.</ref> Bilzerian subsequently enrolled at the [[University of Florida]], majoring in Business and Criminology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.joesdaily.com/lifestyle/dan-bilzerian-set-retire-crown-instagram-king/ |title=Dan Bilzeran poker playboy crowned Instagram King reveals lunatic lifestyle |date=December 11, 2013 |publisher=''joesdaily'' |accessdate=April 3, 2014}}</ref>

==Poker career==
Bilzerian played in the 2009 [[2009 World Series of Poker#Main event|World Series of Poker Main Event]], finishing in 180th place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsop.com/tournaments/results.asp?tid=7283&grid=607|title=Tournament Results - Official World Series of Poker Online|website=www.wsop.com|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref> In 2010, he was voted one of the funniest poker players on [[Twitter]] by ''[[Bluff Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bluff.com/news/readers-choice-nominees-funniest-poker-twitterer-17193/ |date=December 3, 2010 |accessdate=September 26, 2013 |title=Reader’s Choice Nominees: Funniest Poker Twitterer |publisher=''Bluff'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222311/http://www.bluff.com/news/readers-choice-nominees-funniest-poker-twitterer-17193/ |archivedate=October 4, 2013 }}</ref> In November 2011, Bilzerian, along with ten others including actors [[Tobey Maguire]], [[Nick Cassavetes]], and [[Gabe Kaplan]], were asked to pay back winnings that they had won in poker games against [[Ponzi scheme]] operator Bradley Ruderman after Ruderman was sentenced to prison, to help pay back some of the victims Ruderman had stolen from over his criminal career.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/28/showbiz/maguire-poker-suit/ |date=November 28, 2011 |accessdate=September 26, 2013 |publisher=CNN |title=Tobey Maguire settles poker lawsuit |author=Alan Duke}}</ref> That same year, Bilzerian defended [[Alex Rodriguez]] publicly against accusations that he had gambled illegally, claiming that he was present when the alleged gambling event had taken place and Rodriguez was not present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bluff.com/news/am-scramble-karrs-high-roller-rail-hall-of-famers-november-niners-a-rods-alibi-24194/ |title=A.M. SCRAMBLE: Karr’s High Roller Rail, Hall Of Famers, November Niners & A-Rod’s Alibi |date=August 5, 2011 |accessdate=September 26, 2013 |publisher=''Bluff.com'' |author=Lance Bradley |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010555/http://www.bluff.com/news/am-scramble-karrs-high-roller-rail-hall-of-famers-november-niners-a-rods-alibi-24194/ |archivedate=October 5, 2013 }}</ref> In November 2013, Bilzerian posted an unconfirmed claim that he won $10.8 million from a single night of playing poker,<ref name="PocketFives 2013">{{cite web | title=Dan Bilzerian Allegedly Wins $10.8 Million in Epic Poker Session | website=PocketFives | date=December 4, 2013 | url=https://www.pocketfives.com/articles/dan-bilzerian-allegedly-wins-10-8-million-in-epic-poker-session-588992/ | access-date=January 26, 2018}}</ref> and in 2014 he claimed to have won $50 million throughout the year, adding that he "doesn't play against professionals anymore and the most he's ever lost in a single session is $3.6 million."<ref name="PokerStrategy.com 2014">{{cite web | title=News: 'I've won $50 million this year' - Dan Bilzerian | website=PokerStrategy.com | date=July 24, 2014 | url=https://www.pokerstrategy.com/news/world-of-poker/-I-ve-won-$50-million-this-year-Dan-Bilzerian_85745/ | access-date=January 26, 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bilzerian splits his time between homes in [[Hollywood Hills]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]<ref name="dailymail">{{cite news|last1=Collins|first1=Laura|title=EXCLUSIVE - Sex, guns, cocaine-induced heart attacks and a pet Bengal tiger biting a party girl's breast: The $100m poker playboy 'Instagram King' opens his heart and home to reveal what drives his 'lunatic lifestyle'|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2521591/Dan-Bilzeran-poker-playboy-crowned-Instagram-King-reveals-lunatic-lifestyle.html|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[Daily Mail]]|date=December 11, 2013}}</ref><ref name="wsj">{{cite news|last1=Reagan|first1=Brad|title=Dan Bilzerian's Life of Partying and Poker|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dan-bilzerians-life-of-partying-and-poker-1410897368|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|date=September 16, 2014}}</ref> and [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trweb.co.clark.nv.us/WEP_summary.asp?Parcel=164-14-814-001|title=Ascend Web Inquiry Summary Page|website=trweb.co.clark.nv.us|accessdate=August 15, 2017}}</ref> He moved to [[Bel Air, Los Angeles]] from Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theblast.com/dan-bilzerian-housewarming-party-bel-air/|title=Dan Bilzerian Throws Epic Housewarming Party at $100 Million Mansion|work=The Blast|last1=Steiner|first1=Erica|accessdate=June 11, 2018}}</ref>

On March 9, 2011, Bilzerian raced and beat [[Tom Goldstein]] for a wager of $385,000 at [[Las Vegas Motor Speedway]], with Bilzerian racing a 1967 [[AC Cobra]] and Goldstein behind the wheel of a [[Ferrari 458 Italia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ferrari 458 Challenge 1967 Shelby Cobra: $ 400,000 up for grabs |url=http://motori.nanopress.it/ferrari-458-sfida-shelby-cobra-del-1967-400-000-dollari-in-palio/P69835/ |accessdate=September 26, 2013 |date=March 22, 2011 |publisher=''Nano Press Motori'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220933/http://motori.nanopress.it/ferrari-458-sfida-shelby-cobra-del-1967-400-000-dollari-in-palio/P69835/ |archivedate=October 4, 2013 }}</ref>

Because of his lavish lifestyle and heavy drug abuse, Bilzerian reportedly suffered two heart attacks before the age of 32.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moran|first1=Lee|title=Instagram 'Playboy King' who suffered 3 heart failures rebrands as 'gentleman of poker'|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/poker-playing-bad-boy-suffered-3-heart-failures-article-1.1535828|accessdate=November 9, 2014|work=[[Daily News (New York)|New York Daily News]]|date=December 3, 2013|quote=Dan Bilzerian, who is said to be worth more than $100 million, has built a reputation — thanks to his Instagram feed — of living a lavish lifestyle.}}</ref>

In October 2016, American R&B singer [[T-Pain]] released a song named after Dan Bilzerian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7557658/t-pain-lil-yachty-instagram-dan-bilzerian-song-stream|title=T-Pain & Lil Yachty Team Up for Carefree Anthem 'Dan Bilzerian'|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=November 21, 2017}}</ref>

===Legal issues===
In 2014, Bilzerian sued the producers of the film ''[[Lone Survivor (film)|Lone Survivor]]''. His lawsuit states that although he loaned the production of that film $1 million in exchange for a minimum of eight minutes of screen time and 80 words of dialogue, his role was reduced to less than one minute and has just one line. His lawsuit demanded $1.2 million (the original loan amount plus a 20 percent penalty).<ref name=HollywoodReporter/>{{update after|2017|8|29}}

In August 2014, Bilzerian was banned from a Miami nightclub for kicking model Vanessa Castano in the face during a brawl. Bilzerian stated that Castano and another woman attacked Bilzerian's female companion. Castano stated, "There were two girls standing next to me at the table that were fighting. People started getting shoved and I tried to separate them. Then Dan pushed me off the banquette and once I fell he kicked me in the face."<ref>Driscoll, Brogan (August 12, 2014). [http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/12/08/king-of-instagram-dan-bilzerian_n_6289252.html "'King Of Instagram' Dan Bilzerian Banned For Life From Nightclub For Kicking A Woman In The Face"]. [[The Huffington Post]].</ref> Castano later filed a lawsuit against Bilzerian for her injuries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dan Bilzerian Sued Over Face Kick in Miami|url=http://www.tmz.com/2014/12/10/dan-bilzerian-sued-kicking-woman-face-miami-nightclub/|website=TMZ.com|publisher=TMZ|accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref> It was also reported that Castano has asked Bilzerian for US$1 million to settle the suit citing the possibility of greater [[punitive damages]] based on his income if the suit went to trial.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dan Bilzerian Lifestyle Could Cost Him Millions In Face Kick Lawsuit|url=http://www.tmz.com/2014/12/12/dan-bilzerian-money-face-kick-lawsuit-settle-income/|website=tmz.com|publisher=TMZ|accessdate=February 15, 2015}}</ref>

In December 2014, Bilzerian was embroiled in a legal matter with [[pornographic actress]] Janice Griffith, whom he threw off the roof of a house and into a pool as part of a photoshoot for ''[[Hustler]]'' magazine in April 2014. She fell short of the pool, hitting the edge, and broke her foot. The 18-year-old Griffith asked Bilzerian for $85,000 for her injuries, which was rejected. She then filed a lawsuit against both ''Hustler'' and Bilzerian, to which Bilzerian's attorney responded that Griffith was under contract for the event by ''Hustler'', that ''Hustler'' hired Bilzerian for the event, and that Bilzerian was not at fault.<ref>Patrice, Joe (May 15, 2014). [http://abovethelaw.com/2014/05/the-most-epic-lawyer-response-ever-to-a-porn-star-threatening-to-sue/ "The Most Epic Lawyer Response Ever To A Porn Star Threatening To Sue"]. Above the Law.</ref> In January 2015, ''Hustler''{{'s}} attorney claimed that the toss was an "[[act of God]]" and stated that it was not the publisher's fault that Griffith suffered injuries as a result.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dowling |first1=Kyle |title=Hustler Magazine, Roof-Tossed XXX Porn Star Janice Griffith, Dan Bilzerian Lawsuit: NSFW Nude Adult Mag Legal Docs Call Instagram "Biggest Playboy" Throw "Act Of God" Following Sex Lead Injuries |url=http://www.mstarz.com/articles/50268/20150125/hustler-magazine-roof-tossed-xxx-porn-star-janice-griffith-dan-bilzerian-lawsuit-nsfw-nude-adult-legal-documents-instagram-biggest-playboy-throw-act-god-sex-star-injuries.htm |accessdate=February 15, 2015 |publisher=M Star News |date=January 25, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215215915/http://www.mstarz.com/articles/50268/20150125/hustler-magazine-roof-tossed-xxx-porn-star-janice-griffith-dan-bilzerian-lawsuit-nsfw-nude-adult-legal-documents-instagram-biggest-playboy-throw-act-god-sex-star-injuries.htm |archivedate=February 15, 2015 |df= }}</ref>

On December 9, 2014, Bilzerian was arrested at [[Los Angeles International Airport]] on unrelated bomb-making charges.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Caulfield|first1=Philip|title=‘Instagram playboy’ Dan Bilzerian arrested at Los Angeles airport days after alleged model-kicking incident|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/dan-bilzerian-arrested-los-angeles-airport-article-1.2040432|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|date=December 10, 2014|location=New York}}</ref> According to the [[Los Angeles Police Department]], Bilzerian was arrested on a fugitive warrant from Nevada and was booked at the LAPD's Pacific Division around 10 pm: "Bilzerian has been charged with violating a law making it a crime to possess an explosive or incendiary device with the intent to manufacture it."<ref>Bloom, Tracy (December 10, 2014). [http://ktla.com/2014/12/10/instagram-celebrity-dan-bilzerian-arrested-in-la-police-say/ "Instagram Celebrity Dan Bilzerian Arrested at LAX: LAPD"]. [[KTLA]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Celebrity poker player Dan Balzerian arrested in LA on weapons charge|url=http://www.tampabay.com/news/publicsafety/celebrity-poker-player-dan-bilzerian-arrested-in-la-on-weapons-charge/2209800|newspaper=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|date=December 10, 2014}}</ref> He was released from LAPD custody on the day of his arrest after charges were dropped but was scheduled to be arraigned in January 2015 in [[Clark County, Nevada]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Serna|first1=Joseph|last2=Hamilton|first2=Matt|title='King of Instagram' freed after arrest at LAX|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-instagram-king-jail-warrant-lax-20141210-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=December 10, 2014}}</ref> In February 2015, Bilzerian pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor charge of "negligently failing to extinguish a fire in the open" and was fined $17,231.50.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.casino.org/news/dan-bilzerian-pays-fine-avoids-jail-time-nevada-explosion | last = Horridge | first = Kevin | date = February 9, 2015 |accessdate=February 10, 2015 |title=Dan Bilzerian Pays Fine But Avoids Jail Time After Nevada Explosion}}</ref><ref name=2014LVRJbomb>{{cite news|last1=FERRARA|first1=DAVID|title=Dan Bilzerian arrested on Clark County bomb-making warrant|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/dan-bilzerian-arrested-clark-county-bomb-making-warrant|accessdate=February 15, 2015|publisher=LAS VEGAS REVIEW-JOURNAL|date=December 10, 2014}}</ref>

===Politics===
In June 2015, Bilzerian announced his bid to run for the [[President of the United States]] in the [[United States presidential election, 2016|2016 election]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://national.suntimes.com/national-world-news/national-politics/7/72/1223175/dan-bilzerian-instagram-playboy-running-president/ | title=Dan Bilzerian, Instagram playboy, is running for president | work=Sun Times | date=June 2, 2015 | author=Sutton, Scott | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615195339/http://national.suntimes.com/national-world-news/national-politics/7/72/1223175/dan-bilzerian-instagram-playboy-running-president/ | archivedate=June 15, 2015 | df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vcpost.com/articles/71390/20150603/dan-bilzerian-latest-updates-king-of-instagram-president-american-playboy-massive-party-june-24th.htm | title=Dan Bilzerian Latest Updates: King of Instagram runs for President? American playboy to throw massive party on June 24th | work=Venture Capital Post | date=June 3, 2015}}</ref> He stopped his run for presidency in December 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.businessinsider.com/dan-bilzerian-hangs-out-with-donald-trump-2015-12?IR=T | title=Dan Bilzerian hangs out with Donald Trump | work=Businessinsider | date=December 16, 2015 | author=Mulshine, Molly}}</ref>

On August 28, 2018, Bilzerian flew to [[Armenia]] with his brother Adam and father Paul in order to take their oaths to obtain Armenian citizenship and join the [[Armenian Armed Forces]].<ref>https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29455833.html</ref><ref>http://www.armradio.am/en/2018/08/27/dan-bilzerian-registers-with-armenian-armed-forces/</ref> On that same trip he visited the [[Republic of Artsakh]] where he visited a shooting range, and fired weapons there.<ref>https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29474631.html</ref> The government of [[Azerbaijan]] sent a note of protest to the United States over these actions due to the contested status of Artsakh, and summoned U.S. Charge d'Affaires William Gill to take an official note of protest addressed to the U.S. Department of State. A court in Baku issued an arrest warrant for Bilzerian and put him on the international wanted list.<ref>https://www.azatutyun.am/a/29474631.html</ref>

===Las Vegas shooting===
On October 1, 2017, Bilzerian was present at the [[2017 Las Vegas shooting|Las Vegas shooting]] and filmed himself multiple times that evening, posting his videos to Instagram. In the first, he described the shooting and was fleeing to safety; in the second, he stated that "had to go grab a gun. I'm f---ing headed back." In his final two videos, he was heading home, stating "I don't think there's much I can do."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisisinsider.com/las-vegas-shooting-dan-bilzerian-caught-up-in-mandalay-bay-2017-10|title=An Instagram star shared a video with his 23 million followers after being caught up in the Las Vegas shooting|publisher=|accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref>

There was media debate over his decisions that night: some praised his bravery for going back, others criticized him for running away and filming.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/03/what-a-macho-gun-packing-instagram-star-did-when-he-was-caught-in-the-las-vegas-shooting/|title=Analysis - What a macho, gun-packing Instagram star did when he was caught in the Las Vegas shooting|website=Washington Post|accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> In particular, Medal of Honor recipient [[Dakota Meyer]] stated that his actions were "disgusting" and criticized his "so so tough" persona.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maxim.com/news/dakota-meyer-slams-dan-bilzerian-2017-10|title=Medal of Honor Recipient Dakota Meyer Slams Dan Bilzerian For His 'Disgusting' Las Vegas Shooting Snapchat Video|publisher=|accessdate=October 4, 2017}}</ref> Later, other videos of him that night appeared. One showed him searching a police car and another showed him running back towards the shooter before asking police for a gun and being refused one.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2017/10/05/dan-bilzerian-searches-cop-truck-vegas-shooting/|title=Dan Bilzerian Searched Police Truck Amid Vegas Shooter's Gunfire|publisher=}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* 2013: ''[[Olympus Has Fallen]]''<ref>Mariano, Kristin Dian (March 27, 2014). [http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/545279/20140327/instagram-playboy-dan-bilzerian-poker-win-10.htm "5 Things You Should Know About 'Instagram Playboy' Dan Da Goat Bielzabub And Why Men Are Envious"]. ''[[International Business Times]]''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922053255/http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/545279/20140327/instagram-playboy-dan-bilzerian-poker-win-10.htm |date=September 22, 2014 }}</ref>
* 2013: ''[[Lone Survivor (film)|Lone Survivor]]''<ref name=HollywoodReporter>Couch, Aaron (August 28, 2013). [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/actor-sues-lone-survivor-producers-616876 "Actor Sues 'Lone Survivor' Producers After Role Cut"]. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''.</ref>
* 2014: ''[[The Other Woman (2014 film)|The Other Woman]]''<ref>[http://www.latinopost.com/articles/7066/20140724/dan-bilzerian-net-worth-top-things-know-millionaire.htm "Dan Bilzerian Net Worth & Top Things to Know About The Millionaire"]. The Latino Post. July 24, 2014.</ref>
* 2014: ''[[The Equalizer (film)|The Equalizer]]''
* 2014: ''[[Cat Run 2]]''
* 2015: ''[[Extraction (film)|Extraction]]''
* 2016: ''[[War Dogs (2016 film)|War Dogs]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilzerian, Dan}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American collectors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:American poker players]]
[[Category:United States Navy sailors]]
[[Category:California Republicans]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tampa, Florida]]
[[Category:2016 United States presidential candidates]]
[[Category:University of Florida alumni]]

Isla Mujeres

2019-05-20T23:24:28Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Infobox islands
| name = Isla Mujeres
| etymology =
| image_name = Birds eye view of Isla Mujeres (4257542920).jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Aerial view of southern portion of Isla Mujeres
| image_alt =
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_width =
| map_caption = Map of Isla Mujeres in Quintana Roo, Mexico
| location =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|14|N|86|44|W|display=inline,title}}
| pop =
| archipelago =
| waterbody = [[Gulf of Mexico]]
| area_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| rank =
| length_km = 7
| length_footnotes =
| width_km = 0.65
| width_footnotes =
| coastline_km =
| coastline_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| highest_mount = 
| Country_heading =
| country = Mexico
| country_admin_divisions_title = State
| country_admin_divisions = [[Quintana Roo]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = Municipality
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Isla Mujeres (municipality)|Isla Mujeres]]
| population = 12,642
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 =
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups =
| additional_info =
}}

'''Isla Mujeres''' ({{IPA-es|'izla mu'xeɾes}}, [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "Women Island") is an island in the [[Gulf of Mexico]], about {{convert|13|km|mi}} off the [[Yucatán Peninsula]] coast. The island is approximately {{convert|7|km|mi}} long and {{convert|650|m|ft}} wide. To the east is the [[Caribbean Sea]] with a strong [[Ocean surface wave|surf]] and [[rock (geology)|rocky]] coast, and to the west the skyline of Cancún can be seen across the clear waters. In the 2010 census, the namesake town on the island had a population of 12,642 inhabitants.<ref name="INEGI">[http://www.inegi.org.mx/transparencia/vi_metas.aspx?_file=/transparencia/contenido/doc/pat14.pdf 2010 census tables: INEGI]</ref>

The island is part of the [[Isla Mujeres (municipality)|Isla Mujeres Municipality]] in the State of [[Quintana Roo]], [[Mexico]].

==History==
[[File:Alice D. Le Plongeon (American, active Mexico 1880s) - Ancient Shrine, Island Mugeres - Google Art Project.jpg|160px|thumbnail|left|Former Maya ruins on Isla Mujeres]]
In [[Pre-Columbian]] times the island was sacred to the [[Maya civilization|Maya]] goddess of childbirth and medicine, [[Ixchel]]. When the [[Spain|Spanish]] arrived in the 16th century they named it "''Isla Mujeres''" because of the many images of goddesses. The first information available about Isla Mujeres is from the period between 564–1516 AD, when it was part of the Maya province called [[Ekab]]. There were 4 Maya provinces in what is today the State of [[Quintana Roo]]. The Maya also exploited the salt that the island produced in the "salinas" (small interior lagoons). The salt was used not only for the preservation of food and medicine but also as a generally accepted currency for commerce of goods along the whole Maya region. The Maya goddess Ixchel had a temple in what is today the Hacienda Mundaca (Mundaca's Plantation House).

A small Maya [[temple]] was once located on the southern tip of the island. However, in 1988, [[Hurricane Gilbert]] caused extensive damage, leaving most of the foundation but only a very small portion of the temple.

Since the 1970s, along with nearby [[Cancún]], there has been substantial [[tourism|tourist]] development in Isla Mujeres.

{{-}}

==Transportation==
Transportation on the island of Isla Mujeres consists primarily of [[taxicab|taxis]] or [[golf car]]ts and [[moped|moped scooters]]. {{As of|2005}} there were 121 taxis, 500 golf carts, and 1500 moped scooters.<ref name=2005census>[https://www.webcitation.org/5msVc9rGy?url=http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Census of 2005] [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]], in [[Spanish language|Spanish]].</ref> There is also a bus service that runs from the downtown to the different neighborhoods, called ''colonias'' in Spanish (where most locals live). Unfortunately the island used to be served by [[Isla Mujeres National Airport]] but the airport and landing strip is no longer used for more than a place to get exercise, as many locals, military personnel, and/or tourist can be seen jogging up and down the runway at various times throughout the day.

===Ferry service to the mainland===
There are two main [[ferry]] [[boat]] companies (UltraMar and Marinesa) that run to the island from [[Puerto Juárez]], Cancun, or Gran Puerto on the mainland. There are also party boats of all sorts that make day trips to Isla Mujeres. The island is popular with [[day trip]]pers, but activity quiets down in the evening after the tour groups leave.

==Tourism==
[[File:Isla mujeres 004.jpg|thumb|right|View from lighthouse on the southern tip]]
[[File:A Glimpse of Isla Mujeres, Mexico (41791699070).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of Isla Mujeres]]
[[File:Playa Norte on Isla Mujeres, Mexico (41791715860).jpg|thumb|right|Playa Norte, Isla Mujeres]]
There are numerous places to eat fresh [[seafood]] cooked with local and traditional recipes, and other restaurants offer Mexican, [[Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatecan]], Italian, Caribbean, Mediterranean, Israeli, French, Thai, Cuban, and Maya cuisine. [[Hotel]] prices vary from cheap to very expensive at the resorts on the southwest end such as Hotel Villa Rolandi, and Playa Norte.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} In the north is El Centro (downtown), whose central axis, Hidalgo Street, is the main dining and entertainment area. Also located on the north end is a famous beach called Playa Norte, which has recovered quickly since [[Hurricane Wilma]] hit the area in 2005. Besides these attractions, swimming with dolphins can also be experienced at the Island.

The island of Isla Mujeres is located close to one of many [[coral reef]]s such as the one located in Garrafon Park, which is an area popular for its [[snorkeling]] and [[scuba diving]]. The [[Cancún Underwater Museum]], created by English sculptor Jason deCaires Taylor, is located off the western coast of Isla Mujeres.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Vance, Erik |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-art-of-distraction/ |title=The Art of Distraction |work= Scientific American |volume=309 |issue= 2 |date=August 2013 |page= 16 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0813-16}}</ref> Isla Mujeres is also home to a population of [[sea turtle]]s. Because of the recent [[endangered species|endangerment]] of sea turtles in the area, a facility was set up on the southern end of the island for their rehabilitation and breeding. This facility is open to the public.<ref>{{cite web|title=Making Memories on Isla Mujeres|url=http://islamujeresvacations.com/uncategorized/making-memories-on-isla-mujeres/|publisher=Isla Mujeres Vacations|accessdate=18 May 2015}}</ref>

The island's relative proximity to [[Cuba]] has made it one of the favorite stepping stones of [[Cubans]] trying to reach the [[United States]] in recent years.<ref>{{citation|last=Lacey|first=Marc|date=2007-10-15|title=For Cubans, a Twisting New Route to the U.S.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/16/world/americas/16cuba.html|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|accessdate=2007-10-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{portal|Caribbean|Islands}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Prone to spam|date=May 2015}}
{{Z148}}
{{Commons category|Isla Mujeres}}
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Isla Mujeres}}
*[https://www.isla-mujeres.com.mx/en Fideicomiso de Promoción Turística de Isla Mujeres] Official tourism website
*{{dmoz|/Regional/North_America/Mexico/States/Quintana_Roo/Localities/Isla_Mujeres/|Isla Mujeres}}

{{Quintana Roo}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Islands of Quintana Roo|Mujeres]]
[[Category:Geography of Mesoamerica|Mujeres, Islas]]
[[Category:Tourism in Mexico]]
[[Category:Populated places in islands of Mexico]]

Cody Ko

2019-05-20T23:20:29Z

141.138.51.145:

{{BLP sources|date=January 2019}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=January 2019}}
{{short description|American Internet personality, YouTube group, comedian
}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
|name=Cody Ko
|image=
|caption=
|birth_name=Cody Kolodziejzyk
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1990|11|22}}
|birth_place=[[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], Canada
|nationality=Canadian
|occupation=[[YouTuber]], [[Viner]], [[comedian]], [[software engineer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6R8GC_UKzwU|title=The Weekend Edition Ft. Noel Miller|last=Insanely Chill|first=|date=18 June 2017|website=[[YouTube]]|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref>{{better source|date=February 2019|reason=Primary source, old video}}, actor
|website=
|channel_display_name=Cody Ko
|years_active=2013–present
|genre=[[Comedy]]
|subscribers=2.4 million
|subscriber_date=April 2019
|views=269 million
|view_date=March 2019
|network=[[YouTube]]
|associated_acts={{hlist|Tiny Meat Gang|Real Bros of Simi Valley|Noel Miller}}
|silver_button=yes
|silver_year=
|gold_button=yes
|gold_year=
|diamond_button=no
|diamond_year=
|ruby_button=no
}}

'''Cody Kolodziejzyk''' (born November 22, 1990), widely known as '''Cody Ko''', is a Canadian-American YouTube personality also known for his short comedy skits on [[Vine (service)|Vine]]. He is part of the comedy duo Tiny Meat Gang.

== Biography ==
Cody was born in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], to Helen and [[Greg Kolodziejzyk]]. He graduated from Springbank Community High School <ref>http://www.goduke.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=1593502&DB_OEM_ID=4200</ref> and later went on to attend [[Duke University]] in [[Durham, North Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goduke.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=1593502&DB_OEM_ID=4200|title=Cody Kolodziejzyk|website=goduke.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>

Cody first became popular on [[Vine (service)|Vine]] for making short comedy skits. He now runs a YouTube channel where he uploads a variety of videos mainly critiquing and commentating on other personalities and videos on YouTube and Instagram. He is friends with former Viner and YouTube personality, Noel Miller,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/masonsands/2019/01/17/two-years-later-where-is-the-viner-invasion/|title=Two Years Later, Where Is The Viner Invasion?|last=Mason|first=Sands|date=17 January 2019|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=}}</ref> often collaborating with him on commentary videos, as well as making music together as comedy rap duo Tiny Meat Gang.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cody-ko-and-noel-miller-talk-thats-cringe-tour-and-fortnite-matty-smokes-1310137|title=Cody Ko and Noel Miller talk 'That's Cringe', tour and 'Fortnite' with Matty Smokes|last=Wynne|first=Kelly|date=29 January 2019|work=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=}}</ref> Tiny Meat Gang has released Hip-Hop/Rap music albums ''Bangers & Ass'' on December 15, 2017<ref>{{Citation|title=Bangers & Ass|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0jsQT4x7VfwZAWeDjQ7eRX|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> and ''Locals Only'' on December 20, 2018.<ref>{{Citation|title=Locals Only|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1GoyonfRoH51VYeWWoQBd3|language=en|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> The duo host a commentary series together called That's Cringe,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cody-ko-and-noel-miller-talk-thats-cringe-tour-and-fortnite-matty-smokes-1310137|title=Cody Ko and Noel Miller talk 'That's Cringe', tour and 'Fortnite' with Matty Smokes|last=Wynne|first=Kelly|date=29 January 2019|work=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=}}</ref> as well as a podcast called the Tiny Meat Gang Podcast. Cody also often collaborates with his girlfriend Kelsey Kreppel. In 2017 Cody Ko joined the cast of ''Real Bros of Simi Valley'' alongside fellow Youtube star Jimmy Tatro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9434996/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm|title=Real Bros of Simi Valley|last=|first=|date=2019|website=IMDB|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> He portrays a character named Wade Sanders, the show depicts the story of four best friends living in [[Simi Valley, California]] who haven't grown out of their high school ways.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

* {{IMDb name|8150896}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ko, Cody}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Canadian YouTubers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian musicians]]

Araya A. Hargate

2019-05-20T22:29:53Z

141.138.51.145:

{{Infobox person
| name = Araya A. Hargate
| image = Cannes 017 (28031849361).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname = Araya Alberta Hargate
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|06|28}}
| othername = Araya A. Hargate
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]] form [[Rangsit University]]
| occupation = {{unbulleted list|Actress|Model|Master of ceremony}}
| years_active = 1998–present
| height = {{height|m=1.70}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Witsarut Rungsisingpipat|2015}}
| children = 2
| agent = Daravideo (1998–2008) [[Channel 3 (Thailand)|Channel 3]] (2008–present)
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
}}

'''Araya Alberta Hargate''' ({{lang-th|อารยา อัลเบอร์ตา ฮาร์เก็ต}}; June 28, 1981), better known as'''Araya A. Hargate''' ({{lang-th|อารยา เอ ฮาร์เก็ต}}) or '''Chompoo''' ({{lang-th|ชมพู่}}; {{RTGS|Chomphu}}), is a Thai actress, model, host, TV personality and [[cover girl]]. Her most notable achievement is her role in ''Doksom Sithong.''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/easy/235666/araya-chompoo-hargate-defends-her-soap|title=Araya "Chompoo" Hargate defends her soap|last=Fredrickson|first=Terry|date=7 May 2011|work=Bangkok Post|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/learning-together/311354/chompoo-has-her-say|title=Chompoo has her say|last=Fredrickson|first=Terry|date=15 Apr 2013|work=Bangkok Post}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Araya is [[Eurasian (mixed ancestry)|Eurasian]] or [[Luk kreung]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2015/05/27/araya-hargate_n_7454424.html|title=14 Times Araya Hargate Proved She's The Queen Of Style|last=|first=|date=2015-05-27|work=HuffPost Canada|language=en-CA}}</ref> her father is British and her mother is Thai-Lao. Because she was born in Thailand and her mother is Thai, Buddhism became her religion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sirinyas-thailand.de/2016/03/27/chompoo-araya-hargate-thai-british-actress/|title=Araya Hargate: Thai-British Actress {{!}} Sirinya's Thailand|last=|first=|date=|website=www.sirinyas-thailand.de|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://thai-sirens.com/araya-alberta-hargate/|title=Chompoo is a very famous superstar in Thailand. Araya Alberta Hargate|last=|first=|date=January 25, 2014|work=Thai Sirens|language=en-US}}</ref> In primary education, she studied at Kanmanee school, and graduated from Badindecha school in secondary education. She graduated from [[Rangsit University]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Career ===
She rose to fame in 1998 after winning a beauty pageant, Miss Motor Show Contest,<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> and soon became a household name on her hit lakorn or Thai [[soap opera]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/thailand/articles/thailands-10-biggest-actresses/|title=Thailand's 10 Biggest Actresses|last=Finlay|first=Leslie|date=18 March 2018|work=Culture Trip}}</ref> At the age of just 17, her first acting role was in a Lakorn by the title ''Pleng Prai'', produced by [[Channel 7 (Thailand)|Channel 7]] in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thainarak.net/society-thai-bio12-chompoo-araya-alberta-hargate.html|title=Chompoo Araya Alberta Hargate|last=|first=|date=|website=Thainarak.net|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Apart from acting, Araya is a model. She received [[FHM]] Sexiest Actress in Thailand Awards 2007-2010.<ref name=":1" /> She is known as a [[fashion]]ista and High Fashion Queen. She has also an ambassador for [[L'Oréal|L'Oeal Paris]] and a regular guest at International Fashion Weeks and at the [[Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/araya-hargate-cannes-opening-ceremony-ralph-russo-maternity-glamour|title=Thai Actress Araya Hargate Gives Cannes Its Red Carpet Maternity Moment|last=OKWODU|first=JANELLE|date=May 18, 2017|work=Vogue|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.get-the-look.ca/article/interview-araya-a-hargate-talks-cannes-and-social-media_a3709/1|title=Interview: Araya A. Hargate talks Cannes and social media!|last=|first=|date=|work=get-the-look.ca|access-date=|language=en-CA}}</ref> Later she was a brand ambassador for fashion magazine ''L’Officiel Thailand'' at the [[Shanghai International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/lifestyle/30318997|title=Fashion and priceless timepieces for Chompoo - The Nation|last=|first=|date=June 24, 2017|work=The Nation|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
On May 6, 2015, Araya married Witsarut "Nott" Rungsisingpipat, her boyfriend known for six years who is the heir to a business fortune.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/easy/556759/sweet-araya-nott|title=Sweet = Araya + Nott (UPDATED)|last=Fredrickson|first=Terry|date=May 6, 2015|work=Bangkok Post|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2015-05-06/what-happens-when-thai-soap-opera-star-gets-engaged-super-rich-business-heir|title=This is what happens when a Thai soap opera star gets engaged to a super-rich business heir|last=McGrath|first=Timothy|date=May 6, 2015|work=GlobalPost|language=en-US}}</ref>

On September 6, 2017, She went to give birth at Bumrungrad Hospital. In the afternoon, she gave birth to a twin son Saifah Rangsisingpipat and Bhayu Rangsisingpipat <ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.thairath.co.th/clip/157747 |title="แม่ชม - พ่อน็อต" ชื่นมื่นต้อนรับลูกชายฝาแฝด |last=|first= |date=September 9, 2017 |work=thairath|language=Thai}}</ref>

== Filmography==
=== Film ===

* Saranae Siblor (2010)
* Crazy Crying Lady (2012)
* I Love You Two (2016)

=== TV series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan= 1| 1998 || ''Marnya Risaya'' || Model || [[Channel 5 (Thailand)|Channel 5]] || [[Cameo appearance|cameo]]
|-
| rowspan=1 | 1999 || ''Pleng Prai '' || Ployngam || rowspan="22" | [[Channel 7 (Thailand)|Channel 7]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2000 || '' Sawatdee Khun Pu Fung'' || Jirawat Demond (Gigi) ||
|-
| ''Luk Mai Klai Ton'' || Sasikan Bintornwachara (Sasi) || Support Role
|-
| ''Rai Dieng Sa'' || Linen Chanthananan (Ja) ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2001 || ''Mae Mod Jao Sa Nae'' || Naripop (Tammy) ||
|-
| ''Hua Jai Nai Soon Ya Kard'' || Kleenat (Fa) ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2002 || '' Wang Duay Jai Pai Duay Fun'' || Waewdao ||
|-
| ''Tarm Ruk Tarm Lah'' ||Alisa Nanakorn ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2003 || '' Morlum Summer'' || Annie ||
|-
| '' Kaew Ta Warn Jai 2003 '' ||Wanayawas Asavaruangrit (Kaiwarn) ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2004 || ''Fai Nai Wayu 2004 '' || Salil (Lookwah) ||
|-
| '' Yod Nam Nai Tawan'' || Tawan ||
|-
| '' Ra Hud Hua Jai'' || Wimlin Intharakun (PooKong Dao) ||
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2005 || ''Kol Luang Ruk '' ||Rasita Weerachaichai (Sita) ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2006 || '' Duang'' || Phimphan (Pim) ||
|-
| ''Plaew Fai Nai Fhun 2006'' || Leelawadee ||
|-
| ''Puen Ruk Puen Rai'' || Waetita Panichkul (Way) ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2007 || '' Loke Song Bai Khong Nai Kon Diew'' || Kaew ||
|-
| ''Pee Pien Hotel (Sitcom) '' || ||
|-
| '' Ruk Tae Zaab Lai '' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2008 || ''Saeng Dao Hang Hua Jai '' ||Napasorn ||
|-
| '' Dao Bpeuan Din'' || Rinladaa ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''Plerng Prai '' || ||rowspan=23 | [[Channel 3 Thailand|Channel 3]] ||
|-
| ''Fai Shone Sang '' || Tianwan / Wantakarn ||
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2010 || ''Wiwa Wah Woon '' || Airada ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2011 || '' Rahut Torachon '' || Matsaya ||
|-
| '' Dok Som See Thong '' || Raeya Wongsawet / Fah ||
|-
| '' Mia Taeng '' || Arunprapai ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2012 || ''Tom Yum Rum Shing '' || Rungrawi Srila||
|-
| ''Noom Ban Rai Kub Wan Ja Hai So '' || Nabdao ||
|-
| ''Ruk Khun Tao Fah '' || Khaotoo ||
|-
| '' Khun Samee Karmalor Tee Rak'' || Pimmapa ||
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2013 || '' Kon Ruk Strawberry '' ||Anya ||
|-
| rowspan=1 | 2014 || '' Sai See Plerng 2014 '' || Saruta / Sai ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''Kol Kimono '' || Rindara (present)/ Myojooji (Past) ||
|-
| ''Nang Rai Tee Rak '' || Herself || [[Cameo appearance|cameo]]
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2017 || ''Kammathep Hunsa '' || rowspan=8 | Waralee Pitakchan (Je Lee) || rowspan=7 | [[Cameo appearance|cameo]]
|-
| '' Kammathep Ork Suek ''
|-
| '' Kammathep Online ''
|-
| '' Loob Kom Kammathep ''
|-
| '' Sorn Ruk Kammathep ''
|-
| ''Kammathep Sorn Kol ''
|-
| ''Kammathep Jum Laeng ''
|-
| ''Kamathep Prab Marn '' || Main Cast
|-
|}

=== TV Program ===
* 3 zaap
== Award ==
; 2000
* {{ill|Top Award 2000|th|ท็อปอวอร์ด 2000}} Best Female Morning Star from the drama '' Luk Mai Klai Ton''
; 2002
* {{ill|Thepthong Award|th|รางวัลเทพทอง}} Outstanding Personnel in Radio Television 2002 from the program '' Sour, Sweet, Burning ''
; 2003
* Outstanding Artist Award for Anti-Drug Attendance (2003)
; 2007
* FHM Sexiest Woman In Thailand 2007 Award <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.sanook.com/women/540/ |title= ชมพู่-อารยา คว้าตำแหน่งสาวเซ็กซี่ FHM Sexiest Women in Thailand 2007 |author=|date= 24 May 2007 |work=sanook.com |publisher=|accessdate= 12 May 2019 }}</ref>
; 2008
* Seventeen Choice Awards for Actress Awards 2008
* FHM SexiestActress In Thailand 2008 Award <ref>{{cite web |url= https://gossipstar.mthai.com/gossip-content/13901 |title= "ชมพู่" เกรดเอ ต้องยี่ห้อ "อารยา เอ ฮาร์เก็ต" |author=|date= Jun 29, 2008 |work= |publisher=gossipstar.mthai|accessdate= 12 May 2019 }}</ref>
* Sexy Awards from SiambanterngStar's Choice Awards 2008
* W Style Awards for celebrities with their own styles and dress
* Beautiful ZEN Sexy Body Award from Zen Body Sense 2008
* The Most Priew 2008 Award from Praew Magazine
; 2009
* FHMSexiest Actress In Thailand 2009 Award
* The evil reward is love from 94 EFM Birthday Fest # 2
* {{ill|Golden Television Award|th|รางวัลโทรทัศน์ทองคำ}} No. 23 Outstanding Female Actor from Drama '' Dao Bpeuan Din '' <ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.siamzone.com/movie/news/4410 |title=ผลการประกาศรางวัล โทรทัศน์ทองคำ ประจำปี 2551 |author=|date= March 16, 2009 |work= |publisher=siamzone |accessdate= 12 May 2019 }}</ref>
* Hot Sexy Female Star of the Year Award from TV Inside Hot Awards 2009
* Sexy Awards from SiambanterngStar's Choice Awards 2009
* Star Sexy Award from Siamdara StarParty 2009
* Best Actress Award From the weekend
* SeventeenChoice Hottie Female 2009 Award from Young & smart vote 2009
* Best of Style Award from InStyleCloset Smarts 2009
* Seventeen Choice Hottie Female 2009 Award from Seventeen Teen Choice Awards
* Award for real recognition, 2009, excellent branch
; 2010
* Outstanding alumni award from [[Rangsit University]] (2010)
* {{ill|Siam Dara Star Wars 2010|th|สยามดาราสตาร์สอวอร์ดส์ 2010}} The beloved branch of Siam Dara journalist<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.siamzone.com/movie/news/5111 |title= ผลการประกาศรางวัล สยามดารา สตาร์ส อวอร์ดส์ ปี 2010 |author=|date= 1 July 2010 |work= |publisher=siamzone |accessdate= 12 May 2019 }}</ref>
* FHM Sexiest Woman in Thailand 2010 Award
* Hot Sexy Female Star of the Year Award from TV Inside Hot Awards 2010
* Okay Award for Beautiful Women in the Eyes of Women
* Clean bouquet award Promote honesty in Thai society From the Office of National Anti-Corruption (NACC)
* Sexy Awards from SiambanterngStar's Choice Awards 2010
* {{ill|TV Pool Star Party Awards|th|ทีวีพูลสตาร์ปาร์ตี้อวอร์ดส์}} Best Star of the Year

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/chomismaterialgirl/ Araya A. Hargate] on [[Instagram]]
*{{IMDb name|5578876|name=Araya A. Hargate}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hargate, Araya}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bangkok]]
[[Category:Thai people of English descent]]
[[Category:Thai actresses]]
[[Category:Thai film actresses]]
[[Category:Thai television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Thai actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Thai actresses]]
[[Category:Thai female models]]
[[Category:Thai television personalities]]
[[Category:Rangsit University alumni]]

Blackcomb Peak

2019-05-20T22:10:45Z

141.138.51.145:

:''This article describes the geographical feature ''Blackcomb Peak'', for the ski resort see [[Whistler Blackcomb]].''
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Blackcomb Peak
| photo = Blackcomb_Glacier.jpg
| photo_caption = View of Blackcomb Glacier from the "Blowhole" entrance to Blackcomb Glacier Provincial Park. Spearhead Mtn in foreground, Phalanx Mtn on left
| elevation_m = 2436
| elevation_ref = <ref name=bivouac>{{cite bivouac|id=635|name=Blackcomb Peak|accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref>
| prominence_m = 86
| prominence_ref = <ref name=bivouac/>
| range = [[Fitzsimmons Range]]
| location = [[British Columbia|British Columbia, Canada]]
| map = Canada British Columbia
| range_coordinates =
| map_caption = Location in British Columbia
| map_size = 250
| label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|50|04|53|N|122|52|15|W|type:mountain_region:CA-BC_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref = <ref name=bivouac/>
| topo = [[National Topographic System|NTC]] 92J/02
| type =
| age =
| last_eruption =
| first_ascent = 1923 [[Phyllis Munday]], [[Don Munday]]<ref name=bivouac/>
| easiest_route = class 3
}}

'''Blackcomb Peak''' is a [[mountain]] located east of [[Whistler, British Columbia]] that forms the boundary between the [[Whistler Blackcomb]] ski resort and [[Garibaldi Provincial Park]]. Like [[Whistler Mountain]], it is located on the edge of Garibaldi Provincial Park and the ski lifts are often used to access the park, particularly for the [[Spearhead Traverse]].

Several skiing runs are established on the mountain, with [[Whistler Village]] at the base of the mountain on the side facing [[Whistler Mountain]], and [[Blackcomb Village]] on the face opposite. The [[2010 Winter Olympics]] sliding sports took place on its slopes, with the [[Whistler Sliding Centre]] located on it.

<gallery>
File:Blackcomb 1.jpg|Blackcomb, with the 7th Heaven ski run, after the ski season
File:Blackcomb Mountain-2007.jpg|Blackcomb in 2007, ski run featured
</gallery>

{{-}}
[[File:Blackcomb panorama from whistler mountain.jpg|center|thumb|800 px|Blackcomb Mountain, as seen looking north from [[Whistler Mountain]]. The trails served by Seventh Heaven are seen face-on just right of mid-frame, the upper half of these trails are not obvious in the large "bowl" along the top of the peak. The majority of Blackcomb's trails run down the slope to the left, and are not easily visible in this picture.]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pacific Ranges}}

[[Category:Mountains of British Columbia]]
[[Category:Garibaldi Ranges]]

{{BritishColumbia-geo-stub}}