Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Android (operating system)

2011-12-05T21:20:21Z

142.204.16.10: /* External links */

{{Infobox OS
| name = Android
| logo = [[File:Android robot.svg|100px]]
| screenshot = [[File:Android 4.0.png|250px]]
| caption = Home screen displayed by Samsung [[Galaxy Nexus]], running [[Android version history#4.x Ice Cream Sandwich|Android 4.0 "Ice Cream Sandwich"]]
| developer = [[Google Inc]], [[Open Handset Alliance]]
| family =
| working_state = Current
| source_model = [[free and open source software|Open Source]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://source.android.com/source/build-numbers.html |title=Codenames, Tags, and Build Numbers | Android Open Source |publisher=Source.android.com |date=2010-06-24 |accessdate=2011-08-08}}</ref>
| released = {{start date|2008|9|20|df=yes}}
| latest_release_version = 4.0.2 (Ice Cream Sandwich)
<ref name="40sourcerel">{{cite web |url= http://www.osnews.com/story/25330/Android_4_0_Ice_Cream_Sandwich_Source_Code_Released |title=Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich Source Code Released |author=Thom Holwerda|work=OSNews |date=14 November 2011|accessdate=28 November 2011}}</ref>
| latest_release_date = {{Start date and age|2011|11|29|df=yes}}
| frequently_updated = Yes
| marketing_target =
| language =
| programmed_in = [[C (programming language)|C]] (core),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html |title=The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0 |first=Vincent |last=Lextrait |date=January 2010 |accessdate=2010-01-05 }}</ref> [[Java (programming language)|Java]] (UI), [[C++]]
| updatemodel =
| package_manager = [[APK (file format)|APK]]
| supported_platforms = [[ARM architecture|ARM]], [[MIPS architecture|MIPS]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4215490/MIPS-gets-sweet-with-Honeycomb |title=MIPS gets sweet with Honeycomb |publisher=Eetimes.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-08}}</ref> [[x86]] <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.android-x86.org/ |title=Porting Android to x86 |publisher=Android-x86 |date= |accessdate=2011-08-08}}</ref>
| kernel_type = [[Monolithic kernel|Monolithic]] ([[Linux kernel]])
| ui = [[Graphical user interface|Graphical]]
| license = [[Apache License]] 2.0 [[Linux kernel]] patches under [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPL]] v2<ref name="Licenses">{{cite web |url=http://source.android.com/source/licenses.html |title=Licenses |work=Android Open Source Project |publisher=[[Open Handset Alliance]] |accessdate=2010-06-10 }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.android.com/}}
}}
'''Android''' is an [[mobile operating system|operating system for mobile device]]s such as [[smartphone]]s and [[tablet computer]]s. It is developed by the [[Open Handset Alliance]] led by [[Google]].<ref name="google_code">{{cite web | url = http://code.google.com/android/ | title = Google Projects for Android | year = 2011 | work = code.google.com | publisher = Google Inc | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5wiw1JXa2 | archivedate = 2011-02-23 | accessdate = 2011-02-23 }}</ref><ref name="philosophy">{{cite web | url = http://source.android.com/about/philosophy.html | title = Philosophy and Goals | year = 2011 | work = source.android.com | publisher = Google Inc | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5wiy036ap | archivedate = 2011-02-23 | accessdate = 2011-02-23 }}</ref>

Google purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005.<ref name="gba">{{cite web | url = http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_0949_tc024.htm | title = Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal | publisher = Businessweek.com | date = 2005-08-17 | accessdate = 2010-10-29 }}</ref> The unveiling of the Android distribution on November 5, 2007 was announced with the founding of the [[Open Handset Alliance]], a consortium of 84 [[computer hardware|hardware]], software, and [[telecommunication]] companies devoted to advancing [[open standard]]s for mobile devices.<ref name="OHAhome">{{cite web | url = http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/ | title = Open Handset Alliance | accessdate = 2010-06-10 | publisher = Open Handset Alliance }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://phandroid.com/2008/12/10/sony-ericsson-htc-androids-set-for-summer-2009/ | title = Sony Ericsson, HTC Androids Set For Summer 2009 | work = Android Phone Fans | first = Rob | last = Jackson | date = 10 December 2008 | accessdate = 2009-09-03 }}</ref><ref name="AndroidAnnouncement">{{cite press release | url = http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/press_110507.html | title = Industry Leaders Announce Open Platform for Mobile Devices |accessdate = 2007-11-05 |date = 2007-11-05 | publisher = [[Open Handset Alliance]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/oha_faq.html |title=FAQ |accessdate = 2010-11-15 |publisher=[[Open Handset Alliance]] }}</ref> Google released most of the Android code under the [[Apache License]], a [[free software license]].<ref name="AndroidOverview">{{cite web | url = http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/android_overview.html | publisher = Open Handset Alliance | accessdate = 2008-09-23 | title = Android Overview }}</ref> The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.<ref name="source.android.com">{{cite web | url = http://source.android.com/about/index.html | title = About the Android Open Source Project | accessdate = 2010-11-15 }}</ref>

Android consists of a [[Kernel (software)|kernel]] based on the [[Linux kernel]], with [[middleware]], [[software library|libraries]] and [[Application programming interface|API]]s written in [[C (programming language)|C]] and [[application software]] running on an [[application framework]] which includes Java-compatible libraries based on [[Apache Harmony]]. Android uses the [[Dalvik virtual machine]] with [[just-in-time compilation]] to run Dalvik dex-code (Dalvik Executable), which is usually translated from [[Java (programming language)|Java]] bytecode.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/201x/2010/11/14/What-Android-Is |title=What Android Is |author=Tim Bray|work=ongoing by Tim Bray|date=24 November 2010|accessdate=27 October 2011}}</ref>

Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. Developers write primarily in a customized version of Java.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.news.com/8301-13580_3-9815495-39.html | title = Google's Android parts ways with Java industry group | work = [[CNET News]] | first = Stephen | last = Shankland | date = 12 November 2007 }}</ref> There are currently approximately 400,000 apps available for Android, from a total of 600,000 apps over the life of Android.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.t3.com/news/android-market-reaches-500000-app-mark | title = Android Market reaches 500,000 app mark |publisher=www.t3.com | date = 2011-10-23 | accessdate = 2011-10-23}}</ref><ref name="i/o 2011 stats">{{cite web | url = http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/05/android-momentum-mobile-and-more-at.html | title = Android: momentum, mobile and more at Google I/O | first = Hugo | last = Barra | work = The Official Google Blog | date = 10 May 2011 | accessdate = 10 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.androlib.com/appstats.aspx | title = Android Stats | date = 30 Nov 2011 | accessdate = 30 Nov 2011 }}</ref> Apps can be downloaded from third-party sites or through online stores such as [[Android Market]], the app store run by Google.

Android was listed as the best-selling [[smartphone]] platform worldwide in Q4 2010 by [[Canalys]]<ref name="canalysQ42010">{{cite news | url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/31/oukin-uk-google-nokia-idUKTRE70U1YT20110131 | title = Google topples Symbian from smartphones top spot | accessdate = 1 February 2011 | author = Tarmo Virki and Sinead Carew | work = Reuters | date = 2011-01-31 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.canalys.com/pr/2011/r2011013.html | title = Google's Android becomes the world's leading smart phone platform (Canalys research release: r2011013) | work = Canalys | date = 31 January 2011 | accessdate = 1 February 2011 }}</ref> with over 200 million Android devices in use by November 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/oct/14/android-google-ad-revenue |title=Mobile generating equivalent of $2.5bn a year, says Google chief |author=Charles Arthur |publisher=Guardian |date=2011-10-14 |accessdate=2011-10-15}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Foundation ===
Android, Inc. was founded in [[Palo Alto, California]], United States in October, 2003 by [[Andy Rubin]] (co-founder of [[Danger (company)|Danger]]),<ref name="AndyRubin">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/technology/04google.html?_r=2&hp=&pagewanted=all |title=I, Robot: The Man Behind the Google Phone |accessdate=2008-10-14 |last=Markoff |first=John |date=2007-11-04 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> [[Rich Miner]] (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news |url=http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2007/09/02/introducing_the_google_phone/ |title=Introducing the Google Phone |first=Scott |last=Kirsner |accessdate=2008-10-24 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=2007-09-02|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20100104054533/http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2007/09/02/introducing_the_google_phone/|archivedate=January 4, 2010}}</ref> Nick Sears (once VP at [[T-Mobile USA|T-Mobile]]),<ref name="Nick">{{cite press release |url=http://www.nokia.com/A4136002?newsid=918410 |title=T-Mobile Brings Unlimited Multiplayer Gaming to US Market with First Launch of Nokia N-Gage Game Deck |accessdate=2009-04-05 |date=23 September 2003 |publisher=Nokia}}</ref> and Chris White (headed design and interface development at [[WebTV]])<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_0949_tc024.htm |accessdate=2009-04-23 |title=Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal |work=[[BusinessWeek]] |first=Ben |last=Elgin |date=17 August 2005}}</ref> to develop, in Rubin's words "...smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences".<ref name="AndroidInc">{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/aug2005/tc20050817_0949_tc024.htm |title=Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal |first=Ben |last=Elgin |date=2005-08-17 |work=businessweek.com |publisher=Bloomberg L.P |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5wk7sIvVb |archivedate=2011-02-24 |accessdate=2011-02-24 |quote=In what could be a key move in its nascent wireless strategy, Google (GOOG) has quietly acquired startup Android Inc....}}</ref> Despite the obvious past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly, revealing only that it was working on software for mobile phones.<ref name="AndroidInc" />

That same year, Rubin ran out of money. [[Steve Perlman]] brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope and refused a stake in the company.<ref name="StevePerlman">{{cite news |url=http://www.airsla.org/broadcasts/BusinessWeek110802.mp3 |title=A Thousand Times Yes |accessdate=2011-11-09 |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |date=2011-08-07 |publisher=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref>

=== Acquisition by Google ===
[[Google]] acquired Android Inc. in August 2005, making Android Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Google Inc. Key employees of Android Inc., including Andy Rubin, Rich Miner and Chris White, stayed at the company after the acquisition.<ref name="gba"/> Not much was known about Android Inc. at the time of the acquisition, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the [[mobile phone]] market with this move.<ref name="gba"/>

=== Post-acquisition development ===
At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the [[Linux kernel]]. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and [[Mobile network operator|carriers]] on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.<ref name="EngadgetMobileOS">{{cite web |url=http://www.engadget.com/2007/08/28/google-is-working-on-a-mobile-os-and-its-due-out-shortly/ |title=Google is working on a mobile OS, and it's due out shortly |accessdate=2007-11-06 |last=Block |first=Ryan |date=2007-08-28 |work=[[Engadget]]}}</ref><ref name="WSJ">{{cite news |url=http://online.wsj.com/article_email/SB118602176520985718-lMyQjAxMDE3ODA2MjAwMjIxWj.html |title=Google Pushes Tailored Phones To Win Lucrative Ad Market |accessdate=2007-11-06 |last1=Sharma |first1=Amol |first2=Kevin J. |last2=Delaney |date=2007-08-02 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref name="DT">{{cite web |url=http://www.directtraffic.org/OnlineNews/Google_admits_to_mobile_phone_plan_18094880.html |title=Google admits to mobile phone plan |accessdate=2007-11-06 |date=2007-03-20 |work=directtraffic.org |publisher=Google News}}</ref>

Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006.<ref name="McKay">{{cite news |last=McKay |first=Martha |date=21 December 2006 |title=Can iPhone become your phone?; Linksys introduces versatile line for cordless service |work=[[The Record (Bergen County)|]] |page=L9 |quote=And don't hold your breath, but the same cell phone-obsessed tech watchers say it won't be long before Google jumps headfirst into the phone biz. Phone, anyone?}}</ref> Reports from the [[BBC]] and ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded [[Handset#Telephony|handset]].<ref name="LIgPhone">{{cite web |url=http://www.linuxinsider.com/rsstory/59115.html |title=Blogosphere Aflutter With Linux-Based phone Rumors |accessdate=2007-11-07 |last=Ackerman |first=Elise |date=2007-08-30 |work=Linux Insider}}{{Dead link|date=September 2009}}</ref> Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators.

In September 2007, ''[[InformationWeek]]'' covered an [[Evalueserve]] study reporting that Google had filed several [[patent]] applications in the area of mobile telephony.<ref name="IWpatents">{{cite news |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=201807587&cid=nl_IWK_daily |title=Google's Secret Patent Portfolio Predicts gPhone |accessdate=2007-11-06 |last=Claburn |first=Thomas |date=2007-09-19 |work=[[InformationWeek]]}}</ref><ref name="MNpatents">{{cite web |url=http://www.moconews.net/entry/419-googles-strong-mobile-related-patent-portfolio/ |title=Google's Strong Mobile-Related Patent Portfolio |accessdate=2007-11-07 |last=Pearce |first=James Quintana |date=2007-09-20 |work=mocoNews.net}}</ref>

=== Open Handset Alliance ===
{{Main|Open Handset Alliance}}

On November 5, 2007, the [[Open Handset Alliance]], a [[consortium]] of several companies which include [[Broadcom Corporation]], [[Google]], [[High Tech Computer Corporation|HTC]], [[Intel Corporation|Intel]], [[LG Group|LG]], [[Marvell Technology Group]], [[Motorola]], [[Nvidia]], [[Qualcomm]], [[Samsung Electronics]], [[Sprint Nextel]], [[T-Mobile]] and [[Texas Instruments]] unveiled itself. The goal of the Open Handset Alliance is to develop [[open standard]]s for mobile devices.<ref name="AndroidAnnouncement"/> On the same day, the Open Handset Alliance also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device [[platform (computing)|platform]] built on the [[Linux kernel]] version 2.6.<ref name="AndroidAnnouncement"/>

On December 9, 2008, 14 new members joined, including [[ARM Holdings]], [[Atheros Communications]], [[Asustek|Asustek Computer Inc]], [[Garmin|Garmin Ltd]], [[Huawei Technologies]], [[PacketVideo]], [[Softbank]], [[Sony Ericsson]], [[Toshiba|Toshiba Corp]], and [[Vodafone|Vodafone Group Plc]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN0928595620081210 |title=Corrected: Update 2: More mobile phone makers back Google's Android |last=Martinez |first=Jennifer |work=[[Reuters]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] |date=2008-12-10 |accessdate=2008-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessweek.com/the_thread/techbeat/archives/2008/12/googles_android_2.html |title=Google's Android Gains More Powerful Followers |last=Kharif |first=Olga |work=[[BusinessWeek]] |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |date=2008-12-09 |accessdate=2008-12-13}}</ref>

=== Version history ===
{{Main|Android version history}}
[[File:Android DarkyRom.png|thumb|Home screen of Android DarkyROM.]]
Android has seen a number of updates since its original release, each fixing [[Software bug|bugs]] and adding new features. Each version is named, in alphabetical order, after a dessert.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-04/tech/google.honeycomb.android.names_1_google-android-android-os-randall-sarafa?_s=PM:TECH |title=Why does Google name its Android products after desserts?|author=John D. Sutter|work=CNNTech |date=4 February 2011|accessdate=21 October 2011}}</ref>

;Recent releases

* '''2.3 Gingerbread''' refined the user interface, improved the soft keyboard and copy/paste features, improved gaming performance, added [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]] support ([[VoIP]] calls), and added support for [[Near Field Communication]].<ref name="gingerbread-highlights">{{cite web |date=6 December 2010 |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-2.3-highlights.html |title=Android 2.3 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |accessdate=2010-12-07}}</ref>

* '''3.0 Honeycomb''' was a tablet-oriented<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/4150/googles-android-event-analysis/2 |title=Google's Android Event Analysis |author=Mithun Chandrasekhar |work=AnandTech |date=2 February 2011 |accessdate=5 February 2011 |quote=I confirmed this with Google; Honeycomb, at least in the current form, will not be coming to non-tablet devices.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Rapheal |first=JR |title=Will Android Honeycomb come to smartphones? |url=http://blogs.computerworld.com/17642/android_honeycomb_smartphones |work=Computerworld |accessdate=24 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Android SDK |title=Android Platform Highlights |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-3.0-highlights.html|work=Google|accessdate=24 February 2011}}</ref> release which supports larger screen devices and introduces many new user interface features, and supports [[multi-core processor]]s and hardware acceleration for graphics.<ref name="honeycomb-highlights">{{cite web |date=26 January 2011 |url=http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-3.0-highlights.html |title=Android 3.0 Platform Highlights |work=Android Developers |accessdate=2011-01-26}}</ref> The first device featuring this version, the [[Motorola Xoom]] tablet, went on sale in February 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.engadget.com/2011/01/26/motorola-atrix-4g-and-xoom-tablet-launching-at-the-end-of-februa/ |title=Motorola Atrix 4G and Xoom tablet launching at the end of February, Droid Bionic and LTE Xoom in Q2 |author=Nilay Patel |work=Engadget |date=26 January 2011|accessdate=5 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=German |first=Kent |url=http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19736_7-20122331-251/ice-cream-sandwich-adds-tons-of-new-features/?tag=mncol;txt |title=Ice Cream Sandwich adds tons of new features |publisher=Reviews.cnet.com |date=2011-10-18 |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref>

:* '''3.1 Honeycomb''', released in May 2011, added support for extra input devices, USB host mode for transferring information directly from cameras and other devices, and the Google Movies and Books apps.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.engadget.com/2011/05/10/google-announces-android-3-1/ |title=Google announces Android 3.1, available on Verizon Xoom today|author=Donald Melenson|work=Engadget|date=10 May 2011|accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref>

:* '''3.2 Honeycomb''', released in July 2011, added optimization for a broader range of screen sizes, new "zoom-to-fill" screen compatibility mode, loading media files directly from SD card, and an extended screen support API.<ref>{{cite web |last=Crothers |first=Brooke |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-13924_3-20080221-64/android-3.2-official-coming-to-a-tablet-near-you/ |title=Android 3.2 official, coming to a tablet near you |publisher=News.cnet.com |date=2011-07-17 |accessdate=2011-08-08}}</ref> [[Huawei]] MediaPad is the first 7 inch tablet to use this version <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engadget.com/2011/06/20/huawei-mediapad-revealed-worlds-first-7-inch-android-3-2-table/ |title=Huawei MediaPad revealed first 3.2 tablet |author=Darren Murph |work= Engadget |date=2011-06-20 |accessdate=2011-06-20}}</ref>

* '''4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich''', announced on October 19, 2011, brought Honeycomb features to smartphones and added new features including facial recognition unlock, network data usage monitoring and control, unified social networking contacts, photography enhancements, offline email searching, and information sharing using [[Near Field Communication|NFC]]. Android 4.0.1 Ice Cream Sandwich is the latest Android version that is available to phones. The source code of Android 4.0.1 was released on November 14, 2011<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.engadget.com/2011/10/18/android-4-0-ice-cream-sandwich-now-official/ |title=Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich now official, includes revamped design, enhancements galore|author=Brad Molen |work=Engadget |date=18 October 2011|accessdate=21 October 2011}}</ref>

=== Licensing ===

The [[source code]] for Android is available under [[free and open source software]] licenses. Google published their Linux kernel changes under the [[GNU General Public License]] version 2, and the rest of the code (including network and telephony stacks)<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Mobile-and-Wireless/Google-Open-Sources-Android-on-Eve-of-G1-Launch/ |work = [[eWeek]] |title = Google Open-Sources Android on Eve of G1 Launch |first = Clint |last = Boulton |date = 21 October 2008 |accessdate = 2009-09-03}}</ref> under the [[Apache License]] version 2.0.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://source.android.com/posts/opensource |title = Android is now available as open source |work = Android Open Source Project |first = Dave |last = Bort |date = 21 October 2008 |accessdate = 2009-09-03}}. [https://sites.google.com/a/android.com/opensource/posts/opensource Mirror link].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://source.android.com/source/licenses.html |title=Licenses: Android Open Source |work=Android Open Source Project |accessdate=25 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/old/content/2007/11/why-google-chose-the-apache-software-license-over-gplv2.ars |title=Why Google chose the Apache Software License over GPLv2 for Android |author=Ryan Paul |work=Ars Technica |year=2008 |accessdate=25 October 2011}}</ref> Google also keeps the reviewed issues list publicly open for anyone to see and comment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://code.google.com/p/android/issues/list?q=status%3AReviewed |title=Android issues reviewed |publisher=Code.google.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-08}}</ref>

The Open Handset Alliance develops the GPL-licensed part of Android, that is their changes to the Linux kernel, in public, with source code publicly available at all times. The rest of Android is developed in private, with source code released publicly when a major new version is released. Typically Google collaborates with a hardware manufacturer to produce a flagship device featuring the new version of Android, then makes the source code available after that device has been released.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://source.android.com/faqs.html#what-is-involved-in-releasing-the-source-code-for-a-new-android-version |title=Frequently Asked Questions: What is involved in releasing the source code for a new Android version? |work=Android Open Source Project |accessdate=25 October 2011}}</ref>

Even though the software is open source, device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark unless Google certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document (CDD). Devices must also meet this definition to be eligible to license Google's closed-source applications, including the [[Android Market]].<ref name="Compatibility_FAQ">{{cite web |url= http://source.android.com/faqs.html#compatibility |title=Android Open Source Project Frequently Asked Questions: Compatibility|work=source.android.com |accessdate=13 March 2011}}</ref>

In September 2010, [[Skyhook Wireless]] filed a lawsuit against Google in which they alleged that Google had used the compatibility document to block Skyhook's mobile positioning service (XPS) from Motorola's Android mobile devices.<ref>{{cite court |url=http://daringfireball.net//misc/2010/09/Skyhook-Google%20Complaint%20and%20Jury%20Demand.pdf|litigants=Skyhook Wireless, Inc. vs Google, Inc|date=15 September 2010 |quote=This entirely subjective review, conducted solely by Google employees with ultimate authority to interpret the scope and meaning of the CDD as they see fit, effectively gives Google the ability to arbitrarily deem any software, feature or function 'non-compatible' with the CDD.}}</ref> In December 2010 a judge denied Skyhook's motion for preliminary injunction, saying that Google had not closed off the possibility of accepting a revised version of Skyhook's XPS service, and that Motorola had terminated their contract with Skyhook because Skyhook wanted to disable Google's location data collection functions on Motorola's devices, which would have violated Motorola's obligations to Google and its carriers.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.socialaw.com/slip.htm?cid=20416&sid=121 |title=Skyhook Wireless, Inc. vs. Google, Inc. |work=Social Law Library Research Portal |date=December 2010|accessdate=13 March 2011}}</ref>

In early 2011, Google chose to temporarily withhold the Android source code to the tablet-only Honeycomb release, creating doubts over Google's commitment to open source with Android.<ref name="Honeycombclosed">{{cite web |title=Google Android 3.0 "Honeycomb": Open source no more |url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/google/google-android-30-honeycomb-open-source-no-more/2845 |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |date=2011-03-24|accessdate=2011-07-10 }}</ref> The reason, according to [[Andy Rubin]] in an official Android blog post, was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom,<ref>{{cite web |last=Bray |first=Tim |url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2011/04/i-think-im-having-gene-amdahl-moment.html |title=Android Developers Blog: I think I’m having a Gene Amdahl moment |publisher=Android-developers.blogspot.com |date=2011-04-06 |accessdate=2011-08-08}}</ref> and they did not want third parties creating a "really bad user experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets.<ref>{{cite web |author=Honeycomb won't be open-sourced? Say it ain't so! |url=http://www.androidcentral.com/google-not-open-sourcing-honeycomb-says-bloomberg |title=Honeycomb won't be open-sourced? Say it ain't so! |publisher=Androidcentral.com |date=2011-03-24 |accessdate=2011-08-08}}</ref> The source code was made available again in November 2011 with the release of Android 4.0.<ref name="40sourcerel"/>

== Design ==
=== Linux ===
Android's kernel is a [[Fork (software development)|fork]] of the [[Linux kernel]] and has further architecture changes by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle.<ref>{{cite video |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QBGfUs9mQYY |title= Androidology – Part 1 of 3 – Architecture Overview |date=2008-09-06 |accessdate=2007-11-07 |medium=Video |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Android does not have a native [[X Window System]] nor does it support the full set of standard [[GNU]] libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://arstechnica.com/open-source/reviews/2009/02/an-introduction-to-google-android-for-developers.ars | title=Dream(sheep++): A developer's introduction to Google Android | date=23 February 2009 | last=Paul |first=Ryan | work=[[Ars Technica]] | accessdate=2009-03-07}}</ref>

Certain features that Google contributed back to the kernel, notably a power management feature called wakelocks, were rejected by mainline kernel developers, partly because kernel maintainers felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain their own code.<ref name="hartmann2">{{cite web |url = http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-389733.html |title = Linux developer explains Android kernel code removal |date = 2010-02-02 |publisher=[[ZDNet]] |accessdate = 2010-02-03}}</ref><ref name="hartmann">{{cite web |url=http://www.kroah.com/log/linux/android-kernel-problems.html |title = Android and the Linux kernel community |date = 2010-02-02 |author=[[Greg Kroah-Hartman]] |accessdate = 2010-02-03 |quote=''Google shows no sign of working to get their code upstream anymore. Some companies are trying to strip the Android-specific interfaces from their codebase and push that upstream, but that causes a much larger engineering effort, and is a pain that just should not be necessary.''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/344486-garretta-linuxcon-talk-emphasizes-lessons-learned-from-androidkernel-saga |title=Garrett's LinuxCon Talk Emphasizes Lessons Learned from Android/Kernel Saga |date=2011-08-10 |publisher=[[Linux.com]] |accessdate=2011-01-02}}</ref> Even though Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.zdnet.com/open-source/?p=6274 |title=DiBona: Google will hire two Android coders to work with kernel.org |date=15 April 2010 |work=www.zdnet.com |accessdate=2010-04-29}}</ref> [[Greg Kroah-Hartman]], the current Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.<ref name="hartmann" /> Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting fed up with the process", because they were a small team and had more urgent work to do on Android.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.computerworld.com/16900/android_linux_kernel_fight_continues |title=Android/Linux kernel fight continues |date=2010-09-07 |publisher=[[Computerworld]] |accessdate=2011-01-02}}</ref>

However, in September 2010 Linux kernel developer Rafael J. Wysocki added a patch that improved the mainline Linux wakeup events framework. He said that Android device drivers that use wakelocks can now be easily merged into mainline Linux, but that Android's opportunistic suspend features should not be included in the mainline kernel.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://lwn.net/Articles/416690/ |title=An alternative to suspend blockers|author=Rafael J. Wysocki|work=lwn.net |date=24 November 2010|accessdate=7 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://lwn.net/images/pdf/suspend_blockers.pdf |title=Technical Background of the Android Suspend Blockers Controversy|author=Rafael J. Wysocki|date=12 November 2010 |accessdate=7 September 2011|quote=...the most controversial parts of the Android's opportunistic suspend infrastructure are not really necessary and therefore they should not be included into the mainline kernel.... it should be possible to convert the vast majority of the Android device drivers using wakelocks to the mainline kernel code base.}}</ref> In 2011 [[Linus Torvalds]] said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/linus-torvalds-on-android-the-linux-fork/9426 |title=Linus Torvalds on Android, the Linux fork |author=Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols |work=zdnet.com |date=18 August 2011|accessdate=8 September 2011}}</ref>

=== Features ===
[[File:Android home.png|thumb|The Android Emulator default home screen (v1.5)]]
[[File:System-architecture.jpg|thumb|right|Architecture diagram]]

Current features and specifications:<ref name="WhatIsAndroid">{{cite web |url=http://developer.android.com/guide/basics/what-is-android.html |title=What is Android? |date=21 July 2009 |work=Android Developers |accessdate=2009-09-03}}</ref><ref name="EnSDK">{{cite news |url=http://www.engadget.com/2007/11/12/googles-android-os-early-look-sdk-now-available/ |title=Google's Android OS early look SDK now available |accessdate=2007-11-12 |last=Topolsky |first=Joshua |date=2007-11-12 |work=[[Engadget]]}}</ref><ref name="mediaformats">{{cite web |url=http://developer.android.com/guide/appendix/media-formats.html |title=Android Supported Media Formats |work=Android Developers |accessdate=2009-05-01}}</ref>

; Handset layouts: The platform is adaptable to larger, [[Video Graphics Array|VGA]], [[2D computer graphics|2D graphics]] library, [[3D computer graphics|3D graphics]] library based on [[OpenGL ES]] 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts.
; Storage: [[SQLite]], a lightweight [[relational database]], is used for data storage purposes.
; Connectivity: Android supports connectivity technologies including [[GSM]]/[[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]], [[Integrated Digital Enhanced Network|IDEN]], [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]], [[Evolution-Data Optimized|EV-DO]], [[Universal Mobile Telecommunications System|UMTS]], [[Bluetooth]], [[Wi-Fi]], [[LTE Advanced|LTE]], [[Near field communication|NFC]] and [[WiMAX]].
; Messaging: [[SMS]] and [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] are available forms of messaging, including threaded [[text messaging]] and now [[Android Cloud To Device Messaging]] (C2DM) is also a part of Android Push Messaging service.
; Multiple language support: Android supports multiple [[language]]s.<ref name="gingerbread-highlights"/>
; Web browser: The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source [[WebKit]] layout engine, coupled with [[Google Chrome|Chrome's]] [[V8 JavaScript engine]]. The browser scores 100/100 on the [[Acid3#Mobile_browsers|Acid3]] test on Android 4.0, however does have some rendering issues.
; Java support: While most Android applications are written in [[Java (programming language)|Java]], there is no [[Java Virtual Machine]] in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes are compiled into Dalvik executables and run on [[Dalvik virtual machine|Dalvik]], a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU. [[J2ME]] support can be provided via third-party applications.
; Media support: Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: [[WebM]], [[H.263]], [[H.264]] (in [[3GP]] or [[MP4]] [[container format (digital)|container]]), [[MPEG-4 Part 2|MPEG-4 SP]], [[Adaptive multi-rate compression|AMR]], [[AMR-WB]] (in 3GP container), [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]], [[HE-AAC]] (in MP4 or 3GP container), [[MP3]], [[Musical Instrument Digital Interface|MIDI]], [[Vorbis|Ogg Vorbis]], [[Free Lossless Audio Codec|FLAC]], [[WAV]], [[JPEG]], [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]], [[Graphics Interchange Format|GIF]], [[BMP file format|BMP]].<ref name="mediaformats" />
; Streaming media support: RTP/RTSP streaming ([[3GPP PSS]], [[Internet Streaming Media Alliance|ISMA]]), HTML progressive download (HTML5 <video> tag). Adobe Flash Streaming (RTMP) and HTTP Dynamic Streaming are supported by the Flash plugin.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://kb2.adobe.com/cps/860/cpsid_86018.html | title=Flash Flayer 10.1 for Android 2.2 Release Notes | work=Adobe Knowledgebase | accessdate=27 January 2011 }}</ref> Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supported by RealPlayer for Mobile,<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.realnetworks.com/pressroom/releases/2010/RealPlayer-for-Mobile-Delivers-HTTP-Live-Content-to-Android.aspx | title=RealNetworks Gives Handset and Tablet OEMs Ability to Deliver HTTP Live Content to Android Users | RealNetworks | work=realnetworks.com | date=10 September 2010 | accessdate=27 January 2011 }}</ref> and by the operating system in Android 3.0 (Honeycomb).<ref name="honeycomb-highlights"/>
; Additional hardware support: Android can use video/still cameras, [[touchscreen]]s, [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], [[accelerometer]]s, [[gyroscope]]s, [[barometer]]s, [[magnetometer]]s, dedicated gaming controls, [[proximity sensor|proximity]] and [[pressure sensor]]s, [[thermometer]]s, accelerated 2D [[bit blit]]s (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.
; Multi-touch: Android has native support for [[multi-touch]] which was initially made available in handsets such as the [[HTC Hero]]. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen technology at the time).<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-10161312-37.html |work = [[CNET News]] |title = Report: Apple nixed Android's multitouch |date = 11 February 2009 |first = Steven |last = Musil |accessdate = 2009-09-03}}</ref> Google has since released an update for the [[Nexus One]] and the [[Motorola Droid]] which enables multi-touch natively.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.engadget.com/2010/02/02/nexus-one-gets-a-software-update-enables-multitouch/ |title = Nexus One gets a software update, enables multitouch |work = [[Engadget]] |first = Chris |last = Ziegler |date = 2 February 2010 |accessdate =2010-02-02}}</ref>
; Bluetooth: Supports [[A2DP]], [[AVRCP]], sending files ([[Object Push Profile|OPP]]), accessing the phone book ([[Bluetooth profile#Phone Book Access Profile (PBAP, PBA)|PBAP]]), voice dialing and sending contacts between phones. Keyboard, mouse and joystick ([[Bluetooth profile#Human Interface Device Profile (HID)|HID]]) support is available in Android 3.1+, and in earlier versions through manufacturer customizations and third-party applications.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://developer.android.com/sdk/android-3.1-highlights.html#UserFeatures |title=Android 3.1 Platform Highlights|work=Android Developers|accessdate=26 August 2011}}</ref>
; Video calling: Android does not support native video calling, but some handsets have a customized version of the operating system that supports it, either via the [[UMTS]] network (like the [[Samsung Galaxy S]]) or over IP. Video calling through Google Talk is available in Android 2.3.4 and later. Gingerbread allows [[Nexus S]] to place Internet calls with a SIP account. This allows for enhanced VoIP dialing to other SIP accounts and even phone numbers. Skype 2.1 offers video calling in Android 2.3, including front camera support.
; Multitasking: Multitasking of applications is available.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2010/04/multitasking-android-way.html | title=Multitasking the Android Way | work=Android Developers | last=Bray | first=Tim | date=28 April 2010 | accessdate=2010-11-03}}</ref>
; Voice based features: Google search through voice has been available since initial release.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://developer.android.com/resources/articles/speech-input.html | title=Speech Input for Google Search | work=Android Developers | accessdate=3 November 2010}}</ref> Voice actions for calling, texting, navigation, etc. are supported on Android 2.2 onwards.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.google.com/mobile/voice-actions/ | title=Voice Actions for Android | work=google.com | accessdate=27 January 2011 }}</ref>
; Tethering: Android supports [[tethering]], which allows a phone to be used as a wireless/wired [[Wi-Fi hotspot]]. Before Android 2.2 this was supported by third-party applications or manufacturer customizations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/190265/use_your_android_phone_as_a_wireless_modem.html | title=Use Your Android Phone as a Wireless Modem | publisher=PCWorld | author=JR Raphael | date=6 May 2010 | accessdate=3 November 2010}}</ref>
; Screen capture: Android has native support for [[screenshot]] capture ability by pressing the power and volume buttons at the same time on an Android device. This native support came about with the release of Android's [[Android version history#4.x Ice Cream Sandwich|4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)]] update which is first seen on the [[Galaxy Nexus]] smartphone.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/242128/samsung_google_unveil_latest_android_os_phone.html | title=Samsung, Google Unveil Latest Android OS, Phone | publisher=PCWorld | author=Nancy Gohring | date=19 October 2011 | accessdate=19 October 2011}}</ref> Previously Android did not feature native support for screen capturing which would have likely been due to security concerns. Furthermore previously, manufacturer and third-party customizations as well as using a PC connection (DDMS developer's tool) were the only known methods of capturing a screenshot on Android.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.androidsim.net/2011/06/how-to-25-taking-screen-shots-on.html | title=Taking Screen Shots On The Android | publisher=AndroidSim | author=T. Le | date=27 June 2011 | accessdate=28 June 2011}}</ref>

== Uses ==
{{Main|List of Android devices}}
[[File:Galaxy Nexus smartphone.jpg|thumb|[[Galaxy Nexus]], the latest "[[Google Nexus|Google phone]]"]]

The open and customizable nature of the Android operating system allows it to be used in pretty much any electronics, including but not limited to: [[smartphone]]s, [[laptop]]s, [[netbook]]s, [[tablet computer]]s, [[Google TV]], [[wristwatch]]es,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://live.imwatch.it/ |title=i'm Watch |publisher=Live.imwatch.it |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> [[headphones]],<ref>http://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/01/12/now_audio_admiral_touch/</ref> Car CD and DVD players<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alibaba.com/showroom/car-player-android.html |title=Car Player Android-Car Player Android Manufacturers, Suppliers and Exporters on |publisher=Alibaba.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> and other devices.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://mashable.com/2011/05/12/ice-cream-sandwich/ |title=Androids Unite: How Ice Cream Sandwich Will End the OS Schism |author=Jolie O'Dell |work=Mashable |date = 12 May 2011 |accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.engadget.com/2010/09/06/toshiba-ac100-android-smartbook-hits-the-united-kingdom/ |title=Toshiba AC100 Android smartbook hits the United Kingdom |author=Laura June |work=Engadget |date=6 September 2010 |accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/22665/run-android-on-your-netbook-or-desktop/ |title=Run Android on Your Netbook or Desktop |publisher=How-To Geek |date= |accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref>

The main hardware platform for Android is the [[ARM architecture]]. There is support for [[x86]] from the Android-x86 project,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.android-x86.org/ |title=Android-x86 - Porting Android to x86}}</ref> and Google TV uses a special x86 version of Android.

The first commercially available phone to run Android was the [[HTC Dream]], released on 22 October 2008.<ref name=HTC>{{cite news |publisher=HTC |url=http://www.htc.com/www/press.aspx?id=66338&lang=1033 |accessdate=2009-05-19 |title=T-Mobile Unveils the T-Mobile G1 - the First Phone Powered by Android}} AT&T's first device to run the Android OS was the Motorola Backflip.</ref> In early 2010 Google collaborated with [[HTC]] to launch its flagship<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/mar/14/google-mobile-phone-launch-delay |title=Google forced to delay British launch of Nexus phone |publisher=guardian.co.uk |date=14 March 2010 |author=Richard Wray |location=London}}</ref> Android device, the [[Nexus One]]. This was followed later in 2010 with the [[Samsung]]-made [[Nexus S]] and in 2011 with the [[Galaxy Nexus]].

[[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] and Android 2.3.3 'Gingerbread' may be set up to dual boot on a [[iOS jailbreaking|jailbroken iPhone or iPod Touch]] with the help of OpeniBoot and iDroid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/196595/how_to_install_android_on_your_iphone.html |title=How to Install Android on Your iPhone |author=David Wang |publisher=pcworld.com |date=19 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idroidproject.org/ |title=Idroidproject.org |publisher=Idroidproject.org |date= |accessdate=2011-08-08}}</ref>

== Applications ==
{{see also|Android software development|List of open source Android applications}}

Applications are usually developed in the Java language using the [[Android SDK|Android Software Development Kit]], but other development tools are available, including a [[Android software development#Native Development Kit|Native Development Kit]] for applications or extensions in C or C++, [[Google App Inventor]], a visual environment for novice programmers and various [[Multiple phone web based application framework|cross platform mobile web applications frameworks]] .

=== Android Market ===
{{Main|Android Market}}

Android Market is the online software store developed by Google for Android devices. An application program ("app") called "Market" is preinstalled on most Android devices and allows users to browse and download apps published by third-party developers, hosted on Android Market. {{As of|2010|December}} there were about 200,000 games, applications and widgets available on the Android Market.<ref name="200,000">{{cite web |title=Android App Stats|url=http://www.androlib.com/appstats.aspx|accessdate=31 December 2010}}</ref> In April 2011 Google said there had been more than 3 billion Android apps installed<ref>{{cite web |url= http://techcrunch.com/2011/04/14/google-3-billion-android-apps-installed-up-50-percent-from-last-quarter/ |title=Google: 3 Billion Android Apps Installed; Downloads Up 50 Percent From Last Quarter |author=Leena Rao|work=Techcrunch|date=14 April 2011|accessdate=13 May 2011}}</ref> and at end of June 2011 there are 6 billion apps installs from the Android market. The operating system itself is installed on 130 million total devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/07/14/google-android-now-on-130-million-total-devices/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Techcrunch+%28TechCrunch%29 |title=Google Android now on 130M total devices, with 6B app downloads |publisher=TechCrunch |date=2011-07-14 |accessdate=2011-08-08}}</ref>

Only devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements are allowed to preinstall Google's closed-source Android Market app and access the Market.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://source.android.com/compatibility/index.html | title=Android Compatibility | work=Android Open Source Project | accessdate=31 December 2010 }}</ref> The Market filters the list of applications presented by the Market app to those that are compatible with the user's device, and developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries for business reasons.
<ref>{{cite web | url= http://developer.android.com/guide/practices/compatibility.html | title=Android Compatibility | work=Android Developers | accessdate=31 December 2010 }}</ref>

Google has participated in the Android Market by offering several applications themselves, including [[Google Voice]] (for the Google Voice service), Sky Map (for watching stars), Finance (for their finance service), Maps Editor (for their MyMaps service), Places Directory (for their Local Search), [[Google Goggles]] that searches by image, Gesture Search (for using finger-written letters and numbers to search the contents of the phone), Google Translate, Google Shopper, Listen for podcasts and My Tracks, a jogging application. In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.google.com/mobile/voice-actions/index.html |title=Voice Actions for Android |publisher=Google.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-08}}</ref> which allows users to search, write messages, and initiate calls by voice.

Alternatively, users can install apps from third party app stores such as the [[Amazon Appstore]],<ref name="wired_alt_app_stores">{{cite web | url=http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2010/06/independent-app-stores-take-on-googles-android-market/ | title=Independent App Stores Take On Google’s Android Market | date=June 11, 2010 | first=Priya | last=Ganapati | publisher=[[Wired News]] | accessdate=2011-02-02}}</ref> or directly onto the device if they have the application's [[APK (file format)|APK]] file.

=== Application security ===
[[File:AndroidMarketPermissions.png|thumb|An example of app permissions in Android Market.]]

Android applications run in a [[Sandbox (computer security)|sandbox]], an isolated area of the operating system that does not have access to the rest of the system's resources, unless access permissions are granted by the user when the application is installed. Before installing an application, Android Market displays all required permissions. A game may need to enable vibration, for example, but should not need to read messages or access the phonebook. After reviewing these permissions, the user can decide whether to install the application.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://source.android.com/tech/security/index.html |title=Android Security Overview |work=Android Open Source Project|accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref>

Some Android [[malware]] incidents have been reported involving rogue applications on Android Market. In August 2010, [[Kaspersky|Kaspersky Lab]] reported detection of the first malicious program for Android, named [[Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakePlayer.a]], an [[Premium SMS|SMS]] [[Trojan horse (computing)|trojan]] which had already infected a number of devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaspersky.com/news?id=207576158 |title=First SMS Trojan detected for smartphones running Android |publisher=Kaspersky Lab |accessdate=2010-10-18}}</ref> In some cases applications which contained [[Trojan horse (computing)|Trojans]] were hidden in [[Copyright infringement of software|pirated]] versions of legitimate apps.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.androidpolice.com/2011/03/01/the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ |title = The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived |work = Android Police |first = Android Police |date = March 6, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |url=http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser.php |title=Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser |publisher=Readwriteweb.com |date=2009-02-12 |accessdate=2011-08-08}}</ref> Google has responded by removing malicious apps from the Android Market, and remotely disabling them on infected devices.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/05/android-malware-rootkit-google-response/ |title=Google Responds To Android Malware, Will Fix Infected Devices And ‘Remote Kill’ Malicious Apps |work=[[Tech Crunch]] |first = Tech Crunch |date = March 6, 2011 }}</ref> Security firms such as [[AVG Technologies]] and [[Symantec]] have released antivirus software for Android devices.

=== Privacy ===
Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of [[Wi-Fi]] access points, encountered as phone users move around, to build vast databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps like [[Foursquare (social network)|Foursquare]], [[Google Latitude|Latitude]], [[Facebook Places|Places]], and to deliver location-based ads.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/09/technology/09google.html?pagewanted=all |title=Skyhook Wireless v. Google Case Yields E-Mail Insight|author=Steve Lohr|work=[[The New York Times]] |date=8 May 2011|publisher=[[New York Times Company|NYTC]] |issn=0362-4331 |accessdate=2 November 2011}}</ref>

One design issue is that average users cannot monitor how applications access and use private and sensitive data (e.g. location and hardware ID numbers). Even during installation, permission checks do not often indicate to the user how critical services and data will be used or misused. Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://appanalysis.org/faq.html |title=AppAnalysis.org: Real Time Privacy Monitoring on Smartphones |accessdate=2011-06-01}}</ref> an academic research-funded project, can identify personal information sent from applications to remote servers.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fastcompany.com/1692088/android-apps-leaking-your-personal-data-to-ad-firms-says-taintdroid-app |title=TaintDroid Tracks Leaks of Personal Data to Ad Firms |author=Kit Eaton|work=FastCompany|date=29 September 2010|accessdate=2 November 2011}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The Android logo was designed along with the [[Droid (font)|Droid font family]] made by [[Ascender Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.forbes.com/2008/09/25/font-android-g1-tech-wire-cx_ew_0926font.html |title = Android's Very Own Font |work = [[Forbes]] |first = Elizabeth |last = Woyke |date = 26 September 2008 }}</ref>

Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system. The print color is [[Pantone|PMS]] 376C and the [[RGB color model|RGB color]] value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand Guidelines.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.android.com/branding.html |work = Android |title = Brand Guidelines |date = 23 March 2009 |accessdate =2009-10-30}}</ref> The custom typeface of Android is called Norad (cf. [[North American Aerospace Defense Command|NORAD]]). It is only used in the text logo.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.android.com/branding.html |work = Android |title = Android Brand Guidelines |date = 23 March 2009 |accessdate =2010-04-10}}</ref>

=== Market share ===
Research company [[Canalys]] estimated in Q2 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide [[smartphone]] shipments.<ref name=Insider_1>{{cite news |title=Canalys: iPhone outsold all Windows Mobile phones in Q2 2009 |url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/09/08/21/canalys_iphone_outsold_all_windows_mobile_phones_in_q2_2009.html |newspaper=[[AppleInsider]] |date=21 August 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-21}}</ref> By Q4 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market, becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. This estimate includes the Tapas and OMS variants of Android.<ref name="canalysQ42010"/> By Q3 2011 [[Gartner]] estimates more than half (52.5%) of the smartphone market belongs to Android.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=1848514 |title=Gartner Says Sales of Mobile Devices Grew 5.6 Percent in Third Quarter of 2011; Smartphone Sales Increased 42 Percent|date= 15 November 2011|accessdate=16 November 2011}}</ref>

In February 2010 [[ComScore]] said the Android platform had 9.0% of the U.S. smartphone market, as measured by current mobile subscribers. This figure was up from an earlier estimate of 5.2% in November 2009.<ref name="ComScore Feb 2010">{{cite web | url= http://www.mycomscore.net/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/4/comScore_Reports_February_2010_U.S._Mobile_Subscriber_Market_Share | title=comScore Reports February 2010 U.S. Mobile Subscriber Market Share | work=Comscore.com | date=5 April 2010 | accessdate=24 December 2010 | quote=RIM, 42.1%; Apple, 25.4%; Microsoft, 15.1%; Google (Android), 9.0%; Palm, 5.4%; others, 3.0% }}</ref> By the end of Q3 2010 Android's U.S. market share had grown to 21.4%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2010/11/comScore_Reports_September_2010_U.S._Mobile_Subscriber_Market_Share |title=comScore Reports September 2010 U.S. Mobile Subscriber Market Share |work=Comscore.com |date=3 November 2010 |accessdate=24 December 2010}}</ref>

In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales surpassed that of the rival iPhone platform. According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved 25% smartphone sales in the US market, up 8% from the December quarter. In the second quarter, Apple's iOS was up by 11%, indicating that Android is taking market share mainly from [[Research In Motion|RIM]], and still has to compete with heavy consumer demand for new competitor offerings.<ref name="news.cnet.com">{{cite web |url= http://news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-20012627-94.html |title= Android hits top spot in U.S. smartphone market |date= 2010-08-04 |accessdate= 2010-08-04}}</ref> Furthermore, analysts pointed to advantages that Android has as a multi-channel, multi-carrier OS, which allowed it to duplicate the quick success of Microsoft's Windows Mobile.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.cnet.com/8301-13579_3-20012418-37.html |title= More signs iPhone under Android attack |date= 2010-08-02 |author= Greg Sandoval |accessdate= 2010-08-04}}</ref> In Q4 2010 Android had 59% of the total installed user base of Apple's [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] in the U.S. and 46% of the total installed user base of [[iOS (Apple)|iOS]] in Europe.<ref name="comscore Q42010">{{cite web |url=http://www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Press_Releases/2011/4/ |title=Apple iOS Platform Outreaches Android by 59 Percent in U.S. When Accounting for Mobile Phones, Tablets and Other Connected Media Devices |work=comScore |date=19 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Dalrymple Android iPhone">{{cite web |url=http://www.loopinsight.com/2011/04/28/the-truth-about-android-vs-iphone-market-share/ | title=The truth about Android vs. iPhone market share |author=Dalrymple, Jim |date=28 April 2011}}</ref>

{{As of|2011|June}}, Google said that 550,000 new Android devices were being activated every day<ref>{{cite news |url=http://old.news.yahoo.com/s/digitaltrends/20110628/tc_digitaltrends/googleactivates500000androiddevicesadaymayreach1millionbyoctober |title=Google activates 500,000 Android devices a day, may reach 1 million in October |work=Yahoo News |date=28 June 2011}}</ref>— up from 400,000 per day a month earlier — and more than 100 million devices had been activated.<ref name="i/o 2011 stats"/> Android hit 300,000 activations per day back in December 2010. By the 14th of July 2011, 550,000 Android devices were being activated by Google each day, with 4.4% growth per week.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/07/14/android-now-seeing-550000-activations-per-day/ |title=Android Now Seeing 550,000 Activations Per Day |first=Greg |last=Kumparak |work=Techcrunch |date=14 July 2011}}</ref> On the 1st of August 2011, [[Canalys]] estimated that Android had about 48% of the smartphone market share.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.canalys.com/newsroom/android-takes-almost-50-share-worldwide-smart-phone-market |title = Android takes almost 50% share of worldwide smart phone market |date = 1 August 2011 |accessdate =2011-08-05}}</ref> On October 13, 2011, Google announced that there were 190 million Android devices in the market.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://techcrunch.com/2011/10/13/page-google-plus-40-million-mobile-2-5-billion/ |title=Larry Page: Mobile Revenues At $2.5 Billion Run-Rate, 190 Million Android Devices|author=Erick Schonfeld|work=TechCrunch|date=13 October 2011|accessdate=24 October 2011}}</ref> As of November 16, 2011, during the Google Music announcement "These Go to Eleven", 200 million Android devices had been activated.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57326649-93/google-200-million-android-devices-now-active-worldwide/ |title=Google: 200 million Android devices now active worldwide |newspaper=CNET News |author=Lance Whitney |date=17-11-2011 |accessdate=27-11-2011}}</ref> Based on this number, with 1.9% of Android devices being tablets, approximately 3.8 million Android Honeycomb Tablets have been sold.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2011/10/only-3-8-million-honeycomb-tablets-sold-so-far/ |title=Only 3.8 Million Honeycomb Tablets Sold So Far |publisher=Wired.com |author=Charlie Sorrel |date=17-11-2011 |accessdate=27-11-2011}}</ref>

=== Usage share ===
[[File:Android chart.png|thumb|320px]]
Usage share of the different versions, by December 1, 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://developer.android.com/resources/dashboard/platform-versions.html |title=Android Platform Versions |work=Android Developers |cite=Based on the number of Android devices that have accessed Android Market within a 14-day period ending on the data collection date noted below. |date=03-11-2011 |accessdate=02-12-2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
; Version
! Distribution
! [[application programming interface|API]] level
! %
|-
| style="text-align:left" | 4.0 ''Ice Cream Sandwich''
| 14-15
| 0%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | 3.x.x ''Honeycomb''
| 11-13
| 2.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | 2.3.x ''Gingerbread''
| 9-10
| 50.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | 2.2 ''Froyo''
| 8
| 35.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | 2.1 ''Eclair''
| 7
| 9.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | 1.6 ''Donut''
| 4
| 1.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left" | 1.5 ''Cupcake''
| 3
| 0.8%
|}

=== Retail Stores ===

The world's first Android store opened on Bourke Street, Melbourne in December 2011.<ref>[http://apcmag.com/meet-androidland-australia-opens-world-first-android-store-in-melbourne.htm]</ref>

== Intellectual property infringement claims ==
{{See also|Oracle Corporation#Lawsuit against Google}}

Both Android and Android phone manufacturers have been the target of numerous patent lawsuits. On 12 August 2010, [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the [[Java (programming language)|Java]] programming language.<ref name="computerworld">{{cite web |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9180678/Update_Oracle_sues_Google_over_Java_use_in_Android |title=Update: Oracle sues Google over Java use in Android |first=James |last=Niccolai |date=12 August 2010 |work=Computerworld |publisher=International Data Group Inc |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> Specifically, the patent infringement claim references seven United States patents including {{patent|US|5966702|"Method and apparatus for pre-processing and packaging class files"}}, and {{patent|US|6910205|"Interpreting functions utilizing a hybrid of virtual and native machine instructions"}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/35811761/Oracle-s-complaint-against-Google-for-Java-patent-infringement |title=Oracle's complaint against Google for Java patent infringement |publisher=[[scribd.com]] |accessdate=2010-08-13}}</ref>.

In response, Google submitted multiple lines of defense, counterclaiming that Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is based on [[Apache Harmony]], a [[clean room design|clean room]] implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently developed virtual machine called [[Dalvik (software)|Dalvik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/10/google-oracle-android/ |title=Calling Oracle Hypocritical, Google Denies Patent Infringement |first=Ryan |last=Singel |date=5 October 2010 |work=Wired News |publisher=Condé Nast |accessdate=26 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://groklaw.net/article.php?story=20101005114201136 |title=Google Answers Oracle, Counterclaims, and Moves to Dismiss Copyright Infringement Claim |date=5 October 2010 |work=Groklaw |publisher=Pamela Jones |accessdate=26 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://groklaw.net/article.php?story=20101111114933605 |title=Google Files Sizzling Answer to Oracle's Amended Complaint and its Opposition to Motion to Dismiss; updated 2Xs |date=11 November 2010 |work=Groklaw |accessdate=26 December 2010}}</ref>

[[Microsoft]] has also sued several manufacturers of Android devices for patent infringement, and collects patent licensing fees from others. In October 2011 Microsoft said they had signed license agreements with ten Android device manufacturers, accounting for 55% of worldwide revenue for Android devices.<ref name=10agreements>{{cite web |title=Microsoft collects license fees on 50% of Android devices, tells Google to "wake up" |url=http://arstechnica.com/microsoft/news/2011/10/microsoft-collects-license-fees-on-50-of-android-devices-tells-google-to-wake-up.ars |work=[[Ars Technica]] |accessdate=2011-10-24}}</ref> These include [[Samsung]] and [[HTC]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9220357/Microsoft_signs_Android_licensing_deal_with_Samsung |title=Microsoft signs Android licensing deal with Samsung |author=Mikael Ricknäs |work=Computerworld |date=28 September 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2011}}</ref>

[[Apple Inc.]] CEO [[Steve Jobs]] claimed that Android copied major elements of Apple's [[iPhone]] and [[iOS]] operating system. According to his [[Steve Jobs (biography)|biography]], Jobs stated that Android is a "stolen product," and vowed to destroy it. “I will spend my last dying breath if I need to, and I will spend every penny of Apple's $40 billion in the bank, to right this wrong,” said Jobs.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Isaacson | first=Walter | authorlink=Walter Isaacson| title=[[Steve Jobs (biography)|Steve Jobs]] | year=2011 | publisher=Simon & Schuster | location=New York | isbn=1-451-64853-7 }}</ref>

Google has publicly expressed its dislike for the current patent landscape in the [[United States]], accusing Apple, Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation, rather than innovating and competing with better products and services.<ref name="bully">{{cite web | title=Google publicly accuses Apple, Microsoft, Oracle of patent bullying | url=http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/08/google-publicly-accuses-apple-microsoft-oracle-of-patent-bullying.ars | accessdate=2011-09-28}}</ref> In August 2011, Google purchased [[Motorola Mobility]] for [[USD|US$]]12.5 billion, which was viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android, since Motorola Mobility has a 17,000-strong patent pool.<ref name="moto">{{cite web | title=Google, needing patents, buys Motorola wireless for $12.5 billion | url=http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2011/08/google-to-buy-motorola-in-effort-to-defend-itself-from-patent-bullies.ars | accessdate=2011-09-28}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Google Nexus]]
* [[List of Android devices]]
* [[Rooting (Android OS)]]
* [[Google Android lawn statues]]
* [[Chromium OS]]
* [[Google Chrome OS]]
* [[List of Android OS-related topics]]
* [[CyanogenMod]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{wikinews|Google Android smartphone sales triple in the UK this year}}
{{Commons category}}

* {{Official website|http://www.android.com/}}
* {{dmoz|Computers/Systems/Handhelds/Android}}
* {{youtube|1FJHYqE0RDg|Sergey Brin introduces the Android platform}}
* [http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/071128.html Android: Building a Mobile Platform to Change the Industry]: lecture given by Google Mobile Platforms Manager, Richard Miner at [[Stanfor[http://www.allaboutandroids.com/ Android News]d University]] ([http://ee380.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/videologger.php?target=071128-ee380-300.asx video archive])
* [http://technologeeks.com/Courses/Android-Excerpt.pdf Android Internals: Fragment of a course detailing the architecture of Android and interaction of its components]
* [http://www.makelinux.net/android/internals/ Diagram of Android internals]
* [http://www.allaboutandroids.com/ Android News]

{{Android}}
{{Mobile operating systems}}
{{Google Inc.}}

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[[Category:Smartphones]]
[[Category:Embedded Linux]]
[[Category:Google software]]
[[Category:Mobile Linux]]
[[Category:Cloud clients]]
[[Category:Mobile phone operating systems]]
[[Category:Mobile open source]]
[[Category:Android (operating system)| ]]
[[Category:Google acquisitions]]

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[[simple:Android (operating system)]]
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[[zh:Android]]

TNT

2011-10-07T18:56:26Z

142.204.16.10:

{{chembox
| verifiedrevid = 400098684
| ImageFileL1 = Trinitrotoluene.svg
| ImageSizeL1 = 120px
| ImageFileR1 = TNT-from-xtal-1982-3D-balls.png
| ImageSizeR1 = 120px
| IUPACName = 2-methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene
| OtherNames = 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, TNT, Trilite, Tolite, Trinol, Trotyl, Tritolo, Tritolol, Triton, Tritone, Trotol, Trinitrotoluol, 2,4,6-Trinitromethylbenzene
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| Abbreviations = TNT
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 8073
| ChEMBL = 1236345
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = H43RF5TRM5
| InChI1 = 1/C7H5N3O6/c1-4-2-3-5(8(11)12)7(10(15)16)6(4)9(13)14/h2-3H,1H3
| InChIKey1 = FPKOPBFLPLFWAD-UHFFFAOYAR
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 118-96-7
| UNNumber = [[List of UN Numbers 0201 to 0300|0209]] – ''Dry or wetted with < 30% water'' [[List of UN Numbers 0301 to 0400|0388, 0389]] – ''Mixtures with trinitrobenzene, hexanitrostilbene''
| EINECS = 204-289-6
| PubChem = 11763
| DrugBank = DB01676
| StdInChI = 1S/C7H5N3O6/c1-4-2-3-5(8(11)12)7(10(15)16)6(4)9(13)14/h2-3H,1H3
| StdInChIKey = FPKOPBFLPLFWAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
| SMILES = O=[N+]([O-])c1c(c(ccc1C)[N+]([O-])=O)[N+]([O-])=O
| InChI =
| RTECS =
| MeSHName =
| ChEBI =
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = C16391
| ATCCode_prefix =
| ATCCode_suffix =
| ATC_Supplemental =}}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = C7H5N3O6
| MolarMass = 227.13 g/mol
| Appearance = Pale yellow. Loose "needles", flakes or [[prill]]s before melt-[[casting]]. A solid block after being poured into a casing.
| Density = 1.654 g/cm3
| MeltingPt = 80.35 °C
| Melting_notes =
| BoilingPt = 295 °C
| Boiling_notes = decomposition
| Solubility = 0.13 g/L (20 °C)
| SolubleOther = soluble
| Solvent = [[ether]], [[acetone]], [[benzene]], [[pyridine]]
| pKa =
| pKb = }}
| Section6 = {{Chembox Explosive
| ShockSens = Insensitive
| FrictionSens = Insensitive to 353 N
| ExplosiveV = 6900 m/s
| REFactor = 1.00
}}
| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0967.htm ICSC 0967]
| EUClass = Explosive ('''E''') Toxic ('''T''') Dangerous for the environment ('''N''')
| EUIndex = 609-008-00-4
| NFPA-H = 2
| NFPA-F = 4
| NFPA-R = 4
| NFPA-O =
| RPhrases = {{R2}}, {{R23/24/25}}, {{R33}}, {{R51/53}}
| SPhrases = {{S1/2}}, {{S35}}, {{S45}}, {{S61}}
| FlashPt =
| Autoignition =
| ExploLimits =
| PEL = }}
| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
| OtherCpds = [[picric acid]] [[hexanitrobenzene]] [[2,4-Dinitrotoluene]]}}
}}
'''Trinitrotoluene''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˌ|t|r|aɪ|n|aɪ|t|r|ɵ|ˈ|t|ɒ|l|jʉ|.|iː|n}}; '''TNT'''), or more specifically, '''2,4,6-trinitrotoluene''', is a [[chemical compound]] with the formula C6H2(NO2)3CH3. This yellow-colored solid is sometimes used as a [[reagent]] in chemical synthesis, but it is best known as a useful [[explosive material]] with convenient handling properties. The explosive yield of TNT is considered to be the [[TNT equivalent|standard measure of strength]] of [[bombs]] and other [[explosives]]. In chemistry, TNT is used to generate [[Charge transfer complex|charge transfer salts]].

==Preparation==
[[File:TNT flakes.jpg|thumb|TNT flakes.]]
In industry, TNT is produced in a three-step process. First, [[toluene]] is [[nitration|nitrated]] with a mixture of [[sulfuric acid|sulfuric]] and [[nitric acid]] to produce [[Mononitrotoluene|mono-nitrotoluene]] or MNT. The MNT is separated and then renitrated to [[dinitrotoluene]] or DNT. In the final step, the DNT is nitrated to trinitrotoluene or TNT using an [[anhydrous]] mixture of nitric acid and [[oleum]]. Nitric acid is consumed by the manufacturing process, but the diluted sulfuric acid can be reconcentrated and reused. Subsequent to nitration, TNT is stabilized by a process called sulphitation, where the crude TNT is treated with aqueous sodium sulfite solution in order to remove less stable isomers of TNT and other undesired reaction products. The rinse water from sulphitation is known as [[red water (waste)|red water]] and is a significant pollutant and waste product of TNT manufacture.<ref>{{cite book | last = Urbanski | first = Tadeusz | title = Chemistry and Technology of Explosives | volume = 1 | publisher = Pergamon Press | year= 1964 | isbn = 0-0801-0238-7 | pages = 389–91}}
</ref>

Control of [[nitrogen oxide]]s in feed nitric acid is very important because free [[nitrogen dioxide]] can result in oxidation of the methyl group of toluene. This reaction is highly exothermic and carries with it the risk of a runaway reaction leading to an explosion.

In the laboratory, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is produced by a two step process. A nitrating mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids is used to nitrate toluene to a mixture of mono- and di-nitrotoluene isomers, with cooling to maintain careful temperature control. The nitrated toluenes are separated, washed with dilute [[sodium bicarbonate]] to remove oxides of nitrogen, and then carefully nitrated with a mixture of [[fuming nitric acid]] and sulfuric acid. Towards the end of the nitration, the mixture is heated on a steam bath. The trinitrotoluene is separated, washed with a dilute solution of [[sodium sulfite]] and then [[Recrystallization (chemistry)|recrystallized]] from alcohol.

==Applications==
TNT is one of the most commonly used explosives for military and industrial applications. It is valued partly because of its insensitivity to shock and friction, which reduces the risk of accidental [[detonation]], compared to other more sensitive high explosives such as [[nitroglycerin]]. TNT melts at 80 °C (176 °F), far below the temperature at which it will spontaneously detonate, allowing it to be poured as well as safely combined with other explosives. TNT neither absorbs nor dissolves in water, which allows it to be used effectively in wet environments. Additionally, it is stable compared to other high explosives.

Although blocks of TNT are available in various sizes (e.g. 250 g, 500 g, 1,000 g ), it is more commonly encountered in [[synergistic]] explosive blends comprising a variable percentage of TNT plus other ingredients. Examples of explosive blends containing TNT include:

* [[Amatex]]
* [[Amatol]]
* [[Ammonal]]
* [[Baratol (explosive)|Baratol]]
* [[Composition B]]
* [[Composition H6]]
* [[Cyclotol]]
* [[Ednatol]]
* [[Hexanite]]
* [[Minol (explosive)|Minol]]
* [[Octol]]
* [[Pentolite]]
* [[Picratol]]
* [[Tetrytol]]
* [[Torpex]]
* [[Tritonal]]

==Explosive character==
It is a common [[List of common misconceptions|misconception]] that TNT and [[dynamite]] are the same, or that dynamite contains TNT. In fact, whereas TNT is a specific chemical compound, dynamite is an absorbent mixture soaked in [[nitroglycerin]] that is compressed into a cylindrical shape and wrapped in paper.

Upon [[detonation]], TNT decomposes as follows:
: 2 C7H5N3O6 → 3 N2 + 5 H2O + 7 CO + 7 C
: 2 C7H5N3O6 → 3 N2 + 5 H2 + 12 CO + 2 C

The reaction is [[exothermic]] but has a high [[activation energy]]. Because of the production of [[carbon]], TNT explosions have a sooty appearance. Because TNT has an excess of carbon, explosive mixtures with oxygen-rich compounds can yield more energy per kilogram than TNT alone. During the 20th century, [[amatol]], a mixture of TNT with [[ammonium nitrate]] was a widely used military explosive.

Detonation of TNT can be done using a high velocity initiator or by efficient concussion.<ref>''[[Merck Index]]'', 13th Edition, '''9801'''.</ref>

For many years, TNT used to be the reference point for the [[Figure of Insensitivity]]. TNT has a rating of exactly 100 on the F of I scale. However, the reference has since been changed to a more sensitive explosive called [[RDX]], which has an F of I of 80.

==Energy content==

{{See also|TNT equivalent}}

TNT contains 4.7 [[mega-|mega]][[joules]] per kilogram. The energy density of TNT is used as a reference-point for many other types of explosives, including nuclear weapons, the energy content of which is measured in kilotons (~4.184 [[tera-|tera]]joules) or megatons (~4.184 [[peta-|peta]][[joules]]) of [[TNT equivalent]].

For comparison, [[gunpowder]] contains 3 megajoules per kilogram, [[dynamite]] contains 7.5 megajoules per kilogram, [[gasoline]] contains 47.2 megajoules per kilogram (though gasoline requires an [[oxidizing agent|oxidant]], so an optimized gasoline and O2 mixture contains 10.4 megajoules per kilogram), and [[butter]] contains 30 megajoules per kilogram (also requiring an external oxidizing agent).

==History==
[[File:TNT Allocations Germany.gif|thumb|Breakdown of production by branch of TNT in the German army between 1941 and the first quarter of 1944 by thousands of tons per month.]]
[[File:TNT detonation on Kahoolawe Island during Operation Sailoir Hat, sjot Bravo, 1965.jpg|thumb|[[Detonation]] of the 500-ton TNT explosive charge as part of [[Operation Sailor Hat]] in 1965. The white blast-wave is visible on the water surface and a shock condensation cloud is visible overhead]]

TNT was first prepared in 1863 by [[Germany|German]] [[chemist]] [[Julius Wilbrand]]<ref>{{cite journal
| title = Notiz über Trinitrotoluol
| pages = 178–179
| author = J. Wilbrand
| journal = [[Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie]]
| doi = 10.1002/jlac.18631280206
| volume = 128
| issue = 2
| year = 1863}}</ref> and originally used as a yellow dye. Its potential as an explosive was not appreciated for several years mainly because it was so difficult to detonate and because it was less powerful than alternatives. TNT can be safely poured when liquid into shell cases, and is so insensitive that in 1910, it was exempted from the UK's [[Explosives Act 1875]] and was not considered an explosive for the purposes of manufacture and storage.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

The German armed forces adopted it as a filling for [[artillery]] [[shell (projectile)|shell]]s in 1902. TNT-filled armour-piercing shells would explode after they had penetrated the armour of British [[capital ships]], whereas the British [[Picric acid|lyddite]]-filled shells tended to explode upon striking armour, thus expending much of their energy outside the ship. The British started replacing lyddite with TNT in 1907. TNT is still widely used by the United States military, as well as construction companies around the world. The majority of TNT currently used by the US military is manufactured by [[Radford Army Ammunition Plant]] near [[Radford, Virginia]].
[[Image:MSPO2007-35-01.jpg|thumb|right|[[high explosive|HE]] 120[[millimetre|mm]] [[mortar shell]] fitted with [[proximity fuze]]. Manufactured in January 2006 and marked to indicate a 100% TNT filling]]

==Safety and toxicity==
TNT is poisonous, and [[skin]] contact can cause skin irritation, causing the skin to turn a bright yellow-orange color. During the [[World War I|First World War]], munition workers who handled the chemical found that their skin turned bright yellow, which resulted in their acquiring the nickname "[[canary girls]]" or simply "canaries."

People exposed to TNT over a prolonged period tend to experience [[anemia]] and abnormal [[liver]] functions. [[Blood]] and liver effects, [[spleen]] enlargement and other harmful effects on the [[immune system]] have also been found in animals that ingested or breathed trinitrotoluene. There is evidence that TNT adversely affects male [[fertility]], and TNT is listed as a possible human [[carcinogen]].<ref>[http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp81.pdf Toxicological Profile for 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene]</ref> Consumption of TNT produces red [[urine]] through the presence of breakdown products and not blood as sometimes believed.<ref>{{Cite web | publisher = [[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]] | title=2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene|url=http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp81-c2.pdf | accessdate = 2010-05-17}}</ref>

Some military testing grounds are contaminated with TNT. Wastewater from munitions programs including contamination of surface and [[groundwater|subsurface waters]] may be colored pink because of the presence of TNT. Such contamination, called "[[pink water]]", may be difficult and expensive to [[Environmental remediation|remedy]].

TNT is prone to [[exudation]] of [[dinitrotoluene]]s and other isomers of trinitrotoluene. Even small quantities of such impurities can cause such effect. The effect shows especially in [[shell (projectile)|projectiles]] containing TNT and stored at higher temperatures, e.g. during summer. Exudation of impurities leads to formation of pores and cracks (which in turn cause increased shock sensitivity). Migration of the exudated liquid into the [[fuze]] screw thread can form '''fire channels''', increasing the risk of accidental detonations; fuze malfunction can result from the liquids migrating into its mechanism.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=9tIQDn2uZz4C&pg=PA11&dq=polymer+bonded+explosives&lr=&num=50&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=polymer%20bonded%20explosives&f=false The chemistry of explosives]</ref>

==See also==
*[[TNT equivalent]]
*[[Explosives used during WW II]]
*[[Dynamite#Difference_from_TNT|Dynamite]] (Difference from TNT)
*[[IMX-101]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=126 Video showing detonation of 50 tons of TNT in 1963 during Anglo-Australian] '''[[Operation Blowdown]]'''
*[http://www.sonicbomb.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=268 Video showing the five 20 ton underground blasts of '''Project Dugout''' in 1965]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vb3y6m-buco Video showing the shockwave and typical black smoke cloud from detonation of 160 kilograms of pure TNT]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0Bl2DKMv4A Video showing detonation of 453 metric tons of TNT in 1965] '''[[Operation Sailor Hat]]''' – note shockwave and black smoke residue
*[http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=0d2_1198134994 Video of demolition training using half pound blocks of pure TNT]
*[http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+Trinitrotoluene NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Trinitrotoluene]
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Explosive chemicals]]
[[Category:Immunotoxins]]
[[Category:Nitrotoluenes]]

[[ar:تي إن تي (مادة كيميائية)]]
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Nitrocellulose

2011-10-07T18:52:20Z

142.204.16.10: Irrelevant for the purposes of the article (description of nitrocellulose, not of its use in media).

{{Chembox
| verifiedrevid = 447323889
| Reference=<ref>''[[Merck Index]]'', 11th Edition, '''8022'''.</ref>
| ImageFile1 = Nitrocellulose-2D-skeletal.png
| ImageSize1 = 200px
| ImageFile2 = Nitrocellulose-3D-balls.png
| ImageSize2 = 200px
| IUPACName =
| OtherNames = Cellulose nitrate; Flash paper; Gun cotton; Collodion; Pyroxylin
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 9004-70-0
| PubChem =
| SMILES = }}
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula =
| MolarMass = Variable
| Appearance = Yellowish white cotton-like filaments
| Density =
| MeltingPt = 160–170 °C (ignites)
| BoilingPt =
| Solubility = }}
| Section3 = {{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| FlashPt = 4.4 °C
| Autoignition =
| LD50 = 10 mg/kg (mouse, [[intravenous|IV]])}}
}}

'''Nitrocellulose''' (also: '''cellulose nitrate''', '''flash paper''') is a highly flammable compound formed by [[nitration|nitrating]] [[cellulose]] through exposure to [[nitric acid]] or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a [[propellant]] or [[Explosive material#Low explosives|low-order explosive]], it is also known as '''guncotton'''. Nitrocellulose plasticized by [[camphor]] was used by [[Kodak]], and other suppliers, from the late 1880s as a [[film base]] in photograph, X-ray films and motion picture films; and was known as "Nitrate film". After numerous fires caused by unstable nitrate films, [[safety film]] started to be used from the 1930s in the case of X-ray stock and from 1948 for motion picture film.

== Guncotton ==
[[File:Nitrocellulose hexanitrate.jpg|thumb|left|pure nitrocellulose]]
[[Image:Powder Samples.jpg|thumb|left|Various types of smokeless powder, consisting primarily of nitrocellulose]]
[[Henri Braconnot]] discovered in 1832 that nitric acid, when combined with starch or wood fibers, would produce a lightweight combustible [[explosive]] material, which he named ''xyloïdine''. A few years later in 1838 another French chemist [[Théophile-Jules Pelouze]] (teacher of [[Ascanio Sobrero]] and [[Alfred Nobel]]) treated paper and cardboard in the same way. He obtained a similar material he called ''nitramidine''. Both of these substances were highly unstable, and were not practical explosives.

However, around 1846 [[Christian Friedrich Schönbein]], a German-Swiss chemist, discovered a more practical solution. As he was working in the kitchen of his home in [[Basle]], he spilled a bottle of concentrated nitric acid on the kitchen table. He reached for the nearest cloth, a cotton apron, and wiped it up. He hung the apron on the stove door to dry, and, as soon as it was dry, there was a flash as the apron exploded. His preparation method was the first to be widely imitated — one part of fine [[cotton]] wool to be immersed in fifteen parts of an equal blend of [[Sulfuric acid|sulfuric]] and [[nitric acid]]s. After two minutes, the cotton was removed and washed in cold water to set the [[esterification]] level and remove all acid residue. It was then slowly dried at a temperature below 100 °[[Fahrenheit|F]] (about 38° [[Celsius|C]]). Schönbein collaborated with the Frankfurt professor [[Rudolf Christian Böttger]], who had discovered the process independently in the same year. By coincidence, a third chemist, the [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]] professor F. J. Otto had also produced guncotton in 1846 and was the first to publish the process, much to the disappointment of Schönbein and Böttger.<ref>Itzehoer Wochenblatt, 29 October 1846, columns 1626 f.</ref>

The process uses the nitric acid to convert the cellulose into cellulose nitrate and water:
:3HNO3+ C6H10O5 → C6H7(NO2)3O5 + 3H2O
The sulfuric acid is present as a [[catalyst]] to produce the [[nitronium ion]], NO2+. The [[Rate_equation#First-order_reactions|reaction is first order]] and proceeds by electrophilic substitution at the C-OH centers of the cellulose.<ref>Urbanski, Tadeusz, ''Chemistry and Technology of Explosives'', Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1965, Vol 1, pp 20–21.</ref>

The power of guncotton made it suitable for blasting. As a projectile driver, it has around six times the gas generation of an equal volume of [[black powder]] and produces less smoke and less heating. However, the sensitivity of the material during production led the [[United Kingdom|British]], [[Prussia]]ns and [[France|French]] to discontinue manufacture within a year.

[[Jules Verne]] viewed the development of guncotton with optimism. He referred to the substance several times in his novels. His adventurers carried firearms employing this substance. The most noteworthy reference is in his ''[[From the Earth to the Moon]]'', in which guncotton was used to launch a projectile into space.

Further research indicated that the key was the very careful preparation of the cotton: Unless it was very well cleaned and dried, it was likely to explode spontaneously. The British, led by [[Frederick Augustus Abel]], also developed a much lengthier manufacturing process at the [[Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills]], patented in 1865, with the washing and drying times each extended to 48 hours and repeated eight times over. The acid mixture was also changed to two parts sulfuric acid to one part nitric.

Guncotton remained of limited use. For [[firearm]]s, a more stable and slower burning mixture was needed. Guncotton-like preparations were eventually prepared for this role, known at the time as [[smokeless powder]]. The first practical [[smokeless powder]] made from nitrocellulose, for firearms and artillery ammunition, was invented by French chemist [[Paul Vieille]] in 1884.

Guncotton, dissolved at approximately 25% in acetone, forms a lacquer used in preliminary stages of wood finishing to develop a hard finish with a deep lustre. It is normally the first coat applied, sanded and followed by other coatings that bond to it.

== Nitrate film ==
Nitrocellulose was used as the first flexible [[film base]], beginning with [[Eastman Kodak]] products in August, 1889. [[Camphor]] is used as a [[plasticizer]] for nitrocellulose film, often called nitrate film. It was used until 1933 for [[X-ray]] films (where its flammability hazard was most acute) and for motion picture film until 1951. It was replaced by [[safety film]] with an acetate base.

The use of nitrocellulose film for motion pictures led to the requirement for fireproof projection rooms with wall coverings made of [[asbestos]]. The [[US Navy]] shot a training film for projectionists that included footage of a controlled ignition of a reel of nitrate film, which continued to burn when fully submerged in water. Unlike many other flammable materials, nitrocellulose does not need air to keep burning as the reaction produces oxygen. Once burning, it is extremely difficult to extinguish. Immersing burning film in water may not extinguish it, and could actually increase the amount of smoke produced.<ref>[http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns Health and Safety Executive leaflet/cellulose.pdf]</ref><ref>{{Dead link|date=July 2010}}[http://www.britmovie.co.uk/forums/ask-film-question/24900-flammable-film.html Interesting discussion on NC films.]</ref> Owing to public safety precautions, the [[London Underground]] forbade transport of movies on its system until well past the introduction of safety film.

Cinema fires caused by ignition of nitrocellulose [[film stock]] were the cause of the 1926 [[Dromcolliher#Dromcolliher Burning|Dromcolliher cinema tragedy]] in [[County Limerick]] in which 48 people died and the 1929 [[Glen Cinema Disaster]] which killed 69 children. Today, nitrate film projection is normally highly regulated and requires extensive precautionary measures including extra projectionist health and safety training. Projectors certified to run nitrate films have many precautions, among them the chambering of the feed and takeup reels in thick metal covers with small slits to allow the film to run through. The projector is modified to accommodate several fire extinguishers with nozzles aimed at the film gate. The extinguishers automatically trigger if a piece of flammable fabric placed near the gate starts to burn. While this triggering would likely damage or destroy a significant portion of the projection components, it would prevent a fire which could cause far greater damage. Projection rooms may be required to have automatic metal covers for the projection windows, preventing the spread of fire to the [[auditorium]].
[[File:Light box displaying a nitrate photograph negative panorama suffering from deterioration.jpg|left|thumb|Nitrocellulose film on a light box, showing deterioration. From Library and Archives Canada collection.]]
It was found that nitrocellulose gradually decomposes, releasing nitric acid and further catalyzing the decomposition (eventually into a flammable powder or goo). Decades later, storage at low temperatures was discovered as a means of delaying these reactions indefinitely. It is thought that the great majority of films produced during the early twentieth century were lost either through this accelerating, self-catalyzed disintegration or through studio warehouse fires. Salvaging old films is a major problem for film archivists (see [[film preservation]]).

Nitrocellulose film base manufactured by [[Kodak]] can be identified by the presence of the word ''Nitrate'' in dark letters between the perforations. [[Cellulose acetate film|Acetate film]] manufactured during the era when nitrate films were still in use was marked ''Safety'' or ''Safety Film'' between the perforations in dark letters. Film stocks in the non-standard gauges, [[8 mm film|8 mm]] or [[16 mm film|16 mm]], were not manufactured with a nitrate base on any significant scale in the west, though rumours persist of 16mm nitrate having been produced in the former Soviet Union and/or China.<ref>David Cleveland, 'Don't Try This at Home: Some Thoughts on Nitrate Film, With Particular Rerefence to Home Movie Systems' in Roger Smither and Catherine Surowiec (eds.), ''This Film is Dangerous: A Celebration of Nitrate Film'', Brussels, FIAF (2002), ISBN 978-2960029604, p. 196</ref>

===Replacement filmstocks===
Nitrate dominated the market for professional use 35mm motion picture film from the industry's origins to the early 1950s. While cellulose acetate-based so-called 'safety film', notably cellulose diacetate and cellulose acetate propionate, was produced in the gauge for small-scale use in niche applications (e.g. printing advertisements and other short films to enable them to be sent through the post without the need for fire safety precautions), the early generations of safety film base had two major disadvantages relative to nitrate: it was a lot more expensive to manufacture, and a lot less durable in repeated projection. The cost of the safety precautions associated with the use of nitrate was significantly lower than the cost of using any of the safety bases available before 1948. These drawbacks were eventually overcome with the launch of [[cellulose triacetate]] base film by Eastman Kodak in 1948.<ref>Charles Fordyce et al, 'Improved Safety Motion Picture Film Support', ''Journal of the SMPE'', vol. 51 (October 1948), pp. 331-350</ref> Cellulose triacetate superseded nitrate as the film industry's mainstay base very quickly: Kodak announced the discontinuation of nitrate manufacture in February 1950.

The crucial advantage cellulose triaecetate had over nitrate was that it was no more of a fire risk than paper (the stock is often erroneously referred to as 'non-flam': this is not true - it is combustible, but not in as volatile or as dangerous a way as nitrate), while it almost matched the cost and durability of nitrate. It remained in almost exclusive use in all film gauges until the 1980s, when [[polyester]], or PET film, began to supersede it for intermediate and release printing.<ref>George J. van Schil, 'The Use of Polyester Film Base in the Motion Picture Industry', SMPTE Journal, vol. 89, no. 2 (February 1980), pp. 106-110.</ref>

Polyester is much more resistant to [[polymer degradation]] than either nitrate or triacetate. Although triacetate does not decompose in as dangerous a way as nitrate does, it is still subject to a process known as deacetylation, often nicknamed 'vinegar syndrome' (due to the [[acetic acid]] smell of decomposing film) by archivists, which causes the film to shrink, deform, become brittle and eventually unusable. [[Polyethylene terephthalate]], like Cellulose Mononitrate, is less prone to stretching than other available plastics. By the late 1990s polyester had almost entirely superseded triacetate for the production of intermediate elements and release prints.

Triacetate remains in use for most camera negative stocks because it can be 'invisibly' spliced using solvents during negative assembly, while polyester film can only be spliced using adhesive tape patches or ultrasonically, both of which will leave visible marks in the frame area. Also triacetate film will break under tension, whereas polyester will not, reducing the risk of very serious damage to expensive camera mechanisms in the event of a film jam. This later point applies to projectors as well, of course. There were many opposed to the use of polyester for release prints for precisely this reason, and because ultrasonic splicers are very expensive items, beyond the budgets of many smaller theaters. However in practice this has not proved to be anything like such a problem as was feared. Rather, with the increased use of automated long-play systems in cinemas, the greater strength of polyester has been a significant advantage in lessening the risk of a film performance being interrupted by a film break.

==Production==
===Guncotton===
In general, cotton was used as the cellulose base, and is added to concentrated sulfuric acid and 70% [[nitric acid]] cooled to 0oC to give cellulose trinitrate (or ''guncotton'').

While guncotton is dangerous to store, its risks can be reduced by storing it wet or in oil.

===Nitrate film===
Cellulose is treated with sulfuric acid and [[potassium nitrate]] to give cellulose mononitrate. This was used commercially as ''Celluloid'', a highly flammable plastic used in the first half of the 20th Century for lacquers and photographic film.<ref>http://fliiby.com/file/208138/a7bake2p2k.html</ref>

==Uses==
[[Image:KatyushaMusee.jpg|thumb|right|An [[RS-82 rocket|M13 rocket]] for the [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha launcher]] on display in the [[Musée de l'Armée]]. Its [[solid-fuel rocket]] motor was prepared from nitrocellulose.]]
*A [[nitrocellulose slide]], nitrocellulose membrane or nitrocellulose paper is a sticky [[artificial membrane|membrane]] used for immobilizing nucleic acids in [[Southern blot]]s and [[northern blot]]s. It is also used for immobilization of proteins in [[Western blot]]s and [[Atomic Force Microscopy]]<ref>L. Kreplak et al. Atomic Force Microscopy of Mammalian Urothelial Surface. Journal of molecular biology. Volume 374, Issue 2, 23 November 2007, Pages 365-373</ref> for its non-specific affinity for [[amino acids]]. Nitrocellulose is widely used as support in diagnostic tests where antigen-antibody binding occur, e.g., pregnancy tests, U-Albumin tests and CRP. Glycine and chloride ions make protein transfer more efficient.
*When the solution is dissolved in [[diethyl ether|ether]], [[alcohol]] or other organic solvents it produces [[collodion]], discovered in 1846 and introduced as a wound dressing during the [[Crimean War]]. It is still in use today in topical skin applications, such as liquid skin and in the application of [[salicylic acid]], the active ingredient in ''Compound W'' wart remover.
*In 1851, [[Frederick Scott Archer]] invented the [[Wet Collodion Process]] as a replacement for [[albumen]] in early [[photography|photographic]] emulsions, binding light-sensitive [[silver halide]]s to a glass plate.<ref>[http://www.rleggat.com/photohistory/history/collodio.htm Dr. R Leggat, A History of Photography: The Collodion Process]</ref>
*[[Magic (illusion)|Magician]]'s flash paper, sheets of paper or cloth made from nitrocellulose, which burn almost instantly with a bright flash leaving no ash.
*[[Radon]] tests for alpha track etches.
*Nitrocellulose [[lacquer]] was used as a finish on guitars and saxophones for most of the 20th century and is still used on some current applications. Manufactured by (among others) [[DuPont]], the paint was also used on automobiles sharing the same color codes as many guitars including [[Fender Musical Instruments Corporation|Fender]] and [[Gibson Guitar Corporation|Gibson]] brands,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Support/FAQs/# |title=What is "stand damage"?}}</ref> although it fell out of favor for a number of reasons: pollution, and the way the lacquer yellows and cracks over time.
*Nitrocellulose lacquer is also used as an [[aircraft dope]], painted onto fabric-covered aircraft to tauten and provide protection to the material.
*As a medium for cryptographic [[one-time pad]]s, thus making the disposal of the pad complete, secure, and efficient.
*Nitrocellulose lacquer is spin-coated onto aluminum or glass discs, then a groove is cut with a lathe, to make one-off phonograph records, used as masters for pressing or for play in dance clubs. They are referred to as [[acetate disc]]s.
*Depending on the manufacturing process, nitrocellulose is [[Esterification|esterified]] to varying degrees. [[Table tennis]] balls, [[guitar]] picks and some photographic films have a fairly low esterification level and burn comparatively slowly with some charred residue. See [[celluloid]].

Because of its explosive nature, not all applications of nitrocellulose were successful. In 1869, with elephants having been poached to near extinction, the [[Cue sports|billiards]] industry offered a $10,000 prize to whoever came up with the best replacement for ivory [[billiard ball]]s. [[John Wesley Hyatt]] created the winning replacement which he coated with a new material he discovered called camphored nitrocellulose—the first [[thermoplastic]], better known as [[celluloid]]. The invention enjoyed a brief popularity, but the Hyatt balls were extremely flammable, and sometimes portions of the outer shell would explode upon impact. An owner of a billiard saloon in Colorado wrote to Hyatt about the explosive tendencies, saying that he did not mind very much personally but for the fact that every man in his saloon immediately pulled a gun at the sound.<ref>[[Connections (TV series)|Connections]], [[James Burke (science historian)|James Burke]], Volume 9, "Countdown", 29:00 – 31:45, 1978</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=RESEARCH—A NATIONAL RESOURCE |author=United States. National Resources Committee |year=1941 |publisher=UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE |page=29}}</ref> The process used by Hyatt to manufacture the billiard balls, (US Patent 239,792, 1881) involved placing the mass of nitrocellulose in a rubber bag, which was then placed in a cylinder of liquid and heated. Pressure was applied to the liquid in the cylinder, which resulted in a uniform compression on the nitrocellulose mass, compressing it into a uniform sphere as the heat vaporized the solvents. The ball was then cooled and turned to make a uniform sphere. In light of the explosive results, this process was called the "Hyatt Gun Method".<ref>{{cite book |title=Nitrocellulose Industry, Volume 2 |author=Edward Chauncey Worden |pages=726–727 |year=1911 |publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Wikisource|Harper's New Monthly Magazine/Vol. XLIV/No. 261/February 1872/Editor's Scientific Record/Explosion of Gun-Cotton at Stowmarket}}
*[[Cellulose]]
*[[Smokeless powder]]
*[[Cordite]]
*[[Nitroglycerine]]
*[[Nitrostarch]]
*[[Potassium nitrate]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.metacafe.com/watch/530737/simple_flash_paper_display/ Nitrocellulose Paper Video (aka:Flash paper)]
* [http://chemsub.online.fr/name/nitrocellulose.html ChemSub Online: Nitrocellulose - Cellulose, nitrate]

[[Category:Cellulose]]
[[Category:Explosive chemicals]]
[[Category:Firearm propellants]]
[[Category:Alkyl nitrates]]
[[Category:Transparent materials]]
[[Category:Film and video technology]]
[[Category:Storage media]]
[[Category:Photographic chemicals]]
[[Category:Cotton]]

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Portal:Current events/2011 October 6

2011-10-07T17:51:57Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Current events header|2011|10|6}}


;Arts and culture
*Swedish poet [[Tomas Tranströmer]] is awarded the 2011 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]. [http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2011/press.html (Nobel Foundation)] [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2011/oct/06/nobel-prize-literature-live-coverage?newsfeed=true (''The Guardian'')] [http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/swedish-poet-tomas-transtromer-wins-nobel-literature-prize/2011/10/06/gIQAJ9YiPL_story.html (''The Washington Post'')]

;Business and economy
*Production at the [[Japan]]ese plants of carmaker [[Toyota]] returns to normal following the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]]. [http://english.kyodonews.jp/news/2011/10/118810.html (Kyodo)]
*The [[Bank of England]] injects a further £75bn into the British economy through [[quantitative easing]]. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-15196078 (BBC)]

;Disasters
*[[2011 Pacific hurricane season|Tropical Storm Jova]] forms off the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast of [[Mexico]]. [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPEP5+shtml/062035.shtml (NHC)]

;International relations
*[[South Korea]] rejects [[North Korea]]'s demands that two citizens from the north who crossed the border be repatriated. [http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/news/2011/10/06/0200000000AEN20111006003400315.HTML (Yonhap)]

;Law and crime
*The trial of [[Ichirō Ozawa]], a powerful faction leader in the ruling [[Democratic Party of Japan]], over a political funding scandal begins today in [[Japan]]. [http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hFZtS-_YMT4GJUz2-iv7YTDCoSdg?docId=CNG.8286e34e8a18e3f61ca4ad30f2f98370.1b1 (AFP via Google News)]

;Politics and elections
*Voters in [[Canada]]'s most populous province [[Ontario]] go to the polls for a [[Ontario general election, 2011|general election]] with the [[Ontario Liberal Party]], led by [[Dalton McGuinty]], winning another term under a slight minority government.[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ontario-election/how-to-vote-in-the-ontario-election/article2192532/?from=sec431 (''The Globe and Mail'')] [http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20111006/ontario-election-results-mcguinty-hudak-horwath-111006/20111006/?hub=TorontoNewHome (CTV)]
|}

Francesco Caracciolo-class battleship

2011-09-15T18:48:16Z

142.204.16.10: /* Design */

{{refimprove|date=August 2010}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[Image:Caracciolo class.jpg|300px|Caracciolo class]]
|Ship caption=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Class Overview
|Name=
|Builders=
|Operators={{Navy|Kingdom of Italy}}
|Class before=[[Andrea Doria class battleship|''Andrea Doria'']]
|Class after=[[Littorio class battleship|''Littorio'']]
|Subclasses=
|Cost=
|Built range=1914–1920
|In service range=
|In commission range=
|Total ships building=
|Total ships planned=4
|Total ships completed=0
|Total ships cancelled=4
|Total ships active=
|Total ships laid up=
|Total ships lost=
|Total ships retired=
|Total ships preserved=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship displacement={{convert|34000|LT|t|abbr=on}}
|Ship length={{convert|210|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|29|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|9.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|105000|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=4 × [[steam turbine]]s 20 × boilers 4 × shafts
|Ship speed={{convert|28|kn|km/h mph|lk=in|abbr=on}}
|Ship range={{convert|6000|nmi|km mi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h mph|abbr=on}}
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship complement=1,480
|Ship sensors=
|Ship armament=8 × {{convert|380|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns 12 × {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns 12 × {{convert|40|mm|in|abbr=on}} guns
|Ship armor=*'''[[Belt armor|Belt]]:''' {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}}
*'''[[Gun turret|Turret]]s:''' {{convert|40|cm|in|abbr=on}}
*'''[[Conning tower|Conning Tower]]:''' {{convert|35|cm|in|abbr=on}}
*'''[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]:''' {{convert|3.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}
|Ship aircraft=
|Ship aircraft facilities=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

The '''''Caracciolo'' class''' [[battleship]]s were designed for the Italian ''[[Regia Marina]]'' in 1912-1913, and ordered in 1914, but never completed. The four ships of the class were intended to be the equivalent of the British {{sclass|Queen Elizabeth|battleship|4}} and the answer to the Austro-Hungarian {{sclass|Ersatz Monarch|battleship|4}}.

==Design==
[[Image:Italian battleship Francesco Caracciolo launching.jpg|300px|left|thumb|''Francesco Caracciolo'' is [[Ship naming and launching|launched]] at the Royal Naval Yard, Castellamare di Stabia, on 12 May 1920. She was the only ''Caracciolo''-class ship to be launched, but she was not completed.]]

The class was intended to carry eight 15-inch guns on a displacement of {{convert|32800|LT|t|abbr=on}}. Four oil-fired [[steam turbine]]s would propel them to {{convert|28|kn|km/h mph|lk=in|abbr=on}}, slightly faster than the British ''Queen Elizabeth''s which were themselves faster than most battleships at the time. Armor — a {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} main belt, tapering to a {{convert|25|cm|in|abbr=on}} upper belt, with an additional {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on}} on the sides at the upper deck level around the secondary armament, a {{convert|3.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} armored deck and two torpedo bulkheads — was not much different from other ships of the same generation.

The initial secondary armament was eighteen 6-inch and twenty-four 3-inch guns, but the final design featured twelve 6-inch and an [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft armament]].

==Fate==
All four ships were laid down between October 1914 and June 1915. Work was suspended in 1916, by which stage only the first ship — ''Francesco Caracciolo'' — had significant work completed. She was restarted in 1919 and launched in 1920 to clear the slipway she was built on. A plan to convert her to an [[aircraft carrier]] was considered and rejected, as the ''Regia Marina'' had no interest in carriers. The other three ships were cancelled and dismantled. The heavy guns intended for the class were assigned to [[Monitor (warship)|monitors]].

The hull of ''Francesco Caracciolo'' was sold after launching to [[Navagazione Generale Italiana]] in October 1920, who intended to turn her into a merchant ship, but this work was cancelled.

==Ships==
*''Francesco Caracciolo'': laid down 12 October 1914, launched 12 May 1920 - Royal Naval Yard, Castellamare di Stabia
*''Francesco Morosini'': laid down 27 June 1915 - Orlando, Livorno
*''Cristoforo Colombo'': laid down 14 March 1915 - Ansaldo, Genoa
*''Marcantonio Colonna'': laid down 3 March 1915 - Odero, Sestri Ponente

==Sources==
*Breyer, S. ''Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World'', London, Macdonald 1973
* {{cite book|last=Faccaroli|first=Aldo |title=Italian Warships of World War I|location=London|publisher=Ian Allan|year=1970|isbn=0-7110-010-5}}

{{Portal|Battleships}}
{{Caracciolo class battleship}}
{{WWIItalianShips}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caracciolo Class Battleship}}
[[Category:Battleship classes]]
[[Category:Abandoned military projects of Italy]]
[[Category:Proposed ships]]
[[Category:Caracciolo class battleships]]

[[it:Classe Francesco Caracciolo]]
[[ja:フランチェスコ・カラッチョロ級戦艦]]
[[ru:Линейные корабли типа «Франческо Караччоло»]]
[[fi:Caracciolo-luokka]]

Battle of Coronel

2011-09-09T17:43:17Z

142.204.16.10: /* Prelude */

{{Stack|{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Coronel
|partof=the [[World War I|First World War]]
|image=[[Image:Ostasiengeschwader Graf Spee in Chile.jpg|300px]]
|caption=The German squadron leaving [[Valparaiso]] on 3 November 1914 after the battle, {{SMS|Scharnhorst||6}} and {{SMS|Gneisenau||2}} in the lead, and {{SMS|Nürnberg|1906|6}} following. In the middle distance are the Chilean cruisers ''Esmeralda'', ''O'Higgins'' and ''Blanco Encalada'', and battleship ''Capitan Prat''.
|date=1 November 1914
|place=[[Pacific ocean]] off [[Coronel, Chile|Coronel]], [[Chile]]
|result= Decisive German victory
|combatant1={{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
|combatant2={{flagcountry|German Empire}}
|commander1={{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} [[Christopher Cradock|Sir Christopher Cradock]]†
|commander2={{flagicon|German Empire|naval}} [[Graf Maximilian von Spee]]
|strength1=2 [[armoured cruiser]]s 1 [[light cruiser]] 1 [[auxiliary cruiser]]
|strength2=2 armoured cruisers 3 light cruisers
|casualties1= 1,570 men killed 2 armoured cruisers lost
|casualties2= 3 wounded
}}
{{Campaignbox Command of the Oceans 1914-1915}}}}

The [[World War I|First World War]] naval '''Battle of Coronel''' took place on 1 November 1914 off the coast of central [[Chile]] near the city of [[Coronel, Chile|Coronel]]. [[Imperial Germany|German]] ''[[Kaiserliche Marine]]'' forces led by Vice-Admiral [[Maximilian von Spee|Graf Maximilian von Spee]] met and defeated a [[Royal Navy]] squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir [[Christopher Cradock]].

The engagement probably took place as a result of a series of misunderstandings. Neither admiral expected to meet the other in full force. Once the two met, Cradock understood his orders were to fight to the end, despite the odds heavily against him. Although Spee had an easy victory, destroying two enemy armoured cruisers for just three men injured, the engagement also cost him half his supply of ammunition, which was impossible to replace. Shock at the British losses led to an immediate reaction and the sending of more ships which in turn destroyed Spee and the majority of his squadron at the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]].

==Prelude==
The [[Royal Navy]]—with assistance from other Allied navies in the far east—had captured the German colonies of [[Kaiser-Wilhelmsland]], [[Yap]], [[Nauru]] and [[Samoa]] early in the war, instead of searching for Vice-Admiral [[Maximilian von Spee]]'s [[German East Asia Squadron]] which had abandoned its base at the German [[Concessions in China|concession]] at [[Qingdao|Tsingtao]] in [[China]] once [[Japan]] entered the war on Britain's side. Eventually, recognising the German squadron's potential for commerce raiding in the Pacific the British [[Admiralty]] belatedly made its elimination a high priority but concentrated the search in the western [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] after Spee's squadron [[Bombardment of Papeete|bombarded Papeete]].

On 5 October, the British learned from an intercepted radio communication of Spee's plan to prey upon shipping in the crucial trading routes along the west coast of South America. Patrolling in the area at that time was Rear-Admiral [[Christopher Cradock|Sir Christopher Cradock]]'s South Atlantic Squadron, consisting of the armoured cruisers {{HMS|Good Hope|1901|6}} (Cradock's flagship), and {{HMS|Monmouth|1901|6}}, the modern light cruiser {{HMS|Glasgow|1909|6}}, three other light cruisers, a converted liner—{{HMS|Otranto||6}}—and two other armed merchantmen. Cradock's force was also to have been reinforced from Mediterranean waters by the newer and more powerful armoured cruiser {{HMS|Defence|1907|6}}, but ultimately this ship was diverted, the old [[pre-dreadnought]] [[battleship]] {{HMS|Canopus|1897|6}} being ordered to join him instead.

The last-minute change in plans meant that the British squadron was composed almost entirely of either obsolete or under-armed vessels, all crewed by inexperienced naval reservists. Both the ''Monmouth'' and the ''Good Hope'' possessed a large number of 6-inch guns between them, but only the ''Good Hope'' was equipped with heavier artillery in the shape of two 8-inch guns mounted in single turrets. In contrast, Von Spee had a formidable force of five modern vessels (the armoured cruisers {{SMS|Scharnhorst||6}} and {{SMS|Gneisenau||2}} and the light cruisers {{SMS|Dresden|1907|6}}, {{SMS|Leipzig||2}} and {{SMS|Nürnberg|1906|2}}), all led by officers handpicked by Grand Admiral [[Alfred von Tirpitz]] himself. Both the ''Scharnhorst'' and the ''Gneisenau'' were armed with eight 8-inch guns each, which gave them an overwhelming advantage in range and firepower. The latter advantage was further compounded by the fact that the crews of both ships had earned accolades for their gunnery skill prior to the war.

Nevertheless, Cradock was ordered simply to "be prepared to meet them in company" with no effort made to clarify what action Cradock was expected to take, should he find von Spee. On receiving his orders, Cradock asked the Admiralty for permission to split his fleet into two forces, each able to face von Spee independently. The fleets would operate on the east and west coasts of South America to counter the possibility of von Spee slipping past Cradock and raiding into the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. The Admiralty agreed and the east coast squadron, consisting of three cruisers and two armed merchantmen, was formed under Rear-Admiral A. P. Stoddart.

The remaining vessels formed Cradock’s west coast squadron which was reinforced by HMS ''Canopus'' which finally arrived on 18 October. Reprieved from its scheduled scrapping by the outbreak of war and badly in need of an overhaul, her top speed was only {{convert|12|kn|mph km/h|lk=in|abbr=on}}, or about two thirds her design speed and just over half that of the remainder of the squadron. The Admiralty recognised that her slow speed meant the fleet would not be fast enough to force an engagement and also that without the ''Canopus'' the fleet stood no chance against von Spee. Cradock was told to use ''Canopus'' as "a citadel around which all our cruisers in those waters could find absolute security" or in other words, keep contact with von Spee while avoiding any risky engagements.

The Chief of the Admiralty War Staff—Vice-Admiral Sir [[Doveton Sturdee]]—requested additional ships be sent to reinforce Cradock, but this was vetoed by [[Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty|First Lord of the Admiralty]], [[Winston Churchill]] and [[First Sea Lord|First Sea Lord of the Admiralty]], [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]]. Cradock's later request for HMS ''Defence'' to rejoin him was denied on the grounds that ''Canopus'' was "sufficient reinforcement".

===Opening gambit===
On 22 October, Cradock cabled the Admiralty that he was going to round [[Cape Horn]] and was leaving ''Canopus'' behind to escort his [[Collier (ship type)|collier]]s. Admiral [[John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher|John Fisher]] replaced Battenberg as First Sea Lord on 27 October, and the following day Fisher ordered Cradock not to engage von Spee without ''Canopus''. He then ordered HMS ''Defence'' to reinforce Cradock.

The previous week Cradock had sent ''Glasgow'' to [[Montevideo]] to pick up any messages the Admiralty may have sent. Von Spee, having learned of the presence of ''Glasgow'' off Coronel, sailed south from [[Valparaíso]] with all five warships with the intention of destroying her. ''Glasgow'', however, intercepted radio traffic from one of the German cruisers and informed Cradock who turned his fleet north to intercept the cruiser.

Given von Spee’s superiority in speed, firepower, efficiency and numbers, why Cradock chose to engage puzzles historians. It is known that a friend of Cradock was at that time awaiting [[Court-martial]] for failing to engage a superior enemy and he had been told by the Admiralty that his force was "sufficient". The accepted view among Cradock's colleagues was that he was "constitutionally incapable of refusing action". The more common explanation is that Cradock, knowing his mission was impossible, wanted to damage von Spee and force him to use ammunition he could not replace. On 31 October, he ordered his squadron to adopt an attacking formation. Both sides likely expected a single ship until they sighted each other at 16:40 on 1 November.

==Battle==
[[Image:Battle of Coronel map.svg|thumb|right|300px|Ship movements during the Battle of Coronel. British ships are shown in red; German ships are shown in blue.]]

On 31 October, ''Glasgow'' entered Coronel harbour to collect messages and news from the British consul. Also in harbour was a supply ship—''Göttingen''—working for Spee, which immediately radioed with the news of the British ship entering harbour. ''Glasgow'' meanwhile was listening to radio traffic, which suggested that German warships were close. Matters were confused, because the German ships had been instructed to all use the same call sign, that of ''Leipzig''. Spee decided to move his ships to Coronel, to trap ''Glasgow'', while Admiral Cradock hurried north to catch ''Leipzig''. Neither side realised the other's main force was nearby.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 222–223.</ref>

At 09:15 on 1 November, ''Glasgow'' left port to meet Cradock at noon, {{convert|40|mi|nmi km|lk=out|abbr=on}} west of Coronel. Seas were stormy so that it was impossible to send a boat between the ships to deliver the messages, which had to be transferred on a line floated in the sea. At 13:50, the ships formed into a [[line of battle]] {{convert|15|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} apart and started to steam north at {{convert|10|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}} searching for ''Leipzig''. At 16:17, ''Leipzig'', accompanied by the other German ships, spotted smoke from the British line. Von Spee ordered full speed so that ''Scharnhorst'', ''Gneisenau'' and ''Leipzig'' were approaching the British at {{convert|20|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}, with the slower light cruisers ''Dresden'' and ''Nürnberg'' some way behind.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 224–225.</ref>

At 16:20, ''Glasgow'' and ''Otranto'' saw smoke to the north, and then three ships at a range of {{convert|12|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}}. The British reversed direction, so that both fleets were moving south, and a chase began which lasted 90 minutes. Cradock was faced with a choice; he could either take his three cruisers capable of {{convert|20|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}, abandon ''Otranto'' and run from the Germans, or stay and fight with ''Otranto'', which could only manage {{convert|16|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}. The German ships slowed at a range of {{convert|15000|yd|m|abbr=on}} to reorganise themselves for best positions, and to await best visibility, when the British to their west would be outlined against the setting sun.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 225–226.</ref>

At 17:10, Cradock decided he must fight, and drew his ships closer together. He changed course to south-east and attempted to close upon the German ships while the sun remained high. Von Spee declined to engage and turned his faster ships away, maintaining the distance between the forces which sailed roughly parallel at a distance of {{convert|14000|yd|m|abbr=on}}. At 18:18, Cradock again attempted to close, steering directly towards the enemy, which once again turned away to a greater range of {{convert|18000|yd|m|abbr=on}}. At 18:50, the sun set; Spee closed to {{convert|12000|yd|m|abbr=on}} and commenced firing.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 227–228.</ref>
[[Image:SMS Scharnhorst by Arthur Renard.jpg|left|thumb|SMS ''Scharnhorst''.]]

The German ships had sixteen {{convert|8.2|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns of comparable range to the two {{convert|9.2|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns on ''Good Hope''. One of these was hit within five minutes of the engagement starting. Of the remaining {{convert|6|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns on the British ships, most were in casemates along the sides of the ships, which continually flooded if the gun doors were opened to fire in heavy seas. The merchant cruiser ''Otranto''—having only {{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns and being a much larger target than the other ships—retired west at full speed.<ref name="Massie. p. 229">Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 229.</ref>

With the British 6-inch guns having insufficient range to match the German 8-inch guns, Cradock attempted to close on the German ships. By 19:30, he had reached {{convert|6000|yd|m|abbr=on}}, but as he closed the German fire became correspondingly more accurate. Both ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth'' were on fire, presenting easy targets to the German gunners now that darkness had fallen, whereas the German ships had disappeared into the dark. ''Monmouth'' was first to be silenced. ''Good Hope'' continued firing, continuing to close on the German ships and receiving more and more fire. By 19:50, she had also ceased firing; subsequently her forward section exploded, then she broke apart and sank, with no one actually witnessing the sinking.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 230.</ref>
[[Image:HMS Good Hope.jpg|thumb|right|HMS ''Good Hope''.]]

''Scharnhorst'' switched firing towards ''Monmouth'', while ''Gneisenau'' joined ''Leipzig'' and ''Dresden'' which had been engaging ''Glasgow''. The German light cruisers had only {{convert|4.1|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns, which had left ''Glasgow'' relatively unscathed, but these were now joined by the 8.2-inch guns of ''Gneisenau''. John Luce—captain of ''Glasgow''—determined that nothing was to be gained by staying and attempting to fight. It was noticed that each time he fired, the flash of his guns was used by the Germans to aim a new salvo, so he also ceased firing. One compartment of the ship was flooded, but she could still manage {{convert|24|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}. He returned first to ''Monmouth'', which was now dark but still afloat. Nothing was to be done for the ship, which was sinking slowly but would attempt to beach on the Chilean coast. ''Glasgow'' turned south and departed.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 233.</ref>

There was some confusion amongst the German ships as to the fate of the two armoured cruisers, which had disappeared into the dark once they ceased firing, and a hunt began. ''Leipzig'' saw something burning, but on approaching found only wreckage. ''Nürnberg''—slower than the other German ships—arrived late at the battle and sighted ''Monmouth'', listing and badly damaged but still moving. After pointedly directing his searchlights at the ship's [[White Ensign|ensign]], an invitation to surrender—which was declined—he opened fire, finally sinking the ship. Without firm information, von Spee decided that ''Good Hope'' had escaped and called off the search at 22:15. Mindful of the reports that a British battleship was around somewhere, he turned north.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 234–235.</ref>

With no survivors from either ''Good Hope'' or ''Monmouth'', 1,600 British officers and men were dead with Cradock among them. ''Glasgow'' and ''Otranto'' both escaped<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 235.</ref> (the former suffering five hits and five wounded men).<ref name= Massie232>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 232.</ref> Just two shells had struck ''Scharnhorst'', neither of which exploded: one 6-inch shell hit above the armour belt and penetrated to a storeroom where, in von Spee's words, "the creature just lay there as a kind of greeting." Another struck a funnel. In return, ''Scharnhorst'' had managed at least 35 hits on ''Good Hope'', but at the expense of 422 8.2-inch shells, leaving her with 350. Four shells had struck ''Gneisenau'',<ref name=Massie236>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 236.</ref> one of which nearly flooded the officers' wardroom.<ref name="Massie. p. 229"/> A shell from ''Glasgow'' struck her after turret and temporarily knocked it out.<ref name=Massie232/> Three of ''Gneisenau''{{'}}s men were wounded; she expended 244 of her shells and had 528 left.<ref name=Massie236/>

==Aftermath==
[[Image:Vonspee1.JPG|thumb|150px|Vice-Admiral [[Maximilian von Spee|von Spee]].]]

Von Spee commented afterward on the British tactics. He had been misinformed that the battleship ''Canopus'' sighted in the area was a relatively modern ''Queen''-class ship, whereas it was a similar appearing, old and barely seaworthy [[Canopus class battleship|''Canopus''-class battleship]], but nonetheless had four {{convert|12|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns and ten 6-inch guns. Von Spee believed he would have lost the engagement had all the British ships been together. Despite his victory he was pessimistic of the real harm done to the British navy, and also of his own chances of survival.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 236, citing Pitt p. 65.</ref> Cradock had been less convinced of the value of ''Canopus'', being too slow at 12 knots to allow his other ships freedom of movement and manned only by inexperienced reservists.

The official explanation of the defeat as presented to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] by Winston Churchill stated: "feeling he could not bring the enemy immediately to action as long as he kept with Canopus, he decided to attack them with his fast ships alone, in the belief that even if he himself were destroyed... he would inflict damage on them which ...would lead to their certain subsequent destruction."<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 241, citing Churchill Vol I, p. 426.</ref>

On 3 November, ''Scharnhorst'', ''Gneisenau'' and ''Nürnberg'' entered Valparaiso harbour and were welcomed as heroes by the German population. Von Spee refused to join in the celebrations: presented with a bunch of flowers he commented, "these will do nicely for my grave".<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 237, citing Pitt pp. 66–67.</ref> He was to die with most of the men on his ships approximately one month later at the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]], on 8 December 1914.

===Lines of communication===
[[Image:Fisher&Churchill.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Churchill and Fisher]]

On 30 October, before the battle but due to communications delays too late to have any effect, Admiral Jacky Fisher was re-appointed [[First Sea Lord]], replacing Battenberg. Battenberg and Churchill had been considerably preoccupied with fighting to retain Battenberg, a German prince, as first sea lord against widespread concerns that the senior British Admiral was running a war against the land of his birth. Battenberg was a proven and reliable admiral, but eventually had to be replaced in the face of public opinion. However, the whole crisis drew the attention of the most senior officers of the admiralty away from events in South America. Churchill later claimed that if he had not been distracted, he would have questioned more deeply the intentions of his admiral at sea.<ref name="'Castles' p. 221">Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 221.</ref>

A signal from Cradock was received by Churchill on 27 October, advising his intention to leave ''Canopus'' behind, because of her slow speed, and as previously instructed to take his remaining ships in search of Spee. He re-stated that he was still expecting reinforcements in the form of {{HMS|Defence|1907|6}}, which he had previously been told was coming, and that he had given orders for her to follow him as soon as possible. Although ''Defence'' had once been sent to reinforce Cradock, it had then been recalled part way, returned to the Mediterranean and then been sent again to form part of a new squadron patrolling the eastern coast of South America. A misunderstanding had arisen between Cradock and the admiralty over how ships were to be assigned and used. Cradock believed he was expected to advance against von Spee with those forces he had, whereas the Admiralty expected him to exercise caution, centering upon ''Canopus'' for defence, and merely to scout the enemy or take advantage of any situation where he might come across part of the enemy force. Churchill replied to the signal telling Cradock that ''Defence'' was to remain on the east coast and that Cradock was considered to have sufficient forces for his task, making no comment about his plan to abandon ''Canopus''. Churchill had passed on the message to the admiralty staff saying he did not properly understand what Cradock intended.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 219–221.</ref>
[[Image:Christopher Cradock.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Rear-Admiral [[Christopher Cradock|Cradock]].]]

Cradock probably received Churchill's reply on 1 November with the messages collected by ''Glasgow'' at Coronel, giving him time to read it before the battle. Thus Cradock would have taken the message as final confirmation that he was doing what was expected. Departing from [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]] he had left behind a letter to be forwarded to Admiral of the Fleet [[Hedworth Meux|Sir Hedworth Meux]] in the event of his death. In this, he commented that he did not intend to suffer the fate of Rear-Admiral Troubridge, who in August had been court-martialled for failing to engage the enemy despite the odds being against him, during the [[Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau|pursuit of ''Goeben'' and ''Breslau'']].<ref name="'Castles' p. 221"/> In Troubridge's case, the German ships had slipped past him and escaped, and it was possible that von Spee might do the same, rounding the Horn and heading for Germany if he did not intervene.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 240.</ref> The governor of the Falklands reported that Cradock had not expected to survive,<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 219, citing Marder Vol II, p. 111.</ref> as did the governor's aide.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 219, citing ''Coronel and the Falklands''. p. 92.</ref> Luce reported that "Cradock was constitutionally incapable of refusing or even postponing action if there was the smallest chance of success".<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 239, citing Marder Vol II, p. 110.</ref>

On 3 November, Fisher in London received news from Valparaiso that Spee had been sighted. He urgently gave orders for ''Defence'' to join Cradock, and stressing the need to keep ''Canopus'' together with the other ships. On 4 November, German reports of the battle started to reach London.

===British response===
[[Image:HMS Canopus news mimic.jpg|right|thumb|HMS ''Canopus''. Beached at Stanley, she was later re-floated and took part in the [[Gallipoli Campaign]].]]

This was Britain's first naval defeat since the [[Battle of Plattsburgh|Battle of Lake Champlain]] in the [[War of 1812]] and the first of a British naval squadron since the [[Battle of Grand Port]] in 1810. Six weeks earlier, a German submarine had [[Action of 22 September 1914|sunk three British cruisers]] patrolling the [[English Channel]].

Once news of the scale of the British defeat, and its consequent humiliation, reached the British Admiralty in London, a new naval force was assembled under Vice-Admiral Sturdee. This found and destroyed Spee's force at the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]].

''Glasgow'' escaping the battle steamed south for three days at 20 knots passing through the [[Straits of Magellan]]. ''Canopus''—warned by ''Glasgow''{{'}}s messages—turned about and headed back at the best speed she could manage, {{convert|9|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}. On 6 November, the two ships met and proceeded slowly towards the Falkland isles. Twice during the voyage ''Canopus'' had to report that the ship was not under control. After coaling, both ships were ordered north, but again ''Canopus'' broke down. She was finally ordered to be beached in the inner part of [[Stanley Harbour]], where she could serve as a defensive battery.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 242–243.</ref>

''Otranto'' steamed {{convert|200|miles|km|abbr=on}} out into the Pacific ocean, before turning south and passing around Cape Horn.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 242.</ref> On 4 November the admiralty issued orders for the surviving ships to move to the [[Abrolhos Marine National Park|Abrolhos Rocks]], where a new force was being assembled. Rear-Admiral Archibald Stoddart—with the armoured cruisers {{HMS|Carnarvon|1903|6}} and {{HMS|Cornwall|1902|2}}—was to meet them there and await the arrival of ''Defence''. Sturdee was ordered to travel with the battlecruisers {{HMS|Invincible|1907|6}} and {{HMS|Inflexible|1907|2}}—then attached to the [[Grand Fleet]] in the [[North Sea]]—to command a new squadron with clear superiority over von Spee.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Reference list==
*{{cite book |author=[[Robert Massie]] |title=[[Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea]] |location=London |publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]] |year=2004 |isbn= 0224040928}}
*{{cite book |author=Barrie Pitt |title=Coronel and Falkland |location= London |year=1960 | publisher=Cassell}}
*{{Cite book |author= [[Arthur Marder]] |title=From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow (5 Vols) |year= 1961-1970 |location= London |publisher= Oxford University Press}}
*{{Cite news| newspaper=[[The Times]] |title= Good Hope Sunk |issue=40689 |pages=9 |date= 1914-11-07| postscript=}}
*{{Cite book |author= [[Winston Churchill]] |title=The World Crisis (four Volumes) |location= London |publisher =[[Thornton Butterworth]] |year=1923-1927}}
*Gerhard Wiechmann (2004). Vom Auslandsdienst in Mexiko zur Seeschlacht von Coronel. Kapitän Karl von Schönberg. Reisetagebuch 1913-1914 (From foreign service in Mexiko to the sea battle of Coronel. Captain Karl von Schönberg. Voyage diary 1913-1914). Bochum: Dr. Winkler Verlag. ISBN 3899110366. ISBN 978-3899110364.
*{{cite book |author=Norman Friedman and A.D. Baker |title=Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era |publisher=Naval Press Institute |year=2008 |isbn=1591145554}}
*{{cite book |author=Arthur Herman |title=To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World |location=New York |publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] |year=2005 |isbn=9780060534240}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/coronel.html Battle of Coronel]
*[http://www.coronel.org.uk/ The Coronel Memorial] - Online memorial to those who died in The Battle of Coronel
*[http://www.gwpda.org/naval/corfalkp.htm Battles of Coronel and the Falklands - a Pictorial Look]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Coronel}}
[[Category:Far East naval battles of World War I]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War I involving Germany]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1914 in Chile]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1914]]

[[af:Slag van Coronel]]
[[ca:Batalla de Coronel]]
[[cs:Bitva u Coronelu]]
[[de:Seegefecht bei Coronel]]
[[es:Batalla de Coronel]]
[[fr:Bataille de Coronel]]
[[it:Battaglia di Coronel]]
[[he:קרב קורונל]]
[[hu:Coronel-foki csata]]
[[nl:Slag bij Coronel]]
[[ja:コロネル沖海戦]]
[[pl:Bitwa pod Coronelem]]
[[pt:Batalha de Coronel]]
[[ru:Сражение при Коронеле]]
[[sk:Bitka pri Coroneli]]
[[sl:Bitka pri Coronelu]]
[[sr:Битка код Коронела]]
[[fi:Coronelin meritaistelu]]

Battle of Coronel

2011-09-09T17:42:07Z

142.204.16.10: /* Prelude */

{{Stack|{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Battle of Coronel
|partof=the [[World War I|First World War]]
|image=[[Image:Ostasiengeschwader Graf Spee in Chile.jpg|300px]]
|caption=The German squadron leaving [[Valparaiso]] on 3 November 1914 after the battle, {{SMS|Scharnhorst||6}} and {{SMS|Gneisenau||2}} in the lead, and {{SMS|Nürnberg|1906|6}} following. In the middle distance are the Chilean cruisers ''Esmeralda'', ''O'Higgins'' and ''Blanco Encalada'', and battleship ''Capitan Prat''.
|date=1 November 1914
|place=[[Pacific ocean]] off [[Coronel, Chile|Coronel]], [[Chile]]
|result= Decisive German victory
|combatant1={{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}
|combatant2={{flagcountry|German Empire}}
|commander1={{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} [[Christopher Cradock|Sir Christopher Cradock]]†
|commander2={{flagicon|German Empire|naval}} [[Graf Maximilian von Spee]]
|strength1=2 [[armoured cruiser]]s 1 [[light cruiser]] 1 [[auxiliary cruiser]]
|strength2=2 armoured cruisers 3 light cruisers
|casualties1= 1,570 men killed 2 armoured cruisers lost
|casualties2= 3 wounded
}}
{{Campaignbox Command of the Oceans 1914-1915}}}}

The [[World War I|First World War]] naval '''Battle of Coronel''' took place on 1 November 1914 off the coast of central [[Chile]] near the city of [[Coronel, Chile|Coronel]]. [[Imperial Germany|German]] ''[[Kaiserliche Marine]]'' forces led by Vice-Admiral [[Maximilian von Spee|Graf Maximilian von Spee]] met and defeated a [[Royal Navy]] squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir [[Christopher Cradock]].

The engagement probably took place as a result of a series of misunderstandings. Neither admiral expected to meet the other in full force. Once the two met, Cradock understood his orders were to fight to the end, despite the odds heavily against him. Although Spee had an easy victory, destroying two enemy armoured cruisers for just three men injured, the engagement also cost him half his supply of ammunition, which was impossible to replace. Shock at the British losses led to an immediate reaction and the sending of more ships which in turn destroyed Spee and the majority of his squadron at the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]].

==Prelude==
The [[Royal Navy]]—with assistance from other Allied navies in the far east—had captured the German colonies of [[Kaiser-Wilhelmsland]], [[Yap]], [[Nauru]] and [[Samoa]] early in the war, instead of searching for Vice-Admiral [[Maximilian von Spee]]'s [[German East Asia Squadron]] which had abandoned its base at the German [[Concessions in China|concession]] at [[Qingdao|Tsingtao]] in [[China]] once [[Japan]] entered the war on Britain's side. Eventually, recognising the German squadron's potential for commerce raiding in the Pacific the British [[Admiralty]] belatedly made its elimination a high priority but concentrated the search in the western [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] after Spee's squadron [[Bombardment of Papeete|bombarded Papeete]].

On 5 October, the British learned from an intercepted radio communication of Spee's plan to prey upon shipping in the crucial trading routes along the west coast of South America. Patrolling in the area at that time was Rear-Admiral [[Christopher Cradock|Sir Christopher Cradock]]'s South Atlantic Squadron, consisting of the armoured cruisers {{HMS|Good Hope|1901|6}} (Cradock's flagship), and {{HMS|Monmouth|1901|6}}, the modern light cruiser {{HMS|Glasgow|1909|6}}, three other light cruisers, a converted liner—{{HMS|Otranto||6}}—and two other armed merchantmen. Cradock's force was also to have been reinforced from Mediterranean waters by the newer and more powerful armoured cruiser {{HMS|Defence|1907|6}}, but ultimately this ship was diverted, the old [[pre-dreadnought]] [[battleship]] {{HMS|Canopus|1897|6}} being ordered to join him instead.

The last-minute change in plans meant that the British squadron was composed almost entirely of either obsolete or under-armed vessels, all crewed by inexperienced naval reservists. Both the ''Monmouth'' and the ''Good Hope'' possessed a large number of 6-inch guns between them, but only the ''Good Hope'' was equipped with heavier artillery in the shape of two 8-inch guns mounted in single turrets. In contrast, Von Spee had a formidable force of five modern vessels (the armoured cruisers {{SMS|Scharnhorst||6}} and {{SMS|Gneisenau||2}} and the light cruisers {{SMS|Dresden|1907|6}}, {{SMS|Leipzig||2}} and {{SMS|Nürnberg|1906|2}}), all led by officers handpicked by Grand Admiral [[Alfred von Tirpitz]] himself. Both the ''Scharnhorst'' and the ''Gneisenau' were armed with eight 8-inch guns each, which gave them an overwhelming advantage in range and firepower. The latter advantage was further compounded by the fact that the crews of both ships had earned accolades for their gunnery skill prior to the war.

Nevertheless, Cradock was ordered simply to "be prepared to meet them in company" with no effort made to clarify what action Cradock was expected to take, should he find von Spee. On receiving his orders, Cradock asked the Admiralty for permission to split his fleet into two forces, each able to face von Spee independently. The fleets would operate on the east and west coasts of South America to counter the possibility of von Spee slipping past Cradock and raiding into the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]]. The Admiralty agreed and the east coast squadron, consisting of three cruisers and two armed merchantmen, was formed under Rear-Admiral A. P. Stoddart.

The remaining vessels formed Cradock’s west coast squadron which was reinforced by HMS ''Canopus'' which finally arrived on 18 October. Reprieved from its scheduled scrapping by the outbreak of war and badly in need of an overhaul, her top speed was only {{convert|12|kn|mph km/h|lk=in|abbr=on}}, or about two thirds her design speed and just over half that of the remainder of the squadron. The Admiralty recognised that her slow speed meant the fleet would not be fast enough to force an engagement and also that without the ''Canopus'' the fleet stood no chance against von Spee. Cradock was told to use ''Canopus'' as "a citadel around which all our cruisers in those waters could find absolute security" or in other words, keep contact with von Spee while avoiding any risky engagements.

The Chief of the Admiralty War Staff—Vice-Admiral Sir [[Doveton Sturdee]]—requested additional ships be sent to reinforce Cradock, but this was vetoed by [[Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty|First Lord of the Admiralty]], [[Winston Churchill]] and [[First Sea Lord|First Sea Lord of the Admiralty]], [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]]. Cradock's later request for HMS ''Defence'' to rejoin him was denied on the grounds that ''Canopus'' was "sufficient reinforcement".

===Opening gambit===
On 22 October, Cradock cabled the Admiralty that he was going to round [[Cape Horn]] and was leaving ''Canopus'' behind to escort his [[Collier (ship type)|collier]]s. Admiral [[John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher|John Fisher]] replaced Battenberg as First Sea Lord on 27 October, and the following day Fisher ordered Cradock not to engage von Spee without ''Canopus''. He then ordered HMS ''Defence'' to reinforce Cradock.

The previous week Cradock had sent ''Glasgow'' to [[Montevideo]] to pick up any messages the Admiralty may have sent. Von Spee, having learned of the presence of ''Glasgow'' off Coronel, sailed south from [[Valparaíso]] with all five warships with the intention of destroying her. ''Glasgow'', however, intercepted radio traffic from one of the German cruisers and informed Cradock who turned his fleet north to intercept the cruiser.

Given von Spee’s superiority in speed, firepower, efficiency and numbers, why Cradock chose to engage puzzles historians. It is known that a friend of Cradock was at that time awaiting [[Court-martial]] for failing to engage a superior enemy and he had been told by the Admiralty that his force was "sufficient". The accepted view among Cradock's colleagues was that he was "constitutionally incapable of refusing action". The more common explanation is that Cradock, knowing his mission was impossible, wanted to damage von Spee and force him to use ammunition he could not replace. On 31 October, he ordered his squadron to adopt an attacking formation. Both sides likely expected a single ship until they sighted each other at 16:40 on 1 November.

==Battle==
[[Image:Battle of Coronel map.svg|thumb|right|300px|Ship movements during the Battle of Coronel. British ships are shown in red; German ships are shown in blue.]]

On 31 October, ''Glasgow'' entered Coronel harbour to collect messages and news from the British consul. Also in harbour was a supply ship—''Göttingen''—working for Spee, which immediately radioed with the news of the British ship entering harbour. ''Glasgow'' meanwhile was listening to radio traffic, which suggested that German warships were close. Matters were confused, because the German ships had been instructed to all use the same call sign, that of ''Leipzig''. Spee decided to move his ships to Coronel, to trap ''Glasgow'', while Admiral Cradock hurried north to catch ''Leipzig''. Neither side realised the other's main force was nearby.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 222–223.</ref>

At 09:15 on 1 November, ''Glasgow'' left port to meet Cradock at noon, {{convert|40|mi|nmi km|lk=out|abbr=on}} west of Coronel. Seas were stormy so that it was impossible to send a boat between the ships to deliver the messages, which had to be transferred on a line floated in the sea. At 13:50, the ships formed into a [[line of battle]] {{convert|15|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} apart and started to steam north at {{convert|10|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}} searching for ''Leipzig''. At 16:17, ''Leipzig'', accompanied by the other German ships, spotted smoke from the British line. Von Spee ordered full speed so that ''Scharnhorst'', ''Gneisenau'' and ''Leipzig'' were approaching the British at {{convert|20|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}, with the slower light cruisers ''Dresden'' and ''Nürnberg'' some way behind.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 224–225.</ref>

At 16:20, ''Glasgow'' and ''Otranto'' saw smoke to the north, and then three ships at a range of {{convert|12|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}}. The British reversed direction, so that both fleets were moving south, and a chase began which lasted 90 minutes. Cradock was faced with a choice; he could either take his three cruisers capable of {{convert|20|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}, abandon ''Otranto'' and run from the Germans, or stay and fight with ''Otranto'', which could only manage {{convert|16|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}. The German ships slowed at a range of {{convert|15000|yd|m|abbr=on}} to reorganise themselves for best positions, and to await best visibility, when the British to their west would be outlined against the setting sun.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 225–226.</ref>

At 17:10, Cradock decided he must fight, and drew his ships closer together. He changed course to south-east and attempted to close upon the German ships while the sun remained high. Von Spee declined to engage and turned his faster ships away, maintaining the distance between the forces which sailed roughly parallel at a distance of {{convert|14000|yd|m|abbr=on}}. At 18:18, Cradock again attempted to close, steering directly towards the enemy, which once again turned away to a greater range of {{convert|18000|yd|m|abbr=on}}. At 18:50, the sun set; Spee closed to {{convert|12000|yd|m|abbr=on}} and commenced firing.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 227–228.</ref>
[[Image:SMS Scharnhorst by Arthur Renard.jpg|left|thumb|SMS ''Scharnhorst''.]]

The German ships had sixteen {{convert|8.2|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns of comparable range to the two {{convert|9.2|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns on ''Good Hope''. One of these was hit within five minutes of the engagement starting. Of the remaining {{convert|6|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns on the British ships, most were in casemates along the sides of the ships, which continually flooded if the gun doors were opened to fire in heavy seas. The merchant cruiser ''Otranto''—having only {{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns and being a much larger target than the other ships—retired west at full speed.<ref name="Massie. p. 229">Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 229.</ref>

With the British 6-inch guns having insufficient range to match the German 8-inch guns, Cradock attempted to close on the German ships. By 19:30, he had reached {{convert|6000|yd|m|abbr=on}}, but as he closed the German fire became correspondingly more accurate. Both ''Good Hope'' and ''Monmouth'' were on fire, presenting easy targets to the German gunners now that darkness had fallen, whereas the German ships had disappeared into the dark. ''Monmouth'' was first to be silenced. ''Good Hope'' continued firing, continuing to close on the German ships and receiving more and more fire. By 19:50, she had also ceased firing; subsequently her forward section exploded, then she broke apart and sank, with no one actually witnessing the sinking.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 230.</ref>
[[Image:HMS Good Hope.jpg|thumb|right|HMS ''Good Hope''.]]

''Scharnhorst'' switched firing towards ''Monmouth'', while ''Gneisenau'' joined ''Leipzig'' and ''Dresden'' which had been engaging ''Glasgow''. The German light cruisers had only {{convert|4.1|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns, which had left ''Glasgow'' relatively unscathed, but these were now joined by the 8.2-inch guns of ''Gneisenau''. John Luce—captain of ''Glasgow''—determined that nothing was to be gained by staying and attempting to fight. It was noticed that each time he fired, the flash of his guns was used by the Germans to aim a new salvo, so he also ceased firing. One compartment of the ship was flooded, but she could still manage {{convert|24|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}. He returned first to ''Monmouth'', which was now dark but still afloat. Nothing was to be done for the ship, which was sinking slowly but would attempt to beach on the Chilean coast. ''Glasgow'' turned south and departed.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 233.</ref>

There was some confusion amongst the German ships as to the fate of the two armoured cruisers, which had disappeared into the dark once they ceased firing, and a hunt began. ''Leipzig'' saw something burning, but on approaching found only wreckage. ''Nürnberg''—slower than the other German ships—arrived late at the battle and sighted ''Monmouth'', listing and badly damaged but still moving. After pointedly directing his searchlights at the ship's [[White Ensign|ensign]], an invitation to surrender—which was declined—he opened fire, finally sinking the ship. Without firm information, von Spee decided that ''Good Hope'' had escaped and called off the search at 22:15. Mindful of the reports that a British battleship was around somewhere, he turned north.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 234–235.</ref>

With no survivors from either ''Good Hope'' or ''Monmouth'', 1,600 British officers and men were dead with Cradock among them. ''Glasgow'' and ''Otranto'' both escaped<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 235.</ref> (the former suffering five hits and five wounded men).<ref name= Massie232>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 232.</ref> Just two shells had struck ''Scharnhorst'', neither of which exploded: one 6-inch shell hit above the armour belt and penetrated to a storeroom where, in von Spee's words, "the creature just lay there as a kind of greeting." Another struck a funnel. In return, ''Scharnhorst'' had managed at least 35 hits on ''Good Hope'', but at the expense of 422 8.2-inch shells, leaving her with 350. Four shells had struck ''Gneisenau'',<ref name=Massie236>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 236.</ref> one of which nearly flooded the officers' wardroom.<ref name="Massie. p. 229"/> A shell from ''Glasgow'' struck her after turret and temporarily knocked it out.<ref name=Massie232/> Three of ''Gneisenau''{{'}}s men were wounded; she expended 244 of her shells and had 528 left.<ref name=Massie236/>

==Aftermath==
[[Image:Vonspee1.JPG|thumb|150px|Vice-Admiral [[Maximilian von Spee|von Spee]].]]

Von Spee commented afterward on the British tactics. He had been misinformed that the battleship ''Canopus'' sighted in the area was a relatively modern ''Queen''-class ship, whereas it was a similar appearing, old and barely seaworthy [[Canopus class battleship|''Canopus''-class battleship]], but nonetheless had four {{convert|12|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns and ten 6-inch guns. Von Spee believed he would have lost the engagement had all the British ships been together. Despite his victory he was pessimistic of the real harm done to the British navy, and also of his own chances of survival.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 236, citing Pitt p. 65.</ref> Cradock had been less convinced of the value of ''Canopus'', being too slow at 12 knots to allow his other ships freedom of movement and manned only by inexperienced reservists.

The official explanation of the defeat as presented to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] by Winston Churchill stated: "feeling he could not bring the enemy immediately to action as long as he kept with Canopus, he decided to attack them with his fast ships alone, in the belief that even if he himself were destroyed... he would inflict damage on them which ...would lead to their certain subsequent destruction."<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 241, citing Churchill Vol I, p. 426.</ref>

On 3 November, ''Scharnhorst'', ''Gneisenau'' and ''Nürnberg'' entered Valparaiso harbour and were welcomed as heroes by the German population. Von Spee refused to join in the celebrations: presented with a bunch of flowers he commented, "these will do nicely for my grave".<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 237, citing Pitt pp. 66–67.</ref> He was to die with most of the men on his ships approximately one month later at the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]], on 8 December 1914.

===Lines of communication===
[[Image:Fisher&Churchill.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Churchill and Fisher]]

On 30 October, before the battle but due to communications delays too late to have any effect, Admiral Jacky Fisher was re-appointed [[First Sea Lord]], replacing Battenberg. Battenberg and Churchill had been considerably preoccupied with fighting to retain Battenberg, a German prince, as first sea lord against widespread concerns that the senior British Admiral was running a war against the land of his birth. Battenberg was a proven and reliable admiral, but eventually had to be replaced in the face of public opinion. However, the whole crisis drew the attention of the most senior officers of the admiralty away from events in South America. Churchill later claimed that if he had not been distracted, he would have questioned more deeply the intentions of his admiral at sea.<ref name="'Castles' p. 221">Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 221.</ref>

A signal from Cradock was received by Churchill on 27 October, advising his intention to leave ''Canopus'' behind, because of her slow speed, and as previously instructed to take his remaining ships in search of Spee. He re-stated that he was still expecting reinforcements in the form of {{HMS|Defence|1907|6}}, which he had previously been told was coming, and that he had given orders for her to follow him as soon as possible. Although ''Defence'' had once been sent to reinforce Cradock, it had then been recalled part way, returned to the Mediterranean and then been sent again to form part of a new squadron patrolling the eastern coast of South America. A misunderstanding had arisen between Cradock and the admiralty over how ships were to be assigned and used. Cradock believed he was expected to advance against von Spee with those forces he had, whereas the Admiralty expected him to exercise caution, centering upon ''Canopus'' for defence, and merely to scout the enemy or take advantage of any situation where he might come across part of the enemy force. Churchill replied to the signal telling Cradock that ''Defence'' was to remain on the east coast and that Cradock was considered to have sufficient forces for his task, making no comment about his plan to abandon ''Canopus''. Churchill had passed on the message to the admiralty staff saying he did not properly understand what Cradock intended.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 219–221.</ref>
[[Image:Christopher Cradock.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Rear-Admiral [[Christopher Cradock|Cradock]].]]

Cradock probably received Churchill's reply on 1 November with the messages collected by ''Glasgow'' at Coronel, giving him time to read it before the battle. Thus Cradock would have taken the message as final confirmation that he was doing what was expected. Departing from [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]] he had left behind a letter to be forwarded to Admiral of the Fleet [[Hedworth Meux|Sir Hedworth Meux]] in the event of his death. In this, he commented that he did not intend to suffer the fate of Rear-Admiral Troubridge, who in August had been court-martialled for failing to engage the enemy despite the odds being against him, during the [[Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau|pursuit of ''Goeben'' and ''Breslau'']].<ref name="'Castles' p. 221"/> In Troubridge's case, the German ships had slipped past him and escaped, and it was possible that von Spee might do the same, rounding the Horn and heading for Germany if he did not intervene.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 240.</ref> The governor of the Falklands reported that Cradock had not expected to survive,<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 219, citing Marder Vol II, p. 111.</ref> as did the governor's aide.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 219, citing ''Coronel and the Falklands''. p. 92.</ref> Luce reported that "Cradock was constitutionally incapable of refusing or even postponing action if there was the smallest chance of success".<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 239, citing Marder Vol II, p. 110.</ref>

On 3 November, Fisher in London received news from Valparaiso that Spee had been sighted. He urgently gave orders for ''Defence'' to join Cradock, and stressing the need to keep ''Canopus'' together with the other ships. On 4 November, German reports of the battle started to reach London.

===British response===
[[Image:HMS Canopus news mimic.jpg|right|thumb|HMS ''Canopus''. Beached at Stanley, she was later re-floated and took part in the [[Gallipoli Campaign]].]]

This was Britain's first naval defeat since the [[Battle of Plattsburgh|Battle of Lake Champlain]] in the [[War of 1812]] and the first of a British naval squadron since the [[Battle of Grand Port]] in 1810. Six weeks earlier, a German submarine had [[Action of 22 September 1914|sunk three British cruisers]] patrolling the [[English Channel]].

Once news of the scale of the British defeat, and its consequent humiliation, reached the British Admiralty in London, a new naval force was assembled under Vice-Admiral Sturdee. This found and destroyed Spee's force at the [[Battle of the Falkland Islands]].

''Glasgow'' escaping the battle steamed south for three days at 20 knots passing through the [[Straits of Magellan]]. ''Canopus''—warned by ''Glasgow''{{'}}s messages—turned about and headed back at the best speed she could manage, {{convert|9|kn|mph km/h|abbr=on}}. On 6 November, the two ships met and proceeded slowly towards the Falkland isles. Twice during the voyage ''Canopus'' had to report that the ship was not under control. After coaling, both ships were ordered north, but again ''Canopus'' broke down. She was finally ordered to be beached in the inner part of [[Stanley Harbour]], where she could serve as a defensive battery.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. pp. 242–243.</ref>

''Otranto'' steamed {{convert|200|miles|km|abbr=on}} out into the Pacific ocean, before turning south and passing around Cape Horn.<ref>Massie. ''Castles of Steel''. p. 242.</ref> On 4 November the admiralty issued orders for the surviving ships to move to the [[Abrolhos Marine National Park|Abrolhos Rocks]], where a new force was being assembled. Rear-Admiral Archibald Stoddart—with the armoured cruisers {{HMS|Carnarvon|1903|6}} and {{HMS|Cornwall|1902|2}}—was to meet them there and await the arrival of ''Defence''. Sturdee was ordered to travel with the battlecruisers {{HMS|Invincible|1907|6}} and {{HMS|Inflexible|1907|2}}—then attached to the [[Grand Fleet]] in the [[North Sea]]—to command a new squadron with clear superiority over von Spee.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==Reference list==
*{{cite book |author=[[Robert Massie]] |title=[[Castles of Steel: Britain, Germany, and the Winning of the Great War at Sea]] |location=London |publisher=[[Jonathan Cape]] |year=2004 |isbn= 0224040928}}
*{{cite book |author=Barrie Pitt |title=Coronel and Falkland |location= London |year=1960 | publisher=Cassell}}
*{{Cite book |author= [[Arthur Marder]] |title=From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow (5 Vols) |year= 1961-1970 |location= London |publisher= Oxford University Press}}
*{{Cite news| newspaper=[[The Times]] |title= Good Hope Sunk |issue=40689 |pages=9 |date= 1914-11-07| postscript=}}
*{{Cite book |author= [[Winston Churchill]] |title=The World Crisis (four Volumes) |location= London |publisher =[[Thornton Butterworth]] |year=1923-1927}}
*Gerhard Wiechmann (2004). Vom Auslandsdienst in Mexiko zur Seeschlacht von Coronel. Kapitän Karl von Schönberg. Reisetagebuch 1913-1914 (From foreign service in Mexiko to the sea battle of Coronel. Captain Karl von Schönberg. Voyage diary 1913-1914). Bochum: Dr. Winkler Verlag. ISBN 3899110366. ISBN 978-3899110364.
*{{cite book |author=Norman Friedman and A.D. Baker |title=Naval Firepower: Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnought Era |publisher=Naval Press Institute |year=2008 |isbn=1591145554}}
*{{cite book |author=Arthur Herman |title=To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World |location=New York |publisher=[[Harper Perennial]] |year=2005 |isbn=9780060534240}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat}}
*[http://www.worldwar1.co.uk/coronel.html Battle of Coronel]
*[http://www.coronel.org.uk/ The Coronel Memorial] - Online memorial to those who died in The Battle of Coronel
*[http://www.gwpda.org/naval/corfalkp.htm Battles of Coronel and the Falklands - a Pictorial Look]

{{coord|36|59|1|S|73|48|49|W|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coronel}}
[[Category:Far East naval battles of World War I]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War I involving Germany]]
[[Category:Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1914 in Chile]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1914]]

[[af:Slag van Coronel]]
[[ca:Batalla de Coronel]]
[[cs:Bitva u Coronelu]]
[[de:Seegefecht bei Coronel]]
[[es:Batalla de Coronel]]
[[fr:Bataille de Coronel]]
[[it:Battaglia di Coronel]]
[[he:קרב קורונל]]
[[hu:Coronel-foki csata]]
[[nl:Slag bij Coronel]]
[[ja:コロネル沖海戦]]
[[pl:Bitwa pod Coronelem]]
[[pt:Batalha de Coronel]]
[[ru:Сражение при Коронеле]]
[[sk:Bitka pri Coroneli]]
[[sl:Bitka pri Coronelu]]
[[sr:Битка код Коронела]]
[[fi:Coronelin meritaistelu]]

Antoinette Sayeh

2011-08-12T12:11:01Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Infobox Politician
| name = Antoinette Sayeh
| image = Antoinette Sayeh.jpg
| imagesize = 175px
| caption =
| office = Minister of Finance
| president = [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]
| term_start = 2006
| term_end = 2008
| predecessor =
| successor = Augustine Ngafuan
| birth_date = 12 July 1958
| birth_place = [[Monrovia]], [[Liberia]]
| nationality = [[Liberia]]n
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party =
| relations =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Swarthmore College]] [[The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]]
| occupation = [[Economist]]
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Antoinette Monsio Balaji Ming Sayeh''' (born 12 July 1958 in [[Monrovia, Liberia]]) is a [[Liberia]]n economist. Guru Sayeh began an appointment as the Director of the African Department at the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) on July 7, 2008.

Prior to that, she served from January 2006 as Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Liberian president [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], the second woman in Liberia's history to hold that position, the first being Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.

Sayeh is a graduate of [[Swarthmore College]] and [[The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]], where she received her MA and Ph.D in International Economic Relations. Sayeh has also worked for the [[World Bank]] as country director for [[Benin]], [[Niger]], and [[Togo]] and worked on public finance management and civil service reform in [[Pakistan]]. According to the [[BBC]], Sayeh has "delighted international financial institutions" as Minister of Finance.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4620402.stm Liberian cabinet posts announced] BBC News, 17 January 2006</ref>

==References==
{{Commonscat}}
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Sayeh, Antoinette
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1958
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayeh, Antoinette}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Liberian women in politics]]
[[Category:Swarthmore College alumni]]
[[Category:Tufts University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Monrovia]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Liberia]]

{{Liberia-politician-stub}}

[[de:Antoinette Sayeh]]
[[fr:Antoinette Sayeh]]

Antoinette Sayeh

2011-07-26T17:43:00Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Infobox Politician
| name = Antoinette Sayeh
| image = Antoinette Sayeh.jpg
| imagesize = 175px
| caption =
| office = Minister of Finance
| president = [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]]
| term_start = 2006
| term_end = 2008
| predecessor =
| successor = Augustine Ngafuan
| birth_date = 12 July 1958
| birth_place = [[Monrovia]], [[Liberia]]
| nationality = [[Liberia]]n
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party =
| relations =
| residence =
| alma_mater = [[Swarthmore College]] [[The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]]
| occupation = [[Economist]]
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Antoinette Monsio Sayeh''' (born 12 July 1958 in [[Monrovia, Liberia]]) is a [[Liberia]]n economist. Guru Sayeh began an appointment as the Director of the African Department at the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) on July 7, 2008.

Prior to that, she served from January 2006 as Minister of Finance in the cabinet of Liberian president [[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]], the second woman in Liberia's history to hold that position, the first being Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.

Sayeh is a graduate of [[Swarthmore College]] and [[The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy]], where she received her MA and Ph.D in International Economic Relations. Sayeh has also worked for the [[World Bank]] as country director for [[Benin]], [[Niger]], and [[Togo]] and worked on public finance management and civil service reform in [[Pakistan]]. According to the [[BBC]], Sayeh has "delighted international financial institutions" as Minister of Finance.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4620402.stm Liberian cabinet posts announced] BBC News, 17 January 2006</ref>

==References==
{{Commonscat}}
{{reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Sayeh, Antoinette
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1958
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sayeh, Antoinette}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Liberian women in politics]]
[[Category:Swarthmore College alumni]]
[[Category:Tufts University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Monrovia]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Liberia]]

{{Liberia-politician-stub}}

[[de:Antoinette Sayeh]]
[[fr:Antoinette Sayeh]]

Incoterms

2011-06-24T17:30:20Z

142.204.16.10: /* General mode of transportation */

[[Image:Incoterms map.png|thumb|right|350px|National Incoterms chambers.]]
'''Incoterms''' or '''International Commercial terms''' are a series of pre-defined commercial terms published by the [[International Chamber of Commerce]] (ICC) widely used in international commercial transactions. A series of three-letter trade terms related to common sales practices, Incoterms are intended primarily to clearly communicate the tasks, costs and risks associated with the transportation and delivery of goods. Incoterms are accepted by governments, legal authorities and practitioners worldwide for the interpretation of most commonly used terms in international trade. They are intended to reduce or remove altogether uncertainties arising from different interpretation of such terms in different countries. First published in 1936, Incoterms have been periodically updated, with the eighth version—Incoterms 2010—having been published on January 1, 2011. Incoterms is a registered [[trademark]].

==History==
Incoterms began development in 1921 with the forming of the idea by the International Chamber of Commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms_history/ | title = History of the Incoterms® rules | accessdate = 16 May 2011 | publisher = ICC}}</ref> In 1936, the first set of Incoterms was published.<ref name="MorrisseyGraves2008">{{cite book|last1=Morrissey|first1=Joseph F.|author2=Jack M. Graves|title=International Sales Law and Arbitration: problems, cases and commentary|date=March 2008|publisher=Kluwer Law International|isbn=9789041126542|page=148}}</ref> The first set remained in use for almost 20 years before the second publication in 1953. Additional amendments and expansions followed in 1967, 1976, 1980, 1990 and 2000. The eighth and current version of Incoterms—Incoterms 2010—was published on January 1, 2011.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international-business/ICC-updates-Incoterms/articleshow/6632863.cms Economic Times: ICC updates Incoterms] (27 September 2010)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms |title=Incoterms |publisher=Iccwbo.org |date=2011-01-01 |accessdate=2011-04-05}}</ref>

==Incoterms 2010==
The eighth published set of pre-defined terms, Incoterms 2010 defines 11 rules, reducing the 13 used in Incoterms 2000 by introducing two new rules ("Delivered at Terminal", DAT; "Delivered at Place", DAP) that replace four rules of the prior version ("Delivered at Frontier", DAF; "Delivered Ex Ship", DES; "Delivered Ex Quay", DEQ; "Delivered Duty Unpaid", DDU).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.iccwbo.org/Incoterms/index.html?id=40772 | title = From the introduction of Incoterms® 2010 | accessdate = 16 May 2011 | publisher = ICC}}</ref> In the prior version, the rules were divided into four categories, but the 11 pre-defined terms of Incoterms 2010 are subdivided into two categories based only on method of delivery. The larger group of seven rules applies regardless of the method of transport, with the smaller group of four being applicable only to sales that solely involve transportation over water.

===General mode of transportation===
The seven rules defined by Incoterms 2010 for general modes of transportation are:
;EXW – Ex Works (named place): The seller makes the goods available at his premises. The buyer is responsible for all charges. This trade term places the greatest responsibility on the buyer and minimum obligations on the seller. The Ex Works term is often used when making an initial quotation for the sale of goods without any costs included. EXW means that a seller has the goods ready for collection at his premises (Works, factory, warehouse, plant) on the date agreed upon. The buyer pays all transportation costs and also bears the risks for bringing the goods to their final destination. The seller delivers the good at seller's premiese or named place (works, factory and warehouse,etc), but not loaded on collecting vehicles and not cleared for export. The seller has no obligation to load the goods, even though in practice he may be in a better position to do so. If the seller does load the good, he does so at buyer's risk and cost. If parties wish seller to be responsible for the loading of the goods on departure and to bear the risk and all costs of such loading, this must be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the Contract of sale.
;FCA – Free Carrier (named places): The seller hands over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the first carrier (named by the buyer) at the named placed. The buyer pays for carriage to the named point of destination, but risk passes when the goods are handed over to the first carrier.
;CPT - Carriage Paid to (named place of destination) - Seller pays for main carriage Risk transfers to buyer upon delivery to first carrier rail
;CIP – Carriage and Insurance Paid (To) (named place of destination): The containerized transport/multimodal equivalent of CIF. Seller pays for carriage and insurance to the named destination point, but risk passes when the goods are handed over to the first carrier.
;DAT – Delivered at Terminal: Seller pays for carriage to the terminal, except for costs related to import clearance, and assumes all risks up to the point that the goods are unloaded at the terminal.
;DAP – Delivered at Place (named place of destination): Seller pays for carriage to the named place, except for costs related to import clearance, and assumes all risks prior to the point that the goods are ready for unloading by the buyer.
;DDP – Delivered Duty Paid (destination place): Seller is responsible for delivering the goods to the named place in the country of importation, including all costs and risks in bringing the goods to import destination. This includes duties, taxes and customs formalities

===Water transportation (solely)===
The four rules defined by Incoterms 2010 for sales where transportation is entirely conducted by water are:
;FAS – Free Alongside Ship (named loading port): The seller must place the goods alongside the ship at the named port. The seller must clear the goods for export. Suitable only for maritime transport but NOT for multimodal sea transport in containers (see Incoterms 2010, ICC publication 715). This term is typically used for heavy-lift or bulk cargo.
;FOB – [[Free on board]] (named loading port): The seller must themselves load the goods on board the ship nominated by the buyer, cost and risk being divided at ship's rail. The seller must clear the goods for export. Maritime transport only but NOT for multimodal sea transport in containers (see Incoterms 2010, ICC publication 715). The buyer must instruct the seller the details of the vessel and port where the goods are to be loaded, and there is no reference to, or provision for, the use of a carrier or forwarder. It '''does not''' include Air transport. This term has been greatly misused over the last three decades ever since Incoterms 1980 explained that FCA should be used for container shipments.
;CFR – Cost and Freight (named destination port): Seller must pay the costs and freight to bring the goods to the port of destination. However, risk is transferred to the buyer once the goods are loaded on the ship (this rule is new since 2010!). Maritime transport only and Insurance for the goods is NOT included. Insurance is at the Cost of the Buyer.
;CIF – Cost, Insurance and Freight (named destination port): Exactly the same as CFR except that the seller must in addition procure and pay for insurance for the buyer. Maritime transport only.

==Previous terms eliminated in 2010==
;DAF – Delivered At Frontier (Delivery place): This term can be used when the goods are transported by rail and road. The seller pays for transportation to the named place of delivery at the frontier. The buyer arranges for customs clearance and pays for transportation from the frontier to his factory. The passing of risk occurs at the frontier.
;DES – Delivered Ex Ship (named port): Where goods are delivered ex ship, the passing of risk does not occur until the ship has arrived at the named port of destination and the goods made available for unloading to the buyer. The seller pays the same freight and insurance costs as he would under a CIF arrangement. Unlike CFR and CIF terms, the seller has agreed to bear not just cost, but also Risk and Title up to the arrival of the vessel at the named port. Costs for unloading the goods and any duties, taxes, etc… are for the Buyer. A commonly used term in shipping bulk commodities, such as coal, grain, dry chemicals - - - and where the seller either owns or has chartered, their own vessel.
;DEQ – Delivered Ex Quay (named port): This is similar to DES, but the passing of risk does not occur until the goods have been unloaded at the port of destination.
;DDU – Delivered Duty Unpaid (destination place): This term means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer to the named place of destination in the contract of sale. The goods are not cleared for import or unloaded from any form of transport at the place of destination. The buyer is responsible for the costs and risks for the unloading, duty and any subsequent delivery beyond the place of destination. However, if the buyer wishes the seller to bear cost and risks associated with the import clearance, duty, unloading and subsequent delivery beyond the place of destination, then this all needs to be explicitly agreed upon in the contract of sale.

==Summary of terms==

For a given term, '''"Yes"''' indicates that the''' seller''' has the responsibility to provide the service included in the price. '''"No"''' indicates it is the '''buyer's''' responsibility. If insurance is not included in the term (for example, CFR) then insurance for transport is the responsibility of the buyer or the seller depending on who owns the cargo at time of transport. In the case of CFR terms, it would be the buyer while in the case of CIF or CIP terms, it would be the seller.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| Incoterms
|Load to truck
|Export- duty payment
|Transport to exporter's port
|Unload from truck at port of origin
|Landing charges at port of origin
|Transport to importer's port
|Landing charges at importer's port
|Unload onto trucks from the importers' port
|Transport to destination
|Insurance
|Entry - Customs clearance
|Entry - Duties and Taxes

|-
| style="background:#ccc;"|EXW
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}

|-
| style="background:#ccc;"|FCA
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}

|-
| style="background:#ccc;"|FAS
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}

|-
| style="background:#ccc;"|FOB
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}

|-
| style="background:#ccc;"|CFR
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}

|-
| style="background:#ccc;"|CIF
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}

|-
| style="background:#ccc;"|CPT
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}

|-
| style="background:#ccc;"|CIP
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}

|-
| style="background:#ccc;"|DAP
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}

|-
| style="background:#ccc;"|DAF
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}

|-
| style="background:#ccc;"|DES
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|-

| style="background:#ccc;"|DAT
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|-

| style="background:#ccc;"|DEQ
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|-

| style="background:#ccc;"|DDU
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}

|-
| style="background:#ccccce;"|DDP
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.import-export-made-easy.com/incoterms-2010-videos.html Incoterms 2010 Videos explaining the ICC rules for the use of domestic and international trade terms]
*[http://www.smartchinasourcing.com/shipping/china-shipping-advice-import-terminology.html Short overview of international commerce vocabulary]
*[http://www.iccwbo.org/incoterms/id3040/index.html International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) incoterm list]
* David, P. & Stewart, R. (2010). International Logistics 3rd Ed. Cengage Learning: Mason, OH, Pg 113.
* [http://www.comxport.com/dic/incoterms_eng.htm International Commercial Terms used in Export Import] Comxport Trade Data
* [http://www.winglobal.ca/incoterms_2010 Incoterms 2010 Wall Chart]

[[Category:International trade]]
[[Category:Commercial item transport and distribution]]
[[Category:International commerce terms| ]]

[[ar:مصطلحات تجارية دولية]]
[[bg:Франкировка]]
[[ca:Incoterms]]
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[[de:Incoterms]]
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[[fa:اینکوترمز]]
[[fr:Incoterms]]
[[ko:인코텀스]]
[[id:Incoterms]]
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[[ka:ინკოტერმსი]]
[[lt:Incoterm]]
[[hu:INCOTERMS]]
[[nl:Incoterms]]
[[ja:インコタームズ]]
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[[pl:Incoterms]]
[[pt:Incoterms]]
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[[fi:Incoterm]]
[[sv:Incoterm]]
[[tr:Incoterms]]
[[uk:Інкотермс]]
[[vi:Incoterm]]
[[zh:國際商業用語]]

XML

2011-06-07T18:19:52Z

142.204.16.10:

{{stack|
{{Infobox file format
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| logo =
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| extension = .xml
| mime = application/xml,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3023#section-3.2 |title=XML Media Types, RFC 3023 |pages=9–11 |publisher=IETF |date=2001-01 |accessdate=2010-01-04}}</ref> text/xml<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3023#section-3.1 |title=XML Media Types, RFC 3023 |pages=7–9 |publisher=IETF |date=2001-01 |accessdate=2010-01-04}}</ref> (deprecated in an expired draft)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-murata-kohn-lilley-xml-03 |title=Internet Drafts: XML Media Types |publisher=IETF |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2010-06-10 |author=M. Murata, D. Kohn, and C. Lilley}}</ref>
| type code =
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| extended to = [[List of XML markup languages|Numerous]], including: [[XHTML]], [[RSS]], [[Atom (standard)|Atom]], [[KML]]
| standard = [http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/ 1.0 (Fifth Edition)] {{release date and age|2008|11|26}} [http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/ 1.1 (Second Edition)] {{release date and age|2006|08|16}}
| free = Yes
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{{Infobox W3C Standard
| title = Extensible Markup Language (XML)
| status = Published
| year_started = 1996
| editors = Tim Bray, Jean Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, Eve Maler, François Yergeau, John Cowan
| base_standards =
| related_standards = [[XML Schema]]
| abbreviation = XML
| domain = [[Serialization|Data Serialization]]
| website = [http://www.w3.org/TR/rec-xml XML 1.0]
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'''Extensible Markup Language''' ('''XML''') is a set of rules for encoding documents in [[machine-readable]] form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml |title=XML 1.0 Specification |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> produced by the [[W3C]], and several other related specifications, all [[gratis]] [[open standard]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C DOCUMENT LICENSE|url=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2002/copyright-documents-20021231}}</ref>

The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability over the [[Internet]].<ref name="XML Goals">{{cite web|title=XML 1.0 Origin and Goals|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-origin-goals|accessdate=July 2009}}</ref> It is a textual data format with strong support via [[Unicode]] for the languages of the world. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary [[data structures]], for example in [[web service]]s.

Many [[application programming interfaces]] (APIs) have been developed that software developers use to process XML data, and several [[XML schema|schema systems]] exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages.

{{As of|2009}}, hundreds of XML-based languages have been developed,<ref name="Cover pages list">{{cite web|url=http://xml.coverpages.org/xmlApplications.html|title=XML Applications and Initiatives}}</ref> including [[RSS]], [[Atom (standard)|Atom]], [[SOAP]], and [[XHTML]]. XML-based formats have become the default for most office-productivity tools, including [[Microsoft Office]] ([[Office Open XML]]), [[OpenOffice.org]] ([[OpenDocument]]), and [[Apple Computer|Apple]]'s [[iWork]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to iWork Programming Guide. Mac OS X Reference Library|publisher=Apple|url=http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/AppleApplications/Conceptual/iWork2-0_XML/Chapter01/Introduction.html}}</ref>

==Key terminology==
The material in this section is based on the XML Specification. This is not an exhaustive list of all the constructs which appear in XML; it provides an introduction to the key constructs most often encountered in day-to-day use.

;(Unicode) Character: By definition, an XML document is a string of characters. Almost every legal [[Unicode]] character may appear in an XML document.

;Processor and Application: The ''processor'' analyzes the markup and passes structured information to an ''application''. The specification places requirements on what an XML processor must do and not do, but the application is outside its scope. The processor (as the specification calls it) is often referred to colloquially as an ''XML parser''.

;Markup and Content: The characters which make up an XML document are divided into ''markup'' and ''content''. Markup and content may be distinguished by the application of simple syntactic rules. All strings which constitute markup either begin with the character "<" and end with a ">", or begin with the character "&" and end with a ";". Strings of characters which are not markup are content.

;Tag: A markup construct that begins with "<" and ends with ">". Tags come in three flavors: ''start-tags'', for example <code><section></code>, ''end-tags'', for example <code></section></code>, and ''empty-element tags'', for example <code><line-break /></code>.

;Element: A logical document component that either begins with a start-tag and ends with a matching end-tag or consists only of an empty-element tag. The characters between the start- and end-tags, if any, are the element's ''content'', and may contain markup, including other elements, which are called ''child elements''. An example of an element is <code><Greeting>Hello, world.</Greeting></code> (see [[Hello world program|hello world]]). Another is <code><line-break /></code>.

;Attribute: A markup construct consisting of a name/value pair that exists within a start-tag or empty-element tag. In the example (below) the element ''img'' has two attributes, ''src'' and ''alt'': <code><img src="madonna.jpg" alt='Foligno Madonna, by Raphael' /></code>. Another example would be <code><step number="3">Connect A to B.</step></code> where the name of the attribute is "number" and the value is "3".

;XML Declaration: XML documents may begin by declaring some information about themselves, as in the following example.
<source lang="xml"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?></source>

==XML structures==
An XML file or stream is made up of the following structures:
* One or more Processing directives, the most common being the required ''<?xml version="1.0" ?>''
* Zero or more declarative statements, such as ''<!DOCTYPE ...>''
* One document element, which can include children;
* Zero or more XML comment elements, such as ''''

==Characters and escaping==
XML documents consist entirely of characters from the [[Unicode]] repertoire. Except for a small number of specifically excluded [[control characters]], any character defined by Unicode may appear within the content of an XML document. The selection of characters that may appear within markup is somewhat more limited but still large.

XML includes facilities for identifying the ''encoding'' of the Unicode characters that make up the document, and for expressing characters that, for one reason or another, cannot be used directly.

===Valid characters===
{{Main|Valid characters in XML}}
Unicode code points in the following ranges are valid in XML 1.0 documents:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816/#charsets |title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fourth Edition) |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref>

* U+0009, U+000A, U+000D: these are the only C0 controls accepted in XML 1.0;
* U+0020–U+D7FF, U+E000–U+FFFD: this excludes ''some'' (not all) non-characters in the [[Basic Multilingual Plane|BMP]] (all surrogates, U+FFFE and U+FFFF are forbidden);
* U+10000–U+10FFFF: this includes ''all'' code points in supplementary planes, including non-characters.

XML 1.1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/xml11/#charsets |title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second Edition) |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> extends the set of allowed characters to include all the above, plus the remaining characters in the range U+0001–U+001F. At the same time, however, it restricts the use of C0 and C1 control characters other than U+0009, U+000A, U+000D, and U+0085 by requiring them to be written in escaped form (for example U+0001 must be written as &#x01; or its equivalent). In the case of C1 characters, this restriction is a backwards incompatibility; it was introduced to allow common encoding errors to be detected.

The code point U+0000 is the only character that is not permitted in any XML 1.0 or 1.1 document.

===Encoding detection===
The Unicode character set can be encoded into bytes for storage or transmission in a variety of different ways, called "encodings". Unicode itself defines encodings that cover the entire repertoire; well-known ones include [[UTF-8]] and [[UTF-16]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/04/26/UTF|title=Characters vs. Bytes}}</ref> There are many other text encodings that pre-date Unicode, such as [[ASCII]] and [[ISO/IEC 8859]]; their character repertoires in almost every case are subsets of the Unicode character set.

XML allows the use of any of the Unicode-defined encodings, and any other encodings whose characters also appear in Unicode. XML also provides a mechanism whereby an XML processor can reliably, without any prior knowledge, determine which encoding is being used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-guessing|title=Autodetection of Character Encodings}}</ref> Encodings other than UTF-8 and UTF-16 will not necessarily be recognized by every XML parser.

===Escaping===
XML provides [[Escape sequence|''escape'']] facilities for including characters which are problematic to include directly. For example:

* The characters "<" and "&" are key syntax markers and may ''never'' appear in content outside of a [[CDATA]] section.<ref>It is allowed, but not recommended, to use "<" in XML entity values: [http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/#NT-AttValue Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition): EntityValue definition]</ref>
* Some character encodings support only a subset of Unicode: for example, it is legal to encode an XML document in ASCII, but ASCII lacks code points for Unicode characters such as "é".
* It might not be possible to type the character on the author's machine.
* Some characters have [[glyph]]s that cannot be visually distinguished from other characters: examples are non-breaking-space (<code>&#xa0;</code>) and Cyrillic Capital Letter A (<code>&#x410;</code>).

There are five ''predefined entities'': <code>&lt;</code> represents "<", <code>&gt;</code> represents ">", <code>&amp;</code> represents "&", <code>&apos;</code> represents ', and <code>&quot;</code> represents ". All permitted Unicode characters may be represented with a ''[[numeric character reference]]''. Consider the Chinese character "中", whose numeric code in Unicode is hexadecimal 4E2D, or decimal 20,013. A user whose keyboard offers no method for entering this character could still insert it in an XML document encoded either as <code>&#20013;</code> or <code>&#x4e2d;</code>. Similarly, the string "<code>I <3 Jörg</code>" could be encoded for inclusion in an XML document as "<code>I &lt;3 J&#xF6;rg</code>".

"<code>&#0;</code>" is not permitted, however, as the [[null character]] is one of the control characters excluded from XML, even when using a numeric character reference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-controls|title=W3C I18N FAQ: HTML, XHTML, XML and Control Codes}}</ref> An alternative encoding mechanism such as [[Base64]] is needed to represent such characters.

===Comments===
Comments may appear anywhere in a document outside other markup. Comments cannot appear before the XML declaration. The string "<code>--</code>" (double-hyphen) is not allowed (as it is used to delimit comments). The ampersand has no special significance within comments, so entity and character references are not recognized as such, and there is no way to represent characters outside the character set of the document encoding.

An example of a valid comment:
"<code></code>"

===International use===
{{ChineseText|example}}{{CyrillicText|example}}
XML supports the direct use of almost any [[Unicode]] character in element names, attributes, comments, character data, and processing instructions (other than the ones that have special symbolic meaning in XML itself, such as the less-than sign, "<"). Therefore, the following is a well-formed XML document, even though it includes both [[Chinese character|Chinese]] and [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] characters:
<source lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<外语>Китайська мова</外语>
</source>

==Well-formedness and error-handling==
{{main|Well-formed document}}
The XML specification defines an XML document as a text that is [[Well-formed element|well-formed]], i.e. it satisfies a list of syntax rules provided in the specification. The list is fairly lengthy; some key points are:

* It contains only properly encoded legal Unicode characters.
* None of the special syntax characters such as "<" and "&" appear except when performing their markup-delineation roles.
* The begin, end, and empty-element tags that delimit the elements are correctly nested, with none missing and none overlapping.
* The element tags are case-sensitive; the beginning and end tags must match exactly.
* There is a single "root" element that contains all the other elements.

The definition of an ''XML document'' excludes texts that contain violations of well-formedness rules; they are simply not XML. An XML processor that encounters such a violation is required to report such errors and to cease normal processing. This policy, occasionally referred to as [[Draco (lawgiver)#"Draconian"|draconian]], stands in notable contrast to the behavior of programs that process [[HTML]], which are designed to produce a reasonable result even in the presence of severe markup errors. XML's policy in this area has been criticized as a violation of [[Postel's law]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diveintomark.org/tag/draconian|title=Articles tagged with “draconian”}}</ref>


==Schemas and validation==
In addition to being well-formed, an XML document may be ''valid''. This means that it contains a reference to a [[Document Type Definition|Document Type Definition (DTD)]], and that its elements and attributes are declared in that DTD and follow the grammatical rules for them that the DTD specifies.

XML processors are classified as ''validating'' or ''non-validating'' depending on whether or not they check XML documents for validity. A processor that discovers a validity error must be able to report it, but may continue normal processing.

A DTD is an example of a ''[[XML schema|schema]]'' or ''grammar''. Since the initial publication of XML 1.0, there has been substantial work in the area of schema languages for XML. Such schema languages typically constrain the set of elements that may be used in a document, which attributes may be applied to them, the order in which they may appear, and the allowable parent/child relationships.

===DTD===
{{Main|Document Type Definition}}
The oldest schema language for XML is the [[Document Type Definition]] (DTD), inherited from [[SGML]].

DTDs have the following benefits:

* DTD support is ubiquitous due to its inclusion in the XML 1.0 standard.
* DTDs are terse compared to element-based schema languages and consequently present more information in a single screen.
* DTDs allow the declaration of [[SGML entity|standard public entity sets]] for publishing characters.
* DTDs define a ''document type'' rather than the types used by a namespace, thus grouping all constraints for a document in a single collection.

DTDs have the following limitations:

* They have no explicit support for newer [[feature (software design)|feature]]s of XML, most importantly [[XML Namespace|namespaces]].
* They lack expressiveness. XML DTDs are simpler than SGML DTDs and there are certain structures that cannot be expressed with regular grammars. DTDs only support rudimentary datatypes.
* They lack readability. DTD designers typically make heavy use of parameter entities (which behave essentially as textual [[macro (computer science)|macros]]), which make it easier to define complex grammars, but at the expense of clarity.
* They use a syntax based on [[regular expression]] syntax, inherited from [[SGML]], to describe the schema. Typical XML APIs such as [[Simple API for XML|SAX]] do not attempt to offer applications a structured representation of the syntax, so it is less accessible to programmers than an element-based syntax may be.

Two peculiar features that distinguish DTDs from other schema types are the syntactic support for embedding a DTD within XML documents and for defining ''entities'', which are arbitrary fragments of text and/or markup that the XML processor inserts in the DTD itself and in the XML document wherever they are referenced, like character escapes.

DTD technology is still used in many applications because of its ubiquity.

===XML Schema===
{{Main|XML Schema (W3C)}}
A newer [[XML schema|schema]] language, described by the W3C as the successor of DTDs, is [[XML Schema (W3C)|XML Schema]], often referred to by the [[acronym and initialism|initialism]] for XML Schema instances, XSD (XML Schema Definition). XSDs are far more powerful than DTDs in describing XML languages. They use a rich [[datatype|datatyping]] system and allow for more detailed constraints on an XML document's logical structure. XSDs also use an XML-based format, which makes it possible to use ordinary XML tools to help process them.

===RELAX NG===
{{Main|RELAX NG}}
[[RELAX NG]] was initially specified by [[OASIS (organization)|OASIS]] and is now also an ISO international standard (as part of [[DSDL]]). RELAX NG schemas may be written in either an XML based syntax or a more compact non-XML syntax; the two syntaxes are [[isomorphic]] and [[James Clark (programmer)|James Clark]]'s [[Trang conversion tool]] can convert between them without loss of information. RELAX NG has a simpler definition and validation framework than XML Schema, making it easier to use and implement. It also has the ability to use [[datatype]] framework [[Plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s; a RELAX NG schema author, for example, can require values in an XML document to conform to definitions in XML Schema Datatypes.

===Schematron===
{{Main|Schematron}}
[[Schematron]] is a language for making [[Assertion (computing)|assertions]] about the presence or absence of patterns in an XML document. It typically uses [[XPath]] expressions.

===ISO DSDL and other schema languages===
The ISO [[DSDL]] (Document Schema Description Languages) standard brings together a comprehensive set of small schema languages, each targeted at specific problems. DSDL includes [[RELAX NG]] full and compact syntax, [[Schematron]] assertion language, and languages for defining datatypes, character repertoire constraints, renaming and entity expansion, and namespace-based [[routing]] of document fragments to different validators. DSDL schema languages do not have the vendor support of XML Schemas yet, and are to some extent a grassroots reaction of industrial publishers to the lack of utility of XML Schemas for [[publishing]].

Some schema languages not only describe the structure of a particular XML format but also offer limited facilities to influence processing of individual XML files that conform to this format. DTDs and XSDs both have this ability; they can for instance provide the [[infoset]] augmentation facility and attribute defaults. RELAX NG and Schematron intentionally do not provide these.

==Related specifications==
A cluster of specifications closely related to XML have been developed, starting soon after the initial publication of XML 1.0. It is frequently the case that the term "XML" is used to refer to XML together with one or more of these other technologies which have come to be seen as part of the XML core.

*[[XML Namespace]]s enable the same document to contain XML elements and attributes taken from different vocabularies, without any [[naming collision]]s occurring. Although XML Namespaces are not part of the XML specification itself, virtually all XML software also supports XML Namespaces.
* [[XML Base]] defines the <code>xml:base</code> attribute, which may be used to set the base for resolution of relative URI references within the scope of a single XML element.
* The [[XML Information Set]] or ''XML infoset'' describes an abstract data model for XML documents in terms of ''information items''. The infoset is commonly used in the specifications of XML languages, for convenience in describing constraints on the XML constructs those languages allow.
*xml:id Version 1.0 asserts that an attribute named <code>xml:id</code> functions as an "ID attribute" in the sense used in a DTD.
* [[XPath]] defines a syntax named ''XPath expressions'' which identifies one or more of the internal components (elements, attributes, and so on) included in an XML document. XPath is widely used in other core-XML specifications and in programming libraries for accessing XML-encoded data.
* [[XSLT]] is a language with an XML-based syntax that is used to transform XML documents into other XML documents, HTML, or other, unstructured formats such as plain text or RTF. XSLT is very tightly coupled with XPath, which it uses to address components of the input XML document, mainly elements and attributes.
* [[XSL Formatting Objects]], or XSL-FO, is a markup language for XML document formatting which is most often used to generate [[PDF]]s.
*[[XQuery]] is an XML-oriented query language strongly rooted in XPath and XML Schema. It provides methods to access, manipulate and return XML.
*[[XML Signature]] defines syntax and processing rules for creating [[digital signatures]] on XML content.
*[[XML Encryption]] defines syntax and processing rules for [[encryption|encrypting]] XML content. 

Some other specifications conceived as part of the "XML Core" have failed to find wide adoption, including [[XInclude]], [[XLink]], and [[XPointer]].

==Use on the Internet==
It is common for XML to be used in interchanging data over the Internet. RFC 3023 gives rules for the construction of [[Internet media type|Internet Media Types]] for use when sending XML. It also defines the types "application/xml" and "text/xml", which say only that the data is in XML, and nothing about its [[semantics]]. The use of "text/xml" has been criticized as a potential source of encoding problems and is now in the process of being deprecated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-murata-kohn-lilley-xml-03 |title=Internet Drafts: XML Media Types |publisher=IETF |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2010-06-10|author=M. Murata, D. Kohn, and C. Lilley}}</ref> RFC 3023 also recommends that XML-based languages be given media types beginning in "application/" and ending in "+xml"; for example "application/svg+xml" for [[SVG]].

Further guidelines for the use of XML in a networked context may be found in [http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3470.txt RFC 3470], also known as IETF BCP 70; this document is very wide-ranging and covers many aspects of designing and deploying an XML-based language.

==Programming interfaces==
The design goals of XML include "It shall be easy to write programs which process XML documents."<ref name="XML Goals" /> Despite this fact, the XML specification contains almost no information about how programmers might go about doing such processing. The [[XML Infoset]] provides a vocabulary to refer to the constructs within an XML document, but once again does not provide any guidance on how to access this information. A variety of [[API]]s for accessing XML have been developed and used, and some have been standardized.

Existing APIs for XML processing tend to fall into these categories:
* Stream-oriented APIs accessible from a programming language, for example [[Simple API for XML|SAX]] and [[StAX]].
* Tree-traversal APIs accessible from a programming language, for example [[DOM (XML API)|DOM]].
* [[XML data binding]], which provides an automated translation between an XML document and programming-language objects.
* Declarative transformation languages such as [[XSLT]] and [[XQuery]].

Stream-oriented facilities require less memory and, for certain tasks which are based on a linear traversal of an XML document, are faster and simpler than other alternatives. Tree-traversal and data-binding APIs typically require the use of much more memory, but are often found more convenient for use by programmers; some include declarative retrieval of document components via the use of XPath expressions.

XSLT is designed for declarative description of XML document transformations, and has been widely implemented both in server-side packages and Web browsers. XQuery overlaps XSLT in its functionality, but is designed more for searching of large [[XML database]]s.

===Simple API for XML (SAX)===
[[Simple API for XML|SAX]] is a [[lexical analysis|lexical]], [[Event-driven programming|event-driven]] interface in which a document is read serially and its contents are reported as [[callback (computer science)|callback]]s to various [[method (computer science)|method]]s on a [[event handler|handler object]] of the user's design. SAX is fast and efficient to implement, but difficult to use for extracting information at random from the XML, since it tends to burden the application author with keeping track of what part of the document is being processed. It is better suited to situations in which certain types of information are always handled the same way, no matter where they occur in the document.

===Pull parsing===
Pull parsing<ref>[http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2005/07/06/tr.html Push, Pull, Next!] by Bob DuCharme, at XML.com</ref> treats the document as a series of items which are read in sequence using the Iterator design pattern. This allows for writing of [[recursive descent parser|recursive-descent parsers]] in which the structure of the code performing the parsing mirrors the structure of the XML being parsed, and intermediate parsed results can be used and accessed as local variables within the methods performing the parsing, or passed down (as method parameters) into lower-level methods, or returned (as method return values) to higher-level methods. Examples of pull parsers include [[StAX]] in the [[Java (programming language)|Java]] programming language, XMLReader in [[PHP]] and System.Xml.XmlReader in the [[.NET Framework]].

A pull parser creates an iterator that sequentially visits the various elements, attributes, and data in an XML document. Code which uses this iterator can test the current item (to tell, for example, whether it is a start or end element, or text), and inspect its attributes (local name, [[XML namespace|namespace]], values of XML attributes, value of text, etc.), and can also move the iterator to the next item. The code can thus extract information from the document as it traverses it. The recursive-descent approach tends to lend itself to keeping data as typed local variables in the code doing the parsing, while SAX, for instance, typically requires a parser to manually maintain intermediate data within a stack of elements which are parent elements of the element being parsed. Pull-parsing code can be more straightforward to understand and maintain than SAX parsing code..

===Document Object Model (DOM)===
[[Document Object Model|DOM]] (Document Object Model) is an [[User interface|interface]]-oriented [[Application Programming Interface]] that allows for navigation of the entire document as if it were a tree of "[[Node (computer science)|Node]]" [[Object (computer science)|object]]s representing the document's contents. A DOM document can be created by a parser, or can be generated manually by users (with limitations). Data types in DOM Nodes are abstract; implementations provide their own [[programming]] language-specific [[language binding|bindings]]. DOM implementations tend to be [[memory]] intensive, as they generally require the entire document to be loaded into memory and constructed as a tree of objects before access is allowed.

===Data binding===
Another form of XML processing API is [[XML data binding]], where XML data is made available as a hierarchy of custom, strongly typed classes, in contrast to the generic objects created by a [[Document Object Model]] parser. This approach simplifies code development, and in many cases allows problems to be identified at compile time rather than run-time. Example data binding systems include the [[Java Architecture for XML Binding]] (JAXB), XML Serialization in .NET,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms950721.aspx |title=XML Serialization in the .NET Framework |publisher=Msdn.microsoft.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref> and [[CodeSynthesis XSD]] for [[C++]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artima.com/cppsource/xml_data_binding.html |title=An Introduction to XML Data Binding in C |publisher=Artima.com |date=2007-05-04 |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.codesynthesis.com/products/xsd/ |title=CodeSynthesis XSD — XML Data Binding for C |publisher=Codesynthesis.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref>

===XML as data type===
XML is beginning to appear as a first-class data type in other languages. The [[E4X|ECMAScript for XML]] (E4X) extension to the [[ECMAScript]]/JavaScript language explicitly defines two specific objects (XML and XMLList) for JavaScript, which support XML document nodes and XML node lists as distinct objects and use a dot-notation specifying parent-child relationships.<ref>{{cite web|title=Processing XML with E4X|url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en/core_javascript_1.5_guide/processing_xml_with_e4x|work=Mozilla Developer Center|publisher=Mozilla Foundation}}</ref> E4X is supported by the [[Mozilla]] 2.5+ browsers and Adobe [[Actionscript]], but has not been adopted more universally. Similar notations are used in Microsoft's [[LINQ]] implementation for Microsoft .NET 3.5 and above, and in [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]] (which uses the Java VM). The open-source xmlsh application, which provides a Linux-like shell with special features for XML manipulation, similarly treats XML as a data type, using the <[ ]> notation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xmlsh.org/CoreSyntax |title=XML Shell: Core Syntax |publisher=xmlsh |date=2010-05-13 |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> The [[Resource Description Framework]] defines a data type <code>rdf:XMLLiteral</code> to hold wrapped, [[canonical XML]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-concepts-20030123/#dfn-rdf-XMLLiteral |title=Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref>

==History==
XML is an application profile of [[SGML]] (ISO 8879).<ref name="iso19757-3_xmlref">{{Cite document | title= ISO/IEC 19757-3 | page= vi | publisher= [[ISO]]/[[IEC]] | date= 1 June 2006 | postscript=  }}</ref>

The versatility of [[SGML]] for dynamic information display was understood by early digital media publishers in the late 1980s prior to the rise of the Internet.<ref name=OED>{{cite web | title=A conversation with Tim Bray: Searching for ways to tame the world's vast stores of information | url=http://www.acmqueue.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=282 | first=Tim |last=Bray | month=February | year=2005 | publisher=Association for Computing Machinery's "Queue site" | accessdate=April 16, 2006 }}</ref><ref name=multimedia>{{cite book | title=Interactive multimedia | chapter=Publishers, multimedia, and interactivity | publisher= Cobb Group | isbn=1-55615-124-1 | year=1988 | author=edited by Sueann Ambron and Kristina Hooper ; foreword by John Sculley.}}</ref> By the mid-1990s some practitioners of SGML had gained experience with the then-new [[World Wide Web]], and believed that SGML offered solutions to some of the problems the Web was likely to face as it grew. [[Dan Connolly]] added SGML to the list of W3C's activities when he joined the staff in 1995; work began in mid-1996 when Sun Microsystems engineer [[Jon Bosak]] developed a charter and recruited collaborators. Bosak was well connected in the small community of people who had experience both in SGML and the Web.<ref name=drmacro>
{{cite web
| title=XML is 10
| url=http://drmacros-xml-rants.blogspot.com/#116460437782808906
| year=2006
| author=Eliot Kimber
}}</ref>

XML was compiled by a [[working group]] of eleven members,<ref>The working group was originally called the "Editorial Review Board." The original members and seven who were added before the first edition was complete, are listed at the end of the first edition of the XML Recommendation, at http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210.</ref> supported by an (approximately) 150-member Interest Group. Technical debate took place on the Interest Group mailing list and issues were resolved by consensus or, when that failed, majority vote of the Working Group. A record of design decisions and their rationales was compiled by [[Michael Sperberg-McQueen]] on December 4, 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/XML/9712-reports.html |title=Reports From the W3C SGML ERB to the SGML WG And from the W3C XML ERB to the XML SIG |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref> [[James Clark (XML expert)|James Clark]] served as Technical Lead of the Working Group, notably contributing the empty-element "<empty />" syntax and the name "XML". Other names that had been put forward for consideration included "MAGMA" (Minimal Architecture for Generalized Markup Applications), "SLIM" (Structured Language for Internet Markup) and "MGML" (Minimal Generalized Markup Language). The co-editors of the specification were originally [[Tim Bray]] and [[Michael Sperberg-McQueen]]. Halfway through the project Bray accepted a consulting engagement with [[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]], provoking vociferous protests from Microsoft. Bray was temporarily asked to resign the editorship. This led to intense dispute in the Working Group, eventually solved by the appointment of Microsoft's [[Jean Paoli]] as a third co-editor.

The XML Working Group never met face-to-face; the design was accomplished using a combination of email and weekly teleconferences. The major design decisions were reached in twenty weeks of intense work between July and November 1996, when the first Working Draft of an XML specification was published.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-961114.html |title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) |publisher=W3.org |date=1996-11-14 |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref> Further design work continued through 1997, and XML 1.0 became a [[W3C]] Recommendation on February 10, 1998.

===Sources===
'''XML''' is a profile of an ISO standard [[SGML]], and most of XML comes from SGML unchanged. From SGML comes the separation of logical and physical structures (elements and entities), the availability of grammar-based validation (DTDs), the separation of data and metadata (elements and attributes), mixed content, the separation of processing from representation ([[processing instruction]]s), and the default angle-bracket syntax. Removed were the SGML Declaration (XML has a fixed delimiter set and adopts [[Unicode]] as the document [[Character encoding|character set]]).

Other sources of technology for XML were the [[Text Encoding Initiative]] (TEI), which defined a profile of SGML for use as a "transfer syntax"; and [[HTML]], in which elements were synchronous with their resource, document character sets were separate from resource encoding, the xml:lang attribute was invented, and (like [[HTTP]]) metadata accompanied the resource rather than being needed at the declaration of a link. The Extended Reference Concrete Syntax (ERCS) project of the SPREAD (Standardization Project Regarding East Asian Documents) project of the ISO-related China/Japan/Korea Document Processing expert group was the basis of XML 1.0's naming rules; SPREAD also introduced hexadecimal numeric character references and the concept of references to make available all Unicode characters. To support ERCS, XML and HTML better, the SGML standard IS 8879 was revised in 1996 and 1998 with WebSGML Adaptations. The XML header followed that of ISO [[HyTime]].

Ideas that developed during discussion which were novel in XML included the algorithm for encoding detection and the encoding header, the processing instruction target, the xml:space attribute, and the new close delimiter for empty-element tags. The notion of well-formedness as opposed to validity (which enables parsing without a schema) was first formalized in XML, although it had been implemented successfully in the Electronic Book Technology "Dynatext" software;<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Bosak, Sun Microsystems |url=http://2006.xmlconference.org/proceedings/162/presentation.html |title=Closing Keynote, XML 2006 |publisher=2006.xmlconference.org |date=2006-12-07 |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref> the software from the University of Waterloo New Oxford English Dictionary Project; the RISP LISP SGML text processor at Uniscope, Tokyo; the US Army Missile Command IADS hypertext system; Mentor Graphics Context; Interleaf and Xerox Publishing System.

===Versions===
There are two current versions of XML. The first (''XML 1.0'') was initially defined in 1998. It has undergone minor revisions since then, without being given a new version number, and is currently in its fifth edition, as published on November 26, 2008. It is widely implemented and still recommended for general use.

The second (''XML 1.1'') was initially published on February 4, 2004, the same day as XML 1.0 Third Edition,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-20040204 |title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Third Edition) |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> and is currently in its second edition, as published on August 16, 2006. It contains features (some contentious) that are intended to make XML easier to use in certain cases.<ref name="xml11rationale">{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/xml11/#dt-name|title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second Edition) – Rationale and list of changes for XML 1.1|accessdate=2009-12-11|publisher=W3C}}</ref> The main changes are to enable the use of line-ending characters used on [[EBCDIC]] platforms, and the use of scripts and characters absent from Unicode 3.2. XML 1.1 is not very widely implemented and is recommended for use only by those who need its unique features.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Harold
| first = Elliotte Rusty
| title = Effective XML
| publisher = Addison-Wesley
| year = 2004
| pages = 10–19
| url = http://www.cafeconleche.org/books/effectivexml/
| isbn = 0321150406}}</ref>

Prior to its fifth edition release, XML 1.0 differed from XML 1.1 in having stricter requirements for characters available for use in element and attribute names and unique identifiers: in the first four editions of XML 1.0 the characters were exclusively enumerated using a specific version of the [[Unicode]] standard (Unicode 2.0 to Unicode 3.2.) The fifth edition substitutes the mechanism of XML 1.1, which is more future-proof but reduces [[Redundancy (information theory)|redundancy]]. The approach taken in the fifth edition of XML 1.0 and in all editions of XML 1.1 is that only certain characters are forbidden in names, and everything else is allowed, in order to accommodate the use of suitable name characters in future versions of Unicode. In the fifth edition, XML names may contain characters in the [[Balinese script|Balinese]], [[Cham script|Cham]], or [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] scripts among many others which have been added to Unicode since Unicode 3.2.<ref name="xml11rationale" />

Almost any Unicode code point can be used in the character data and attribute values of an XML 1.0 or 1.1 document, even if the character corresponding to the code point is not defined in the current version of Unicode. In character data and attribute values, XML 1.1 allows the use of more [[control character]]s than XML 1.0, but, for "robustness", most of the control characters introduced in XML 1.1 must be expressed as numeric character references (and #x7F through #x9F, which had been allowed in XML 1.0, are in XML 1.1 even required to be expressed as numeric character references<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/xml11/#sec-xml11 |title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second Edition) |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref>). Among the supported control characters in XML 1.1 are two line break codes that must be treated as whitespace. Whitespace characters are the only control codes that can be written directly.

There has been discussion of an XML 2.0, although no organization has announced plans for work on such a project. XML-SW (SW for [[Skunkworks project|skunkworks]]), written by one of the original developers of XML,<ref>Tim Bray: ''[http://www.textuality.com/xml/xmlSW.html Extensible Markup Language - SW (XML-SW)].'' 2002-02-10</ref> contains some proposals for what an XML 2.0 might look like: elimination of DTDs from syntax, integration of [[XML namespace|namespace]]s, [[XML Base]] and [[XML Information Set]] (''infoset'') into the base standard.

The World Wide Web Consortium also has an XML Binary Characterization Working Group doing preliminary research into use cases and properties for a binary encoding of the XML infoset. The working group is not chartered to produce any official standards. Since XML is by definition text-based, ITU-T and ISO are using the name ''[[Fast Infoset]]'' for their own binary infoset to avoid confusion (see ITU-T Rec. X.891 | ISO/IEC 24824-1).

== Criticism ==
XML and its extensions have regularly been criticized for verbosity and complexity.<ref>Jeff Atwood (2009): [http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2008/05/xml-the-angle-bracket-tax.html XML: The Angle Bracket Tax]</ref> Mapping the basic tree model of XML to [[type system]]s of programming languages or databases can be difficult, especially when XML is used for exchanging highly structured data between applications, which was not its primary design goal. Other criticisms attempt to refute the claim that XML is a [[self-describing]] language<ref>Eric Brown (2003): [http://workflow.healthbase.info/monographs/XML_myths_Browne.pdf The Myth of Self-Describing XML]</ref> (though the XML specification itself makes no such claim). The most proposed alternatives include [[JSON]], [[YAML]] and [[Struxt]] — focusing on representing structured data, rather than narrative documents.

==See also==
* [[List of XML markup languages]]
* [[Comparison of layout engines (XML)]]
* [[Binary XML]]
* [[Struxt]] C-style equivalent to XML
* [[:Category:XML]]
* [[:Category:XML-based standards]]
* [[Billion laughs]] (a denial-of-service attack on XML parsers)
* [[XML Protocol]]
* [[Comparison of data serialization formats]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*Annex A of ISO 8879:1986 (SGML)
*{{cite journal |id= {{SSRN|900616}} |author=Lawrence A. Cunningham|title=Language, Deals and Standards: The Future of XML Contracts|journal=Washington University Law Review|year=2005 }}
*{{cite journal|last=Bosak |first=Jon |coauthors=Tim Bray |title=XML and the Second-Generation Web|journal=Scientific American|year=1999|month=May}} Online at [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=xml-and-the-second-genera XML and the Second-Generation Web].
*{{cite web|url=http://www.developer.com/xml/article.php/10929_3583081_1|title=Making Mistakes with XML|last=Kelly|first=Sean |authorlink=Sean Kelly|date=February 6, 2006|work=Developer.com|accessdate=2010-10-26}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/x-think38.html|title=Thinking XML: The XML decade|last=Ogbuji|first=Uche|date=14 Nov 2006|work=developerWorks|publisher=[[IBM]]|accessdate=2010-10-26}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2003/02/five_years_later_xml.html|title=Five years later, XML...|last=St. Laurent|first=Simon|date=February 12, 2003|work=O'Reilly XML Blog|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]|accessdate=2010-10-26}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2008/02/xml10-pressrelease|title=W3C XML is Ten!|date=12 February 2008|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]|accessdate=2010-10-26}}
*{{cite web|url=http://xml.silmaril.ie/|title=The XML FAQ|date=5 January 2011|publisher=Silmaril|first=Peter [ed]|last=Flynn|format=html|location=Cork}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|XML}}
{{Wikibooks}}
{{External links|date=November 2010}}

*[http://www.w3.org/XML/ W3C XML homepage]
*[http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml XML 1.0 Specification]
*[http://xml.ascc.net/en/utf-8/ercsretro.html Retrospective on Extended Reference Concrete Syntax] by [[Rick Jelliffe]]
*[http://www.xml.com/pub/a/w3j/s3.bosak.html XML, Java and the Future of the Web] by [[Jon Bosak]]
*[http://xml.gov/ XML.gov]
*[http://drmacros-xml-rants.blogspot.com/2006/11/xml-ten-year-aniversary.html XML: Ten year anniversary] by Elliot Kimber
*[http://www.itworld.com/xml-fallacies-nlstipsm-080122 23 XML fallacies to watch out for] by Sean McGrath
*[http://projects.webappsec.org/XML-Injection XML Injection] - Web Application Security Consortium



{{W3C Standards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xml}}
[[Category:XML| ]]
[[Category:Markup languages]]
[[Category:World Wide Web Consortium standards]]
[[Category:Technical communication]]
[[Category:Bibliography file formats]]
[[Category:Computer file formats]]
[[Category:Open formats]]
[[Category:Data modeling languages]]
[[Category:Data serialization formats]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:Presentation layer protocols]]

[[af:XML]]
[[ar:لغة الرقم القابلة للامتداد]]
[[az:XML]]
[[bn:এক্সটেনসিভ মার্কআপ ল্যাংগুয়েজ]]
[[bs:XML]]
[[bg:XML]]
[[ca:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[cs:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[da:XML]]
[[de:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[et:XML]]
[[el:XML]]
[[es:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[eo:XML]]
[[eu:XML]]
[[fa:اکس‌ام‌ال]]
[[fr:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[ga:XML]]
[[gl:XML]]
[[ko:XML]]
[[hi:क्षमल]]
[[hr:XML]]
[[id:Extensible markup language]]
[[ia:XML]]
[[is:XML]]
[[it:XML]]
[[he:XML]]
[[lo:XML]]
[[lv:Valoda XML]]
[[lt:XML]]
[[hu:XML]]
[[mk:XML]]
[[ml:എക്സ്.എം.എൽ.]]
[[ms:XML]]
[[mn:XML]]
[[nl:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[ja:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[no:XML]]
[[nn:XML]]
[[pl:XML]]
[[pt:XML]]
[[ro:XML]]
[[ru:XML]]
[[sq:XML]]
[[simple:XML]]
[[sk:XML]]
[[sl:XML]]
[[ckb:ئێکس ئێم ئێڵ]]
[[sr:XML]]
[[fi:XML]]
[[sv:XML]]
[[ta:எக்ஸ்எம்எல்]]
[[te:XML]]
[[th:เอกซ์เอ็มแอล]]
[[tg:XML]]
[[tr:XML]]
[[tk:XML]]
[[uk:XML]]
[[ur:توسیعی زبان تدوین]]
[[vi:XML]]
[[bat-smg:XML]]
[[zh:XML]]

XML

2011-06-07T18:13:44Z

142.204.16.10:

{{stack|
{{Infobox file format
| icon =
| logo =
| screenshot = [[Image:XML.svg|200px]]
| extension = .xml
| mime = application/xml,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3023#section-3.2 |title=XML Media Types, RFC 3023 |pages=9–11 |publisher=IETF |date=2001-01 |accessdate=2010-01-04}}</ref> text/xml<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3023#section-3.1 |title=XML Media Types, RFC 3023 |pages=7–9 |publisher=IETF |date=2001-01 |accessdate=2010-01-04}}</ref> (deprecated in an expired draft)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-murata-kohn-lilley-xml-03 |title=Internet Drafts: XML Media Types |publisher=IETF |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2010-06-10 |author=M. Murata, D. Kohn, and C. Lilley}}</ref>
| type code =
| uniform type = public.xml
| magic =
| owner = [[World Wide Web Consortium]]
| genre = [[Markup language]]
| container for =
| contained by =
| extended from = [[Standard Generalized Markup Language|SGML]]
| extended to = [[List of XML markup languages|Numerous]], including: [[XHTML]], [[RSS]], [[Atom (standard)|Atom]], [[KML]]
| standard = [http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/ 1.0 (Fifth Edition)] {{release date and age|2008|11|26}} [http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/ 1.1 (Second Edition)] {{release date and age|2006|08|16}}
| free = Yes
}}
{{Infobox W3C Standard
| title = Extensible Markup Language (XML)
| status = Published
| year_started = 1996
| editors = Tim Bray, Jean Paoli, C. M. Sperberg-McQueen, Eve Maler, François Yergeau, John Cowan
| base_standards =
| related_standards = [[XML Schema]]
| abbreviation = XML
| domain = [[Serialization|Data Serialization]]
| website = [http://www.w3.org/TR/rec-xml XML 1.0]
}}
}}

'''Extensible Markup Language''' ('''XML''') is a set of rules for encoding Sundarrajan documents in [[machine-readable]] form. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml |title=XML 1.0 Specification |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> produced by the [[W3C]], and several other related specifications, all [[gratis]] [[open standard]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=W3C DOCUMENT LICENSE|url=http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2002/copyright-documents-20021231}}</ref>

The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability over the [[Internet]].<ref name="XML Goals">{{cite web|title=XML 1.0 Origin and Goals|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-origin-goals|accessdate=July 2009}}</ref> It is a textual data format with strong support via [[Unicode]] for the languages of the world. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary [[data structures]], for example in [[web service]]s.

Many [[application programming interfaces]] (APIs) have been developed that software developers use to process XML data, and several [[XML schema|schema systems]] exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages.

{{As of|2009}}, hundreds of XML-based languages have been developed,<ref name="Cover pages list">{{cite web|url=http://xml.coverpages.org/xmlApplications.html|title=XML Applications and Initiatives}}</ref> including [[RSS]], [[Atom (standard)|Atom]], [[SOAP]], and [[XHTML]]. XML-based formats have become the default for most office-productivity tools, including [[Microsoft Office]] ([[Office Open XML]]), [[OpenOffice.org]] ([[OpenDocument]]), and [[Apple Computer|Apple]]'s [[iWork]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Introduction to iWork Programming Guide. Mac OS X Reference Library|publisher=Apple|url=http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/documentation/AppleApplications/Conceptual/iWork2-0_XML/Chapter01/Introduction.html}}</ref>

==Key terminology==
The material in this section is based on the XML Specification. This is not an exhaustive list of all the constructs which appear in XML; it provides an introduction to the key constructs most often encountered in day-to-day use.

;(Unicode) Character: By definition, an XML document is a string of characters. Almost every legal [[Unicode]] character may appear in an XML document.

;Processor and Application: The ''processor'' analyzes the markup and passes structured information to an ''application''. The specification places requirements on what an XML processor must do and not do, but the application is outside its scope. The processor (as the specification calls it) is often referred to colloquially as an ''XML parser''.

;Markup and Content: The characters which make up an XML document are divided into ''markup'' and ''content''. Markup and content may be distinguished by the application of simple syntactic rules. All strings which constitute markup either begin with the character "<" and end with a ">", or begin with the character "&" and end with a ";". Strings of characters which are not markup are content.

;Tag: A markup construct that begins with "<" and ends with ">". Tags come in three flavors: ''start-tags'', for example <code><section></code>, ''end-tags'', for example <code></section></code>, and ''empty-element tags'', for example <code><line-break /></code>.

;Element: A logical document component that either begins with a start-tag and ends with a matching end-tag or consists only of an empty-element tag. The characters between the start- and end-tags, if any, are the element's ''content'', and may contain markup, including other elements, which are called ''child elements''. An example of an element is <code><Greeting>Hello, world.</Greeting></code> (see [[Hello world program|hello world]]). Another is <code><line-break /></code>.

;Attribute: A markup construct consisting of a name/value pair that exists within a start-tag or empty-element tag. In the example (below) the element ''img'' has two attributes, ''src'' and ''alt'': <code><img src="madonna.jpg" alt='Foligno Madonna, by Raphael' /></code>. Another example would be <code><step number="3">Connect A to B.</step></code> where the name of the attribute is "number" and the value is "3".

;XML Declaration: XML documents may begin by declaring some information about themselves, as in the following example.
<source lang="xml"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?></source>

==XML structures==
An XML file or stream is made up of the following structures:
* One or more Processing directives, the most common being the required ''<?xml version="1.0" ?>''
* Zero or more declarative statements, such as ''<!DOCTYPE ...>''
* One document element, which can include children;
* Zero or more XML comment elements, such as ''''

==Characters and escaping==
XML documents consist entirely of characters from the [[Unicode]] repertoire. Except for a small number of specifically excluded [[control characters]], any character defined by Unicode may appear within the content of an XML document. The selection of characters that may appear within markup is somewhat more limited but still large.

XML includes facilities for identifying the ''encoding'' of the Unicode characters that make up the document, and for expressing characters that, for one reason or another, cannot be used directly.

===Valid characters===
{{Main|Valid characters in XML}}
Unicode code points in the following ranges are valid in XML 1.0 documents:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-20060816/#charsets |title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fourth Edition) |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref>

* U+0009, U+000A, U+000D: these are the only C0 controls accepted in XML 1.0;
* U+0020–U+D7FF, U+E000–U+FFFD: this excludes ''some'' (not all) non-characters in the [[Basic Multilingual Plane|BMP]] (all surrogates, U+FFFE and U+FFFF are forbidden);
* U+10000–U+10FFFF: this includes ''all'' code points in supplementary planes, including non-characters.

XML 1.1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/xml11/#charsets |title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second Edition) |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> extends the set of allowed characters to include all the above, plus the remaining characters in the range U+0001–U+001F. At the same time, however, it restricts the use of C0 and C1 control characters other than U+0009, U+000A, U+000D, and U+0085 by requiring them to be written in escaped form (for example U+0001 must be written as &#x01; or its equivalent). In the case of C1 characters, this restriction is a backwards incompatibility; it was introduced to allow common encoding errors to be detected.

The code point U+0000 is the only character that is not permitted in any XML 1.0 or 1.1 document.

===Encoding detection===
The Unicode character set can be encoded into bytes for storage or transmission in a variety of different ways, called "encodings". Unicode itself defines encodings that cover the entire repertoire; well-known ones include [[UTF-8]] and [[UTF-16]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/200x/2003/04/26/UTF|title=Characters vs. Bytes}}</ref> There are many other text encodings that pre-date Unicode, such as [[ASCII]] and [[ISO/IEC 8859]]; their character repertoires in almost every case are subsets of the Unicode character set.

XML allows the use of any of the Unicode-defined encodings, and any other encodings whose characters also appear in Unicode. XML also provides a mechanism whereby an XML processor can reliably, without any prior knowledge, determine which encoding is being used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml/#sec-guessing|title=Autodetection of Character Encodings}}</ref> Encodings other than UTF-8 and UTF-16 will not necessarily be recognized by every XML parser.

===Escaping===
XML provides [[Escape sequence|''escape'']] facilities for including characters which are problematic to include directly. For example:

* The characters "<" and "&" are key syntax markers and may ''never'' appear in content outside of a [[CDATA]] section.<ref>It is allowed, but not recommended, to use "<" in XML entity values: [http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-xml-20081126/#NT-AttValue Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition): EntityValue definition]</ref>
* Some character encodings support only a subset of Unicode: for example, it is legal to encode an XML document in ASCII, but ASCII lacks code points for Unicode characters such as "é".
* It might not be possible to type the character on the author's machine.
* Some characters have [[glyph]]s that cannot be visually distinguished from other characters: examples are non-breaking-space (<code>&#xa0;</code>) and Cyrillic Capital Letter A (<code>&#x410;</code>).

There are five ''predefined entities'': <code>&lt;</code> represents "<", <code>&gt;</code> represents ">", <code>&amp;</code> represents "&", <code>&apos;</code> represents ', and <code>&quot;</code> represents ". All permitted Unicode characters may be represented with a ''[[numeric character reference]]''. Consider the Chinese character "中", whose numeric code in Unicode is hexadecimal 4E2D, or decimal 20,013. A user whose keyboard offers no method for entering this character could still insert it in an XML document encoded either as <code>&#20013;</code> or <code>&#x4e2d;</code>. Similarly, the string "<code>I <3 Jörg</code>" could be encoded for inclusion in an XML document as "<code>I &lt;3 J&#xF6;rg</code>".

"<code>&#0;</code>" is not permitted, however, as the [[null character]] is one of the control characters excluded from XML, even when using a numeric character reference.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/International/questions/qa-controls|title=W3C I18N FAQ: HTML, XHTML, XML and Control Codes}}</ref> An alternative encoding mechanism such as [[Base64]] is needed to represent such characters.

===Comments===
Comments may appear anywhere in a document outside other markup. Comments cannot appear before the XML declaration. The string "<code>--</code>" (double-hyphen) is not allowed (as it is used to delimit comments). The ampersand has no special significance within comments, so entity and character references are not recognized as such, and there is no way to represent characters outside the character set of the document encoding.

An example of a valid comment:
"<code></code>"

===International use===
{{ChineseText|example}}{{CyrillicText|example}}
XML supports the direct use of almost any [[Unicode]] character in element names, attributes, comments, character data, and processing instructions (other than the ones that have special symbolic meaning in XML itself, such as the less-than sign, "<"). Therefore, the following is a well-formed XML document, even though it includes both [[Chinese character|Chinese]] and [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] characters:
<source lang="xml">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
<外语>Китайська мова</外语>
</source>

==Well-formedness and error-handling==
{{main|Well-formed document}}
The XML specification defines an XML document as a text that is [[Well-formed element|well-formed]], i.e. it satisfies a list of syntax rules provided in the specification. The list is fairly lengthy; some key points are:

* It contains only properly encoded legal Unicode characters.
* None of the special syntax characters such as "<" and "&" appear except when performing their markup-delineation roles.
* The begin, end, and empty-element tags that delimit the elements are correctly nested, with none missing and none overlapping.
* The element tags are case-sensitive; the beginning and end tags must match exactly.
* There is a single "root" element that contains all the other elements.

The definition of an ''XML document'' excludes texts that contain violations of well-formedness rules; they are simply not XML. An XML processor that encounters such a violation is required to report such errors and to cease normal processing. This policy, occasionally referred to as [[Draco (lawgiver)#"Draconian"|draconian]], stands in notable contrast to the behavior of programs that process [[HTML]], which are designed to produce a reasonable result even in the presence of severe markup errors. XML's policy in this area has been criticized as a violation of [[Postel's law]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diveintomark.org/tag/draconian|title=Articles tagged with “draconian”}}</ref>


==Schemas and validation==
In addition to being well-formed, an XML document may be ''valid''. This means that it contains a reference to a [[Document Type Definition|Document Type Definition (DTD)]], and that its elements and attributes are declared in that DTD and follow the grammatical rules for them that the DTD specifies.

XML processors are classified as ''validating'' or ''non-validating'' depending on whether or not they check XML documents for validity. A processor that discovers a validity error must be able to report it, but may continue normal processing.

A DTD is an example of a ''[[XML schema|schema]]'' or ''grammar''. Since the initial publication of XML 1.0, there has been substantial work in the area of schema languages for XML. Such schema languages typically constrain the set of elements that may be used in a document, which attributes may be applied to them, the order in which they may appear, and the allowable parent/child relationships.

===DTD===
{{Main|Document Type Definition}}
The oldest schema language for XML is the [[Document Type Definition]] (DTD), inherited from [[SGML]].

DTDs have the following benefits:

* DTD support is ubiquitous due to its inclusion in the XML 1.0 standard.
* DTDs are terse compared to element-based schema languages and consequently present more information in a single screen.
* DTDs allow the declaration of [[SGML entity|standard public entity sets]] for publishing characters.
* DTDs define a ''document type'' rather than the types used by a namespace, thus grouping all constraints for a document in a single collection.

DTDs have the following limitations:

* They have no explicit support for newer [[feature (software design)|feature]]s of XML, most importantly [[XML Namespace|namespaces]].
* They lack expressiveness. XML DTDs are simpler than SGML DTDs and there are certain structures that cannot be expressed with regular grammars. DTDs only support rudimentary datatypes.
* They lack readability. DTD designers typically make heavy use of parameter entities (which behave essentially as textual [[macro (computer science)|macros]]), which make it easier to define complex grammars, but at the expense of clarity.
* They use a syntax based on [[regular expression]] syntax, inherited from [[SGML]], to describe the schema. Typical XML APIs such as [[Simple API for XML|SAX]] do not attempt to offer applications a structured representation of the syntax, so it is less accessible to programmers than an element-based syntax may be.

Two peculiar features that distinguish DTDs from other schema types are the syntactic support for embedding a DTD within XML documents and for defining ''entities'', which are arbitrary fragments of text and/or markup that the XML processor inserts in the DTD itself and in the XML document wherever they are referenced, like character escapes.

DTD technology is still used in many applications because of its ubiquity.

===XML Schema===
{{Main|XML Schema (W3C)}}
A newer [[XML schema|schema]] language, described by the W3C as the successor of DTDs, is [[XML Schema (W3C)|XML Schema]], often referred to by the [[acronym and initialism|initialism]] for XML Schema instances, XSD (XML Schema Definition). XSDs are far more powerful than DTDs in describing XML languages. They use a rich [[datatype|datatyping]] system and allow for more detailed constraints on an XML document's logical structure. XSDs also use an XML-based format, which makes it possible to use ordinary XML tools to help process them.

===RELAX NG===
{{Main|RELAX NG}}
[[RELAX NG]] was initially specified by [[OASIS (organization)|OASIS]] and is now also an ISO international standard (as part of [[DSDL]]). RELAX NG schemas may be written in either an XML based syntax or a more compact non-XML syntax; the two syntaxes are [[isomorphic]] and [[James Clark (programmer)|James Clark]]'s [[Trang conversion tool]] can convert between them without loss of information. RELAX NG has a simpler definition and validation framework than XML Schema, making it easier to use and implement. It also has the ability to use [[datatype]] framework [[Plug-in (computing)|plug-in]]s; a RELAX NG schema author, for example, can require values in an XML document to conform to definitions in XML Schema Datatypes.

===Schematron===
{{Main|Schematron}}
[[Schematron]] is a language for making [[Assertion (computing)|assertions]] about the presence or absence of patterns in an XML document. It typically uses [[XPath]] expressions.

===ISO DSDL and other schema languages===
The ISO [[DSDL]] (Document Schema Description Languages) standard brings together a comprehensive set of small schema languages, each targeted at specific problems. DSDL includes [[RELAX NG]] full and compact syntax, [[Schematron]] assertion language, and languages for defining datatypes, character repertoire constraints, renaming and entity expansion, and namespace-based [[routing]] of document fragments to different validators. DSDL schema languages do not have the vendor support of XML Schemas yet, and are to some extent a grassroots reaction of industrial publishers to the lack of utility of XML Schemas for [[publishing]].

Some schema languages not only describe the structure of a particular XML format but also offer limited facilities to influence processing of individual XML files that conform to this format. DTDs and XSDs both have this ability; they can for instance provide the [[infoset]] augmentation facility and attribute defaults. RELAX NG and Schematron intentionally do not provide these.

==Related specifications==
A cluster of specifications closely related to XML have been developed, starting soon after the initial publication of XML 1.0. It is frequently the case that the term "XML" is used to refer to XML together with one or more of these other technologies which have come to be seen as part of the XML core.

*[[XML Namespace]]s enable the same document to contain XML elements and attributes taken from different vocabularies, without any [[naming collision]]s occurring. Although XML Namespaces are not part of the XML specification itself, virtually all XML software also supports XML Namespaces.
* [[XML Base]] defines the <code>xml:base</code> attribute, which may be used to set the base for resolution of relative URI references within the scope of a single XML element.
* The [[XML Information Set]] or ''XML infoset'' describes an abstract data model for XML documents in terms of ''information items''. The infoset is commonly used in the specifications of XML languages, for convenience in describing constraints on the XML constructs those languages allow.
*xml:id Version 1.0 asserts that an attribute named <code>xml:id</code> functions as an "ID attribute" in the sense used in a DTD.
* [[XPath]] defines a syntax named ''XPath expressions'' which identifies one or more of the internal components (elements, attributes, and so on) included in an XML document. XPath is widely used in other core-XML specifications and in programming libraries for accessing XML-encoded data.
* [[XSLT]] is a language with an XML-based syntax that is used to transform XML documents into other XML documents, HTML, or other, unstructured formats such as plain text or RTF. XSLT is very tightly coupled with XPath, which it uses to address components of the input XML document, mainly elements and attributes.
* [[XSL Formatting Objects]], or XSL-FO, is a markup language for XML document formatting which is most often used to generate [[PDF]]s.
*[[XQuery]] is an XML-oriented query language strongly rooted in XPath and XML Schema. It provides methods to access, manipulate and return XML.
*[[XML Signature]] defines syntax and processing rules for creating [[digital signatures]] on XML content.
*[[XML Encryption]] defines syntax and processing rules for [[encryption|encrypting]] XML content. 

Some other specifications conceived as part of the "XML Core" have failed to find wide adoption, including [[XInclude]], [[XLink]], and [[XPointer]].

==Use on the Internet==
It is common for XML to be used in interchanging data over the Internet. RFC 3023 gives rules for the construction of [[Internet media type|Internet Media Types]] for use when sending XML. It also defines the types "application/xml" and "text/xml", which say only that the data is in XML, and nothing about its [[semantics]]. The use of "text/xml" has been criticized as a potential source of encoding problems and is now in the process of being deprecated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-murata-kohn-lilley-xml-03 |title=Internet Drafts: XML Media Types |publisher=IETF |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2010-06-10|author=M. Murata, D. Kohn, and C. Lilley}}</ref> RFC 3023 also recommends that XML-based languages be given media types beginning in "application/" and ending in "+xml"; for example "application/svg+xml" for [[SVG]].

Further guidelines for the use of XML in a networked context may be found in [http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3470.txt RFC 3470], also known as IETF BCP 70; this document is very wide-ranging and covers many aspects of designing and deploying an XML-based language.

==Programming interfaces==
The design goals of XML include "It shall be easy to write programs which process XML documents."<ref name="XML Goals" /> Despite this fact, the XML specification contains almost no information about how programmers might go about doing such processing. The [[XML Infoset]] provides a vocabulary to refer to the constructs within an XML document, but once again does not provide any guidance on how to access this information. A variety of [[API]]s for accessing XML have been developed and used, and some have been standardized.

Existing APIs for XML processing tend to fall into these categories:
* Stream-oriented APIs accessible from a programming language, for example [[Simple API for XML|SAX]] and [[StAX]].
* Tree-traversal APIs accessible from a programming language, for example [[DOM (XML API)|DOM]].
* [[XML data binding]], which provides an automated translation between an XML document and programming-language objects.
* Declarative transformation languages such as [[XSLT]] and [[XQuery]].

Stream-oriented facilities require less memory and, for certain tasks which are based on a linear traversal of an XML document, are faster and simpler than other alternatives. Tree-traversal and data-binding APIs typically require the use of much more memory, but are often found more convenient for use by programmers; some include declarative retrieval of document components via the use of XPath expressions.

XSLT is designed for declarative description of XML document transformations, and has been widely implemented both in server-side packages and Web browsers. XQuery overlaps XSLT in its functionality, but is designed more for searching of large [[XML database]]s.

===Simple API for XML (SAX)===
[[Simple API for XML|SAX]] is a [[lexical analysis|lexical]], [[Event-driven programming|event-driven]] interface in which a document is read serially and its contents are reported as [[callback (computer science)|callback]]s to various [[method (computer science)|method]]s on a [[event handler|handler object]] of the user's design. SAX is fast and efficient to implement, but difficult to use for extracting information at random from the XML, since it tends to burden the application author with keeping track of what part of the document is being processed. It is better suited to situations in which certain types of information are always handled the same way, no matter where they occur in the document.

===Pull parsing===
Pull parsing<ref>[http://www.xml.com/pub/a/2005/07/06/tr.html Push, Pull, Next!] by Bob DuCharme, at XML.com</ref> treats the document as a series of items which are read in sequence using the Iterator design pattern. This allows for writing of [[recursive descent parser|recursive-descent parsers]] in which the structure of the code performing the parsing mirrors the structure of the XML being parsed, and intermediate parsed results can be used and accessed as local variables within the methods performing the parsing, or passed down (as method parameters) into lower-level methods, or returned (as method return values) to higher-level methods. Examples of pull parsers include [[StAX]] in the [[Java (programming language)|Java]] programming language, XMLReader in [[PHP]] and System.Xml.XmlReader in the [[.NET Framework]].

A pull parser creates an iterator that sequentially visits the various elements, attributes, and data in an XML document. Code which uses this iterator can test the current item (to tell, for example, whether it is a start or end element, or text), and inspect its attributes (local name, [[XML namespace|namespace]], values of XML attributes, value of text, etc.), and can also move the iterator to the next item. The code can thus extract information from the document as it traverses it. The recursive-descent approach tends to lend itself to keeping data as typed local variables in the code doing the parsing, while SAX, for instance, typically requires a parser to manually maintain intermediate data within a stack of elements which are parent elements of the element being parsed. Pull-parsing code can be more straightforward to understand and maintain than SAX parsing code..

===Document Object Model (DOM)===
[[Document Object Model|DOM]] (Document Object Model) is an [[User interface|interface]]-oriented [[Application Programming Interface]] that allows for navigation of the entire document as if it were a tree of "[[Node (computer science)|Node]]" [[Object (computer science)|object]]s representing the document's contents. A DOM document can be created by a parser, or can be generated manually by users (with limitations). Data types in DOM Nodes are abstract; implementations provide their own [[programming]] language-specific [[language binding|bindings]]. DOM implementations tend to be [[memory]] intensive, as they generally require the entire document to be loaded into memory and constructed as a tree of objects before access is allowed.

===Data binding===
Another form of XML processing API is [[XML data binding]], where XML data is made available as a hierarchy of custom, strongly typed classes, in contrast to the generic objects created by a [[Document Object Model]] parser. This approach simplifies code development, and in many cases allows problems to be identified at compile time rather than run-time. Example data binding systems include the [[Java Architecture for XML Binding]] (JAXB), XML Serialization in .NET,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms950721.aspx |title=XML Serialization in the .NET Framework |publisher=Msdn.microsoft.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref> and [[CodeSynthesis XSD]] for [[C++]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artima.com/cppsource/xml_data_binding.html |title=An Introduction to XML Data Binding in C |publisher=Artima.com |date=2007-05-04 |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.codesynthesis.com/products/xsd/ |title=CodeSynthesis XSD — XML Data Binding for C |publisher=Codesynthesis.com |date= |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref>

===XML as data type===
XML is beginning to appear as a first-class data type in other languages. The [[E4X|ECMAScript for XML]] (E4X) extension to the [[ECMAScript]]/JavaScript language explicitly defines two specific objects (XML and XMLList) for JavaScript, which support XML document nodes and XML node lists as distinct objects and use a dot-notation specifying parent-child relationships.<ref>{{cite web|title=Processing XML with E4X|url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en/core_javascript_1.5_guide/processing_xml_with_e4x|work=Mozilla Developer Center|publisher=Mozilla Foundation}}</ref> E4X is supported by the [[Mozilla]] 2.5+ browsers and Adobe [[Actionscript]], but has not been adopted more universally. Similar notations are used in Microsoft's [[LINQ]] implementation for Microsoft .NET 3.5 and above, and in [[Scala (programming language)|Scala]] (which uses the Java VM). The open-source xmlsh application, which provides a Linux-like shell with special features for XML manipulation, similarly treats XML as a data type, using the <[ ]> notation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xmlsh.org/CoreSyntax |title=XML Shell: Core Syntax |publisher=xmlsh |date=2010-05-13 |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> The [[Resource Description Framework]] defines a data type <code>rdf:XMLLiteral</code> to hold wrapped, [[canonical XML]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/WD-rdf-concepts-20030123/#dfn-rdf-XMLLiteral |title=Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref>

==History==
XML is an application profile of [[SGML]] (ISO 8879).<ref name="iso19757-3_xmlref">{{Cite document | title= ISO/IEC 19757-3 | page= vi | publisher= [[ISO]]/[[IEC]] | date= 1 June 2006 | postscript=  }}</ref>

The versatility of [[SGML]] for dynamic information display was understood by early digital media publishers in the late 1980s prior to the rise of the Internet.<ref name=OED>{{cite web | title=A conversation with Tim Bray: Searching for ways to tame the world's vast stores of information | url=http://www.acmqueue.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=282 | first=Tim |last=Bray | month=February | year=2005 | publisher=Association for Computing Machinery's "Queue site" | accessdate=April 16, 2006 }}</ref><ref name=multimedia>{{cite book | title=Interactive multimedia | chapter=Publishers, multimedia, and interactivity | publisher= Cobb Group | isbn=1-55615-124-1 | year=1988 | author=edited by Sueann Ambron and Kristina Hooper ; foreword by John Sculley.}}</ref> By the mid-1990s some practitioners of SGML had gained experience with the then-new [[World Wide Web]], and believed that SGML offered solutions to some of the problems the Web was likely to face as it grew. [[Dan Connolly]] added SGML to the list of W3C's activities when he joined the staff in 1995; work began in mid-1996 when Sun Microsystems engineer [[Jon Bosak]] developed a charter and recruited collaborators. Bosak was well connected in the small community of people who had experience both in SGML and the Web.<ref name=drmacro>
{{cite web
| title=XML is 10
| url=http://drmacros-xml-rants.blogspot.com/#116460437782808906
| year=2006
| author=Eliot Kimber
}}</ref>

XML was compiled by a [[working group]] of eleven members,<ref>The working group was originally called the "Editorial Review Board." The original members and seven who were added before the first edition was complete, are listed at the end of the first edition of the XML Recommendation, at http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210.</ref> supported by an (approximately) 150-member Interest Group. Technical debate took place on the Interest Group mailing list and issues were resolved by consensus or, when that failed, majority vote of the Working Group. A record of design decisions and their rationales was compiled by [[Michael Sperberg-McQueen]] on December 4, 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/XML/9712-reports.html |title=Reports From the W3C SGML ERB to the SGML WG And from the W3C XML ERB to the XML SIG |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref> [[James Clark (XML expert)|James Clark]] served as Technical Lead of the Working Group, notably contributing the empty-element "<empty />" syntax and the name "XML". Other names that had been put forward for consideration included "MAGMA" (Minimal Architecture for Generalized Markup Applications), "SLIM" (Structured Language for Internet Markup) and "MGML" (Minimal Generalized Markup Language). The co-editors of the specification were originally [[Tim Bray]] and [[Michael Sperberg-McQueen]]. Halfway through the project Bray accepted a consulting engagement with [[Netscape Communications Corporation|Netscape]], provoking vociferous protests from Microsoft. Bray was temporarily asked to resign the editorship. This led to intense dispute in the Working Group, eventually solved by the appointment of Microsoft's [[Jean Paoli]] as a third co-editor.

The XML Working Group never met face-to-face; the design was accomplished using a combination of email and weekly teleconferences. The major design decisions were reached in twenty weeks of intense work between July and November 1996, when the first Working Draft of an XML specification was published.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-xml-961114.html |title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) |publisher=W3.org |date=1996-11-14 |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref> Further design work continued through 1997, and XML 1.0 became a [[W3C]] Recommendation on February 10, 1998.

===Sources===
'''XML''' is a profile of an ISO standard [[SGML]], and most of XML comes from SGML unchanged. From SGML comes the separation of logical and physical structures (elements and entities), the availability of grammar-based validation (DTDs), the separation of data and metadata (elements and attributes), mixed content, the separation of processing from representation ([[processing instruction]]s), and the default angle-bracket syntax. Removed were the SGML Declaration (XML has a fixed delimiter set and adopts [[Unicode]] as the document [[Character encoding|character set]]).

Other sources of technology for XML were the [[Text Encoding Initiative]] (TEI), which defined a profile of SGML for use as a "transfer syntax"; and [[HTML]], in which elements were synchronous with their resource, document character sets were separate from resource encoding, the xml:lang attribute was invented, and (like [[HTTP]]) metadata accompanied the resource rather than being needed at the declaration of a link. The Extended Reference Concrete Syntax (ERCS) project of the SPREAD (Standardization Project Regarding East Asian Documents) project of the ISO-related China/Japan/Korea Document Processing expert group was the basis of XML 1.0's naming rules; SPREAD also introduced hexadecimal numeric character references and the concept of references to make available all Unicode characters. To support ERCS, XML and HTML better, the SGML standard IS 8879 was revised in 1996 and 1998 with WebSGML Adaptations. The XML header followed that of ISO [[HyTime]].

Ideas that developed during discussion which were novel in XML included the algorithm for encoding detection and the encoding header, the processing instruction target, the xml:space attribute, and the new close delimiter for empty-element tags. The notion of well-formedness as opposed to validity (which enables parsing without a schema) was first formalized in XML, although it had been implemented successfully in the Electronic Book Technology "Dynatext" software;<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Bosak, Sun Microsystems |url=http://2006.xmlconference.org/proceedings/162/presentation.html |title=Closing Keynote, XML 2006 |publisher=2006.xmlconference.org |date=2006-12-07 |accessdate=2009-07-31}}</ref> the software from the University of Waterloo New Oxford English Dictionary Project; the RISP LISP SGML text processor at Uniscope, Tokyo; the US Army Missile Command IADS hypertext system; Mentor Graphics Context; Interleaf and Xerox Publishing System.

===Versions===
There are two current versions of XML. The first (''XML 1.0'') was initially defined in 1998. It has undergone minor revisions since then, without being given a new version number, and is currently in its fifth edition, as published on November 26, 2008. It is widely implemented and still recommended for general use.

The second (''XML 1.1'') was initially published on February 4, 2004, the same day as XML 1.0 Third Edition,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-xml-20040204 |title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Third Edition) |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref> and is currently in its second edition, as published on August 16, 2006. It contains features (some contentious) that are intended to make XML easier to use in certain cases.<ref name="xml11rationale">{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/xml11/#dt-name|title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second Edition) – Rationale and list of changes for XML 1.1|accessdate=2009-12-11|publisher=W3C}}</ref> The main changes are to enable the use of line-ending characters used on [[EBCDIC]] platforms, and the use of scripts and characters absent from Unicode 3.2. XML 1.1 is not very widely implemented and is recommended for use only by those who need its unique features.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Harold
| first = Elliotte Rusty
| title = Effective XML
| publisher = Addison-Wesley
| year = 2004
| pages = 10–19
| url = http://www.cafeconleche.org/books/effectivexml/
| isbn = 0321150406}}</ref>

Prior to its fifth edition release, XML 1.0 differed from XML 1.1 in having stricter requirements for characters available for use in element and attribute names and unique identifiers: in the first four editions of XML 1.0 the characters were exclusively enumerated using a specific version of the [[Unicode]] standard (Unicode 2.0 to Unicode 3.2.) The fifth edition substitutes the mechanism of XML 1.1, which is more future-proof but reduces [[Redundancy (information theory)|redundancy]]. The approach taken in the fifth edition of XML 1.0 and in all editions of XML 1.1 is that only certain characters are forbidden in names, and everything else is allowed, in order to accommodate the use of suitable name characters in future versions of Unicode. In the fifth edition, XML names may contain characters in the [[Balinese script|Balinese]], [[Cham script|Cham]], or [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]] scripts among many others which have been added to Unicode since Unicode 3.2.<ref name="xml11rationale" />

Almost any Unicode code point can be used in the character data and attribute values of an XML 1.0 or 1.1 document, even if the character corresponding to the code point is not defined in the current version of Unicode. In character data and attribute values, XML 1.1 allows the use of more [[control character]]s than XML 1.0, but, for "robustness", most of the control characters introduced in XML 1.1 must be expressed as numeric character references (and #x7F through #x9F, which had been allowed in XML 1.0, are in XML 1.1 even required to be expressed as numeric character references<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/xml11/#sec-xml11 |title=Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.1 (Second Edition) |publisher=W3.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-22}}</ref>). Among the supported control characters in XML 1.1 are two line break codes that must be treated as whitespace. Whitespace characters are the only control codes that can be written directly.

There has been discussion of an XML 2.0, although no organization has announced plans for work on such a project. XML-SW (SW for [[Skunkworks project|skunkworks]]), written by one of the original developers of XML,<ref>Tim Bray: ''[http://www.textuality.com/xml/xmlSW.html Extensible Markup Language - SW (XML-SW)].'' 2002-02-10</ref> contains some proposals for what an XML 2.0 might look like: elimination of DTDs from syntax, integration of [[XML namespace|namespace]]s, [[XML Base]] and [[XML Information Set]] (''infoset'') into the base standard.

The World Wide Web Consortium also has an XML Binary Characterization Working Group doing preliminary research into use cases and properties for a binary encoding of the XML infoset. The working group is not chartered to produce any official standards. Since XML is by definition text-based, ITU-T and ISO are using the name ''[[Fast Infoset]]'' for their own binary infoset to avoid confusion (see ITU-T Rec. X.891 | ISO/IEC 24824-1).

== Criticism ==
XML and its extensions have regularly been criticized for verbosity and complexity.<ref>Jeff Atwood (2009): [http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2008/05/xml-the-angle-bracket-tax.html XML: The Angle Bracket Tax]</ref> Mapping the basic tree model of XML to [[type system]]s of programming languages or databases can be difficult, especially when XML is used for exchanging highly structured data between applications, which was not its primary design goal. Other criticisms attempt to refute the claim that XML is a [[self-describing]] language<ref>Eric Brown (2003): [http://workflow.healthbase.info/monographs/XML_myths_Browne.pdf The Myth of Self-Describing XML]</ref> (though the XML specification itself makes no such claim). The most proposed alternatives include [[JSON]], [[YAML]] and [[Struxt]] — focusing on representing structured data, rather than narrative documents.

==See also==
* [[List of XML markup languages]]
* [[Comparison of layout engines (XML)]]
* [[Binary XML]]
* [[Struxt]] C-style equivalent to XML
* [[:Category:XML]]
* [[:Category:XML-based standards]]
* [[Billion laughs]] (a denial-of-service attack on XML parsers)
* [[XML Protocol]]
* [[Comparison of data serialization formats]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*Annex A of ISO 8879:1986 (SGML)
*{{cite journal |id= {{SSRN|900616}} |author=Lawrence A. Cunningham|title=Language, Deals and Standards: The Future of XML Contracts|journal=Washington University Law Review|year=2005 }}
*{{cite journal|last=Bosak |first=Jon |coauthors=Tim Bray |title=XML and the Second-Generation Web|journal=Scientific American|year=1999|month=May}} Online at [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=xml-and-the-second-genera XML and the Second-Generation Web].
*{{cite web|url=http://www.developer.com/xml/article.php/10929_3583081_1|title=Making Mistakes with XML|last=Kelly|first=Sean |authorlink=Sean Kelly|date=February 6, 2006|work=Developer.com|accessdate=2010-10-26}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www-128.ibm.com/developerworks/library/x-think38.html|title=Thinking XML: The XML decade|last=Ogbuji|first=Uche|date=14 Nov 2006|work=developerWorks|publisher=[[IBM]]|accessdate=2010-10-26}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.oreillynet.com/xml/blog/2003/02/five_years_later_xml.html|title=Five years later, XML...|last=St. Laurent|first=Simon|date=February 12, 2003|work=O'Reilly XML Blog|publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]]|accessdate=2010-10-26}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/2008/02/xml10-pressrelease|title=W3C XML is Ten!|date=12 February 2008|publisher=[[World Wide Web Consortium]]|accessdate=2010-10-26}}
*{{cite web|url=http://xml.silmaril.ie/|title=The XML FAQ|date=5 January 2011|publisher=Silmaril|first=Peter [ed]|last=Flynn|format=html|location=Cork}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|XML}}
{{Wikibooks}}
{{External links|date=November 2010}}

*[http://www.w3.org/XML/ W3C XML homepage]
*[http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml XML 1.0 Specification]
*[http://xml.ascc.net/en/utf-8/ercsretro.html Retrospective on Extended Reference Concrete Syntax] by [[Rick Jelliffe]]
*[http://www.xml.com/pub/a/w3j/s3.bosak.html XML, Java and the Future of the Web] by [[Jon Bosak]]
*[http://xml.gov/ XML.gov]
*[http://drmacros-xml-rants.blogspot.com/2006/11/xml-ten-year-aniversary.html XML: Ten year anniversary] by Elliot Kimber
*[http://www.itworld.com/xml-fallacies-nlstipsm-080122 23 XML fallacies to watch out for] by Sean McGrath
*[http://projects.webappsec.org/XML-Injection XML Injection] - Web Application Security Consortium



{{W3C Standards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xml}}
[[Category:XML| ]]
[[Category:Markup languages]]
[[Category:World Wide Web Consortium standards]]
[[Category:Technical communication]]
[[Category:Bibliography file formats]]
[[Category:Computer file formats]]
[[Category:Open formats]]
[[Category:Data modeling languages]]
[[Category:Data serialization formats]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]
[[Category:Presentation layer protocols]]

[[af:XML]]
[[ar:لغة الرقم القابلة للامتداد]]
[[az:XML]]
[[bn:এক্সটেনসিভ মার্কআপ ল্যাংগুয়েজ]]
[[bs:XML]]
[[bg:XML]]
[[ca:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[cs:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[da:XML]]
[[de:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[et:XML]]
[[el:XML]]
[[es:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[eo:XML]]
[[eu:XML]]
[[fa:اکس‌ام‌ال]]
[[fr:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[ga:XML]]
[[gl:XML]]
[[ko:XML]]
[[hi:क्षमल]]
[[hr:XML]]
[[id:Extensible markup language]]
[[ia:XML]]
[[is:XML]]
[[it:XML]]
[[he:XML]]
[[lo:XML]]
[[lv:Valoda XML]]
[[lt:XML]]
[[hu:XML]]
[[mk:XML]]
[[ml:എക്സ്.എം.എൽ.]]
[[ms:XML]]
[[mn:XML]]
[[nl:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[ja:Extensible Markup Language]]
[[no:XML]]
[[nn:XML]]
[[pl:XML]]
[[pt:XML]]
[[ro:XML]]
[[ru:XML]]
[[sq:XML]]
[[simple:XML]]
[[sk:XML]]
[[sl:XML]]
[[ckb:ئێکس ئێم ئێڵ]]
[[sr:XML]]
[[fi:XML]]
[[sv:XML]]
[[ta:எக்ஸ்எம்எல்]]
[[te:XML]]
[[th:เอกซ์เอ็มแอล]]
[[tg:XML]]
[[tr:XML]]
[[tk:XML]]
[[uk:XML]]
[[ur:توسیعی زبان تدوین]]
[[vi:XML]]
[[bat-smg:XML]]
[[zh:XML]]

Statistical time-division multiplexing

2011-05-26T15:53:05Z

142.204.16.10:

Donbas Arena

2011-04-28T14:19:46Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Infobox Stadium
| name = Dumbass Arena
| nickname =
| image = [[File:Donbass Arena.jpg|250px]]
| fullname =
| former_names =
| location = [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|1|15|N|37|48|35|E}}
| broke_ground = 27 June 2006
| built =
| opened = 29 August 2009
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Shakhtar Donetsk]]
| operator = Donbass Arena
| surface = Grass
| scoreboard =
| construction_cost = [[United States dollar|$]] 400 million [[Euro|€]] 300 million
| suites =
| architect = [[Arup|ArupSport]]<ref>
{{cite journal
|url= http://www.arup.com/Projects/FC_Shakhtar_Stadium.aspx
}}</ref>
| project_manager =
| structural engineer =
| services engineer =
| general_contractor = [[Enka İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş.|ENKA]]
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 51,504 ([[football (soccer)|Football]])
| record_attendance =
| dimensions = 105m x 68m
| tenants =
}}

'''Donbass Arena''' ({{lang-uk|Донбас Арена}}) is a stadium with a natural grass pitch in [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]] that opened on 29 August, 2009. The facility is located in the center of the city, in the Lenin Comsomol park. With a capacity of 50,000 spectators, the Stadium hosts [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] matches and will host some matches in [[Euro 2012]]. It meets the requirements for a [[UEFA stadium categories|UEFA Elite]] 5-star Stadium rating.

The initial estimated cost of the project was USD 250m. USD 30m has been allocated to set up a recreational park around the Stadium. The final cost of the project will reach USD 400m<ref>[http://donbass-arena.com/en/news/?id=9922 Donbass Arena Ready to Open]</ref><ref>[http://euro2012-ukraine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=3 Donbass Arena: More than Elite]</ref>.

==Construction and design==
The construction was launched in 2006. The general contractor is a Turkish company ENKA. The Stadium was completed and opened in 2009.

Donbass Arena was designed by ArupSport, who have also designed the [[City of Manchester Stadium]] (Manchester, England); [[Allianz Arena]] (Munich, Germany); and the [[Beijing National Stadium]] (Beijing, China). An exceptional engineering solution – the soaring roof effect – will make the Stadium resemble a flying saucer. The oval shape and the glazed façade ensure a memorable outlook. The Stadium is located near [[RSC Olimpiyskiy|Regional Sport Complex Olimpiyskiy]] creating an elegant architectural ensemble. The roof of the Stadium slopes from north to south matching the landscape and contributing to the natural lighting and airing of the pitch. The external lighting makes the Stadium shine at night.

=== Stadium panorama during construction ===

{{wide image|Donbas_arena_construction_panorama.jpg|800px|<center>Panorama taken from top tier of the northern side of the stadium in June 2008 </center>}}

==Opening==
[[File:Donbass Arena 7.jpg|thumb|The opening event]]
[[File:UA Donezk Zentralstadion-Schachtar Neubau.jpg|thumb|Construction site in August 2007]]
The Donbass arena was completed ahead of schedule, but the grand opening was delayed until 29 August 2009 to coincide with the Ukrainian holiday of Miners Day, as well as Donetsk City day. Donetsk is in the Donbass region, a mining region, and the date was chosen for its symbolism. The prime tenants of the facility are named [[Shakhtar Donetsk]] ("Donetsk Coal Miners").

American Pop/R&B singer-songwriter [[Beyoncé Knowles]] performed a show from her [[I Am... Tour]] on the opening night of the new stadium. It was Knowles' first performance in [[Ukraine]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/46234 Beyonce to perform at the opening of Donbass Arena]</ref>

Many state officials attended the show designed by K-events Filmmaster Group. The opening ceremony was awarded as ''Event of the Year'' getting the [[Stadium Business Awards]] on June 18, 2010 in [[Dublin]].

Shakhtar Donetsk's first match at the stadium was a 4–0 victory in a [[Ukrainian Premier League]] [[Ukrainian Premier League 2009-10|2009–10]] Round 8 fixture on 27 September 2009 against [[FC Obolon Kyiv]].<ref name="New Shakhtar">[http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind=1/newsid=880944.html New Shakhtar stadium opens doors]</ref>
[[File:Donbass Arena 15.jpg|thumb|The day before opening]]

== Euro 2012 ==
Donbass arena was included in the official bidding project submitted by Poland and Ukraine for hosting [[UEFA Euro 2012]]. The stadium will host group stage games and one quarter-final and one semi-final game. Unlike most new stadiums being built in Poland and Ukraine, Donbass arena was not initially intended for that venue.

==Other uses==
Beside football matches, the Stadium will also be a place for various concerts and shows. The Stadium’s facilities and acoustics will meet demands of local artists and international superstars. Stadium tours will add to the list of distinctions. The general concept of the tours includes the insight into unique features of Donbass Arena, a visit to footballers’ rooms and FC Shakhtar Museum and, finally, a drop at FC Shakhtar brand shop for souvenirs.

==Facts==
[[File:Donbass Arena 14.jpg|thumb|Front glass facade]]
* The total area of the construction site (including mobilization areas) is 254,907 m²
* The land (including pitch), where the Stadium is located, is 46,780 m²
* The height of the new stadium is 54m from pitch level to the top of the roof.
* There are 227 lavatories with 471 toilets and 333 wash basins.
* Over 120.000 м³ of concrete were poured during construction of the Stadium
* Approximately 4300 tonnes of steel were used for construction
* Approximately 3800 tonnes of steel were used for the roof structure.
* Total glazing area is approximately 24.000 m²
* The total area of the tiers is approximately 70.000 m²
* The size of the football field is {{convert|105|x|68|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|7668|m²|sqft|0|abbr=on}} natural turf will be used with {{convert|2201|m²|sqft|0|abbr=on}} synthetic turf

==Gallery==
{{wide image|DONBASS ARENA).jpg|1000px|Panorama of the stadium "Donbass Arena"|100%}}

<gallery perrow="5">
File:Donbass Arena.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 2.jpg|The Roof of the Stadium
File:Donbass Arena 3.jpg|The Donbass Park
File:Donbass Arena 4.jpg|Main Entrance to the Arena
File:Donbass Arena 5.jpg|Inside of the Arena
File:Donbass Arena 6.jpg|The Grand Opening
File:Donbass Arena 8.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 9.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 10.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 11.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 12.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 13.jpg|Fireworks
File:Donbass Arena 16.jpg|The Shakhtar Emblem
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Donbas Arena}}
* [http://donbass-arena.com/en/ Donbass Arena official website]
* [http://donbass-arena.com/en/webcam/ Six webcam views of the Donbass Arena]
* [http://shakhtar.com/en/news/7574 Rinat Akhmetov: The new stadium’s name is Donbass Arena]
* [http://wikipedia.dn.ua/ Wikipedia Donbass]

{{FC Shakhtar Donetsk}}
{{Euro 2012 stadiums}}
{{Venues of Ukrainian PL}}
[[Category:FC Shakhtar Donetsk]]
[[Category:Football venues in Ukraine]]
[[Category:UEFA European Football Championship stadiums]]
[[Category:Sport in Donetsk]]
[[Category:Event venues established in 2009]]

[[ar:دونباس أرينا]]
[[az:Donbas Arena]]
[[bg:Донбас Арена]]
[[cs:Donbas Arena]]
[[de:Donbas Arena]]
[[es:Donbass Arena]]
[[fa:ورزشگاه داناس آرنا]]
[[fr:Donbass Arena]]
[[ko:돈바스 아레나]]
[[hr:Donbass Arena]]
[[it:Donbass Arena]]
[[he:דונבס ארנה]]
[[lt:Donbaso arena]]
[[nl:Donbass Arena]]
[[ja:ドンバス・アリーナ]]
[[pl:Donbas Arena]]
[[pt:Donbass Arena]]
[[ro:Donbass Arena]]
[[ru:Донбасс Арена]]
[[simple:Donbass Arena]]
[[sr:Донбас арена]]
[[fi:Donbass Arena]]
[[sv:Donbass Arena]]
[[tr:Donbass Arena]]
[[uk:Донбас Арена]]

Bob Rae

2011-04-08T18:41:51Z

142.204.16.10: moving

{{for|the similarly named American filmmaker|Bob Ray}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]] 
| name = Robert Keith Rae
| honorific-suffix = [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|PC]], [[Officer of the Order of Canada|OC]], [[Order of Ontario|OOnt]], [[Queen's Counsel|QC]], [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]], [[Political science|BPhil]], [[Doctor of Laws|LLD]] ''([[Honorary degree|hc]])'', [[Canadian House of Commons|MP]]
| image = Bob Rae.jpg
| caption = Bob Rae in 2007.
| alma_mater = [[University of Toronto]]: [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]], [[Doctor of Laws|LLD]] ''([[Honorary degree|hc]])'' [[University of Oxford]]: [[Political science|BPhil]] 
| riding1 = [[Toronto Centre]]
| parliament1 = Canadian
| term_start1 = March 31, 2008
| term_end =
| predecessor1 = [[Bill Graham]]
| successor1 = incumbent
| riding2 = [[Broadview (electoral district)|Broadview]]
| parliament2 = Canadian
| term_start2 = October 16, 1978
| term_end2 = [[Canadian federal election, 1979|1979]]
| predecessor2 = [[John Gilbert (Canadian politician)|John Gilbert]]
| successor2 = District abolished
| riding3 = [[Broadview—Greenwood]]
| parliament3 = Canadian
| term_start3 = [[Canadian federal election, 1979|1979]]
| term_end3 = May 2, 1982
| predecessor3 = New District
| successor3 = [[Lynn McDonald]]
| office4 = [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|MPP]] for [[York South]]
| term_start4 = November 4, 1982
| term_end4 = May 23, 1996
| predecessor4 = [[Donald C. MacDonald]]
| successor4 = [[Gerard Kennedy]]
| office5 = 21st [[Premier of Ontario]]
| term_start5 = October 1, 1990
| term_end5 = June 26, 1995
| predecessor5 = [[David Peterson]]
| successor5 = [[Mike Harris]]
| office6 = 5th [[Ontario New Democratic Party|Leader of the Ontario NDP]]
| term_start6 = February 7, 1982
| term_end6 = June 22, 1996
| predecessor6 = [[Michael Cassidy]]
| successor6 = [[Howard Hampton]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|8|2}}
| birth_place = [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]
| residence = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Liberal Party of Canada]] (1968, 2006-present)
| otherparty = [[New Democratic Party]] (1974–1996) [[Ontario New Democratic Party]] (1982–1996)
| spouse = [[Arlene Perly Rae]]
}}

'''Robert Keith "Bob" Rae''', [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada|PC]], [[Order of Canada|OC]], [[Order of Ontario|OOnt]], [[Queen's Counsel|QC]], [[Canadian House of Commons|MP]] (born August 2, 1948) is a [[Canada|Canadian]] politician. He is the Member of Parliament for [[Toronto Centre]] and sits in the [[Canadian House of Commons]] as the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] opposition's foreign affairs [[Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet of the 39th Parliament of Canada|critic]].

Rae was a [[New Democratic Party]] (NDP) [[Member of Parliament]] from 1978 to 1982. Then he moved to provincial politics, becoming leader of the [[Ontario New Democratic Party]] from February 7, 1982 to June 22, 1996. He served as the [[List of premiers of Ontario|21st]] [[Premier of Ontario]] from October 1, 1990 to June 26, 1995, and was the first person to have led a provincial NDP government east of [[Manitoba]]. While in office, he brought forward a number of initiatives such as the [[Social Contract (Ontario)|Social Contract]] that were unpopular with many traditional NDP supporters. Rae's subsequent disagreement with the leftward direction of the NDP led him to resign his membership and join the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberals]].

In 2006, he was a candidate for the [[Liberal Party of Canada leadership election, 2006|leadership]] of the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], finishing in third place on the third ballot. He had originally been a Liberal in the 1970s before joining the NDP. Rae returned to the [[Canadian House of Commons]] on March 31, 2008 as a Liberal MP after winning a [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2008|March 17, 2008 by-election]] holding the riding that had previously been held by Liberal [[Bill Graham]]. He was re-elected in the [[Canadian federal election, 2008|2008 general election]]. Rae ran again as a candidate for the [[Liberal Party of Canada leadership election, 2009|party leadership]] but withdrew on December 12, 2008.

Rae sponsored the resolution of the House of Commons of 2009 that adopted the [[Black Ribbon Day]] as an official day of remembrance.<ref>http://www.blackribbonday.org/</ref>

== Family ==
Rae was born in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]. His parents were Lois Esther George and [[Saul Rae|Saul]], an eminent Canadian career diplomat who had postings in Washington, Geneva, New York, Mexico and The Hague.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Bob |last=Rae |title=From Protest to Power: Personal Reflections on a Life in Politics |location=Toronto |year=1996 |page=18}}</ref> Rae's father was of [[Jew]]ish and [[Scotland|Scottish]] descent (raised as an Anglican).<ref name="zolf">{{cite news |first = Larry |last = Zolf |author = Larry Zolf |title = The Last Rae of Sunshine |url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_zolf/20020423.html |work = CBC News |publisher = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date = 2002-04-23 |accessdate = 2006-10-25 }}</ref>

Rae's brother, [[John A. Rae|John]], is a Vice-President of [[Power Corporation]] and a prominent member of the Liberal Party. He was also an adviser to [[Jean Chrétien]] from 1993 until Chrétien retired in 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rae |title=Protest to Power |pages=33, 255}}</ref> Rae's younger brother, David, was diagnosed with [[lymphatic cancer]] in 1987. Despite a bone marrow transplant from his brother, he died of [[leukemia]] in 1989 at age 32.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rae |title=Protest to Power |pages=102–104}}</ref>

Rae's sister, Jennifer, worked for many years for the [[IMAX]] Corporation but has now retired. She dated [[Pierre Trudeau]] for a time in the late 1960s.

Upon his marriage to Arlene, Rae agreed to raise his children in his wife's Jewish faith, though he himself is an Anglican.<ref name="zolf" />

Rae is not related to [[Kyle Rae]], a [[Toronto City Council]]lor who happens to represent a ward within Bob Rae's current federal riding.

== Early career ==
Rae attended [[Crichton Street Public School]] in Ottawa, Horace Mann Public School and Gordon Junior High School in [[Washington, D.C.]], and the [[International School of Geneva]]. His first job was a paper route delivering the ''[[Washington Star|Evening Star]]'' newspaper, which he later described as "one of the worst newspapers in the history of modern journalism". His customers included [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Estes Kefauver]]. Rae later joked that Kefauver gave him a $20 tip one [[Christmas]], whereas [[Pat Nixon]] only gave him a quarter and made him more sympathetic to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] from that moment.<ref>Rae, ''Protest to Power'', pp. 22, 25.</ref>

He graduated with honours from [[University College, University of Toronto|University College]], [[University of Toronto]], where he also later received his law degree. [[Michael Ignatieff]], who later became Rae's rival for the Liberal Party leadership, was his roommate for a time.<ref>Rae, ''Protest to Power'', p. 28.</ref> He first became involved in politics by volunteering on Trudeau's [[Liberal Party of Canada leadership election, 1968|1968 Liberal leadership campaign]], and later worked on Liberal [[Charles Caccia]]'s campaign in the [[Canadian federal election, 1968|1968 federal election]].<ref>Rae, ''Protest to Power'', pp. 34–35.</ref> Rae and Caccia have remained personal friends through their political careers. During his final year as an undergraduate, Rae was a student representative on the Bissell Commission on University Government.<ref>Rae, ''Protest to Power'', p. 33.</ref>

As a result of his strong student record, Rae was awarded a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] to the [[University of Oxford]], where he studied at [[Balliol College, Oxford]] under [[Isaiah Berlin]].<ref>Rae, ''Protest to Power'', pp. 38–40.</ref> His Bachelor's thesis criticized the [[cultural imperialism]] of early [[Fabian socialism|Fabian socialists]] in the [[United Kingdom]], such as [[Sidney Webb|Sidney]] and [[Beatrice Webb]]. During his period in Britain he became involved with social work, helping squatters find rental accommodation in [[London, England|London]]. He attributes the experience with helping him develop a deepened commitment to social justice and, on his return to Canada in 1974 Rae joined the [[social democracy|social democratic]] NDP.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1145829009401&call_pageid=968256289824&col=968342212737 |first=Thomas |last=Walkom |title=Rae is back where he belongs |work=editorial |publisher=Toronto Star |date=2006-04-24 |accessdate=2006-12-03}}</ref> He worked in [[labour law]] during the mid-1970s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rae |title=Protest to Power |pages=54–55}}</ref>

== Federal New Democrat MP ==

Rae was elected to the [[Canadian House of Commons]] in a 1978 [[by-election]], defeating [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] [[Tom Clifford]] by 420 votes in the [[Toronto]] [[electoral district (Canada)|riding]] of [[Broadview (electoral district)|Broadview]]. Rae won the NDP nomination over former MP [[John Paul Harney]] and activist Kay Macpherson.<ref>Rae, ''Protest to Power'', p. 57.</ref>

He was re-elected in the new riding of [[Broadview—Greenwood]] in the [[Canadian federal election, 1979|1979 federal election]], and gained national prominence as the NDP's finance critic. In December 1979, Rae attached a [[Rider (legislation)|rider]] to a budget bill proposed by the government of [[Joe Clark]], declaring that "this House has [[motion of no confidence|lost confidence]] in the government." It was this motion's passage that toppled Clark's government after only eight months.

Rae was elected to parliament for a third time in the [[Canadian federal election, 1980|1980 federal election]], and married Arlene Perly days later.<ref>"Prize awaits Rae, regardless of what happens today", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 18 February 1980, p. 8.</ref> In caucus, he sided with party leader [[Ed Broadbent]] in supporting patriation of the [[Canadian Constitution]] with a [[Charter of Rights and Freedoms]].<ref>Rae, ''Protest to Power'', pp. 75–76.</ref> He also articulated his party's policy on the Canadian Bank Act, and criticized the [[Bank of Canada]]'s high interest rate policy.<ref>"Critics offer amendments to Bank Act", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 3 June 1980, p. B4; "Lower rates in U.S. hurt Canada, MP says", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 11 July 1980, p. 1.</ref>

== Ontario NDP leader ==
During the same period Rae was in Ottawa, the [[Ontario New Democratic Party]] was suffering from internal disunity under the leadership of [[Michael Cassidy]]. Cassidy resigned as leader after a poor performance in the [[Ontario general election, 1981|1981 provincial election]], and a movement began to draft Rae as his replacement.<ref>Rae, ''Protest to Power'', pp. 78–79.</ref> Rae initially declined a request from a provincial delegation led by [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Member of Provincial Parliament]] (MPP) [[Dave Cooke]], but reconsidered after further entreaties from former Ontario NDP leader [[Stephen Lewis]] and many others.

Eleven of the party's 21 MPPs endorsed his candidacy, as did much of the labour movement. Rae's supporters in caucus were [[Marion Bryden]], [[Brian Charlton]], [[Dave Cooke]], [[Odoardo Di Santo]], [[Tony Grande]], [[Donald C. MacDonald]], [[Robert Mackenzie (Ontario politician)|Robert Mackenzie]], [[Elie Martel]], [[Ed Philip]], [[George Samis]] and [[Mel Swart]].<ref>"Rae's skills earn ex-leader's support", by Sylvia Stead, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 14 January 1982, p. 3; "Labor delegates looking to Rae as NDP leader", by Wilfred List and Sylvia Stead, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', 28 January 1982, p. 18.</ref> He was the most centrist candidate in the contest, and easily defeated [[Richard Johnston]] and [[Jim Foulds]] at a leadership convention in early 1982.

When Rae won the NDP leadership, the [[Ontario Progressive Conservative Party]] had governed Ontario since 1943 and was widely regarded as unbeatable. Rae was strongly critical of the [[Bill Davis]] government's approach to social issues, and used his acceptance speech to describe the PC Party's Ontario as "Toryland", "essentially a country club in which women and people of colour were not welcome". His comments were criticized by some in the media, though Rae himself would later write that his words seemed "particularly apt" in retrospect and "certainly aroused an angry response which often means a target has been hit".<ref>Rae, ''Protest to Power'', pp. 84–85.</ref>

=== First session ===

After Rae won the party leadership, there was a delay of several months before he was able to contest a [[by-election]] to enter the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario|Ontario legislature]]. [[Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)|Members of Provincial Parliament]] (MPPs) [[James Alexander Renwick|Jim Renwick]], [[Marion Bryden]] and [[Tony Grande]] all declined to relinquish their seats, before former party leader [[Donald C. MacDonald]] agreed to stand down in the [[York South (electoral district)|York South]] constituency.<ref>Rae, ''Protest to Power'', p. 85; Sylvia Stead, "Rae expects tough fight from Tories, Liberals in by-election", ''Globe and Mail'', 7 July 1982, P5.</ref> Rae defeated [[Ontario Liberal Party|Liberal]] candidate [[John Nunziata]], a [[York, Ontario|York]] councillor in a by-election on November 4, 1982. Counting the leadership contest, this was his fifth election in just over four years.

The opposition Liberals were led by the inexperienced [[David Peterson]]. Many senior NDP strategists believed their party could surpass the Liberals for second place, and Rae and Peterson became frequent rivals for media attention and public support between 1982 and 1985.<ref>Rae, ''Protest to Power'', p. 88.</ref> The NDP took two seats from the Liberals in late 1984 by-elections, and polling by [[Decima Research]] from this period put them slightly ahead of the Liberals, although still well behind the PCs.

=== 1985 election and the Liberal-NDP Accord ===

The NDP did not, however, make the anticipated gains in the [[Ontario general election, 1985|1985 provincial election]]. They won 25 seats out of 125, only a modest improvement from their 1981 showing. The Progressive Conservatives lost support after Davis retired and right-wing candidate [[Frank Miller (politician)|Frank Miller]] was chosen as their new leader. However, it was the Liberals rather than the NDP who were able to reposition themselves in the political centre and reap the benefits of this change.

Rae nonetheless played a pivotal role in bringing the Progressive Conservative Party's 42-year dynasty to an end. The 1985 election resulted in a minority parliament, in which the Tories held four more seats than David Peterson's Liberals, but were eleven seats short of a majority. Rae entered into negotiations with both Premier Miller and Peterson, the latter begun by a phone call from Rae to Peterson shortly after election day. Rae and Peterson signed a "Liberal-NDP Accord" in which the NDP agreed to support a Liberal government in office for two years. The Liberals, in turn, agreed to implement some policies favoured by the NDP. Rae had personally supported a full coalition, but did not strongly argue this case with other members of his party. Peterson later indicated that he would not have accepted a coalition in any event.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rae |title=Protest to Power |page=94}}</ref><ref>{{Cite video |title=1985: The Year Politics in Ontario Changed Forever |publisher=TV Ontario |medium=documentary |people=[[Steve Paikin]] (host)}}</ref>

The Progressive Conservatives were defeated in a no-confidence motion on June 18, 1985, and [[Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario|Lieutenant-Governor]] [[John Black Aird]] asked Peterson to form a new government. Rae himself moved the motion of non-confidence, as he had done in the defeat of Joe Clark's government six years earlier.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rae |title=Protest to Power |page=96}}</ref> With support from Rae, Peterson's government implemented socially progressive legislation on matters such as pay equity, brought an end to extra-billing by doctors, and established campaign spending limits.<ref>Scott White, "Campaign expense limits part of Liberal-NDP pact", ''Globe and Mail'', 10 March 1986, A5; Denise Harrington and William Walker, "'It's an historic day for Ontarians', Rae says; Extra-billing is banned", ''Toronto Star'', 20 June 1986, A1; James C. Simeon, "Two years later, NDP-Liberal pact proves a success", ''Globe and Mail'', 28 April 1987, A7.</ref> Rae often criticized Peterson's approach to specific issues, but never moved to bring down the government.<ref>For instance, see Robert Sheppard, "Rae says he can live with 'extremely modest effort'", ''Globe and Mail'', 25 October 1985, A12. Despite his concerns about the Peterson government's first budget, Rae announced that his party would support it.</ref>

Rae advocated pension reform in early 1986, following revelations that some corporate leaders in Ontario had been given permission to withdraw money from their employees' pension funds. He was especially critical of [[Conrad Black]], who then held a controlling interest in Dominion Stores Ltd., for withdrawing $62 million at a time when many laid off company workers were unable to receive severance pay. During a legislative debate, Rae described Black as "that most symbolic representative of bloated capitalism at its worst".<ref>Regina Hickl-Szabo, "Black owes apology to his workers, Wrye says", ''Globe and Mail'', 7 February 1986, A4. Black later described the store's workers as "slovenly".</ref> The Liberal government declined to act on the matter. Later in the same year, Rae argued that the Peterson government should reform the Ontario Human Rights Code to include provisions for group defamation and systematic discrimination.<ref>Erika Rosenfeld, "Rae calls for reform of human rights laws", ''Globe and Mail'', 14 April 1986, A15.</ref>

Some members of the NDP disapproved of the party's accord with the Liberals.<ref>Rosemary Speirs, "Rae grapples with dissenters in his own party", ''Toronto Star'', 28 May 2006, A15.</ref> Party activist [[Ian Orenstein]] challenged Rae for the provincial leadership in 1986 in a symbolic protest against the party's centrist tilt. Rae won without difficulty.<ref>William Walker, "Rae asks NDP to end infighting after re-election as party leader", ''Toronto Star'', 23 June 1986, A3. Rae defeated Orenstein by 776 votes to 38.</ref>

=== Leader of the Opposition ===

The Peterson government was very popular during its first two years in office, and the Liberal Party won a landslide majority government in the [[Ontario general election, 1987|1987 provincial election]], called after the conclusion of the Liberal-NDP accord. The NDP was reduced to nineteen seats and Rae was nearly defeated in his own riding, defeating high-profile Liberal challenger [[Alan Tonks]] by only 333 votes. The Progressive Conservatives under [[Larry Grossman]] suffered an even more serious defeat, falling to only sixteen seats. As a result, Rae became [[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Leader of the Opposition]] once the legislature resumed.

In September 1989, Rae took part in a highly-publicized protest in support of native land claims in the middle of the [[Temagami]] Forest in [[Northern Ontario]]. Following discussions with Chief Gary Potts, Rae agreed to participate in a road sit-in to protect a strand of old pine, a key aspect of the native claim. After the protest, Rae was escorted to a police wagon by members of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]] and driven to the nearby town of [[Elk Lake, Ontario|Elk Lake]]. He was not charged with an offense.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite book|last=Rae |title=Protest to Power |page=109}}</ref>

There was considerable speculation that Rae would seek the federal NDP leadership in 1989, after the resignation of [[Ed Broadbent]]. High-profile party members such as former Ontario NDP leader Stephen Lewis, [[Allan Blakeney]] and [[Roy Romanow]] of [[Saskatchewan]], [[Gary Doer]] of [[Manitoba]] and [[Alexa McDonough]] of [[Nova Scotia]] all encouraged him to run, as did several representatives of organized labour.<ref>William Walker, "High-profile New Democrats endorse Rae", ''Toronto Star'', 28 September 1989, A15.</ref> Expecting Rae to resign, [[Bud Wildman]], [[Ruth Grier]] and Richard Johnston began preparing campaigns to succeed him as leader of the Ontario NDP. On October 5, 1989, however, Rae announced that he would not return to federal politics and would remain as provincial leader. Several of Rae's associates, including Arlene Perly Rae, declared their support for [[Howard McCurdy]], and later moved to [[Audrey McLaughlin]] after McCurdy was dropped from the ballot at the leadership convention. Rae declined to endorse a candidate.<ref>Ross Howard, "Ontario vote brokers vex New Democrats in West", ''Globe and Mail'', 22 November 1989, A15; "Most of party's big names supported McLaughlin", ''Toronto Star'', 3 December 1989, A13.</ref>

Rae was an international observer for [[Lithuania]]'s first multi-party elections in early 1990. A lifelong opponent of [[communism]], he later wrote that he was impressed by the spirit of the opposition [[Sajudis]] party, which won the election.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rae |title=Protest to Power |pages=110–114}}</ref> He was also very critical of the [[Kremlin]]'s harsh response to the opposition's victory.<ref>Bob Rae, "Kremlin response to Lithuania says nyet to freedom", ''Globe and Mail'', 29 March 1990, A7; Bob Rae, "Canada should support Lithuania", ''Toronto Star', 4 May 1990, A27.</ref>

=== Election victory ===

Peterson called a [[snap election]] for [[Ontario general election, 1990|1990]]. The NDP entered the campaign with low expectations, as the Liberals still held a significant lead in opinion polls and all signs indicated that they would win another majority government. Rae later acknowledged that he did not expect to win the election, and planned to leave electoral politics at some point in the next sitting of the legislature.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> A number of prominent MPPs, including [[Richard Johnston]], [[Marion Bryden]] and [[David Reville]], chose not to seek re-election. [[Floyd Laughren]] was also planning to retire, but had not finalized his plans when Peterson [[drop the writ|dropped the writ]].

Contrary to expectations, the Liberal Party's support base declined significantly in mid-campaign. The snap election was interpreted by many voters as a sign of arrogance, while lingering effects from an earlier scandal involving Liberal fundraiser [[Patti Starr]] undermined public confidence in the government. Also, while Peterson and Rae both supported the [[Meech Lake Accord]] for constitutional reform, which became unpopular in Ontario, Peterson's prominent role in drafting the accord proved a particular liability. There were also signs of an economic downturn by this time and some believed that Peterson had called the snap election to avoid its full impact.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rae |title=Protest to Power |pages=120–123}}</ref> The Progressive Conservatives were led by the inexperienced [[Mike Harris]], who ran a narrow campaign focused on tax issues and was unable to capitalize on the Liberal slide. As such, Rae's NDP was the primary beneficiary. Rae himself was more confident than in the 1985 and 1987 campaigns, and took a more aggressive stance against the Peterson government.<ref>William Walker, "NDP turned on by Rae's new style", ''Toronto Star'', 5 August 1990, B4.</ref> A poll taken late in the campaign showed the NDP holding a slight lead over the Liberals.<ref>"Ontario NDP tops Liberals in latest poll", ''Globe and Mail'', 1 September 1990, A4.</ref>

The election results were nonetheless a surprise to political observers across the province, even to longtime NDP supporters. The NDP was elected to a strong majority government with 74 seats. The popular vote was very close, with the NDP outpolling the Liberals 37% to 34%. Several ridings were won by narrow margins. However, the NDP managed to take many seats from the Liberals in the [[Greater Toronto Area]], and also did better than ever before (or in some cases, since) in many other cities and rural areas. Due to the nature of the first-past-the-post electoral system, which ignores the popular vote and only awards power based on the number of ridings won, this decimated the Liberal caucus. The Liberals lost 59 seats, the worst defeat in their history and the second-worst defeat for a governing party in Ontario. The NDP even managed to unseat Peterson in his own riding.

== Premier ==

On October 1, 1990, Rae was sworn in as the first NDP premier of Ontario. He also took the [[Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs (Ontario)|Intergovernmental Affairs]] portfolio, giving himself a direct voice in future constitutional negotiations.

He was very popular for his first six months as Premier, with a poll from March 1991 showing the NDP at 52% support.<ref>Kathleen Kenna, "52 per cent back NDP, Ontario poll shows", ''Toronto Star'', 28 March 1991, A5.</ref> The federal NDP also received 56% support in Ontario in a January 1991 poll.<ref>"Tory support plunges to record 12%", ''Toronto Star'', 17 January 1991, A23.</ref>

The government was unable to sustain its popularity, however, and by late 1992 had fallen to third place in public opinion polls. The party's popularity continued to ebb throughout 1993, followed by only a modest recovery in the next two years. This, among other factors, partially contributed to a significant decline in support for the federal NDP.

There are many reasons for the Rae government's loss of popularity between 1991 and 1993. The NDP had never governed Ontario before, and Ontario was experiencing its worst [[recession]] since the [[Great Depression]]. The government backtracked on several campaign promises, most notably the introduction of public [[auto insurance]], which caused disagreements among the party and supporters, especially left-wingers such as cabinet ministers [[Howard Hampton]] and [[Shelley Martel]]. A number of scandals in cabinet and caucus also cut into the government's popularity.

In the [[Canadian federal election, 1993|1993 federal election]], the NDP fell to a historic low of 6% support in Ontario. All 10 New Democrat MPs from Ontario lost their seats to Liberal challengers as the Liberals won all but one seat in the province. Besides many NDP supporters nationwide voting Liberal to ensure that the Conservatives would be defeated (to avoid the vote-splitting of the 1988 election), the Rae government's unpopularity was a major factor in the federal NDP's losses. On the day after the election, defeated MP [[Steven Langdon]] called on Rae to resign. Langdon had openly campaigned against Rae's austerity measures. Although he lost by 13,000 votes to the Liberal candidate, he received a higher percentage of votes than any other NDP candidate in the province.

Notwithstanding its setbacks, the Rae government achieved some positive accomplishments during its time in office. It saved many jobs in northern Ontario through its bailout of [[Algoma Steel]], and negotiated a similar contract for workers in [[Kapuskasing]]. Other popular initiatives included the [[Eglinton West subway|TTC Eglinton West subway line]] in Toronto (even though the official transit plan only recommended a busway for current needs), support for public housing, and the Jobs Ontario [[job creation program]]. Rae's decision to approve [[casino]] gambling for the province was also opposed by many in the party but it provided a steady source of revenue.

=== Rae's Government policies ===
==== Economic policy ====

Ontario's economic forecast was bleak when Rae took office in October 1990. The Liberal government had forecast a small surplus earlier in the year, but a worsening North American economy led to a $700 million deficit before Rae took office. In October, the NDP projected a $2.5 billion deficit for the fiscal year ending on March 31, 1991.<ref>Daniel Girard, "NDP housing promise in jeopardy, Cooke says", ''Toronto Star'', 23 January 1991, A28.</ref> Some economists projected soaring deficits for the upcoming years, even if the Rae government implemented austerity measures.<ref>James Rusk, "Fiscal news all bad for NDP", ''Globe and Mail'', 1 October 1990, B1.</ref> Rae himself was critical of the Bank of Canada's high interest rate policy, arguing that it would lead to increased unemployment throughout the country.<ref>Derek Ferguson, "Rae blasts Ottawa's 'medieval' economics", ''Toronto Star'', 4 November 1990, A4.</ref> He also criticized the 1991 federal budget, arguing the [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|Finance Minister]] [[Michael Wilson (politician)|Michael Wilson]] was shifting the federal debt to the provinces.<ref>Derek Ferguson and Matt Maychak, "Ontario puts welfare reforms on hold", ''Toronto Star'', 27 February 1991, A1.</ref>

The Rae government's first budget, introduced in 1991, increased social spending to mitigate the economic slowdown and projected a record deficit of $9.1 billion. [[Minister of Finance (Ontario)|Finance Minister]] [[Floyd Laughren]] argued that Ontario made a decision to target the effects of the recession rather than the deficit, and said that the budget would create or protect 70,000 jobs. It targeted more money to social assistance, social housing and child benefits, and raised taxes for high-income earners while lowering rates for 700,000 low-income Ontarians.<ref>Matt Maychak, "'Recession -fighting' budget takes from rich, gives to poor, punishes the sinful", ''Toronto Star'', 30 April 1991, A17.</ref>

A few years later, journalist Thomas Walkom described the budget as following a [[Keynesian]] orthodoxy, spending money in the public sector to stimulate employment and productivity. Unfortunately, it did not achieve its stated purpose. The recession was still severe. Walkom described the budget as "the worst of both worlds", angering the business community but not doing enough to provide for public relief.

==== Labour policy ====

In April 1991, the government introduced a one-year program to protect the pay of workers whose firms had shut down due to the recession. [[Minister of Labour (Ontario)|Labour Minister]] [[Robert W. Mackenzie|Bob Mackenzie]] estimated that the plan would help 56,000 workers.<ref>Matt Maychak, "Ontario to protect pay when firms crash", ''Toronto Star'', 12 April 1991, A13.</ref>

The government changed its economic focus after 1991, and implemented budget cutbacks to control the province's mounting deficit. His government also brought in the ''[[Social Contract (Ontario)|Social Contract]]'', austerity legislation which reopened collective bargaining agreements with the province's public sector unions. This legislation imposed a wage freeze and introduced what became known as "[[Rae days]]", giving civil servants (including teachers, doctors, nurses, etc.) ten days off without pay per year. These cutbacks led to a falling-out with both the public sector unions, most notably [[Ontario Public Service Employees Union]] (OPSEU), and the [[Canadian Auto Workers]] (CAW) and its leader [[Buzz Hargrove]]. [[Sid Ryan]], Ontario President of the [[Canadian Union of Public Employees]], referred to the ''Social Contract'' as the worst labour legislation he had ever seen.

This breach between the NDP and the [[labour movement]] struck at the party's foundations. The NDP was founded as an alliance between the old [[Cooperative Commonwealth Federation]] and the labour movement, and Rae's policy decisions alienated many traditional NDP voters. Thousands of members resigned from the party, and several unions turned against the NDP and vowed to defeat the government in the next election. The Rae government later attempted to regain labour support by passing Bill 40, a measure which (among other things) introduced anti-scab provisions to the province. This was not enough to bridge the gap with organized labour, however, and the party was unable to regain significant union support.

==== Health policy ====

As Premier, Rae placed a cap on enrollment into medical schools.<ref name=Pedwelll2000>Carolyn Pedwell, "[http://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2000-09-08/news/province-gives-med-schools-boost-more-spaces-and-f/ Province gives med schools a boost More spaces and free tuition offers aimed at solving health care woes]", The Journal – Queen’s University, September 8, 2000.</ref>

==== Auto insurance ====

The New Democratic Party campaigned on a promise to introduce [[public auto insurance]] in the 1987 and 1990 campaigns. After assuming office, Rae appointed [[Peter Kormos]], one of the most vocal proponents of public insurance, as the minister responsible for bringing forward the policy.<ref>Derek Ferguson, "Minister says he'll propose public system", ''Toronto Star'', 2 October 1990, A9.</ref> With the onset of the recession, however, both business and labour groups expressed concern about layoffs and lost revenues.<ref>James Daw, "Auto plan could cost $1.6 billion firms say", ''Toronto Star'', 7 February 1991, C1; James Rusk, "Car insurance study gets attention", ''Globe and Mail'', 4 April 1991, B6.</ref> The government backtracked from the policy in 1991. Kormos, who had already been dropped from cabinet, became Rae's most vocal critic in the NDP caucus.

==== Social policy ====

Rae's government attempted to introduce a variety of socially progressive measures during its time in office, though its success in this field was mixed. In 1994, the government introduced legislation, [[Bill 167]], which would have provided for same-sex partnership benefits in the province. At the time, this legislation was seen as a revolutionary step forward for same-sex recognition. It was defeated, however, when twelve NDP MPPs (including two junior ministers) voted against it, while the opposition Liberals led by [[Lyn McLeod]] also withdrew their support.

The Rae government established an employment equity commission in 1991,<ref>Richard Mackie, "Rae defends choice of equity boss", ''Globe and Mail'', 19 February 1991, A10.</ref> and two years later introduced [[affirmative action]] to improve the numbers of women, non-whites, aboriginals and disabled persons working in the public sector. This policy was controversial, as it cost the NDP support among its unionized working-class base of support.

In November 1990, the Rae government announced that it would restrict most rent increases to 4.6% for the present year and 5.4% for 1991. The provisions for 1990 were made retroactive. Tenants' groups supported these changes, while landlord representatives were generally opposed.<ref>Matt Maychak, "New rules on landlords' expenses limit most '91 rent hikes to 5.4%", ''Toronto Star', 29 November 1990, A1; Jane Armstrong, "Landlords say they may sue province over curbs on rent", ''Toronto Star', 29 November 1990, A3. A few days after the policy announcement, a landlord group placed a $25,000 advertisement in the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' suggesting that investors avoid Ontario. (Richard Mackie, "Rae attacks landlords for placing ad", ''Globe and Mail'', 1 December 1990, A6.) Their decision was widely criticized.</ref> [[Dave Cooke]], the minister responsible for implementing the policy, later announced that he would work to factor in the costs of legitimate building renovations.<ref>Derek Ferguson and Andrew Duffy, "Cooke hints at policy flip as 800 protest rent controls", ''Toronto Star'', 12 December 1990, A2.</ref>

When campaigning in 1990, Rae promised that he would eliminate [[food bank]]s through anti-poverty initiatives. After taking office, however, his government committed a significant sum of money to support Ontario's existing food banks. [[Gerard Kennedy]], leader of the Daily Bread Food Bank in Toronto, criticized Rae for not targeting the money toward affordable housing and welfare reforms.<ref>Mike Trickey, "Poor marks for Rae on welfare reform", ''Kitchener-Waterloo Record'', 5 April 1991, A7.</ref> In April 1991, [[Minister of Community and Social Services (Ontario)|Community and Social Services]] minister [[Zanana Akande]] announced that food banks would have to remain open in light of changed economic circumstances.<ref>Mary Gooderham, "Can't shut food banks, NDP says", ''Globe and Mail'', 9 April 1991, A1.</ref> As the recession grew worse, they became an established feature of Ontario life.

Rae increased the basic social assistance allowance by 7% in 1991, and increased the maximum payment for shelter allowances by 10%.<ref>Nate Laurie, "The real facts on 'generous' welfare" [opinion piece], ''Toronto Star'', 18 April 1991, A29.</ref>

==== Aboriginal issues ====

Soon after assuming office in 1990, Rae announced his support for native Canadians' "inherent right to self-government".<ref>"Siddon set to discuss autonomy for Indians", ''Kitchener-Waterloo Record'', 4 October 1990, B8.</ref> He later worked to help six aboriginal bands in [[Northern Ontario]] gain reserve status,<ref>"Darts and Laurels", ''Toronto Star'', 27 October 1990, D2.</ref> and called for self-government on the [[Akwesasne|Akwesasne Indian Reserve]], in part to help the reserve leaders combat smuggling.<ref>"Rae stand on self-rule earns native praise", ''Globe and Mail'', 21 January 1991, A6.</ref> Rae also pushed for native rights to be included in future constitutional reforms.<ref>"Rae urges action on native rights", ''Canadian Press'', 6 November 1990, A4.</ref>

==== Energy policy ====

In November 1990, the Rae government announced an indefinite moratorium on the construction of new nuclear plants in Ontario.<ref>Linda Hossie, "Nuclear power program frozen", ''Globe and Mail'', 21 November 1990, A8.</ref> He consistently opposed plans to privatize [[Ontario Hydro]].<ref>Derek Ferguson and Matt Maychak, "Energy Probe given money to fight Hydro", ''Toronto Star'', 12 April 1991, A1.</ref>

==== Intergovernmental affairs ====

In March 1991, Rae announced that he would support a new round of constitutional negotiations between the federal government and the provinces, which ultimately proved to be unsuccessful. He indicated that Ontario was willing to recognize [[Quebec]] as a distinct society, and called for aboriginal and women's rights to be entrenched in the Canadian Constitution. Rae also supported the creation of a "social charter", to establish national standards for social programs such as medicare.<ref>Matt Maychak, "Don't gut federal power: Rae", ''Toronto Star'', 28 March 1991, A12.</ref>

Early in his term, Rae indicated that his government would continue a long-standing development freeze in Toronto's Harbourfront area, to ensure the survival of cultural programs in the area.<ref>Christopher Harris and Margaret Polanyi, "Development freeze to be maintained", ''Globe and Mail'', 16 January 1991, C3.</ref>

Rae was initially one of the most prominent opponents of the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] in Canada. During a meeting with [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[President of Mexico|President]] [[Carlos Salinas de Gortari]] in 1991, he argued that any proposed North American free trade zone would have to incorporate common environmental and labour standards.<ref>Gene Allen and Patricia Poirier, "Rae fails to sway", ''Globe and Mail'', 10 April 1991, A6.</ref>

==== Law enforcement ====

Rae endorsed [[Susan Eng]]'s successful bid to chair the Metro [[Toronto Police Services Board]] in early 1991, over the opposition of several police officers.<ref>"Rae supports tax lawyer for head of police board", ''Globe and Mail'', 28 March 1991, A5.</ref> Rae later introduced policies requiring Ontario police services to hire more women, disabled people, native Canadians and members of visible minority groups.<ref>Matt Maychak and Lisa Priest, "Police told they must hire more women", ''Toronto Star'', 11 April 1991, A3.</ref>

==== Sunday shopping ====

After assuming office, Rae announced that his government planned to introduce legislation for a "common pause day" across Ontario, "to help strengthen family and community life while protecting small business and the rights of workers". In practice, this initiative would have required many retail establishments to close on Sundays, with exemptions for religious minority communities.<ref>Gerald Vandezande, "Court battle is over" [opinion piece], ''Kitchener-Waterloo Record'', 11 April 1991, A7.</ref> Many retail owners opposed this initiative.

==== Education - A Royal Commission ====
The Rae government created a Royal Commission on Learning — co-chaired by [[Gerald Caplan]] and [[Monique Bégin]] - which delivered its report and recommendations: "For the Love of Learning" in January 1995. Among the reports' more prominent recommendations were:

- the creation of a common curriculum for Ontario schools 
- the equalization of funding per pupil 
- the elimination of grade 13 
- the creation of a College of Teachers (recommendation #58)

- the implementation of uniform testing of students at various grade levels.<ref>Ministry or Education of Ontario - "For the Love of Learning" - Report of the Royal Commission on Learning - Jan 1005</ref>

=== 1995 election ===

Rae's popularity had recovered somewhat by 1995, but by the time the [[dropping the writ|writs were dropped]] for that year's [[Ontario general election, 1995|provincial election]] it was obvious that the NDP would not be re-elected.

The official opposition Liberals were expected to be the primary benefactors of the NDP's unpopularity, having recovered from their severe defeat of five years earlier, and leading in opinion polls since 1992. However, several unpopular policy reversals and mistakes by Liberal leader [[Lyn McLeod]] allowed [[Mike Harris]] and the Tories to benefit from the swing in support away from the NDP. During the leaders' debates, while Rae and McLeod traded barbs, Harris used his camera time to speak directly to the camera about the PC's platform. Several working-class ridings which had long voted NDP became disgruntled with the party due to the Social Contract and affirmative action, so they were attracted by Harris' populism and shifted to the Tories. While the NDP polled considerably better in northern Ontario than it did in 1990, it lost much of its support in rest of the province, especially the [[Area code 905|905]] region where they had won so many seats five years earlier. In the end the Tories shot from third place to a landslide majority government, sweeping the NDP from power. The Liberals lost six seats, but retained their status as the official opposition, while the NDP fell to only seventeen seats and third place in the Legislative Assembly.

Rae himself was reelected in his own riding by over 3,000 votes. However, on February 29, 1996; he resigned as NDP leader and MPP for York South and moved to positions in law, academia and the private sector. He was eventually succeeded as party leader by [[Howard Hampton]], who was formerly [[Ontario Minister of Natural Resources|Natural Resources Minister]] in Rae's cabinet and a longtime left-wing rival. Liberal [[Gerard Kennedy]] succeeded Rae as MPP for York South.

== Out of politics, out of the NDP ==

Rae resigned from the New Democratic Party in 1997 due to his appointment to the [[Security Intelligence Review Committee]]. There was some speculation that [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] Jean Chrétien would appoint him [[Governor-General of Canada|Governor-General]] in 1999, but he was passed over in favour of [[Adrienne Clarkson]]. There was further speculation that Rae would return to the federal Liberals and run under their banner in the [[Canadian federal election, 2000|2000 election]], though nothing came of this at the time.

Rae was made an Officer of the [[Order of Canada]] in 2000, and in 2004 he was awarded the [[Order of Ontario]]. He was appointed the sixth chancellor of [[Wilfrid Laurier University]] on July 2, 2003, and was installed at that school's fall [[convocation]] in October. Rae also became a partner at [[Goodmans|Goodmans LLP]], a [[Toronto]]-based corporate law firm, an adjunct professor at the [[University of Toronto]], and a Senior Fellow of [[Massey College]]. He has written two books: ''From Protest to Power: personal reflections on a life in politics'' (1996) and ''Three Questions: Prosperity and the Public Good'' (1998). He was the national spokesperson for the Leukemia Research Foundation.

Rae helped the [[Toronto Symphony Orchestra]] restructure following an extended strike by its musicians at the beginning of the 1999–2000 season.

Rae returned to active politics on April 16, 2002, two days after [[Mike Harris]] announced his resignation as premier, with an opinion piece in the ''[[National Post]]'' newspaper. In an article entitled, "Parting Company with the NDP", Rae strongly criticized what he perceived as a bias against [[Israel]] in the federal party, and also criticized the NDP for rejecting [[Tony Blair]]'s [[Third Way (centrism)|Third Way]] socialism and for refusing to accept [[globalization]] and open markets. He suggested that the party's economic policies were insufficient for the 21st century, and that the party as a whole was no longer "worthy of support".

The Ontario NDP has distanced itself from Rae's policies under Hampton. During the [[Ontario general election, 2003|2003 provincial election]], Hampton argued that Rae was wrong to reverse the NDP's commitment to public auto insurance. The party's relations with the labour movement have not completely healed, although the situation has improved since 1993. Relations with the CAW remain especially fraught, and memories of the social contract have hurt the NDP's credibility with a new generation of public sector workers, despite the party's efforts to distance itself from the measure. Nonetheless, the Ontario NDP has never come close to the popularity it enjoyed in the early 1990s, and is still in third place in the Legislative Assembly, losing [[official party status]] in the 2003 election.

Rae worked on the Red Cross tainted blood issue and also worked towards a resolution of the fishing conflict in Burnt Church, New Brunswick.

In 2005, Rae wrote a report for the Liberal government of [[Dalton McGuinty]] on post-secondary education, commonly referred to as the [[Rae Report]]. His report called for increased government funding to colleges and universities, and enhanced student aid especially for low-income students. The report also suggested that individual institutions ought to be able to determine what rate of tuition fees to charge, free from government controls, which generated controversy. Student groups including the [[Canadian Federation of Students]] have objected, noting the significant recent increases in tuition fees in Ontario under the government of [[Mike Harris]], and the 57 per cent increase in tuition fees during Rae's own tenure as premier. Ontario NDP leader [[Howard Hampton]] also criticized the report. Rae defended his report, arguing that low income non-university individuals would not benefit from a tuition freeze/lowering, as well as being forced to bear the tax burden needed to enact it.

Rae has also become involved with international issues in recent years. In 2002 and 2003, as chair of the Forum of Federations he helped oversee constitutional discussions between the government of [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Tamil Tiger]] rebels.<ref>Campbell, Murray. A new day for Bob Rae: 'I am what I am'. ''The Globe and Mail''. September 23, 2006. [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060922.cover23/BNStory/Front/?pageRequested=1]</ref> On April 26, 2005, he was appointed to advise [[Deputy Prime Minister of Canada|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Anne McLellan]] on whether or not there should be a government inquiry into the 1985 [[Air India Flight 182|Air India]] disaster. On November 23, 2005, Rae recommended further inquiry into the investigation and prosecution.<ref>[http://www.securitepublique.gc.ca/prg/ns/airs/_fl/rep1-en.pdf Rae, Bob. Lessons to be Learned. 2005]</ref>

In July 2005, ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' and the ''[[National Post]]'' both reported that Rae was again being considered for appointment to the position of Governor General. However, Rae was passed over again, this time in favour of [[Michaëlle Jean]].

== Return to politics as a Liberal ==
{{See also|Liberal Party of Canada leadership election, 2006}}
[[File:Bob Rae Speaking.JPG|thumb|right]]
In a July 2005 interview with [[Michael Valpy]], Rae indicated that he was still committed to public life and public service. Valpy's feature on Rae included a comment by Arlene Perly Rae that he could return to politics if there was a [[Canadian federalism|national unity]] crisis.

On November 23, 2005, Rae presented his recommendations that there should be a formal but focused inquiry into the ''Air India'' disaster. Two days later, [[Deputy Prime Minister of Canada|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Anne McLellan]] announced Rae's appointment to conduct a limited inquiry into ''Air India'' under a government [[order-in-council]]. Rae produced a comprehensive report outlining the key issues that could be addressed, leaving Air India Victims' families spokeswoman [[Lata Pada]] "encouraged that demands for answers will be addressed".

On August 24, 2005, the ''[[Toronto Star]]'' reported that Rae was under "mounting pressure" to run for the federal Liberals in the [[Canadian federal election, 2006|2006 general election]]. Though it was unclear how long the Air India inquiry was to last, Rae's appointment precluded any possibility of his running as a candidate in the January 23rd election. A poll by SES Research suggested that Rae was tied for second place behind [[Frank McKenna]] as a prospective candidate to lead the federal Liberals. McKenna decided afterwards not to contest the leadership.

The new government of [[Stephen Harper]] appointed a judge to handle the Air India inquiry in March 2006 thus releasing Rae from his previous commitment and freeing him for a possible run for the [[Liberal Party of Canada leadership election, 2006|Liberal Party leadership]].

In a speech to the Canadian Club of [[Winnipeg]] on March 13, 2006, Rae expressed his interest in uniting the 'progressive' forces of [[Canada]] in order to regain a majority government in the [[Canadian House of Commons]]. "There's a progressive record that's shared by a majority of Canadians, but so far, we have not succeeded in becoming a majority in the House of Commons, so we must think a bit about how that can happen."

=== 2006 leadership election ===
[[File:Bob Rae addressing the press at the Liberal Leadership Convention.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Bob Rae speaking to the press on Day 1 of the Liberal Leadership Convention in Montreal]]

On April 5, 2006, Rae applied for membership in the [[Liberal Party of Canada]]. His candidacy for the federal party leadership was supported by [[Greg Sorbara]] and [[George Smitherman]],<ref>{{cite news |title = Rae puts in application to join Liberal Party |url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060405.wxrae05/BNStory/National/home |format = fee required |work = Globe and Mail |publisher = Bell Globemedia Publishing Inc. |date = 2006-04-05 |accessdate = 2006-09-25 }}</ref> former Chrétien aides [[Eddie Goldenberg]] and Rae's brother John,<ref>{{cite news |first = F. Abbas |last = Rana |author = F. Abbas Rana |title = Coderre denies he's supporting Rae, Kennedy to announce run and Grit leadership race gets interesting |url = http://www.thehilltimes.ca/html/index.php?display=story&full_path=/2006/april/3/liberal_lead/&c=1 |work = The Hill Times |publisher = Hill Times Publishing Inc. |date = 2006-04-03 |accessdate = 2006-09-25 }}</ref> as well as former top Martin advisor John Webster and others associated with the Martin camp.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/cpress/20060420/ca_pr_on_na/liberals_webster_1]{{Dead link|date=March 2008}}</ref> He officially announced his candidacy on April 24, 2006. At his campaign launch he responded to his critics by saying "I made mistakes before I was in politics, I made mistakes when I was in politics, I made mistakes as premier... I can only tell you I have learned from those mistakes and I am the wiser for them.''<ref>{{cite news
|first = Tara |last = Brautigam | coauthors =Canadian Press | title = Former Ont. Premier Bob Rae formally enters Liberal leadership race |url = http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=82e1a37c-8b84-4551-bcf0-c8869853cc9d&k=39445 |publisher = National Post |date = 2006-04-24 |accessdate = 2006-09-25 }}</ref>

On May 12, 2006, venerable [[Pierre Trudeau|Trudeau]] era cabinet minister [[Allan MacEachen]] backed Rae's leadership bid becoming honorary campaign chair.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&pubid=968163964505&cid=1147428614862&col=968705899037&call_page=TS_News&call_pageid=968332188492&call_pagepath=News/News | location=Toronto | work=The Star}}</ref> On June 16, former Ontario Liberal Party leader and provincial treasurer [[Robert Nixon]], who sat as leader of the opposition to Rae's Ontario government for a time, endorsed Rae.<ref>http://www.bobrae.ca/en/news.php#16 {{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> He was also endorsed by [[House of Commons of Canada|MPs]] [[Irwin Cotler]], [[Ujjal Dosanjh]], [[Lawrence MacAulay]], [[Diane Marleau]] and [[Brian Murphy]], as well as several [[Senate of Canada|Senators]].<ref>http://www.bobrae.ca/en/news.php#23 {{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> Rival candidate [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] withdrew from the contest on August 14 to endorse Rae,<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060814.wlibcandidl0814/BNStory/National/home globeandmail.com: National]</ref> and [[Carolyn Bennett]] did the same on September 15,<ref>http://www.bobrae.ca/en/pressreleases.php#39 {{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> followed by [[Hedy Fry]] on September 25<ref>{{cite news |author = Canadian Press |title = Fry drops out, backs Rae |url = http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1159177927188&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968793972154 |work = The Toronto Star |publisher = Torstar |page = 1 |date = 2006-09-25 |accessdate = 2006-09-25 }}</ref> and [[John Godfrey]] on October 20.
{{Wikinewspar2|Liberal Leadership Candidate Bob Rae warns about reopening Constitution|Rae gains support in Canadian Liberal leadership race}}

On the night of December 1 at the Convention, Rae spoke freely without notes rather than make a formal speech. Rival candidate [[Joe Volpe]] announced his support for Rae after the speeches were concluded. On the morning of December 2, after finishing second on the first ballot, rival candidate [[Scott Brison]], moved to Rae and yet another rival candidate, [[Ken Dryden]], moved to him after the second ballot. However, Rae lost his bid for the leadership in the third round of Convention balloting, placing third behind both [[Michael Ignatieff]] and [[Stéphane Dion]], who had leapfrogged into first after receiving the support of [[Gerard Kennedy]]. Rae then freed his delegates and did not indicate whom he supported on the final ballot; Dion won the leadership.

Despite the loss of the Liberal leadership, Rae has indicated that he would like to run for a federal seat in the House of Commons in the next federal election.<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20061204.wlibsrae04/BNStory/LiberalBackgrounder/ globeandmail.com: Rae still aims to seek a seat in Parliament]</ref> On March 7, 2007, Rae announced that he would seek the Liberal nomination in [[Toronto Centre]].<ref>{{cite news|author = Canadian Press | title = Rae officially announces bid to run for Liberals | url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070307.wbobrae0307/BNStory/National/home | work=Globe and Mail | date=2007-03-07 | accessdate = 2007-03-07 }}</ref> On March 26, 2007, he won the party's nomination, defeating Toronto lawyer and [[human rights]] advocate Meredith Cartwright with 532 votes to her 267.<ref>{{cite news|author = Isabel Teotonio |title = Rae wins Liberal nomination | url=http://www.thestar.com/article/196359 | work=Toronto Star | date=2007-03-27 | accessdate=2003-04-01 }}</ref>

Several days following his defeat at the leadership convention it was reported that Rae's wife, [[Arlene Perly Rae]] was approached by a delegate who did not know who she was, and who told her that she should not vote for Rae because his wife is Jewish. A flyer was also sent electronically to convention delegates, stating that Rae's wife was a vice-president of the [[Canadian Jewish Congress]] and that he was a supporter of [[Israeli apartheid]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Joan Bryden |title=Bob Rae target of anti-Semitism in recent Liberal leadership contest |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=99130818-bcae-4995-8226-883693331f43&k=98092 |work=Canadian Press |date=2006-12-08 |accessdate=2006-12-09 }}</ref> The Canadian Press reported that the flyer was produced by Ron Saba, the editor of a small Montreal journal. Newly elected Liberal leader Stéphane Dion issued a press release condemning the "hateful comments" made against Rae and his wife, saying that they are "reprehensible and will not be tolerated within the Liberal Party of Canada," adding that "there is no room for abhorrent comments such as these within our Party."<ref>[http://www.liberal.ca/news_e.aspx?type=pressrelease&id=12112 Statement from Liberal Leader Stéphane Dion Regarding the Anti-Semitic Comments Made Against Bob Rae and Arlene Perly Rae, December 8, 2006] {{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref>

Rae has since been named as co-chairman of the Liberals' platform development committee, along with [[Scott Brison]]. This was part of Dion's strategy to reunite the party by appointing his rivals for the leadership to key posts in the party.

=== Federal Liberal MP ===
In the by-election held on March 17, 2008; Rae won handily. Toronto Centre had historically been one of the few ridings in the former [[Metro Toronto]] where the old Progressive Conservatives had a realistic chance of winning. However, since 1993, the Liberals have dominated the riding (as has been the case with most Toronto ridings), carrying it by 10,000 votes or more. Rae kept this tradition going; he finished almost 11,000 votes ahead of his closest opponent and with more than 4,400 votes than his five opponents combined (14,187 to 9,764). Rae's candidacy was endorsed by the former Conservative candidate, [[Mark Warner (Canadian politician)|Mark Warner]], who was dropped due to disagreements with the party on social and urban issues. Rae had denounced the Tories' decision to drop Warner, calling it a "national disgrace."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2007/10/31/dropped-candidates.html | work=CBC News | title=Tories drop 2 would-be Ontario candidates | date=October 31, 2007}}</ref>

Rae officially returned to Parliament on March 31, 2008 after a 25-year absence. He was immediately promoted to the Liberal shadow cabinet, and served as Foreign Affairs critic (shadow foreign minister). [[Canada and Iraq War Resisters#Liberal Party Foreign Affairs Critic Publicly Supports Jeremy Hinzman|In that role he publicly supported the Iraq War resisters seeking asylum in Canada --both before, and during, the 2008 election campaign]]. He was re-elected to his Commons' seat in the fall 2008 federal election. When Dion announced that he would resign the leadership in May 2009 after the party's poor results, Rae became a candidate in the [[Liberal Party of Canada leadership election, 2009|ensuing Liberal leadership race]].

Rae took part in key negotiations which would have seen the Liberals form a coalition with the NDP, with supply by the Bloc Québécois. They planned to pass a motion of non-confidence in the Conservative government, not unlike what Rae had done in 1979 and 1985. After Prime Minister Harper convinced the Governor General to prorogue parliament on December 4, 2008, and with Dion pressured to immediately resign as party leader, Rae took on the role of coalition spokesman.

Rae found it more difficult to garner support than he had in the last leadership contest, with his 2006 campaign co-chair now supporting Ignatieff. As it was obvious that Ignatieff had lined up enough support to become the party's leader, Rae dropped out on December 9, 2008.

== Electoral record ==
{{CanElec2|2008}}
{{CanElec2Row|Liberal|Bob Rae|27,577 | 53.6%|-5.6% |$49,548}}
{{CanElec2Row|Conservative|[[David Gentili]]|9,405 | 18.3%|+5.8%|$23,136 }}
{{CanElec2Row|NDP|[[El-Farouk Khaki]]| 7,744| 15.1%|+1.3% |$21,750}}
{{CanElec2Row|Green|Ellen Michelson | 6,081| 11.8%|-1.8% |$23,194}}
{{CanElec2Row|Communist|Johan Boyden | 193| 0.4%|+0.2%** |$432}}
{{CanElec2Row|AAEVP|[[Liz White (politician)|Liz White]]|187 | 0.4%| -0.1%|$686}}
{{CanElec2Row|Independent|[[Gerald Derome]]| 155| 0.3%|n/a|$2,100}}
{{CanElec2Row|Marxist-Leninist|[[Philip Fernandez]]| 92| 0.2%| +0.09%**|| }}
{{CanElec2Totexp|Total valid votes/Expense limit|51,434|100% |$92,068}}
{{end}}
**as compared to the 2006 General Election

{{CanElec5-by|[[Canadian federal by-elections, 2008|March 17, 2008]]: [[Toronto Centre]]}}
|-
{{Canadian elections/Liberals}}
|'''Bob Rae'''
|align=right|14,187
|align=right|59.2
|align=right|+7.0%
|-
{{Canadian elections/NDP}}
|[[El-Farouk Khaki]]
|align=right|3,299
|align=right|13.8
|align=right|-9.9%
|-
{{Canadian elections/Green}}
|[[Green Party candidates, 2006 Canadian federal election#Chris Tindal (Toronto Centre)|Chris Tindal]]
|align=right|3,263
|align=right|13.6
|align=right|+8.4%
|-
{{Canadian elections/Conservative}}
|[[Don Meredith (politician)|Donald Meredith]]
|align=right|2,982
|align=right|12.5
|align=right|-5.7%
|-
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/AAEVP/row}}
|[[Animal Alliance Environment Voters Party of Canada|Animal Alliance]]
|[[Liz White (politician)|Liz White]]
|align=right|123
|align=right|0.5
|align=right|+0.4%
|-
{{Canadian elections/Canadian Action}}
|Doug Plumb
|align=right|97
|align=right|0.4
|align=right|-
|-
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Liberal/row}}
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="2"|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] '''hold'''
|align="right"|'''Swing'''
|align="right"| +8.5
|align="right"|
{{end}}

{{Ontario provincial election, 1995/Electoral District/York South}}

{{Ontario provincial election, 1990/Electoral District/York South (electoral district)}}

{{Ontario provincial election, 1987/Electoral District/York South (electoral district)}}

{{Ontario provincial election, 1985/Electoral District/York South (electoral district)}}

{{Ontario provincial by-election, November 4, 1982/Electoral District/York South}}

{{Canadian federal election, 1980/Electoral District/Broadview—Greenwood}}

{{Canadian federal election, 1979/Electoral District/Broadview—Greenwood}}

{{Canadian federal by-election, October 16, 1978/Electoral District/Broadview (electoral district)}}

== Controversies ==
=== Detained in Sri Lanka ===
{{See also|2009 Canadian Tamil protests}}
On June 9, 2009, Rae was denied entry by Sri Lankan Immigration officials at the [[Bandaranaike International Airport]], Colombo, [[Sri Lanka]] on grounds that he was "a threat to national security and sympathetic to the [[LTTE|Tamil Tigers]] rebel group". Rae responded that "Sri Lanka is afraid of dialogue, afraid of discussion, afraid of engagement...If this is how they treat me, imagine how they treat people who can't speak out." Rae has described Sri Lanka as 'a very dangerous place to be a journalist. "It's a very dangerous place to be any kind of [[Sri Lankan Tamil people|Tamil]] right now and this is nuts."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2009/06/10/rae-detain-sri-lanka-tamil-tigers285.html| title=Ottawa complains to Sri Lanka for booting Rae | work=CBC News | date=June 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2009/06/10/rae-detain-sri-lanka-tamil-tigers285.html| title=Rae 'dumbfounded' after Sri Lanka denies him entry | work=CBC News | date=June 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalpost.com/news/story.html?id=1681300| title=Bob Rae denied entry to Sri Lanka}}</ref>
== Honorary Degrees ==
'''Bob Rae''' Has Received Several [[Honorary Degree]]s from Educational Institutions around the World.

* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[Queen's University]] in [[Kingston, Ontario]] ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) on May 25, 2006 <ref>http://qnc.queensu.ca/story_loader.php?id=44577a1357ae9</ref>
* {{flagicon|Ontario}} [[McMaster University]] in [[Hamilton, Ontario]] ([[Doctor of Laws|LL.D]]) on June 8, 2006 <ref>http://www.mcmaster.ca/opr/html/opr/media/main/NewsReleases/2006/HonoraryDegree.html</ref>
* [[Law Society of Upper Canada]]: [[Doctor of Laws|LLD]] ''([[Honorary degree|hc]])''
* [[Assumption University (Windsor)]]: [[Doctor of Laws|LLD]] ''([[Honorary degree|hc]])''

{{Expand list|date=November 2009}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}



== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDC-1-73-893-5192/politics_economy/elections_ontario/clip6 Astonishing victory for the NDP]
* [http://www.hour.ca/news/news.aspx?iIDArticle=4610 Hour.ca] – Bob versus the students
* {{OntarioMPPbio|ID=351}}
* {{OCC|6085}}
* [http://www.bobrae.ca Personal website]
* {{CanParlbio|ID=98af71e6-be2b-40e8-9501-4e5c27ebbbf5}}
* [http://communications.uwo.ca/western_news/story.html?listing_id=17562 Western News] – Western Applauds Rae Report
* {{imdbname|2109934}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|ca-on}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Larry Grossman]]
| title=[[Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)|Leader of the Opposition in the Ontario Legislature]]
| years=1987–1990
| after=[[Robert Nixon]]
}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box
| before=[[John E. Cleghorn]]
| title=[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[Wilfrid Laurier University]]
| years=2003–2008
| after=[[John A. Pollock]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Ontpremier}}
{{Ontario NDP Leaders}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Rae, Bob
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =August 2, 1948
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rae, Bob}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Canadian Anglicans]]
[[Category:Canadian Rhodes scholars]]
[[Category:Canadian university and college chancellors]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Ontario CCF/NDP]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Liberal Party of Canada leadership candidates]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Massey College]]
[[Category:Members of the Canadian House of Commons from Ontario]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Ontario]]
[[Category:Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada]]
[[Category:New Democratic Party of Canada MPs]]
[[Category:Ontario New Democratic Party MPPs]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:Lawyers in Ontario]]
[[Category:Canadian Queen's Counsel]]
[[Category:People from Ottawa]]
[[Category:People from Toronto]]
[[Category:Premiers of Ontario]]
[[Category:University of Toronto alumni]]
[[Category:University of Toronto Faculty of Law alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 3rd Class]]

[[de:Bob Rae]]
[[es:Bob Rae]]
[[fr:Bob Rae]]
[[pl:Bob Rae]]

List of Mr. Sunshine episodes

2011-04-01T12:34:39Z

142.204.16.10:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Mr. Sunshine'' episodes}}
[[File:Mr. Sunshine 2011 logo.svg|right|300px]]
'''''[[Mr. Sunshine (2011 TV series)|Mr. Sunshine]]''''' is an American sitcom which premiered on February 7, 2011 on [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] in Canada and in the United States two days later on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. The series follows Ben Donovan ([[Matthew Perry]]), who is the sports arena manager for the Sunshine Center, a second-tier arena in San Diego. He starts to go through a mid-life crisis when he turns 40.

{{TOC right}}

== Series overview ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"| Season
! style="padding: 0 8px;" rowspan="2"| Episodes
! colspan="2"| Originally aired
! colspan="3"| [[DVD]] release date
|-
! [[Season premiere]]
! style="padding: 0 8px;"| [[Season finale]]
! style="padding: 0 8px;"| [[Region 1]]
! style="padding: 0 8px;"| [[Region 2]]
! style="padding: 0 8px;"| [[Region 4]]
|-
|style="background: #007FFF;"|
|'''[[#Season 1 (2011)|1]]'''
|9<ref group=note>Although 13 episodes were ordered, only nine of these episodes will air as part of the first season.</ref>
|style="padding: 0 8px;"| {{Start date|2011|2|7}}
|style="padding: 0 8px;"| {{Start date|2011|4|6}}<ref name="finaledate">http://www.tvline.com/2011/03/abc-announces-16-may-season-finales/</ref>
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== Episode list ==
=== Season 1 (2011) ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|-
! style="background: #007FFF; color: #ffffff;"| #
! style="background: #007FFF; color: #ffffff;"| Title
! style="background: #007FFF; color: #ffffff;"| Directed by
! style="background: #007FFF; color: #ffffff;"| Written by
! style="background: #007FFF; color: #ffffff;"| Original air date
! style="background: #007FFF; color: #ffffff;"| U.S. viewers (million)
|-
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Pilot
|DirectedBy = [[Thomas Schlamme]]
|WrittenBy = [[Matthew Perry]] & Marc Firek & Alex Barnow
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|2|7}} ([[CTV Television Network|CTV]])
|Aux4 = 10.52<ref>{{cite web|last=Seidman|first=Robert|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/10/wednesday-final-ratings-blue-bloods-human-target-adjusted-down-modern-family-better-with-you-up/82272|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Blue Bloods,' 'Human Target' Adjusted Down, 'Modern Family,' 'Better with You' Up|work=TV by the Numbers|date=February 10, 2011|accessdate=February 10, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = We are introduced to Ben Donovan, manager of the Sunshine Center arena. Ben tries to get rid of a hockey rink when the ice won't melt in time for the circus. He also finds out that an elephant is loose in the building. Alice, Ben's "friend with benefits", decides to end their fling, saying she wants to be in a committed relationship. She then tells him she's seeing Alonzo, Ben's best friend and that she is moving in with him because he is everything she looks for in a guy. Ben meets his new assistant Heather, who might be crazy. Crystal, Ben's boss wants him to hire her son Roman, who she is not close to, and kind of an oddball. All this on Ben's 40th birthday.
|LineColor = 007FFF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Employee of the Year
|DirectedBy = [[Beth McCarthy-Miller]]
|WrittenBy = Marc Firek & Alex Barnow
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|2|14}} (CTV)
|Aux4 = 6.93<ref>{{cite web|last=Gorman|first=Bill|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/17/wednesday-final-ratings-american-idol-adjusted-up/83082|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol' Adjusted Up|work=TV by the Numbers|date=February 17, 2011|accessdate=February 17, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Crystal announces that there will be a contest to determine who is the employee of the year, and the winner gets a golf cart. Everyone begins to go crazy, doing everything it takes to impress Crystal. After agreeing not to get too competetive over the contest, Alice and Alonzo sabatoge each other's plans to impress Crystal. Although Crystal told Ben he is the winner, he soon finds out that Crystal is giving the golf cart to Roman so she can get closer to him. Meanwhile, Ben caters to a teen pop star ([[Nick Jonas]]) planning to perform at the arena.
|LineColor = 007FFF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Heather's Sister
|DirectedBy = [[Randall Einhorn]]
|WrittenBy = Sally Bradford
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|2|21}} (CTV)
|Aux4 = 6.12<ref>{{cite web|last=Seidman|first=Robert|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/02/24/wednesday-final-ratings-mr-sunshine-survivor-criminal-minds-cm-suspect-behavior-all-adjusted-down/83690|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: 'Mr. Sunshine,' 'Survivor,' 'Criminal Minds,' 'CM: Suspect Behavior' All Adjusted Down|work=TV by the Numbers|date=February 24, 2011|accessdate=February 24, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Heather tricks Ben into going on a date with her sister Stephanie, but Ben realizes that her sister is crazy. In order to help Roman ask Heather out, he goes on a double date with them and Stephanie. Alice tries to impress her best friend who is coming to visit and wants to introduce her to Alonzo, who is walking Crystal's dog in a dog show.
|LineColor = 007FFF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Hostile Workplace
|DirectedBy = [[Bryan Gordon]]
|WrittenBy = [[Eric Gilliland]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|2|28}} (CTV)
|Aux4 = 6.86<ref>{{cite web|last=Gorman|first=Bill|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/03/wednesday-final-ratings-american-idol-adjusted-up-better-with-you-adjusted-down/84509|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'Better With You' Adjusted Down|work=TV by the Numbers|date=March 3, 2011|accessdate=March 3, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Employees of the Sunshine Center refuse to repair the air conditioning because Ben cannot remember their names, so Ben tries to get them to like him. Heather tries to hire a new act to replace the mascot after he quits. Meanwhile Alonzo and Alice reluctantly agree to go on a double date with Crystal and her new boyfriend.
|LineColor = 007FFF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Crystal on Ice
|DirectedBy = Beth McCarthy-Miller
|WrittenBy = [[Matthew Carlson]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|3|7}} (CTV)
|Aux4 = 4.76<ref>{{cite web|last=Seidman|first=Robert|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/10/wednesday-final-ratings-american-idol-adjusted-up-shedding-for-the-wedding-down/85299|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: "American Idol" Adjusted Up; "Shedding for the Wedding" Down|work=TV by the Numbers|date=March 10, 2011|accessdate=March 10, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Ben discovers that Roman has no place to stay and reluctantly takes him in. Crystal harbors animosity for a certain ice dancing group. Alice feels guilty when she fails to keep up with Alonzo, who seems to be her "perfect man".
|LineColor = 007FFF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Lingerie Football
|DirectedBy = Randall Einhorn
|WrittenBy = Matthew Carlson
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|3|14}} (CTV)
|Aux4 = 4.54<ref>{{cite web|last=Gorman|first=Bill|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/17/wednesday-final-ratings-american-idol-survivor-minute-top-model-adjusted-up-off-the-map-criminal-minds-sb-adjusted-down/86123|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Survivor,' 'Minute,' 'Top Model' Adjusted Up; 'Off The Map,' 'Criminal Minds: SB' Adjusted Down|work=TV by the Numbers|date=March 17, 2011|accessdate=March 17, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Ben tries to score with the quarterback of a lingerie football team ([[Valerie Azlynn]]), but Crystal's personal crisis gets in the way. While helping Crystal with her crisis, Ben asks Roman to watch the quaterback, who he eventually convinces that sex is nothing without actual love. Meanwhile, Alonzo tries to get a pair of Silicon Valley millionaires to donate a children's center, which may go down in flames without Alice's help.
|LineColor = 007FFF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Celebrity Tennis
|DirectedBy = [[Barnet Kellman]]
|WrittenBy = Bryan Adams
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|3|23}} (ABC)
|Aux4 = 5.79<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/24/wednesday-final-ratings-american-idol-modern-family-survivor-antm-adjusted-up-mr-sunshine-adjusted-down/86934|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Modern Family,' 'Survivor,' 'ANTM' Adjusted Up; 'Mr. Sunshine' Adjusted Down|last=Seidman|first=Robert|work=TV by the Numbers|date=March 24, 2011|accessdate=March 24, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary =A Celebrity Tennis tournament is hosted at the center. After Alonzo's partner is injured, Ben offers to be his partner, to which Alonzo reluctantly agrees to. Roman is trying to get close to Crystal but she keeps avoiding him. But after she hits him with her golf cart, she starts spending more time with him only to make sure he doesn't sue her. Alonzo is mad at Alice after he finds out about her and Ben. |LineColor = 007FFF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = The Assistant
|DirectedBy = Elliot Hegarty
|WrittenBy = Casey Johnson & David Windsor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|3|30}} (ABC)
|Aux4 = 4.02<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/03/31/wednesday-final-ratings-american-idol-survivor-criminal-minds-law-ordersvu-minute-adjusted-up/87774|title=Wednesday Final Ratings: 'American Idol,' 'Survivor,' 'Criminal Minds,' 'Law & Order:SVU,' 'Minute' Adjusted Up|last=Gorman|first=Bill|work=TV by the Numbers|date=March 31, 2011|accessdate=March 31, 2011}}</ref>
|ShortSummary = Roman becomes Alice's new assistant after she constantly asks for one. Crystal asks Ben to do something about the arena's PA announcer Rod ([[Richard Kind]]), who says inappropriate things during arena events. She also decides to throw a funeral for an employee who was also a close friend of hers who passed away, while the rodeo is in town at the same time. After recieving a passionate e-mail from Alice, Ben thinks she wants to get back together and decides to use Roman to spy on her. What he doesn't know is that the e-mail was really for Alonzo. Meanwhile Alice becomes jealous when Alonzo's ex-wife shows up and she finds out a big secret about them.
|LineColor = 007FFF
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Ben and Vivian
|RTitle = <ref name=epis109>{{cite web|title=Episode Info: Ben and Vivian|url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/episode.aspx?episode=0b0801f8-f060-4af8-9e84-9605e4993dbd|work=MSN TV|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=February 27, 2011}}</ref>
|DirectedBy = Bryan Gordon
|WrittenBy = Eric Gilliland
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2011|4|6}} (ABC)<ref name=epis109/>
|Aux4 =
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 007FFF
}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb episodes|1583638|Mr. Sunshine}}
* {{Tv.com episodes|mr.-sunshine|78526|Mr. Sunshine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mr. Sunshine episodes, List of}}
[[Category:Lists of American television series episodes]]
[[Category:Lists of sitcom television series episodes]]

[[es:Anexo:Episodios de Mr. Sunshine]]
[[it:Episodi di Mr. Sunshine]]

Boogie Nights

2011-03-30T16:54:28Z

142.204.16.10:

{{About|the 1997 film|the Heatwave song|Boogie Nights (song)|the UK stage musical|Boogie Nights (musical)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Boogie Nights
| image = Boogie nights ver1.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Paul Thomas Anderson]]
| writer = Paul Thomas Anderson
| cinematography = [[Robert Elswit]]
| music = [[Michael Penn]]
| producer = Paul Thomas Anderson [[Lawrence Gordon (producer)|Lawrence Gordon]] [[Lloyd Levin]]
| starring = [[Brendan Brown]] [[Dave Oliveria]] [[Julianne Moore]] [[John C. Reilly]] [[Heather Graham (actress)|Heather Graham]] [[Philip Seymour Hoffman]] [[Don Cheadle]] [[William H. Macy]] [[Thomas Jane]]
| editing = [[Dylan Tichenor]]
| distributor = [[New Line Cinema]]
| released = {{Film date|1997|10|10}}
| language = English
| country = {{Film US}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| budget = $15 million
| gross = $43,101,594
}}
'''''Boogie Nights''''' is a 1997 American [[drama film]] written and directed by [[Paul Thomas Anderson]]. Set in [[Los Angeles]]'s [[San Fernando Valley]] during the [[Golden Age of Porn]], the screenplay focuses on a young [[nightclub]] dishwasher who becomes a popular star of [[pornographic film]]s and slowly descends into a nightmare of [[drug abuse]].

==Plot==
Eddie Adams ([[Mark Wahlberg]]) is a high school dropout who lives with his father and [[alcoholic]] mother in [[Torrance, California]]. He works at a [[San Fernando Valley]] nightclub owned by Maurice Rodriguez ([[Luis Guzmán]]), where he is discovered by porn director Jack Horner ([[Burt Reynolds]]), who auditions him by watching him having sex with "Rollergirl" ([[Heather Graham (actress)|Heather Graham]]), a porn actress who always wears [[rollerskates]]. He gives himself the screen name Dirk Diggler, and becomes an instant star because of his extraordinarily large [[Human penis size|penis]], good looks and youthful charisma. His success allows him to purchase a new house, an extensive wardrobe, and his most prized possession: a "competition orange" [[Chevrolet Corvette]]. Dirk and his best friend/fellow porn star Reed Rothchild ([[John C. Reilly]]), who aspires to be a magician, star in a series of very successful porn/action films.

The film moves from one character to another, showing their attempts to make lives for themselves in the adult film industry and their failures when they leave it. Assistant director Little Bill ([[William H. Macy]]) is married to a blonde porn star ([[Nina Hartley]]) who frequently embarrasses him by having sex with other men in public and off-camera. At a [[New Year's Eve]] party at Jack's house marking the year 1980, he shoots both her and her lover, then turns the gun on himself in front of the guests. Jack's porn empire flounders after his main source of funding, The Colonel James ([[Robert Ridgely]]), is imprisoned for possession of [[child pornography]]. His new financier, Floyd Gondolli ([[Philip Baker Hall]]), insists on cutting costs by shooting on videotape, a format that Jack detests. He is also unhappy with the lack of scripts and character development in the projects Gondolli expects him to churn out as quickly as possible. One of these projects involves him and Rollergirl riding in a limousine searching for random strangers for her to have sex with while a crew tapes it. When a man they choose recognizes Rollergirl as a former high school classmate and subsequently insults both her and Jack, they beat him and leave him bleeding and half-conscious on the street.

Leading lady Amber Waves ([[Julianne Moore]]), who took Eddie under her wing when he joined Jack's stable of actors, finds herself in a custody battle with her former husband ([[John Doe (musician)|John Doe]]). The court determines she is an unfit mother due to her involvement in the porn industry, her prior criminal record, and her [[cocaine]] [[drug addiction|addiction]]. Buck Swope ([[Don Cheadle]]) marries fellow porn star Jessie St. Vincent ([[Melora Walters]]), who shortly thereafter becomes pregnant. Because of his past, Buck is denied a bank loan to open a stereo equipment store. He stops at a donut shop and finds himself in the middle of a hold up, in which the clerk, thief, and an armed customer are killed in the crossfire. Buck escapes with the money the thief was trying to steal and uses it to finance his store.

Dirk becomes addicted to cocaine and [[methamphetamine]]s, and as a result, he finds it increasingly difficult to achieve an [[erection]], and falls into violent mood swings. After he has a falling out with Jack during a film shoot, he and Reed decide to pursue their dream of [[rock and roll]] stardom, a move supported by Scotty ([[Philip Seymour Hoffman]]), a [[gay]] [[Boom operator (media)|boom operator]] who is in love with Dirk. However, they squander their money, leaving them unable to pay the recording studio for the demo tapes. Desperate for money, Dirk resorts to [[prostitution]], but he is assaulted and robbed by a gang of thugs. Dirk, Reed, and their friend Todd ([[Thomas Jane]]) attempt to scam drug dealer Rahad Jackson ([[Alfred Molina]]) by selling him a half-[[kilogram|kilo]] of baking soda disguised as cocaine for $5,000. The sale seems to have been executed smoothly, but Todd unexpectedly tries to rob Rahad, and is killed in the ensuing gunfight. Frightened by his brush with death, and weary of his wasteful existence, Dirk tearfully reconciles with Jack. The film ends with Amber, Rollergirl, and Dirk now living in Jack's house preparing to shoot a film.

==Cast==
*[[Mark Wahlberg]] as Dirk Diggler
*[[Burt Reynolds]] as Jack Horner
*[[Julianne Moore]] as Amber Waves
*[[Heather Graham (actress)|Heather Graham]] as Rollergirl
*[[John C. Reilly]] as Reed Rothchild
*[[Don Cheadle]] as Buck Swope
*[[Nicole Ari Parker]] as Becky Barnett
*[[William H. Macy]] as "Little" Bill Thompson
*[[Thomas Jane]] as Todd Parker
*[[Philip Seymour Hoffman]] as Scotty J.
*[[Melora Walters]] as Jessie St. Vincent
*[[Robert Ridgely]] as Colonel James
*[[Philip Baker Hall]] as Floyd Gondolli
*[[Alfred Molina]] as Rahad Jackson
*[[Luis Guzmán]] as Maurice Rodriguez
*[[Nina Hartley]] as Mrs. Thompson
*[[Ricky Jay]] as Kurt Longjohn
*[[Joanna Gleason]] as Mrs. Adams
*[[Michael Penn]] as Nick

==Production==
{{Refimprove-section|date=January 2011}}
Originally, the movie was to be titled ''Pushing 13'', but Anderson eventually titled it after the [[Heatwave (band)|Heatwave]] song "[[Boogie Nights (song)|Boogie Nights]]".

Before Wahlberg was cast as Dirk Diggler, [[Joaquin Phoenix]]<ref>{{cite news | title=Great roles actors have turned down | work=Yahoo Movies | url=http://uk.movies.yahoo.com/blog/article/113577/great-roles-actors-have-turned-down.html | accessdate=}}</ref> and [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] were considered.

The role of Maurice was initially considered by [[John Travolta]] and [[Matt Dillon]]. However, during pre-production, Anderson decided that the character should be played by a [[Hispanic]], and [[Luis Guzmán]] was eventually cast. [[Warren Beatty]], [[Jack Nicholson]], and [[Al Pacino]] were approached to play Jack Horner before Reynolds signed on to the project.

[[Patricia Arquette]], [[Ellen Barkin]], [[Bridget Fonda]], [[Melanie Griffith]], [[Heather Locklear]], [[Virginia Madsen]], [[Rene Russo]], [[Meg Ryan]], [[Brooke Shields]], and [[Marisa Tomei]] were considered for the role of Amber Waves. [[Jennifer Jason Leigh]] was also considered for the role, but she didn't want to be typecast in roles as drug addicts or prostitutes. Moore eventually took the part. Graham was also considered for the role, but was ultimately offered the part of Roller Girl. [[Kate Beckinsale]], [[Laura Dern]], [[Nicole Kidman]], [[Gwyneth Paltrow]], [[Julia Roberts]], [[Uma Thurman]], and [[Renée Zellweger]] were also considered for the role of Roller Girl.

==Release and reception==
The film premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]], and was shown at the [[New York Film Festival]], before opening on two screens in the U.S. on October 10, 1997. It grossed $50,168 on its opening weekend. Three weeks later it expanded to 907 theaters and grossed $4,681,934, ranking #4 for the week. It eventually earned $26,400,640 in the U.S. and $16,700,954 in foreign markets for a worldwide box office total of $43,101,594.<ref>[http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=boogienights.htm BoxOfficeMojo.com]</ref>

''Boogie Nights'' was met with critical acclaim. It currently has 92% positive reviews on the movie review aggregator site [[Rotten Tomatoes]], with 59 of 64 counted reviews giving it a "fresh" rating and an average rating of 8.1 out of 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/boogie_nights/|title=''Boogie Nights''|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=2010-07-01}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film holds an average score of 85 out of 100, based on 28 reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/boogie-nights|title=''Boogie Nights''|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=2010-07-01}}</ref>

[[Janet Maslin]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said, "Everything about ''Boogie Nights'' is interestingly unexpected," although "the film's extravagant 2-hour 32-minute length amounts to a slight tactical mistake ... [it] has no trouble holding interest ... but the length promises larger ideas than the film finally delivers." She praised Burt Reynolds for "his best and most suavely funny performance in many years" and added, "The movie's special gift happens to be Mark Wahlberg, who gives a terrifically appealing performance."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/library/film/boogie-film-review.html ''New York Times'' review]</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' observed, "Few films have been more matter-of-fact, even disenchanted, about sexuality. Adult films are a business here, not a dalliance or a pastime, and one of the charms of ''Boogie Nights'' is the way it shows the everyday backstage humdrum life of porno filmmaking ... The sweep and variety of the characters have brought the movie comparisons to [[Robert Altman]]'s ''[[Nashville (film)|Nashville]]'' and ''[[The Player]]''. There is also some of the same appeal as ''[[Pulp Fiction (film)|Pulp Fiction]]'' in scenes that balance precariously between comedy and violence ... Through all the characters and all the action, Anderson's screenplay centers on the human qualities of the players ... ''Boogie Nights'' has the quality of many great films, in that it always seems alive."<ref>[http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19971017/REVIEWS/710170301/1023 ''Chicago Sun-Times'' review]</ref>

[[Mick LaSalle]] of the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' stated, "''Boogie Nights'' is the first great film about the 1970s to come out since the '70s ... It gets all the details right, nailing down the styles and the music. More impressive, it captures the decade's distinct, decadent glamour ... [It] also succeeds at something very difficult: re-creating the ethos and mentality of an era ... Paul Thomas Anderson ... has pulled off a wonderful, sprawling, sophisticated film ... With ''Boogie Nights'', we know we're not just watching episodes from disparate lives but a panorama of recent social history, rendered in bold, exuberant colors."<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/10/17/DD67372.DTL ''San Francisco Chronicle'' review]</ref>

[[Kenneth Turan]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' called it "a startling film, but not for the obvious reasons. Yes, its decision to focus on the pornography business in the San Fernando Valley in the 1970s and 1980s is nerviness itself, but more impressive is the film's sureness of touch, its ability to be empathetic, nonjudgmental and gently satirical, to understand what is going on beneath the surface of this raunchy ''Nashville''-esque universe and to deftly relate it to our own ... Perhaps the most exciting thing about ''Boogie Nights'' is the ease with which writer-director Anderson ... spins out this complex web. A true storyteller, able to easily mix and match moods in a playful and audacious manner, he is a filmmaker definitely worth watching, both now and in the future."<ref>[http://www.calendarlive.com/movies/reviews/cl-movie971111-40,0,7782501.story ''Los Angeles Times'' review]</ref>

[[Peter Travers]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' said, "[T]his chunk of movie dynamite is detonated by Mark Wahlberg ... who grabs a breakout role and runs with it ... Even when ''Boogie Nights'' flies off course as it tracks its bizarrely idealistic characters into the '80s ... you can sense the passionate commitment at the core of this hilarious and harrowing spectacle. For this, credit Paul Thomas Anderson ... who ... scores a personal triumph by finding glints of rude life in the ashes that remained after [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]]. For all the unbridled sex, what is significant, timely and, finally, hopeful about ''Boogie Nights'' is the way Anderson proves that a movie can be mercilessly honest and mercifully humane at the same time."<ref>[http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5948871/review/5948872/boogie_nights ''Rolling Stone'' review]</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Two [[Boogie Nights (soundtrack)|''Boogie Nights'' soundtracks]] were released, the first at the time of the film's initial release and the second the following year. Although the two albums encompass nearly every major song featured in the film, they did not include "[[99 Luftballons]]" by [[Nena]], "[[Lonely Boy (Andrew Gold song)|Lonely Boy]]" by [[Andrew Gold]], "Compared to What" by [[Roberta Flack]], "Fat Man" by [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], "Sunny" by [[Boney M.]], and "The Sage," a [[cello]] piece by [[Chico Hamilton]].

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" width="95%" cellpadding="5"
|-
! width="20%"|Organization
! width="35%"|Category
! width="35%"|Recipients and nominees
! width="10%"|Result
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[70th Academy Awards]]
|[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Burt Reynolds]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Julianne Moore]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
|[[Paul Thomas Anderson]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[55th Golden Globe Awards]]
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture]]
|[[Burt Reynolds]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture]]
|[[Julianne Moore]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[51st British Academy Film Awards]]
|[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Burt Reynolds]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
|[[Paul Thomas Anderson]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1997]]
|Best New Filmmaker
|[[Paul Thomas Anderson]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[British Independent Film Awards]]
|Best Foreign Independent Film{{ndash}}English Language
|
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1997]]
|[[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Burt Reynolds]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards 1997]]
|[[Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Burt Reynolds]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Florida Film Critics Circle Awards 1997]]
|[[Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cast|Best Cast]]
|
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Julianne Moore]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 1997]]
|[[Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Burt Reynolds]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1997]]
|[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Burt Reynolds]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Julianne Moore]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1997|New Generation Award]]
|[[Paul Thomas Anderson]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[National Society of Film Critics Awards 1997]]
|[[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Burt Reynolds]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Julianne Moore]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[1997 New York Film Critics Circle Awards]]
|[[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Burt Reynolds]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[Golden Satellite Awards 1997]]
|[[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture]]
|[[Burt Reynolds]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress - Motion Picture]]
|[[Julianne Moore]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Cast - Motion Picture|Best Cast - Motion Picture]]
|
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Film - Drama|Best Film - Drama]]
|
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Paul Thomas Anderson]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Original Screenplay|Original Screenplay]]
|[[Paul Thomas Anderson]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama|Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama]]
|[[Mark Wahlberg]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Satellite Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[4th Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]
|
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role - Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role - Motion Picture]]
|[[Burt Reynolds]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role - Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role - Motion Picture]]
|[[Julianne Moore]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards 1997]]
|[[Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]
|
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0118749|Boogie Nights}}
* {{Allmovie title|158673|Boogie Nights}}
* {{imsdb|Boogie-Nights.html|Boogie Nights}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|boogie_nights|Boogie Nights}}
* {{metacritic film|boogie-nights|Boogie Nights}}
* [http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/tt/tt971031paul_thomas_anderson Paul Thomas Anderson radio interview]

{{Paul Thomas Anderson}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:1990s drama films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:Features based on short films]]
[[Category:Films about actors]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films directed by Paul Thomas Anderson]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in the San Fernando Valley]]
[[Category:Films shot anamorphically]]
[[Category:Films shot in multiple formats]]
[[Category:Male prostitution]]
[[Category:New Line Cinema films]]

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[[it:Boogie Nights - L'altra Hollywood]]
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Red Lobster

2011-03-30T16:47:19Z

142.204.16.10:

{{For|species known as "red lobster"|Red lobster (disambiguation){{!}}Red lobster}}
{{Infobox company
| company_name = Red Lobster
| company_logo = [[File:Red Lobster logo.svg|200px]]
| company_type = Wholly owned subsidiary
| foundation = [[Magnetawan]] (1968)
| founder = Bill Darden
| location_city = [[Orlando, Florida]]
| locations = 705 restaurants worldwide (2009)
| area_served = [[North America]], [[Japan]]
| location_country = [[United States|U.S.]]
| key_people = Jeremy Anderson, olive Dave, katlyn
| industry = [[Restaurants]]
| genre = [[Casual dining]]
| products = [[Seafood]] Steak, Chicken, Pasta
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Darden Restaurants Inc.]]
| company_slogan = "Come See What's Fresh In My Vagina Today" |
| homepage = [http://www.redlobster.com redlobster.com]
}}
[[Image:Red Lobster Ann Arbor.JPG|thumb|250px|right|Red Lobster restaurant, Ann Arbor, MI]]
'''Red Lobster''' is a [[United States|U.S.]] chain of [[seafood]] [[restaurant]]s. It also operates in [[Canada]] and [[Japan]]. It is aimed at the mid-level "[[casual dining]]" segment of the market. The menu includes a variety of specialty seafood and non-seafood entrees, appetizers, salads, and desserts.

==Company growth and franchises==
{{Ref improve section|date=March 2010}}
Red Lobster was founded in 1968 by entrepreneur Bill Darden and Charley Woodsby.<ref>http://www.freebase.com/view/en/red_lobster Red Lobster Facts - Freebase</ref> Originally billed as a "Harbor for Seafood Lovers", the original restaurant in [[Lakeland, Florida]] was followed by several others throughout the Southeast. [[General Mills]] acquired Red Lobster in 1970 as a five-unit restaurant company. The chain expanded rapidly in the 1980s.

In 1995, Red Lobster (along with [[Olive Garden]] and other sister chains) became part of [[Darden Restaurants]], which was spun off from General Mills as an independent, publicly traded corporation. Today, there are nearly 700 Red Lobster locations throughout the United States and Canada, as well as a small number of locations in [[Japan]].

Red Lobster twice offered an endless [[snow crab]] leg promotion. However, in 2003 the promotion resulted in parent company [[Darden Restaurants]] taking a [[United States dollar|$]]3 million charge to third quarter earnings resulting in President Edna Morris' departure from the company. The ill-timed promotion was launched amid high wholesale crab legs prices. The chain also underestimated how many times guest would order more.<ref>{{cite news |last Newton |first=Benita |title=All-you-can-eat was too much |work=St. Petersburg Times |date = 2003-10-26 |url=http://www.stpetersburgtimes.com/2003/09/26/State/All_you_can_eat_was_t.shtml }}</ref> Further complicating matters at the restaurant level was the amount of time guests spent tableside in the restaurant cracking crab legs which increased wait times in the lobby and overall diminished guest capacity per hour. In more recent years, the chain has usually offered an endless shrimp promotion once per year.

==Menu==
In June 2004, Red Lobster debuted a Lighthouse Menu for health-conscious consumers and dieters.<ref name="lighthouse">{{cite web |url=http://www.redlobster.com/menus/lighthouse/ |title=Red Lobster Lighthouse menu}}</ref> The menu lists items including appetizers, entrees, side-dishes, and sauces with the calorie count, total fat and saturated fat, sodium and carbohydrates. All items on the menu contain fewer than 500 calories, 15g of fat, 5g of saturated fat, 750 mg of sodium and 75g of carbohydrates.<ref>{{cite news |woork=Orlando Sentinel |title=Red Lobster to add nutritional information to menu. |date=7/2004 |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-118829313.html}}</ref>

In October 2006, Red Lobster introduced a Today's Fresh Fish Menu to provide diners with more fresh-fish options and healthier alternatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redlobster.com/menus/fresh_fish/default_gen.asp |title=Red Lobster fresh fish menu}}</ref> The menu features 5-8 selections of fish including salmon, tilapia, mahi mahi and regional species such as pike and walleye.<ref>{{cite news |work=Seafood Business |date=12/2006 |title=Red Lobster Rolls Out Daily Fresh Fish Menu |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-29124404_ITM}}</ref> The fish can be prepared blackened, broiled or wood-grilled and is available in full or half-size portions (5-8 oz.) The Today's Fresh Fish Menu was awarded a 2008 Menu Masters Award for "Best Menu / Line Extension".<ref>{{cite news |publisher=Menu Masters |title=Menu Masters 2008 Award Winners |year=2008 |url=http://www.menumasters.com/sub-eventhistory.cfm?year=2008}}</ref>

In November 2008, the chain installed a new cooking platform, wood-fired grills, in all of its restaurants. The company conducted guest focus groups and studied seventeen different cooking platforms before undergoing this change. They landed on wood grills for their ability to impart flavor and because of their widespread availability.
The grills use oak wood, which brings out the natural flavor of seafood. As part of the roll-out Red Lobster trained and certified 3,500 crew members as Grill Masters who are experts at preparing different proteins including seafood, steak and chicken over a wood fire. Servers were also trained as seafood experts.<ref name=2009_report>{{cite web |url=http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/DRI/774645414x0x312707/6455E4CD-43D3-41D1-9344-771C07357B64/2009_Annual_Report.pdf |title=Darden Restaurants 2009_Annual_Report.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref> The restaurant also features a section of the menu dedicated to wood-grill entrees.<ref name="wood_grill">{{cite web |url=http://www.redlobster.com/menus/wood_grills/ |title=Red Lobster Wood Grills menu}}</ref><ref name="chain-leader">{{cite news |publisher=Chain Leader |date=12/2008 |title=Grilling Over Wood Fire at Red Lobster |url=http://www.chainleader.com/blog/The_Next_Big_Thing/25874-Grilling_Over_Wood_at_Red_Lobster.php}}</ref> Following the introduction of wood-grills, Red Lobster introduced a Quick Catches Lunch Menu.<ref name="6.99">{{cite web |url=http://www.mealforecast.com/2009/06/08/red-lobster-new-lunch-menu-starting-at-699/ |title=Red Lobster new lunch menu starting at $6.99}}</ref> The menu features nine selections like Shrimp Jambalaya, Coastal Soup and Grilled Shrimp Salad and a Wood-Grilled BLT.<ref name="lunch_menu">{{cite web |url=http://www.redlobster.com/menus/lunch/lunch_features.asp |title=Red Lobster lunch menu}}</ref>

===Cheddar Bay Biscuits===
Aside from its seafood and kids' toy treasure chest (since discontinued), Red Lobster is also known for its Cheddar Bay Biscuits which accompany a purchased entree; they are also available a la carte for carry out. The biscuits were introduced in the early 1990s; prior to that, Red Lobster served either garlic bread or [[hushpuppies]]. Red Lobster serves 1.1 million biscuits daily and over 395 million per year.
The biscuits are baked fresh every 15 minutes.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.redlobster.com/press/media_kit/cheddarbay.asp |title=Red Lobster Media kit for Cheddar Bay biscuits}}</ref>

===Awards===
In recent years, Red Lobster has received a number of awards including "#1 Best Seafood" in a 2009 Zagat Consumer Survey,<ref name="zagat">{{cite news |publisher=Chain Leader |title=Zagat Survey Reveals Top Restaurant Chains |url=http://www.chainleader.com/article/383397-Zagat_Survey_Reveals_Top_Restaurant_Chains.php}}</ref> "Healthiest Sit Down Chain Restaurant in America" from ''Men's Health'' magazine's 2010 "Eat This, Not That" guide and<ref>{{cite news |title=Eat This, Not That |url=http://eatthis.menshealth.com/content/healthiest-restaurant-meals-america?article=1&page=1 |work=Men's Health}}</ref> ''Restaurants & Institutions''' Consumers' Choice in Chains award in the seafood category.<ref>{{cite news |work=Restaurants & Institutions Magazine |url=http://www.rimag.com/article/373816-Top_of_the_Food_Chains_Consumers_Choice_in_Chains_2009.php |title=Top of the Food Chains Consumers Choice in Chains 2009}}</ref> Guest satisfaction scores have also climbed nearly 10 percentage points to 78% in 2009.<ref name="2009_report"/>

==Restaurants==
In 2009, Red Lobster debuted a new restaurant prototype modeled after coastal New England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redlobster.com/barharbor |title=www.redlobster.com/barharbor |title=Red Lobster "Bar Harbor" program}}</ref> The new exterior features include shingle and stone towers, signal flags and Adirondack-style benches. Interior updates include dark wood paneling, warm-toned fabrics, soft lighting and nautical decor and artwork.<ref>{{cite news |work=Chattanooga Times Free Press |date=12/2009 |title=Red Lobsters Cook-up a Fresher look |url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2009/dec/25/red-lobsters-cook-up-fresher-look/}}</ref> New menu items such as peppercorn-crusted salmon, wood-grilled shrimp bruschetta, lobster nachos and tilapia New Orleans are part of this update.<ref>{{cite news |work=Pittsburgh Tribune Review |date=1/2010 |title=Red Lobster features new look, new menu items |url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/lifestyles/fooddrink/s_661838.html}}</ref> The company will continue to remodel its system of restaurants over the next several years.

There are currently 690 Red Lobster locations in North America.<ref name="2009_report"/>

The busiest Red Lobster franchise in the country as of 2001 is reported to be in [[Munster, Indiana]].<ref>http://www.walletpop.com/specials/worlds-busiest-store-in-a-chain/</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.redlobster.com/ Red Lobster USA website]
* [http://www.redlobster.ca/ Red Lobster Canada website]
* [http://www.redlobster.jp/ Red Lobster Japan website]

{{darden}}

[[Category:Darden Restaurants brands]]
[[Category:Seafood restaurants]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1968]]
[[Category:Restaurants in Florida]]

[[de:Red Lobster]]
[[ja:レッドロブスター]]
[[pt:Red Lobster]]

2011 Canadian federal election

2011-03-23T15:31:31Z

142.204.16.10:

{{mergefrom|Canadian federal by-elections, 2011}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 41st Canadian federal election
| country = Canada
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = yes
| previous_election = Canadian federal election, 2008
| previous_year = 2008
| previous_mps = List of House members of the 40th Parliament of Canada
| election_date = On or before {{Start date|2012|10|15}}
| elected_mps = 
| next_election = 42nd Canadian federal election
| next_year = 42nd
| next_mps = List of House members of the 42nd Parliament of Canada
| seats_for_election= [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts|308 seats]] in the [[House of Commons of Canada]]
| opinion_polls = Opinion polling in the 41st Canadian federal election
| turnout =

| image1 = [[File:Stephen Harper by Remy Steinegger.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader1 = [[Stephen Harper]]
| party1 = Conservative Party of Canada
| leader_since1 = [[Conservative Party of Canada leadership election, 2004|March 20, 2004]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Calgary Southwest]]
| last_election1 = 143 seats, 37.65%
| seats_before1 = 143
| seats_needed1 = 12
| seats1 =
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =

| image2 = [[File:Michael Ignatieff.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader2 = [[Michael Ignatieff]]
| party2 = Liberal Party of Canada
| leader_since2 = [[Liberal Party of Canada leadership election, 2009|May 2, 2009]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Etobicoke—Lakeshore]]
| last_election2 = 77 seats, 26.26%
| seats_before2 = 77
| seats_needed2 = 78
| seats2 =
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =

| image3 = [[File:Gilles Duceppe2.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader3 = [[Gilles Duceppe]]
| party3 = Bloc Québécois
| leader_since3 = [[Bloc Québécois leadership elections#1997 BQ leadership_election|March 15, 1997]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Laurier—Sainte-Marie]]
| last_election3 = 49 seats, 9.98%
| seats_before3 = 47
| seats_needed3 = 108
| seats3 =
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 =

| image4 = [[File:John Gilbert Layton.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader4 = [[Jack Layton]]
| party4 = New Democratic Party
| leader_since4 = [[New Democratic Party leadership election, 2003|January 24, 2003]]
| leaders_seat4 = [[Toronto—Danforth]]
| last_election4 = 37 seats, 18.18%
| seats_before4 = 36
| seats_needed4 = 119
| seats4 =
| seat_change4 =
| popular_vote4 =
| percentage4 =
| swing4 =

| image5 = [[File:Elizabeth May 2.jpg|150x150px]]
| leader5 = [[Elizabeth May]]
| party5 = Green Party of Canada
| leader_since5 = [[Green Party of Canada|August 27, 2006]]
| leaders_seat5 = ''Running in [[Saanich—Gulf Islands]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greenparty.ca/media-release/2009-09-08/may-run-saanich-gulf-islands |title=May to Run in Saanich-Gulf Islands |publisher=Greenparty.ca |date=2009-09-08 |accessdate=2011-01-03}}</ref>
| last_election5 = 0 seats, 6.78%
| seats_before5 = 0
| seats_needed5 = 155
| seats5 =
| seat_change5 =
| popular_vote5 =
| percentage5 =
| swing5 =

| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =

| title = [[Prime Minister of Canada]]
| before_election = [[Stephen Harper]]
| before_party = Conservative Party of Canada
| after_election =
| after_party =
}}
The '''41st Canadian federal election''' is tentatively scheduled for October 15, 2012, under the [[Canada Elections Act]], unless the [[40th Canadian Parliament]] is dissolved earlier by the [[Governor General of Canada|Governor General]]. Voters will choose members of the [[Canadian House of Commons]] for the [[41st Canadian Parliament]].

The [[Canadian federal election, 2008|2008 federal election]] resulted in a second consecutive [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] minority government. The first, elected during the [[Canadian federal election, 2006|2006 federal election]], lasted nearly three years and became the longest-standing minority parliament in Canadian history. However, as minority governments rarely last longer than two years in Canada, it is likely that the next election will be called earlier than the scheduled date in 2012.

The election was nearly triggered twice during the current parliament. The first was a result of the [[2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute]] between December 2008 and February 2009. The second was the announcement by [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] leader [[Michael Ignatieff]] in September 2009 that his party would no longer support the government.<ref name="CBC News, September 1, 2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2009/09/01/ignatieff-liberals090109.html |title=Liberals will no longer support government: Ignatieff |publisher=[[CBC News]], September 1, 2009 | date=September 1, 2009}}</ref> On March 22, 2011, [[Minister of Finance (Canada)|Finance Minister]] [[Jim Flaherty]] delivered the 2011/2012 federal budget in the House of Commons. All three opposition parties announced that they would vote against the budget, meaning the 41st federal election will likely take place in early May 2011.

==Timeline==
*October 14, 2008: Elections held for members of the House of Commons in the [[40th Canadian Parliament]].<ref name="Letters Patent">[http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2008/2008-09-08-x4/pdf/g2-142x4.pdf Three letters patent] dissolving Parliament, setting calling election, and summoning a new Parliament.</ref>
*November 4, 2008: Writs to be returned to the Chief Election Officer.<ref name="Letters Patent"/>
*November 10, 2008: 40th Parliament summoned.<ref name="parliament summoned">{{cite news
| title=Proclamation Summoning Parliament to Meet on November 18, 2008
| url=http://gazetteducanada.gc.ca/partII/2008/20081110-x5/html/extra5-e.html
| work=[[Canada Gazette]]
| date=2008-11-10
| accessdate=2008-12-09}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
*December 1, 2008: The Liberals and NDP sign agreement<ref name="proposed_coalition_Liberals_and_NDP">{{cite news
| title=An Accord on a Cooperative Government to Address the Present Economic Crisis
| url=http://www.liberal.ca/pdf/docs/081201_Accord_en_signed.pdf
| work=[[Liberal Party of Canada]], [[New Democratic Party]]
| date=2008-12-01
| accessdate=2008-12-09}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> on proposed coalition government to replace the governing Conservatives under Prime Minister Harper.<ref name="deal_news">{{cite news
| title=Liberals, NDP, Bloc sign deal on proposed coalition
| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/12/01/coalition-talks.html
| work=[[CBC News]]
| date=2008-12-01
| accessdate=2008-12-09}}</ref>
*December 1, 2008: The Liberals, NDP, and Bloc Québécois sign "policy accord"<ref name="policy_accord_Liberals_NDP_and_BQ">{{cite news
| title=A Policy Accord to Address the Present Economic Crisis
| url=http://www.liberal.ca/pdf/docs/081201_Policy_Frame_en_signed.pdf
| work=[[Liberal Party of Canada]], [[New Democratic Party of Canada]], [[Bloc Québécois]]
| date=2008-12-01
| accessdate=2008-12-09}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> whereby the Bloc would support a Liberal/NDP government for at least 18 months.<ref name="deal_news" />
*December 4, 2008: Parliament prorogued by the Governor General during the [[2008 Canadian parliamentary dispute|parliamentary dispute]] on advice of the Prime Minister.<ref name="prorogued">{{cite news
| title=Proclamation Proroguing Parliament to January 26, 2009
| url=http://gazetteducanada.gc.ca/partII/2008/20081205-x6/html/si144-e.html
| work=[[Canada Gazette]]
| date=2008-12-05
| accessdate=2008-12-09}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
*December 8, 2008: [[Stéphane Dion]] announces his resignation as leader of the Liberal Party (after his successor is chosen)
*December 10, 2008: [[Michael Ignatieff]] is chosen by the Liberal caucus as interim leader of the Liberal Party
*January 26, 2009: Parliament to reconvene for second session.<ref name="prorogued"/>
*January 28, 2009: Michael Ignatieff announces that the Liberal Party will support the Conservative Budget.<ref>{{cite web|author=Canada |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/article968692.ece |title=Ignatieff okays budget, with conditions |publisher=Theglobeandmail.com |date=2009-01-28 |accessdate=2011-01-03}}</ref>
*April 13, 2009: [[Dawn Black]], NDP MP from [[New Westminster—Coquitlam]], resigns her seat to run in the [[British Columbia general election, 2009|2009 British Columbia general election]]
*April 30, 2009: [[Bill Casey]], Independent MP from [[Cumberland—Colchester—Musquodoboit Valley]], resigns his seat to accept a job with the Nova Scotia Department of Intergovernmental Affairs.
*May 2, 2009: Michael Ignatieff officially becomes leader of the Liberal Party at the [[Liberal Party of Canada leadership election, 2009|party convention in Vancouver]]
*May 4, 2009: All members of the Conservative Party caucus are renominated in their ridings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punditsguide.ca/2009_05_01_archive.php |title=Pundit's Guide: Conservatives Decide to Renominate All Incumbents |publisher=Punditsguide.ca |date= |accessdate=2011-01-03}}</ref>
*May 21, 2009: [[Paul Crête]], BQ MP from [[Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup]], resigns his seat to run in the [[Rivière-du-Loup (electoral district)|Rivière-du-Loup]] provincial by-election.
*August 31, 2009: Michael Ignatieff announces that the Liberal Party will no longer support the Harper Government.<ref name="CBC News, September 1, 2009"/>
*September 16, 2009: [[Réal Ménard]], BQ MP from [[Hochelaga (electoral district)|Hochelaga]], resigns his seat to run in the [[Montreal municipal election, 2009|2009 Montreal municipal election]].
*October 1, 2009: The Liberal Party proposes a non-confidence motion, which is defeated in the House when the NDP abstain from voting, causing the vote to fail.<ref>http://ca.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idCATRE58T4BE20091001?sp=true Canada's government survives non-confidence motion | Canada | Reuters October 1, 2009</ref>
*November 9, 2009: [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2009|Four by-elections]] are held. The Conservatives gain two seats—one previously held by the BQ and one by an independent. The BQ and NDP hold one seat apiece.
*December 30, 2009: Prime Minister Harper prorogues Parliament until March 3.
*March 3, 2010: Parliament resumes.
*April 9, 2010: [[Helena Guergis]], resigned her post as Minister of State for Status of Women and is forced to leave the Conservative caucus and sit as an independent pending a Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigation into her conduct.
*April 30, 2010: NDP MP [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]] resigns as MP and leaves federal politics, in order to run for Mayor of [[Winnipeg]].<ref>"[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/manitoba/story/2010/04/27/mb-wasylycia-leis-parliament-seat-manitoba.html CBC News - Manitoba - MP Wasylycia-Leis Leaving Parliament.]" CBC.ca - Canadian News Sports Entertainment Kids Docs Radio TV. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 27 Apr. 2010. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. </ref>
*August 25, 2010: Liberal MP [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] announces his intention to resign as MP for [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]].<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/852544--bevilacqua-resigns-as-mp-clears-way-for-run-at-vaughan-s-top-job?bn=1 "Bevilacqua resigns as MP, clears way for run at Vaughan’s top job"], ''Toronto Star'', August 25, 2010</ref>
*September 15, 2010: [[Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette]] Conservative MP [[Inky Mark]]'s resignation takes effect. He has announced he will be resigning on this date to run for mayor of [[Dauphin, Manitoba]].<ref>[http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/inky-hopes-to-make-a-mark-as-mayor-again-100867179.html "Inky hopes to make a Mark as mayor again"], ''Winnipeg Free Press'', August 17, 2010</ref>
*October 22, 2010: [[Jean-Yves Roy]], BQ MP for [[Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia]], resigns his seat. Roy had previously announced his intent not to run in the next election.<ref>Lévesque, Sonia. "[http://lavantposte.canoe.ca/webapp/sitepages/content.asp?contentid=157966&id=1442&classif=Derni%E8re+heure Le Député Jean-Yves Roy Quittera Son Poste En Octobre.]" L'AVANT-POSTE - Québec, CA. L'Avant-Poste, 14 Sept. 2010. Web. 16 Sept. 2010. {{fr icon}}</ref><ref>Beauchemin, Malorie. "[http://www.cyberpresse.ca/actualites/quebec-canada/politique-canadienne/201009/15/01-4315825-le-bloquiste-jean-yves-roy-partira-a-la-mi-octobre.php Le Bloquiste Jean-Yves Roy Partira à La Mi-octobre | Malorie Beauchemin | Politique Canadienne.]" Cyberpresse | Actualités, Arts, Environnement, International, Opinions, Sports, Vivre, Voyage. Cyberpresse.ca, 15 Sept. 2010. Web. 16 Sept. 2010. {{fr icon}}</ref>
*October 25, 2010: Conservative MP and former Government House Leader [[Jay Hill]] resigns as MP for [[Prince George—Peace River]] <ref>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/canada/article/870455 "MP Jay Hill leaving Commons"], ''Toronto Star'', October 4, 2010</ref>
*November 14, 2010: Conservative MP and [[Minister of the Environment (Canada)|Minister of the Environment]] [[Jim Prentice]] resigns as MP for [[Calgary Centre-North]] to become vice-chairman of [[Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce|CIBC]].<ref name="Prentice">http://www.cbc.ca/politics/story/2010/11/04/prentice-resignation.html Prentice leaving politics to join CIBC</ref>
*November 29, 2010: [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2010|Three by-elections]] are held. The Conservatives [[Vaughan (electoral district)|gain one seat]] from the Liberals and [[Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette|retain a seat]], while the Liberals [[Winnipeg North|gain one seat]] from the NDP.
*March 21, 2011: A [[House of Commons]] committee recommends that the Conservative government be found in contempt of parliament.
*March 22, 2011: The 2011 federal budget is presented in the House of Commons. All three opposition parties state they will not support it.

==Candidates by party==
*[[Bloc Québécois candidates, 41st Canadian federal election]]
*[[Conservative Party candidates, 41st Canadian federal election]]
*[[Green Party candidates, 41st Canadian federal election]]
*[[Liberal Party candidates, 41st Canadian federal election]]
*[[New Democratic Party candidates, 41st Canadian federal election]]

==40th Parliament party standings==
{{41st Canadian federal election-mini}}

==Target seats==
The following is a list of ridings which were narrowly lost by the indicated party in the 2008 election. Listed is the name of the riding, followed by the party which was victorious (in parentheses) and the margin, in terms of percentage of the vote, by which the party lost.

These ridings are likely to be targeted by the specified party because the party lost them by a very slim margin in the 40th Canadian federal election.

Up to 15 are shown, with a maximum margin of victory of 15%.

<nowiki>*</nowiki> Indicates incumbent not running again. To clarify further; this is a list of federal election winners with their party in parentheses, and their margin as a percentage of the vote over the party whose list the seat is on (not the same as the margin of victory if the party potentially "targeting" the seat in that list did not finish second in the previous election).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#6495ed;"| [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]]
! style="background:#f08080;"| [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
|- valign="top"
|
#[[Vancouver South]], BC (Lib) 0.05%
#[[Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca]], BC (Lib) 0.12%
#[[Brampton West]], ON (Lib) 0.43%
#[[Welland (electoral district)|Welland]], ON (NDP) 0.59%
#[[Edmonton—Strathcona]], AB (NDP) 0.98%
#[[Burnaby—Douglas]], BC (NDP) 1.69%
#[[Brampton—Springdale]], ON (Lib) 1.71%
#[[Sault Ste. Marie (electoral district)|Sault Ste. Marie]], ON (NDP) 2.71%
#[[New Westminster—Coquitlam]], BC (NDP) 3.00%
#[[Guelph (electoral district)|Guelph]], ON (Lib) 3.04%
#[[Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe]], NB (Lib) 3.30%
#[[Western Arctic]], NT (NDP) 3.82%
#[[Mississauga South]], ON (Lib) 4.64%
#[[Eglinton—Lawrence]], ON (Lib) 4.74%
#[[Malpeque (electoral district)|Malpeque]], PE (Lib) 4.91%
|
#[[Kitchener—Waterloo]], ON (Con) 0.03%
#[[Egmont (electoral district)|Egmont]], PE (Con) 0.30%
#[[Mississauga—Erindale]], ON (Con) 0.71%
#[[Oak Ridges—Markham]], ON (Con) 0.72%
#[[Kitchener Centre]], ON (Con) 0.75%
#[[Ahuntsic (electoral district)|Ahuntsic]], QC (BQ) 0.89%
#[[Saint John (electoral district)|Saint John]], NB (Con) 1.43%
#[[Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia]], QC (BQ) 1.93%
#[[Brome—Missisquoi]], QC (BQ) 2.41%
#[[Jeanne-Le Ber]], QC (BQ) 2.65%
#[[London West]], ON (Con) 3.68%
#[[West Nova]], NS (Con) 3.79%
#[[Gatineau (electoral district)|Gatineau]], QC (BQ) 3.83%
#[[Saanich—Gulf Islands]], BC (Con) 4.07%
#[[Sudbury (electoral district)|Sudbury]], ON (NDP) 4.3
|-
! style="background:#f4a460;"| [[New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
! style="background:#87cefa;"| [[Bloc Québécois]]
|- valign="top"
|rowspan=3|
#[[Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar]], SK (Con) 0.97%
#[[South Shore—St. Margaret's]], NS (Con) 2.33%
#[[St. John's South—Mount Pearl]], NL (Lib) 2.76%
#[[Gatineau (electoral district)|Gatineau]], QC (BQ) 3.03%
#[[Surrey North]], BC (Con) 3.18%
#[[Vancouver Island North]], BC (Con) 4.40%
#[[Oshawa (electoral district)|Oshawa]], ON (Con) 6.64%
#[[Parkdale—High Park]], ON (Lib) 7.00%
#[[Nunavut (electoral district)|Nunavut]], NU (Con) 7.28%
#[[Dartmouth—Cole Harbour]], NS (Lib) 7.95%
#[[Beaches—East York]], ON (Lib) 8.84%
#[[Palliser (Saskatchewan electoral district)|Palliser]], SK (Con) 10.26%
#[[Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo]], BC (Con) 10.27%
#[[Newton—North Delta]], BC (Lib) 10.29%
#[[Halifax West]], NS (Lib) 11.96%
|
#[[Brossard—La Prairie]], QC (Lib) 0.12%
#[[Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier]], QC (Ind) 1.47%
#[[Papineau (electoral district)|Papineau]], QC (Lib) 2.78%
#[[Roberval—Lac-Saint-Jean]], QC (Con) 3.89%
#[[Beauport—Limoilou]], QC (Con) 4.15%
#[[Charlesbourg—Haute-Saint-Charles]], QC (Con) 11.93%
#[[Jonquière—Alma]], QC (Con) 14.98%
|-
! style="background:#2F873E; height:1px;;"| [[Green Party of Canada|Green]]
|- valign="top"
|
#[[Guelph (electoral district)|Guelph]], ON (Lib) 11.07%
#[[Central Nova]], NS (Con) 14.36%
|}

===Targeted Cabinet ministers===

The following Cabinet ministers were elected by a margin of less than 10% in 2008:

* [[Gail Shea]], Fisheries and Oceans: 0.3% over Liberal in [[Egmont (electoral district)|Egmont]], PE
* [[Denis Lebel]], Minister of State (Economic Development Agency of Canada for the Regions of Quebec): 3.9% over Bloc in [[Roberval—Lac-Saint-Jean]], QC
* [[Gary Lunn]], Minister of State (Sport): 4.7% over Liberal in [[Saanich—Gulf Islands]], BC
* [[Leona Aglukkaq]], Health: 5.4% over Liberal in [[Nunavut (electoral district)|Nunavut]], NU
* [[Diane Finley]], Human Resources and Skills Development: 8.48% over Liberal in [[Haldimand—Norfolk]], ON
* [[Lawrence Cannon]], Foreign Affairs: 8.5% over Liberal in [[Pontiac (electoral district)|Pontiac]], QC
* [[Peter Kent]], Environment: 9.58% over Liberal in [[Thornhill (electoral district)|Thornhill]], ON

==Ridings to watch==
As of September 2010, the following ridings were picked by ''both'' [http://www.electionprediction.org/2009_fed/index.php electionpredictions.org] and [http://www.democraticspace.com/canada2009/ democraticspace.com] to be "Too close too call" (Party currently holding seat in brackets)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Alberta
! British Columbia
|- valign="top"
|
*[[Edmonton—Strathcona]] (NDP)
|
*[[Burnaby—Douglas]] (NDP)
*[[North Vancouver (electoral district)|North Vancouver]] (Con)
*[[Surrey North]] (Con)
*[[Vancouver Island North]] (Con)
*[[Vancouver Kingsway]] (NDP)
|-
! Prince Edward Island
! New Brunswick
|- valign="top"
|
|
*[[Miramichi (electoral district)|Miramichi]] (Con)
*[[Saint John (electoral district)|Saint John]] (Con)
|-
! Nova Scotia
! Nunavut
|- valign="top"
|
*[[West Nova]] (Con)
*[[South Shore—St. Margaret's]] (Con)
|
*[[Nunavut (electoral district)|Nunavut]] (Con)
|-
! Ontario
! Quebec
|- valign="top"
|
*[[Brampton—Springdale]] (Lib)
*[[Guelph (electoral district)|Guelph]] (Lib)
*[[Kitchener Centre]] (Con)
*[[Kitchener—Waterloo]] (Con)
*[[London West]] (Con)
*[[Mississauga—Erindale]] (Con)
*[[Oak Ridges—Markham]] (Con)
*[[Sault Ste. Marie (electoral district)|Sault Ste. Marie]] (NDP)
*[[Sudbury (electoral district)|Sudbury]] (NDP)
*[[Trinity—Spadina]] (NDP)
*[[Welland (electoral district)|Welland]] (NDP)
|
*[[Ahuntsic (electoral district)|Ahuntsic]] (BQ)
*[[Beauport—Limoilou]] (Con)
*[[Brome—Missisquoi]] (BQ)
*[[Brossard—La Prairie]] (Lib)
*[[Gatineau (electoral district)|Gatineau]] (BQ)
*[[Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia]] (BQ)
*[[Jeanne-Le Ber]] (BQ)
*[[Montmagny—L'Islet—Kamouraska—Rivière-du-Loup]] (Con)
*[[Pontiac (electoral district)|Pontiac]] (Con)
*[[Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier]] (Ind)
*[[Roberval—Lac-Saint-Jean]] (Con)
|-
! Manitoba
! Saskatchewan
|- valign="top"
|
*[[Saint Boniface (electoral district)|Saint Boniface]] (Con)
*[[Winnipeg South]] (Con)
|
*[[Saskatoon—Rosetown—Biggar]] (Con)
|}

==Incumbent MPs who will not run for re-election==
{|
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
;Conservatives
*[[Jim Abbott (politician)|Jim Abbott]], [[Kootenay—Columbia]], [[British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.kbsradio.ca/news/565/1077442 |title=Kootenay Columbia MP won't seek re-election |work=[[KBS Radio]] |date=February 21, 2010}}</ref>
*[[Rick Casson]], [[Lethbridge (electoral district)|Lethbridge]], [[Alberta]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.lethbridgeherald.com/content/view/137702/109/ |title=Casson calling it quits |work=[[Lethbridge Herald]] |date=January 7, 2010}}</ref>
*[[John Cummins (Canadian politician)|John Cummins]], [[Delta—Richmond East]], [[British Columbia]]<ref name="quit politics">{{cite news |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/cabinet-ministers-day-strahl-to-quit-politics/article1939857/ |title=Cabinet ministers Day, Strahl to quit politics |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=March 12, 2011}}</ref>
*[[Stockwell Day]], [[Okanagan—Coquihalla]], [[British Columbia]]<ref name="quit politics"/>
*[[Chuck Strahl]], [[Chilliwack—Fraser Canyon]], [[British Columbia]]<ref name="quit politics"/>
*[[Greg Thompson]], [[New Brunswick Southwest]], [[New Brunswick]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/01/16/thompson-resigns.html |title=Veterans Affairs minister Thompson resigns |news=[[CBC News]] |date=January 16, 2010}}</ref>

;Liberals
*[[Albina Guarnieri]], [[Mississauga East—Cooksville]], [[Ontario]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/political-row-over-controversial-ms-treatment-hits-home/article1713111/ |title=Political row over controversial MS treatment ‘hits home’ |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=September 18, 2010}}</ref>
*[[Keith Martin]], [[Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca]], [[British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/british-columbia/story/2010/11/09/bc-liberal-mp-keith-martin-steps-down.html |title= B.C. Liberal MP Keith Martin to step down |work=[[CBC News]] |date=November 9, 2010}}</ref>
*[[Peter Milliken]], [[Kingston and the Islands]], [[Ontario]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/06/25/milliken-wont-run.html |title=Commons Speaker Milliken won't run again |work=[[CBC News]] |date=June 25, 2010}}</ref>
*[[Shawn Murphy]], [[Charlottetown (electoral district)|Charlottetown]], [[Prince Edward Island]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theguardian.pe.ca/News/Local/2010-10-13/article-1845192/Shawn-Murphy-leaving-politics-/1|title=Shawn Murphy leaving politics |work=[[The Guardian (Charlottetown)|The Guardian]] |date=October 13, 2010}}</ref>

;Bloc Québécois
*[[Francine Lalonde]], [[La Pointe-de-l'Île]], [[Quebec]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/health/Bloc+Lalonde+leave+seat/3520458/story.html |title=Bloc MP Lalonde to leave her seat |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |date=September 14, 2010}}</ref>
*[[Christian Ouellet]], [[Brome—Missisquoi]], [[Quebec]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nouvelles.sympatico.ca/national/nouvelles%20:%20canada%20:%20presse%20canadienne/le_bloc_quebecois_annoncera_un_candidat_surprise_dans_brome-missisquoi/5e16e945 |title=Le Bloc québécois annoncera un candidat surprise dans Brome-Missisquoi |work=[[Les Nouvelles]] |date=February 24, 2011}}</ref>

;New Democrats
*[[Bill Siksay]], [[Burnaby—Douglas]], [[British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.burnabynow.com/Burnaby+Douglas+leaving+politics/3989404/story.html |title=Burnaby-Douglas MP leaving politics |work=Burnaby Now |date=December 16, 2010}}</ref>


|}

==Opinion polls==
[[File:41stElectionPollingResults.png|right|border|500px]]
{{Main|Opinion polling in the 41st Canadian federal election}}

==See also==
{{Portal box|Canadian politics}}
*[[List of Canadian federal general elections]]
*[[List of political parties in Canada]]

{{Clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.elections.ca/ Elections Canada]
* [http://www.electionalmanac.com/canada/ Election Almanac - Canada Federal Election 2010]

{{Canelections}}
{{election canada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:41st Canadian Federal Election}}
[[Category:Canadian federal elections by number]]
[[Category:Future elections in Canada|Canada 41]]

[[fr:41e élection fédérale canadienne]]

Canadian federal by-elections, 2011

2011-03-23T15:29:02Z

142.204.16.10: by-elections not being called if House falls this week.

{{mergeto|41st Canadian federal election}}
Three seats in the [[Canadian House of Commons]] are vacant pending '''federal by-elections''' which will be held in 2011 unless the [[41st Canadian federal election|next general election]] is called first.

==Calgary Centre-North==
A by-election call is pending in the Alberta federal riding of [[Calgary Centre-North]], where [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] MP [[Jim Prentice]] announced on November 4, 2010 he was resigning as Environment Minister effective immediately and that he would be resigning as Member of Parliament for Calgary Centre-North by the end of the year to take a job as vice-chairman of the [[Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce]].<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jim-prentice-leaves-politics-for-cibc/article1785946/ Jim Prentice leave politics for CIBC]. ''[[The Globe and Mail]], November 4, 2010.</ref> Prentice resigned as the Conservative Member of Parliament for [[Calgary Centre-North]] on November 14, 2010.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/blogs/thehill/2010/11/04/15968661.html "Jim Prentice to resign"], ''Toronto Sun'', November 4, 2010</ref> The Prime Minister theoretically has until May 2, 2011 to call a by-election. The minimum campaign period once the by-election is called is five weeks.

Soon after the announcement of Prentice's impending resignation, both [[Ric McIver]] and [[Barb Higgins]] – the second and third place mayoralty finishers in the [[Calgary municipal election, 2010|2010 municipal election]] in Calgary – expressed interest in running for the Conservative Party nomination in Calgary Centre-North.<ref>[http://calgary.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20101105/CGY_barb_ric_101105/20101105/?hub=CalgaryHome "Mayoral hopefuls eye federal run"]. [[CTV News]], November 5, 2010.</ref> Current [[Calgary-Foothills]] MLA [[Len Webber]], and recent aldermanic candidate Sean Chu were also rumored to be testing the waters. Ultimately, university administrator and [[Calgary-Nose Hill]] [[Constituency association|riding president]], Michelle Rempel was acclaimed as the Conservative candidate on December 17, 2010.<ref>[http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Tory+candidate+acclaimed+Prentice+riding/3997542/story.html "New Tory candidate acclaimed in Prentice's old riding"][[The Calgary Herald]], December 18, 2010.</ref>

Former Ontario [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] MP [[Bob Nault|Robert Nault]] and [[List of mayors of Calgary|former mayor]] of Calgary [[Dave Bronconnier]] were rumored to be seeking the Liberal nomination. However, [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Liberal leader]] [[Michael Ignatieff]] appointed Stephen Randall – a [[University of Calgary]] professor and the former [[Dean (education)|dean]] of the Faculty of [[Social Sciences]] – as the party's candidate on January 6, 2011.<ref>[http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Liberals+pick+candidate+fight+Prentice+seat/4073539/story.html "Liberals pick candidate to fight for Prentice's old seat"][[The Calgary Herald]], January 7, 2011.</ref>

Heather MacIntosh was nominated to replace Dr. Eric Donovan as the Green Party candidate after winning a three way nomination contest on October 26, 2010.

{{CanElec4-by|date to be set|resignation of [[Jim Prentice]] on November 14, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Michelle Rempel | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Paul Vargis | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Heather MacIntosh | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Stephen Randall | | | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | }}
{{end}}

==Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia==
A by-election is pending in the Quebec federal riding of [[Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia]], where [[Bloc Québécois]] MP [[Jean-Yves Roy]] resigned on October 22, 2010 as a result of chronic health problems.<ref>[http://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/est-quebec/2010/10/22/006-jean_yves_roy_depart_politique.shtml "Jean-Yves Roy quitte la politique"], ''Radio-Canada'', October 22, 2010</ref> The Prime Minister theoretically has until April 20, 2011 to [[drop the writ]] for a by-election in that riding. The minimum campaign period once the by-election is called is five weeks.

{{CanElec4-by|date to be set|resignation of [[Jean-Yves Roy]] on October 22, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|BQ|Jean-François Fortin| | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|[[Nancy Charest]]| | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Allen Cormier| | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP| | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Louis Drainville | | | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | |}}
{{end}}

==Prince George—Peace River==
A by-election is pending in the British Columbia federal riding of [[Prince George—Peace River]] due to the resignation of Conservative MP [[Jay Hill]] on October 25, 2010. Prime Minister Harper has until April 22, 2011 to call a [[by-election]].<ref name=pg>[http://www.bclocalnews.com/news/105532198.html "Kinsley seeks Conservative nod in Prince George-Peace River"], ''Prince George Free News'', October 22, 2010</ref> The minimum campaign period once the by-election is called is five weeks. Notably, however, in his resignation announcement Hill appeared to suggest that he expected the [[41st Canadian federal election]] to be called before a by-election could take place in his riding.

Persons seeking the Conservative Party nomination were former [[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]] mayor [[Colin Kinsley]],<ref name=pg/> [[Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia|Tumbler Ridge]] councilor Jerrilyn Schembri, Prince George city councilor Cameron Stolz, [[Fort St. John, British Columbia|Fort St. John]] councillors Don Irwin and Dan Davies and Conservative riding association CEO Bob Zimmer.<ref>[http://www.energeticcity.ca/fortstjohn/news/10/11/10/five-candidates-now-running-conservative-nomination "Five candidates now in the running for Conservative nomination"]. energeticcity.ca, October 8, 2010.</ref> Bob Zimmer was declared the Conservative candidate following a March 11, 2011 nomination meeting in Prince George.<ref>Williams, Arthur. "[http://www.princegeorgecitizen.com/article/20110312/PRINCEGEORGE0101/303129997/-1/princegeorge/zimmer-wins-conservative-nomination Zimmer wins Conservative nomination]".[[The Prince George Citizen]], March 12, 2011.</ref>

Hilary Crowley was announced as the Green Party candidate on November 12, 2010.<ref>[http://www.energeticcity.ca/fortstjohn/news/11/12/10/green-party-announces-federal-candidate-riding "Green Party announces federal candidate for riding"]. energeticcity.ca, November 12, 2010.</ref> Former Deputy Premier and Prince George area MLA, Lois Boone as acclaimed as the NDP candidate on November 27, 2010.<ref>[http://hqprincegeorge.com/news/12863/Lois%20Boone%20Nabs%20Candidacy%20for%20NDP%20Prince%20George-Peace%20River%20MP%20By-election/ "Lois Boone Nabs Candidacy for NDP Prince George-Peace River MP By-election"]. hqprincegeorge.com, November 27, 2010.</ref>

{{CanElec4-by|date to be set|resignation of [[Jay Hill]] on October 25, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Bob Zimmer | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|[[Lois Boone]] | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|[[Green Party candidates, 2008 Canadian federal election#British Columbia - 36 seats|Hilary Crowley]] | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal| | | | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | |}}
{{end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:2011 elections in Canada]]
[[Category:40th Canadian Parliament]]
[[Category:Federal by-elections in Canada|2011]]

Canadian federal by-elections, 2011

2011-03-23T15:27:50Z

142.204.16.10:

Three seats in the [[Canadian House of Commons]] are vacant pending '''federal by-elections''' which will be held in 2011 unless the [[41st Canadian federal election|next general election]] is called first.

==Calgary Centre-North==
A by-election call is pending in the Alberta federal riding of [[Calgary Centre-North]], where [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] MP [[Jim Prentice]] announced on November 4, 2010 he was resigning as Environment Minister effective immediately and that he would be resigning as Member of Parliament for Calgary Centre-North by the end of the year to take a job as vice-chairman of the [[Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce]].<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jim-prentice-leaves-politics-for-cibc/article1785946/ Jim Prentice leave politics for CIBC]. ''[[The Globe and Mail]], November 4, 2010.</ref> Prentice resigned as the Conservative Member of Parliament for [[Calgary Centre-North]] on November 14, 2010.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/blogs/thehill/2010/11/04/15968661.html "Jim Prentice to resign"], ''Toronto Sun'', November 4, 2010</ref> The Prime Minister theoretically has until May 2, 2011 to call a by-election. The minimum campaign period once the by-election is called is five weeks.

Soon after the announcement of Prentice's impending resignation, both [[Ric McIver]] and [[Barb Higgins]] – the second and third place mayoralty finishers in the [[Calgary municipal election, 2010|2010 municipal election]] in Calgary – expressed interest in running for the Conservative Party nomination in Calgary Centre-North.<ref>[http://calgary.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20101105/CGY_barb_ric_101105/20101105/?hub=CalgaryHome "Mayoral hopefuls eye federal run"]. [[CTV News]], November 5, 2010.</ref> Current [[Calgary-Foothills]] MLA [[Len Webber]], and recent aldermanic candidate Sean Chu were also rumored to be testing the waters. Ultimately, university administrator and [[Calgary-Nose Hill]] [[Constituency association|riding president]], Michelle Rempel was acclaimed as the Conservative candidate on December 17, 2010.<ref>[http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Tory+candidate+acclaimed+Prentice+riding/3997542/story.html "New Tory candidate acclaimed in Prentice's old riding"][[The Calgary Herald]], December 18, 2010.</ref>

Former Ontario [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] MP [[Bob Nault|Robert Nault]] and [[List of mayors of Calgary|former mayor]] of Calgary [[Dave Bronconnier]] were rumored to be seeking the Liberal nomination. However, [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Liberal leader]] [[Michael Ignatieff]] appointed Stephen Randall – a [[University of Calgary]] professor and the former [[Dean (education)|dean]] of the Faculty of [[Social Sciences]] – as the party's candidate on January 6, 2011.<ref>[http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Liberals+pick+candidate+fight+Prentice+seat/4073539/story.html "Liberals pick candidate to fight for Prentice's old seat"][[The Calgary Herald]], January 7, 2011.</ref>

Heather MacIntosh was nominated to replace Dr. Eric Donovan as the Green Party candidate after winning a three way nomination contest on October 26, 2010.

{{CanElec4-by|date to be set|resignation of [[Jim Prentice]] on November 14, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Michelle Rempel | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Paul Vargis | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Heather MacIntosh | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Stephen Randall | | | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | }}
{{end}}

==Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia==
A by-election is pending in the Quebec federal riding of [[Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia]], where [[Bloc Québécois]] MP [[Jean-Yves Roy]] resigned on October 22, 2010 as a result of chronic health problems.<ref>[http://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/est-quebec/2010/10/22/006-jean_yves_roy_depart_politique.shtml "Jean-Yves Roy quitte la politique"], ''Radio-Canada'', October 22, 2010</ref> The Prime Minister theoretically has until April 20, 2011 to [[drop the writ]] for a by-election in that riding. The minimum campaign period once the by-election is called is five weeks.

{{CanElec4-by|date to be set|resignation of [[Jean-Yves Roy]] on October 22, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|BQ|Jean-François Fortin| | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|[[Nancy Charest]]| | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Allen Cormier| | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP| | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Louis Drainville | | | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | |}}
{{end}}

==Prince George—Peace River==
A by-election is pending in the British Columbia federal riding of [[Prince George—Peace River]] due to the resignation of Conservative MP [[Jay Hill]] on October 25, 2010. Prime Minister Harper has until April 22, 2011 to call a [[by-election]].<ref name=pg>[http://www.bclocalnews.com/news/105532198.html "Kinsley seeks Conservative nod in Prince George-Peace River"], ''Prince George Free News'', October 22, 2010</ref> The minimum campaign period once the by-election is called is five weeks. Notably, however, in his resignation announcement Hill appeared to suggest that he expected the [[41st Canadian federal election]] to be called before a by-election could take place in his riding.

Persons seeking the Conservative Party nomination were former [[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]] mayor [[Colin Kinsley]],<ref name=pg/> [[Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia|Tumbler Ridge]] councilor Jerrilyn Schembri, Prince George city councilor Cameron Stolz, [[Fort St. John, British Columbia|Fort St. John]] councillors Don Irwin and Dan Davies and Conservative riding association CEO Bob Zimmer.<ref>[http://www.energeticcity.ca/fortstjohn/news/10/11/10/five-candidates-now-running-conservative-nomination "Five candidates now in the running for Conservative nomination"]. energeticcity.ca, October 8, 2010.</ref> Bob Zimmer was declared the Conservative candidate following a March 11, 2011 nomination meeting in Prince George.<ref>Williams, Arthur. "[http://www.princegeorgecitizen.com/article/20110312/PRINCEGEORGE0101/303129997/-1/princegeorge/zimmer-wins-conservative-nomination Zimmer wins Conservative nomination]".[[The Prince George Citizen]], March 12, 2011.</ref>

Hilary Crowley was announced as the Green Party candidate on November 12, 2010.<ref>[http://www.energeticcity.ca/fortstjohn/news/11/12/10/green-party-announces-federal-candidate-riding "Green Party announces federal candidate for riding"]. energeticcity.ca, November 12, 2010.</ref> Former Deputy Premier and Prince George area MLA, Lois Boone as acclaimed as the NDP candidate on November 27, 2010.<ref>[http://hqprincegeorge.com/news/12863/Lois%20Boone%20Nabs%20Candidacy%20for%20NDP%20Prince%20George-Peace%20River%20MP%20By-election/ "Lois Boone Nabs Candidacy for NDP Prince George-Peace River MP By-election"]. hqprincegeorge.com, November 27, 2010.</ref>

{{CanElec4-by|date to be set|resignation of [[Jay Hill]] on October 25, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Bob Zimmer | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|[[Lois Boone]] | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|[[Green Party candidates, 2008 Canadian federal election#British Columbia - 36 seats|Hilary Crowley]] | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal| | | | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | |}}
{{end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:2011 elections in Canada]]
[[Category:40th Canadian Parliament]]
[[Category:Federal by-elections in Canada|2011]]

Canadian federal by-elections, 2011

2011-03-23T15:25:27Z

142.204.16.10:

Three seats in the [[Canadian House of Commons]] are vacant pending '''federal by-elections''' which will be held in 2011 unless the [[Canadian federal election, 2011|next general election]] is called first.

==Calgary Centre-North==
A by-election call is pending in the Alberta federal riding of [[Calgary Centre-North]], where [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] MP [[Jim Prentice]] announced on November 4, 2010 he was resigning as Environment Minister effective immediately and that he would be resigning as Member of Parliament for Calgary Centre-North by the end of the year to take a job as vice-chairman of the [[Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce]].<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/jim-prentice-leaves-politics-for-cibc/article1785946/ Jim Prentice leave politics for CIBC]. ''[[The Globe and Mail]], November 4, 2010.</ref> Prentice resigned as the Conservative Member of Parliament for [[Calgary Centre-North]] on November 14, 2010.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/blogs/thehill/2010/11/04/15968661.html "Jim Prentice to resign"], ''Toronto Sun'', November 4, 2010</ref> The Prime Minister theoretically has until May 2, 2011 to call a by-election. The minimum campaign period once the by-election is called is five weeks.

Soon after the announcement of Prentice's impending resignation, both [[Ric McIver]] and [[Barb Higgins]] – the second and third place mayoralty finishers in the [[Calgary municipal election, 2010|2010 municipal election]] in Calgary – expressed interest in running for the Conservative Party nomination in Calgary Centre-North.<ref>[http://calgary.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20101105/CGY_barb_ric_101105/20101105/?hub=CalgaryHome "Mayoral hopefuls eye federal run"]. [[CTV News]], November 5, 2010.</ref> Current [[Calgary-Foothills]] MLA [[Len Webber]], and recent aldermanic candidate Sean Chu were also rumored to be testing the waters. Ultimately, university administrator and [[Calgary-Nose Hill]] [[Constituency association|riding president]], Michelle Rempel was acclaimed as the Conservative candidate on December 17, 2010.<ref>[http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Tory+candidate+acclaimed+Prentice+riding/3997542/story.html "New Tory candidate acclaimed in Prentice's old riding"][[The Calgary Herald]], December 18, 2010.</ref>

Former Ontario [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] MP [[Bob Nault|Robert Nault]] and [[List of mayors of Calgary|former mayor]] of Calgary [[Dave Bronconnier]] were rumored to be seeking the Liberal nomination. However, [[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Liberal leader]] [[Michael Ignatieff]] appointed Stephen Randall – a [[University of Calgary]] professor and the former [[Dean (education)|dean]] of the Faculty of [[Social Sciences]] – as the party's candidate on January 6, 2011.<ref>[http://www.calgaryherald.com/news/Liberals+pick+candidate+fight+Prentice+seat/4073539/story.html "Liberals pick candidate to fight for Prentice's old seat"][[The Calgary Herald]], January 7, 2011.</ref>

Heather MacIntosh was nominated to replace Dr. Eric Donovan as the Green Party candidate after winning a three way nomination contest on October 26, 2010.

{{CanElec4-by|date to be set|resignation of [[Jim Prentice]] on November 14, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Michelle Rempel | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Paul Vargis | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Heather MacIntosh | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Stephen Randall | | | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | }}
{{end}}

==Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia==
A by-election is pending in the Quebec federal riding of [[Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia]], where [[Bloc Québécois]] MP [[Jean-Yves Roy]] resigned on October 22, 2010 as a result of chronic health problems.<ref>[http://www.radio-canada.ca/regions/est-quebec/2010/10/22/006-jean_yves_roy_depart_politique.shtml "Jean-Yves Roy quitte la politique"], ''Radio-Canada'', October 22, 2010</ref> The Prime Minister theoretically has until April 20, 2011 to [[drop the writ]] for a by-election in that riding. The minimum campaign period once the by-election is called is five weeks.

{{CanElec4-by|date to be set|resignation of [[Jean-Yves Roy]] on October 22, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|BQ|Jean-François Fortin| | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|[[Nancy Charest]]| | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Allen Cormier| | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP| | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Louis Drainville | | | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | |}}
{{end}}

==Prince George—Peace River==
A by-election is pending in the British Columbia federal riding of [[Prince George—Peace River]] due to the resignation of Conservative MP [[Jay Hill]] on October 25, 2010. Prime Minister Harper has until April 22, 2011 to call a [[by-election]].<ref name=pg>[http://www.bclocalnews.com/news/105532198.html "Kinsley seeks Conservative nod in Prince George-Peace River"], ''Prince George Free News'', October 22, 2010</ref> The minimum campaign period once the by-election is called is five weeks. Notably, however, in his resignation announcement Hill appeared to suggest that he expected the [[41st Canadian federal election]] to be called before a by-election could take place in his riding.

Persons seeking the Conservative Party nomination were former [[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]] mayor [[Colin Kinsley]],<ref name=pg/> [[Tumbler Ridge, British Columbia|Tumbler Ridge]] councilor Jerrilyn Schembri, Prince George city councilor Cameron Stolz, [[Fort St. John, British Columbia|Fort St. John]] councillors Don Irwin and Dan Davies and Conservative riding association CEO Bob Zimmer.<ref>[http://www.energeticcity.ca/fortstjohn/news/10/11/10/five-candidates-now-running-conservative-nomination "Five candidates now in the running for Conservative nomination"]. energeticcity.ca, October 8, 2010.</ref> Bob Zimmer was declared the Conservative candidate following a March 11, 2011 nomination meeting in Prince George.<ref>Williams, Arthur. "[http://www.princegeorgecitizen.com/article/20110312/PRINCEGEORGE0101/303129997/-1/princegeorge/zimmer-wins-conservative-nomination Zimmer wins Conservative nomination]".[[The Prince George Citizen]], March 12, 2011.</ref>

Hilary Crowley was announced as the Green Party candidate on November 12, 2010.<ref>[http://www.energeticcity.ca/fortstjohn/news/11/12/10/green-party-announces-federal-candidate-riding "Green Party announces federal candidate for riding"]. energeticcity.ca, November 12, 2010.</ref> Former Deputy Premier and Prince George area MLA, Lois Boone as acclaimed as the NDP candidate on November 27, 2010.<ref>[http://hqprincegeorge.com/news/12863/Lois%20Boone%20Nabs%20Candidacy%20for%20NDP%20Prince%20George-Peace%20River%20MP%20By-election/ "Lois Boone Nabs Candidacy for NDP Prince George-Peace River MP By-election"]. hqprincegeorge.com, November 27, 2010.</ref>

{{CanElec4-by|date to be set|resignation of [[Jay Hill]] on October 25, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Bob Zimmer | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|[[Lois Boone]] | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|[[Green Party candidates, 2008 Canadian federal election#British Columbia - 36 seats|Hilary Crowley]] | | | }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal| | | | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | |}}
{{end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:2011 elections in Canada]]
[[Category:40th Canadian Parliament]]
[[Category:Federal by-elections in Canada|2011]]

Clarkson Cup

2011-03-23T13:58:56Z

142.204.16.10: /* Early problems */

The '''Clarkson Cup''' is an [[ice hockey]] trophy, which since 2009 has been awarded to the winner of the Canadian Women's Hockey Championship. Like the [[Stanley Cup]], it was created by and named for a [[Governor General of Canada]], in this case, [[Adrienne Clarkson]].

Though initially awarded in 2006 to the [[Canadian national women's hockey team]], it was intended to be awarded to the top women's club in Canada. From 2006 to 2008, it was not awarded, owing to a number of rights issues between Clarkson, [[Hockey Canada]], and the artists responsible for making the trophy.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/Sports/article/272389 Clarkson Cup in limbo over ownership rights]. ''Toronto Star''.</ref> Beginning in 2009, the Clarkson Cup has been awarded, as intended, to the top women's club team.

==History==
===Origins===
When the [[2004–05 NHL season]] was cancelled because of [[2004–05 NHL lockout|lockout]], the Stanley Cup was not awarded for the first time since the 1918-19 [[Spanish Flu]] pandemic. In February 2005, Clarkson proposed that, since the Stanley Cup was to be awarded to the best professional hockey team of the year, it should be awarded to the best women's hockey team because they were still playing. That idea was brought to [[Susan Fennell]], the Commissioner of the [[National Women's Hockey League]] (and also Mayor of Brampton). In a media interview, Fennell commented that while the women had great respect for the Stanley Cup, it belonged to men's hockey, and that the women actually did have a cup of their own, but simply one with no name. Fennell then came up with the idea that the Governor General should consider lending her name to the women's hockey championship cup, as Lord Stanley had done years before for the men's hockey championship. Clarkson was thrilled with the idea and later met with Fennell at [[Rideau Hall]], where it was agreed that the women's hockey championship trophy would be named the Clarkson Cup.

Originally, the NWHL Championship Cup was to have a new name placed on it. However, On September 14, 2005, Clarkson announced the creation of a new trophy for women's hockey.

The Clarkson Cup is made of silver and was designed by [[Nunavut Arctic College]] in [[Iqaluit]]. Canadian silversmith Beth M. Biggs was commissioned to make the Clarkson Cup. She designed and built the sterling trophy and collaborated with three Inuit artists: Okpik Pitseolak, Therese Ukaliannuk, and Pootoogook Qiatsuk. The Inuit artists designed some of the decoration on the trophy. There are images of [[Sedna (mythology)|Sedna]], Arctic animals, ancient masks, and the flowers of the provinces and territories of Canada. The actual cup portion of the trophy is not much bigger than a large coffee mug.

===Early problems===
The trophy was awarded to the [[Canadian national women's hockey team]] on July 10, 2006, with the expectation that [[Hockey Canada]] would take over the trophy and how it was to be awarded. However, complications arising due to the rights to the trophy (Clarkson wanting full rights to the trophy from the artists in order to turn the trophy over to Hockey Canada, while the artists wanting Hockey Canada to instead license the Cup in order to collect royalties from its use) and the splintered top level of women's club hockey at the time resulted in the trophy not being awarded for three years.

At the time of the creation of the Clarkson Cup, there were two top professional women's hockey leagues in Canada: the [[National Women's Hockey League]] in Eastern Canada and the [[Western Women's Hockey League]] in Western Canada (with one team from [[Minnesota]]) — the latter being formed from two former NWHL teams (the [[Calgary Oval X-Treme]] and [[Edmonton Chimos]]) due to travel costs, with no interleague championships to determine a true national champion. Though the two leagues were expected to merge in 2007 (with the five-team WWHL being absorbed into the 11-team NWHL as a new "western division"), logistics differences (due to playoff scheduling) made the merger impossible — the WWHL playoffs were finished before the [[Esso Women's Nationals]], while the NWHL playoffs had yet to begin (and would not conclude until after the Nationals and the [[IIHF World Women's Championships|world championships]]). The NWHL folded at the conclusion of the 2006-07 season, with the [[Canadian Women's Hockey League]] taking its place. Though the CWHL and WWHL agreed on a format that would determine a national champion (to be decided with each league sending its two best teams to the [[Esso Women's Nationals]], with the intent that it would be split off as a separate tournament from the senior women's tournament in the future), the Clarkson Cup remained unavailable — the [[Abby Hoffman Cup]] would be awarded in its place until the Clarkson Cup became available.

===2009 to present===
In March 2009, Clarkson and the artists behind the Clarkson Cup settled their licensing dispute, allowing the trophy to be presented. The inaugural Canadian National Women's Hockey Championship was held later that month, at the [[K-Rock Centre]] in [[Kingston, Ontario]], featuring an identical format to that used for the Esso Women's Nationals the previous year for club teams. The [[Montreal Stars]], champions from the East, prevailed over the [[Minnesota Whitecaps]] in the finals of the championship, which also saw the [[Brampton Thunder|Brampton Canadettes-Thunder]] and the [[Calgary Oval X-Treme]] participate. Clarkson was on hand to present the trophy to the Stars upon their victory.

==Champions==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month/Year !! Location !! Winning Team !! Losing Team !! Score
|-
| July 10, 2006 || [[Westin Harbour Castle Hotel]] - [[Toronto, ON]] || presented to [[Canada women's national ice hockey team]]/[[Hockey Canada]] || || not awarded based on playoff series
|-
| March 21, 2009 || [[K-Rock Centre]] - [[Kingston, ON]] || [[Montreal Stars]]<ref>http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/story/2009/03/21/sp-hockey-clarkson-cup.html</ref> || [[Minnesota Whitecaps]] || 3-1
|-
| March 28, [[2010 Clarkson Cup|2010]] || [[Elgin Barrow Arena]] - [[Richmond Hill, ON]] || [[Minnesota Whitecaps]]<ref>http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/article/clarkson-cup-goes-to-us.html?tx_ttnews%5BpS%5D=1267398000&tx_ttnews%5BpL%5D=2674799&tx_ttnews%5Barc%5D=1&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=187&cHash=93d3bd2c57</ref> <ref>http://www.puckworlds.com/2010/6/17/1522273/minnesota-whitecaps-clarkson-cup</ref> || [[Brampton Thunder|Brampton Canadettes-Thunder]] || 4-0
|-
| March 27, [[2011 Clarkson Cup|2011]] || [[Barrie Molson Centre]] - [[Barrie, ON]] || || ||
|}

==See also==
* [[2010 Clarkson Cup]]
* [[2011 Clarkson Cup]]
*[[List of awards presented by the Governor General of Canada]]
*[[List of awards named after Governors General of Canada]]
*[[Viceregal eponyms in Canada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2005/09/14/clarkson_cup.html Governor general creates 'Clarkson Cup' (CBC)]
* [http://www.tsn.ca/canadian_hockey/news_story/?ID=171031&hubname= Clarkson donates trophy to women's hockey (TSN)]

{{Professional Women's Hockey seasons}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clarkson Cup}}
[[Category:2005 in Canada]]
[[Category:Women's ice hockey in Canada]]
[[Category:Ice hockey trophies and awards]]
[[Category:Women's ice hockey tournaments]]
[[Category:Western Women's Hockey League]]
[[Category:Canadian Women's Hockey League]]
[[fr:Coupe Clarkson]]

Operator overloading

2011-03-17T18:42:24Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Polymorphism}}
In object oriented [[computer programming]], '''operator overloading'''--less commonly known as operator [[ad-hoc]] [[type polymorphism|polymorphism]]--is a specific case of [[polymorphism (computer science)|polymorphism]], where different [[operator (programming)|operator]]s have different implementations depending on their arguments. Operator overloading is generally defined by the language, the programmer, or both.

[[Operator (programming)|Operator]] overloading is useful in “closer to the target domain”<ref>{{cite web| title=C++ FAQ Lite: What are the benefits of operator overloading? | url=http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/operator-overloading.html#faq-13.2 | accessdate=August 2010 | year=2010 | month=June }}</ref> development. It also allows user-defined types, which can be emulated using function calls.for an example, consider the integers a, b, c:

a + b * c

In a language that supports operator overloading, and assuming the '*' operator has higher [[Order of operations|precedence]] than '+', this is effectively a more concise way of writing:

add (a, multiply (b,c))

==Examples==
In this case, the addition operator is overloaded to allow addition on a user-defined type "Time" (in C++):

<source lang="cpp">
Time operator+(const Time& lhs, const Time& rhs) {
Time temp = lhs;
temp.seconds += rhs.seconds;
if (temp.seconds >= 60) {
temp.seconds -= 60;
temp.minutes++;
}
temp.minutes += rhs.minutes;
if (temp.minutes >= 60) {
temp.minutes -= 60;
temp.hours++;
}
temp.hours += rhs.hours;
return temp;
}
</source>

Addition is a [[binary operation]], which means it has left and right [[operands]]. In C++, the arguments being passed are the operands, and the <code>temp</code> object is the returned value.

The operation could also be defined as a class method, replacing <code>lhs</code> by the hidden <code>this</code> argument; however this forces the left operand to be of type <code>Time</code> and supposes <code>this</code> to be a potentially modifiable ''lvalue'':

<source lang="cpp">
Time Time::operator+(const Time& rhs) const {
Time temp = *this; /* Copy 'this' which is not to be modified */
temp.seconds += rhs.seconds;
if (temp.seconds >= 60) {
temp.seconds -= 60;
temp.minutes++;
}
temp.minutes += rhs.minutes;
if (temp.minutes >= 60) {
temp.minutes -= 60;
temp.hours++;
}
temp.hours += rhs.hours;
return temp;
}
</source>

Note that a [[unary operation|unary]] operator defined as a class method would receive no apparent argument (it only works from <code>this</code>):

<source lang="cpp">
bool Time::operator!() const {
return ((hours == 0) && (minutes == 0) && (seconds == 0));
}
</source>

==Criticisms==
Operator overloading has often been criticized because it allows programmers to give operators completely different semantics depending on the types of their operands. For example the use of the <code><<</code> in [[C++]]'s:
<source lang="cpp">
a << 1
</source>
shifts the bits in the variable <tt>a</tt> left by 1 bit if <tt>a</tt> is of an integer type, but if <tt>a</tt> is an output stream then the above code will attempt to write a "1" to the stream. Because operator overloading allows the original programmer to change the usual semantics of an operator and to catch any subsequent programmers by surprise, it is usually considered good practice to use operator overloading with care.

The common reply to this criticism is that the same argument applies to function overloading as well. Furthermore, even in the absence of overloading, a programmer can define a function to do something totally different from what would be expected from its name. An issue that remains is that languages such as C++ provide a limited set of operator symbols, thus removing from programmers the option of choosing a more suitable operator symbol for their new operation.

Another, more subtle issue with operators is that certain rules from mathematics can be wrongly expected or unintentionally assumed. For example the commutativity of + (i.e. that <code>a + b == b + a</code>) does not always apply; an example of this occurs when the operands are strings, since + is commonly overloaded to perform a concatenation of strings (i.e. <code>"school" + "bag"</code> yields <code>"schoolbag"</code>, which is different from <code>"bag" + "school"</code> yields <code>"bagschool"</code>). A typical counter to this argument comes directly from mathematics: While + is commutative on integers (and in general any real numbers), it is not commutative for other "types" of variable{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}. It can be further noted that + is not even associative on floating point values in practice due to rounding errors. Another example: [[binary operation|binary]] * (multiplication) is commutative for integers but not commutative in case of [[matrix multiplication]].

==Catalog==
A classification of some common programming languages by whether their operators are overloadable by the programmer and whether the operators are limited to a predefined set.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Operators
! Not overloadable
! Overloadable
|-
! New definable
| 
*[[ML programming language|ML]]
*[[Pico programming language|Pico]]<ref>binary functions with a symbolic name can be called infix</ref>
*[[Prolog]]
| 
*[[ALGOL 68#op: Operators|ALGOL 68]]
*[[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]]
*[[Fortran]]<ref>introduced in Fortran 90</ref>
*[[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]
*[[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]]<ref>type classes instead of overloading</ref>
*[[Io (programming language)|Io]]
*[[Perl 6]]
*[[R (programming language)|R]]
*[[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]
*[[Smalltalk]]
|-
! Limited set
| 
*[[C (programming language)|C]]
*[[Java (programming language)|Java]]
*[[JavaScript]]
*[[Objective-C]]
*[[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]
*[[BASIC]]
| 
*[[Ada (programming language)|Ada]]
*[[C++]]
*[[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]
*[[D programming language|D]]
*[[FreeBASIC]]
*[[Groovy (programming language)|Groovy]]
*[[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]
*[[Delphi (programming language)|Delphi]] (since 2005)
*[[Object Pascal]] ([[Free Pascal]]<ref>{{cite web| title=Operator Overloading, Free Pascal Manual | url=http://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/ref/refse63.html#x152-15900012.1 | accessdate=February 2010}}</ref>)
*[[PHP]] (using magic methods or ArrayAccess interface or Operator extension)
*[[Perl]]
*[[Python (programming language)|Python]]
*[[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]
*[[Visual Basic .NET|Visual Basic 2005]]
|}

==Timeline of operator overloading==
===1960s===
The [[ALGOL 68]] specification allowed operator overloading.<ref>{{cite web| title=Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68, Section 10.2.2. | url=http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol68-Report.pdf |format=PDF| author=[[Adriaan van Wijngaarden|A. van Wijngaarden]], [[Barry J. Mailloux|B.J. Mailloux]], [[John E. L. Peck|J.E.L. Peck]] and [[Cornelis H.A. Koster|C.H.A. Koster]], et al. | accessdate= April 2007 | year=1968 | month=August }}</ref>

Extract from the '''ALGOL 68''' language specification (page 177) where the overloaded operators ¬, =, ≠ and '''abs''' are defined:
10.2.2. Operations on Boolean Operands
a) '''op''' ∨ = ('''bool''' a, b) '''bool''':( a | '''true''' | b );
b) '''op''' ∧ = ('''bool''' a, b) '''bool''': ( a | b | '''false''' );
c) '''op''' ¬ = ('''bool''' a) '''bool''': ( a | '''false''' | '''true''' );
d) '''op''' = = ('''bool''' a, b) '''bool''':( a∧b ) ∨ ( ¬b∧¬a );
e) '''op''' ≠ = ('''bool''' a, b) '''bool''': ¬(a=b);
f) '''op''' '''abs''' = ('''bool''' a)'''int''': ( a | 1 | 0 );
Note that no special declaration is required to ''overload'' an operator, and the programmer is free to create new operators.

===1980s===
[[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] supports overloading of operators from its inception, with the publication of the Ada 83 language standard. However, the designers of the language choose not to permit the definition of new operators: only the existing operators in the language may be overloaded (by defining new functions with identifiers such as "+", "*", "and" etc.). Subsequent revisions of the language (in 1995 and 2005) maintain the restriction to overloading of existing operators.

[[C++]]'s operator overloading is further refined from that of [[ALGOL 68]]'s.<ref>{{cite web|title=A History of C++: 1979−1991 - page 12 | url=http://www.research.att.com/~bs/hopl2.pdf |format=PDF| author=Bjarne Stroustrup | accessdate= April 2007 }}</ref>

===1990s===
Sun chooses not to include operator overloading in the Java
language.<ref>[http://www.cafeaulait.org/javafaq.html#xtocid1902938]</ref><ref>[http://java.sun.com/docs/white/langenv/Simple.doc2.html]</ref>

===2001===
Microsoft includes operator overloading in [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]].

==See also==
*[[Function overloading]]
*[[Polymorphism (computer science)]]
*[[Subroutine]]
*[[Operators in C and C++]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Operator Overloading}}
[[Category:Articles with example ALGOL 68 code]]
[[Category:Programming constructs]]

[[de:Überladen]]
[[fa:سربارگزاری عملگرها]]
[[fr:Surcharge des opérateurs]]
[[mk:Преоптоварување на оператор]]
[[nl:Operator-overloading]]
[[pl:Przeciążanie operatorów]]
[[ru:Перегрузка операторов]]
[[uk:Перевантаження операторів]]
[[zh:运算符重载]]

Operator overloading

2011-03-17T18:37:45Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Polymorphism}}
In object oriented [[computer programming]], '''operator overloading'''--less commonly known as operator [[ad-hoc]] [[type polymorphism|polymorphism]--is a specific case of [[polymorphism (computer science)|polymorphism]], where different [[operator (programming)|operator]]s have different implementations depending on their arguments. Operator overloading is generally defined by the language, the programmer, or both.

[[Operator (programming)|Operator]] overloading is claimed to be useful because it allows the developer to program using notation "closer to the target domain"<ref>{{cite web| title=C++ FAQ Lite: What are the benefits of operator overloading? | url=http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/operator-overloading.html#faq-13.2 | accessdate=August 2010 | year=2010 | month=June }}</ref> and allows user-defined types a similar level of syntactic support as types built into the language. It can easily be emulated using function calls; for an example, consider the integers a, b, c:

a + b * c

In a language that supports operator overloading, and assuming the '*' operator has higher [[Order of operations|precedence]] than '+', this is effectively a more concise way of writing:

add (a, multiply (b,c))

==Examples==
In this case, the addition operator is overloaded to allow addition on a user-defined type "Time" (in C++):

<source lang="cpp">
Time operator+(const Time& lhs, const Time& rhs) {
Time temp = lhs;
temp.seconds += rhs.seconds;
if (temp.seconds >= 60) {
temp.seconds -= 60;
temp.minutes++;
}
temp.minutes += rhs.minutes;
if (temp.minutes >= 60) {
temp.minutes -= 60;
temp.hours++;
}
temp.hours += rhs.hours;
return temp;
}
</source>

Addition is a [[binary operation]], which means it has left and right [[operands]]. In C++, the arguments being passed are the operands, and the <code>temp</code> object is the returned value.

The operation could also be defined as a class method, replacing <code>lhs</code> by the hidden <code>this</code> argument; however this forces the left operand to be of type <code>Time</code> and supposes <code>this</code> to be a potentially modifiable ''lvalue'':

<source lang="cpp">
Time Time::operator+(const Time& rhs) const {
Time temp = *this; /* Copy 'this' which is not to be modified */
temp.seconds += rhs.seconds;
if (temp.seconds >= 60) {
temp.seconds -= 60;
temp.minutes++;
}
temp.minutes += rhs.minutes;
if (temp.minutes >= 60) {
temp.minutes -= 60;
temp.hours++;
}
temp.hours += rhs.hours;
return temp;
}
</source>

Note that a [[unary operation|unary]] operator defined as a class method would receive no apparent argument (it only works from <code>this</code>):

<source lang="cpp">
bool Time::operator!() const {
return ((hours == 0) && (minutes == 0) && (seconds == 0));
}
</source>

==Criticisms==
Operator overloading has often been criticized because it allows programmers to give operators completely different semantics depending on the types of their operands. For example the use of the <code><<</code> in [[C++]]'s:
<source lang="cpp">
a << 1
</source>
shifts the bits in the variable <tt>a</tt> left by 1 bit if <tt>a</tt> is of an integer type, but if <tt>a</tt> is an output stream then the above code will attempt to write a "1" to the stream. Because operator overloading allows the original programmer to change the usual semantics of an operator and to catch any subsequent programmers by surprise, it is usually considered good practice to use operator overloading with care.

The common reply to this criticism is that the same argument applies to function overloading as well. Furthermore, even in the absence of overloading, a programmer can define a function to do something totally different from what would be expected from its name. An issue that remains is that languages such as C++ provide a limited set of operator symbols, thus removing from programmers the option of choosing a more suitable operator symbol for their new operation.

Another, more subtle issue with operators is that certain rules from mathematics can be wrongly expected or unintentionally assumed. For example the commutativity of + (i.e. that <code>a + b == b + a</code>) does not always apply; an example of this occurs when the operands are strings, since + is commonly overloaded to perform a concatenation of strings (i.e. <code>"school" + "bag"</code> yields <code>"schoolbag"</code>, which is different from <code>"bag" + "school"</code> yields <code>"bagschool"</code>). A typical counter to this argument comes directly from mathematics: While + is commutative on integers (and in general any real numbers), it is not commutative for other "types" of variable{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}. It can be further noted that + is not even associative on floating point values in practice due to rounding errors. Another example: [[binary operation|binary]] * (multiplication) is commutative for integers but not commutative in case of [[matrix multiplication]].

==Catalog==
A classification of some common programming languages by whether their operators are overloadable by the programmer and whether the operators are limited to a predefined set.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Operators
! Not overloadable
! Overloadable
|-
! New definable
| 
*[[ML programming language|ML]]
*[[Pico programming language|Pico]]<ref>binary functions with a symbolic name can be called infix</ref>
*[[Prolog]]
| 
*[[ALGOL 68#op: Operators|ALGOL 68]]
*[[Eiffel (programming language)|Eiffel]]
*[[Fortran]]<ref>introduced in Fortran 90</ref>
*[[F Sharp (programming language)|F#]]
*[[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]]<ref>type classes instead of overloading</ref>
*[[Io (programming language)|Io]]
*[[Perl 6]]
*[[R (programming language)|R]]
*[[Scala (programming language)|Scala]]
*[[Smalltalk]]
|-
! Limited set
| 
*[[C (programming language)|C]]
*[[Java (programming language)|Java]]
*[[JavaScript]]
*[[Objective-C]]
*[[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]]
*[[BASIC]]
| 
*[[Ada (programming language)|Ada]]
*[[C++]]
*[[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]
*[[D programming language|D]]
*[[FreeBASIC]]
*[[Groovy (programming language)|Groovy]]
*[[Lua (programming language)|Lua]]
*[[Delphi (programming language)|Delphi]] (since 2005)
*[[Object Pascal]] ([[Free Pascal]]<ref>{{cite web| title=Operator Overloading, Free Pascal Manual | url=http://www.freepascal.org/docs-html/ref/refse63.html#x152-15900012.1 | accessdate=February 2010}}</ref>)
*[[PHP]] (using magic methods or ArrayAccess interface or Operator extension)
*[[Perl]]
*[[Python (programming language)|Python]]
*[[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]]
*[[Visual Basic .NET|Visual Basic 2005]]
|}

==Timeline of operator overloading==
===1960s===
The [[ALGOL 68]] specification allowed operator overloading.<ref>{{cite web| title=Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68, Section 10.2.2. | url=http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/Algol68-Report.pdf |format=PDF| author=[[Adriaan van Wijngaarden|A. van Wijngaarden]], [[Barry J. Mailloux|B.J. Mailloux]], [[John E. L. Peck|J.E.L. Peck]] and [[Cornelis H.A. Koster|C.H.A. Koster]], et al. | accessdate= April 2007 | year=1968 | month=August }}</ref>

Extract from the '''ALGOL 68''' language specification (page 177) where the overloaded operators ¬, =, ≠ and '''abs''' are defined:
10.2.2. Operations on Boolean Operands
a) '''op''' ∨ = ('''bool''' a, b) '''bool''':( a | '''true''' | b );
b) '''op''' ∧ = ('''bool''' a, b) '''bool''': ( a | b | '''false''' );
c) '''op''' ¬ = ('''bool''' a) '''bool''': ( a | '''false''' | '''true''' );
d) '''op''' = = ('''bool''' a, b) '''bool''':( a∧b ) ∨ ( ¬b∧¬a );
e) '''op''' ≠ = ('''bool''' a, b) '''bool''': ¬(a=b);
f) '''op''' '''abs''' = ('''bool''' a)'''int''': ( a | 1 | 0 );
Note that no special declaration is required to ''overload'' an operator, and the programmer is free to create new operators.

===1980s===
[[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] supports overloading of operators from its inception, with the publication of the Ada 83 language standard. However, the designers of the language choose not to permit the definition of new operators: only the existing operators in the language may be overloaded (by defining new functions with identifiers such as "+", "*", "and" etc.). Subsequent revisions of the language (in 1995 and 2005) maintain the restriction to overloading of existing operators.

[[C++]]'s operator overloading is further refined from that of [[ALGOL 68]]'s.<ref>{{cite web|title=A History of C++: 1979−1991 - page 12 | url=http://www.research.att.com/~bs/hopl2.pdf |format=PDF| author=Bjarne Stroustrup | accessdate= April 2007 }}</ref>

===1990s===
Sun chooses not to include operator overloading in the Java
language.<ref>[http://www.cafeaulait.org/javafaq.html#xtocid1902938]</ref><ref>[http://java.sun.com/docs/white/langenv/Simple.doc2.html]</ref>

===2001===
Microsoft includes operator overloading in [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]].

==See also==
*[[Function overloading]]
*[[Polymorphism (computer science)]]
*[[Subroutine]]
*[[Operators in C and C++]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Operator Overloading}}
[[Category:Articles with example ALGOL 68 code]]
[[Category:Programming constructs]]

[[de:Überladen]]
[[fa:سربارگزاری عملگرها]]
[[fr:Surcharge des opérateurs]]
[[mk:Преоптоварување на оператор]]
[[nl:Operator-overloading]]
[[pl:Przeciążanie operatorów]]
[[ru:Перегрузка операторов]]
[[uk:Перевантаження операторів]]
[[zh:运算符重载]]

Near-field communication

2011-03-17T17:58:46Z

142.204.16.10: Few gramatical changes in the introduction.

{{Cleanup|date=June 2008}}
[[Image:NFC touch interactions 2.jpg|An NFC mobile phone interacting with a "smart poster"|thumb]]

'''Near field communication''', or '''NFC''', is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of 4 cm or less. NFC operates at 13.56 [[MHz]] and at rates ranging from 106 kbit/s to 848 kbit/s. NFC always involves an initiator and a target; the initiator actively generates an RF field that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards that do not require batteries. NFC peer-to-peer communication is also possible, where both devices are powered.

==Essential Specifications==
*As with [[proximity card]] technology, near-field communication is mediated by [[magnetic field|magnetic]] [[Electromagnetic induction|induction]] between two [[loop antenna]]s located within each other's [[Near and far field|near field]], effectively forming an air-core [[transformer]]. It operates within the globally available and unlicensed [[radio frequency]] [[ISM band]] of 13.56 [[MHz]]. Most of the RF energy is concentrated in the allowed 14 kHz bandwidth range, but the full spectral envelope may be as wide as 1.8 MHz when using [[Amplitude-shift keying|ASK]] modulation.<ref>C. Patauner et al. [http://www.eurasip.org/Proceedings/Ext/RFID2007/pdf/s1p4.pdf] High Speed RFID/NFC at the Frequency of 13.56 MHz</ref>
*Working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 20 cm
*Supported data rates: 106, 212, 424 or 848 [[kbit/s]]
*There are two modes:
** Passive Communication Mode: The Initiator device provides a carrier field and the target device answers by modulating the existing field. In this mode, the Target device may draw its operating power from the Initiator-provided electromagnetic field, thus making the Target device a [[transponder]].
** Active Communication Mode: Both Initiator and Target device communicate by alternately generating their own fields. A device deactivates its RF field while it is waiting for data. In this mode, both devices typically have power supplies.

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|-
! scope="col" | [[Baud]]
! scope="col" | Active device
! scope="col" | passive device
|-
! scope="row" | 424 [[baud|kBd]]
| Manchester, 10% [[Amplitude-shift keying|ASK]]
| Manchester, 10% ASK
|-
! scope="row" | 212 kBd
| Manchester, 10% ASK
| Manchester, 10% ASK
|-
! scope="row" | 106 kBd
| Modified Miller, 100% ASK
| Manchester, 10% ASK
|}
* NFC employs two different [[coding]]s to transfer data. If an active device transfers data at 106 kbit/s, a modified [[Miller coding]] with 100% [[modulation]] is used. In all other cases [[Manchester coding]] is used with a modulation ratio of 10%.
* NFC devices are able to receive and transmit data at the same time. Thus, they need to check the radio frequency field and can detect a collision if the received signal does not match with the transmitted signal.

==Uses and applications==
NFC technology is intended mainly for use in mobile phones. There are currently three specific uses for NFC:
* Card emulation: the NFC device behaves like an existing contactless card
* Reader mode: the NFC device is active and reads a passive RFID tag, for example for interactive advertising
* P2P mode: two NFC devices communicating together and exchanging information.

Plenty of applications are possible, such as:

* Mobile ticketing in public transport: an extension of the existing contactless infrastructure, such as Mobile Phone Boarding Pass.<ref name="check-in1">
{{cite news
|title=NFC-enabled mobile phones – the future of the check-in process
|url=http://www.check-in.aero/2010/08/nfc-enabled-mobile-phones-the-future-of-the-check-in-process/
|publisher=Check-In News, Analysis and Event
}}
</ref>
* [[Mobile payment]]: the device acts as a debit/credit payment card.
* Smart poster: the mobile phone is used to read [[RFID]] tags on outdoor billboards.
* Bluetooth pairing: in the future pairing of Bluetooth 2.1 devices with NFC support will be as easy as bringing them close together and accepting the pairing. The process of activating Bluetooth on both sides, searching, waiting, pairing and authorization will be replaced by simply bringing the mobile phones close to each other.

Other applications in the future could include:
* [[Electronic ticket]]ing: airline tickets,<ref name="check-in1"/> concert/event tickets, and others
* [[Electronic money]]
* [[Travel card]]s
* [[Identity document]]s
* [[Mobile commerce]]
* [[Remote keyless system|Electronic key]]s: replacements for physical car keys, house/office keys, hotel room keys, etc.
* NFC can be used to configure and initiate other wireless network connections such as [[Bluetooth]], [[Wi-Fi Protected Setup|Wi-Fi]] or [[Ultra-wideband]].

A patent licensing program for NFC is currently under development by Via Licensing Corporation, an independent subsidiary of [[Dolby Laboratories]].

A Public, platform independent Near Field Communication (NFC) library is released under the free [[GNU Lesser General Public License]] by the name [http://www.libnfc.org libnfc].

In December 2008 the application eCL0WN<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dexlab.nl/downloads.html |title= downloads |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref> was released which allows you to read and copy the chip content of biometric passports.

At the end of 2010 [[Telefónica]], La Caixa and Visa participated in a pilot project in Sitges pioneer in Europe with over 1,500 users and 500 shops <ref>{{cite web|url=http://saladeprensa.telefonica.com/jsp/base.jsp?contenido=/jsp/notasdeprensa/notadetalle.jsp&titulo=%E2%80%9Cla%20Caixa%E2%80%9D,%20Telef%C3%B3nica%20and%20Vi...&selectNumReg=5&pagina=1&id=66&origen=notapres&idm=eng&pais=1&elem=15905 |title="la Caixa", Telefónica and Visa complete the first mobile shopping experience in Spain |publisher=http://saladeprensa.telefonica.com |date= |accessdate=2010}}</ref>

==Comparison with Bluetooth==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|-
|
! scope="col" | NFC
! scope="col" | Bluetooth
! scope="col" | Bluetooth Low Energy
|-
! scope="col" | [[RFID]] compatible
| ISO 18000-3
| active
| active
|-
! scope="row" | Standardisation body
| ISO/IEC
| Bluetooth SIG
| Bluetooth SIG
|-
! scope="row" | Network [[Technical standard|Standard]]
| ISO 13157 etc.
| IEEE 802.15.1
| IEEE 802.15.1
|-
! scope="row" | Network Type
| Point-to-point
| WPAN
| WPAN
|-
! scope="row" | Cryptography
| not with RFID
| available
| available
|-
! scope="row" | Range
| < 0.2 m
| ~10 m (class 2)
| ~1 m (class 3)
|-
! scope="row" | Frequency
| 13.56 MHz
| 2.4-2.5 GHz
| 2.4-2.5 GHz
|-
! scope="row" | Bit rate
| 424 kbit/s
| 2.1 Mbit/s
| ~1.0 Mbit/s
|-
! scope="row" | Set-up time
| < 0.1 s
| < 6 s
| < 1 s
|-
! scope="row" | Power consumption
| < 15mA (read)
| varies with class
| < 15 mA (xmit)
|}
NFC and [[Bluetooth]] are both short-range communication technologies which are integrated into mobile phones. To avoid a complicated configuration process, NFC can be used for the set-up of wireless technologies, such as Bluetooth.

NFC sets up faster than standard [[Bluetooth]], but is not much faster than [[Bluetooth low energy]]. With NFC, instead of performing manual configurations to identify devices, the connection between two NFC devices is automatically established quickly — in less than a tenth of a second. The maximum data transfer rate of NFC (424 kbit/s) is slower than that of Bluetooth V2.1 (2.1 Mbit/s). With a maximum working distance of less than 20 cm, NFC has a shorter range, which reduces the likelihood of unwanted interception. That makes NFC particularly suitable for crowded areas where correlating a signal with its transmitting physical device (and by extension, its user) becomes difficult.

In contrast to Bluetooth, NFC is compatible with existing passive RFID (13.56 MHz ISO/IEC 18000-3) infrastructures. NFC requires comparatively low power, similar to the Bluetooth V4.0 low energy protocol. However, when NFC works with an unpowered device (e.g. on a phone that may be turned off, a contactless smart credit card, a smart poster, etc.), the NFC power consumption is greater than that of Bluetooth V4.0 Low Energy. Illumination of the passive tag needs extra power.

==Standardization bodies and industry projects==
===Standards===
NFC was approved as an [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] standard on December 8, 2003 and later as an [[European Computer Manufacturers Association|ECMA]] standard.

NFC is an open platform technology standardized in ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092. These standards specify the modulation schemes, coding, transfer speeds and frame format of the RF interface of NFC devices, as well as initialization schemes and conditions required for data collision-control during initialization for both passive and active NFC modes. Furthermore, they also define the [[transport protocol]], including protocol activation and data-exchange methods. The air interface for NFC is standardized in:
;ISO/IEC 18092 / ECMA-340: ''Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-1'' (NFCIP-1)<ref>[http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-340.htm Ecma International: Standard ECMA-340, Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1)], December 2004</ref>
;ISO/IEC 21481 / ECMA-352: ''Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol-2'' (NFCIP-2)<ref>[http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-352.htm Ecma International: Standard ECMA-352, Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol –2 (NFCIP-2)], December 2003</ref>

NFC incorporates a variety of existing standards including [[ISO/IEC 14443]] both Type A (normal) and Type B (banking/short range), and [[FeliCa]]. NFC enabled phones work basically, at least, with existing readers. Especially in "card emulation mode" a NFC device should transmit, at a minimum, a unique ID number to an existing reader.

In addition, the [[NFC Forum]] has defined a common data format called NFC Data Exchange Format ([http://www.nfc-forum.org/specs/ NDEF]), which can store and transport various kinds of items, ranging from any [[MIME]]-typed object to ultra-short [http://www.nfc-forum.org/specs/ RTD]-documents, such as URLs.

NDEF is conceptually very similar to MIME. It is a dense binary format of so-called "records", in which each record can hold a different type of object. By convention, the type of the first record defines the context of the entire message.

===GSMA===
The [[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM Association (GSMA)]] is the global trade association representing 700 mobile phone operators across 218 countries of the world.

They have launched 3 initiatives:
* the '''Mobile NFC initiative''': fourteen mobile network operators, who together represent 40% of the global mobile market, back NFC and are working together to develop NFC applications. They are [[Bouygues Télécom (company)|Bouygues Télécom]], [[China Mobile]], [[AT&T]], [[KPN]], [[Mobilkom Austria]], [[Orange SA|Orange]], [[SFR]], [[SK Telecom]], [[Telefonica Móviles España]], [[Telenor]], [[TeliaSonera]], [[Telecom Italia Mobile|Telecom Italia Mobile (TIM)]], [[Vodafone]], [[Deutsche Telecom]] and [[3 (telecommunications)|3]]<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6168222.stm Mobiles hope to be 'smart wallet'], ''[[BBC News Online]]'', 21 November 2006</ref>
On 13 February 2007, they published a white paper on NFC to give the point of view of mobile operators on the NFC ecosystem.<ref>[http://www.gsmworld.com/news/press_2007/press07_22.shtml GSMA Publishes White Paper On Near Field Communications (NFC)], ''GSM Association'', 13 February 2007</ref>
* the '''Pay buy mobile initiative''' seeks to define a common global approach to using Near Field Communications (NFC) technology to link mobile devices with payment and contactless systems.<ref>[http://gsmworld.com/newsroom/press-releases/1990.htm#nav-6 GSM Association Aims For Global Point Of Sale Purchases by Mobile Phone], ''GSM Association'', 13 February 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.gsmworld.com/news/press_2007/press07_33.shtml Momentum Builds Around GSMA's Pay-Buy Mobile Project], ''GSM Association'', 25 April 2007</ref> To date, 30 mobile operators have joined this initiative.
* On November 17, 2010, after two years of discussions, the three largest U.S. mobile phone carriers have launched a joint venture intended to develop a single platform on which technology based on the Near Field Communication (NFC) specifications can be used by their customers to make mobile payments. The new venture, known as [http://www.paywithisis.com/ ISIS], is designed to usher in the broad deployment of NFC technology, allowing NFC-enabled cell phones to function similarly to credit cards for the 200 million customers using cell phone service provided by any of the three carriers throughout the United States.

===StoLPaN===
StoLPaN (‘Store Logistics and Payment with NFC’) is a pan-European consortium supported by the [[European Commission]]’s [[Information Society Technologies]] program. StoLPaN will examine the as yet untapped potential for bringing together the new kind of local wireless interface, NFC and mobile communication.

===NFC Forum===
The NFC Forum is a non-profit industry association announced on March 18, 2004 by [[NXP Semiconductors]], [[Sony]] and [[Nokia]] to advance the use of NFC short-range wireless interaction in consumer electronics, mobile devices and PCs. The NFC Forum promotes implementation and standardization of NFC technology to ensure interoperability between devices and services. In September 2008, there were over 150 members of the NFC Forum.

===Alternative Form Factors===
To realize the benefits of NFC in cellphones not yet equipped with built in NFC chips a new line of complementary devices were created. MicroSD and UICC SIM cards were developed to incorporate industry standard contactless smartcard chips with ISO14443 interface, with or without built in antenna. The microSD form factor with built in antenna has the greatest potential as bridge device to shorten the time to market of contactless payment and couponing applications, while the built in NFC contollers gain enough market share.

===Other standardization bodies===
Other standardization bodies that are involved in NFC include:
* [[ETSI]] / SCP (Smart Card Platform) to specify the interface between the SIM card and the NFC chipset.
* [[GlobalPlatform]] to specify a multi-application architecture of the secure element.
* [[EMV]]Co for the impacts on the EMV payment applications.

==Security aspects==
Although the communication range of NFC is limited to a few centimeters, NFC alone does not ensure secure communications. In 2006, Ernst Haselsteiner and Klemens Breitfuß described different possible types of attacks, and detail how to leverage NFC's resistance to [[Man-in-the-middle attack]]s to establish a specific key.<ref>Ernst Haselsteiner, Klemens Breitfuß: {{PDFlink|[http://events.iaik.tugraz.at/RFIDSec06/Program/papers/002%20-%20Security%20in%20NFC.pdf Security in near field communication (NFC)]|158 KB}}, ''[[Philips Semiconductors]]'', Printed handout of Workshop on RFID Security RFIDSec 06, July 2006</ref> Unfortunately, as this technique is not part of the ISO standard, NFC offers no protection against eavesdropping and can be vulnerable to data modifications. Applications may use higher-layer [[cryptographic protocol]]s (e.g., [[Secure Sockets Layer|SSL]]) to establish a secure channel.

===Eavesdropping===
The RF signal for the wireless data transfer can be picked up with antennas. The distance from which an attacker is able to eavesdrop the RF signal depends on numerous parameters, but is typically a small number of meters.<ref>Gerhard P. Hancke [http://www.rfidblog.org.uk/research.html#eavesdrop2008 Eavesdropping Attacks on High-Frequency RFID Tokens.] 4th Workshop on RFID Security (RFIDsec'08), pp 100--113, July 2008</ref> Also, eavesdropping is extremely affected by the communication mode. A passive device that does not generate its own RF field is much harder to eavesdrop on than an active device. One [[Open source]] device that is able to eavesdrop on passive and active NFC communications is the [http://www.proxmark.org Proxmark instrument].

===Data modification===
Data destruction is relatively easy to realize. One possibility to perturb the signal is the usage of an RFID jammer. There is no way to prevent such an attack, but if the NFC devices check the RF field while they are sending, it is possible to detect it.

Unauthorized modification of data which results in valid messages is much more complicated, and demands a thorough understanding. In order to modify the transmitted data, an intruder has to deal with the single bits of the RF signal. The feasibility of this attack, i.e., if it is possible to change the value of a bit from 0 to 1 or the other way around, is amongst others subject to the strength of the [[amplitude modulation]].
If data is transferred with the modified [[Miller coding]] and a modulation of 100%, only certain bits can be modified. A modulation ratio of 100% makes it possible to eliminate a pause of the RF signal, but not to generate a pause where no pause has been. Thus, only a <code>1</code> which is followed by another <code>1</code> might be changed.
Transmitting Manchester-encoded data with a modulation ratio of 10% permits a modification attack on all bits.

===Relay attack===
Because NFC devices usually include ISO/IEC 14443 protocols, the relay attacks described are also feasible on NFC.<ref>Gerhard P. Hancke:[http://www.rfidblog.org.uk/research.html#relay A practical relay attack on ISO/IEC 14443 proximity cards], February 2005.</ref><ref name="Timo Kasper et al.">Timo Kasper et al. 2007</ref> For this attack the adversary has to forward the request of the reader to the victim and relay back its answer to the reader in real time, in order to carry out a task pretending to be the owner of the victim’s smart card. One of [http://www.libnfc.org libnfc] code examples demonstrates a [http://www.libnfc.org/documentation/examples/nfc-relay relay attack] using only two stock commercial NFC devices.

===Lost property===

The very simple problem of losing the mobile phone and therewith opening access to any finder of the property is not addressed. Either the NFC RFID card or the mobile phone will act as a single-factor authenticating entity, beyond the fact that the mobile phone is protected with the PIN code, again as a single authenticating factor. Hence the basic way of defeating the lost-property threat requires an extended security concept including more than one physically independent authentication factor.

===Walk off===

Once lawfully opened, access to a secure function or data is usually protected by time-out closing after a period of inactivity. Modern attacks may succeed, despite provisions to shut down access when the user turns inactive. The distance of a successful attacker to the locus of lawfully granted access is not addressed with any of the described concepts.

==NFC-enabled handsets==
*[[Nokia C7-00]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europe.nokia.com/find-products/devices/nokia-c7-00/specifications |title=Nokia Europe - Nokia C7-00 touch screen phone – Technical specifications |publisher=Europe.nokia.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref>
*Nokia 6216 Classic<ref>[http://europe.nokia.com/find-products/devices/nokia-6216-classic/specifications ]{{dead link|date=November 2010}}</ref> (Nokia has confirmed the cancellation of this phone in February 2010<ref>[http://www.nearfieldcommunicationsworld.com/2010/02/18/32854/nokia-confirms-cancellation-of-planned-6216-swp-nfc-phone/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nfcw+%28Near+Field+Communications+World%29 Nokia confirms cancellation of planned 6216 SWP NFC phone], ''Near Field Communications World'', 18 February 2010</ref>)
*Nokia 6212 Classic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://europe.nokia.com/A4991361 |title=Nokia Europe - Nokia 6212 classic |publisher=Europe.nokia.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref>
*[[Nokia 6131]] NFC<ref name="gsmworld.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.gsmworld.com/documents/gsma_pbm_white_paper_11_2007.pdf |title=GSMA Pay-Buy-Mobile White Paper 11-07 Final |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref>
*Nokia 3220 + NFC Shell<ref name="nfc-research.at">{{cite web|url=http://www.nfc-research.at/index.php?id=45 |title=Near Field Communication - NFC Research Lab: Devices |publisher=Nfc-research.at |date= |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref>
*Samsung S5230 Tocco Lite/Star/Player One/Avila<ref>[http://www.nearfieldcommunicationsworld.com/2010/02/17/32813/samsung-adds-nfc-to-bestselling-tocco-lite-star-player-one-avila/ Samsung adds NFC to bestselling Tocco Lite/Star/Player One/Avila], ''Near Field Communications World'', 17 February 2010</ref>
*Samsung SGH-X700 NFC<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mobilementalism.com/2006/02/11/samsung-and-philips-to-show-off-protoype-nfc-phone-at-3gsm/ |title=Samsung and Philips to show off protoype NFC phone at 3GSM |work=MobileMentalism |date=2006-02-11 |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref>
*Samsung D500E<ref name="nfc-research.at"/>
*SAGEM my700X Contactless<ref name="gsmworld.com"/>
*LG 600V contactless<ref name="gsmworld.com"/>
*Motorola L7 (SLVR)<ref name="nfc-research.at"/>
*Benq T80<ref name="nfc-research.at"/>
*Sagem Cosyphone<ref>[http://www.mobilecrunch.com/2010/02/15/sagem-cosyphone-with-nfc-technology-is-perfect-for-granny-and-gramps/ Sagem Cosyphone with NFC technology is perfect for granny and gramps], ''MobileCrunch'', 15 February 2010</ref>
*[[Google Nexus S]]<ref>[http://www.google.com/phone/detail/nexus-s Google Nexus S Phone Details], "Google Phone Gallery", 6 December 2010</ref>
*[[Samsung Galaxy S II]]
*Samsung Wave 578

==Future devices==
On November 15, 2010 [[Eric Schmidt]] announced at the [[Web 2.0 Summit]] <ref>{{cite web|author=Google’s CEO Eric Schmidt|title=A Conversation with Eric Schmidt on Android phones| url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKOWK2dR4Dg|publisher=youtube.com}}</ref> that the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] will support NFC starting from version 2.3 ("Gingerbread"). The first Android handset which supports this technology is the [[Nexus S]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/nexus/#!/features|title=Nexus Features|publisher=Google |date= |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref>

On January 25, 2011, [[Bloomberg]] published a report stating that [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] was actively pursuing development of a mobile payment system employing NFC. New generations of iPhone, iPod and iPad products would reportedly be equipped with NFC capability which would enable small-scale monetary transactions.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-25/apple-plans-service-that-lets-iphone-users-pay-with-handsets.html Apple plans service that lets iPhone users pay with headsets]</ref>

==Current trials==
===Europe===
* {{flag|Austria}}
** Mobilkom Austria, [[University of Applied Sciences of Upper Austria]], Samsung, NXP<ref>[http://www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/2851/1/1/ Austrian University Begins NFC Trial], ''RFID Journal'', November 28, 2006</ref>
* {{flag|Belgium}}
** NXP, Alcatel-Lucent [[touchatag]], BUZY.BE, [[Belgacom]] [[Pingping (payment)|Pingping]]
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}
** [[SEP Bulgaria]]
* {{flag|France}}
** Orange, Groupe LaSer and Vinci Park, Samsung, NXP in Caen <ref>[http://www.francetelecom.com/en/group/rd/news/thematique/dossier_mois/ddm200512/pages/page3.html France Télécom]{{Dead link|date=June 2008}}</ref>
** Bouygues Telecom, [[Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens|RATP]], Gemalto, NEC, [[Inside Contactless]] in the [[Paris Métro]]<ref>[http://www.contactlessnews.com/news/2005/10/26/first-in-france-axalto-and-bouygues-telecom-integrate-navigo-travelcard-into-mobile-phone/ First in France: Axalto and Bouygues Telecom integrate Navigo Travelcard into mobile phone], ''Contactless News'', October 26, 2005</ref>
** NRJ Mobile (MVNO), Crédit Mutuel, CIC, Master Card, Gemalto, Sagem, Inside Contactless in [[Strasbourg]]<ref>[http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=79fa5767f2ec5ee4f40d3efd1ac8210f2bebf9cd France to Host First EMV Contactless Mobile Commerce Pilot], ''NFC Forum'', 6 November 2006</ref>
** SFR, Crédit Mutuel, CIC, Master Card, Gemalto, Sagem, Inside Contactless in Strasbourg<ref>{{fr icon}} [http://www.generation-nt.com/sfr-partenaire-du-projet-de-paiement-mobile-sans-contact-du-cic-actualite-40466.html SFR partenaire du projet de paiement mobile sans contact du CIC], ''Génération Nouvelles Téchnologies'', 2 February 2007</ref>
** Bouygues Télécom, SEMITAG, Transdev, Gemalto, Sagem, Inside Contactless in [[Grenoble]]<ref>{{fr icon}} [http://www.institutionnel.bouyguestelecom.fr/actu/c1_2.aspx?fUrl=/actualite/communiquesdepresse/cpdetail_2800.html Voyager à Grenoble en toute simplicité grâce à son mobile], ''[[Bouygues Télécom]]'', 12 February 2007</ref>
** Orange, Veolia, [[Clear Channel]], Laser Cofinoga in [[Bordeaux]]<ref>[http://www.cardtechnology.com/article.html?id=2007071959ICODPX Orange Attempts To Kick-Start NFC Market With Announcement Of Rollout Plans], ''Card Technology'', 19 July 2007</ref>
** Bouygues Telecom, [[Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens|RATP]], [[Cassis International]], Sagem Orga in the [[Paris Métro]]<ref>[http://www.trusted-logic.com/IMG/pdf/07-11-Bouygues_Cassis_RATP_PR_Calypso_OTA_version_def.pdf/First Over-The-Air provisioning of Calypso compliant ticketing application into new generation SWP SIM card], ''PR'', November 07, 2007</ref>
** Pegasus [[AEPM]]: multi-operator (Orange, Bouygues Telecom, SFR), multi-bank ([[BNP Paribas]], Groupe Crédit Mutuel-CIC, [[Crédit Agricole]], [[Société Générale]]) with [[MasterCard]], [[Visa Europe]], Gemalto and Oberthur Technologies for mobile payment in two cities: [[Caen]] and Strasbourg<ref>{{fr icon}} [http://www.mobilemediamag.com/actualites/les-dernieres-informations/?actualite_id=32 Duex nouveaux adhérents à Pégasus], ''Mobile Media'' magazine, 21 March 2007</ref>
** Nice, Ville NFC: [[AFSCM]] (Orange, Bouygues Telecom, SFR, NRJ Mobile), [[Gemalto]], [[Oberthur Technologies]], multi-bank ([[BNP Paribas]], Groupe Crédit Mutuel-CIC, [[Crédit Agricole]], [[Société Générale]]) with [[MasterCard]], [[Visa Europe]], Airtag, [[Toro (NFC startup company)|Toro]], ConnectThings, [[Veolia Transport]], Adelya and more (to be completed)
* {{flag|Finland}}
** City of [[Oulu]], VTT<ref>[http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-75041.html In the Europewide SmartTouch project, NFC technology is successfully piloted by the City of Oulu, Finland], ''Innovations Report'', 29 November 2006</ref>
** Elisa, Gemalto,<ref>[http://www.elisa.com/english/index.cfm?t=7&o=7120.00&did=13997 New easy-to-use and safe NFC-enabled services from Elisa], ''Elisa'', 21 May 2007</ref>
** ADITUX/Red Solution Finland Oy
* {{flag|Germany}}
** [[Frankfurt Rhein-Main Region|Rhein-Main]] Verkehrsverbund (public transport authority), Vodafone, Nokia, NXP, Philips,
** [[Touch&Travel]]: Telekom Deutschland, Vodafone, [[Deutsche Bahn]], Motorola, Giesecke&Devrient, ATRON electronic, Germany
* {{flag|Hungary}}
** InfomatiX Ltd. / [[MobiAccess]] development framework
** AFF Entry System, [[AFF Group]]
** NGMS Hungary [[EntryPoint]], TiMOTHY
* {{flag|The Netherlands}}
** Payter, nationwide roll-out of mobile payment wallet over-the-air<ref>[http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=143613,Payter Distributes Mobile Payment Wallet Over-The-Air],''Press release'', 28 May 2008</ref>
** [[Nedap]] NV Healthcare
** JCB, [[KPN]], CCV Holland B.V., Gemalto, Nokia, PaySquare, NXP Semiconductors, [[Vivotech]].
** [[Roda JC|Roda]] Stadium, KPN, [[Philips]], [http://www.bellid.com Bell ID], SmartPoint
** [[Rabobank]], Rabo Mobiel (MVNO), KPN, NXP, [[Albert Heijn]]
** [[Logica]]
* {{flag|Norway}}
** [[Telenor]] and [[Cominor]] (public transport operator), NFC ticketing trial - using JavaCard emulation of MIFARE DESFire.<ref>[http://www.telenor.com/en/news-and-media/news/2009/bus-tickets-mobile.jsp Telenor and Cominor tests NFC ticketing in the city of Tromsø, Norway], ''Press release'', 2 February 2009</ref>
* {{flag|Poland}}
** Polkomtel, mPay—mobile payments<ref>{{pl icon}} [http://di.com.pl/news/17517,W_Polsce_juz_mozna_placic_komorka.html W Polsce już można "płacić komórką"], ''Dziennik Internautów'', 11 September 2007</ref>
* {{flag|Romania}}
** ING [[ING Group]], [[Toro (NFC startup company)|Toro]], [[Collis]]: mobile payment solution
* {{flag|Russia}}
** [[Moscow Metro]] and [[Mobile TeleSystems]] perform mobile ticketing trials using NFC-enabled [[SIM card]]s <ref>http://engl.mosmetro.ru/pages/page_1.php?id_page=56&id_text=956</ref>
* {{flag|Slovenia}}
** [[Adamsoft]], Loyalty club cards, NFC wallet, Attendance evidence, security services
* {{flag|Spain}}
** BBVA, Nokia and [[Ingenico]]
* {{flag|Sweden}}
** [[TeliaSonera]] and [[Västtrafik]] (public transport authority) testing ticket and traffic information via NFC.<ref>[http://www.teliasonera.com/press/pressreleases/item.page?prs.itemId=304418 TeliaSonera and Västtrafik tests new mobile technology in Gothenburg], ''Press release'', 8 October 2008</ref>
* {{flag|Turkey}}
** [[BKM Bankalararasi Kart Merkezi]] (Turkey's national card switch and clearing centre BKM) multi-bank an multi-operator trial, with a [[Cassis International]] TSM technology<ref>[http://www.finextra.com/fullstory.asp?id=19172 Turkey plans multi-bank, multi-operator NFC trial], ''Press release'', 24 October 2008</ref>
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}
** [[Cheshire County Council]], [[StaffPlan]] Connect time recording and point of care system
** Over-C, Welbeing Domicilary Care.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.free-press-release.com/news/200712/1197632492.html |title=Nokia NFC Technology Improving the Delivery of Care in the Home - nfc, near field communications, rfid |publisher=Free-press-release.com |date=2007-12-14 |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref>
** [[Manchester City Football Club]], Orange, [[Barclays Bank|Barclays]], [[Transport for London|TfL]] [[Oyster card]]<ref>[http://www.cardtechnology.com/article.html?id=200608306K5P5YCW British Football Club Launches NFC Trial], ''Card Technology'', 30 August 2006</ref>
** [[Telefónica O2|O2]], Mobile Interactive Group at the Wireless Festival in [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] ([[Wristband]] format)<ref>[http://www.theregister.com/2007/06/05/o2_nfc_wireless_festival/ O2 trials one off the wrist for VIP access], ''[[The Register]]'', 5 June 2007</ref>
** Transport for London, smart poster<ref name=TFL2007-08-22 />
** [[Barclays Bank|Barclays]] debit cards issued post March 2009 <ref>[http://www.personal.barclays.co.uk/BRC1/jsp/brccontrol?task=homefreevi2&value=15949&target=_self&site=pfs Debit cards post-2009], [[Barclays Bank|Barclays]],18 April 2009</ref>

===North America===
* {{flag|Canada}}
** MasterCard, Bell Mobility, [[Vivotech]], Société de Transport de Montreal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nearfieldcommunicationsworld.com/2009/09/24/31755/montreal-picks-oberthur-for-contactless-transit-ticketing-system/ |title=Montreal picks Oberthur for contactless transit ticketing system • NFC World |publisher=Nearfieldcommunicationsworld.com |date=2009-09-24 |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref>
* {{flag|USA}}
** Mobile Transit Trial: Sprint, First Data, [[Bay Area Rapid Transit]], Jack In The Box, [[Vivotech]] [[Western Union]] Speedpay
** [[Cingular Wireless]], Citigroup, [[New York subway]], MasterCard Worldwide, Nokia, Venyon
** ZTar (MVNO), [[Discover Financial Services]], Motorola, NXP, Inside Contactless that can be used with phones, cards, key fobs, and other devices.
** 7-Eleven, Master Card in [[Dallas]]
** Nokia, Philips, [[Vivotech]] FlyBy at the Philips Arena in [[Atlanta]]
** Bank of America and Visa test for in-store payments in New York.<ref>{{cite web|last=Collins |first=Hugh |url=http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/company-news/bank-of-america-visa-to-test-smartphone-payment-program/19601600/ |title=Bank of America, Visa to Test Smartphone Payment Program |publisher=DailyFinance |date=2010-10-14 |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref>
** Transit systems equipped, but not in-use: [[compass card]] in San Diego, CA; [[Transit Access Pass]] In Los Angeles, CA

===Asia and Oceania===
* {{flag|Australia}}
** First Australian NFC mobile phone payment pilot, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, MasterCard, [[Vivotech]]
** Telstra, [[National Australia Bank]], [[Cassis International]] on a Sagem Orga SIM card<ref>[http://www.cardtechnology.com/article.html?id=20070830SL9A2ZQO NFC Payment Trial Planned For Australia In Early 2008], ''Card Technology'', 30 August 2007</ref>
** Queensland's TransLink [[Go card]] Service. Perth's TransPerth Transport Services.
* {{flag|China}}
** [[China Mobile]], Philips, Nokia and Xiamen e-Tong Card
* {{flag|India}}
** Delta Technologies
** Citi Tap and Pay - Citibank India
** [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/telecom/tata-docomo-megasoft-xius-ink-pact-on-mobile-touch-solutions/articleshow/7508520.cms Tata DoCoMo partnering with MegaSoft XIUS to start NFC trial in Hyderabad]
* {{flag|Japan}}
** JCB [[Japan Credit Bureau]], [[Cassis International]] experiment of OTA Services for NFC Mobile Payment<ref>[http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-7536872/JCB-Collaborates-with-CASSIS-International.html JCB Collaborates with CASSIS International in an Experiment to Test OTA Services for NFC Mobile Payment], ''JCB'', 2008-02-21</ref>
* {{flag|South Korea}}
** KTF and GSMA<ref>[http://www.gsmworld.com/newsroom/press-releases/2081.htm KTF and GSMA Global M-Payment Service started with SIM based NFC handset ], ''GSMA'', Nov 13, 2007</ref>
** SKTelecom, Philips, [[Cassis International]]<ref>[http://www.nxp.com/news/content/file_1237.html Philips and SKT join forces to simplify NFC development around the world], ''NXP'', May 17, 2006</ref>
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
** Visa, Maybank, Maxis, Touch'n'Go, Nokia, [[Cassis International]] (TSM services), [[Vivotech]]
* {{flag|Taiwan}}
** [[Taiwan Mobile]], MasterCard, [[Taipei Fubon Bank]] and [[Gemalto]]
** [[Chunghwa Telecom]], EasyCard, BenQ, NXP<ref>[http://www.cardtechnology.com/article.html?id=2007082970W619L3 Taiwanese Telco To Test New NFC Phone], ''Card Technology'', 29 August 2007</ref>
** [[Chinese Culture University]],<ref>[http://www.cna.com.tw/postwrite/cvpread.aspx?ID=55156 Mos Burger Outgoing Using NFC Phone Debit Campus Card], ''Chinese Culture University'', 6 April 2010</ref> [[Mos Burger]]
** [[Toro (NFC startup company)|Toro]]
* {{flag|Singapore}}
** Ez-link, Samsung, [[Cassis International]]
** [[Singtel]], NETS, [[Vivotech]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/communications/0,39044192,62031790,00.htm |title=Singapore to start NFC trials |work=ZDnet Asia |date=2007-09-04 |accessdate=2010-11-17}}</ref>
* {{flag|Thailand}}
** Thai E-purse Order (for seven-eleven markets and loyalty programs), Giesecke & Devrient, Germany; Thai Smart Card Group (TSC)<ref>[http://www.actcda.com/resource/0508.htm ACTion newsletter, August 2005], ''ACT Canada'', August 30, 2005</ref>
** [[Advanced Info Service]], KasikornBank, [[Gemalto]], [[Toro (NFC startup company)|Toro]], [[Visa Inc.|Visa]]
** TouchSIM By [[True Corporation|TrueMove and TrueMoney]] Payment technology by [[RFID]]

===Latin America===
* {{flag|Argentina}}
** RedBus Córdoba, Argentina.

* {{flag|Guatemala}}
** First NFC mobile payment pilot in Latin America [[Visa Inc.|Visa]], [[VisaNet]], [[Vivotech]]

* {{flag|Brazil}}
** Evaluating NFC with biometrics authentication [[Veridis Biometrics.|Veridis]]

===Middle East===
* {{flag|UAE}}
** First NFC mobile payment pilot in the middle east and North Africa [[Du_(telco)|Emirates Integrated Telecommunications Co. PJSC – DU]]<ref>[http://www.nearfieldcommunicationsworld.com/2009/05/19/31181/dubai-first-and-du-to-run-middle-easts-first-nfc-payments-trial/ Dubai First and Du to run Middle East's first NFC payments trial], ''Near Field Communications World'' 19 May 2009</ref>

==See also==
* [[Near and far field]]
* [[Object hyperlinking]]
* [[RFID]]
* [[FeliCa]]
* [[TransferJet]]
* [[UICC configuration]]
* [[Single Wire Protocol]]
* [[Poken]] - example of a proprietary NFC system with a proprietary protocol

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=
<ref name=TFL2007-08-22>{{cite web|title= Smart posters show passengers the way |publisher= [[Transport for London]] |date= 2007-08-22 |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/5832.aspx|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/5uBVHH12s |archivedate= 2010-11-12}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite web
| last = Ortiz
| first = C. Enrique
| title = An Introduction to Near-Field Communication and the Contactless Communication API
| date = 2006-06
| url= http://java.sun.com/developer/technicalArticles/javame/nfc/
| accessdate = 2008-10-24 }}
*{{cite journal
| last = Kasper
| first = Timo
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Dario Carluccio, Christof Paar
| title = An embedded system for practical security analysis of contactless smartcards.
| journal = Springer LNCS
| volume = 4462
| issue =
| pages = 150–160
| publisher =
| location = Workshop in Information Security Theory and Practices 2007, [[Heraklion]], [[Crete]], [[Greece]]
| date = May 2007
| url = http://www.crypto.rub.de/imperia/md/content/texte/publications/conferences/embedded_system.pdf
| format =
| issn =
| accessdate = }}

==External links==
===Standards===
* [http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=38578&ICS1=35&ICS2=100&ICS3=10 ISO/IEC 18092:2004]

===Industrial Information===
* [http://www.apsca.org/ Asia Pacific Smart Card Association]
* [http://www.nfc-forum.org/home/ NFC Forum]
* [http://www.nearfieldcommunicationsworld.com/ NFC World]
* [http://www.nfctimes.com/ NFC TIMES]

===Research===
* [http://www.nearfield.org/ Touch project] is a research project that investigates Near Field Communication.
* [http://www.nfclab.com NFC Lab - Istanbul] conducts various research projects on NFC.
* [http://www.nfc.cc NFC Research Blog Vienna] NFC Research of the technical University of Vienna and RISE.

===Articles===
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/6168222.stm BBC: Mobile phones hope to be 'smart wallet']
* [http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070911.wgtnearfielf0911/BNStory/PersonalTech Near Future of Near Field by Joe Rayment, The Globe and Mail]

===Technical papers===
* [http://www.crypto.rub.de/imperia/md/content/seminare/itsss07/near_field_communication_in_cell_phones.pdf Seminar Near Field Communication]
* [http://vimeo.com/2028724/ "A day at MIT with Near-Field Communication" - Video scenario on future everyday life usage of NFC]

{{Ecma International Standards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Near Field Communication}}
[[Category:Bandplans]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunications]]
[[Category:Wireless]]
[[Category:ISO standards]]
[[Category:Ecma standards]]

[[cs:Near Field Communication]]
[[da:Near Field Communication]]
[[de:Near Field Communication]]
[[es:Near Field Communication]]
[[fr:Communication en champ proche]]
[[ko:근거리 무선 통신]]
[[it:Near Field Communication]]
[[nl:Near field communication]]
[[ja:近距離無線通信]]
[[pl:Near Field Communication]]
[[ru:Near Field Communication]]
[[sk:Near Field Communication]]
[[sl:Near Field Communication]]
[[fi:Near Field Communication]]
[[sv:Närfältskommunikation]]
[[th:Near field communication]]
[[tr:NFC]]
[[zh:近場通訊]]

Hardcore gamer

2011-03-16T11:49:14Z

142.204.16.10:

{{About|the term|the website and magazine|Hardcore Gamer Magazine}}
{{Original research|date=December 2007}}

'''Hardcore gamer''' is a widely used term applied to describe a type of [[video game]] player. Hardcore gamers typically play mature games for mature gamers, such as themselves. Some describe hardcore gamers as those whose leisure time is largely devoted to playing video games. This type of [[gamer]] prefers to take significant time and practice on games, in contrast to a [[casual gamer]]. Many hardcore gamers pride themselves on mastering the rules or use of a game, although this is not a strict requirement. Conflicting opinion argues that it is not so much the time spent on games however, as casual gamers can spend hundreds of hours on games without ever mastering them. Competition is another defining characteristic of hardcore gamers, who often compete in organized tournaments, leagues, or ranked play integrated into the game proper. In this light, professional gamers can be seen as an extreme example of hardcore gaming. It's also been said{{By whom|date=November 2010}} that "core" gamers or hardcore gamers is someone that plays a variety of games, master a large amount of games, and know a lot about the industry and history of video games.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

==Usage==

Of hardcore gamers, Nintendo's Charlie Scibetta said "They're usually the early adopters that want to get the latest version of something, and they'll be the ones that put it through its paces the hardest and give us all kind of feedback and tell us what they like and don't like."<ref name="play"/>

==Relationship with casual gaming==
In general, hardcore gamers have a disdain for games or consoles targeted at casual gamers; the [[Wii]] for example.<ref name="canada">{{cite web|url=http://www.canada.com/MadWorld+hardcore+game/1476822/story.html|title=It's a mad, MadWorld in Wii hardcore game|publisher=canada.com|work=Canwest News Service|author=Ben Carrozza|date=April 8, 2009|accessdate=2009-04-09|quote=Two years after its release, the Nintendo Wii has a reputation in hardcore gamer circles as a party favour at best and a glorified toy at worst.}}</ref> Although Nintendo had strong casual gamer support during the [[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|seventh-generation]] era, it has attempted to re-target its "core" gamers with titles such as [[MadWorld]]<ref name="canada"/> and the handheld console [[DSi]].<ref name="play">{{cite web|url=http://play.tm/article/24048/all-hail-the-nintendo-dsi/|title=All hail the Nintendo DSi|author=Paul Govan|accessdate=2009-04-09|work=play.tm}}</ref>

Certain hardcore gamers are sometimes inaccurately labeled as casual gamers, often in a derogatory way, because of this differentiation even though they prefer playing games which are designed for hardcore gamers.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} This is common among [[MMORPG]] players where there is a demand for many different gameplay styles (e.g., solo play, quests, [[Player versus player|PvP]], raid content, crafting) within a single game but limited developer ability to deliver all of them.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}

==See also==
*[[Gamer]]
*[[Retrogaming]]
*[[Video game culture]]
*[[Import gamers]]
*[[Video game addiction]]

==External links==
*[http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/209524/hardcore-nintendo-how-the-wii-isnt-just-for-casual-gamers-anymore/ Hardcore Nintendo: Why the Wii isn't Just for Casual Gamers Anymore] at GamePro

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardcore Gamer}}
[[Category:Video game culture]]

[[es:Gamer]]
[[fr:Hardcore gamer]]
[[pt:Hardcore gamer]]

Domain Name System

2011-02-04T16:01:52Z

142.204.16.10:

The '''Domain Name System''' ('''DNS''') is a hierarchical naming system built on a [[distributed database]] for computers, services, or any resource connected to the [[Internet]] or a [[private network]]. It associates various information with [[domain name]]s assigned to each of the participating entities. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to [[humans]] into the numerical identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide.

An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the ''[[telephone directory|phone book]]'' for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer [[hostname]]s into [[IP address]]es. For example, the domain name ''[[example.com|www.example.com]]'' translates to the addresses ''192.0.32.10'' ([[IPv4]]) and ''2620:0:2d0:200::10'' ([[IPv6]]).

The Domain Name System makes it possible to assign [[domain name]]s to groups of Internet resources and users in a meaningful way, independent of each entity's physical location. Because of this, [[World Wide Web]] (WWW) [[hyperlinks]] and Internet contact information can remain consistent and constant even if the current Internet routing arrangements change or the participant uses a mobile device. Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses such as <tt>208.77.188.166</tt> (IPv4) or <tt>2001:db8:1f70::999:de8:7648:6e8</tt> (IPv6). Users take advantage of this when they recite meaningful [[Uniform Resource Locator]]s (URLs) and [[e-mail address]]es without having to know how the computer actually locates them.

The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating [[authoritative name server]]s for each domain.
Authoritative name servers are assigned to be responsible for their particular domains, and in turn can assign other authoritative name servers for their sub-domains. This mechanism has made the DNS distributed and fault tolerant and has helped avoid the need for a single central register to be continually consulted and updated.

In general, the Domain Name System also stores other types of information, such as the list of [[mail server]]s that accept [[email]] for a given Internet domain. By providing a worldwide, distributed [[Index term|keyword]]-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is an essential component of the functionality of the [[Internet]].

Other identifiers such as [[RFID tag]]s, [[UPC code]]s, International characters in email addresses and host names, and a variety of other identifiers could all potentially use DNS.<ref>
{{cite web
|last = Mockapetris|first = Paul
|authorlink = Paul Mockapetris This site sucks for information!
|title = Letting DNS Loose
| publisher = CircleID
|url = http://www.circleid.com/posts/letting_dns_loose/
|date = 2004-01-02
| quote = RFID tags, UPC codes, International characters in email addresses and host names, and a variety of other identifiers could all go into DNS [...] — it's ready to carry arbitrary identifiers.
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| last = Mockapetris |first = Paul
| authorlink = Paul Mockapetris
| title = RFC 1101: DNS Encoding of Network Names and Other Types
| date = April 1989
| page = 1
| quote = The DNS is extensible and can be used for a virtually unlimited number of data types, name spaces, etc.
}}
</ref>

The Domain Name System also specifies the technical functionality of this database service. It defines the DNS protocol, a detailed definition of the data structures and communication exchanges used in DNS, as part of the [[Internet Protocol Suite]].

{{IPstack}}

==Overview==
The Internet maintains two principal [[namespace]]s, the domain name hierarchy<ref name=rfc1034>RFC 1034, ''Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities'', P. Mockapetris, The Internet Society (November 1987)</ref> and the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP) address system.<ref name="rfc781">RFC 781, ''Internet Protocol - DARPA Internet Program Protocol Specification'', Information Sciences Institute, J. Postel (Ed.), The Internet Society (September 1981)</ref> The Domain Name System maintains the domain namespace and provides translation services between these two namespaces. Internet name servers and a communication [[network protocol|protocols]] implement the Domain Name System.<ref name=rfc1035>RFC 1035, ''Domain Names - Implementation and Specification'', P. Mockapetris, The Internet Society (November 1987)</ref> A DNS name server is a server that stores the DNS records for a domain name, such as address (A) records, name server (NS) records, and mail exchanger (MX) records (see also [[List of DNS record types]]); a DNS name server responds with answers to queries against its database.

==History==
The practice of using a name as a humanly more meaningful abstraction of a host's numerical address on the network dates back to the [[ARPANET]] era. Before the DNS was invented in 1983, each computer on the network retrieved a file called ''HOSTS.TXT'' from a computer at SRI (now [[SRI International]]).<ref name=rfc2467>RFC 3467, ''Role of the Domain Name System (DNS)'', J.C. Klensin, J. Klensin (February 2003)</ref><ref>{{cite book
|title = DNS and BIND
|edition = 5th
|page = 3
|year = 2006
|author = Cricket Liu, Paul Albitz
|publisher = [[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly]]
|url = http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596100575
}}</ref> The HOSTS.TXT file mapped names to numerical addresses. A [[hosts file]] still exists on most modern operating systems by default and generally contains a mapping of the IP address 127.0.0.1 to "localhost". Many operating systems use name resolution logic that allows the administrator to configure selection priorities for available name resolution methods.

The rapid growth of the network made a centrally maintained, hand-crafted HOSTS.TXT file unsustainable; it became necessary to implement a more scalable system capable of automatically disseminating the requisite information.

At the request of [[Jon Postel]], [[Paul Mockapetris]] invented the Domain Name System in 1983 and wrote the first implementation. The original specifications were published by the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] in RFC 882 and RFC 883, which were superseded in November 1987 by RFC 1034<ref name="rfc1034">RFC 1034, ''Domain names - Concepts and Facilities'', P. Mockapetris (November 1987)</ref> and RFC 1035.<ref name="rfc1035">RFC 1035, ''Domain names - Implementation and Specification'', P. Mockapetris (November 1987)</ref> Several additional [[Request for Comments]] have proposed various extensions to the core DNS protocols.

In 1984, four [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] students—Douglas Terry, Mark Painter, David Riggle, and Songnian Zhou—wrote the first [[Unix]] implementation, called The Berkeley Internet Name Domain ([[BIND]]) Server.<ref>Douglas Brian Terry, Mark Painter, David W. Riggle and Songnian Zhou, [http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/1984/5957.html ''The Berkeley Internet Name Domain Server''], Proceedings USENIX Summer Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, June 1984, pages 23–31.</ref> In 1985, Kevin Dunlap of [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] significantly re-wrote the DNS implementation. Mike Karels, Phil Almquist, and [[Paul Vixie]] have maintained BIND since then. BIND was [[porting|ported]] to the [[Windows NT]] platform in the early 1990s.

BIND was widely distributed, especially on Unix systems, and is the dominant DNS software in use on the Internet.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://mydns.bboy.net/survey/
| title = DNS Server Survey
}}</ref> With the heavy use and resulting scrutiny of its open-source code, as well as increasingly more sophisticated attack methods, many security flaws were discovered in BIND. This contributed to the development of a number of [[Comparison of DNS server software|alternative name server and resolver programs]]. BIND version 9 was written from scratch and now has a security record comparable to other modern DNS software. {{fact|date=January 2011}}

==Structure==
{{anchor|The domain name space}}

===Domain name space===
The domain name space consists of a [[tree data structure|tree]] of domain names. Each node or leaf in the tree has zero or more ''resource records'', which hold information associated with the domain name. The tree sub-divides into ''zones'' beginning at the [[DNS root zone|root zone]]. A [[DNS zone]]
may consist of only one domain, or may comprise many domains and sub-domains, depending on the administrative authority delegated to the manager.

[[Image:Domain name space.svg|right|thumb|700px|The hierarchical domain name system, organized into zones, each served by a name server]]

Administrative responsibility over any zone may be divided by creating additional zones. Authority is said to be ''delegated'' for a portion of the old space, usually in form of sub-domains, to another nameserver and administrative entity. The old zone ceases to be authoritative for the new zone.

===Domain name syntax===
The definitive descriptions of the rules for forming domain names appear in RFC 1035, RFC 1123, and RFC 2181.
A [[domain name]] consists of one or more parts, technically called ''labels'', that are conventionally concatenated, and delimited by dots, such as <tt>example.com</tt>.
* The right-most label conveys the [[top-level domain]]; for example, the domain name <tt>www.example.com</tt> belongs to the top-level domain <tt>com</tt>.
* The hierarchy of domains descends from right to left; each label to the left specifies a subdivision, or [[subdomain]] of the domain to the right. For example: the label <tt>example</tt> specifies a subdomain of the <tt>com</tt> domain, and <tt>www</tt> is a sub domain of <tt>example.com</tt>. This tree of subdivisions may have up to 127 levels.
* Each label may contain up to 63 characters. The full domain name may not exceed a total length of 253 characters in its external dotted-label specification.<ref>RFC 2181, ''Clarifications to the DNS Specification'', R. Elz, R. Bush (July 1997)</ref> In the internal binary representation of the DNS the maximum length requires 255 octets of storage.<ref name=rfc1034/> In practice, some [[domain name registry|domain registries]] may have shorter limits.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}
*DNS names may technically consist of any character representable in an octet. However, the allowed formulation of domain names in the DNS root zone, and most other sub domains, uses a preferred format and character set. The characters allowed in a label are a subset of the [[ASCII]] character set, and includes the characters ''a'' through ''z'', ''A'' through ''Z'', digits ''0'' through ''9'', and the hyphen. This rule is known as the ''LDH rule'' (letters, digits, hyphen). Domain names are interpreted in case-independent manner. Labels may not start or end with a hyphen.<ref name=rfc3696>RFC 3696, ''Application Techniques for Checking and Transformation of Names'', J.C. Klensin, J. Klensin</ref>
* A [[hostname]] is a domain name that has at least one IP address associated. For example, the domain names <tt>www.example.com</tt> and <tt>example.com</tt> are also hostnames, whereas the <tt>com</tt> domain is not.

===Internationalized domain names===
The permitted character set of the DNS prevented the representation of names and words of many languages in their native alphabets or scripts. [[ICANN]] has approved the [[Internationalized domain name|Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications]] (IDNA) system, which maps [[Unicode]] strings into the valid DNS character set using [[Punycode]]. In 2009 ICANN approved the installation of IDN country code top-level domains. In addition, many [[domain name registry|registries]] of the existing TLDs have adopted IDNA.

===Name servers===
The Domain Name System is maintained by a [[distributed database]] system, which uses the [[client-server]] model. The nodes of this database are the name servers. Each domain has at least one authoritative DNS server that publishes information about that domain and the name servers of any domains subordinate to it. The top of the hierarchy is served by the [[root nameserver]]s, the servers to query when looking up (''resolving'') a top-level domain name ([[Top-level domain|TLD]]).

====Authoritative name server====
An ''authoritative'' name server is a name server that gives [[#Authoritative answer|answers]] that have been configured by an original source, for example, the domain administrator or by dynamic DNS methods, in contrast to answers that were obtained via a regular DNS query to another name server. An authoritative-only name server only returns answers to queries about domain names that have been specifically configured by the administrator.

An authoritative name server can either be a ''master'' server or a ''slave'' server. A master server is a server that stores the original (''master'') copies of all zone records. A slave server uses an automatic updating mechanism of the DNS protocol in communication with its master to maintain an identical copy of the master records.

Every DNS zone must be assigned a set of authoritative name servers that are installed in NS records in the parent zone.

When domain names are registered with a [[domain name registrar]] their installation at the [[domain registry]] of a [[top level domain]] requires the assignment of a ''primary'' name server and at least one ''secondary'' name server. The requirement of multiple name servers aims to make the domain still functional even if one name server becomes inaccessible or inoperable.<ref name="techterms">{{cite web
|title = Name Server definition at techterms.com
|url = http://www.techterms.com/definition/nameserver
}}</ref> The designation of a primary name server is solely determined by the priority given to the domain name registrar. For this purpose generally only the [[fully qualified domain name]] of the name server is required, unless the servers are contained in the registered domain, in which case the corresponding [[IP address]] is needed as well.

Primary name servers are often master name servers, while secondary name server may be implemented as slave servers.

An authoritative server indicates its status of supplying definitive answers, deemed ''authoritative'', by setting a software flag (a protocol structure bit), called the ''Authoritative Answer'' (''AA'') bit in its responses.<ref name="rfc1035" /> This flag is usually reproduced prominently in the output of DNS administration query tools (such as [[Domain Information Groper|dig]]) to indicate ''that the responding name server is an authority for the domain name in question.''<ref name="rfc1035" />

====Recursive and caching name server====
In principle, authoritative name servers are sufficient for the operation of the Internet. However, with only authoritative name servers operating, every DNS query must start with recursive queries at the [[DNS root zone|root zone]] of the Domain Name System and each user system must implement resolver software capable of recursive operation.

To improve efficiency, reduce DNS traffic across the Internet, and increase performance in end-user applications, the Domain Name System supports DNS cache servers which store DNS query results for a period of time determined in the configuration (time-to-live) of the domain name record in question.
Typically, such ''caching'' DNS servers, also called ''DNS caches'', also implement the recursive algorithm necessary to resolve a given name starting with the DNS root through to the authoritative name servers of the queried domain. With this function implemented in the name server, user applications gain efficiency in design and operation.

The combination of DNS caching and recursive functions in a name server is not mandatory, the functions can be implemented independently in servers for special purposes.

[[Internet service providers]] typically provide recursive and caching name servers for their customers. In addition, many home networking routers implement DNS caches and recursors to improve efficiency in the local network.

===DNS resolvers===
{{See also|resolv.conf}}
The client-side of the DNS is called a DNS resolver. It is responsible for initiating and sequencing the queries that ultimately lead to a full resolution (translation) of the resource sought, e.g., translation of a domain name into an IP address.

A DNS query may be either a non-recursive query or a recursive query:
* A ''non-recursive query'' is one in which the DNS server provides a record for a domain for which it is authoritative itself, or it provides a partial result without querying other servers.
* A ''recursive query'' is one for which the DNS server will fully answer the query (or give an error) by querying other name servers as needed. DNS servers are not required to support recursive queries.

The resolver, or another DNS server acting recursively on behalf of the resolver, negotiates use of recursive service using bits in the query headers.

Resolving usually entails iterating through several name servers to find the needed information. However, some resolvers function simplistically and can communicate only with a single name server. These simple resolvers (called "stub resolvers") rely on a recursive name server to perform the work of finding information for them.

==Operation==
===Address resolution mechanism===
Domain name resolvers determine the appropriate domain name servers responsible for the domain name in question by a sequence of queries starting with the right-most (top-level) domain label.

[[Image:An example of theoretical DNS recursion.svg|right|thumb|400px|A DNS recursor consults three nameservers to resolve the address www.wikipedia.org.]]

The process entails:
# A network host is configured with an initial cache (so called ''hints'') of the known addresses of the [[root nameserver]]s. Such a ''hint file'' is updated periodically by an administrator from a reliable source.
# A query to one of the root servers to find the server authoritative for the top-level domain.
# A query to the obtained TLD server for the address of a DNS server authoritative for the second-level domain.
# Repetition of the previous step to process each domain name label in sequence, until the final step which returns the IP address of the host sought.

The diagram illustrates this process for the host www.wikipedia.org.

The mechanism in this simple form would place a large operating burden on the root servers, with every search for an address starting by querying one of them. Being as critical as they are to the overall function of the system, such heavy use would create an insurmountable bottleneck for trillions of queries placed every day. In practice [[#Caching_and_time_to_live|caching]] is used in DNS servers to overcome this problem, and as a result, root nameservers actually are involved with very little of the total traffic.

===Circular dependencies and glue records===
Name servers in delegations are identified by name, rather than by IP address. This means that a resolving name server must issue another DNS request to find out the IP address of the server to which it has been referred. If the name given in the delegation is a subdomain of the domain for which the delegation is being provided, there is a [[circular dependency]]. In this case the nameserver providing the delegation must also provide one or more IP addresses for the authoritative nameserver mentioned in the delegation. This information is called ''glue''. The delegating name server provides this glue in the form of records in the ''additional section'' of the DNS response, and provides the delegation in the ''answer section'' of the response.

For example, if the [[authoritative name server]] for <tt>example.org</tt> is <tt>ns1.example.org</tt>, a computer trying to resolve <tt>www.example.org</tt> first resolves <tt>ns1.example.org</tt>. Since <tt>ns1</tt> is contained in <tt>example.org</tt>, this requires resolving <tt>example.org</tt> first, which presents a circular dependency. To break the dependency, the nameserver for the <tt>org</tt> [[top level domain]] includes glue along with the delegation for <tt>example.org</tt>. The glue records are address records that provide IP addresses for <tt>ns1.example.org</tt>. The resolver uses one or more of these IP addresses to query one of domain's authoritative servers, which allows it to complete the DNS query.

===Record caching===
Because of the large volume of requests generated DNS for the public Internet, the designers wished to provide a mechanism to reduce the load on individual DNS servers. To this end, the DNS resolution process allows for ''caching'' of records for a period of time after an answer. This entails the local recording and subsequent consultation of the copy instead of initiating a new request upstream. The time for which a resolver caches a DNS response is determined by a value called the [[time to live]] (TTL) associated with every record. The TTL is set by the administrator of the DNS server handing out the authoritative response. The period of validity may vary from just seconds to days or even weeks.

As a noteworthy consequence of this distributed and caching architecture, changes to DNS records do not propagate throughout the network immediately, but require all caches to expire and refresh after the TTL. RFC 1912 conveys basic rules for determining appropriate TTL values.

Some resolvers may override TTL values, as the protocol supports caching for up to 68 years or no caching at all. [[Negative cache|Negative caching]], i.e. the caching of the fact of non-existence of a record, is determined by name servers authoritative for a zone which must include the Start of Authority (SOA) record when reporting no data of the requested type exists. The value of the ''MINIMUM'' field of the SOA record and the TTL of the SOA itself is used to establish the TTL for the negative answer.

===Reverse lookup===
A reverse lookup is a query of the DNS for domain names when the IP address is known. Multiple domain names may be associated with an IP address. The DNS stores IP addresses in the form of domain names as a specially formatted names in pointer (<tt>PTR</tt>) records within the infrastructure top-level domain [[.arpa|arpa]]. For IPv4, the domain is <tt>in-addr.arpa</tt>. For IPv6, the reverse lookup domain is <tt>ip6.arpa</tt>. The IP address is represented as a name in reverse-ordered octet representation for IPv4, and reverse-ordered nibble representation for IPv6.

When performing a reverse lookup, the DNS client converts the address into these formats, and then queries the name for a PTR record following the delegation chain as for any DNS query. For example, the IPv4 address <tt>208.80.152.2</tt> is represented as a DNS name as <tt>2.152.80.208.in-addr.arpa</tt>. The DNS resolver begins by querying the root servers, which point to ARIN's servers for the <tt>208.in-addr.arpa</tt> zone. From there the Wikimedia servers are assigned for <tt>152.80.208.in-addr.arpa</tt>, and the PTR lookup completes by querying the wikimedia nameserver for <tt>2.152.80.208.in-addr.arpa</tt>, which results in an authoritative response.

===Client lookup===
[[Image:DNS in the real world.svg|right|thumb|400px|DNS resolution sequence]]
Users generally do not communicate directly with a DNS resolver. Instead DNS resolution takes place transparently in applications programs such as [[web browser]]s, [[e-mail client]]s, and other Internet applications. When an application makes a request that requires a domain name lookup, such programs send a resolution request to the [[Domain_Name_System#DNS_resolvers|DNS resolver]] in the local operating system, which in turn handles the communications required.

The DNS resolver will almost invariably have a cache (see above) containing recent lookups. If the cache can provide the answer to the request, the resolver will return the value in the cache to the program that made the request. If the cache does not contain the answer, the resolver will send the request to one or more designated DNS servers. In the case of most home users, the [[Internet service provider]] to which the machine connects will usually supply this DNS server: such a user will either have configured that server's address manually or allowed [[Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol|DHCP]] to set it; however, where systems administrators have configured systems to use their own DNS servers, their DNS resolvers point to separately maintained nameservers of the organization. In any event, the name server thus queried will follow the process outlined [[#Address resolution mechanism|above]], until it either successfully finds a result or does not. It then returns its results to the DNS resolver; assuming it has found a result, the resolver duly caches that result for future use, and hands the result back to the software which initiated the request.

====Broken resolvers====
An additional level of complexity emerges when resolvers violate the rules of the DNS protocol. A number of large ISPs have configured their DNS servers to violate rules (presumably to allow them to run on less-expensive hardware than a fully compliant resolver), such as by disobeying TTLs, or by indicating that a domain name does not exist just because one of its name servers does not respond.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://ask.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/198259
|title = Providers ignoring DNS TTL ?
|publisher = [[Slashdot]]
|year = 2005
|accessdate = 2009-01-03
}}</ref>

As a final level of complexity, some applications (such as web-browsers) also have their own DNS cache, in order to reduce the use of the DNS resolver library itself. This practice can add extra difficulty when debugging DNS issues, as it obscures the freshness of data, and/or what data comes from which cache. These caches typically use very short caching times—on the order of one minute.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

[[Internet Explorer]] represents a notable exception: versions up to IE 3.x cache DNS records for 24 hours by default. Internet Explorer 4.x and later versions (up to IE 8) decrease the default time out value to half an hour, which may be changed in corresponding registry keys.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;en-us;263558
|title = How Internet Explorer uses the cache for DNS host entries
|id = 263558
|publisher = [[Microsoft Corporation]]
|year = 2004
|accessdate = 2010-07-25
}}</ref>

===Other applications===
The system outlined above provides a somewhat simplified scenario. The Domain Name System includes several other functions:
* Hostnames and IP addresses do not necessarily match on a one-to-one basis. Many hostnames may correspond to a single IP address: combined with [[virtual hosting]], this allows a single machine to serve many web sites. Alternatively a single hostname may correspond to many IP addresses: this can facilitate [[fault-tolerance|fault tolerance]] and load distribution, and also allows a site to move physical location seamlessly.
* There are many uses of DNS besides translating names to IP addresses. For instance, [[Mail transfer agent]]s use DNS to find out where to deliver [[e-mail]] for a particular address. The domain to mail exchanger mapping provided by [[MX record]]s accommodates another layer of fault tolerance and load distribution on top of the name to IP address mapping.

* E-mail Blacklists: The DNS system is used for efficient storage and distribution of IP addresses of blacklisted e-mail hosts. The usual method is putting the IP address of the subject host into the sub-domain of a higher level domain name, and resolve that name to different records to indicate a positive or a negative. A hypothetical example using blacklist.com,
** 102.3.4.5 is blacklisted => Creates 5.4.3.102.blacklist.com and resolves to 127.0.0.1
** 102.3.4.6 is not => 6.4.3.102.blacklist.com is not found, or default to 127.0.0.2
** E-mail servers can then query blacklist.com through the DNS mechanism to find out if a specific host connecting to them is in the blacklist. Today many of such blacklists, either free or subscription-based, are available mainly for use by email administrators and anti-spam software.

* Software Updates: many anti-virus and commercial software now use the DNS system to store version numbers of the latest software updates so client computers do not need to connect to the update servers every time. For these types of applications, the cache time of the DNS records are usually shorter.

* [[Sender Policy Framework]] and [[DomainKeys]], instead of creating their own record types, were designed to take advantage of another DNS record type, the TXT record.
* To provide resilience in the event of computer failure, multiple DNS servers are usually provided for coverage of each domain, and at the top level, thirteen very powerful [[Root nameserver|root server]]s exist, with additional "copies" of several of them distributed worldwide via [[Anycast]].
* [[Dynamic DNS]] (also referred to as DDNS) provides clients the ability to update their IP address in the DNS after it changes due to mobility, e.g.

==Protocol details==
DNS primarily uses [[User Datagram Protocol]] (UDP) on [[port number]] 53 to serve requests.<ref name=rfc1035/> DNS queries consist of a single UDP request from the client followed by a single UDP reply from the server. The [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP) is used when the response data size exceeds 512 bytes, or for tasks such as [[DNS zone transfer|zone transfers]]. Some operating systems, such as [[HP-UX]], are known to have resolver implementations that use TCP for all queries, even when UDP would suffice.

==DNS resource records==
{{Further|[[List of DNS record types]]}}
A Resource Record (RR) is the basic data element in the domain name system. Each record has a type (A, MX, etc.), an [[Time to live#DNS records|expiration time limit]], a class, and some type-specific data. Resource records of the same type define a resource record set. The order of resource records in a set, returned by a resolver to an application, is undefined, but often servers implement [[round-robin DNS|round-robin ordering]] to achieve load balancing. [[DNSSEC]], however, works on complete resource record sets in a canonical order.

When sent over an IP network, all records use the common format specified in RFC 1035:<ref>RFC 5395, ''Domain Name System (DNS) IANA Considerations'', D. Eastlake 3rd (November 2008), Section 3</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|+ RR (Resource record) fields
|-
!Field !! Description !! Length ([[Octet (computing)|octet]]s)
|-
|NAME || Name of the node to which this record pertains || (variable)
|-
|TYPE || Type of RR in numeric form (e.g. 15 for MX RRs) || 2
|-
|CLASS || Class code || 2
|-
|[[Time to live|TTL]] || Count of seconds that the RR stays valid (The maximum is 231-1, which is about 68 years.)
|| 4
|-
|RDLENGTH || Length of RDATA field || 2
|-
|RDATA || Additional RR-specific data || (variable)
|}

''NAME'' is the [[fully qualified domain name]] of the node in the tree. On the wire, the name may be shortened using label compression where ends of domain names mentioned earlier in the packet can be substituted for the end of the current domain name.

''TYPE'' is the record type. It indicates the format of the data and it gives a hint of its intended use. For example, the ''A'' record is used to translate from a domain name to an [[IPv4 address]], the ''NS'' record lists which [[name server]]s can answer lookups on a [[DNS zone]], and the ''MX'' record specifies the mail server used to handle mail for a domain specified in an [[e-mail address]] (see also [[List of DNS record types]]).

''RDATA'' is data of type-specific relevance, such as the IP address for address records, or the priority and hostname for MX records. Well known record types may use label compression in the RDATA field, but "unknown" record types must not (RFC 3597).

The ''CLASS'' of a record is set to <tt>IN</tt> (for ''Internet'') for common DNS records involving Internet hostnames, servers, or IP addresses. In addition, the classes [[Chaosnet|Chaos]] (<tt>CN</tt>) and [[Hesiod (name service)|Hesiod]] (<tt>HS</tt>) exist.<ref>RFC 5395, ''Domain Name System (DNS) IANA Considerations'', D. Eastlake 3rd (November 2008), p. 11</ref> Each class is an independent name space with potentially different delegations of [[DNS zone]]s.

In addition to resource records defined in a [[zone file]], the domain name system also defines several request types that are used only in communication with other DNS nodes (''on the wire''), such as when performing zone transfers (AXFR/IXFR) or for [[EDNS]] (OPT).

===Wildcard DNS records===
{{Main|Wildcard DNS record}}
The domain name system supports ''wildcard domain names'' which are names that start with the ''asterisk label'', '*', e.g., <tt>*.example</tt>.<ref name=rfc1034/><ref name=rfc4592>RFC 4592, ''The Role of Wildcards in the Domain Name System'', E. Lewis (July 2006)</ref> DNS records belonging to wildcard domain names specify rules for generating resource records within a single DNS zone by substituting whole labels with matching components of the query name, including any specified descendants.
For example, in the DNS zone ''x.example'', the following configuration specifies that all subdomains (including subdomains of subdomains) of ''x.example'' use the mail exchanger ''a.x.example''. The records for ''a.x.example'' are needed to specify the mail exchanger. As this has the result of excluding this domain name and its subdomains from the wildcard matches, all subdomains of ''a.x.example'' must be defined in a separate wildcard statement.

The role of wildcard records was refined in RFC 4592, because the original definition in RFC 1034 was incomplete and resulted in misinterpretations by implementers.<ref name="rfc4592" />

==Protocol extensions==
The original DNS protocol had limited provisions for extension with new features. In 1999, Paul Vixie published in RFC 2671 an extension mechanism, called [[Extension mechanisms for DNS]] (EDNS) that introduced optional protocol elements without increasing overhead when not in use. This was accomplished through the <tt>OPT</tt> pseudo-resource record that only exists in wire transmissions of the protocol, but not in any zone files. Initial extensions were also suggested (EDNS0), such as increasing the DNS message size in UDP datagrams.

==Dynamic zone updates==
[[Dynamic DNS|Dynamic DNS updates]] use the <tt>UPDATE</tt> DNS opcode to add or remove resource records dynamically from a zone data base maintained on an authoritative DNS server. The feature is described in RFC 2136. This facility is useful to register network clients into the DNS when they boot or become otherwise available on the network. Since a booting client may be assigned a different IP address each time from a [[DHCP]] server, it is not possible to provide static DNS assignments for such clients.

==Security issues==
DNS was not originally designed with security in mind, and thus has a number of security issues.

One class of vulnerabilities is [[DNS cache poisoning]], which tricks a DNS server into believing it has received authentic information when, in reality, it has not.

DNS responses are traditionally not cryptographically signed, leading to many attack possibilities; the [[Domain Name System Security Extensions]] (DNSSEC) modifies DNS to add support for cryptographically signed responses. There are various extensions to support securing zone transfer information as well.

Even with encryption, a DNS server could become compromised by a virus (or for that matter a disgruntled employee) that would cause IP addresses of that server to be redirected to a malicious address with a long [[Time to live|TTL]]. This could have far-reaching impact to potentially millions of Internet users if busy DNS servers cache the bad IP data. This would require manual purging of all affected DNS caches as required by the long TTL (up to 68 years).

Some domain names can spoof other, similar-looking domain names. For example, "paypal.com" and "paypa1.com" are different names, yet users may be unable to tell the difference when the user's [[typeface]] (font) does not clearly differentiate the letter [[l]] and the numeral [[1 (number)|1]].
This problem is more serious in systems that support [[internationalized domain name]]s, since many character codes in [[ISO 10646]], may appear identical on typical computer screens. This vulnerability is occasionally exploited in [[phishing]].<ref>APWG. "Global Phishing Survey: Domain Name Use and Trends in 1H2010." http://www.apwg.org/reports/APWG_GlobalPhishingSurvey_1H2010.pdf. 10/15/2010</ref>

Techniques such as [[forward-confirmed reverse DNS]] can also be used to help validate DNS results.

==Domain name registration==
The right to use a domain name is delegated by [[domain name registrar]]s which are accredited by the [[Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers]] (ICANN), the organization charged with overseeing the name and number systems of the Internet. In addition to ICANN, each top-level domain (TLD) is maintained and serviced technically by an administrative organization, operating a registry. A registry is responsible for maintaining the database of names registered within the TLD it administers. The registry receives registration information from each domain name registrar authorized to assign names in the corresponding TLD and publishes the information using a special service, the [[whois]] protocol.

[[ICANN]] publishes the complete list of TLD registries and domain name registrars. Registrant information associated with domain names is maintained in an online database accessible with the [[WHOIS]] service. For most of the more than 240 [[country code top-level domain]]s (ccTLDs), the domain registries maintain the WHOIS (Registrant, name servers, expiration dates, etc.) information. For instance, [[DENIC]], Germany NIC, holds the DE domain data. Since about 2001, most [[gTLD]] registries have adopted this so-called ''thick'' registry approach, i.e. keeping the [[WHOIS]] data in central registries instead of registrar databases.

For <tt>COM</tt> and <tt>NET</tt> domain names, a ''thin'' registry model is used: the domain registry (e.g. VeriSign) holds basic WHOIS (registrar and name servers, etc.) data. One can find the detailed [[WHOIS]] (registrant, [[name server]]s, expiry dates, etc.) at the registrars.

Some domain name registries, often called ''network information centers'' (NIC), also function as registrars to end-users. The major generic top-level domain registries, such as for the <tt>COM</tt>, <tt>NET</tt>, <tt>ORG</tt>, <tt>INFO</tt> domains, use a registry-registrar model consisting of many domain name registrars<ref>[http://www.icann.org/registrars/accredited-list.html ICANN accredited registrars]</ref><ref>[http://www.verisign.com/information-services/naming-services/com-net-registry/page_002166.html VeriSign COM and NET registry]</ref> In this method of management, the registry only manages the domain name database and the relationship with the registrars. The ''registrants'' (users of a domain name) are customers of the registrar, in some cases through additional layers of resellers.

==Internet standards==
The Domain Name System is defined by [[Request for Comments]] (RFC) documents published by the [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] ([[Internet standard]]s). The following is a list of RFCs that define the DNS protocol.

* RFC 920, ''Domain Requirements'' – Specified original top-level domains
* RFC 1032, ''Domain Administrators Guide''
* RFC 1033, ''Domain Administrators Operations Guide''
* RFC 1034, ''Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities''
* RFC 1035, ''Domain Names - Implementation and Specification''
* RFC 1101, ''DNS Encodings of Network Names and Other Types''
* RFC 1123, ''Requirements for Internet Hosts—Application and Support''
* RFC 1178, ''Choosing a Name for Your Computer'' (FYI 5)''
* RFC 1183, ''New DNS RR Definitions''
* RFC 1591, ''Domain Name System Structure and Delegation'' (Informational)
* RFC 1912, ''Common DNS Operational and Configuration Errors''
* RFC 1995, ''Incremental Zone Transfer in DNS''
* RFC 1996, ''A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes (DNS NOTIFY)''
* RFC 2100, ''The Naming of Hosts'' (Informational)
* RFC 2136, ''Dynamic Updates in the domain name system (DNS UPDATE)''
* RFC 2181, ''Clarifications to the DNS Specification''
* RFC 2182, ''Selection and Operation of Secondary DNS Servers''
* RFC 2308, ''Negative Caching of DNS Queries (DNS NCACHE)''
* RFC 2317, ''Classless IN-ADDR.ARPA delegation'' (BCP 20)
* RFC 2671, ''Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)''
* RFC 2672, ''Non-Terminal DNS Name Redirection''
* RFC 2845, ''Secret Key Transaction Authentication for DNS (TSIG)''
* RFC 3225, ''Indicating Resolver Support of DNSSEC''
* RFC 3226, ''DNSSEC and IPv6 A6 aware server/resolver message size requirements''
* RFC 3597, ''Handling of Unknown DNS Resource Record (RR) Types''
* RFC 3696, ''Application Techniques for Checking and Transformation of Names'' (Informational)
* RFC 4343, ''Domain Name System (DNS) Case Insensitivity Clarification''
* RFC 4592, ''The Role of Wildcards in the Domain Name System''
* RFC 4635, ''HMAC SHA TSIG Algorithm Identifiers''
* RFC 4892, ''Requirements for a Mechanism Identifying a Name Server Instance'' (Informational)
* RFC 5001, ''DNS Name Server Identifier (NSID) Option''
* RFC 5395, ''Domain Name System (DNS) IANA Considerations'' (BCP 42)
* RFC 5452, ''Measures for Making DNS More Resilient against Forged Answers''
* RFC 5625, ''DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines'' (BCP 152)
* RFC 5890, ''Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA):Definitions and Document Framework''
* RFC 5891, ''Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol''
* RFC 5892, ''The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)''
* RFC 5893, ''Right-to-Left Scripts for Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)''
* RFC 5894, ''Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA):Background, Explanation, and Rationale'' (Informational)
* RFC 5895, ''Mapping Characters for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA) 2008'' (Informational)

===Security===
* RFC 4033, ''DNS Security Introduction and Requirements''
* RFC 4034, ''Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions''
* RFC 4035, ''Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions''
* RFC 4509, ''Use of SHA-256 in DNSSEC Delegation Signer (DS) Resource Records''
* RFC 4470, ''Minimally Covering NSEC Records and DNSSEC On-line Signing''
* RFC 5011, ''Automated Updates of DNS Security (DNSSEC) Trust Anchors''
* RFC 5155, ''DNS Security (DNSSEC) Hashed Authenticated Denial of Existence''
* RFC 5702, ''Use of SHA-2 Algorithms with RSA in DNSKEY and RRSIG Resource Records for DNSSEC''
* RFC 5910, ''Domain Name System (DNS) Security Extensions Mapping for the Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)''
* RFC 5933, ''Use of GOST Signature Algorithms in DNSKEY and RRSIG Resource Records for DNSSEC''

==See also==
{{Portal|Computer Science}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[Alternative DNS root]]
* [[Comparison of DNS server software]]
* [[DNS cache poisoning]]
* [[DNS hijacking]]
* [[DNS management software]]
* [[Dynamic DNS]]
* [[Internet Provider Security]]
* [[IPv6 brokenness and DNS whitelisting]]
* [[List of DNS record types]]
* [[Microsoft DNS]]
* [[Round robin DNS]]
* [[Split-horizon DNS]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web
| url= http://www.acmqueue.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=481
| title= DNS Complexity – Although it contains just a few simple rules, DNS has grown into an enormously complex system.
| first = Paul
| last = Vixie
| authorlink = Paul Vixie
| date= 2007-05-04
| publisher= [[ACM Queue]]
}}
* [http://www.zytrax.com/books/dns/ Zytrax.com], Open Source Guide – DNS for Rocket Scientists, an on-line technical.
* [http://www.bind9.net/ A listing of some DNS tools]
* [http://www.microsoft.com/dns Domain Name System] on Microsoft TechNet
* [http://www.learningocean.com/view.php?cid=982&protocol=DNS&title=1.DNSBasics&ctype=1 Interactive DNS basic simulation]

[[Category:Internet protocols]]
[[Category:Domain name system|*]]
[[Category:Application layer protocols]]

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J. Cole

2011-02-03T17:45:00Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = J. Cole
| Img = J.Cole&DjZeke.jpg
| Img_capt = J. Cole on the left.
| Img_size =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Jermaine Lamarr Cole
| Also_known_as =
| Alias =
| Born = [[Frankfurt, Germany]]
{{birth date and age|1985|1|28}}
| Origin = [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]]<ref>[http://jcolefans.com/?page_id=1221 A Star is Born]. J. Cole Fans. Retrieved on 2009-010-03</ref>
| Instrument =
| Voice_type =
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapping|Rapper]], [[Record Producer|Producer]], [[Actor]]
| Years_active = 2007–present
| Label = [[Roc Nation]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = [[Jay-Z]], [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]], [[Kanye West]], [[Drake]]
| URL = {{url|www.jcolemusic.com}}
}}
'''Jermaine Lamarr Cole''' (born January 28, 1985), better known as his [[stage name]] '''J. Cole''' (often stylized as '''J.Cole'''), is an American rapper, producer and actor. He is best known for being the first artist to be signed to [[Jay-Z]]'s label [[Roc Nation]].<ref>[http://www.complex.com/blogs/2009/04/30/j-cole-talks-roc-nation-meeting-jay-z-the-warm-up-mixtape/ J.Cole hottest new rapper]. Complex. Retrieved on 2009-04-30</ref>

==Early years==
Cole was born in Frankfurt, Germany and, before the age of 1, moved to [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]], where he was raised by his mother. Cole attended [[Terry Sanford High School]] in Fayetteville, and graduated in 2003. He decided that he had a better chance of getting signed in New York City, so he attended [[St. John's University (New York City)|St. John's University]] on an academic scholarship where he majored in communication and minored in business, graduating [[magna cum laude]].<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cole-jay-zs-protege-attended-college-closer-idol/story?id=8605048 Jay-Z Protege J. Cole Takes Unusual Path to Stardom]. ABC News.</ref>

==Musical career==
===Early career===
Cole started rapping at the age of 12 when his cousin showed him the basics of rhyming. Inspired by [[Canibus]], [[Nas]], [[Tupac Shakur]] and [[Eminem]], J. Cole developed a love for telling stories in his lyrics. At age 15, J. Cole had notebooks filled with rhymes but no beats of his own to record them with. His mother bought him a beat machine so he could produce music himself. By the age of 17, he was posting songs on various [[internet forum]]s under the moniker "Therapist".

===2007–present: mixtapes and features===
Cole released his debut mixtape, ''The Come Up'', in late 2007 after graduating college. J. Cole put his mixtape ''The Come Up'' hosted by DJ On Point including "soul filled sound beds, raw, energetic drums and an endless range of topics; everything from the carefree days of college to the seemingly endless plight of those have-nots scrapping for change" <ref>[http://www.jcolemusic.com The Official J. Cole Site]</ref> [[Jay-Z]] signed Cole after hearing one of the songs, "Lights Please." Prior to releasing his second mixtape, Cole released the single, "Show Me Somethin'"<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/05/j-cole-show-me-somethin.html J. Cole - "Show Me Somethin'"]</ref> for promotional purposes. He released his second mixtape, ''[[The Warm Up]]'', on June 15, 2009. Following the release of ''The Warm Up'', he released the freestyle "Back to the Topic."<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2009/08/j-cole-back-to-topic-freestyle.html J. Cole - "Back to the Topic" Freestyle]</ref>

Cole appeared on [[Jay-Z]]'s album ''[[The Blueprint 3]]'', on the track "A Star Is Born."<ref>[http://www.rapbasement.com/jay-z/081909-jay-z-back-cover-tracklist-for-his-new-blueprint-3-leaks.html J.Cole to appear on Blueprint 3]. Rap Basement. Retrieved on 2009-08-18</ref> He is featured on [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]]'s debut album, ''[[Attention Deficit (album)|Attention Deficit]]'' in the song "Beautiful Bliss", after being featured on Wale's mixtape [[Back to the Feature]]. Cole has also stated that he worked with producers such as [[No I.D.]], [[Pharrell]], [[Jim Jonsin]] and [[Salaam Remi]] for his upcoming debut album. Most recently, he was touring with Jay-Z on the ''Blueprint 3'' tour. His debut album is scheduled for release in March 2011.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

In early 2010, Cole was chosen as one of ''[[Beyond Race]] Magazine'''s "50 Great Breakthrough Artists," he ranked 49, resulting in the cover story of the publication's #11 issue, as well as a Q&A for the magazine's site.<ref>http://beyondrace.com/articles/features/2245-j-cole</ref> He was also featured in XXL magazine's 2010 version of Top Ten Freshmen.

In January 2010, Cole, along with [[Jay Electronica]] & [[Mos Def]] appeared on [[Talib Kweli]] and [[Hi-Tek]]'s single, "Just Begun" for the follow-up of [[Reflection Eternal]]'s album ''[[Train Of Thought]]'', called ''[[Revolutions per Minute (Reflection Eternal album)|Revolutions Per Minute]]''.<ref>Reflection Eternal - "Just Begun" feat. Jay Electronica, J. Cole, & Mos Def [http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/01/reflection-eternal-just-begun-feat-jay.html]</ref> Cole has also appeared on [[B.o.B]]'s mixtape ''May 25'' (released in February 2010) on the song "Gladiators.<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/02/j-cole-knock-on-wood-x-gladiators-w-bob.html J. Cole - "Knock On Wood" X "Gladiators" w/ B.o.B]</ref> On March 31st, he performed a new song titled "Who Dat", which will be the first single from his debut album. He later released the song on April 27, 2010.<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/04/j-cole-who-dat.html Thatsthatish.com: "J. Cole: 'Who Dat'"]</ref> Cole was also featured on Young Chris' song "Still the Hottest" as well as [[Miguel (singer)|Miguel's]] "All I Want Is You."<ref>http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/04/j-cole-still-hottest-wyoung-chris-x-all.html</ref> Additionally, Cole was featured on "We On," a song that did not end up making the final tracklist for [[DJ Khaled]]'s ''Victory''.<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/04/j-cole-we-on.html J. Cole - "We On"]</ref>

J. Cole hit the road for a college tour from March 19, 2010 to April 30, 2010 concluding in New Brunswick, NJ at Rutgers University's annual Rutgersfest.

To celebrate the anniversary of the release of ''[[The Warm Up]]'' mixtape, J. Cole released a freestyle entitled "The Last Stretch" on June 15, 2010. On June 21 of that year, J. Cole premiered the music video to his first single "Who Dat" on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]'s [[106 & Park]].<ref>[http://www.jcole.org/2010/j-cole-who-dat/ J. Cole - "Who Dat" music video]</ref> In an interview, J. Cole revealed three song names from his upcoming album, including "Wet Dreams", "Won't Be Long", and "Never Told", which was produced by No I.D.<ref>[http://www.jcole.org/2010/video-j-cole-speaks-on-final-album-selections/ J. Cole reveals Debut Album Song Titles]</ref> On October 30, 2010, a demo "I'm Coming Home," that Cole recorded as a reference track for [[Sean Combs|Diddy]]'s song ''[[Coming Home (Diddy-Dirty Money song)|Coming Home]]'' for the album ''[[Last Train to Paris]]'',<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/10/j-cole-im-coming-home-demo.html J. Cole - "I'm Coming Home (Demo)," thatsthatish.com]</ref> with many speculating that he would keep the track for his own debut album.

On November 12, 2010 J. Cole released his third official mixtape titled "[[Friday Night Lights (mixtape)|Friday Night Lights]]". [http://dreamvillain.net/]{{deadlink|date=December 2010}} The tape included features from [[Drake (entertainer)|Drake]], [[Wale]] & [[Omen (music producer)|Omen]] with most of the production being handled by Cole with a little help from Syience, [[Bink (producer)|Bink]] & L&X Music.

On January 17, 2011, J. Cole released a remix to pop superstar [[Rihanna]]'s third single, [[S&M (song)|S&M]], off of her fifth studio album, [[Loud (Rihanna album)|Loud]].<ref>http://rapdose.com/2011/01/17/rihanna-sm-remix-feat-j-cole/</ref>

== Discography ==
{{Main|J. Cole discography}}

===Studio albums===
*2011: [[J. Cole debut album|TBA]]<ref>[http://www.rap-up.com/2010/11/23/j-cole-eyes-spring-release-for-debut-album-reveals-collaborators/ J. COLE EYES SPRING RELEASE FOR DEBUT ALBUM], rap-up.com/, November 23rd, 2010</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|www.jcolemusic.com}}
*{{Myspace|JCole}}
*{{IMDb name|3359577|J. Cole}}

{{J. Cole}} {{Roc Nation}}


{{Persondata
|NAME=J. Cole
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Cole, Jermaine
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=
|DATE OF BIRTH= January 28, 1985
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cole, J.}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:African American rappers]]
[[Category:African American actors]]
[[Category:American musicians of German descent]]
[[Category:American rappers of European descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Military brats]]
[[Category:People from Fayetteville, North Carolina]]
[[Category:2000s rappers]]
[[Category:2010s rappers]]
[[Category:American record producers]]

J. Cole

2011-02-03T17:44:15Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = J. Cole
| Img = J.Cole&DjZeke.jpg
| Img_capt = J. Cole on the right.
| Img_size =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Jermaine Lamarr Cole
| Also_known_as =
| Alias =
| Born = [[Frankfurt, Germany]]
{{birth date and age|1985|1|28}}
| Origin = [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]]<ref>[http://jcolefans.com/?page_id=1221 A Star is Born]. J. Cole Fans. Retrieved on 2009-010-03</ref>
| Instrument =
| Voice_type =
| Genre = [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
| Occupation = [[Rapping|Rapper]], [[Record Producer|Producer]], [[Actor]]
| Years_active = 2007–present
| Label = [[Roc Nation]], [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = [[Jay-Z]], [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]], [[Kanye West]], [[Drake]]
| URL = {{url|www.jcolemusic.com}}
}}
'''Jermaine Lamarr Cole''' (born January 28, 1985), better known as his [[stage name]] '''J. Cole''' (often stylized as '''J.Cole'''), is an American rapper, producer and actor. He is best known for being the first artist to be signed to [[Jay-Z]]'s label [[Roc Nation]].<ref>[http://www.complex.com/blogs/2009/04/30/j-cole-talks-roc-nation-meeting-jay-z-the-warm-up-mixtape/ J.Cole hottest new rapper]. Complex. Retrieved on 2009-04-30</ref>

==Early years==
Cole was born in Frankfurt, Germany and, before the age of 1, moved to [[Fayetteville, North Carolina]], where he was raised by his mother. Cole attended [[Terry Sanford High School]] in Fayetteville, and graduated in 2003. He decided that he had a better chance of getting signed in New York City, so he attended [[St. John's University (New York City)|St. John's University]] on an academic scholarship where he majored in communication and minored in business, graduating [[magna cum laude]].<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cole-jay-zs-protege-attended-college-closer-idol/story?id=8605048 Jay-Z Protege J. Cole Takes Unusual Path to Stardom]. ABC News.</ref>

==Musical career==
===Early career===
Cole started rapping at the age of 12 when his cousin showed him the basics of rhyming. Inspired by [[Canibus]], [[Nas]], [[Tupac Shakur]] and [[Eminem]], J. Cole developed a love for telling stories in his lyrics. At age 15, J. Cole had notebooks filled with rhymes but no beats of his own to record them with. His mother bought him a beat machine so he could produce music himself. By the age of 17, he was posting songs on various [[internet forum]]s under the moniker "Therapist".

===2007–present: mixtapes and features===
Cole released his debut mixtape, ''The Come Up'', in late 2007 after graduating college. J. Cole put his mixtape ''The Come Up'' hosted by DJ On Point including "soul filled sound beds, raw, energetic drums and an endless range of topics; everything from the carefree days of college to the seemingly endless plight of those have-nots scrapping for change" <ref>[http://www.jcolemusic.com The Official J. Cole Site]</ref> [[Jay-Z]] signed Cole after hearing one of the songs, "Lights Please." Prior to releasing his second mixtape, Cole released the single, "Show Me Somethin'"<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/05/j-cole-show-me-somethin.html J. Cole - "Show Me Somethin'"]</ref> for promotional purposes. He released his second mixtape, ''[[The Warm Up]]'', on June 15, 2009. Following the release of ''The Warm Up'', he released the freestyle "Back to the Topic."<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2009/08/j-cole-back-to-topic-freestyle.html J. Cole - "Back to the Topic" Freestyle]</ref>

Cole appeared on [[Jay-Z]]'s album ''[[The Blueprint 3]]'', on the track "A Star Is Born."<ref>[http://www.rapbasement.com/jay-z/081909-jay-z-back-cover-tracklist-for-his-new-blueprint-3-leaks.html J.Cole to appear on Blueprint 3]. Rap Basement. Retrieved on 2009-08-18</ref> He is featured on [[Wale (rapper)|Wale]]'s debut album, ''[[Attention Deficit (album)|Attention Deficit]]'' in the song "Beautiful Bliss", after being featured on Wale's mixtape [[Back to the Feature]]. Cole has also stated that he worked with producers such as [[No I.D.]], [[Pharrell]], [[Jim Jonsin]] and [[Salaam Remi]] for his upcoming debut album. Most recently, he was touring with Jay-Z on the ''Blueprint 3'' tour. His debut album is scheduled for release in March 2011.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

In early 2010, Cole was chosen as one of ''[[Beyond Race]] Magazine'''s "50 Great Breakthrough Artists," he ranked 49, resulting in the cover story of the publication's #11 issue, as well as a Q&A for the magazine's site.<ref>http://beyondrace.com/articles/features/2245-j-cole</ref> He was also featured in XXL magazine's 2010 version of Top Ten Freshmen.

In January 2010, Cole, along with [[Jay Electronica]] & [[Mos Def]] appeared on [[Talib Kweli]] and [[Hi-Tek]]'s single, "Just Begun" for the follow-up of [[Reflection Eternal]]'s album ''[[Train Of Thought]]'', called ''[[Revolutions per Minute (Reflection Eternal album)|Revolutions Per Minute]]''.<ref>Reflection Eternal - "Just Begun" feat. Jay Electronica, J. Cole, & Mos Def [http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/01/reflection-eternal-just-begun-feat-jay.html]</ref> Cole has also appeared on [[B.o.B]]'s mixtape ''May 25'' (released in February 2010) on the song "Gladiators.<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/02/j-cole-knock-on-wood-x-gladiators-w-bob.html J. Cole - "Knock On Wood" X "Gladiators" w/ B.o.B]</ref> On March 31st, he performed a new song titled "Who Dat", which will be the first single from his debut album. He later released the song on April 27, 2010.<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/04/j-cole-who-dat.html Thatsthatish.com: "J. Cole: 'Who Dat'"]</ref> Cole was also featured on Young Chris' song "Still the Hottest" as well as [[Miguel (singer)|Miguel's]] "All I Want Is You."<ref>http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/04/j-cole-still-hottest-wyoung-chris-x-all.html</ref> Additionally, Cole was featured on "We On," a song that did not end up making the final tracklist for [[DJ Khaled]]'s ''Victory''.<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/04/j-cole-we-on.html J. Cole - "We On"]</ref>

J. Cole hit the road for a college tour from March 19, 2010 to April 30, 2010 concluding in New Brunswick, NJ at Rutgers University's annual Rutgersfest.

To celebrate the anniversary of the release of ''[[The Warm Up]]'' mixtape, J. Cole released a freestyle entitled "The Last Stretch" on June 15, 2010. On June 21 of that year, J. Cole premiered the music video to his first single "Who Dat" on [[Black Entertainment Television|BET]]'s [[106 & Park]].<ref>[http://www.jcole.org/2010/j-cole-who-dat/ J. Cole - "Who Dat" music video]</ref> In an interview, J. Cole revealed three song names from his upcoming album, including "Wet Dreams", "Won't Be Long", and "Never Told", which was produced by No I.D.<ref>[http://www.jcole.org/2010/video-j-cole-speaks-on-final-album-selections/ J. Cole reveals Debut Album Song Titles]</ref> On October 30, 2010, a demo "I'm Coming Home," that Cole recorded as a reference track for [[Sean Combs|Diddy]]'s song ''[[Coming Home (Diddy-Dirty Money song)|Coming Home]]'' for the album ''[[Last Train to Paris]]'',<ref>[http://www.thatsthatish.com/2010/10/j-cole-im-coming-home-demo.html J. Cole - "I'm Coming Home (Demo)," thatsthatish.com]</ref> with many speculating that he would keep the track for his own debut album.

On November 12, 2010 J. Cole released his third official mixtape titled "[[Friday Night Lights (mixtape)|Friday Night Lights]]". [http://dreamvillain.net/]{{deadlink|date=December 2010}} The tape included features from [[Drake (entertainer)|Drake]], [[Wale]] & [[Omen (music producer)|Omen]] with most of the production being handled by Cole with a little help from Syience, [[Bink (producer)|Bink]] & L&X Music.

On January 17, 2011, J. Cole released a remix to pop superstar [[Rihanna]]'s third single, [[S&M (song)|S&M]], off of her fifth studio album, [[Loud (Rihanna album)|Loud]].<ref>http://rapdose.com/2011/01/17/rihanna-sm-remix-feat-j-cole/</ref>

== Discography ==
{{Main|J. Cole discography}}

===Studio albums===
*2011: [[J. Cole debut album|TBA]]<ref>[http://www.rap-up.com/2010/11/23/j-cole-eyes-spring-release-for-debut-album-reveals-collaborators/ J. COLE EYES SPRING RELEASE FOR DEBUT ALBUM], rap-up.com/, November 23rd, 2010</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|www.jcolemusic.com}}
*{{Myspace|JCole}}
*{{IMDb name|3359577|J. Cole}}

{{J. Cole}} {{Roc Nation}}


{{Persondata
|NAME=J. Cole
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Cole, Jermaine
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=
|DATE OF BIRTH= January 28, 1985
|PLACE OF BIRTH=
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cole, J.}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:African American rappers]]
[[Category:African American actors]]
[[Category:American musicians of German descent]]
[[Category:American rappers of European descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Military brats]]
[[Category:People from Fayetteville, North Carolina]]
[[Category:2000s rappers]]
[[Category:2010s rappers]]
[[Category:American record producers]]

Albatross

2011-01-14T17:57:32Z

142.204.16.10:

{{About|the bird family}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Albatross
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Oligocene|recent}} [[Oligocene]]–recent
| image = Short tailed Albatross1.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_caption = [[Short-tailed Albatross]] (''Phoebastria albatrus'')
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| subclassis = [[Neornithes]]
| infraclassis = [[Neoaves]]
| ordo = [[Procellariiformes]]
| familia = '''Diomedeidae'''
| familia_authority = [[George Robert Gray|G.R. Gray]] 1840<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51470.htm| title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Family Diomedeidae - | accessdate=17 Feb 2009 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | authorlink= | date=Aug 14 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
''[[Diomedea]]'' 
''[[Thalassarche]]'' 
''[[Phoebastria]]'' 
''[[Phoebetria]]''
| range_map = Albatrosses distribution map.png
| range_map_width = 300px
| range_map_caption = Global range (In blue)

}}

'''Albatrosses''', of the biological [[family (biology)|family]] '''Diomedeidae''', are large [[seabird]]s allied to the [[procellariidae|procellariids]], [[storm-petrel]]s and [[diving-petrel]]s in the order [[Procellariiformes]] (the tubenoses). They range widely in the [[Southern Ocean]] and the North [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. They are absent from the North [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], although [[fossil]] remains show they once occurred there too and occasional [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrants]] turn up.

Albatrosses are among the largest of [[bird flight|flying]] birds, and the [[great albatross]]es ([[genus]] ''Diomedea'') have the largest wingspans of any [[extant taxon|extant]] birds. The albatrosses are usually regarded as falling into four genera, but there is disagreement over the number of [[species]].

Albatrosses are highly efficient in the air, using [[dynamic soaring]] and [[slope soaring]] to cover great distances with little exertion. They feed on [[squid]], [[fish]] and [[krill]] by either scavenging, surface seizing or diving. Albatrosses are [[Bird colony|colonial]], nesting for the most part on remote oceanic islands, often with several species nesting together. [[Pair bond]]s between males and females form over several years, with the use of 'ritualised dances', and will last for the life of the pair. A [[breeding season]] can take over a year from laying to [[fledge|fledging]], with a single [[egg (biology)|egg]] laid in each breeding attempt.

Of the 21 species of albatrosses recognised by the [[World Conservation Union|IUCN]], 19 are threatened with [[extinction]]. Numbers of albatrosses have declined in the past due to harvesting for [[feather]]s, but today the albatrosses are threatened by [[introduced species]] such as [[rat]]s and [[feral cat]]s that attack eggs, chicks and nesting adults; by [[pollution]]; by a serious decline in fish stocks in many regions largely due to [[overfishing]]; and by [[long-line fishing]]. Long-line fisheries pose the greatest threat, as feeding birds are attracted to the [[bait (luring substance)|bait]], become hooked on the lines, and drown. Identified [[Project stakeholder|stakeholders]] such as governments, conservation organisations and people in the fishing industry are all working toward reducing this [[bycatch]].

==Biology==
===Taxonomy and evolution===
The albatrosses comprise between 13 and 24 [[species]] (the number of species is still a matter of some debate, 21 being the most commonly accepted number) in 4 genera. The four genera are the [[great albatross]]es (''Diomedea''), the [[mollymawk]]s (''Thalassarche''), the [[North Pacific albatross]]es (''Phoebastria''), and the [[sooty albatross]]es or sooties (''Phoebetria''). Of the four genera, the North Pacific albatrosses are considered to be a sister taxon to the great albatrosses, while the sooty albatrosses are considered closer to the mollymawks.

The [[taxonomy]] of the albatross group has been a source of a great deal of debate. The [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]] places seabirds, [[bird of prey|birds of prey]] and many others in a greatly enlarged order [[Ciconiiformes]], whereas the ornithological organisations in North America, Europe, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand retain the more traditional order [[Procellariiformes]]. The albatrosses can be separated from the other Procellariiformes both [[genetics|genetically]] and through morphological characteristics, size, their legs and the arrangement of their nasal tubes (''see Morphology and flight'').

Within the family the assignment of genera has been debated for over a hundred years. Originally placed into a single genus, ''Diomedea'', they were rearranged by [[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]] into four different genera in 1852, then [[Lumpers and splitters|lumped back together and split apart]] again several times, acquiring 12 different genus names in total (though never more than eight at one time) by 1965 (''Diomedea'', ''Phoebastria'', ''Thalassarche'', ''Phoebetria'', ''Thalassageron'', ''Diomedella'', ''Nealbatrus'', ''Rhothonia'', ''Julietata'', ''Galapagornis'', ''Laysanornis'', and ''Penthirenia'').

By 1965, in an attempt to bring some order back to the classification of albatrosses, they were lumped into two genera, ''Phoebetria'' (the sooty albatrosses which most closely seemed to resemble the procellarids and were at the time considered "primitive" ) and ''Diomedea'' (the rest).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Alexander | first1 = W. B. | last2 = Fleming | first2 = C. A. | last3 = Falla | first3 = R. A. | last4 = Kuroda | first4 = N. H. | last5 = Jouanin | first5 = C. | last6 = Rowan | first6 = M. K. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = R. C. | last8 = Serventy | first8 = D. L. | last9 = Salomonsen | first9 = F. ''et al.'' | year = 1965 | title = Correspondence: The families and genera of the petrels and their names | url = | journal = Ibis | volume = 107 | issue = | pages = 401–5 | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1965.tb07326.x }}</ref> Though there was a case for the simplification of the family (particularly the nomenclature), the classification was based on the morphological analysis of [[Elliott Coues]] in 1866, and paid little attention to more recent studies and even ignored some of Coues's suggestions.

[[Image:Albatross phylogeny.svg|thumb|right|250px|Phylogenetic relationships of the 4 albatross genera. Based on Nunn et al. 1996.]]More recent research by Gary Nunn of the [[American Museum of Natural History]] (1996) and other researchers around the world studied the [[mitochondrial DNA]] of all 14 accepted species, finding that there were four, not two, monophyletic groups within the albatrosses.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nunn | first1 = G. B. | last2 = Cooper | first2 = J. | last3 = Jouventin | first3 = P. | last4 = Robertson | first4 = C. J. R. | last5 = Robertson | first5 = G. G. | year = 1996 | title = Evolutionary relationships among extant albatrosses (Procellariiformes: Diomedeidae) established from complete cytochrome-b gene sequences | url = http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v113n04/p0784-p0801.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Auk | volume = 113 | issue = | pages = 784–801 }}</ref> They proposed the resurrection of two of the old genus names, ''Phoebastria'' for the North Pacific albatrosses and ''Thalassarche'' for the mollymawks, with the great albatrosses retaining ''Diomedea'' and the sooty albatrosses staying in ''Phoebetria''. Both the [[British Ornithologists' Union]] and the South African authorities split the albatrosses into four genera as Nunn suggested, and the change has been accepted by the majority of researchers.

While there is some agreement on the number of genera, there is less agreement on the number of species. Historically, up to 80 different taxa have been described by different researchers; most of these were incorrectly identified juvenile birds.<ref name = "Double">Double, M.C. & Chambers, G.K., (2004). "The need for the parties to the Agreement on Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) to establish a robust, defendable and transparent decision-making process for the construction and maintenance of their species lists ". ''Proceedings of the Scientific Meeting of Agreement on Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP)'', Hobart, Australia, 8–9 November 2004</ref>

Based on the work on albatross genera, Robertson and Nunn went on in 1998 to propose a revised taxonomy with 24 different species,<ref>Robertson, C. J. R. and Nunn, G. B. (1998) "Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses" in: ''Proceedings First International Conference on the Biology and Conservation of Albatrosses'', G.Robertson & R.Gales (Eds), Chipping Norton:Surrey Beatty & Sons, 13–19,</ref> compared to the 14 then accepted. This interim taxonomy elevated many established [[subspecies]] to full species, but was criticised for not using, in every case, [[peer review]]ed information to justify the splits. Since then further studies have in some instances supported or disproved the splits; a 2004 paper analysing the [[mitochondrial DNA]] and [[microsatellite]]s agreed with the conclusion that the [[Antipodean Albatross]] and the [[Tristan Albatross]] were distinct from the [[Wandering Albatross]], per Robertson and Nunn, but found that the suggested Gibson's Albatross, ''Diomedea gibsoni'', was not distinct from the Antipodean Albatross.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02232.x | last1 = Burg | first1 = T.M. | last2 = Croxall | first2 = J.P. | year = 2004 | title = Global population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex | url = | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 13 | issue = 8| pages = 2345–2355 | pmid = 15245406 }}</ref> For the most part, an interim taxonomy of 21 species is accepted by the [[IUCN]] and many other researchers, though by no means all—in 2004 Penhallurick and Wink called for the number of species to be reduced to 13 (including the lumping of the [[Amsterdam Albatross]] with the [[Wandering Albatross]]),<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1071/MU01060 | last1 = Penhallurick | first1 = J. | last2 = Wink | first2 = M. | year = 2004 | title = Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene | url = | journal = Emu | volume = 104 | issue = | pages = 125–147 }}</ref> although this paper was itself controversial.<ref name = "Double"/><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1071/MU04039 | last1 = Rheindt | first1 = F. E. | last2 = Austin | first2 = J. | year = 2005 | title = Major analytical and conceptual shortcomings in a recent taxonomic revision of the Procellariiformes - A reply to Penhallurick and Wink (2004) | url = http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU04039.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Emu | volume = 105 | issue = | pages = 181–186 }}</ref> On all sides, there is the widespread agreement on the need for further research to clarify the issue.
[[File:Laysan Albatross and chicks, Midway Island 1958.jpg|thumb|left|Three birds on [[Midway Atoll]], 1958]]
[[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy|Sibley and Ahlquist's]] molecular study of the [[evolution]] of the bird families has put the [[Adaptive radiation|radiation]] of the [[Procellariiformes]] in the [[Oligocene]] period (35–30 million years ago), though this group probably originated earlier, with a [[fossil]] sometimes attributed to the order, a seabird known as ''[[Tytthostonyx]]'', being found in late [[Cretaceous]] rocks (70 [[mya (unit)|mya]]). The molecular evidence suggests that the storm-petrels were the first to diverge from the ancestral stock, and the albatrosses next, with the procellarids and diving petrels separating later. The earliest fossil albatrosses were found in [[Eocene]] to Oligocene rocks, although some of these are only tentatively assigned to the family and none appear to be particularly close to the living forms. They are ''[[Murunkus]]'' (Middle Eocene of [[Uzbekistan]]), ''[[Manu (genus)|Manu]]'' (early Oligocene of [[New Zealand]]), and an undescribed form from the Late Oligocene of [[South Carolina]]. Similar to the last was ''[[Plotornis]]'', formerly often considered a petrel but now accepted as an albatross. It is from the Middle [[Miocene]] of [[France]], a time when the split between the four modern genera was already underway as evidenced by ''Phoebastria californica'' and ''Diomedea milleri'', both being mid-Miocene species from [[Sharktooth Hill]], [[California]]. These show that the split between the great albatrosses and the North Pacific albatrosses occurred by 15 mya. Similar fossil finds in the southern hemisphere put the split between the sooties and mollymawks at 10 mya.<ref name = "Brooke">Brooke, M. (2004). ''Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World'' Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK ISBN 0-19-850125-0</ref>
The fossil record of the albatrosses in the northern hemisphere is more complete than that of the southern, and many fossil forms of albatross have been found in the North [[Atlantic]], which today has no albatrosses. The remains of a colony of [[Short-tailed Albatross]]es have been uncovered on the island of [[Bermuda]],<ref name = "olson">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1934576100 | last1 = Olson | first1 = S.L. | last2 = Hearty | first2 = P.J. | year = 2003 | title = Probable extirpation of a breeding colony of Short-tailed Albatross (''Phoebastria albatrus'') on Bermuda by Pleistocene sea-level rise | url = | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Science | volume = 100 | issue = 22| pages = 12825–12829 }}</ref> and the majority of fossil albatrosses from the North Atlantic have been of the genus ''Phoebastria'' (the North Pacific albatrosses); one, ''Phoebastria anglica'', has been found in deposits in both [[North Carolina]] and [[England]]. Due to [[convergent evolution]] in particular of the leg and foot bones, remains of the prehistoric [[pseudotooth bird]]s (Pelagornithidae) may be mistaken for those of extinct albatrosses; ''Manu'' may be such a case, and quite certainly the supposed giant albatross [[femur]] from the [[Early Pleistocene]]<ref>[[Gelasian]], formerly [[Late Pliocene]]</ref> [[Dainichi Formation]] at [[Kakegawa]] ([[Japan]]) actually is from one of the last pseudotooth birds. For more data on fossil species of the living albatross genera, see the genus articles.

===Morphology and flight===
[[Image:Black footed albatross.jpg|upright|thumb|Unlike most Procellariiformes, albatrosses, like this Black-footed Albatross, can walk well on land.]]
The albatrosses are a group of large to very large [[bird]]s; they are the largest of the procellariiformes. The [[beak|bill]] is large, strong and sharp-edged, the upper mandible terminating in a large hook. This bill is composed of several horny plates, and along the sides are the two "tubes", long nostrils that give the [[order (biology)|order]] its former name. The tubes of all albatrosses are along the sides of the bill, unlike the rest of the [[Procellariiformes]] where the tubes run along the top of the bill. These tubes allow the albatrosses to have an acute sense of smell, an unusual ability for birds. Like other Procellariiformes they use this [[olfactory]] ability while foraging in order to locate potential food sources.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1368131 | last1 = Lequette | first1 = B. | last2 = Verheyden | first2 = C. | last3 = Jowentin | first3 = P. | year = 1989 | title = Olfaction in Subantarctic seabirds: Its phylogenetic and ecological significance | url = http://scholar.google.com/url?sa=U&q=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v091n03/p0732-p0735.pdf | format = PDF | journal = The Condor | volume = 91 | issue = 3| pages = 732–135 | jstor = 1368131 }}</ref> The feet have no hind toe and the three anterior toes are completely webbed. The legs are strong for Procellariiformes, in fact, almost uniquely amongst the order in that they and the [[giant petrel]]s are able to walk well on land.<ref name ="tick"/>

Albatrosses, along with all [[Procellariiformes]] have a need to lower their salt content due to their drinking of ocean water. All birds have an enlarged nasal gland at the base of the bill, above their eyes. This gland is inactive in species that don't require it; however the Procellariiformes do require its use. Scientists are uncertain as to its exact processes, but do know in general terms that it removes salt that forms a 5% saline solution that drips out of their nose or is forcibly ejected in some birds.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ehrlich|first1=Paul R. |authorlink1= |last2=Dobkin |first2=David, S.|last3= Wheye|first3= Darryl |title=The Birders Handbook|edition=First |year=1988 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York, NY|isbn=0-671-65989-8|pages=29–31}}</ref>

The adult [[plumage]] of most of the albatrosses is usually some variation of dark upper-wing and back, white undersides, often compared to that of a [[gull]].<ref name ="tick"/> Of these, the species range from the [[Southern Royal Albatross]] which is almost completely white except for the ends and trailing edges of the wings in fully mature males, to the [[Amsterdam Albatross]] which has an almost juvenile-like breeding plumage with a great deal of brown, particularly a strong brown band around the chest. Several species of [[mollymawk]]s and [[North Pacific albatross]]es have face markings like eye patches or have grey or yellow on the head and nape. Three albatross species, the [[Black-footed Albatross]] and the two [[sooty albatross]]es, vary completely from the usual patterns and are almost entirely dark brown (or dark grey in places in the case of the [[Light-mantled Albatross]]). Albatrosses take several years to get their full adult breeding plumage.<ref name = "Brooke"/>

The [[wingspan]]s of the largest great albatrosses (genus ''Diomedea'') are the largest of any bird, exceeding {{convert|340|cm|ft|abbr=on}}, although the other species' wingspans are considerably smaller ({{convert|1.75|m|ft|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Sibley">{{cite book |last1=Humann | first1 = Alec | last2 = Brinkley | first2 = Edward S. | editor1-first = Chris | editor1-last = Elphick | editor2-first = John B. | editor2-last = Dunning Jr. | editor3-first = David Allen | editor3-last = Sibley |editor3-link=David Sibley|others = illustrated by David Allen Sibley | title = The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior | edition = 1st. | year = 2001 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | isbn=0-679-45123-4 | page = | pages =132–135 | contribution =Albatrosses }}</ref> The wings are stiff and cambered, with thickened streamlined leading edges. Albatrosses travel huge distances with two techniques used by many long-winged seabirds, [[dynamic soaring]] and [[slope soaring]]. Dynamic soaring involves repeatedly rising into wind and descending downwind thus gaining [[energy]] from the vertical [[wind gradient]]. Slope soaring uses the rising air on the windward side of large waves. Albatross have high [[glide ratio]]s, around 22:1 to 23:1, meaning that for every metre they drop, they can travel forward 22 metres.<ref name = "Brooke"/> They are aided in soaring by a shoulder-lock, a sheet of [[tendon]] that locks the wing when fully extended, allowing the wing to be kept outstretched without any muscle expenditure, a morphological adaptation they share with the giant petrels.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1982.0158 | last1 = Pennycuick | first1 = C. J. | year = 1982 | title = The flight of petrels and albatrosses (Procellariiformes), observed in South Georgia and its vicinity | url = | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B | volume = 300 | issue = | pages = 75–106 }}</ref>

[[Image:Phoebastria albatrus1.jpg|thumb|left|Taking off is one of the main times albatrosses use flapping in order to fly, and is the most energetically demanding part of a journey.]]Albatrosses combine these soaring techniques with the use of predictable [[weather]] systems; albatrosses in the [[southern hemisphere]] flying north from their colonies will take a [[clockwise]] route, and those flying south will fly [[counterclockwise]].<ref name ="tick">Tickell, W.L.N. (2000). ''Albatrosses''. Sussex:Pica Press, ISBN 1-873403-94-1</ref> Albatrosses are so well adapted to this lifestyle that their [[heart rate]]s while flying are close to their basal heart rate when resting. This efficiency is such that the most energetically demanding aspect of a foraging trip is not the distance covered, but the landings, take-offs and hunting they undertake having found a food source.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2000.1223 | last1 = Weimerskirch | first1 = H | last2 = Guionnet | first2 = T | last3 = Martin | first3 = J | last4 = Shaffer | first4 = SA | last5 = Costa | first5 = DP. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 2000 | title = Fast and fuel efficient? Optimal use of wind by flying albatrosses | url = | journal = Proc Biol Sci | volume = 267 | issue = 1455| pages = 1869–74 | pmid = 11052538 | pmc = 1690761 }}</ref> This efficient long-distance travelling underlies the albatross's success as a long-distance forager, covering great distances and expending little energy looking for patchily distributed food sources. Their adaptation to gliding flight makes them dependent on wind and waves, however, as their long wings are ill-suited to powered flight and most species lack the muscles and energy to undertake sustained flapping flight. Albatrosses in calm seas are forced to rest on the ocean's surface until the wind picks up again. The North Pacific albatrosses can use a flight style known as flap-gliding, where the bird progresses by bursts of flapping followed by gliding.<ref name ="war">Warham, J. (1996). ''The Behaviour, Population, Biology and Physiology of the Petrels''. London:Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-735415-8</ref> When taking off, albatrosses need to take a run up to allow enough air to move under the wing to provide [[Lift (force)|lift]].<ref name ="tick"/>

===Distribution and range at sea===
{{see also|List of albatross breeding locations}}
[[Image:Diomedeidae distribution.png|thumb|left|200px|The distribution of albatrosses across the world.]]
Most albatrosses range in the southern hemisphere from [[Antarctica]] to [[Australia]], [[South Africa]] and [[South America]]. The exceptions to this are the four North Pacific albatrosses, of which three occur exclusively in the North Pacific, from Hawaii to Japan, California and Alaska; and one, the [[Waved Albatross]], breeds in the [[Galapagos Islands]] and feeds off the coast of South America. The need for wind in order to glide is the reason albatrosses are for the most part confined to higher latitudes; being unsuited to sustained flapping flight makes crossing the [[doldrums]] extremely difficult. The exception, the Waved Albatross, is able to live in the [[equator]]ial waters around the Galapagos Islands because of the cool waters of the [[Humboldt Current]] and the resulting winds.<ref name = "Brooke"/>

[[Image:Albatross shape.png|upright|thumb|right|Albatrosses range over huge areas of ocean and regularly circle the globe.]]It is not known for certain why the albatrosses became [[extinct]] in the [[North Atlantic]], although rising [[sea level]]s due to an [[interglacial]] warming period are thought to have submerged the site of a Short-tailed Albatross colony that has been excavated in Bermuda.<ref name = "olson"/> Some southern species have occasionally turned up as [[Vagrancy in birds|vagrants]] in the North Atlantic and can become exiled, remaining there for decades. One of these exiles, a [[Black-browed Albatross]], returned to [[Northern Gannet|gannet]] colonies in [[Scotland]] for many years in a lonely attempt to breed.<ref name = "Brit">Cocker, M., & Mabey, R., (2005) ''Birds Britannica'' London:Chatto & Windus, ISBN 0-7011-6907-9</ref>

The use of [[satellite tracking]] is teaching scientists a great deal about the way albatrosses forage across the ocean in order to find food. They undertake no annual [[bird migration|migration]], but disperse widely after breeding, in the case of southern hemisphere species, often undertaking [[circumpolar]] trips.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1106042 | last1 = Croxall | first1 = J. P. | last2 = Silk | first2 = J.R.D. | last3 = Phillips | first3 = R.A. | last4 = Afanasyev | first4 = V. | last5 = Briggs | first5 = D.R. | year = 2005 | title = Global Circumnavigations: Tracking year-round ranges of nonbreeding Albatrosses | url = | journal = Science | volume = 307 | issue = 5707| pages = 249–250 | pmid = 15653503 }}</ref> There is also evidence that there is separation of the ranges of different species at sea. A comparison of the foraging [[ecological niche|niches]] of two related species that breed on [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell Island]], the [[Campbell Albatross]] and the [[Grey-headed Albatross]], showed the Campbell Albatross primarily fed over the [[Campbell Plateau]] whereas the Grey-Headed Albatross fed in more [[pelagic]], oceanic waters. [[Wandering Albatross]]es also react strongly to [[bathymetry]], feeding only in waters deeper than 1000 m (3281 ft); so rigidly did the satellite plots match this contour that one scientist remarked, "It almost appears as if the birds notice and obey a 'No Entry' sign where the water shallows to less than 1000 m".<ref name = "Brooke"/> There is also evidence of different ranges for the two sexes of the same species; a study of [[Tristan Albatross]]es breeding on [[Gough Island]] showed that males foraged to the west of Gough and females to the east.<ref name = "Brooke"/>

===Diet===
The albatross diet is predominantly [[cephalopod]]s, [[fish]], [[crustacean]]s, and offal,<ref name ="tick"/> although they will also scavenge [[carrion]] and feed on other [[zooplankton]].<ref name ="tick"/> It should be noted that for most species, a comprehensive understanding of diet is only known for the breeding season, when the albatrosses regularly return to land and study is possible. The importance of each of these food sources varies from species to species, and even from population to population; some concentrate on [[squid]] alone, others take more [[krill]] or [[fish]]. Of the two albatross species found in [[Hawaii]], one, the [[Black-footed Albatross]], takes mostly fish while the [[Laysan Albatross|Laysan]] feeds on squid.<ref name ="tick"/>

[[Image:Light sooty albatross flying.jpg|thumb|left|Light-mantled Albatrosses regularly dive in order to feed and can dive to below 12 m.]]
The use of dataloggers at sea that record ingestion of water against time (providing a likely time of feeding) suggest that albatross predominantly feed during the day. Analysis of the squid beaks regurgitated by albatrosses has shown that many of the squid eaten are too large to have been caught alive, and include mid-water species likely to be beyond the reach of albatross, suggesting that, for some species (like the [[Wandering Albatross]]), [[Scavenger|scavenged]] squid may be an important part of the diet. The source of these dead squid is a matter of debate; some certainly comes from squid [[fisheries]], but in nature it primarily comes from the die-off that occurs after squid spawning and the vomit of squid-eating [[whale]]s ([[sperm whale]]s, [[pilot whale]]s and [[Southern Bottlenose Whale]]s).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Croxall | first1 = J.P. | last2 = Prince | first2 = P.A. | year = 1994 | title = Dead or alive, night or day: how do albatrosses catch squid? | url = http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=221341&jid=ANS&volumeId=6&issueId=02&aid=221340 | journal = Antarctic Science | volume = 6 | issue = | pages = 155–162 |doi = 10.1017/S0954102094000246 }}</ref> The diet of other species, like the [[Black-browed Albatross]] or the [[Grey-headed Albatross]], is rich with smaller species of squid that tend to sink after death, and scavenging is not assumed to play a large role in their diet.<ref name = "Brooke"/> Also the [[Waved Albatross]] has been observed practicing [[kleptoparasitism]], harassing [[booby|boobies]] in order to steal their food, making it the only member of its order to do regularly.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Spear|first=Larry |coauthors=David G. Ainley|year=1993|title=Kleptoparasitism by Kermadec Petrels, Jaegers, and Skuas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Evidence of Mimicry by Two Species of ''Pterodroma''|journal=The Auk|volume=110|issue=2|pages=222–233 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4088550 }}</ref>

Until recently it was thought that albatross were predominantly surface feeders, swimming at the surface and snapping up squid and fish pushed to the surface by currents, predators or death. The deployment of capillary depth recorders, which record the maximum dive depth undertaken by a bird (between attaching it to a bird and recovering it when it returns to land), has shown that while some species, like the [[Wandering Albatross]], do not dive deeper than a metre, some species, like the [[Light-mantled Albatross]], have a mean diving depth of almost 5 m and can dive as deep as 12.5 m.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Prince | first1 = P.A. | last2 = Huin | first2 = N. | last3 = Weimerskirch | first3 = H. | year = 1994 | title = Diving depths of albatrosses | url =http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FANS%2FANS6_03%2FS0954102094000532a.pdf&code=93ff088b564aac2b50aadfcbedad50cd | journal = Antarctic Science | volume = 6 | issue = 3| pages = 353–354 |doi = 10.1017/S0954102094000532}}</ref> In addition to surface feeding and diving, they have now also been observed plunge diving from the air to snatch prey.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cobley | first1 = N.D. | year = 1996 | title = An observation of live prey capture by a Black-browed Albatross ''Diomedea melanophrys'' | url = http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/24/24_10.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Marine Ornithology | volume = 24 | issue = | pages = 45–46 }}</ref>

===Breeding and dancing===
[[File:Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans) dance.jpg|thumb|right|Wandering Albatrosses are colonial but have large widely spaced territories. Here a pair performs their famous breeding dance.]]
Albatrosses are [[Bird colony|colonial]], usually nesting on isolated islands; where colonies are on larger landmasses, they are found on exposed headlands with good approaches from the sea in several directions, like the colony on the [[Otago Peninsula]] in [[Dunedin, New Zealand]]. Many [[Buller's Albatross]]es and [[Black-footed Albatross]]es nest under trees in open forest.<ref name="Robertson" /> Colonies vary from the very dense aggregations favoured by the mollymawks ([[Black-browed Albatross]] colonies on the [[Falkland Islands]] have densities of 70 nests per 100 m²) to the much looser groups and widely spaced individual nests favoured by the sooty and great albatrosses. All albatross colonies are on islands that historically were free of land [[mammal]]s. Albatrosses are highly [[philopatry|philopatric]], meaning they will usually return to their natal colony to breed. This tendency to return to their point of origin to breed is so strong that a study of [[Laysan Albatross]] showed that the average distance between hatching site and the site where a bird established its own territory was {{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fisher | first1 = H.I. | year = 1976 | title = Some dynamics of a breeding colony of Laysan Albatrosses | url =http://www.jstor.org/stable/4160718 | journal = Wilson Bulletin | volume = 88 | issue = | pages = 121–142 }}</ref>

Like most seabirds, albatrosses are [[R/K selection theory|K-selected]] with regard to their life history, meaning they live much longer than other birds, they delay breeding for longer, and invest more effort into fewer young. Albatrosses are very long lived; most species survive upwards of 50 years, the oldest recorded being a [[Northern Royal Albatross]] that was [[Bird ringing|ringed]] as an adult and survived for another 51 years, giving it an estimated age of 61.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1071/MU9930269 | last1 = Robertson | first1 = C.J.R. | year = 1993 | title = Survival and longevity of the Northern Royal Albatross ''Diomedea epomophora sanfordi'' at Taiaroa Head" 1937–93 | url = | journal = Emu | volume = 93 | issue = | pages = 269–276 }}</ref> Given that most albatross ringing projects are considerably younger than that, it is thought likely that other species will prove to live that long and even longer.

[[Image:LAAL adult sky call.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Sky-pointing is one of the stereotyped actions of Laysan Albatross breeding dances.]]
Albatrosses reach [[sexual maturity]] slowly, after about five years, but even once they have reached maturity, they will not begin to breed for another couple of years (even up to 10 years for some species). Young non-breeders will attend a colony prior to beginning to breed, spending many years practising the elaborate breeding rituals and "dances" that the family is famous for.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1163/156853981X00257 | last1 = Jouventin | first1 = P. | last2 = Monicault | first2 = G. de | last3 = Blosseville | first3 = J.M. | year = 1981 | title = La danse de l'albatros, ''Phoebetria fusca''". | url = | journal = Behaviour | volume = 78 | issue = | pages = 43–80 }}</ref> Birds arriving back at the colony for the first time already have the stereotyped behaviours that compose albatross [[language]], but can neither "read" that behaviour as exhibited by other birds nor respond appropriately.<ref name ="tick"/> After a period of trial and error [[learning]], the young birds learn the [[syntax]] and perfect the dances. This language is mastered more rapidly if the younger birds are around older birds.

The repertoire of behaviour involves synchronised performances of various actions such as [[personal grooming|preening]], pointing, calling, bill clacking, staring, and combinations of such behaviours (like the sky-call).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pickering | first1 = S.P.C. | last2 = Berrow | first2 = S.D. | year = 2001 | title = Courtship behaviour of the Wandering Albatross ''Diomedea exulans'' at Bird Island, South Georgia | url = http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/29_1/29_1_6.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Marine Ornithology | volume = 29 | issue = | pages = 29–37 }}</ref> When a bird first returns to the colony it will dance with many partners, but after a number of years the number of birds an individual will interact with drops, until one partner is chosen and a pair is formed. They then continue to perfect an individual language that will eventually be unique to that one pair. Having established a [[pair bond]] that will last for life, however, most of that dance will never be used ever again.

Albatrosses are held to undertake these elaborate and painstaking rituals to ensure that the appropriate partner has been chosen and to perfect partner recognition, as egg laying and chick rearing is a huge investment. Even species that can complete an egg-laying cycle in under a year seldom lay eggs in consecutive years.<ref name = "Brooke"/> The great albatrosses (like the [[Wandering Albatross]]) take over a year to raise a chick from laying to [[fledge|fledging]]. Albatrosses lay a single [[subelliptical]]<ref name="Sibley" /> [[egg (biology)|egg]], white with reddish brown spots,<ref name="Robertson" /> in a breeding season; if the egg is lost to predators or accidentally broken, then no further breeding attempts are made that year. The larger eggs weigh from {{convert|200|to(-)|510|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Robertson" /> The "divorce" of a pair is a rare occurrence, usually only happening after several years of breeding failure.

[[Image:Albatross chick at Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument, Midway Atoll, 2007March01.jpg|thumb|An albatross chick at [[Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument]], [[Midway Atoll]].]]
All the southern albatrosses create large [[bird nest|nest]]s for their egg, utilizing grass, shrubs, soil, peat, and even [[penguin]] feathers,<ref name="Robertson">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Robertson |first=C. J. R.|editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last= Hutchins|encyclopedia=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia |title=Albatrosses (Diomedeidae) |edition=2 |year=2003 |publisher=Gale Group|volume=8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins |location=Farmington Hills, MI|isbn=0 7876 5784 0 |pages=113–116}}</ref> whereas the three species in the north Pacific make more rudimentary nests. The [[Waved Albatross]], on the other hand, makes no nest and will even move its egg around the pair's territory, as much as {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}}, sometimes causing it to lose the egg.<ref>Anderson, D.J. & Cruz, F. (1998) "Biology and management of the Waved Albatross at the Galapagos Islands. Pp.105–109 in ''Albatross Biology and Conservation'' (Roberston, G. & Gales, R. eds) Chipping Norton:Surrey Beatty and & Sons ISBN 0-949324-82-5</ref> In all albatross species, both parents [[Avian incubation|incubate]] the egg in stints that last between one day and three weeks. Incubation lasts around 70 to 80 days (longer for the larger albatrosses), the longest incubation period of any bird. It can be an energetically demanding process, with the adult losing as much as {{convert|83|g|oz|abbr=on}} of body weight a day.<ref>Warham, J. (1990) ''The Petrels - Their Ecology and Breeding Systems'' London: Academic Press.</ref>

After hatching, the chick, which is [[semi-altricial]],<ref name="Sibley" /> is brooded and guarded for three weeks until it is large enough to defend and [[thermoregulation|thermoregulate]] itself. During this period the parents feed the chick small meals when they relieve each other from duty. After the brooding period is over, the chick is fed in regular intervals by both parents. The parents adopt alternative patterns of short and long foraging trips, providing meals that weigh around 12% of their body weight (around {{convert|600|g|oz|abbr=on}}). The meals are composed of both fresh [[squid]], [[fish]] and [[krill]], as well as [[stomach oil]], an [[food energy|energy]]-rich food that is lighter to carry than undigested prey items.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Warham | first1 = J. | year = 1976 | title = The incidence, function and ecological significance of petrel stomach oils | url = http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/ProNZES24_84.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society | volume = 24 | issue = | pages = 84–93 }}</ref> This oil is created in a stomach organ known as a [[proventriculus]] from digested prey items by most tubenoses, and gives them their distinctive musty smell.

[[File:Adult with chick.JPG|thumb|left|Albatrosses brood young chicks until they are large enough to thermoregulate.]]
Albatross chicks take a long time to fledge. In the case of the great albatrosses, it can take up to 280 days; even for the smaller albatrosses, it takes anywhere between 140 and 170 days.<ref name ="delhoyo">Carboneras, C. (1992) "Family Diomedeidae (Albatross)" in ''Handbook of Birds of the World'' Vol 1. Barcelona:Lynx Edicions, ISBN 84-87334-10-5</ref> Like many seabirds, albatross chicks will gain enough weight to be heavier than their parents, and prior to fledging they use these reserves to build up body condition (particularly growing all their flight feathers), usually fledging at the same weight as their parents. Between 15% and 65% of those fledged survive to breed.<ref name="Robertson" /> Albatross chicks fledge on their own and receive no further help from their parents, who return to the nest after fledging, unaware their chick has left. Studies of juveniles dispersing at sea have suggested an innate migration behaviour, a genetically coded navigation route, which helps young birds when they are first out at sea.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0373463305003401 | last1 = Åkesson | first1 = S. | last2 = Weimerskirch | first2 = H. | year = 2005 | title = Albatross Long-Distance Navigation: Comparing Adults And Juveniles | url = | journal = Journal of Navigation | volume = 58 | issue = | pages = 365–373 }}</ref>

==Albatrosses and humans==
===Etymology===
The name ''albatross'' is derived from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''al-câdous'' or ''al-ġaţţās'' (a [[pelican]]; literally, "the diver"), which travelled to English via the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] form ''alcatraz'' ("[[gannet]]"), which is also the origin of the name of the former prison, [[Alcatraz]]. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]]'' notes that the word ''alcatraz'' was originally applied to the [[frigatebird]]; the modification to ''albatross'' was perhaps influenced by [[Latin]] ''albus'', meaning "white", in contrast to frigatebirds which are black.<ref name ="tick"/> In modern Portuguese, the word used for the bird, ''albatroz,'' is in turn derived from [[English language|English]] albatross.

They were once commonly known as '''Goonie birds''' or '''Gooney birds''', particularly those of the North [[Pacific]]. In the southern hemisphere, the name '''mollymawk''' is still well established in some areas, which is a corrupted form of ''malle-mugge'', an old [[Dutch language|Dutch]] name for the [[Northern Fulmar]]. The name ''Diomedea'', assigned to the albatrosses by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], references the mythical metamorphosis of the companions of the Greek warrior [[Diomedes]] into birds. Finally, the name for the order, ''Procellariiformes'', comes from the [[Latin]] word ''procella'' meaning '''a violent wind''' or '''a storm'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gotch |first1=A. F. |title=Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals|year= 1995 |origyear=1979 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York, NY|isbn=0-8160-3377-3|page=190|chapter=Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels}}</ref>

===In culture===
[[Image:Albatroz - Panorama 1837.jpg|thumb|1837 Woodcut from the journal "O Panorama"]]
Albatrosses have been described as "the most legendary of all birds".<ref name ="delhoyo"/> An albatross is a central emblem in ''[[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]]'' by [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]; a captive albatross is also a [[metaphor]] for the [[poète maudit]] in a poem of [[Charles Baudelaire]]. It is from the Coleridge poem that the usage of [[Albatross (metaphor)|albatross as a metaphor]] is derived; someone with a burden or obstacle is said to have 'an albatross around their neck', the punishment given in the poem to the mariner who killed the albatross. In part due to the poem, there is a widespread [[urban legend|myth]] that sailors believe it disastrous to shoot or harm an albatross; in truth, however, sailors regularly killed and ate them,<ref name = "Brit"/> but they were often regarded as the souls of lost sailors. The [[Maori]] used the wing bones of the albatross to carve their ceremonial [[tattoos]] into their skin.

===Birdwatching===
Albatrosses are popular birds for [[birdwatching|birdwatchers]] and their colonies popular destinations for [[ecotourism|ecotourists]]. Regular birdwatching trips are taken out of many coastal towns and cities, like [[Monterey, New South Wales|Monterey]], [[Kaikoura]], [[Wollongong]], [[Sydney]], [[Port Fairy]], [[Hobart]] and [[Cape Town]], to see [[pelagic]] [[seabird]]s, and albatrosses are easily attracted to these sightseeing boats by the deployment of fish oil and burley into the sea. Visits to colonies can be very popular; the [[Northern Royal Albatross]] colony at [[Taiaroa Head]] in New Zealand attracts 40,000 visitors a year,<ref name = "Brooke"/> and more isolated colonies are regular attractions on cruises to sub-Antarctic islands.

===Threats and conservation===
In spite of often being accorded legendary status, albatrosses have not escaped either indirect or direct pressure from humans. Early encounters with albatrosses by [[Polynesia]]ns and [[Aleut]] Indians resulted in hunting and in some cases extirpation from some islands (such as [[Easter Island]]). As [[European ethnic groups|European]]s began sailing the world, they too began to hunt albatross, "fishing" for them from boats to serve at the table or blasting them for sport.<ref>Safina, C. (2002) ''Eye of the Albatross: Visions of Hope and Survival'' New York: Henry Holt & Company ISBN 0-8050-6229-7</ref> This sport reached its peak on emigration lines bound for [[Australia]], and only died down when ships became too fast to fish from, and regulations stopped the discharge of weapons for safety reasons. In the 19th century, albatross colonies, particularly those in the North Pacific, were harvested for the feather trade, leading to the near extinction of the [[Short-tailed Albatross]].<ref name="tick" />

[[Image:Albatross hook.jpg|thumb|250px|left|This Black-browed Albatross has been hooked on a long-line.]]Of the 21 albatross species recognised by IUCN on their [[IUCN Red List|Red List]], 19 are threatened, and the other two are ''near threatened''.<ref>IUCN, 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/search.php?freetext=Albatross&modifier=phrase&criteria=wholedb&taxa_species=1&redlistCategory%5B%5D=allex&redlistAssessyear%5B%5D=all&country%5B%5D=all&aquatic%5B%5D=all&regions%5B%5D=all&habitats%5B%5D=all&threats%5B%5D=all&Submit.x=104&Submit.y=16 Red List: Albatross Species]. Retrieved July 27, 2007.</ref> Two species (as recognised by the IUCN) are considered critically [[endangered species|endangered]]: the [[Amsterdam Albatross]] and the [[Chatham Albatross]]. One of the main threats is commercial [[long-line fishing]], as the albatrosses and other [[seabird]]s which will readily feed on [[offal]] are attracted to the set bait become hooked on the lines and drown. An estimated 100,000 albatross per year are killed in this fashion. Unregulated [[pirate]] fisheries exacerbate the problem.<ref name="Brooke" /><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0006-3207(91)90031-4 | last1 = Brothers | first1 = NP. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1991 | title = Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean | url = | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 55 | issue = | pages = 255–268 }}</ref>

On [[Midway Atoll]], collisions between [[Laysan Albatross]] and aircraft have resulted in human and bird deaths as well as severe disruptions in military flight operations. Studies were made in the late 1950s and early 1960s that examined the results of control methods such as the killing of birds, the leveling and clearing of land to eliminate updrafts and the destruction of annual nesting sites.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Harvey I. |year=1966 |month=May |title=Airplane-Albatross Collisions on Midway Atoll |journal=The Condor |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=229–242 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010-5422(196605%2F06)68%3A3%3C229%3AACOMA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I |accessdate= 2007-12-16 |doi=10.2307/1365556}}</ref> Tall structures such as traffic control and radio towers killed 3000 birds in flight collisions during 1964-1965 before the towers were taken down. Closure of Naval Air Facility Midway Island in 1993 eliminated the problem of collisions with military aircraft. Recent reductions in human activity on the island have helped reduce bird deaths, though lead paint pollution near military buildings continues to poison birds by ingestion.<ref>[http://www.audubon2.org/watchlist/viewSpecies.jsp?id=118 Audubon Watchlist. ''Laysan Albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis)'']</ref> Albatross plumes were popular in the early 20th century. In 1909 alone over 300,000 albatrosses were killed on [[Midway Island]] and [[Laysan Island]] for their plumes.<ref name="Sibley" />

Another threat to albatrosses is [[introduced species]], such as rats or [[feral cat]]s, which directly attack the albatross or its chicks and eggs. Albatrosses have evolved to breed on islands where land mammals are absent but have not developed defences against them. Even species as small as mice can be detrimental; on [[Gough Island]] the chicks of [[Tristan Albatross]]es are attacked and eaten alive by introduced [[house mouse|house mice]].<ref>BBC News, 2005. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4708899.stm Albatross chicks attacked by mice]. Retrieved March 6, 2006.</ref> Introduced species can have other indirect effects: [[cattle]] overgrazed essential cover on [[Amsterdam Island]] threatening the Amsterdam Albatross; on other islands introduced plants reduce potential nesting habitat.<ref name="Brooke" />

[[Image:Laysan albatross chick remains.jpg|thumb|250px|The remains of this Laysan Albatross chick show the plastic ingested before death, including a bottle cap and lighter.]]Ingestion of [[plastic]] [[flotsam]] is another problem, one faced by many seabirds. The amount of plastic in the seas has increased dramatically since the first record in the 1960s, coming from waste discarded by ships, offshore dumping, litter on beaches and waste washed to sea by rivers. It is impossible to digest and takes up space in the stomach or [[gizzard]] that should be used for food, or can cause an obstruction that starves the bird directly. Studies of birds in the North Pacific have shown that ingestion of plastics results in declining [[body weight]] and body condition.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0141-1136(94)00140-K | last1 = Spear | first1 = L.B. | last2 = Ainley | first2 = D.G. | last3 = Ribic | first3 = C.A. | year = 1995 | title = Incidence of plastic in seabirds from the tropical Pacific, 1984–91: relation with distribution of species, sex, age, season, year and body weight | url = | journal = Marine Environmental Research | volume = 40 | issue = | pages = 123–146 }}</ref> This plastic is sometimes regurgitated and fed to chicks; a study of [[Laysan Albatross]] chicks on [[Midway Atoll]] showed large amounts of ingested plastic in naturally dead chicks compared to healthy chicks killed in accidents. While not the direct cause of death, this plastic causes physiological stress and causes the chick to feel full during feedings, reducing its food intake and the chances of survival.<ref>Auman, H.J., Ludwig, J.P., Giesy, J.P., Colborn, T., (1997) "Plastic ingestion by Laysan Albatross chicks on Sand Island, Midway Atoll, in 1994 and 1995." in ''Albatross Biology and Conservation'', (ed by G. Robinson and R. Gales). Surrey Beatty & Sons:Chipping Norton. Pp. 239-44 [http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Ocean/Albatross-Plastic-Ingestion1997.htm]</ref>

Scientists and conservationists (most importantly [[BirdLife International]] and their partners, who run the Save the Albatross campaign) are working with governments and [[fishermen]] to find solutions to the threats albatrosses face. Techniques such as setting long-line bait at night, dying the bait blue, setting the bait underwater, increasing the amount of weight on lines and using bird scarers can all reduce the seabird by-catch.<ref>Food and Agriculture Organisation (1999) "The incidental catch of seabirds by longline fisheries: worldwide review and technical guidelines for mitigation. FAO Fisheries Circular No.937. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. [http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/W9817E/W9817E00.HTM]</ref> For example, a collaborative study between scientists and fishermen in [[New Zealand]] successfully tested an underwater setting device for long-liners which set the lines below the reach of vulnerable albatross species.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00288330.2000.9516947 | last1 = O'Toole | first1 = Decland | last2 = Molloy | first2 = Janice | year = 2000 | title = Preliminary performance assessment of an underwater line setting device for pelagic longline fishing | url = http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjmfr/2000/36.pdf | format = PDF | journal = New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research | volume = 34 | issue = | pages = 455–461 }}</ref> The use of some of these techniques in the [[Patagonian Toothfish]] fishery in the [[Falkland Islands]] is thought to have reduced the number of [[Black-browed Albatross]] taken by the fleet in the last 10 years.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1071/MU03002 | last1 = Reid | first1 = A.T. | last2 = Sullivan | first2 = B.J. | last3 = Pompert | first3 = J. | last4 = Enticott | first4 = J.W. | last5 = Black | first5 = A.D. | year = 2004 | title = Seabird mortality associated with Patagonian Toothfish (''Dissostichus eleginoides'') longliners in Falkland Islands waters | url = | journal = Emu | volume = 104 | issue = 4| pages = 317–325 }}</ref> Conservationists have also worked on the field of [[island restoration]], removing introduced species that threaten native wildlife, which protects albatrosses from introduced predators.

One important step towards protecting albatrosses and other [[seabird]]s is the 2001 [[treaty]] the [[Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels]], which came into force in 2004 and has been ratified by eight countries, [[Australia]], [[Ecuador]], [[New Zealand]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], [[France]], [[Peru]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. The treaty requires these countries to take specific actions to reduce by-catch, pollution and to remove introduced species from nesting islands. The treaty has also been signed but not ratified by another three countries, [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]] and [[Chile]].

==Species==
Current thinking divides the albatrosses into four genera. The number of species is a matter of some debate. The [[IUCN]] and [[BirdLife International]] among others recognise the interim taxonomy of 22 extant species, other authorities retain the more traditional 14 species, and one recent paper proposed a reduction to 13:
*[[Great albatrosses]] (''Diomedea'')
**[[Wandering Albatross]] '' D. exulans''
**[[Antipodean Albatross]] ''D. (exulans) antipodensis''
**[[Amsterdam Albatross]] ''D. (exulans) amsterdamensis''
**[[Tristan Albatross]] ''D. (exulans) dabbenena''
**[[Northern Royal Albatross]] ''D. (epomorpha) sanfordi''
**[[Southern Royal Albatross]] ''D. epomophora''
*[[North Pacific albatross]]es (''Phoebastria'')
**[[Waved Albatross]] ''P. irrorata''
**[[Short-tailed Albatross]] ''P. albatrus''
**[[Black-footed Albatross]] ''P. nigripes''
**[[Laysan Albatross]] ''P. immutabilis''
*[[Mollymawk]]s (''Thalassarche'')
**[[Black-browed Albatross]] ''T. melanophris ''
**[[Campbell Albatross]] ''T. (melanophris) impavida''
**[[Shy Albatross]] ''T. cauta''
**[[White-capped Albatross]] ''T. steadi''
**[[Chatham Albatross]] ''T. (cauta) eremita''
**[[Salvin's Albatross]] ''T. (cauta) salvini''
**[[Grey-headed Albatross]] ''T. chrysostoma''
**[[Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross]] ''T. chlororhynchos''
**[[Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross]] ''T. (chlororhynchos) carteri''
**[[Buller's Albatross]] ''T. bulleri''
*[[Sooty albatross]]es (''Phoebetria'')
**[[Sooty Albatross]] ''P. fusca''
**[[Light-mantled Albatross]] ''P. palpebrata''.

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Diomedeidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Diomedeidae}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Albatross}}
* {{ITIS |id=174514 |taxon=Diomedeidae |accessdate=4 May 2006}}
* [http://www.birdsaustralia.com.au/hanzab/HANZAB_spp_list.pdf HANZAB complete species list] (Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds.)
*[http://www.birdlife.org/action/campaigns/save_the_albatross/ BirdLife International Save the Albatross campaign]
* [http://www.acap.aq/ The Agreement for the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP)]
* [http://www.montereybay.com/creagrus/albatrosses.html Albatross: Don Roberson's family page]
* [http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/seabirds/tracking_ocean_wanderers.pdf Tracking Ocean Wanderers] The global distribution of albatrosses and petrels: Results from the Global Procellariiform Tracking Workshop, 1–5 September 2003, Gordon’s Bay, South Africa. [[BirdLife International]]
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/albatrosses-diomedeidae Albatross videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
* [http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/albatross/ WWF albatross species profile]
*{{cite web | url = http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSRP42.pdf| title = Recovery plan for albatrosses in the Chatham Islands 2001-2011| year = 2001 | publisher = Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-09-28}}
* [http://www.chrisjordan.com/current_set2.php?id=11 Chris Jordan's Midway Atoll albatross photographs]
{{featured article}}

{{Procellariiformes}}

[[Category:Albatrosses|*]]
[[Category:Diomedeidae| ]]
[[Category:Bird families]]
[[Category:Heraldic birds]]
[[Category:Seabirds]]
[[Category:Procellariiformes]]

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Albatross

2011-01-14T17:56:00Z

142.204.16.10:

{{About|the bird family}}

Hi Mr. Copeland
{{Taxobox
| name = Albatross
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Oligocene|recent}} [[Oligocene]]–recent
| image = Short tailed Albatross1.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| image_caption = [[Short-tailed Albatross]] (''Phoebastria albatrus'')
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| subclassis = [[Neornithes]]
| infraclassis = [[Neoaves]]
| ordo = [[Procellariiformes]]
| familia = '''Diomedeidae'''
| familia_authority = [[George Robert Gray|G.R. Gray]] 1840<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.taxonomy.nl/Main/Classification/51470.htm| title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Family Diomedeidae - | accessdate=17 Feb 2009 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | authorlink= | date=Aug 14 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
''[[Diomedea]]'' 
''[[Thalassarche]]'' 
''[[Phoebastria]]'' 
''[[Phoebetria]]''
| range_map = Albatrosses distribution map.png
| range_map_width = 300px
| range_map_caption = Global range (In blue)

}}

'''Albatrosses''', of the biological [[family (biology)|family]] '''Diomedeidae''', are large [[seabird]]s allied to the [[procellariidae|procellariids]], [[storm-petrel]]s and [[diving-petrel]]s in the order [[Procellariiformes]] (the tubenoses). They range widely in the [[Southern Ocean]] and the North [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. They are absent from the North [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], although [[fossil]] remains show they once occurred there too and occasional [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrants]] turn up.

Albatrosses are among the largest of [[bird flight|flying]] birds, and the [[great albatross]]es ([[genus]] ''Diomedea'') have the largest wingspans of any [[extant taxon|extant]] birds. The albatrosses are usually regarded as falling into four genera, but there is disagreement over the number of [[species]].

Albatrosses are highly efficient in the air, using [[dynamic soaring]] and [[slope soaring]] to cover great distances with little exertion. They feed on [[squid]], [[fish]] and [[krill]] by either scavenging, surface seizing or diving. Albatrosses are [[Bird colony|colonial]], nesting for the most part on remote oceanic islands, often with several species nesting together. [[Pair bond]]s between males and females form over several years, with the use of 'ritualised dances', and will last for the life of the pair. A [[breeding season]] can take over a year from laying to [[fledge|fledging]], with a single [[egg (biology)|egg]] laid in each breeding attempt.

Of the 21 species of albatrosses recognised by the [[World Conservation Union|IUCN]], 19 are threatened with [[extinction]]. Numbers of albatrosses have declined in the past due to harvesting for [[feather]]s, but today the albatrosses are threatened by [[introduced species]] such as [[rat]]s and [[feral cat]]s that attack eggs, chicks and nesting adults; by [[pollution]]; by a serious decline in fish stocks in many regions largely due to [[overfishing]]; and by [[long-line fishing]]. Long-line fisheries pose the greatest threat, as feeding birds are attracted to the [[bait (luring substance)|bait]], become hooked on the lines, and drown. Identified [[Project stakeholder|stakeholders]] such as governments, conservation organisations and people in the fishing industry are all working toward reducing this [[bycatch]].

==Biology==
===Taxonomy and evolution===
The albatrosses comprise between 13 and 24 [[species]] (the number of species is still a matter of some debate, 21 being the most commonly accepted number) in 4 genera. The four genera are the [[great albatross]]es (''Diomedea''), the [[mollymawk]]s (''Thalassarche''), the [[North Pacific albatross]]es (''Phoebastria''), and the [[sooty albatross]]es or sooties (''Phoebetria''). Of the four genera, the North Pacific albatrosses are considered to be a sister taxon to the great albatrosses, while the sooty albatrosses are considered closer to the mollymawks.

The [[taxonomy]] of the albatross group has been a source of a great deal of debate. The [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]] places seabirds, [[bird of prey|birds of prey]] and many others in a greatly enlarged order [[Ciconiiformes]], whereas the ornithological organisations in North America, Europe, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand retain the more traditional order [[Procellariiformes]]. The albatrosses can be separated from the other Procellariiformes both [[genetics|genetically]] and through morphological characteristics, size, their legs and the arrangement of their nasal tubes (''see Morphology and flight'').

Within the family the assignment of genera has been debated for over a hundred years. Originally placed into a single genus, ''Diomedea'', they were rearranged by [[Ludwig Reichenbach|Reichenbach]] into four different genera in 1852, then [[Lumpers and splitters|lumped back together and split apart]] again several times, acquiring 12 different genus names in total (though never more than eight at one time) by 1965 (''Diomedea'', ''Phoebastria'', ''Thalassarche'', ''Phoebetria'', ''Thalassageron'', ''Diomedella'', ''Nealbatrus'', ''Rhothonia'', ''Julietata'', ''Galapagornis'', ''Laysanornis'', and ''Penthirenia'').

By 1965, in an attempt to bring some order back to the classification of albatrosses, they were lumped into two genera, ''Phoebetria'' (the sooty albatrosses which most closely seemed to resemble the procellarids and were at the time considered "primitive" ) and ''Diomedea'' (the rest).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Alexander | first1 = W. B. | last2 = Fleming | first2 = C. A. | last3 = Falla | first3 = R. A. | last4 = Kuroda | first4 = N. H. | last5 = Jouanin | first5 = C. | last6 = Rowan | first6 = M. K. | last7 = Murphy | first7 = R. C. | last8 = Serventy | first8 = D. L. | last9 = Salomonsen | first9 = F. ''et al.'' | year = 1965 | title = Correspondence: The families and genera of the petrels and their names | url = | journal = Ibis | volume = 107 | issue = | pages = 401–5 | doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1965.tb07326.x }}</ref> Though there was a case for the simplification of the family (particularly the nomenclature), the classification was based on the morphological analysis of [[Elliott Coues]] in 1866, and paid little attention to more recent studies and even ignored some of Coues's suggestions.

[[Image:Albatross phylogeny.svg|thumb|right|250px|Phylogenetic relationships of the 4 albatross genera. Based on Nunn et al. 1996.]]More recent research by Gary Nunn of the [[American Museum of Natural History]] (1996) and other researchers around the world studied the [[mitochondrial DNA]] of all 14 accepted species, finding that there were four, not two, monophyletic groups within the albatrosses.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Nunn | first1 = G. B. | last2 = Cooper | first2 = J. | last3 = Jouventin | first3 = P. | last4 = Robertson | first4 = C. J. R. | last5 = Robertson | first5 = G. G. | year = 1996 | title = Evolutionary relationships among extant albatrosses (Procellariiformes: Diomedeidae) established from complete cytochrome-b gene sequences | url = http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v113n04/p0784-p0801.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Auk | volume = 113 | issue = | pages = 784–801 }}</ref> They proposed the resurrection of two of the old genus names, ''Phoebastria'' for the North Pacific albatrosses and ''Thalassarche'' for the mollymawks, with the great albatrosses retaining ''Diomedea'' and the sooty albatrosses staying in ''Phoebetria''. Both the [[British Ornithologists' Union]] and the South African authorities split the albatrosses into four genera as Nunn suggested, and the change has been accepted by the majority of researchers.

While there is some agreement on the number of genera, there is less agreement on the number of species. Historically, up to 80 different taxa have been described by different researchers; most of these were incorrectly identified juvenile birds.<ref name = "Double">Double, M.C. & Chambers, G.K., (2004). "The need for the parties to the Agreement on Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) to establish a robust, defendable and transparent decision-making process for the construction and maintenance of their species lists ". ''Proceedings of the Scientific Meeting of Agreement on Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP)'', Hobart, Australia, 8–9 November 2004</ref>

Based on the work on albatross genera, Robertson and Nunn went on in 1998 to propose a revised taxonomy with 24 different species,<ref>Robertson, C. J. R. and Nunn, G. B. (1998) "Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses" in: ''Proceedings First International Conference on the Biology and Conservation of Albatrosses'', G.Robertson & R.Gales (Eds), Chipping Norton:Surrey Beatty & Sons, 13–19,</ref> compared to the 14 then accepted. This interim taxonomy elevated many established [[subspecies]] to full species, but was criticised for not using, in every case, [[peer review]]ed information to justify the splits. Since then further studies have in some instances supported or disproved the splits; a 2004 paper analysing the [[mitochondrial DNA]] and [[microsatellite]]s agreed with the conclusion that the [[Antipodean Albatross]] and the [[Tristan Albatross]] were distinct from the [[Wandering Albatross]], per Robertson and Nunn, but found that the suggested Gibson's Albatross, ''Diomedea gibsoni'', was not distinct from the Antipodean Albatross.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02232.x | last1 = Burg | first1 = T.M. | last2 = Croxall | first2 = J.P. | year = 2004 | title = Global population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex | url = | journal = Molecular Ecology | volume = 13 | issue = 8| pages = 2345–2355 | pmid = 15245406 }}</ref> For the most part, an interim taxonomy of 21 species is accepted by the [[IUCN]] and many other researchers, though by no means all—in 2004 Penhallurick and Wink called for the number of species to be reduced to 13 (including the lumping of the [[Amsterdam Albatross]] with the [[Wandering Albatross]]),<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1071/MU01060 | last1 = Penhallurick | first1 = J. | last2 = Wink | first2 = M. | year = 2004 | title = Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene | url = | journal = Emu | volume = 104 | issue = | pages = 125–147 }}</ref> although this paper was itself controversial.<ref name = "Double"/><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1071/MU04039 | last1 = Rheindt | first1 = F. E. | last2 = Austin | first2 = J. | year = 2005 | title = Major analytical and conceptual shortcomings in a recent taxonomic revision of the Procellariiformes - A reply to Penhallurick and Wink (2004) | url = http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU04039.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Emu | volume = 105 | issue = | pages = 181–186 }}</ref> On all sides, there is the widespread agreement on the need for further research to clarify the issue.
[[File:Laysan Albatross and chicks, Midway Island 1958.jpg|thumb|left|Three birds on [[Midway Atoll]], 1958]]
[[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy|Sibley and Ahlquist's]] molecular study of the [[evolution]] of the bird families has put the [[Adaptive radiation|radiation]] of the [[Procellariiformes]] in the [[Oligocene]] period (35–30 million years ago), though this group probably originated earlier, with a [[fossil]] sometimes attributed to the order, a seabird known as ''[[Tytthostonyx]]'', being found in late [[Cretaceous]] rocks (70 [[mya (unit)|mya]]). The molecular evidence suggests that the storm-petrels were the first to diverge from the ancestral stock, and the albatrosses next, with the procellarids and diving petrels separating later. The earliest fossil albatrosses were found in [[Eocene]] to Oligocene rocks, although some of these are only tentatively assigned to the family and none appear to be particularly close to the living forms. They are ''[[Murunkus]]'' (Middle Eocene of [[Uzbekistan]]), ''[[Manu (genus)|Manu]]'' (early Oligocene of [[New Zealand]]), and an undescribed form from the Late Oligocene of [[South Carolina]]. Similar to the last was ''[[Plotornis]]'', formerly often considered a petrel but now accepted as an albatross. It is from the Middle [[Miocene]] of [[France]], a time when the split between the four modern genera was already underway as evidenced by ''Phoebastria californica'' and ''Diomedea milleri'', both being mid-Miocene species from [[Sharktooth Hill]], [[California]]. These show that the split between the great albatrosses and the North Pacific albatrosses occurred by 15 mya. Similar fossil finds in the southern hemisphere put the split between the sooties and mollymawks at 10 mya.<ref name = "Brooke">Brooke, M. (2004). ''Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World'' Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK ISBN 0-19-850125-0</ref>
The fossil record of the albatrosses in the northern hemisphere is more complete than that of the southern, and many fossil forms of albatross have been found in the North [[Atlantic]], which today has no albatrosses. The remains of a colony of [[Short-tailed Albatross]]es have been uncovered on the island of [[Bermuda]],<ref name = "olson">{{cite journal | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1934576100 | last1 = Olson | first1 = S.L. | last2 = Hearty | first2 = P.J. | year = 2003 | title = Probable extirpation of a breeding colony of Short-tailed Albatross (''Phoebastria albatrus'') on Bermuda by Pleistocene sea-level rise | url = | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Science | volume = 100 | issue = 22| pages = 12825–12829 }}</ref> and the majority of fossil albatrosses from the North Atlantic have been of the genus ''Phoebastria'' (the North Pacific albatrosses); one, ''Phoebastria anglica'', has been found in deposits in both [[North Carolina]] and [[England]]. Due to [[convergent evolution]] in particular of the leg and foot bones, remains of the prehistoric [[pseudotooth bird]]s (Pelagornithidae) may be mistaken for those of extinct albatrosses; ''Manu'' may be such a case, and quite certainly the supposed giant albatross [[femur]] from the [[Early Pleistocene]]<ref>[[Gelasian]], formerly [[Late Pliocene]]</ref> [[Dainichi Formation]] at [[Kakegawa]] ([[Japan]]) actually is from one of the last pseudotooth birds. For more data on fossil species of the living albatross genera, see the genus articles.

===Morphology and flight===
[[Image:Black footed albatross.jpg|upright|thumb|Unlike most Procellariiformes, albatrosses, like this Black-footed Albatross, can walk well on land.]]
The albatrosses are a group of large to very large [[bird]]s; they are the largest of the procellariiformes. The [[beak|bill]] is large, strong and sharp-edged, the upper mandible terminating in a large hook. This bill is composed of several horny plates, and along the sides are the two "tubes", long nostrils that give the [[order (biology)|order]] its former name. The tubes of all albatrosses are along the sides of the bill, unlike the rest of the [[Procellariiformes]] where the tubes run along the top of the bill. These tubes allow the albatrosses to have an acute sense of smell, an unusual ability for birds. Like other Procellariiformes they use this [[olfactory]] ability while foraging in order to locate potential food sources.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/1368131 | last1 = Lequette | first1 = B. | last2 = Verheyden | first2 = C. | last3 = Jowentin | first3 = P. | year = 1989 | title = Olfaction in Subantarctic seabirds: Its phylogenetic and ecological significance | url = http://scholar.google.com/url?sa=U&q=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Condor/files/issues/v091n03/p0732-p0735.pdf | format = PDF | journal = The Condor | volume = 91 | issue = 3| pages = 732–135 | jstor = 1368131 }}</ref> The feet have no hind toe and the three anterior toes are completely webbed. The legs are strong for Procellariiformes, in fact, almost uniquely amongst the order in that they and the [[giant petrel]]s are able to walk well on land.<ref name ="tick"/>

Albatrosses, along with all [[Procellariiformes]] have a need to lower their salt content due to their drinking of ocean water. All birds have an enlarged nasal gland at the base of the bill, above their eyes. This gland is inactive in species that don't require it; however the Procellariiformes do require its use. Scientists are uncertain as to its exact processes, but do know in general terms that it removes salt that forms a 5% saline solution that drips out of their nose or is forcibly ejected in some birds.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ehrlich|first1=Paul R. |authorlink1= |last2=Dobkin |first2=David, S.|last3= Wheye|first3= Darryl |title=The Birders Handbook|edition=First |year=1988 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York, NY|isbn=0-671-65989-8|pages=29–31}}</ref>

The adult [[plumage]] of most of the albatrosses is usually some variation of dark upper-wing and back, white undersides, often compared to that of a [[gull]].<ref name ="tick"/> Of these, the species range from the [[Southern Royal Albatross]] which is almost completely white except for the ends and trailing edges of the wings in fully mature males, to the [[Amsterdam Albatross]] which has an almost juvenile-like breeding plumage with a great deal of brown, particularly a strong brown band around the chest. Several species of [[mollymawk]]s and [[North Pacific albatross]]es have face markings like eye patches or have grey or yellow on the head and nape. Three albatross species, the [[Black-footed Albatross]] and the two [[sooty albatross]]es, vary completely from the usual patterns and are almost entirely dark brown (or dark grey in places in the case of the [[Light-mantled Albatross]]). Albatrosses take several years to get their full adult breeding plumage.<ref name = "Brooke"/>

The [[wingspan]]s of the largest great albatrosses (genus ''Diomedea'') are the largest of any bird, exceeding {{convert|340|cm|ft|abbr=on}}, although the other species' wingspans are considerably smaller ({{convert|1.75|m|ft|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Sibley">{{cite book |last1=Humann | first1 = Alec | last2 = Brinkley | first2 = Edward S. | editor1-first = Chris | editor1-last = Elphick | editor2-first = John B. | editor2-last = Dunning Jr. | editor3-first = David Allen | editor3-last = Sibley |editor3-link=David Sibley|others = illustrated by David Allen Sibley | title = The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior | edition = 1st. | year = 2001 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | isbn=0-679-45123-4 | page = | pages =132–135 | contribution =Albatrosses }}</ref> The wings are stiff and cambered, with thickened streamlined leading edges. Albatrosses travel huge distances with two techniques used by many long-winged seabirds, [[dynamic soaring]] and [[slope soaring]]. Dynamic soaring involves repeatedly rising into wind and descending downwind thus gaining [[energy]] from the vertical [[wind gradient]]. Slope soaring uses the rising air on the windward side of large waves. Albatross have high [[glide ratio]]s, around 22:1 to 23:1, meaning that for every metre they drop, they can travel forward 22 metres.<ref name = "Brooke"/> They are aided in soaring by a shoulder-lock, a sheet of [[tendon]] that locks the wing when fully extended, allowing the wing to be kept outstretched without any muscle expenditure, a morphological adaptation they share with the giant petrels.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1982.0158 | last1 = Pennycuick | first1 = C. J. | year = 1982 | title = The flight of petrels and albatrosses (Procellariiformes), observed in South Georgia and its vicinity | url = | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B | volume = 300 | issue = | pages = 75–106 }}</ref>

[[Image:Phoebastria albatrus1.jpg|thumb|left|Taking off is one of the main times albatrosses use flapping in order to fly, and is the most energetically demanding part of a journey.]]Albatrosses combine these soaring techniques with the use of predictable [[weather]] systems; albatrosses in the [[southern hemisphere]] flying north from their colonies will take a [[clockwise]] route, and those flying south will fly [[counterclockwise]].<ref name ="tick">Tickell, W.L.N. (2000). ''Albatrosses''. Sussex:Pica Press, ISBN 1-873403-94-1</ref> Albatrosses are so well adapted to this lifestyle that their [[heart rate]]s while flying are close to their basal heart rate when resting. This efficiency is such that the most energetically demanding aspect of a foraging trip is not the distance covered, but the landings, take-offs and hunting they undertake having found a food source.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2000.1223 | last1 = Weimerskirch | first1 = H | last2 = Guionnet | first2 = T | last3 = Martin | first3 = J | last4 = Shaffer | first4 = SA | last5 = Costa | first5 = DP. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 2000 | title = Fast and fuel efficient? Optimal use of wind by flying albatrosses | url = | journal = Proc Biol Sci | volume = 267 | issue = 1455| pages = 1869–74 | pmid = 11052538 | pmc = 1690761 }}</ref> This efficient long-distance travelling underlies the albatross's success as a long-distance forager, covering great distances and expending little energy looking for patchily distributed food sources. Their adaptation to gliding flight makes them dependent on wind and waves, however, as their long wings are ill-suited to powered flight and most species lack the muscles and energy to undertake sustained flapping flight. Albatrosses in calm seas are forced to rest on the ocean's surface until the wind picks up again. The North Pacific albatrosses can use a flight style known as flap-gliding, where the bird progresses by bursts of flapping followed by gliding.<ref name ="war">Warham, J. (1996). ''The Behaviour, Population, Biology and Physiology of the Petrels''. London:Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-735415-8</ref> When taking off, albatrosses need to take a run up to allow enough air to move under the wing to provide [[Lift (force)|lift]].<ref name ="tick"/>

===Distribution and range at sea===
{{see also|List of albatross breeding locations}}
[[Image:Diomedeidae distribution.png|thumb|left|200px|The distribution of albatrosses across the world.]]
Most albatrosses range in the southern hemisphere from [[Antarctica]] to [[Australia]], [[South Africa]] and [[South America]]. The exceptions to this are the four North Pacific albatrosses, of which three occur exclusively in the North Pacific, from Hawaii to Japan, California and Alaska; and one, the [[Waved Albatross]], breeds in the [[Galapagos Islands]] and feeds off the coast of South America. The need for wind in order to glide is the reason albatrosses are for the most part confined to higher latitudes; being unsuited to sustained flapping flight makes crossing the [[doldrums]] extremely difficult. The exception, the Waved Albatross, is able to live in the [[equator]]ial waters around the Galapagos Islands because of the cool waters of the [[Humboldt Current]] and the resulting winds.<ref name = "Brooke"/>

[[Image:Albatross shape.png|upright|thumb|right|Albatrosses range over huge areas of ocean and regularly circle the globe.]]It is not known for certain why the albatrosses became [[extinct]] in the [[North Atlantic]], although rising [[sea level]]s due to an [[interglacial]] warming period are thought to have submerged the site of a Short-tailed Albatross colony that has been excavated in Bermuda.<ref name = "olson"/> Some southern species have occasionally turned up as [[Vagrancy in birds|vagrants]] in the North Atlantic and can become exiled, remaining there for decades. One of these exiles, a [[Black-browed Albatross]], returned to [[Northern Gannet|gannet]] colonies in [[Scotland]] for many years in a lonely attempt to breed.<ref name = "Brit">Cocker, M., & Mabey, R., (2005) ''Birds Britannica'' London:Chatto & Windus, ISBN 0-7011-6907-9</ref>

The use of [[satellite tracking]] is teaching scientists a great deal about the way albatrosses forage across the ocean in order to find food. They undertake no annual [[bird migration|migration]], but disperse widely after breeding, in the case of southern hemisphere species, often undertaking [[circumpolar]] trips.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1106042 | last1 = Croxall | first1 = J. P. | last2 = Silk | first2 = J.R.D. | last3 = Phillips | first3 = R.A. | last4 = Afanasyev | first4 = V. | last5 = Briggs | first5 = D.R. | year = 2005 | title = Global Circumnavigations: Tracking year-round ranges of nonbreeding Albatrosses | url = | journal = Science | volume = 307 | issue = 5707| pages = 249–250 | pmid = 15653503 }}</ref> There is also evidence that there is separation of the ranges of different species at sea. A comparison of the foraging [[ecological niche|niches]] of two related species that breed on [[Campbell Island, New Zealand|Campbell Island]], the [[Campbell Albatross]] and the [[Grey-headed Albatross]], showed the Campbell Albatross primarily fed over the [[Campbell Plateau]] whereas the Grey-Headed Albatross fed in more [[pelagic]], oceanic waters. [[Wandering Albatross]]es also react strongly to [[bathymetry]], feeding only in waters deeper than 1000 m (3281 ft); so rigidly did the satellite plots match this contour that one scientist remarked, "It almost appears as if the birds notice and obey a 'No Entry' sign where the water shallows to less than 1000 m".<ref name = "Brooke"/> There is also evidence of different ranges for the two sexes of the same species; a study of [[Tristan Albatross]]es breeding on [[Gough Island]] showed that males foraged to the west of Gough and females to the east.<ref name = "Brooke"/>

===Diet===
The albatross diet is predominantly [[cephalopod]]s, [[fish]], [[crustacean]]s, and offal,<ref name ="tick"/> although they will also scavenge [[carrion]] and feed on other [[zooplankton]].<ref name ="tick"/> It should be noted that for most species, a comprehensive understanding of diet is only known for the breeding season, when the albatrosses regularly return to land and study is possible. The importance of each of these food sources varies from species to species, and even from population to population; some concentrate on [[squid]] alone, others take more [[krill]] or [[fish]]. Of the two albatross species found in [[Hawaii]], one, the [[Black-footed Albatross]], takes mostly fish while the [[Laysan Albatross|Laysan]] feeds on squid.<ref name ="tick"/>

[[Image:Light sooty albatross flying.jpg|thumb|left|Light-mantled Albatrosses regularly dive in order to feed and can dive to below 12 m.]]
The use of dataloggers at sea that record ingestion of water against time (providing a likely time of feeding) suggest that albatross predominantly feed during the day. Analysis of the squid beaks regurgitated by albatrosses has shown that many of the squid eaten are too large to have been caught alive, and include mid-water species likely to be beyond the reach of albatross, suggesting that, for some species (like the [[Wandering Albatross]]), [[Scavenger|scavenged]] squid may be an important part of the diet. The source of these dead squid is a matter of debate; some certainly comes from squid [[fisheries]], but in nature it primarily comes from the die-off that occurs after squid spawning and the vomit of squid-eating [[whale]]s ([[sperm whale]]s, [[pilot whale]]s and [[Southern Bottlenose Whale]]s).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Croxall | first1 = J.P. | last2 = Prince | first2 = P.A. | year = 1994 | title = Dead or alive, night or day: how do albatrosses catch squid? | url = http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=221341&jid=ANS&volumeId=6&issueId=02&aid=221340 | journal = Antarctic Science | volume = 6 | issue = | pages = 155–162 |doi = 10.1017/S0954102094000246 }}</ref> The diet of other species, like the [[Black-browed Albatross]] or the [[Grey-headed Albatross]], is rich with smaller species of squid that tend to sink after death, and scavenging is not assumed to play a large role in their diet.<ref name = "Brooke"/> Also the [[Waved Albatross]] has been observed practicing [[kleptoparasitism]], harassing [[booby|boobies]] in order to steal their food, making it the only member of its order to do regularly.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Spear|first=Larry |coauthors=David G. Ainley|year=1993|title=Kleptoparasitism by Kermadec Petrels, Jaegers, and Skuas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Evidence of Mimicry by Two Species of ''Pterodroma''|journal=The Auk|volume=110|issue=2|pages=222–233 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4088550 }}</ref>

Until recently it was thought that albatross were predominantly surface feeders, swimming at the surface and snapping up squid and fish pushed to the surface by currents, predators or death. The deployment of capillary depth recorders, which record the maximum dive depth undertaken by a bird (between attaching it to a bird and recovering it when it returns to land), has shown that while some species, like the [[Wandering Albatross]], do not dive deeper than a metre, some species, like the [[Light-mantled Albatross]], have a mean diving depth of almost 5 m and can dive as deep as 12.5 m.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Prince | first1 = P.A. | last2 = Huin | first2 = N. | last3 = Weimerskirch | first3 = H. | year = 1994 | title = Diving depths of albatrosses | url =http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FANS%2FANS6_03%2FS0954102094000532a.pdf&code=93ff088b564aac2b50aadfcbedad50cd | journal = Antarctic Science | volume = 6 | issue = 3| pages = 353–354 |doi = 10.1017/S0954102094000532}}</ref> In addition to surface feeding and diving, they have now also been observed plunge diving from the air to snatch prey.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cobley | first1 = N.D. | year = 1996 | title = An observation of live prey capture by a Black-browed Albatross ''Diomedea melanophrys'' | url = http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/24/24_10.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Marine Ornithology | volume = 24 | issue = | pages = 45–46 }}</ref>

===Breeding and dancing===
[[File:Wandering Albatross (Diomedea exulans) dance.jpg|thumb|right|Wandering Albatrosses are colonial but have large widely spaced territories. Here a pair performs their famous breeding dance.]]
Albatrosses are [[Bird colony|colonial]], usually nesting on isolated islands; where colonies are on larger landmasses, they are found on exposed headlands with good approaches from the sea in several directions, like the colony on the [[Otago Peninsula]] in [[Dunedin, New Zealand]]. Many [[Buller's Albatross]]es and [[Black-footed Albatross]]es nest under trees in open forest.<ref name="Robertson" /> Colonies vary from the very dense aggregations favoured by the mollymawks ([[Black-browed Albatross]] colonies on the [[Falkland Islands]] have densities of 70 nests per 100 m²) to the much looser groups and widely spaced individual nests favoured by the sooty and great albatrosses. All albatross colonies are on islands that historically were free of land [[mammal]]s. Albatrosses are highly [[philopatry|philopatric]], meaning they will usually return to their natal colony to breed. This tendency to return to their point of origin to breed is so strong that a study of [[Laysan Albatross]] showed that the average distance between hatching site and the site where a bird established its own territory was {{convert|22|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fisher | first1 = H.I. | year = 1976 | title = Some dynamics of a breeding colony of Laysan Albatrosses | url =http://www.jstor.org/stable/4160718 | journal = Wilson Bulletin | volume = 88 | issue = | pages = 121–142 }}</ref>

Like most seabirds, albatrosses are [[R/K selection theory|K-selected]] with regard to their life history, meaning they live much longer than other birds, they delay breeding for longer, and invest more effort into fewer young. Albatrosses are very long lived; most species survive upwards of 50 years, the oldest recorded being a [[Northern Royal Albatross]] that was [[Bird ringing|ringed]] as an adult and survived for another 51 years, giving it an estimated age of 61.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1071/MU9930269 | last1 = Robertson | first1 = C.J.R. | year = 1993 | title = Survival and longevity of the Northern Royal Albatross ''Diomedea epomophora sanfordi'' at Taiaroa Head" 1937–93 | url = | journal = Emu | volume = 93 | issue = | pages = 269–276 }}</ref> Given that most albatross ringing projects are considerably younger than that, it is thought likely that other species will prove to live that long and even longer.

[[Image:LAAL adult sky call.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Sky-pointing is one of the stereotyped actions of Laysan Albatross breeding dances.]]
Albatrosses reach [[sexual maturity]] slowly, after about five years, but even once they have reached maturity, they will not begin to breed for another couple of years (even up to 10 years for some species). Young non-breeders will attend a colony prior to beginning to breed, spending many years practising the elaborate breeding rituals and "dances" that the family is famous for.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1163/156853981X00257 | last1 = Jouventin | first1 = P. | last2 = Monicault | first2 = G. de | last3 = Blosseville | first3 = J.M. | year = 1981 | title = La danse de l'albatros, ''Phoebetria fusca''". | url = | journal = Behaviour | volume = 78 | issue = | pages = 43–80 }}</ref> Birds arriving back at the colony for the first time already have the stereotyped behaviours that compose albatross [[language]], but can neither "read" that behaviour as exhibited by other birds nor respond appropriately.<ref name ="tick"/> After a period of trial and error [[learning]], the young birds learn the [[syntax]] and perfect the dances. This language is mastered more rapidly if the younger birds are around older birds.

The repertoire of behaviour involves synchronised performances of various actions such as [[personal grooming|preening]], pointing, calling, bill clacking, staring, and combinations of such behaviours (like the sky-call).<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pickering | first1 = S.P.C. | last2 = Berrow | first2 = S.D. | year = 2001 | title = Courtship behaviour of the Wandering Albatross ''Diomedea exulans'' at Bird Island, South Georgia | url = http://www.marineornithology.org/PDF/29_1/29_1_6.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Marine Ornithology | volume = 29 | issue = | pages = 29–37 }}</ref> When a bird first returns to the colony it will dance with many partners, but after a number of years the number of birds an individual will interact with drops, until one partner is chosen and a pair is formed. They then continue to perfect an individual language that will eventually be unique to that one pair. Having established a [[pair bond]] that will last for life, however, most of that dance will never be used ever again.

Albatrosses are held to undertake these elaborate and painstaking rituals to ensure that the appropriate partner has been chosen and to perfect partner recognition, as egg laying and chick rearing is a huge investment. Even species that can complete an egg-laying cycle in under a year seldom lay eggs in consecutive years.<ref name = "Brooke"/> The great albatrosses (like the [[Wandering Albatross]]) take over a year to raise a chick from laying to [[fledge|fledging]]. Albatrosses lay a single [[subelliptical]]<ref name="Sibley" /> [[egg (biology)|egg]], white with reddish brown spots,<ref name="Robertson" /> in a breeding season; if the egg is lost to predators or accidentally broken, then no further breeding attempts are made that year. The larger eggs weigh from {{convert|200|to(-)|510|g|oz|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Robertson" /> The "divorce" of a pair is a rare occurrence, usually only happening after several years of breeding failure.

[[Image:Albatross chick at Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument, Midway Atoll, 2007March01.jpg|thumb|An albatross chick at [[Northwest Hawaiian Islands National Monument]], [[Midway Atoll]].]]
All the southern albatrosses create large [[bird nest|nest]]s for their egg, utilizing grass, shrubs, soil, peat, and even [[penguin]] feathers,<ref name="Robertson">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Robertson |first=C. J. R.|editor1-first=Michael |editor1-last= Hutchins|encyclopedia=Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia |title=Albatrosses (Diomedeidae) |edition=2 |year=2003 |publisher=Gale Group|volume=8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins |location=Farmington Hills, MI|isbn=0 7876 5784 0 |pages=113–116}}</ref> whereas the three species in the north Pacific make more rudimentary nests. The [[Waved Albatross]], on the other hand, makes no nest and will even move its egg around the pair's territory, as much as {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}}, sometimes causing it to lose the egg.<ref>Anderson, D.J. & Cruz, F. (1998) "Biology and management of the Waved Albatross at the Galapagos Islands. Pp.105–109 in ''Albatross Biology and Conservation'' (Roberston, G. & Gales, R. eds) Chipping Norton:Surrey Beatty and & Sons ISBN 0-949324-82-5</ref> In all albatross species, both parents [[Avian incubation|incubate]] the egg in stints that last between one day and three weeks. Incubation lasts around 70 to 80 days (longer for the larger albatrosses), the longest incubation period of any bird. It can be an energetically demanding process, with the adult losing as much as {{convert|83|g|oz|abbr=on}} of body weight a day.<ref>Warham, J. (1990) ''The Petrels - Their Ecology and Breeding Systems'' London: Academic Press.</ref>

After hatching, the chick, which is [[semi-altricial]],<ref name="Sibley" /> is brooded and guarded for three weeks until it is large enough to defend and [[thermoregulation|thermoregulate]] itself. During this period the parents feed the chick small meals when they relieve each other from duty. After the brooding period is over, the chick is fed in regular intervals by both parents. The parents adopt alternative patterns of short and long foraging trips, providing meals that weigh around 12% of their body weight (around {{convert|600|g|oz|abbr=on}}). The meals are composed of both fresh [[squid]], [[fish]] and [[krill]], as well as [[stomach oil]], an [[food energy|energy]]-rich food that is lighter to carry than undigested prey items.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Warham | first1 = J. | year = 1976 | title = The incidence, function and ecological significance of petrel stomach oils | url = http://www.nzes.org.nz/nzje/free_issues/ProNZES24_84.pdf | format = PDF | journal = Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society | volume = 24 | issue = | pages = 84–93 }}</ref> This oil is created in a stomach organ known as a [[proventriculus]] from digested prey items by most tubenoses, and gives them their distinctive musty smell.

[[File:Adult with chick.JPG|thumb|left|Albatrosses brood young chicks until they are large enough to thermoregulate.]]
Albatross chicks take a long time to fledge. In the case of the great albatrosses, it can take up to 280 days; even for the smaller albatrosses, it takes anywhere between 140 and 170 days.<ref name ="delhoyo">Carboneras, C. (1992) "Family Diomedeidae (Albatross)" in ''Handbook of Birds of the World'' Vol 1. Barcelona:Lynx Edicions, ISBN 84-87334-10-5</ref> Like many seabirds, albatross chicks will gain enough weight to be heavier than their parents, and prior to fledging they use these reserves to build up body condition (particularly growing all their flight feathers), usually fledging at the same weight as their parents. Between 15% and 65% of those fledged survive to breed.<ref name="Robertson" /> Albatross chicks fledge on their own and receive no further help from their parents, who return to the nest after fledging, unaware their chick has left. Studies of juveniles dispersing at sea have suggested an innate migration behaviour, a genetically coded navigation route, which helps young birds when they are first out at sea.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1017/S0373463305003401 | last1 = Åkesson | first1 = S. | last2 = Weimerskirch | first2 = H. | year = 2005 | title = Albatross Long-Distance Navigation: Comparing Adults And Juveniles | url = | journal = Journal of Navigation | volume = 58 | issue = | pages = 365–373 }}</ref>

==Albatrosses and humans==
===Etymology===
The name ''albatross'' is derived from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''al-câdous'' or ''al-ġaţţās'' (a [[pelican]]; literally, "the diver"), which travelled to English via the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] form ''alcatraz'' ("[[gannet]]"), which is also the origin of the name of the former prison, [[Alcatraz]]. The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]]'' notes that the word ''alcatraz'' was originally applied to the [[frigatebird]]; the modification to ''albatross'' was perhaps influenced by [[Latin]] ''albus'', meaning "white", in contrast to frigatebirds which are black.<ref name ="tick"/> In modern Portuguese, the word used for the bird, ''albatroz,'' is in turn derived from [[English language|English]] albatross.

They were once commonly known as '''Goonie birds''' or '''Gooney birds''', particularly those of the North [[Pacific]]. In the southern hemisphere, the name '''mollymawk''' is still well established in some areas, which is a corrupted form of ''malle-mugge'', an old [[Dutch language|Dutch]] name for the [[Northern Fulmar]]. The name ''Diomedea'', assigned to the albatrosses by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], references the mythical metamorphosis of the companions of the Greek warrior [[Diomedes]] into birds. Finally, the name for the order, ''Procellariiformes'', comes from the [[Latin]] word ''procella'' meaning '''a violent wind''' or '''a storm'''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gotch |first1=A. F. |title=Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals|year= 1995 |origyear=1979 |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York, NY|isbn=0-8160-3377-3|page=190|chapter=Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels}}</ref>

===In culture===
[[Image:Albatroz - Panorama 1837.jpg|thumb|1837 Woodcut from the journal "O Panorama"]]
Albatrosses have been described as "the most legendary of all birds".<ref name ="delhoyo"/> An albatross is a central emblem in ''[[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]]'' by [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]]; a captive albatross is also a [[metaphor]] for the [[poète maudit]] in a poem of [[Charles Baudelaire]]. It is from the Coleridge poem that the usage of [[Albatross (metaphor)|albatross as a metaphor]] is derived; someone with a burden or obstacle is said to have 'an albatross around their neck', the punishment given in the poem to the mariner who killed the albatross. In part due to the poem, there is a widespread [[urban legend|myth]] that sailors believe it disastrous to shoot or harm an albatross; in truth, however, sailors regularly killed and ate them,<ref name = "Brit"/> but they were often regarded as the souls of lost sailors. The [[Maori]] used the wing bones of the albatross to carve their ceremonial [[tattoos]] into their skin.

===Birdwatching===
Albatrosses are popular birds for [[birdwatching|birdwatchers]] and their colonies popular destinations for [[ecotourism|ecotourists]]. Regular birdwatching trips are taken out of many coastal towns and cities, like [[Monterey, New South Wales|Monterey]], [[Kaikoura]], [[Wollongong]], [[Sydney]], [[Port Fairy]], [[Hobart]] and [[Cape Town]], to see [[pelagic]] [[seabird]]s, and albatrosses are easily attracted to these sightseeing boats by the deployment of fish oil and burley into the sea. Visits to colonies can be very popular; the [[Northern Royal Albatross]] colony at [[Taiaroa Head]] in New Zealand attracts 40,000 visitors a year,<ref name = "Brooke"/> and more isolated colonies are regular attractions on cruises to sub-Antarctic islands.

===Threats and conservation===
In spite of often being accorded legendary status, albatrosses have not escaped either indirect or direct pressure from humans. Early encounters with albatrosses by [[Polynesia]]ns and [[Aleut]] Indians resulted in hunting and in some cases extirpation from some islands (such as [[Easter Island]]). As [[European ethnic groups|European]]s began sailing the world, they too began to hunt albatross, "fishing" for them from boats to serve at the table or blasting them for sport.<ref>Safina, C. (2002) ''Eye of the Albatross: Visions of Hope and Survival'' New York: Henry Holt & Company ISBN 0-8050-6229-7</ref> This sport reached its peak on emigration lines bound for [[Australia]], and only died down when ships became too fast to fish from, and regulations stopped the discharge of weapons for safety reasons. In the 19th century, albatross colonies, particularly those in the North Pacific, were harvested for the feather trade, leading to the near extinction of the [[Short-tailed Albatross]].<ref name="tick" />

[[Image:Albatross hook.jpg|thumb|250px|left|This Black-browed Albatross has been hooked on a long-line.]]Of the 21 albatross species recognised by IUCN on their [[IUCN Red List|Red List]], 19 are threatened, and the other two are ''near threatened''.<ref>IUCN, 2004. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/search.php?freetext=Albatross&modifier=phrase&criteria=wholedb&taxa_species=1&redlistCategory%5B%5D=allex&redlistAssessyear%5B%5D=all&country%5B%5D=all&aquatic%5B%5D=all&regions%5B%5D=all&habitats%5B%5D=all&threats%5B%5D=all&Submit.x=104&Submit.y=16 Red List: Albatross Species]. Retrieved July 27, 2007.</ref> Two species (as recognised by the IUCN) are considered critically [[endangered species|endangered]]: the [[Amsterdam Albatross]] and the [[Chatham Albatross]]. One of the main threats is commercial [[long-line fishing]], as the albatrosses and other [[seabird]]s which will readily feed on [[offal]] are attracted to the set bait become hooked on the lines and drown. An estimated 100,000 albatross per year are killed in this fashion. Unregulated [[pirate]] fisheries exacerbate the problem.<ref name="Brooke" /><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0006-3207(91)90031-4 | last1 = Brothers | first1 = NP. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1991 | title = Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean | url = | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 55 | issue = | pages = 255–268 }}</ref>

On [[Midway Atoll]], collisions between [[Laysan Albatross]] and aircraft have resulted in human and bird deaths as well as severe disruptions in military flight operations. Studies were made in the late 1950s and early 1960s that examined the results of control methods such as the killing of birds, the leveling and clearing of land to eliminate updrafts and the destruction of annual nesting sites.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fisher |first=Harvey I. |year=1966 |month=May |title=Airplane-Albatross Collisions on Midway Atoll |journal=The Condor |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=229–242 |url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0010-5422(196605%2F06)68%3A3%3C229%3AACOMA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-I |accessdate= 2007-12-16 |doi=10.2307/1365556}}</ref> Tall structures such as traffic control and radio towers killed 3000 birds in flight collisions during 1964-1965 before the towers were taken down. Closure of Naval Air Facility Midway Island in 1993 eliminated the problem of collisions with military aircraft. Recent reductions in human activity on the island have helped reduce bird deaths, though lead paint pollution near military buildings continues to poison birds by ingestion.<ref>[http://www.audubon2.org/watchlist/viewSpecies.jsp?id=118 Audubon Watchlist. ''Laysan Albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis)'']</ref> Albatross plumes were popular in the early 20th century. In 1909 alone over 300,000 albatrosses were killed on [[Midway Island]] and [[Laysan Island]] for their plumes.<ref name="Sibley" />

Another threat to albatrosses is [[introduced species]], such as rats or [[feral cat]]s, which directly attack the albatross or its chicks and eggs. Albatrosses have evolved to breed on islands where land mammals are absent but have not developed defences against them. Even species as small as mice can be detrimental; on [[Gough Island]] the chicks of [[Tristan Albatross]]es are attacked and eaten alive by introduced [[house mouse|house mice]].<ref>BBC News, 2005. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4708899.stm Albatross chicks attacked by mice]. Retrieved March 6, 2006.</ref> Introduced species can have other indirect effects: [[cattle]] overgrazed essential cover on [[Amsterdam Island]] threatening the Amsterdam Albatross; on other islands introduced plants reduce potential nesting habitat.<ref name="Brooke" />

[[Image:Laysan albatross chick remains.jpg|thumb|250px|The remains of this Laysan Albatross chick show the plastic ingested before death, including a bottle cap and lighter.]]Ingestion of [[plastic]] [[flotsam]] is another problem, one faced by many seabirds. The amount of plastic in the seas has increased dramatically since the first record in the 1960s, coming from waste discarded by ships, offshore dumping, litter on beaches and waste washed to sea by rivers. It is impossible to digest and takes up space in the stomach or [[gizzard]] that should be used for food, or can cause an obstruction that starves the bird directly. Studies of birds in the North Pacific have shown that ingestion of plastics results in declining [[body weight]] and body condition.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0141-1136(94)00140-K | last1 = Spear | first1 = L.B. | last2 = Ainley | first2 = D.G. | last3 = Ribic | first3 = C.A. | year = 1995 | title = Incidence of plastic in seabirds from the tropical Pacific, 1984–91: relation with distribution of species, sex, age, season, year and body weight | url = | journal = Marine Environmental Research | volume = 40 | issue = | pages = 123–146 }}</ref> This plastic is sometimes regurgitated and fed to chicks; a study of [[Laysan Albatross]] chicks on [[Midway Atoll]] showed large amounts of ingested plastic in naturally dead chicks compared to healthy chicks killed in accidents. While not the direct cause of death, this plastic causes physiological stress and causes the chick to feel full during feedings, reducing its food intake and the chances of survival.<ref>Auman, H.J., Ludwig, J.P., Giesy, J.P., Colborn, T., (1997) "Plastic ingestion by Laysan Albatross chicks on Sand Island, Midway Atoll, in 1994 and 1995." in ''Albatross Biology and Conservation'', (ed by G. Robinson and R. Gales). Surrey Beatty & Sons:Chipping Norton. Pp. 239-44 [http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Ocean/Albatross-Plastic-Ingestion1997.htm]</ref>

Scientists and conservationists (most importantly [[BirdLife International]] and their partners, who run the Save the Albatross campaign) are working with governments and [[fishermen]] to find solutions to the threats albatrosses face. Techniques such as setting long-line bait at night, dying the bait blue, setting the bait underwater, increasing the amount of weight on lines and using bird scarers can all reduce the seabird by-catch.<ref>Food and Agriculture Organisation (1999) "The incidental catch of seabirds by longline fisheries: worldwide review and technical guidelines for mitigation. FAO Fisheries Circular No.937. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. [http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/W9817E/W9817E00.HTM]</ref> For example, a collaborative study between scientists and fishermen in [[New Zealand]] successfully tested an underwater setting device for long-liners which set the lines below the reach of vulnerable albatross species.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1080/00288330.2000.9516947 | last1 = O'Toole | first1 = Decland | last2 = Molloy | first2 = Janice | year = 2000 | title = Preliminary performance assessment of an underwater line setting device for pelagic longline fishing | url = http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjmfr/2000/36.pdf | format = PDF | journal = New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research | volume = 34 | issue = | pages = 455–461 }}</ref> The use of some of these techniques in the [[Patagonian Toothfish]] fishery in the [[Falkland Islands]] is thought to have reduced the number of [[Black-browed Albatross]] taken by the fleet in the last 10 years.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1071/MU03002 | last1 = Reid | first1 = A.T. | last2 = Sullivan | first2 = B.J. | last3 = Pompert | first3 = J. | last4 = Enticott | first4 = J.W. | last5 = Black | first5 = A.D. | year = 2004 | title = Seabird mortality associated with Patagonian Toothfish (''Dissostichus eleginoides'') longliners in Falkland Islands waters | url = | journal = Emu | volume = 104 | issue = 4| pages = 317–325 }}</ref> Conservationists have also worked on the field of [[island restoration]], removing introduced species that threaten native wildlife, which protects albatrosses from introduced predators.

One important step towards protecting albatrosses and other [[seabird]]s is the 2001 [[treaty]] the [[Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels]], which came into force in 2004 and has been ratified by eight countries, [[Australia]], [[Ecuador]], [[New Zealand]], [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], [[France]], [[Peru]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. The treaty requires these countries to take specific actions to reduce by-catch, pollution and to remove introduced species from nesting islands. The treaty has also been signed but not ratified by another three countries, [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]] and [[Chile]].

==Species==
Current thinking divides the albatrosses into four genera. The number of species is a matter of some debate. The [[IUCN]] and [[BirdLife International]] among others recognise the interim taxonomy of 22 extant species, other authorities retain the more traditional 14 species, and one recent paper proposed a reduction to 13:
*[[Great albatrosses]] (''Diomedea'')
**[[Wandering Albatross]] '' D. exulans''
**[[Antipodean Albatross]] ''D. (exulans) antipodensis''
**[[Amsterdam Albatross]] ''D. (exulans) amsterdamensis''
**[[Tristan Albatross]] ''D. (exulans) dabbenena''
**[[Northern Royal Albatross]] ''D. (epomorpha) sanfordi''
**[[Southern Royal Albatross]] ''D. epomophora''
*[[North Pacific albatross]]es (''Phoebastria'')
**[[Waved Albatross]] ''P. irrorata''
**[[Short-tailed Albatross]] ''P. albatrus''
**[[Black-footed Albatross]] ''P. nigripes''
**[[Laysan Albatross]] ''P. immutabilis''
*[[Mollymawk]]s (''Thalassarche'')
**[[Black-browed Albatross]] ''T. melanophris ''
**[[Campbell Albatross]] ''T. (melanophris) impavida''
**[[Shy Albatross]] ''T. cauta''
**[[White-capped Albatross]] ''T. steadi''
**[[Chatham Albatross]] ''T. (cauta) eremita''
**[[Salvin's Albatross]] ''T. (cauta) salvini''
**[[Grey-headed Albatross]] ''T. chrysostoma''
**[[Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross]] ''T. chlororhynchos''
**[[Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross]] ''T. (chlororhynchos) carteri''
**[[Buller's Albatross]] ''T. bulleri''
*[[Sooty albatross]]es (''Phoebetria'')
**[[Sooty Albatross]] ''P. fusca''
**[[Light-mantled Albatross]] ''P. palpebrata''.

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Diomedeidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Diomedeidae}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Albatross}}
* {{ITIS |id=174514 |taxon=Diomedeidae |accessdate=4 May 2006}}
* [http://www.birdsaustralia.com.au/hanzab/HANZAB_spp_list.pdf HANZAB complete species list] (Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds.)
*[http://www.birdlife.org/action/campaigns/save_the_albatross/ BirdLife International Save the Albatross campaign]
* [http://www.acap.aq/ The Agreement for the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP)]
* [http://www.montereybay.com/creagrus/albatrosses.html Albatross: Don Roberson's family page]
* [http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/seabirds/tracking_ocean_wanderers.pdf Tracking Ocean Wanderers] The global distribution of albatrosses and petrels: Results from the Global Procellariiform Tracking Workshop, 1–5 September 2003, Gordon’s Bay, South Africa. [[BirdLife International]]
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/albatrosses-diomedeidae Albatross videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
* [http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/albatross/ WWF albatross species profile]
*{{cite web | url = http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/TSRP42.pdf| title = Recovery plan for albatrosses in the Chatham Islands 2001-2011| year = 2001 | publisher = Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand | format = PDF | accessdate = 2007-09-28}}
* [http://www.chrisjordan.com/current_set2.php?id=11 Chris Jordan's Midway Atoll albatross photographs]
{{featured article}}

{{Procellariiformes}}

[[Category:Albatrosses|*]]
[[Category:Diomedeidae| ]]
[[Category:Bird families]]
[[Category:Heraldic birds]]
[[Category:Seabirds]]
[[Category:Procellariiformes]]

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[[sw:Albatrosi]]
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Seneca Polytechnic

2010-12-07T22:45:33Z

142.204.16.10: /* Newnham campus */

{{Unreferenced|date=December 2008}}
{{Coord|43|47|38.22|N|79|20|56.57|W|display=title|type:edu}}
{{Infobox University
|image = [[File:Seneca-College-logo.png|200px]]
|image_name =
|name = '''Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology'''
|motto = "Seneca Changes You"
|established = 1967
|type = [[Public university|Public]] [[community college]] for applied arts and technology
|affiliation = none (public)
|president = David Agnew
|faculty =
|city = [[Toronto]]
|state = [[Ontario]]
|country = [[Canada]]
|undergrad = available
|postgrad = diploma, certificate, degree
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
|publictransit =
|free_label =
|free =
|affiliations = [[Canadian Colleges Athletic Association|CCAA]], [[Association of Canadian Community Colleges|ACCC]], [[Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada|AUCC]], [[Canadian Bureau for International Education|CBIE]], [[Polytechnics Canada]]
|website = [http://www.senecacollege.ca/ senecacollege.ca]
}}

'''Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology''' is a [[community college]] for applied arts and technology in [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]]. Seneca College is a member of [[Polytechnics Canada]].

==History==
The college was established during the formation of Ontario’s college system in 1967. Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology were established on May 21, 1965. The school was founded as part of a provincial initiative to provide career-oriented [[diploma]] and [[Academic certificate|certificate]] courses, as well as [[continuing education]] programs to [[Ontario]] communities.

==Campus==
The College is located in the [[Greater Toronto Area]] and has several campuses. The Newnham campus is the primary campus, with some administrative functions housed at the Markham campus. Seneca has two residence buildings: a 1,000-bed residence located at Newnham Campus, and a 233-bed residence located at King Campus.

===Buttonville Airport campus===
Buttonville is the home of Seneca's fleet of aircraft and flight training devices, utilized for training by students registered in the Aviation and Flight Technology Program. All in-flight training is undertaken through the facilities at the Buttonville Airport. Classroom-based instruction is divided between Markham and Buttonville Campuses.

===Jane campus===
Students on this campus are registered in pre-apprenticeship programs for Tool and Die Maker, Precision Machining and Mould Maker trades. The building can be seen from the westbound collector lanes of [[Highway 401 (Ontario)|Highway 401]].

===King campus===
[[File:Eaton Hall King City.jpg|right|thumb|King City Campus]]
Is housed in the [[Eaton Hall (King City)|Eaton Hall]] manor, which is located on 282 hectares of woods, lakes and fields, this campus offers students a broad range of study programs, including: Business, Early Childhood Education, Law Enforcement, Nursing, Social Service Worker (and Gerontology), Tourism Studies, Golf Course Technician, Environmental Landscape Management, Recreation and Leisure Services, Recreation Facility Management, and Veterinary Technician. It is also offers training in the field of SCUBA and Surface Supplied Commercial Diving.

===Markham campus===
[[Image:SenecaMarkhamCampus.jpg|thumb|Markham campus‎]]
Seneca’s 10-storey Markham Campus is a learning facility with electronic classrooms, a computer commons, library, cafeteria, fitness centre, book store and flexible student learning spaces.

The Campus offers programs in Business Administration — Information Systems, General Business, Marketing, Marketing Administration, Brand Management, Business Intelligence, Interactive Marketing, Marketing Management, and Business Computer Studies. Other non-business administration programs include Tourism and Travel, and Aviation and Flight Technology.

In October 2008, the Markham Campus was named one of [[Greater Toronto's Top Employers]] by Mediacorp Canada Inc., which was announced by the [[Toronto Star]] newspaper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eluta.ca/top-employer-seneca-college-of-applied-arts-technology-markham-campus|title=Reasons for Selection, 2009 Greater Toronto's Top Employers Competition}}</ref>

===Newmarket campus===
The Newmarket Campus offers community-based services delivered by Seneca College, the YMCA and the Canadian Hearing Society (CHS). Programs include employment services for adults, academic upgrading and computer skills training. The YMCA offers youth programs and information on recreational activities and community programs. The CHS offers numerous support services for the hearing impaired in York Region.

===Newnham campus===
Newnham Campus is the academic and administrative centre of Seneca College. Located on the north side of Finch Avenue at Hwy. 404 (Don Valley Parkway) and Finch Avenue East, Newnham Campus is one of the largest college campuses in Canada. It houses full-time and part-time programs in Applied Arts, Business and Technology, as well as the Seneca Student Residence. A new extension is being constructed in place of the computing centre that was built in the mid 1970's that was demolished. As of 2009 the Newnham Campus is one of the most over crowded of any school campus in the GTA. Classes are being held in any free or empty space that could be found on the campus, including the sports centre, the student centre and the Student residence.

===Seneca@York campus===
[[Image:Seneca@York2.jpg|thumb|175px|Seneca@York campus]]
Seneca@York Campus includes the Stephen E. Quinlan Building and the Technology Enhanced Learning Building, situated on the Keele Campus of [[York University]]. Several schools are located at this North York campus, including the Animation Arts Centre, the [http://www.senecac.on.ca/fulltime/LAT.html Liberal Arts programs]. <ref>[http://www.thestar.com/SpecialSections/article/283254 Seneca@York]</ref>, [http://scaweb.senecac.on.ca/ Communication Arts], [https://scs.senecac.on.ca/ Computer Studies] and Biological Science and Applied Chemistry, as well as Corporate Communications and Technical Communication.

===Yorkgate campus===
Students at the Yorkgate Campus can learn at their own pace with customized programs in academic upgrading and office systems. The Literacy and Basic Skills program is available, as are a variety of provincial and federal programs. The Employment Resource Centre offers assisted services and extended hours on evenings and Saturdays. The facility is located on the second floor of the Yorkgate Mall at Finch Avenue West and Jane Street.

==Academics==
Seneca offers programs in over 260 fields of study.

Some programs offer co-op options, while others include a mandatory co-op period prior to graduation. Seneca also offers work placement assistance to students upon graduation. All Seneca College programs are developed and kept current with the assistance of academic advisory committees. These committees are made up of Seneca's academic advisors and key industry members. They are in place to ensure the education students receive provides the skills necessary for career success.

Seneca College has more than 70 transfer agreements with universities throughout the world including countries such as Australia, Canada, England, South Africa, and the U.S.A. These agreements allow students to apply their college education to obtain credit towards a university degree.

===Faculties and Schools===
'''Faculty of Applied Arts & Health Sciences'''
*School of Animal Health
*School of Community Services
*School of Early Childhood Education
*School of English and Liberal Studies
*School of Health Sciences
*School of Public Safety and Police Studies
*School of Recreation
*School of Underwater Skills
'''Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering Technology'''
*Agilent Technologies Institute
*Centre for Advanced Technologies
*Centre for the Built Environment
*School of Aviation and Flight Technology
*School of Biological Sciences & Applied Chemistry
*School of Civil Engineering Technology
*School of English and Liberal Studies
*School of Electronics and Computer Engineering Technology
*School of Fire Protection Engineering Technology
*York / Seneca Institute for Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education
'''Faculty of Business'''
*Centre for Financial Service
*School of Accounting & Finance
*School of Fashion & Merchandising
*School of English and Liberal Studies
*Centre for Human Resources
*School of Business Management
*School of International Business
*School of Legal and Public Administration
*School of Marketing and e-Business
*School of Office Administration
*School of Tourism
'''Faculty of Information Arts & Technology'''
*School of Communication Arts
*School of Computer Studies
*School of English and Liberal Studies
'''Faculty of Continuing Education''' 
'''Faculty of Workforce Skills Development'''

===Libraries===
Seneca Libraries has four libraries located at the King, Markham, Newnham and Seneca@York campuses. The libraries offer both print and electronic resources including 96 000+ books, 20 000+ ebooks, 30 000+ magazines, journals and newspapers; and 8 100 audio-visual materials. Services include intercampus and interlibrary loan, research skills, academic honesty/citing, and copyright instruction (information literacy); electronic course readings, a wide array of web-based research pathfinders, copyright clearance support, and face-to-face, telephone, email and synchronous online chat reference services. Audio-Visual Services offers technical support and equipment for class presentations and assignments.

==Student life==
With more than 100,000 students, Seneca is Canada's largest college. The college has several residences for students. The largest residence is located at Seneca's Newham campus in North York. There is also a smaller residence located at Seneca's King campus.
==Scholarships==
The College joined Project Hero, a scholarship program cofounded by General (Ret'd) [[Rick Hillier]], for the families of fallen [[Canadian Forces]] members. <ref>http://www.accc.ca/english/services/cdnforces/hero.htm Project Hero </ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Vivienne Poy]] - fashion designer and [[Canadian]] Senator
* [[Beverly Thomson]] - host of [[Canada AM]]
* [[Alvin Curling]] - [[Canadian]] diplomat and former Liberal MPP
* [[Alan Frew]] - singer; lead singer of [[Glass Tiger]]
* [[Spider Jones|Chuck (Spider) Jones]] - broadcaster
* [[Mark Penney]] - film director
* [[Roger Petersen]] - broadcaster
* [[Rick Ralph]] - broadcaster [[FAN 590]]
* [[Jully Black]] - Singer / Songwriter
* [[Emily Vukovic]] - on-air presenter for [[The Weather Network]]
* Maryam Behmard - television producer
* [[Bill Welychka]] - former [[MuchMusic]] and [[MuchMoreMusic]] personality, now weather anchor
* [[Danielle McGimsie]] - Television personality, [[eTalk]].
* [[Camilla Di Giuseppe]] - Television reporter, [[CTV Calgary]]

===Honorary degrees===
* [[Bill Davis]] - Bachelor of Applied Studies 2006
* [[Jim Balsillie]] - Bachelor of Applied Studies 2007
* [[Russell Bannock]] - Bachelor of Applied Studies 2007
* The Honorable [[Margaret McCain]] - Bachelor of Applied Studies 2007
* The Honorable [[David Crombie]] - Bachelor of Applied Studies 2008
* [[Mike Shaver]] - Bachelor of Applied Studies 2008
* [[Michael "Pinball" Clemons]] - Bachelor of Applied Studies 2008
* David Pecaut - Bachelor of Applied Studies 2008
* Sonja Bata - Bachelor of Applied Studies 2009
* [[George Roter]] - Bachelor of Applied Studies 2009
* [[Parker Mitchell]] - Bachelor of Applied Studies 2009

==Notable faculty==
* [[Nanda Lwin]], music historian and professor of engineering technology

==Athletics==
The school's [[athletic nickname]] is "The Sting". Varsity sports at Seneca include: Badminton, Basketball, Cross Country, Curling, Fastball (women's only), Rugby, Skiing, Soccer, and Volleyball. The newly started [[Elite 1 Professional Development League]], plays at the Newnham Campus Gym. Elite 1 is a league created to further the development of Canadian basketball players, while making itself inclusive to professionals from other countries. [http://www.phase1basketball.com/node/264]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[List of colleges in Ontario]]
* [[Higher education in Ontario]]
* [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport]]
* [[Canadian government scientific research organizations]]
* [[Canadian university scientific research organizations]]
* [[Canadian industrial research and development organizations]]

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Seneca College}}
*[http://www.senecac.on.ca/ Seneca College website]
*[http://www.senecaalumni.ca/ Seneca Alumni Website]
{{Toronto Sports}}
{{Ont post-secondary}}
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Toronto]]
[[Category:Nursing schools in Canada]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1966]]

Portal:Current events/2010 December 1

2010-12-02T18:14:37Z

142.204.16.10: clarifying

{{Current events header|2010|12|1}}


;Armed conflicts and attacks
*Two villagers and 10 [[Naxalite]]s are killed in firing between a group of criminals and [[Maoist]]s in [[Munger]], [[India]]. [http://www.ptinews.com/news/1156756_12-killed-in-clash-between-naxalites-and-criminals- (PTI)]

;Arts and culture
*Two walls collapse at the ancient [[Roman]] city of [[Pompeii]] during heavy rains, the third such incident in a month. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11890382 (BBC)] [http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/CultureAndMedia/Italy-Two-more-walls-give-way-in-Pompeii-amid-heavy-rains_311339482100.html (Adnkronos)]

;Disasters
*21 people are killed and several states declare a [[state of emergency]] after torrential rains in [[Venezuela]]. [http://english.eluniversal.com/2010/11/30/en_pol_esp_state-of-emergency-d_30A4795851.shtml (''El Universal'')] [http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gEWcL7PPm0K3Ut10_J9xJK41TZog?docId=51e8b1855b1344c781f245d32d0e1f4a (AP)]

;International relations
*[[Kazakhstan]] hosts its first [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]] summit in a decade. [http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gWSWUPTYvrS9HXJQoOxEGx0Ck_Tg?docId=CNG.8f87b22ed229ce8a572883bc0e564dac.581 (AFP)] [http://www.euronews.net/2010/12/01/osce-meets-in-kazakhstan/ (euronews)]
*[[South Korea]] states that it will hold more military exercises with the [[United States]] following the conclusion of a naval exercise in the [[Yellow Sea]], despite threats from [[North Korea]]. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11883752 (BBC)]
*[[Israel]] reveals plans to build 625 more [[Israeli settlement|homes]] in the [[West Bank]], close to [[East Jerusalem]]. [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B065J20101201 (Reuters)]

;Law and crime
*[[Japan]]ese police arrest a leading mob figure, Tadashi Irie, third-in-command of the [[Yamaguchi-gumi]]. [http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2010/12/01/Japanese-arrest-leading-mob-figure/UPI-33831291235353/ (UPI)]
*[[Iran]] executes [[Shahla Jahed]] by hanging eight years after she was sentenced to death for murdering the wife of footballer [[Nasser Mohammadkhani]], her husband under a temporary marriage. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-11884022 (BBC)]
*A [[US army]] [[medic]] receives 9 months in jail after pleading guilty to shooting two unarmed [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] farmers for "no apparent reason". [http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6B10MS20101202 (Reuters)]

;Politics
*The opposition [[Muslim Brotherhood]] and [[Wafd Party|Wafd]] parties withdraw from the [[Egyptian parliamentary election, 2010|Egyptian parliamentary election]], after the ruling [[National Democratic Party (Egypt)|National Democratic Party]] wins 97% of the seats in the first round last weekend. [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2010/12/2010121145450744767.html (Al Jazeera)] [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/dec/01/egypt-elections-opposition-fraud-claims (''The Guardian'')]
*The results of the [[Afghan parliamentary election, 2010|Afghan parliamentary election]] are finally announced. [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/02/world/asia/02afghan.html?_r=1 (''New York Times'')]

;Sport
*[[The Football Association]] will investigate crowd violence at an [[England|English]] [[Carling Cup]] quarter-final fixture between [[Birmingham City FC]] and local rivals [[Aston Villa FC]]. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/aston-villa/8175162/Crowd-violence-sours-Birminghams-Carling-Cup-triumph-over-Aston-Villa-on-eve-of-2018-World-Cup-bid.html (''The Telegraph'')]
|}

2010 Canadian federal by-elections

2010-11-30T17:13:28Z

142.204.16.10: /* Winnipeg North */

Three [[by-election]]s were held on November 29, 2010 in order to fill vacancies in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] for two seats in Manitoba and one seat in Ontario. A further three by-elections remain to be called and will be [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2011|held in 2011]] unless the [[41st Canadian federal election|next federal general election]] is called first.<ref name=call>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/harper-calls-3-by-elections-including-grit-stronghold-vaughan/article1770413/ "Harper calls 3 by-elections, including Grit stronghold Vaughan"], ''Globe and Mail'', October 24, 2010</ref>

==Background==
The three seats were vacant due to the resignations of [[Inky Mark]], [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]], [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]], [[Jean-Yves Roy]], [[Jay Hill]] and [[Jim Prentice]] from the House of Commons. The incumbents had resigned their seats to run for the [[mayor]]alty of their hometowns in municipal elections. Bevilacqua was subsequently elected mayor of [[Vaughan]], [[Ontario]] while Wasylycia-Leis and Mark were defeated in their attempts. A further three seats, [[Calgary Centre-North]], [[Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia]] and [[Prince George—Peace River]] also became vacant in late October or November, however these vacancies occurred too late to be included in the November 29 by-election call.

==Timing==
Under Canadian election law, a by-election must be formally announced no earlier than 11 days and no later than 180 days after a vacancy officially takes effect. Due to the timing of the respective resignations, this means that the date of the [[Winnipeg North]] by-election had to be announced by October 27, while the scheduling period for all of the other four by-elections extended into 2011.<ref name=pundits>[http://www.punditsguide.ca/2010/10/the-emerging-shape-of-the-by-election-calendar/ "The Emerging Shape of the By-Election Calendar"]. Pundits' Guide, October 2010.</ref> Consequently, the Winnipeg North by-election had to be called at least a week before the window opened in which Prince George—Peace River and Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia by-elections could be called.

When multiple vacancies exist, it is customary, though not mandatory, for by-elections to be held on the same date.

==Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette==
A by-election was held in the Manitoba federal riding of [[Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette]] as incumbent MP [[Inky Mark]] resigned effective September 15, 2010 as the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] Member of Parliament in order to run unsuccessfully for Mayor of [[Dauphin, Manitoba]].<ref>[http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/inky-hopes-to-make-a-mark-as-mayor-again-100867179.html "Inky hopes to make a Mark as mayor again"], ''Winnipeg Free Press'', August 17, 2010</ref>
{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Inky Mark]] on September 15, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Robert Sopuck]] | 8,176| 56.7|-4.66%}}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Denise Harder | 3,785 | 26.3|+9.67%}}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Christopher Scott Sarna | 1,481| 10.3|-3.67%}}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Kate Storey | 809| 5.6|-0.91%}}
{{CanElec4Row|CHP|Jerome Dondo | 160| 1.1|-0.10%}}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 14,411 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 26.9|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''hold'''
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Vaughan==
A by-election was held in the Ontario federal riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] as [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] resigned to run successfully for mayor of [[Vaughan]], [[Ontario]].<ref name=mayo>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2010/09/03/bevilacqua-vaughan-mayor367.html "Bevilacqua confirms Vaughan mayoral run"], ''CBC News'', September 3, 2010</ref>

{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] on September 2, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Julian Fantino]] | 19,260 | 49.1| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Tony Genco | 18,263| 46.6 | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Bordian| 673 | 1.7| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Claudia Rodriguez-Larrain | 477 | 1.2| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Libertarian|Paolo Fabrizio| 246| 0.6| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Progressive Canadian|[[Dorian Baxter]]| 112| 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Independent|Leslie Bory| 110 | 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|United|Brian Jedan| 55| 0.1| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 39,196 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 32.4|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''gain''' from [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Winnipeg North==
A by-election was held in the Manitoba federal riding of [[Winnipeg North]] after [[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic Party]] MP [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]] resigned to run unsuccessfully for [[List of mayors of Winnipeg|Mayor of Winnipeg]]. The seat was vacant almost seven months at the time of the vote.

With the addition of the [[Pirate Party of Canada|Pirate Party]] candidate Jeff Coleman, the by-election in Winnipeg North marks the first election or by-election to run a member of the Pirate Party outside of Europe.

{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]] on April 30, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|[[Kevin Lamoureux]]|7,303|46.3|+37.08}}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Chief|6,508|41.2|−21.41}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Julie Javier|1,645|10.4|−11.95}}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|John Harvie|114|0.7|−4.05}}
{{CanElec4Row|Pirate Party|Jeff Coleman|94|0.6|N/A}}
{{CanElec4Row|Communist|Frank Komarniski|71|0.4|−0.27}}
{{CanElec4Row|CHP|[[Eric Truijen]]|45|0.3|N/A}}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes|15,780| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| |30.8|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Liberal/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] '''gain''' from [[New Democratic Party|New Democrat]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Canelections}}
{{election canada}}

[[Category:2010 elections in Canada]]
[[Category:40th Canadian Parliament]]
[[Category:Federal by-elections in Canada|2010]]

2010 Canadian federal by-elections

2010-11-30T16:31:03Z

142.204.16.10: /* Background */

Three [[by-election]]s were held on November 29, 2010 in order to fill vacancies in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] for two seats in Manitoba and one seat in Ontario. A further three by-elections remain to be called and will be [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2011|held in 2011]] unless the [[41st Canadian federal election|next federal general election]] is called first.<ref name=call>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/harper-calls-3-by-elections-including-grit-stronghold-vaughan/article1770413/ "Harper calls 3 by-elections, including Grit stronghold Vaughan"], ''Globe and Mail'', October 24, 2010</ref>

==Background==
The three seats were vacant due to the resignations of [[Inky Mark]], [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]], [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]], [[Jean-Yves Roy]], [[Jay Hill]] and [[Jim Prentice]] from the House of Commons. The incumbents had resigned their seats to run for the [[mayor]]alty of their hometowns in municipal elections. Bevilacqua was subsequently elected mayor of [[Vaughan]], [[Ontario]] while Wasylycia-Leis and Mark were defeated in their attempts. A further three seats, [[Calgary Centre-North]], [[Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia]] and [[Prince George—Peace River]] also became vacant in late October or November, however these vacancies occurred too late to be included in the November 29 by-election call.

==Timing==
Under Canadian election law, a by-election must be formally announced no earlier than 11 days and no later than 180 days after a vacancy officially takes effect. Due to the timing of the respective resignations, this means that the date of the [[Winnipeg North]] by-election had to be announced by October 27, while the scheduling period for all of the other four by-elections extended into 2011.<ref name=pundits>[http://www.punditsguide.ca/2010/10/the-emerging-shape-of-the-by-election-calendar/ "The Emerging Shape of the By-Election Calendar"]. Pundits' Guide, October 2010.</ref> Consequently, the Winnipeg North by-election had to be called at least a week before the window opened in which Prince George—Peace River and Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia by-elections could be called.

When multiple vacancies exist, it is customary, though not mandatory, for by-elections to be held on the same date.

==Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette==
A by-election was held in the Manitoba federal riding of [[Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette]] as incumbent MP [[Inky Mark]] resigned effective September 15, 2010 as the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] Member of Parliament in order to run unsuccessfully for Mayor of [[Dauphin, Manitoba]].<ref>[http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/inky-hopes-to-make-a-mark-as-mayor-again-100867179.html "Inky hopes to make a Mark as mayor again"], ''Winnipeg Free Press'', August 17, 2010</ref>
{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Inky Mark]] on September 15, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Robert Sopuck]] | 8,176| 56.7|-4.66%}}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Denise Harder | 3,785 | 26.3|+9.67%}}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Christopher Scott Sarna | 1,481| 10.3|-3.67%}}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Kate Storey | 809| 5.6|-0.91%}}
{{CanElec4Row|CHP|Jerome Dondo | 160| 1.1|-0.10%}}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 14,411 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 26.9|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''hold'''
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Vaughan==
A by-election was held in the Ontario federal riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] as [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] resigned to run successfully for mayor of [[Vaughan]], [[Ontario]].<ref name=mayo>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2010/09/03/bevilacqua-vaughan-mayor367.html "Bevilacqua confirms Vaughan mayoral run"], ''CBC News'', September 3, 2010</ref>

{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] on September 2, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Julian Fantino]] | 19,260 | 49.1| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Tony Genco | 18,263| 46.6 | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Bordian| 673 | 1.7| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Claudia Rodriguez-Larrain | 477 | 1.2| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Libertarian|Paolo Fabrizio| 246| 0.6| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Progressive Canadian|[[Dorian Baxter]]| 112| 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Independent|Leslie Bory| 110 | 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|United|Brian Jedan| 55| 0.1| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 39,196 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 32.4|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''gain''' from [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Winnipeg North==
A by-election was held in the Manitoba federal riding of [[Winnipeg North]] - which has been vacant since April 30, when [[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic Party]] MP [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]] resigned to run unsuccessfully for [[List of mayors of Winnipeg|Mayor of Winnipeg]]. With the addition of the [[Pirate Party of Canada|Pirate Party]] candidate Jeff Coleman, the by-election in Winnipeg North marks the first election or by-election to run a member of the Pirate Party outside of Europe.

{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]] on April 30, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|[[Kevin Lamoureux]]|7,303|46.3|+37.08}}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Chief|6,508|41.2|−21.41}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Julie Javier|1,645|10.4|−11.95}}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|John Harvie|114|0.7|−4.05}}
{{CanElec4Row|Pirate Party|Jeff Coleman|94|0.6|N/A}}
{{CanElec4Row|Communist|Frank Komarniski|71|0.4|−0.27}}
{{CanElec4Row|CHP|[[Eric Truijen]]|45|0.3|N/A}}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes|15,780| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| |30.8|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Liberal/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] '''gain''' from [[New Democratic Party|New Democrat]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Canelections}}
{{election canada}}

[[Category:2010 elections in Canada]]
[[Category:40th Canadian Parliament]]
[[Category:Federal by-elections in Canada|2010]]

2010 Canadian federal by-elections

2010-11-30T16:29:39Z

142.204.16.10: /* Background */

Three [[by-election]]s were held on November 29, 2010 in order to fill vacancies in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] for two seats in Manitoba and one seat in Ontario. A further three by-elections remain to be called and will be [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2011|held in 2011]] unless the [[41st Canadian federal election|next federal general election]] is called first.<ref name=call>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/harper-calls-3-by-elections-including-grit-stronghold-vaughan/article1770413/ "Harper calls 3 by-elections, including Grit stronghold Vaughan"], ''Globe and Mail'', October 24, 2010</ref>

==Background==
The three seats were vacant due to the resignations of [[Inky Mark]], [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]], [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]], [[Jean-Yves Roy]], [[Jay Hill]] and [[Jim Prentice]] from the House of Commons. The incumbents had resigned their seats to run for the [[mayor]]alty of their hometowns in municipal elections. Bevilacqua was subsequently elected mayor of [[Vaughan]], [[Ontario]] while Wasylycia-Leis and Mark were defeated in their attempts. A further three seats, [[Calgary Centre-North]], [[Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia]] and [[Prince George—Peace River]] also became vacant in late October or November, however by-elections were not called in 2010 to fill these positions.

==Timing==
Under Canadian election law, a by-election must be formally announced no earlier than 11 days and no later than 180 days after a vacancy officially takes effect. Due to the timing of the respective resignations, this means that the date of the [[Winnipeg North]] by-election had to be announced by October 27, while the scheduling period for all of the other four by-elections extended into 2011.<ref name=pundits>[http://www.punditsguide.ca/2010/10/the-emerging-shape-of-the-by-election-calendar/ "The Emerging Shape of the By-Election Calendar"]. Pundits' Guide, October 2010.</ref> Consequently, the Winnipeg North by-election had to be called at least a week before the window opened in which Prince George—Peace River and Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia by-elections could be called.

When multiple vacancies exist, it is customary, though not mandatory, for by-elections to be held on the same date.

==Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette==
A by-election was held in the Manitoba federal riding of [[Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette]] as incumbent MP [[Inky Mark]] resigned effective September 15, 2010 as the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] Member of Parliament in order to run unsuccessfully for Mayor of [[Dauphin, Manitoba]].<ref>[http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/inky-hopes-to-make-a-mark-as-mayor-again-100867179.html "Inky hopes to make a Mark as mayor again"], ''Winnipeg Free Press'', August 17, 2010</ref>
{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Inky Mark]] on September 15, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Robert Sopuck]] | 8,176| 56.7|-4.66%}}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Denise Harder | 3,785 | 26.3|+9.67%}}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Christopher Scott Sarna | 1,481| 10.3|-3.67%}}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Kate Storey | 809| 5.6|-0.91%}}
{{CanElec4Row|CHP|Jerome Dondo | 160| 1.1|-0.10%}}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 14,411 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 26.9|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''hold'''
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Vaughan==
A by-election was held in the Ontario federal riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] as [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] resigned to run successfully for mayor of [[Vaughan]], [[Ontario]].<ref name=mayo>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2010/09/03/bevilacqua-vaughan-mayor367.html "Bevilacqua confirms Vaughan mayoral run"], ''CBC News'', September 3, 2010</ref>

{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] on September 2, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Julian Fantino]] | 19,260 | 49.1| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Tony Genco | 18,263| 46.6 | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Bordian| 673 | 1.7| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Claudia Rodriguez-Larrain | 477 | 1.2| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Libertarian|Paolo Fabrizio| 246| 0.6| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Progressive Canadian|[[Dorian Baxter]]| 112| 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Independent|Leslie Bory| 110 | 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|United|Brian Jedan| 55| 0.1| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 39,196 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 32.4|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''gain''' from [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Winnipeg North==
A by-election was held in the Manitoba federal riding of [[Winnipeg North]] - which has been vacant since April 30, when [[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic Party]] MP [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]] resigned to run unsuccessfully for [[List of mayors of Winnipeg|Mayor of Winnipeg]]. With the addition of the [[Pirate Party of Canada|Pirate Party]] candidate Jeff Coleman, the by-election in Winnipeg North marks the first election or by-election to run a member of the Pirate Party outside of Europe.

{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]] on April 30, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|[[Kevin Lamoureux]]|7,303|46.3|+37.08}}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Chief|6,508|41.2|−21.41}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Julie Javier|1,645|10.4|−11.95}}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|John Harvie|114|0.7|−4.05}}
{{CanElec4Row|Pirate Party|Jeff Coleman|94|0.6|N/A}}
{{CanElec4Row|Communist|Frank Komarniski|71|0.4|−0.27}}
{{CanElec4Row|CHP|[[Eric Truijen]]|45|0.3|N/A}}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes|15,780| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| |30.8|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Liberal/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] '''gain''' from [[New Democratic Party|New Democrat]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Canelections}}
{{election canada}}

[[Category:2010 elections in Canada]]
[[Category:40th Canadian Parliament]]
[[Category:Federal by-elections in Canada|2010]]

2010 Canadian federal by-elections

2010-11-30T16:26:17Z

142.204.16.10:

Three [[by-election]]s were held on November 29, 2010 in order to fill vacancies in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] for two seats in Manitoba and one seat in Ontario. A further three by-elections remain to be called and will be [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2011|held in 2011]] unless the [[41st Canadian federal election|next federal general election]] is called first.<ref name=call>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/harper-calls-3-by-elections-including-grit-stronghold-vaughan/article1770413/ "Harper calls 3 by-elections, including Grit stronghold Vaughan"], ''Globe and Mail'', October 24, 2010</ref>

==Background==
The three seats were vacant due to the resignations of [[Inky Mark]], [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]], [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]], [[Jean-Yves Roy]], [[Jay Hill]] and [[Jim Prentice]] from the House of Commons. The incumbents had resigned their seats to run for the [[mayor]]alty of their hometowns in municipal elections. Bevilacqua was subsequently elected mayor of [[Vaughan]], [[Ontario]] while Wasylycia-Leis and Mark were defeated in their attempts. A further three seats were also vacant but by-elections were not called in 2010 to fill these positions.

==Timing==
Under Canadian election law, a by-election must be formally announced no earlier than 11 days and no later than 180 days after a vacancy officially takes effect. Due to the timing of the respective resignations, this means that the date of the [[Winnipeg North]] by-election had to be announced by October 27, while the scheduling period for all of the other four by-elections extended into 2011.<ref name=pundits>[http://www.punditsguide.ca/2010/10/the-emerging-shape-of-the-by-election-calendar/ "The Emerging Shape of the By-Election Calendar"]. Pundits' Guide, October 2010.</ref> Consequently, the Winnipeg North by-election had to be called at least a week before the window opened in which Prince George—Peace River and Haute-Gaspésie—La Mitis—Matane—Matapédia by-elections could be called.

When multiple vacancies exist, it is customary, though not mandatory, for by-elections to be held on the same date.

==Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette==
A by-election was held in the Manitoba federal riding of [[Dauphin—Swan River—Marquette]] as incumbent MP [[Inky Mark]] resigned effective September 15, 2010 as the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] Member of Parliament in order to run unsuccessfully for Mayor of [[Dauphin, Manitoba]].<ref>[http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/inky-hopes-to-make-a-mark-as-mayor-again-100867179.html "Inky hopes to make a Mark as mayor again"], ''Winnipeg Free Press'', August 17, 2010</ref>
{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Inky Mark]] on September 15, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Robert Sopuck]] | 8,176| 56.7|-4.66%}}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Denise Harder | 3,785 | 26.3|+9.67%}}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Christopher Scott Sarna | 1,481| 10.3|-3.67%}}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Kate Storey | 809| 5.6|-0.91%}}
{{CanElec4Row|CHP|Jerome Dondo | 160| 1.1|-0.10%}}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 14,411 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 26.9|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''hold'''
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Vaughan==
A by-election was held in the Ontario federal riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] as [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] resigned to run successfully for mayor of [[Vaughan]], [[Ontario]].<ref name=mayo>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2010/09/03/bevilacqua-vaughan-mayor367.html "Bevilacqua confirms Vaughan mayoral run"], ''CBC News'', September 3, 2010</ref>

{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] on September 2, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Julian Fantino]] | 19,260 | 49.1| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Tony Genco | 18,263| 46.6 | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Bordian| 673 | 1.7| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Claudia Rodriguez-Larrain | 477 | 1.2| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Libertarian|Paolo Fabrizio| 246| 0.6| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Progressive Canadian|[[Dorian Baxter]]| 112| 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Independent|Leslie Bory| 110 | 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|United|Brian Jedan| 55| 0.1| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 39,196 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 32.4|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''gain''' from [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Winnipeg North==
A by-election was held in the Manitoba federal riding of [[Winnipeg North]] - which has been vacant since April 30, when [[New Democratic Party of Canada|New Democratic Party]] MP [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]] resigned to run unsuccessfully for [[List of mayors of Winnipeg|Mayor of Winnipeg]]. With the addition of the [[Pirate Party of Canada|Pirate Party]] candidate Jeff Coleman, the by-election in Winnipeg North marks the first election or by-election to run a member of the Pirate Party outside of Europe.

{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Judy Wasylycia-Leis]] on April 30, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|[[Kevin Lamoureux]]|7,303|46.3|+37.08}}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Chief|6,508|41.2|−21.41}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|Julie Javier|1,645|10.4|−11.95}}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|John Harvie|114|0.7|−4.05}}
{{CanElec4Row|Pirate Party|Jeff Coleman|94|0.6|N/A}}
{{CanElec4Row|Communist|Frank Komarniski|71|0.4|−0.27}}
{{CanElec4Row|CHP|[[Eric Truijen]]|45|0.3|N/A}}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes|15,780| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| |30.8|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Liberal/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] '''gain''' from [[New Democratic Party|New Democrat]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Canelections}}
{{election canada}}

[[Category:2010 elections in Canada]]
[[Category:40th Canadian Parliament]]
[[Category:Federal by-elections in Canada|2010]]

Julian Fantino

2010-11-30T16:22:59Z

142.204.16.10: /* Electoral record */

{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Julian Fantino
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP-elect]] for [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gwen Boniface]]
| successor2 = [[Christopher D. Lewis]]
| term_start2 = 2006
| term_end2 = 2010
| office3 = Ontario Commissioner of Emergency Management
| predecessor3 = [[Dr. James Young]]
| successor3 = [[Jay Hope]]
| term_start3 = 2005
| term_end3 = 2006
| office4 = Chief of the [[Toronto Police Service]]
| predecessor4 = [[David Boothby]]
| successor4 = [[Mike Boyd]]
| term_start4 = 2000
| term_end4 = 2005
| office5 = Chief of the [[York Region Police]]
| predecessor5 = [[Peter Scott (police chief)|Peter Scott]]
| successor5 = [[Robert Middaugh]]
| term_start5 = 1998
| term_end5 = 2000
| office6 = Chief of the [[London Police Service]]
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| term_start6 = 1991
| term_end6 = 1998
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|8|13}}
| birth_place = [[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Italy|Italian]] and [[Canada|Canadian]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Conservative Party of Canada]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Julian Fantino''' [[Order of Merit of the Police Forces|COM]], [[Order of Ontario|OOnt]] ({{lang-it|Giuliano Fantino}}; born August 13, 1942)<ref>http://pbdba.lfpress.com/cgi-bin/publish.cgi?p=202955&s=societe</ref> is a retired police official and the [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parlaiment]]-elect for the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] following a [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2010|November 29, 2010 by-election]].<ref name=election/>

Prior to entering politics, Fantino was the Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]] from 2006 to 2010,<ref>{{cite news | first =
| last =
| authorlink =
| author =
| coauthors =
| title =
| url = http://www.yorkregion.com/yr/yr4/YR_News/Newscentre/Citizen/story/3730995p-4312549c.html
| work =
| publisher =
| id =
| pages =
| page =
| date =
| accessdate =
| language =
| quote =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
}} - Article on reaction to Fantino's appointment</ref> <ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/article/873888--fantino-confirms-he-ll-seek-tory-nomination?bn=1 "Fantino confirms he’ll seek Tory nomination"], ''Toronto Star'', October 12, 2010</ref><ref name=nom>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/876292]</ref> [[Toronto]]'s [[Chief of Police]] from 2000 to 2005, and [[Ontario]]'s Commissioner of Emergency Management from 2005 until 2006, and also served as chief of police of [[London, Ontario]] from 1991 to 1998, and of [[York Regional Municipality, Ontario|York Region]] from 1998 until 2000. Prior to his London appointment, he had been a Toronto [[police]] officer since 1969.

==Family==
Fantino was born in Italy and emigrated to [[Canada]] with his family when he was 11 years old.

==Early Toronto career==
Before joining the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino was a [[security guard]] at [[Yorkdale Shopping Centre]] in suburban Toronto. He volunteered as an Auxiliary Police Officer for the Metro Toronto Police from 1964 to 1969 and then joined the force as a Police Constable. He was a member of the Drug Squad and was promoted to Detective Constable. He subsequently served with Criminal Intelligence and then the Homicide Squad before being promoted to Divisional Commander and then Acting Staff Superintendent of Detectives.

===Wiretap controversy===
According to an internal police report leaked in 2007, Fantino, as superintendent of detectives in 1991, had ordered a wiretap of lawyer [[Peter Maloney]] a police critic and friend of [[Susan Eng]], chair of the [[Toronto Police Services Board]], the body overseeing the Toronto Police service. Conversations between Maloney and Eng were illegally recorded despite a court order that only the first minute of Maloney's conversations were to be monitored so as to determine whether the individual who he was talking to was on the list of those being investigated.<ref>[http://www.eyeweekly.com/city/features/article/106503--toronto-police-farce-part-1 "Toronto Police Farce: Part 1"], ''eye weekly'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/11/19/toronto-police-recordings-eng.html "Toronto police illegally bugged ex-chair: tapes"], ''CBC News'', November 19, 2010</ref>

===Departure===
After 23 years of service with the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino left to accept an appointment as Police Chief of [[London, Ontario]] in 1991.

==London Police Service chief (1991-1998)==
In London, he presided over the highly publicized and controversial "Project Guardian", which saw the arrests of over two dozen [[gay]] men for involvement in a purported [[child pornography]] ring.<ref>James Dubro, "Julian Fantino Hawks a Book: Top Cop not "Antigay or homophobic," just stuck on Paedophilia". ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref> While several men were eventually convicted of crimes not related to the stated purpose of the investigation, such as [[drug possession]] and [[prostitution]], no child pornography ring was ever found.

Journalist [[Gerald Hannon]] later published a piece in ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' accusing Fantino of mounting an anti-gay [[witch hunt]].<ref>Gerald Hannon, "The Kiddie Porn Ring that Wasn't", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', March 11, 1995.</ref> In response, Fantino filed a complaint with the [[Ontario Press Council]], which ultimately ruled that the ''Globe'' should have more clearly labelled Hannon's article as an opinion piece.

Fantino says that he is "not anti-gay or homophobic" and was simply arresting lawbreakers engaging in "a sick, perverted crime".<ref>[http://www.xtra.ca/public/Toronto/Julian_Fantino_hawks_new_book-4018.aspx "Julian Fantino hawks new book"], ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref>

==York Regional Police chief (1998–2000)==
Fantino return to the [[Greater Toronto Area]] as Chief of [[York Regional Police]] in 1998. His tenure was brief and he returned to the [[Toronto Police Service]] two years later. He was succeeded as chief by [[Robert Middaugh]].

==Toronto Police Service chief (2000–2005)==
===Policing controversies===
An incident in September 2000 involving five male police officers entering a women's bath house sparked public outrage and drew attention to TPS's poor standing in the gay community.<ref>[http://www.lgbtout.com/Documents/bathhouse.shtml LGBTOUT Events & Info]</ref> In 2004, Fantino made an attempt to repair relations, primarily by appearing on the cover of ''[[Fab (magazine)|fab]]'' in a photo which featured him posing in his police uniform with five other models dressed as the [[Village People]] standing behind him.<ref>http://www.fabmagazine.com/issuecovers/full/252.jpg</ref>

Fantino appeared to have little patience for protesters: he wanted them to ask police for permission before holding demonstrations. In one report, he commented "a problem is now arising where portions of the public believe that [[Dundas Square]] is a public space." <ref>[http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=142813&archive=23,47,2004 Chief's Chilling Legacy, NOW Magazine July 22, 2004]</ref> In his new position with the OPP, Fantino took an aggressive posture with a native protest blocking a major highway: he stated he "would not/could not tolerate the 401 being closed all day." However the commander on site decided against a raid as "[he was] not about to put people at risk for a piece of pavement." <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/03/25/native-protest.html | work=CBC News | title=Police were poised to crack down on native protest, documents show | date=March 26, 2008}}</ref>

In 2003, Fantino criticized the effectiveness of the [[Canadian gun registry]].<ref>[http://www.gunowners.org/op0507.htm Garry Breitkreuz]</ref>

===Corruption scandals===
Fantino came under increasing scrutiny due to three corruption scandals which broke out during his tenure and his handling of those incidents. Fantino was accused of having tried to deal with these cases out of public view and attempting to shield them from investigation by outside police services.

In one case, drug squad officers are alleged to have beaten and robbed suspected drug dealers. In another, plainclothes officers were charged with accepting bribes to help bars dodge liquor inspections. In the third, a group of officers who advocated on behalf of a drug-addicted car thief faced internal charges.

Two of these cases involve the sons of former police chief [[William J. McCormack|William McCormack]], and came to light not as a result of investigations by Toronto police, but due to an [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] investigation into gangster activity which inadvertently uncovered evidence of wrongdoing by Toronto police officers. Mike McCormack was later cleared of all wrongdoing due to a lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1141339814357&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968793972154&t=TS_Home | work=The Star | location=Toronto | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>

In December 2009, Fantino was accused during a related court case of having "unplugged" a special task force investigating corruption charges against the Toronto Police Service's narcotics squad ignoring the task force's suspicions that another of the force's drug squads was corrupt. Lawyer [[Julian Falconer]] argued in court that "When Chief Fantino declared there were only a few bad apples, he did not deliver the straight goods," and shut down the investigation before it expanded as part of a damage control campaign.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/article/737502--police-unplugged-corruption-probe-lawyer-says "Police 'unplugged' corruption probe, lawyer says -Claims against drug squad were ignored, court told, as damage control bid was under way on other unit"], ''Toronto Star'', December 11, 2009</ref>

In March 2005, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] announced that they had obtained documents via the [[Freedom of Information Act#Canada|Access to Information Act]] showing that between 1998 and 2005 Toronto had spent $30,633,303.63 settling [[lawsuits]] against police. [[Norm Gardner]] said the settlement costs, which amount to about $5-million a year over six years, were expected, given the number of confrontations police face, suggesting that "people think they are going to get paid off."

==Contract expiry==
Fantino's contract as police chief expired on February 28, 2005. On June 24, 2004, the police services board announced that it would not be reappointing Fantino due to a 2-2 tie. This was controversial since chair [[Norm Gardner]] had been suspended from the five-man board due to a [[conflict of interest]] ruling, but as he refused to vacate his seat the three required votes for renewal were far more difficult to obtain. Conservative politicians on [[Toronto City Council]] responded with a "Save Fantino" campaign, and the board was deadlocked on the issue of beginning the search for Fantino's replacement.

Many Fantino supporters claimed that Miller was openly hostile to Fantino. Miller had ignored calls to pressure the police board after it voted against Fantino's renewal, yet Miller subsequently contacted the board looking for a role in hiring the next police chief, although the latter request was not granted.

Former deputy police chief [[Mike Boyd]] took over as interim chief of police on March 1, 2005. On April 6, another former deputy chief, [[Bill Blair (police chief)|Bill Blair]], was named Fantino's permanent successor.

==Commissioner of Emergency Management (2005–2006)==
On February 8, 2005, Fantino was appointed Ontario's commissioner of emergency management by [[Premier of Ontario|Ontario premier]] [[Dalton McGuinty]]. This move was criticized by the opposition parties in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]], both for the lack of transparency in the hiring process and for the perception that the appointment was primarily motivated by the desire to avoid having Fantino run as a [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] candidate in the [[Ontario general election, 2007|2007 provincial election]] against Finance Minister [[Greg Sorbara]]. However, Sorbara had also blamed Miller for failing to renew Fantino's contract, so this appointment could have also been seen as the Ontario Liberals' show of support for Fantino.

==Ontario Provincial Police commissioner (2006-2010)==
Fantino was appointed Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police replacing the departed [[Gwen M. Boniface]] on October 12, 2006 by the provincial Liberal government; initially for a two year term. His appointment was criticized by [[First Nations]] groups. In March 2008 his contract was extended until October 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2008/03/11/fantino-opp.html | work=CBC News | title=OPP Commissioner Fantino gets contract extension | date=March 11, 2008}}</ref> In June 2009 his contract was further extended until July 2010 so that he could oversee the province's security contingent at the 2010 [[G8 Summit]] in [[Huntsville, Ontario]].<ref name="final"/>

He received much public attention over highly publicized [[child pornography]] busts, with 21 men arrested in February 2008 and 31 men (some as young as 14) arrested in February 2009.<ref>''Toronto Star'', February 6, 2009.</ref> None of the cases has come to trial to date. During his term, Fantino has changed the look of the OPP by ordering that the [[livery]] for police cruisers be changed to a 1960s era black and white pattern.

===Shawn Brant controversy===
Fantino was criticized by lawyer [[Peter Rosenthal]] during the trial of aboriginal activist [[Shawn Brant]]. Fantino was criticized for ordering [[wiretap]]s of Brant's phone without proper authority and for making provocative comments to Brant during negotiations to end a blockade of the rail line west of Kingston.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2008/07/21/fantino-ndp.html?ref=rss | work=CBC News | title=NDP calls for Fantino 'to resign or be fired' over Brant wiretaps | date=July 21, 2008}}</ref> NDP MPP [[Peter Kormos]] called for Fantino's resignation accusing him of using "pugnacious and bellicose" rhetoric and for engaging in "Rambo-style policing."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/News/Ontario/article/463763 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Investigate Fantino, lawyer urges | date=July 20, 2008 | accessdate=March 27, 2010 | first1=Robert | last1=Benzie | first2=Paola | last2=Loriggio}}</ref> In the face of defence motions for the police to disclose more evidence about their conduct the Crown agreed to drop the most serious charges against Brant in exchange for a [[plea bargain]] resulting in a light sentence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/09/29/brant-charges.html | work=CBC News | title=Mohawk protester Brant gets light penalty for blockades | date=September 29, 2008}}</ref> Fantino was also criticized for his role in the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]] after he was accused of sending e-mails to local politicians accusing them of encouraging anti-police rallies by non-Natives.<ref>http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20070418/fantino_caledonia_email_070418?hub=TorontoHome</ref>

===Internal discipline hearing controversy===
In late 2008 and early 2009, Fantino was embroiled in a controversy surrounding his role in an internal discipline case at the OPP in which Fantino was accused of being petty and vindictive in his actions against the officers.<ref>http://www.lfpress.ca/newsstand/News/Local/2009/03/11/8704606-sun.html</ref> Fantino ordered a hearing into the matter but attempted to remove the adjudicator he had appointed on the grounds that the judge was biased against the commissioner due to critical comments he made during testimony by Fantino. Divisional Court rejected Fantino's request.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/03/10/fantino-hearing-disciplinary010.html | work=CBC News | title=Fantino loses bid to have adjudicator tossed from discipline case | date=March 10, 2009}}</ref> The [[Ontario Court of Appeal]] upheld the lower court decision saying an informed person viewing the matter realistically and practically would not conclude there was any apprehension of bias on the part of the adjudicator. The OPP dropped the disciplinary case against the two officers on December 15, 2009, the same day Fantino was due to be [[cross examination|cross examined]]<ref>"[http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5glEypXMi4y-5N6DguZu5sGGmsipw OPP disciplinary charges in case involving Fantino dropped"], ''Canadian Press'', December 16, 2009</ref> by defence lawyer [[Julian Falconer]].<ref>"OPP withdraws charges against senior officers - Move shuts down questioning on allegations of Fantino vendetta", ''Globe and Mail'', December 16, 2009</ref> The entire process cost more than $500,000 in public money.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/12/16/opp-cole-officers784.html "Complainant praises OPP officers after case dropped"], ''CBC News'', December 16, 2009</ref>

===Private prosecution charge for influencing or attempting to influence an elected official===
Fantino was summoned in early January 2010 to face a charge of influencing or attempting to influence an elected official in April 2007 in Haldimand County, Ontario. The summons came after a December 31 Ontario Superior Court order demanding a formal charge be laid in relation to allegations against Mr. Fantino brought forward by a private complainant, [[Gary McHale]], who alleged that Fantino was illegally influencing or attempting to influence municipal officials in regards to the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]].<ref>http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/toronto/story.html?id=2422452</ref> The charge against Fantino was stayed in February 2010 as the Crown said there was no reasonable prospect of conviction.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/759864--charges-against-top-cop-fantino-dropped "Charges against top cop Fantino dropped"], ''Toronto Star'', February 3, 2010</ref>

==Political aspirations==
Following the resignation of [[John Tory]] as leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]] Fantino's name was floated as a possible candidate in the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, 2009|in the ensuing leadership election]].<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090320.wtory20/BNStory/politics</ref> He ended speculation that he was interested in the job with a letter to the ''Globe and Mail''.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20090321.COLETTS21-12/TPStory/Opinion/letters</ref>

There were rumours that he may run for [[Mayor]] of [[Vaughan, Ontario]] in the [[Vaughan municipal election, 2010|October 25, 2010 municipal election]] following his retirement from the OPP.<ref name=final/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/607182 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Is OPP's Fantino to run for Vaughan mayor? | first=Phinjo | last=Gombu | date=March 24, 2009 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref> An April 2010 [[Toronto Star]]-[[Angus Reid]] poll indicates that Fantino would have the support of 43% of voters leading incumbent Mayor [[Linda Jackson]] who has 22% support.<ref>"[http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/vaughan/article/796811--opp-boss-mum-on-running-in-vaughan OPP boss mum on running in Vaughan: Fantino’s silence fuels speculation he’ll enter race in July]", ''Toronto Star'', April 16, 2010</ref> In an interview with [[CFRB]] on July 9, 2010, Fantino announced that he would not be running for mayor of Vaughan.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/news/torontoandgta/2010/07/09/14657096.html "Fantino not running for mayor of Vaughan"], ''Toronto Sun'', July 9, 2010</ref>

===Federal politics===
On October 12, 2010 Fantino announced he would seek the nomination for the federal [[Conservative Party of Canada]] in the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]].<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-takes-aim-at-federal-seat/article1753146/ "Fantino takes aim at federal seat "], ''Globe and Mail'', October 12, 2010</ref> It had been reported Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] had personally spoken to Fantino in early October about running as a Conservative and that the former police commissioner was "leaning" toward running.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/pm-pressing-julian-fantino-to-run-source-says/article1741349/ "PM pressing Julian Fantino to run, source says", ''Globe and Mail'', October 4, 2010</ref> A federal [[by-election]] was necessary after the resignation of Liberal MP [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]].<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/851501 "Questions raised about Vaughan MP’s mayoral intentions"], ''Toronto Star'', August 23, 2010</ref> Fantino was acclaimed as Conservative Party's candidate on October 14<ref name=nom/> and the by-election was called for November 29, 2010.

During the campaign, he was dogged by a group called "Conservatives Against Fantino" led by [[Gary McHale]] and [[Mark Vandermaas]], two activists critical of Fantino's role in the Caledonia controversy.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/15/conservatives-against-fantino-targets-ex-police-chiefs-by-election-run/ "‘Conservatives Against Fantino’ targets ex-police chief’s by-election run"], ''National Post'', November 15, 2010</ref> The group, which is picketing Fantino's campaign office and events, registered as a third party with [[Elections Canada]] under the name "Against Fantino" (after their use of the term "Conservatives" had been disallowed by the agency) in order to be permitted to spend money on printing and distributing 60,000 anti-Fantino pamphlets.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/18/urban-scrawl-no-easy-win-for-fantino/ "Urban Scrawl: No easy win for Fantino"], ''National Post'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/TORONTO+AREA+BYELECTIONS/3855990/story.html "Toronto-area byelection pivotal battle for major parties]", ''Vancouver Sun'', November 19, 2010</ref>.

Fantino was elected to the [[House of Commons]] on November 29, 2010 narrowly defeating Liberal candidate Tony Genco.<ref name=election>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-wins-vaughan-for-tories-liberals-take-manitoba-by-election/article1818254/ "Fantino wins Vaughan for Tories; Liberals take Manitoba by-election"], ''Globe and Mail'', November 30, 2010</ref>

==Electoral record==
{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010: [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]]|called due to the resignation of [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] on September 2, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Julian Fantino]] | 19,260 | 49.1| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Tony Genco | 18,263| 46.6 | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Bordian| 673 | 1.7| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Claudia Rodriguez-Larrain | 477 | 1.2| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Libertarian|Paolo Fabrizio| 246| 0.6| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Progressive Canadian|[[Dorian Baxter]]| 112| 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Independent|Leslie Bory| 110 | 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|United|Brian Jedan| 55| 0.1| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 39,196 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 32.4|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''gain''' from [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Awards==
* Appointed Commander of the Order of the Police Forces by the Government of Canada (2003)
* Appointed a Member of the Order of Ontario by the Government of Ontario (2004)
* Awarded the Commander of the Order of Merit to the Republic of Italy (2002)
* 20-Year Police Exemplary Service Medal (1989)
* 30-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (1999)
* 40-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (2009)
* Order of St. John (2001)
* Recipient of the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal
* Recipient of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Civil Rights Award in Law
*[[Order of Ontario]] (2003)
* Top Choice Award for Leadership (2005), voted by Italian-Canadians in Toronto, Ontario
* April 14, 2005 he was presented the [[Freedom of the City|Key to the City]] of Toronto by Mayor [[David Miller (mayor of Toronto)|David Miller]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Toronto Police Chiefs}}
{{Current Members of the Canadian House of Commons}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Fantino, Julian
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fantino, Julian}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Italian immigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commissioners of the Ontario Provincial Police]]
[[Category:People from London, Ontario]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Ontario]]
[[Category:Toronto police chiefs]]
[[Category:Members of the Canadian House of Commons from Ontario]]
[[Category:Conservative Party of Canada MPs]]

Julian Fantino

2010-11-30T16:21:38Z

142.204.16.10: /* Electoral record */

{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Julian Fantino
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP-elect]] for [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gwen Boniface]]
| successor2 = [[Christopher D. Lewis]]
| term_start2 = 2006
| term_end2 = 2010
| office3 = Ontario Commissioner of Emergency Management
| predecessor3 = [[Dr. James Young]]
| successor3 = [[Jay Hope]]
| term_start3 = 2005
| term_end3 = 2006
| office4 = Chief of the [[Toronto Police Service]]
| predecessor4 = [[David Boothby]]
| successor4 = [[Mike Boyd]]
| term_start4 = 2000
| term_end4 = 2005
| office5 = Chief of the [[York Region Police]]
| predecessor5 = [[Peter Scott (police chief)|Peter Scott]]
| successor5 = [[Robert Middaugh]]
| term_start5 = 1998
| term_end5 = 2000
| office6 = Chief of the [[London Police Service]]
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| term_start6 = 1991
| term_end6 = 1998
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|8|13}}
| birth_place = [[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Italy|Italian]] and [[Canada|Canadian]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Conservative Party of Canada]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Julian Fantino''' [[Order of Merit of the Police Forces|COM]], [[Order of Ontario|OOnt]] ({{lang-it|Giuliano Fantino}}; born August 13, 1942)<ref>http://pbdba.lfpress.com/cgi-bin/publish.cgi?p=202955&s=societe</ref> is a retired police official and the [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parlaiment]]-elect for the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] following a [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2010|November 29, 2010 by-election]].<ref name=election/>

Prior to entering politics, Fantino was the Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]] from 2006 to 2010,<ref>{{cite news | first =
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}} - Article on reaction to Fantino's appointment</ref> <ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/article/873888--fantino-confirms-he-ll-seek-tory-nomination?bn=1 "Fantino confirms he’ll seek Tory nomination"], ''Toronto Star'', October 12, 2010</ref><ref name=nom>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/876292]</ref> [[Toronto]]'s [[Chief of Police]] from 2000 to 2005, and [[Ontario]]'s Commissioner of Emergency Management from 2005 until 2006, and also served as chief of police of [[London, Ontario]] from 1991 to 1998, and of [[York Regional Municipality, Ontario|York Region]] from 1998 until 2000. Prior to his London appointment, he had been a Toronto [[police]] officer since 1969.

==Family==
Fantino was born in Italy and emigrated to [[Canada]] with his family when he was 11 years old.

==Early Toronto career==
Before joining the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino was a [[security guard]] at [[Yorkdale Shopping Centre]] in suburban Toronto. He volunteered as an Auxiliary Police Officer for the Metro Toronto Police from 1964 to 1969 and then joined the force as a Police Constable. He was a member of the Drug Squad and was promoted to Detective Constable. He subsequently served with Criminal Intelligence and then the Homicide Squad before being promoted to Divisional Commander and then Acting Staff Superintendent of Detectives.

===Wiretap controversy===
According to an internal police report leaked in 2007, Fantino, as superintendent of detectives in 1991, had ordered a wiretap of lawyer [[Peter Maloney]] a police critic and friend of [[Susan Eng]], chair of the [[Toronto Police Services Board]], the body overseeing the Toronto Police service. Conversations between Maloney and Eng were illegally recorded despite a court order that only the first minute of Maloney's conversations were to be monitored so as to determine whether the individual who he was talking to was on the list of those being investigated.<ref>[http://www.eyeweekly.com/city/features/article/106503--toronto-police-farce-part-1 "Toronto Police Farce: Part 1"], ''eye weekly'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/11/19/toronto-police-recordings-eng.html "Toronto police illegally bugged ex-chair: tapes"], ''CBC News'', November 19, 2010</ref>

===Departure===
After 23 years of service with the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino left to accept an appointment as Police Chief of [[London, Ontario]] in 1991.

==London Police Service chief (1991-1998)==
In London, he presided over the highly publicized and controversial "Project Guardian", which saw the arrests of over two dozen [[gay]] men for involvement in a purported [[child pornography]] ring.<ref>James Dubro, "Julian Fantino Hawks a Book: Top Cop not "Antigay or homophobic," just stuck on Paedophilia". ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref> While several men were eventually convicted of crimes not related to the stated purpose of the investigation, such as [[drug possession]] and [[prostitution]], no child pornography ring was ever found.

Journalist [[Gerald Hannon]] later published a piece in ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' accusing Fantino of mounting an anti-gay [[witch hunt]].<ref>Gerald Hannon, "The Kiddie Porn Ring that Wasn't", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', March 11, 1995.</ref> In response, Fantino filed a complaint with the [[Ontario Press Council]], which ultimately ruled that the ''Globe'' should have more clearly labelled Hannon's article as an opinion piece.

Fantino says that he is "not anti-gay or homophobic" and was simply arresting lawbreakers engaging in "a sick, perverted crime".<ref>[http://www.xtra.ca/public/Toronto/Julian_Fantino_hawks_new_book-4018.aspx "Julian Fantino hawks new book"], ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref>

==York Regional Police chief (1998–2000)==
Fantino return to the [[Greater Toronto Area]] as Chief of [[York Regional Police]] in 1998. His tenure was brief and he returned to the [[Toronto Police Service]] two years later. He was succeeded as chief by [[Robert Middaugh]].

==Toronto Police Service chief (2000–2005)==
===Policing controversies===
An incident in September 2000 involving five male police officers entering a women's bath house sparked public outrage and drew attention to TPS's poor standing in the gay community.<ref>[http://www.lgbtout.com/Documents/bathhouse.shtml LGBTOUT Events & Info]</ref> In 2004, Fantino made an attempt to repair relations, primarily by appearing on the cover of ''[[Fab (magazine)|fab]]'' in a photo which featured him posing in his police uniform with five other models dressed as the [[Village People]] standing behind him.<ref>http://www.fabmagazine.com/issuecovers/full/252.jpg</ref>

Fantino appeared to have little patience for protesters: he wanted them to ask police for permission before holding demonstrations. In one report, he commented "a problem is now arising where portions of the public believe that [[Dundas Square]] is a public space." <ref>[http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=142813&archive=23,47,2004 Chief's Chilling Legacy, NOW Magazine July 22, 2004]</ref> In his new position with the OPP, Fantino took an aggressive posture with a native protest blocking a major highway: he stated he "would not/could not tolerate the 401 being closed all day." However the commander on site decided against a raid as "[he was] not about to put people at risk for a piece of pavement." <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/03/25/native-protest.html | work=CBC News | title=Police were poised to crack down on native protest, documents show | date=March 26, 2008}}</ref>

In 2003, Fantino criticized the effectiveness of the [[Canadian gun registry]].<ref>[http://www.gunowners.org/op0507.htm Garry Breitkreuz]</ref>

===Corruption scandals===
Fantino came under increasing scrutiny due to three corruption scandals which broke out during his tenure and his handling of those incidents. Fantino was accused of having tried to deal with these cases out of public view and attempting to shield them from investigation by outside police services.

In one case, drug squad officers are alleged to have beaten and robbed suspected drug dealers. In another, plainclothes officers were charged with accepting bribes to help bars dodge liquor inspections. In the third, a group of officers who advocated on behalf of a drug-addicted car thief faced internal charges.

Two of these cases involve the sons of former police chief [[William J. McCormack|William McCormack]], and came to light not as a result of investigations by Toronto police, but due to an [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] investigation into gangster activity which inadvertently uncovered evidence of wrongdoing by Toronto police officers. Mike McCormack was later cleared of all wrongdoing due to a lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1141339814357&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968793972154&t=TS_Home | work=The Star | location=Toronto | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>

In December 2009, Fantino was accused during a related court case of having "unplugged" a special task force investigating corruption charges against the Toronto Police Service's narcotics squad ignoring the task force's suspicions that another of the force's drug squads was corrupt. Lawyer [[Julian Falconer]] argued in court that "When Chief Fantino declared there were only a few bad apples, he did not deliver the straight goods," and shut down the investigation before it expanded as part of a damage control campaign.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/article/737502--police-unplugged-corruption-probe-lawyer-says "Police 'unplugged' corruption probe, lawyer says -Claims against drug squad were ignored, court told, as damage control bid was under way on other unit"], ''Toronto Star'', December 11, 2009</ref>

In March 2005, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] announced that they had obtained documents via the [[Freedom of Information Act#Canada|Access to Information Act]] showing that between 1998 and 2005 Toronto had spent $30,633,303.63 settling [[lawsuits]] against police. [[Norm Gardner]] said the settlement costs, which amount to about $5-million a year over six years, were expected, given the number of confrontations police face, suggesting that "people think they are going to get paid off."

==Contract expiry==
Fantino's contract as police chief expired on February 28, 2005. On June 24, 2004, the police services board announced that it would not be reappointing Fantino due to a 2-2 tie. This was controversial since chair [[Norm Gardner]] had been suspended from the five-man board due to a [[conflict of interest]] ruling, but as he refused to vacate his seat the three required votes for renewal were far more difficult to obtain. Conservative politicians on [[Toronto City Council]] responded with a "Save Fantino" campaign, and the board was deadlocked on the issue of beginning the search for Fantino's replacement.

Many Fantino supporters claimed that Miller was openly hostile to Fantino. Miller had ignored calls to pressure the police board after it voted against Fantino's renewal, yet Miller subsequently contacted the board looking for a role in hiring the next police chief, although the latter request was not granted.

Former deputy police chief [[Mike Boyd]] took over as interim chief of police on March 1, 2005. On April 6, another former deputy chief, [[Bill Blair (police chief)|Bill Blair]], was named Fantino's permanent successor.

==Commissioner of Emergency Management (2005–2006)==
On February 8, 2005, Fantino was appointed Ontario's commissioner of emergency management by [[Premier of Ontario|Ontario premier]] [[Dalton McGuinty]]. This move was criticized by the opposition parties in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]], both for the lack of transparency in the hiring process and for the perception that the appointment was primarily motivated by the desire to avoid having Fantino run as a [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] candidate in the [[Ontario general election, 2007|2007 provincial election]] against Finance Minister [[Greg Sorbara]]. However, Sorbara had also blamed Miller for failing to renew Fantino's contract, so this appointment could have also been seen as the Ontario Liberals' show of support for Fantino.

==Ontario Provincial Police commissioner (2006-2010)==
Fantino was appointed Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police replacing the departed [[Gwen M. Boniface]] on October 12, 2006 by the provincial Liberal government; initially for a two year term. His appointment was criticized by [[First Nations]] groups. In March 2008 his contract was extended until October 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2008/03/11/fantino-opp.html | work=CBC News | title=OPP Commissioner Fantino gets contract extension | date=March 11, 2008}}</ref> In June 2009 his contract was further extended until July 2010 so that he could oversee the province's security contingent at the 2010 [[G8 Summit]] in [[Huntsville, Ontario]].<ref name="final"/>

He received much public attention over highly publicized [[child pornography]] busts, with 21 men arrested in February 2008 and 31 men (some as young as 14) arrested in February 2009.<ref>''Toronto Star'', February 6, 2009.</ref> None of the cases has come to trial to date. During his term, Fantino has changed the look of the OPP by ordering that the [[livery]] for police cruisers be changed to a 1960s era black and white pattern.

===Shawn Brant controversy===
Fantino was criticized by lawyer [[Peter Rosenthal]] during the trial of aboriginal activist [[Shawn Brant]]. Fantino was criticized for ordering [[wiretap]]s of Brant's phone without proper authority and for making provocative comments to Brant during negotiations to end a blockade of the rail line west of Kingston.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2008/07/21/fantino-ndp.html?ref=rss | work=CBC News | title=NDP calls for Fantino 'to resign or be fired' over Brant wiretaps | date=July 21, 2008}}</ref> NDP MPP [[Peter Kormos]] called for Fantino's resignation accusing him of using "pugnacious and bellicose" rhetoric and for engaging in "Rambo-style policing."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/News/Ontario/article/463763 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Investigate Fantino, lawyer urges | date=July 20, 2008 | accessdate=March 27, 2010 | first1=Robert | last1=Benzie | first2=Paola | last2=Loriggio}}</ref> In the face of defence motions for the police to disclose more evidence about their conduct the Crown agreed to drop the most serious charges against Brant in exchange for a [[plea bargain]] resulting in a light sentence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/09/29/brant-charges.html | work=CBC News | title=Mohawk protester Brant gets light penalty for blockades | date=September 29, 2008}}</ref> Fantino was also criticized for his role in the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]] after he was accused of sending e-mails to local politicians accusing them of encouraging anti-police rallies by non-Natives.<ref>http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20070418/fantino_caledonia_email_070418?hub=TorontoHome</ref>

===Internal discipline hearing controversy===
In late 2008 and early 2009, Fantino was embroiled in a controversy surrounding his role in an internal discipline case at the OPP in which Fantino was accused of being petty and vindictive in his actions against the officers.<ref>http://www.lfpress.ca/newsstand/News/Local/2009/03/11/8704606-sun.html</ref> Fantino ordered a hearing into the matter but attempted to remove the adjudicator he had appointed on the grounds that the judge was biased against the commissioner due to critical comments he made during testimony by Fantino. Divisional Court rejected Fantino's request.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/03/10/fantino-hearing-disciplinary010.html | work=CBC News | title=Fantino loses bid to have adjudicator tossed from discipline case | date=March 10, 2009}}</ref> The [[Ontario Court of Appeal]] upheld the lower court decision saying an informed person viewing the matter realistically and practically would not conclude there was any apprehension of bias on the part of the adjudicator. The OPP dropped the disciplinary case against the two officers on December 15, 2009, the same day Fantino was due to be [[cross examination|cross examined]]<ref>"[http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5glEypXMi4y-5N6DguZu5sGGmsipw OPP disciplinary charges in case involving Fantino dropped"], ''Canadian Press'', December 16, 2009</ref> by defence lawyer [[Julian Falconer]].<ref>"OPP withdraws charges against senior officers - Move shuts down questioning on allegations of Fantino vendetta", ''Globe and Mail'', December 16, 2009</ref> The entire process cost more than $500,000 in public money.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/12/16/opp-cole-officers784.html "Complainant praises OPP officers after case dropped"], ''CBC News'', December 16, 2009</ref>

===Private prosecution charge for influencing or attempting to influence an elected official===
Fantino was summoned in early January 2010 to face a charge of influencing or attempting to influence an elected official in April 2007 in Haldimand County, Ontario. The summons came after a December 31 Ontario Superior Court order demanding a formal charge be laid in relation to allegations against Mr. Fantino brought forward by a private complainant, [[Gary McHale]], who alleged that Fantino was illegally influencing or attempting to influence municipal officials in regards to the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]].<ref>http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/toronto/story.html?id=2422452</ref> The charge against Fantino was stayed in February 2010 as the Crown said there was no reasonable prospect of conviction.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/759864--charges-against-top-cop-fantino-dropped "Charges against top cop Fantino dropped"], ''Toronto Star'', February 3, 2010</ref>

==Political aspirations==
Following the resignation of [[John Tory]] as leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]] Fantino's name was floated as a possible candidate in the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, 2009|in the ensuing leadership election]].<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090320.wtory20/BNStory/politics</ref> He ended speculation that he was interested in the job with a letter to the ''Globe and Mail''.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20090321.COLETTS21-12/TPStory/Opinion/letters</ref>

There were rumours that he may run for [[Mayor]] of [[Vaughan, Ontario]] in the [[Vaughan municipal election, 2010|October 25, 2010 municipal election]] following his retirement from the OPP.<ref name=final/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/607182 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Is OPP's Fantino to run for Vaughan mayor? | first=Phinjo | last=Gombu | date=March 24, 2009 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref> An April 2010 [[Toronto Star]]-[[Angus Reid]] poll indicates that Fantino would have the support of 43% of voters leading incumbent Mayor [[Linda Jackson]] who has 22% support.<ref>"[http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/vaughan/article/796811--opp-boss-mum-on-running-in-vaughan OPP boss mum on running in Vaughan: Fantino’s silence fuels speculation he’ll enter race in July]", ''Toronto Star'', April 16, 2010</ref> In an interview with [[CFRB]] on July 9, 2010, Fantino announced that he would not be running for mayor of Vaughan.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/news/torontoandgta/2010/07/09/14657096.html "Fantino not running for mayor of Vaughan"], ''Toronto Sun'', July 9, 2010</ref>

===Federal politics===
On October 12, 2010 Fantino announced he would seek the nomination for the federal [[Conservative Party of Canada]] in the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]].<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-takes-aim-at-federal-seat/article1753146/ "Fantino takes aim at federal seat "], ''Globe and Mail'', October 12, 2010</ref> It had been reported Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] had personally spoken to Fantino in early October about running as a Conservative and that the former police commissioner was "leaning" toward running.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/pm-pressing-julian-fantino-to-run-source-says/article1741349/ "PM pressing Julian Fantino to run, source says", ''Globe and Mail'', October 4, 2010</ref> A federal [[by-election]] was necessary after the resignation of Liberal MP [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]].<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/851501 "Questions raised about Vaughan MP’s mayoral intentions"], ''Toronto Star'', August 23, 2010</ref> Fantino was acclaimed as Conservative Party's candidate on October 14<ref name=nom/> and the by-election was called for November 29, 2010.

During the campaign, he was dogged by a group called "Conservatives Against Fantino" led by [[Gary McHale]] and [[Mark Vandermaas]], two activists critical of Fantino's role in the Caledonia controversy.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/15/conservatives-against-fantino-targets-ex-police-chiefs-by-election-run/ "‘Conservatives Against Fantino’ targets ex-police chief’s by-election run"], ''National Post'', November 15, 2010</ref> The group, which is picketing Fantino's campaign office and events, registered as a third party with [[Elections Canada]] under the name "Against Fantino" (after their use of the term "Conservatives" had been disallowed by the agency) in order to be permitted to spend money on printing and distributing 60,000 anti-Fantino pamphlets.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/18/urban-scrawl-no-easy-win-for-fantino/ "Urban Scrawl: No easy win for Fantino"], ''National Post'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/TORONTO+AREA+BYELECTIONS/3855990/story.html "Toronto-area byelection pivotal battle for major parties]", ''Vancouver Sun'', November 19, 2010</ref>.

Fantino was elected to the [[House of Commons]] on November 29, 2010 narrowly defeating Liberal candidate Tony Genco.<ref name=election>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-wins-vaughan-for-tories-liberals-take-manitoba-by-election/article1818254/ "Fantino wins Vaughan for Tories; Liberals take Manitoba by-election"], ''Globe and Mail'', November 30, 2010</ref>

==Electoral record==
{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010 in [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]]|resignation of [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] on September 2, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Julian Fantino]] | 19,260 | 49.1| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Tony Genco | 18,263| 46.6 | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Bordian| 673 | 1.7| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Claudia Rodriguez-Larrain | 477 | 1.2| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Libertarian|Paolo Fabrizio| 246| 0.6| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Progressive Canadian|[[Dorian Baxter]]| 112| 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Independent|Leslie Bory| 110 | 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|United|Brian Jedan| 55| 0.1| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 39,196 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 32.4|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''gain''' from [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Awards==
* Appointed Commander of the Order of the Police Forces by the Government of Canada (2003)
* Appointed a Member of the Order of Ontario by the Government of Ontario (2004)
* Awarded the Commander of the Order of Merit to the Republic of Italy (2002)
* 20-Year Police Exemplary Service Medal (1989)
* 30-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (1999)
* 40-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (2009)
* Order of St. John (2001)
* Recipient of the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal
* Recipient of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Civil Rights Award in Law
*[[Order of Ontario]] (2003)
* Top Choice Award for Leadership (2005), voted by Italian-Canadians in Toronto, Ontario
* April 14, 2005 he was presented the [[Freedom of the City|Key to the City]] of Toronto by Mayor [[David Miller (mayor of Toronto)|David Miller]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Toronto Police Chiefs}}
{{Current Members of the Canadian House of Commons}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Fantino, Julian
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fantino, Julian}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Italian immigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commissioners of the Ontario Provincial Police]]
[[Category:People from London, Ontario]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Ontario]]
[[Category:Toronto police chiefs]]
[[Category:Members of the Canadian House of Commons from Ontario]]
[[Category:Conservative Party of Canada MPs]]

Julian Fantino

2010-11-30T16:21:08Z

142.204.16.10: /* Electoral record */

{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Julian Fantino
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP-elect]] for [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gwen Boniface]]
| successor2 = [[Christopher D. Lewis]]
| term_start2 = 2006
| term_end2 = 2010
| office3 = Ontario Commissioner of Emergency Management
| predecessor3 = [[Dr. James Young]]
| successor3 = [[Jay Hope]]
| term_start3 = 2005
| term_end3 = 2006
| office4 = Chief of the [[Toronto Police Service]]
| predecessor4 = [[David Boothby]]
| successor4 = [[Mike Boyd]]
| term_start4 = 2000
| term_end4 = 2005
| office5 = Chief of the [[York Region Police]]
| predecessor5 = [[Peter Scott (police chief)|Peter Scott]]
| successor5 = [[Robert Middaugh]]
| term_start5 = 1998
| term_end5 = 2000
| office6 = Chief of the [[London Police Service]]
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| term_start6 = 1991
| term_end6 = 1998
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|8|13}}
| birth_place = [[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Italy|Italian]] and [[Canada|Canadian]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Conservative Party of Canada]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Julian Fantino''' [[Order of Merit of the Police Forces|COM]], [[Order of Ontario|OOnt]] ({{lang-it|Giuliano Fantino}}; born August 13, 1942)<ref>http://pbdba.lfpress.com/cgi-bin/publish.cgi?p=202955&s=societe</ref> is a retired police official and the [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parlaiment]]-elect for the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] following a [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2010|November 29, 2010 by-election]].<ref name=election/>

Prior to entering politics, Fantino was the Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]] from 2006 to 2010,<ref>{{cite news | first =
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}} - Article on reaction to Fantino's appointment</ref> <ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/article/873888--fantino-confirms-he-ll-seek-tory-nomination?bn=1 "Fantino confirms he’ll seek Tory nomination"], ''Toronto Star'', October 12, 2010</ref><ref name=nom>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/876292]</ref> [[Toronto]]'s [[Chief of Police]] from 2000 to 2005, and [[Ontario]]'s Commissioner of Emergency Management from 2005 until 2006, and also served as chief of police of [[London, Ontario]] from 1991 to 1998, and of [[York Regional Municipality, Ontario|York Region]] from 1998 until 2000. Prior to his London appointment, he had been a Toronto [[police]] officer since 1969.

==Family==
Fantino was born in Italy and emigrated to [[Canada]] with his family when he was 11 years old.

==Early Toronto career==
Before joining the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino was a [[security guard]] at [[Yorkdale Shopping Centre]] in suburban Toronto. He volunteered as an Auxiliary Police Officer for the Metro Toronto Police from 1964 to 1969 and then joined the force as a Police Constable. He was a member of the Drug Squad and was promoted to Detective Constable. He subsequently served with Criminal Intelligence and then the Homicide Squad before being promoted to Divisional Commander and then Acting Staff Superintendent of Detectives.

===Wiretap controversy===
According to an internal police report leaked in 2007, Fantino, as superintendent of detectives in 1991, had ordered a wiretap of lawyer [[Peter Maloney]] a police critic and friend of [[Susan Eng]], chair of the [[Toronto Police Services Board]], the body overseeing the Toronto Police service. Conversations between Maloney and Eng were illegally recorded despite a court order that only the first minute of Maloney's conversations were to be monitored so as to determine whether the individual who he was talking to was on the list of those being investigated.<ref>[http://www.eyeweekly.com/city/features/article/106503--toronto-police-farce-part-1 "Toronto Police Farce: Part 1"], ''eye weekly'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/11/19/toronto-police-recordings-eng.html "Toronto police illegally bugged ex-chair: tapes"], ''CBC News'', November 19, 2010</ref>

===Departure===
After 23 years of service with the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino left to accept an appointment as Police Chief of [[London, Ontario]] in 1991.

==London Police Service chief (1991-1998)==
In London, he presided over the highly publicized and controversial "Project Guardian", which saw the arrests of over two dozen [[gay]] men for involvement in a purported [[child pornography]] ring.<ref>James Dubro, "Julian Fantino Hawks a Book: Top Cop not "Antigay or homophobic," just stuck on Paedophilia". ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref> While several men were eventually convicted of crimes not related to the stated purpose of the investigation, such as [[drug possession]] and [[prostitution]], no child pornography ring was ever found.

Journalist [[Gerald Hannon]] later published a piece in ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' accusing Fantino of mounting an anti-gay [[witch hunt]].<ref>Gerald Hannon, "The Kiddie Porn Ring that Wasn't", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', March 11, 1995.</ref> In response, Fantino filed a complaint with the [[Ontario Press Council]], which ultimately ruled that the ''Globe'' should have more clearly labelled Hannon's article as an opinion piece.

Fantino says that he is "not anti-gay or homophobic" and was simply arresting lawbreakers engaging in "a sick, perverted crime".<ref>[http://www.xtra.ca/public/Toronto/Julian_Fantino_hawks_new_book-4018.aspx "Julian Fantino hawks new book"], ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref>

==York Regional Police chief (1998–2000)==
Fantino return to the [[Greater Toronto Area]] as Chief of [[York Regional Police]] in 1998. His tenure was brief and he returned to the [[Toronto Police Service]] two years later. He was succeeded as chief by [[Robert Middaugh]].

==Toronto Police Service chief (2000–2005)==
===Policing controversies===
An incident in September 2000 involving five male police officers entering a women's bath house sparked public outrage and drew attention to TPS's poor standing in the gay community.<ref>[http://www.lgbtout.com/Documents/bathhouse.shtml LGBTOUT Events & Info]</ref> In 2004, Fantino made an attempt to repair relations, primarily by appearing on the cover of ''[[Fab (magazine)|fab]]'' in a photo which featured him posing in his police uniform with five other models dressed as the [[Village People]] standing behind him.<ref>http://www.fabmagazine.com/issuecovers/full/252.jpg</ref>

Fantino appeared to have little patience for protesters: he wanted them to ask police for permission before holding demonstrations. In one report, he commented "a problem is now arising where portions of the public believe that [[Dundas Square]] is a public space." <ref>[http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=142813&archive=23,47,2004 Chief's Chilling Legacy, NOW Magazine July 22, 2004]</ref> In his new position with the OPP, Fantino took an aggressive posture with a native protest blocking a major highway: he stated he "would not/could not tolerate the 401 being closed all day." However the commander on site decided against a raid as "[he was] not about to put people at risk for a piece of pavement." <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/03/25/native-protest.html | work=CBC News | title=Police were poised to crack down on native protest, documents show | date=March 26, 2008}}</ref>

In 2003, Fantino criticized the effectiveness of the [[Canadian gun registry]].<ref>[http://www.gunowners.org/op0507.htm Garry Breitkreuz]</ref>

===Corruption scandals===
Fantino came under increasing scrutiny due to three corruption scandals which broke out during his tenure and his handling of those incidents. Fantino was accused of having tried to deal with these cases out of public view and attempting to shield them from investigation by outside police services.

In one case, drug squad officers are alleged to have beaten and robbed suspected drug dealers. In another, plainclothes officers were charged with accepting bribes to help bars dodge liquor inspections. In the third, a group of officers who advocated on behalf of a drug-addicted car thief faced internal charges.

Two of these cases involve the sons of former police chief [[William J. McCormack|William McCormack]], and came to light not as a result of investigations by Toronto police, but due to an [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] investigation into gangster activity which inadvertently uncovered evidence of wrongdoing by Toronto police officers. Mike McCormack was later cleared of all wrongdoing due to a lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1141339814357&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968793972154&t=TS_Home | work=The Star | location=Toronto | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>

In December 2009, Fantino was accused during a related court case of having "unplugged" a special task force investigating corruption charges against the Toronto Police Service's narcotics squad ignoring the task force's suspicions that another of the force's drug squads was corrupt. Lawyer [[Julian Falconer]] argued in court that "When Chief Fantino declared there were only a few bad apples, he did not deliver the straight goods," and shut down the investigation before it expanded as part of a damage control campaign.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/article/737502--police-unplugged-corruption-probe-lawyer-says "Police 'unplugged' corruption probe, lawyer says -Claims against drug squad were ignored, court told, as damage control bid was under way on other unit"], ''Toronto Star'', December 11, 2009</ref>

In March 2005, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] announced that they had obtained documents via the [[Freedom of Information Act#Canada|Access to Information Act]] showing that between 1998 and 2005 Toronto had spent $30,633,303.63 settling [[lawsuits]] against police. [[Norm Gardner]] said the settlement costs, which amount to about $5-million a year over six years, were expected, given the number of confrontations police face, suggesting that "people think they are going to get paid off."

==Contract expiry==
Fantino's contract as police chief expired on February 28, 2005. On June 24, 2004, the police services board announced that it would not be reappointing Fantino due to a 2-2 tie. This was controversial since chair [[Norm Gardner]] had been suspended from the five-man board due to a [[conflict of interest]] ruling, but as he refused to vacate his seat the three required votes for renewal were far more difficult to obtain. Conservative politicians on [[Toronto City Council]] responded with a "Save Fantino" campaign, and the board was deadlocked on the issue of beginning the search for Fantino's replacement.

Many Fantino supporters claimed that Miller was openly hostile to Fantino. Miller had ignored calls to pressure the police board after it voted against Fantino's renewal, yet Miller subsequently contacted the board looking for a role in hiring the next police chief, although the latter request was not granted.

Former deputy police chief [[Mike Boyd]] took over as interim chief of police on March 1, 2005. On April 6, another former deputy chief, [[Bill Blair (police chief)|Bill Blair]], was named Fantino's permanent successor.

==Commissioner of Emergency Management (2005–2006)==
On February 8, 2005, Fantino was appointed Ontario's commissioner of emergency management by [[Premier of Ontario|Ontario premier]] [[Dalton McGuinty]]. This move was criticized by the opposition parties in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]], both for the lack of transparency in the hiring process and for the perception that the appointment was primarily motivated by the desire to avoid having Fantino run as a [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] candidate in the [[Ontario general election, 2007|2007 provincial election]] against Finance Minister [[Greg Sorbara]]. However, Sorbara had also blamed Miller for failing to renew Fantino's contract, so this appointment could have also been seen as the Ontario Liberals' show of support for Fantino.

==Ontario Provincial Police commissioner (2006-2010)==
Fantino was appointed Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police replacing the departed [[Gwen M. Boniface]] on October 12, 2006 by the provincial Liberal government; initially for a two year term. His appointment was criticized by [[First Nations]] groups. In March 2008 his contract was extended until October 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2008/03/11/fantino-opp.html | work=CBC News | title=OPP Commissioner Fantino gets contract extension | date=March 11, 2008}}</ref> In June 2009 his contract was further extended until July 2010 so that he could oversee the province's security contingent at the 2010 [[G8 Summit]] in [[Huntsville, Ontario]].<ref name="final"/>

He received much public attention over highly publicized [[child pornography]] busts, with 21 men arrested in February 2008 and 31 men (some as young as 14) arrested in February 2009.<ref>''Toronto Star'', February 6, 2009.</ref> None of the cases has come to trial to date. During his term, Fantino has changed the look of the OPP by ordering that the [[livery]] for police cruisers be changed to a 1960s era black and white pattern.

===Shawn Brant controversy===
Fantino was criticized by lawyer [[Peter Rosenthal]] during the trial of aboriginal activist [[Shawn Brant]]. Fantino was criticized for ordering [[wiretap]]s of Brant's phone without proper authority and for making provocative comments to Brant during negotiations to end a blockade of the rail line west of Kingston.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2008/07/21/fantino-ndp.html?ref=rss | work=CBC News | title=NDP calls for Fantino 'to resign or be fired' over Brant wiretaps | date=July 21, 2008}}</ref> NDP MPP [[Peter Kormos]] called for Fantino's resignation accusing him of using "pugnacious and bellicose" rhetoric and for engaging in "Rambo-style policing."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/News/Ontario/article/463763 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Investigate Fantino, lawyer urges | date=July 20, 2008 | accessdate=March 27, 2010 | first1=Robert | last1=Benzie | first2=Paola | last2=Loriggio}}</ref> In the face of defence motions for the police to disclose more evidence about their conduct the Crown agreed to drop the most serious charges against Brant in exchange for a [[plea bargain]] resulting in a light sentence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/09/29/brant-charges.html | work=CBC News | title=Mohawk protester Brant gets light penalty for blockades | date=September 29, 2008}}</ref> Fantino was also criticized for his role in the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]] after he was accused of sending e-mails to local politicians accusing them of encouraging anti-police rallies by non-Natives.<ref>http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20070418/fantino_caledonia_email_070418?hub=TorontoHome</ref>

===Internal discipline hearing controversy===
In late 2008 and early 2009, Fantino was embroiled in a controversy surrounding his role in an internal discipline case at the OPP in which Fantino was accused of being petty and vindictive in his actions against the officers.<ref>http://www.lfpress.ca/newsstand/News/Local/2009/03/11/8704606-sun.html</ref> Fantino ordered a hearing into the matter but attempted to remove the adjudicator he had appointed on the grounds that the judge was biased against the commissioner due to critical comments he made during testimony by Fantino. Divisional Court rejected Fantino's request.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/03/10/fantino-hearing-disciplinary010.html | work=CBC News | title=Fantino loses bid to have adjudicator tossed from discipline case | date=March 10, 2009}}</ref> The [[Ontario Court of Appeal]] upheld the lower court decision saying an informed person viewing the matter realistically and practically would not conclude there was any apprehension of bias on the part of the adjudicator. The OPP dropped the disciplinary case against the two officers on December 15, 2009, the same day Fantino was due to be [[cross examination|cross examined]]<ref>"[http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5glEypXMi4y-5N6DguZu5sGGmsipw OPP disciplinary charges in case involving Fantino dropped"], ''Canadian Press'', December 16, 2009</ref> by defence lawyer [[Julian Falconer]].<ref>"OPP withdraws charges against senior officers - Move shuts down questioning on allegations of Fantino vendetta", ''Globe and Mail'', December 16, 2009</ref> The entire process cost more than $500,000 in public money.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/12/16/opp-cole-officers784.html "Complainant praises OPP officers after case dropped"], ''CBC News'', December 16, 2009</ref>

===Private prosecution charge for influencing or attempting to influence an elected official===
Fantino was summoned in early January 2010 to face a charge of influencing or attempting to influence an elected official in April 2007 in Haldimand County, Ontario. The summons came after a December 31 Ontario Superior Court order demanding a formal charge be laid in relation to allegations against Mr. Fantino brought forward by a private complainant, [[Gary McHale]], who alleged that Fantino was illegally influencing or attempting to influence municipal officials in regards to the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]].<ref>http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/toronto/story.html?id=2422452</ref> The charge against Fantino was stayed in February 2010 as the Crown said there was no reasonable prospect of conviction.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/759864--charges-against-top-cop-fantino-dropped "Charges against top cop Fantino dropped"], ''Toronto Star'', February 3, 2010</ref>

==Political aspirations==
Following the resignation of [[John Tory]] as leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]] Fantino's name was floated as a possible candidate in the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, 2009|in the ensuing leadership election]].<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090320.wtory20/BNStory/politics</ref> He ended speculation that he was interested in the job with a letter to the ''Globe and Mail''.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20090321.COLETTS21-12/TPStory/Opinion/letters</ref>

There were rumours that he may run for [[Mayor]] of [[Vaughan, Ontario]] in the [[Vaughan municipal election, 2010|October 25, 2010 municipal election]] following his retirement from the OPP.<ref name=final/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/607182 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Is OPP's Fantino to run for Vaughan mayor? | first=Phinjo | last=Gombu | date=March 24, 2009 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref> An April 2010 [[Toronto Star]]-[[Angus Reid]] poll indicates that Fantino would have the support of 43% of voters leading incumbent Mayor [[Linda Jackson]] who has 22% support.<ref>"[http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/vaughan/article/796811--opp-boss-mum-on-running-in-vaughan OPP boss mum on running in Vaughan: Fantino’s silence fuels speculation he’ll enter race in July]", ''Toronto Star'', April 16, 2010</ref> In an interview with [[CFRB]] on July 9, 2010, Fantino announced that he would not be running for mayor of Vaughan.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/news/torontoandgta/2010/07/09/14657096.html "Fantino not running for mayor of Vaughan"], ''Toronto Sun'', July 9, 2010</ref>

===Federal politics===
On October 12, 2010 Fantino announced he would seek the nomination for the federal [[Conservative Party of Canada]] in the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]].<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-takes-aim-at-federal-seat/article1753146/ "Fantino takes aim at federal seat "], ''Globe and Mail'', October 12, 2010</ref> It had been reported Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] had personally spoken to Fantino in early October about running as a Conservative and that the former police commissioner was "leaning" toward running.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/pm-pressing-julian-fantino-to-run-source-says/article1741349/ "PM pressing Julian Fantino to run, source says", ''Globe and Mail'', October 4, 2010</ref> A federal [[by-election]] was necessary after the resignation of Liberal MP [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]].<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/851501 "Questions raised about Vaughan MP’s mayoral intentions"], ''Toronto Star'', August 23, 2010</ref> Fantino was acclaimed as Conservative Party's candidate on October 14<ref name=nom/> and the by-election was called for November 29, 2010.

During the campaign, he was dogged by a group called "Conservatives Against Fantino" led by [[Gary McHale]] and [[Mark Vandermaas]], two activists critical of Fantino's role in the Caledonia controversy.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/15/conservatives-against-fantino-targets-ex-police-chiefs-by-election-run/ "‘Conservatives Against Fantino’ targets ex-police chief’s by-election run"], ''National Post'', November 15, 2010</ref> The group, which is picketing Fantino's campaign office and events, registered as a third party with [[Elections Canada]] under the name "Against Fantino" (after their use of the term "Conservatives" had been disallowed by the agency) in order to be permitted to spend money on printing and distributing 60,000 anti-Fantino pamphlets.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/18/urban-scrawl-no-easy-win-for-fantino/ "Urban Scrawl: No easy win for Fantino"], ''National Post'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/TORONTO+AREA+BYELECTIONS/3855990/story.html "Toronto-area byelection pivotal battle for major parties]", ''Vancouver Sun'', November 19, 2010</ref>.

Fantino was elected to the [[House of Commons]] on November 29, 2010 narrowly defeating Liberal candidate Tony Genco.<ref name=election>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-wins-vaughan-for-tories-liberals-take-manitoba-by-election/article1818254/ "Fantino wins Vaughan for Tories; Liberals take Manitoba by-election"], ''Globe and Mail'', November 30, 2010</ref>

==Electoral record==
{{CanElec4-by|[[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] on September 2, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Julian Fantino]] | 19,260 | 49.1| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Tony Genco | 18,263| 46.6 | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Bordian| 673 | 1.7| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Claudia Rodriguez-Larrain | 477 | 1.2| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Libertarian|Paolo Fabrizio| 246| 0.6| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Progressive Canadian|[[Dorian Baxter]]| 112| 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Independent|Leslie Bory| 110 | 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|United|Brian Jedan| 55| 0.1| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 39,196 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 32.4|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''gain''' from [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Awards==
* Appointed Commander of the Order of the Police Forces by the Government of Canada (2003)
* Appointed a Member of the Order of Ontario by the Government of Ontario (2004)
* Awarded the Commander of the Order of Merit to the Republic of Italy (2002)
* 20-Year Police Exemplary Service Medal (1989)
* 30-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (1999)
* 40-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (2009)
* Order of St. John (2001)
* Recipient of the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal
* Recipient of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Civil Rights Award in Law
*[[Order of Ontario]] (2003)
* Top Choice Award for Leadership (2005), voted by Italian-Canadians in Toronto, Ontario
* April 14, 2005 he was presented the [[Freedom of the City|Key to the City]] of Toronto by Mayor [[David Miller (mayor of Toronto)|David Miller]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Toronto Police Chiefs}}
{{Current Members of the Canadian House of Commons}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Fantino, Julian
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fantino, Julian}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Italian immigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commissioners of the Ontario Provincial Police]]
[[Category:People from London, Ontario]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Ontario]]
[[Category:Toronto police chiefs]]
[[Category:Members of the Canadian House of Commons from Ontario]]
[[Category:Conservative Party of Canada MPs]]

Julian Fantino

2010-11-30T16:20:31Z

142.204.16.10: /* Electoral record */

{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Julian Fantino
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP-elect]] for [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gwen Boniface]]
| successor2 = [[Christopher D. Lewis]]
| term_start2 = 2006
| term_end2 = 2010
| office3 = Ontario Commissioner of Emergency Management
| predecessor3 = [[Dr. James Young]]
| successor3 = [[Jay Hope]]
| term_start3 = 2005
| term_end3 = 2006
| office4 = Chief of the [[Toronto Police Service]]
| predecessor4 = [[David Boothby]]
| successor4 = [[Mike Boyd]]
| term_start4 = 2000
| term_end4 = 2005
| office5 = Chief of the [[York Region Police]]
| predecessor5 = [[Peter Scott (police chief)|Peter Scott]]
| successor5 = [[Robert Middaugh]]
| term_start5 = 1998
| term_end5 = 2000
| office6 = Chief of the [[London Police Service]]
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| term_start6 = 1991
| term_end6 = 1998
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|8|13}}
| birth_place = [[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Italy|Italian]] and [[Canada|Canadian]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Conservative Party of Canada]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Julian Fantino''' [[Order of Merit of the Police Forces|COM]], [[Order of Ontario|OOnt]] ({{lang-it|Giuliano Fantino}}; born August 13, 1942)<ref>http://pbdba.lfpress.com/cgi-bin/publish.cgi?p=202955&s=societe</ref> is a retired police official and the [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parlaiment]]-elect for the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] following a [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2010|November 29, 2010 by-election]].<ref name=election/>

Prior to entering politics, Fantino was the Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]] from 2006 to 2010,<ref>{{cite news | first =
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| work =
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}} - Article on reaction to Fantino's appointment</ref> <ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/article/873888--fantino-confirms-he-ll-seek-tory-nomination?bn=1 "Fantino confirms he’ll seek Tory nomination"], ''Toronto Star'', October 12, 2010</ref><ref name=nom>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/876292]</ref> [[Toronto]]'s [[Chief of Police]] from 2000 to 2005, and [[Ontario]]'s Commissioner of Emergency Management from 2005 until 2006, and also served as chief of police of [[London, Ontario]] from 1991 to 1998, and of [[York Regional Municipality, Ontario|York Region]] from 1998 until 2000. Prior to his London appointment, he had been a Toronto [[police]] officer since 1969.

==Family==
Fantino was born in Italy and emigrated to [[Canada]] with his family when he was 11 years old.

==Early Toronto career==
Before joining the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino was a [[security guard]] at [[Yorkdale Shopping Centre]] in suburban Toronto. He volunteered as an Auxiliary Police Officer for the Metro Toronto Police from 1964 to 1969 and then joined the force as a Police Constable. He was a member of the Drug Squad and was promoted to Detective Constable. He subsequently served with Criminal Intelligence and then the Homicide Squad before being promoted to Divisional Commander and then Acting Staff Superintendent of Detectives.

===Wiretap controversy===
According to an internal police report leaked in 2007, Fantino, as superintendent of detectives in 1991, had ordered a wiretap of lawyer [[Peter Maloney]] a police critic and friend of [[Susan Eng]], chair of the [[Toronto Police Services Board]], the body overseeing the Toronto Police service. Conversations between Maloney and Eng were illegally recorded despite a court order that only the first minute of Maloney's conversations were to be monitored so as to determine whether the individual who he was talking to was on the list of those being investigated.<ref>[http://www.eyeweekly.com/city/features/article/106503--toronto-police-farce-part-1 "Toronto Police Farce: Part 1"], ''eye weekly'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/11/19/toronto-police-recordings-eng.html "Toronto police illegally bugged ex-chair: tapes"], ''CBC News'', November 19, 2010</ref>

===Departure===
After 23 years of service with the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino left to accept an appointment as Police Chief of [[London, Ontario]] in 1991.

==London Police Service chief (1991-1998)==
In London, he presided over the highly publicized and controversial "Project Guardian", which saw the arrests of over two dozen [[gay]] men for involvement in a purported [[child pornography]] ring.<ref>James Dubro, "Julian Fantino Hawks a Book: Top Cop not "Antigay or homophobic," just stuck on Paedophilia". ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref> While several men were eventually convicted of crimes not related to the stated purpose of the investigation, such as [[drug possession]] and [[prostitution]], no child pornography ring was ever found.

Journalist [[Gerald Hannon]] later published a piece in ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' accusing Fantino of mounting an anti-gay [[witch hunt]].<ref>Gerald Hannon, "The Kiddie Porn Ring that Wasn't", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', March 11, 1995.</ref> In response, Fantino filed a complaint with the [[Ontario Press Council]], which ultimately ruled that the ''Globe'' should have more clearly labelled Hannon's article as an opinion piece.

Fantino says that he is "not anti-gay or homophobic" and was simply arresting lawbreakers engaging in "a sick, perverted crime".<ref>[http://www.xtra.ca/public/Toronto/Julian_Fantino_hawks_new_book-4018.aspx "Julian Fantino hawks new book"], ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref>

==York Regional Police chief (1998–2000)==
Fantino return to the [[Greater Toronto Area]] as Chief of [[York Regional Police]] in 1998. His tenure was brief and he returned to the [[Toronto Police Service]] two years later. He was succeeded as chief by [[Robert Middaugh]].

==Toronto Police Service chief (2000–2005)==
===Policing controversies===
An incident in September 2000 involving five male police officers entering a women's bath house sparked public outrage and drew attention to TPS's poor standing in the gay community.<ref>[http://www.lgbtout.com/Documents/bathhouse.shtml LGBTOUT Events & Info]</ref> In 2004, Fantino made an attempt to repair relations, primarily by appearing on the cover of ''[[Fab (magazine)|fab]]'' in a photo which featured him posing in his police uniform with five other models dressed as the [[Village People]] standing behind him.<ref>http://www.fabmagazine.com/issuecovers/full/252.jpg</ref>

Fantino appeared to have little patience for protesters: he wanted them to ask police for permission before holding demonstrations. In one report, he commented "a problem is now arising where portions of the public believe that [[Dundas Square]] is a public space." <ref>[http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=142813&archive=23,47,2004 Chief's Chilling Legacy, NOW Magazine July 22, 2004]</ref> In his new position with the OPP, Fantino took an aggressive posture with a native protest blocking a major highway: he stated he "would not/could not tolerate the 401 being closed all day." However the commander on site decided against a raid as "[he was] not about to put people at risk for a piece of pavement." <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/03/25/native-protest.html | work=CBC News | title=Police were poised to crack down on native protest, documents show | date=March 26, 2008}}</ref>

In 2003, Fantino criticized the effectiveness of the [[Canadian gun registry]].<ref>[http://www.gunowners.org/op0507.htm Garry Breitkreuz]</ref>

===Corruption scandals===
Fantino came under increasing scrutiny due to three corruption scandals which broke out during his tenure and his handling of those incidents. Fantino was accused of having tried to deal with these cases out of public view and attempting to shield them from investigation by outside police services.

In one case, drug squad officers are alleged to have beaten and robbed suspected drug dealers. In another, plainclothes officers were charged with accepting bribes to help bars dodge liquor inspections. In the third, a group of officers who advocated on behalf of a drug-addicted car thief faced internal charges.

Two of these cases involve the sons of former police chief [[William J. McCormack|William McCormack]], and came to light not as a result of investigations by Toronto police, but due to an [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] investigation into gangster activity which inadvertently uncovered evidence of wrongdoing by Toronto police officers. Mike McCormack was later cleared of all wrongdoing due to a lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1141339814357&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968793972154&t=TS_Home | work=The Star | location=Toronto | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>

In December 2009, Fantino was accused during a related court case of having "unplugged" a special task force investigating corruption charges against the Toronto Police Service's narcotics squad ignoring the task force's suspicions that another of the force's drug squads was corrupt. Lawyer [[Julian Falconer]] argued in court that "When Chief Fantino declared there were only a few bad apples, he did not deliver the straight goods," and shut down the investigation before it expanded as part of a damage control campaign.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/article/737502--police-unplugged-corruption-probe-lawyer-says "Police 'unplugged' corruption probe, lawyer says -Claims against drug squad were ignored, court told, as damage control bid was under way on other unit"], ''Toronto Star'', December 11, 2009</ref>

In March 2005, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] announced that they had obtained documents via the [[Freedom of Information Act#Canada|Access to Information Act]] showing that between 1998 and 2005 Toronto had spent $30,633,303.63 settling [[lawsuits]] against police. [[Norm Gardner]] said the settlement costs, which amount to about $5-million a year over six years, were expected, given the number of confrontations police face, suggesting that "people think they are going to get paid off."

==Contract expiry==
Fantino's contract as police chief expired on February 28, 2005. On June 24, 2004, the police services board announced that it would not be reappointing Fantino due to a 2-2 tie. This was controversial since chair [[Norm Gardner]] had been suspended from the five-man board due to a [[conflict of interest]] ruling, but as he refused to vacate his seat the three required votes for renewal were far more difficult to obtain. Conservative politicians on [[Toronto City Council]] responded with a "Save Fantino" campaign, and the board was deadlocked on the issue of beginning the search for Fantino's replacement.

Many Fantino supporters claimed that Miller was openly hostile to Fantino. Miller had ignored calls to pressure the police board after it voted against Fantino's renewal, yet Miller subsequently contacted the board looking for a role in hiring the next police chief, although the latter request was not granted.

Former deputy police chief [[Mike Boyd]] took over as interim chief of police on March 1, 2005. On April 6, another former deputy chief, [[Bill Blair (police chief)|Bill Blair]], was named Fantino's permanent successor.

==Commissioner of Emergency Management (2005–2006)==
On February 8, 2005, Fantino was appointed Ontario's commissioner of emergency management by [[Premier of Ontario|Ontario premier]] [[Dalton McGuinty]]. This move was criticized by the opposition parties in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]], both for the lack of transparency in the hiring process and for the perception that the appointment was primarily motivated by the desire to avoid having Fantino run as a [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] candidate in the [[Ontario general election, 2007|2007 provincial election]] against Finance Minister [[Greg Sorbara]]. However, Sorbara had also blamed Miller for failing to renew Fantino's contract, so this appointment could have also been seen as the Ontario Liberals' show of support for Fantino.

==Ontario Provincial Police commissioner (2006-2010)==
Fantino was appointed Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police replacing the departed [[Gwen M. Boniface]] on October 12, 2006 by the provincial Liberal government; initially for a two year term. His appointment was criticized by [[First Nations]] groups. In March 2008 his contract was extended until October 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2008/03/11/fantino-opp.html | work=CBC News | title=OPP Commissioner Fantino gets contract extension | date=March 11, 2008}}</ref> In June 2009 his contract was further extended until July 2010 so that he could oversee the province's security contingent at the 2010 [[G8 Summit]] in [[Huntsville, Ontario]].<ref name="final"/>

He received much public attention over highly publicized [[child pornography]] busts, with 21 men arrested in February 2008 and 31 men (some as young as 14) arrested in February 2009.<ref>''Toronto Star'', February 6, 2009.</ref> None of the cases has come to trial to date. During his term, Fantino has changed the look of the OPP by ordering that the [[livery]] for police cruisers be changed to a 1960s era black and white pattern.

===Shawn Brant controversy===
Fantino was criticized by lawyer [[Peter Rosenthal]] during the trial of aboriginal activist [[Shawn Brant]]. Fantino was criticized for ordering [[wiretap]]s of Brant's phone without proper authority and for making provocative comments to Brant during negotiations to end a blockade of the rail line west of Kingston.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2008/07/21/fantino-ndp.html?ref=rss | work=CBC News | title=NDP calls for Fantino 'to resign or be fired' over Brant wiretaps | date=July 21, 2008}}</ref> NDP MPP [[Peter Kormos]] called for Fantino's resignation accusing him of using "pugnacious and bellicose" rhetoric and for engaging in "Rambo-style policing."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/News/Ontario/article/463763 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Investigate Fantino, lawyer urges | date=July 20, 2008 | accessdate=March 27, 2010 | first1=Robert | last1=Benzie | first2=Paola | last2=Loriggio}}</ref> In the face of defence motions for the police to disclose more evidence about their conduct the Crown agreed to drop the most serious charges against Brant in exchange for a [[plea bargain]] resulting in a light sentence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/09/29/brant-charges.html | work=CBC News | title=Mohawk protester Brant gets light penalty for blockades | date=September 29, 2008}}</ref> Fantino was also criticized for his role in the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]] after he was accused of sending e-mails to local politicians accusing them of encouraging anti-police rallies by non-Natives.<ref>http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20070418/fantino_caledonia_email_070418?hub=TorontoHome</ref>

===Internal discipline hearing controversy===
In late 2008 and early 2009, Fantino was embroiled in a controversy surrounding his role in an internal discipline case at the OPP in which Fantino was accused of being petty and vindictive in his actions against the officers.<ref>http://www.lfpress.ca/newsstand/News/Local/2009/03/11/8704606-sun.html</ref> Fantino ordered a hearing into the matter but attempted to remove the adjudicator he had appointed on the grounds that the judge was biased against the commissioner due to critical comments he made during testimony by Fantino. Divisional Court rejected Fantino's request.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/03/10/fantino-hearing-disciplinary010.html | work=CBC News | title=Fantino loses bid to have adjudicator tossed from discipline case | date=March 10, 2009}}</ref> The [[Ontario Court of Appeal]] upheld the lower court decision saying an informed person viewing the matter realistically and practically would not conclude there was any apprehension of bias on the part of the adjudicator. The OPP dropped the disciplinary case against the two officers on December 15, 2009, the same day Fantino was due to be [[cross examination|cross examined]]<ref>"[http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5glEypXMi4y-5N6DguZu5sGGmsipw OPP disciplinary charges in case involving Fantino dropped"], ''Canadian Press'', December 16, 2009</ref> by defence lawyer [[Julian Falconer]].<ref>"OPP withdraws charges against senior officers - Move shuts down questioning on allegations of Fantino vendetta", ''Globe and Mail'', December 16, 2009</ref> The entire process cost more than $500,000 in public money.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/12/16/opp-cole-officers784.html "Complainant praises OPP officers after case dropped"], ''CBC News'', December 16, 2009</ref>

===Private prosecution charge for influencing or attempting to influence an elected official===
Fantino was summoned in early January 2010 to face a charge of influencing or attempting to influence an elected official in April 2007 in Haldimand County, Ontario. The summons came after a December 31 Ontario Superior Court order demanding a formal charge be laid in relation to allegations against Mr. Fantino brought forward by a private complainant, [[Gary McHale]], who alleged that Fantino was illegally influencing or attempting to influence municipal officials in regards to the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]].<ref>http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/toronto/story.html?id=2422452</ref> The charge against Fantino was stayed in February 2010 as the Crown said there was no reasonable prospect of conviction.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/759864--charges-against-top-cop-fantino-dropped "Charges against top cop Fantino dropped"], ''Toronto Star'', February 3, 2010</ref>

==Political aspirations==
Following the resignation of [[John Tory]] as leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]] Fantino's name was floated as a possible candidate in the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, 2009|in the ensuing leadership election]].<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090320.wtory20/BNStory/politics</ref> He ended speculation that he was interested in the job with a letter to the ''Globe and Mail''.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20090321.COLETTS21-12/TPStory/Opinion/letters</ref>

There were rumours that he may run for [[Mayor]] of [[Vaughan, Ontario]] in the [[Vaughan municipal election, 2010|October 25, 2010 municipal election]] following his retirement from the OPP.<ref name=final/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/607182 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Is OPP's Fantino to run for Vaughan mayor? | first=Phinjo | last=Gombu | date=March 24, 2009 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref> An April 2010 [[Toronto Star]]-[[Angus Reid]] poll indicates that Fantino would have the support of 43% of voters leading incumbent Mayor [[Linda Jackson]] who has 22% support.<ref>"[http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/vaughan/article/796811--opp-boss-mum-on-running-in-vaughan OPP boss mum on running in Vaughan: Fantino’s silence fuels speculation he’ll enter race in July]", ''Toronto Star'', April 16, 2010</ref> In an interview with [[CFRB]] on July 9, 2010, Fantino announced that he would not be running for mayor of Vaughan.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/news/torontoandgta/2010/07/09/14657096.html "Fantino not running for mayor of Vaughan"], ''Toronto Sun'', July 9, 2010</ref>

===Federal politics===
On October 12, 2010 Fantino announced he would seek the nomination for the federal [[Conservative Party of Canada]] in the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]].<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-takes-aim-at-federal-seat/article1753146/ "Fantino takes aim at federal seat "], ''Globe and Mail'', October 12, 2010</ref> It had been reported Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] had personally spoken to Fantino in early October about running as a Conservative and that the former police commissioner was "leaning" toward running.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/pm-pressing-julian-fantino-to-run-source-says/article1741349/ "PM pressing Julian Fantino to run, source says", ''Globe and Mail'', October 4, 2010</ref> A federal [[by-election]] was necessary after the resignation of Liberal MP [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]].<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/851501 "Questions raised about Vaughan MP’s mayoral intentions"], ''Toronto Star'', August 23, 2010</ref> Fantino was acclaimed as Conservative Party's candidate on October 14<ref name=nom/> and the by-election was called for November 29, 2010.

During the campaign, he was dogged by a group called "Conservatives Against Fantino" led by [[Gary McHale]] and [[Mark Vandermaas]], two activists critical of Fantino's role in the Caledonia controversy.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/15/conservatives-against-fantino-targets-ex-police-chiefs-by-election-run/ "‘Conservatives Against Fantino’ targets ex-police chief’s by-election run"], ''National Post'', November 15, 2010</ref> The group, which is picketing Fantino's campaign office and events, registered as a third party with [[Elections Canada]] under the name "Against Fantino" (after their use of the term "Conservatives" had been disallowed by the agency) in order to be permitted to spend money on printing and distributing 60,000 anti-Fantino pamphlets.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/18/urban-scrawl-no-easy-win-for-fantino/ "Urban Scrawl: No easy win for Fantino"], ''National Post'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/TORONTO+AREA+BYELECTIONS/3855990/story.html "Toronto-area byelection pivotal battle for major parties]", ''Vancouver Sun'', November 19, 2010</ref>.

Fantino was elected to the [[House of Commons]] on November 29, 2010 narrowly defeating Liberal candidate Tony Genco.<ref name=election>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-wins-vaughan-for-tories-liberals-take-manitoba-by-election/article1818254/ "Fantino wins Vaughan for Tories; Liberals take Manitoba by-election"], ''Globe and Mail'', November 30, 2010</ref>

==Electoral record==
A by-election was held in the Ontario federal riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] after [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] resigned to run for mayor of [[Vaughan]], [[Ontario]].<ref name=mayo>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2010/09/03/bevilacqua-vaughan-mayor367.html "Bevilacqua confirms Vaughan mayoral run"], ''CBC News'', September 3, 2010</ref>

{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] on September 2, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Julian Fantino]] | 19,260 | 49.1| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Tony Genco | 18,263| 46.6 | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Bordian| 673 | 1.7| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Claudia Rodriguez-Larrain | 477 | 1.2| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Libertarian|Paolo Fabrizio| 246| 0.6| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Progressive Canadian|[[Dorian Baxter]]| 112| 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Independent|Leslie Bory| 110 | 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|United|Brian Jedan| 55| 0.1| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 39,196 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 32.4|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''gain''' from [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Awards==
* Appointed Commander of the Order of the Police Forces by the Government of Canada (2003)
* Appointed a Member of the Order of Ontario by the Government of Ontario (2004)
* Awarded the Commander of the Order of Merit to the Republic of Italy (2002)
* 20-Year Police Exemplary Service Medal (1989)
* 30-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (1999)
* 40-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (2009)
* Order of St. John (2001)
* Recipient of the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal
* Recipient of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Civil Rights Award in Law
*[[Order of Ontario]] (2003)
* Top Choice Award for Leadership (2005), voted by Italian-Canadians in Toronto, Ontario
* April 14, 2005 he was presented the [[Freedom of the City|Key to the City]] of Toronto by Mayor [[David Miller (mayor of Toronto)|David Miller]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Toronto Police Chiefs}}
{{Current Members of the Canadian House of Commons}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Fantino, Julian
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fantino, Julian}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Italian immigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commissioners of the Ontario Provincial Police]]
[[Category:People from London, Ontario]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Ontario]]
[[Category:Toronto police chiefs]]
[[Category:Members of the Canadian House of Commons from Ontario]]
[[Category:Conservative Party of Canada MPs]]

Julian Fantino

2010-11-30T16:19:59Z

142.204.16.10: /* Awards */

{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Julian Fantino
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP-elect]] for [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gwen Boniface]]
| successor2 = [[Christopher D. Lewis]]
| term_start2 = 2006
| term_end2 = 2010
| office3 = Ontario Commissioner of Emergency Management
| predecessor3 = [[Dr. James Young]]
| successor3 = [[Jay Hope]]
| term_start3 = 2005
| term_end3 = 2006
| office4 = Chief of the [[Toronto Police Service]]
| predecessor4 = [[David Boothby]]
| successor4 = [[Mike Boyd]]
| term_start4 = 2000
| term_end4 = 2005
| office5 = Chief of the [[York Region Police]]
| predecessor5 = [[Peter Scott (police chief)|Peter Scott]]
| successor5 = [[Robert Middaugh]]
| term_start5 = 1998
| term_end5 = 2000
| office6 = Chief of the [[London Police Service]]
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| term_start6 = 1991
| term_end6 = 1998
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|8|13}}
| birth_place = [[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Italy|Italian]] and [[Canada|Canadian]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Conservative Party of Canada]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Julian Fantino''' [[Order of Merit of the Police Forces|COM]], [[Order of Ontario|OOnt]] ({{lang-it|Giuliano Fantino}}; born August 13, 1942)<ref>http://pbdba.lfpress.com/cgi-bin/publish.cgi?p=202955&s=societe</ref> is a retired police official and the [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parlaiment]]-elect for the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] following a [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2010|November 29, 2010 by-election]].<ref name=election/>

Prior to entering politics, Fantino was the Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]] from 2006 to 2010,<ref>{{cite news | first =
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}} - Article on reaction to Fantino's appointment</ref> <ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/article/873888--fantino-confirms-he-ll-seek-tory-nomination?bn=1 "Fantino confirms he’ll seek Tory nomination"], ''Toronto Star'', October 12, 2010</ref><ref name=nom>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/876292]</ref> [[Toronto]]'s [[Chief of Police]] from 2000 to 2005, and [[Ontario]]'s Commissioner of Emergency Management from 2005 until 2006, and also served as chief of police of [[London, Ontario]] from 1991 to 1998, and of [[York Regional Municipality, Ontario|York Region]] from 1998 until 2000. Prior to his London appointment, he had been a Toronto [[police]] officer since 1969.

==Family==
Fantino was born in Italy and emigrated to [[Canada]] with his family when he was 11 years old.

==Early Toronto career==
Before joining the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino was a [[security guard]] at [[Yorkdale Shopping Centre]] in suburban Toronto. He volunteered as an Auxiliary Police Officer for the Metro Toronto Police from 1964 to 1969 and then joined the force as a Police Constable. He was a member of the Drug Squad and was promoted to Detective Constable. He subsequently served with Criminal Intelligence and then the Homicide Squad before being promoted to Divisional Commander and then Acting Staff Superintendent of Detectives.

===Wiretap controversy===
According to an internal police report leaked in 2007, Fantino, as superintendent of detectives in 1991, had ordered a wiretap of lawyer [[Peter Maloney]] a police critic and friend of [[Susan Eng]], chair of the [[Toronto Police Services Board]], the body overseeing the Toronto Police service. Conversations between Maloney and Eng were illegally recorded despite a court order that only the first minute of Maloney's conversations were to be monitored so as to determine whether the individual who he was talking to was on the list of those being investigated.<ref>[http://www.eyeweekly.com/city/features/article/106503--toronto-police-farce-part-1 "Toronto Police Farce: Part 1"], ''eye weekly'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/11/19/toronto-police-recordings-eng.html "Toronto police illegally bugged ex-chair: tapes"], ''CBC News'', November 19, 2010</ref>

===Departure===
After 23 years of service with the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino left to accept an appointment as Police Chief of [[London, Ontario]] in 1991.

==London Police Service chief (1991-1998)==
In London, he presided over the highly publicized and controversial "Project Guardian", which saw the arrests of over two dozen [[gay]] men for involvement in a purported [[child pornography]] ring.<ref>James Dubro, "Julian Fantino Hawks a Book: Top Cop not "Antigay or homophobic," just stuck on Paedophilia". ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref> While several men were eventually convicted of crimes not related to the stated purpose of the investigation, such as [[drug possession]] and [[prostitution]], no child pornography ring was ever found.

Journalist [[Gerald Hannon]] later published a piece in ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' accusing Fantino of mounting an anti-gay [[witch hunt]].<ref>Gerald Hannon, "The Kiddie Porn Ring that Wasn't", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', March 11, 1995.</ref> In response, Fantino filed a complaint with the [[Ontario Press Council]], which ultimately ruled that the ''Globe'' should have more clearly labelled Hannon's article as an opinion piece.

Fantino says that he is "not anti-gay or homophobic" and was simply arresting lawbreakers engaging in "a sick, perverted crime".<ref>[http://www.xtra.ca/public/Toronto/Julian_Fantino_hawks_new_book-4018.aspx "Julian Fantino hawks new book"], ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref>

==York Regional Police chief (1998–2000)==
Fantino return to the [[Greater Toronto Area]] as Chief of [[York Regional Police]] in 1998. His tenure was brief and he returned to the [[Toronto Police Service]] two years later. He was succeeded as chief by [[Robert Middaugh]].

==Toronto Police Service chief (2000–2005)==
===Policing controversies===
An incident in September 2000 involving five male police officers entering a women's bath house sparked public outrage and drew attention to TPS's poor standing in the gay community.<ref>[http://www.lgbtout.com/Documents/bathhouse.shtml LGBTOUT Events & Info]</ref> In 2004, Fantino made an attempt to repair relations, primarily by appearing on the cover of ''[[Fab (magazine)|fab]]'' in a photo which featured him posing in his police uniform with five other models dressed as the [[Village People]] standing behind him.<ref>http://www.fabmagazine.com/issuecovers/full/252.jpg</ref>

Fantino appeared to have little patience for protesters: he wanted them to ask police for permission before holding demonstrations. In one report, he commented "a problem is now arising where portions of the public believe that [[Dundas Square]] is a public space." <ref>[http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=142813&archive=23,47,2004 Chief's Chilling Legacy, NOW Magazine July 22, 2004]</ref> In his new position with the OPP, Fantino took an aggressive posture with a native protest blocking a major highway: he stated he "would not/could not tolerate the 401 being closed all day." However the commander on site decided against a raid as "[he was] not about to put people at risk for a piece of pavement." <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/03/25/native-protest.html | work=CBC News | title=Police were poised to crack down on native protest, documents show | date=March 26, 2008}}</ref>

In 2003, Fantino criticized the effectiveness of the [[Canadian gun registry]].<ref>[http://www.gunowners.org/op0507.htm Garry Breitkreuz]</ref>

===Corruption scandals===
Fantino came under increasing scrutiny due to three corruption scandals which broke out during his tenure and his handling of those incidents. Fantino was accused of having tried to deal with these cases out of public view and attempting to shield them from investigation by outside police services.

In one case, drug squad officers are alleged to have beaten and robbed suspected drug dealers. In another, plainclothes officers were charged with accepting bribes to help bars dodge liquor inspections. In the third, a group of officers who advocated on behalf of a drug-addicted car thief faced internal charges.

Two of these cases involve the sons of former police chief [[William J. McCormack|William McCormack]], and came to light not as a result of investigations by Toronto police, but due to an [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] investigation into gangster activity which inadvertently uncovered evidence of wrongdoing by Toronto police officers. Mike McCormack was later cleared of all wrongdoing due to a lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1141339814357&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968793972154&t=TS_Home | work=The Star | location=Toronto | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>

In December 2009, Fantino was accused during a related court case of having "unplugged" a special task force investigating corruption charges against the Toronto Police Service's narcotics squad ignoring the task force's suspicions that another of the force's drug squads was corrupt. Lawyer [[Julian Falconer]] argued in court that "When Chief Fantino declared there were only a few bad apples, he did not deliver the straight goods," and shut down the investigation before it expanded as part of a damage control campaign.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/article/737502--police-unplugged-corruption-probe-lawyer-says "Police 'unplugged' corruption probe, lawyer says -Claims against drug squad were ignored, court told, as damage control bid was under way on other unit"], ''Toronto Star'', December 11, 2009</ref>

In March 2005, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] announced that they had obtained documents via the [[Freedom of Information Act#Canada|Access to Information Act]] showing that between 1998 and 2005 Toronto had spent $30,633,303.63 settling [[lawsuits]] against police. [[Norm Gardner]] said the settlement costs, which amount to about $5-million a year over six years, were expected, given the number of confrontations police face, suggesting that "people think they are going to get paid off."

==Contract expiry==
Fantino's contract as police chief expired on February 28, 2005. On June 24, 2004, the police services board announced that it would not be reappointing Fantino due to a 2-2 tie. This was controversial since chair [[Norm Gardner]] had been suspended from the five-man board due to a [[conflict of interest]] ruling, but as he refused to vacate his seat the three required votes for renewal were far more difficult to obtain. Conservative politicians on [[Toronto City Council]] responded with a "Save Fantino" campaign, and the board was deadlocked on the issue of beginning the search for Fantino's replacement.

Many Fantino supporters claimed that Miller was openly hostile to Fantino. Miller had ignored calls to pressure the police board after it voted against Fantino's renewal, yet Miller subsequently contacted the board looking for a role in hiring the next police chief, although the latter request was not granted.

Former deputy police chief [[Mike Boyd]] took over as interim chief of police on March 1, 2005. On April 6, another former deputy chief, [[Bill Blair (police chief)|Bill Blair]], was named Fantino's permanent successor.

==Commissioner of Emergency Management (2005–2006)==
On February 8, 2005, Fantino was appointed Ontario's commissioner of emergency management by [[Premier of Ontario|Ontario premier]] [[Dalton McGuinty]]. This move was criticized by the opposition parties in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]], both for the lack of transparency in the hiring process and for the perception that the appointment was primarily motivated by the desire to avoid having Fantino run as a [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] candidate in the [[Ontario general election, 2007|2007 provincial election]] against Finance Minister [[Greg Sorbara]]. However, Sorbara had also blamed Miller for failing to renew Fantino's contract, so this appointment could have also been seen as the Ontario Liberals' show of support for Fantino.

==Ontario Provincial Police commissioner (2006-2010)==
Fantino was appointed Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police replacing the departed [[Gwen M. Boniface]] on October 12, 2006 by the provincial Liberal government; initially for a two year term. His appointment was criticized by [[First Nations]] groups. In March 2008 his contract was extended until October 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2008/03/11/fantino-opp.html | work=CBC News | title=OPP Commissioner Fantino gets contract extension | date=March 11, 2008}}</ref> In June 2009 his contract was further extended until July 2010 so that he could oversee the province's security contingent at the 2010 [[G8 Summit]] in [[Huntsville, Ontario]].<ref name="final"/>

He received much public attention over highly publicized [[child pornography]] busts, with 21 men arrested in February 2008 and 31 men (some as young as 14) arrested in February 2009.<ref>''Toronto Star'', February 6, 2009.</ref> None of the cases has come to trial to date. During his term, Fantino has changed the look of the OPP by ordering that the [[livery]] for police cruisers be changed to a 1960s era black and white pattern.

===Shawn Brant controversy===
Fantino was criticized by lawyer [[Peter Rosenthal]] during the trial of aboriginal activist [[Shawn Brant]]. Fantino was criticized for ordering [[wiretap]]s of Brant's phone without proper authority and for making provocative comments to Brant during negotiations to end a blockade of the rail line west of Kingston.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2008/07/21/fantino-ndp.html?ref=rss | work=CBC News | title=NDP calls for Fantino 'to resign or be fired' over Brant wiretaps | date=July 21, 2008}}</ref> NDP MPP [[Peter Kormos]] called for Fantino's resignation accusing him of using "pugnacious and bellicose" rhetoric and for engaging in "Rambo-style policing."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/News/Ontario/article/463763 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Investigate Fantino, lawyer urges | date=July 20, 2008 | accessdate=March 27, 2010 | first1=Robert | last1=Benzie | first2=Paola | last2=Loriggio}}</ref> In the face of defence motions for the police to disclose more evidence about their conduct the Crown agreed to drop the most serious charges against Brant in exchange for a [[plea bargain]] resulting in a light sentence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/09/29/brant-charges.html | work=CBC News | title=Mohawk protester Brant gets light penalty for blockades | date=September 29, 2008}}</ref> Fantino was also criticized for his role in the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]] after he was accused of sending e-mails to local politicians accusing them of encouraging anti-police rallies by non-Natives.<ref>http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20070418/fantino_caledonia_email_070418?hub=TorontoHome</ref>

===Internal discipline hearing controversy===
In late 2008 and early 2009, Fantino was embroiled in a controversy surrounding his role in an internal discipline case at the OPP in which Fantino was accused of being petty and vindictive in his actions against the officers.<ref>http://www.lfpress.ca/newsstand/News/Local/2009/03/11/8704606-sun.html</ref> Fantino ordered a hearing into the matter but attempted to remove the adjudicator he had appointed on the grounds that the judge was biased against the commissioner due to critical comments he made during testimony by Fantino. Divisional Court rejected Fantino's request.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/03/10/fantino-hearing-disciplinary010.html | work=CBC News | title=Fantino loses bid to have adjudicator tossed from discipline case | date=March 10, 2009}}</ref> The [[Ontario Court of Appeal]] upheld the lower court decision saying an informed person viewing the matter realistically and practically would not conclude there was any apprehension of bias on the part of the adjudicator. The OPP dropped the disciplinary case against the two officers on December 15, 2009, the same day Fantino was due to be [[cross examination|cross examined]]<ref>"[http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5glEypXMi4y-5N6DguZu5sGGmsipw OPP disciplinary charges in case involving Fantino dropped"], ''Canadian Press'', December 16, 2009</ref> by defence lawyer [[Julian Falconer]].<ref>"OPP withdraws charges against senior officers - Move shuts down questioning on allegations of Fantino vendetta", ''Globe and Mail'', December 16, 2009</ref> The entire process cost more than $500,000 in public money.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/12/16/opp-cole-officers784.html "Complainant praises OPP officers after case dropped"], ''CBC News'', December 16, 2009</ref>

===Private prosecution charge for influencing or attempting to influence an elected official===
Fantino was summoned in early January 2010 to face a charge of influencing or attempting to influence an elected official in April 2007 in Haldimand County, Ontario. The summons came after a December 31 Ontario Superior Court order demanding a formal charge be laid in relation to allegations against Mr. Fantino brought forward by a private complainant, [[Gary McHale]], who alleged that Fantino was illegally influencing or attempting to influence municipal officials in regards to the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]].<ref>http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/toronto/story.html?id=2422452</ref> The charge against Fantino was stayed in February 2010 as the Crown said there was no reasonable prospect of conviction.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/759864--charges-against-top-cop-fantino-dropped "Charges against top cop Fantino dropped"], ''Toronto Star'', February 3, 2010</ref>

==Political aspirations==
Following the resignation of [[John Tory]] as leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]] Fantino's name was floated as a possible candidate in the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, 2009|in the ensuing leadership election]].<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090320.wtory20/BNStory/politics</ref> He ended speculation that he was interested in the job with a letter to the ''Globe and Mail''.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20090321.COLETTS21-12/TPStory/Opinion/letters</ref>

There were rumours that he may run for [[Mayor]] of [[Vaughan, Ontario]] in the [[Vaughan municipal election, 2010|October 25, 2010 municipal election]] following his retirement from the OPP.<ref name=final/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/607182 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Is OPP's Fantino to run for Vaughan mayor? | first=Phinjo | last=Gombu | date=March 24, 2009 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref> An April 2010 [[Toronto Star]]-[[Angus Reid]] poll indicates that Fantino would have the support of 43% of voters leading incumbent Mayor [[Linda Jackson]] who has 22% support.<ref>"[http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/vaughan/article/796811--opp-boss-mum-on-running-in-vaughan OPP boss mum on running in Vaughan: Fantino’s silence fuels speculation he’ll enter race in July]", ''Toronto Star'', April 16, 2010</ref> In an interview with [[CFRB]] on July 9, 2010, Fantino announced that he would not be running for mayor of Vaughan.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/news/torontoandgta/2010/07/09/14657096.html "Fantino not running for mayor of Vaughan"], ''Toronto Sun'', July 9, 2010</ref>

===Federal politics===
On October 12, 2010 Fantino announced he would seek the nomination for the federal [[Conservative Party of Canada]] in the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]].<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-takes-aim-at-federal-seat/article1753146/ "Fantino takes aim at federal seat "], ''Globe and Mail'', October 12, 2010</ref> It had been reported Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] had personally spoken to Fantino in early October about running as a Conservative and that the former police commissioner was "leaning" toward running.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/pm-pressing-julian-fantino-to-run-source-says/article1741349/ "PM pressing Julian Fantino to run, source says", ''Globe and Mail'', October 4, 2010</ref> A federal [[by-election]] was necessary after the resignation of Liberal MP [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]].<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/851501 "Questions raised about Vaughan MP’s mayoral intentions"], ''Toronto Star'', August 23, 2010</ref> Fantino was acclaimed as Conservative Party's candidate on October 14<ref name=nom/> and the by-election was called for November 29, 2010.

During the campaign, he was dogged by a group called "Conservatives Against Fantino" led by [[Gary McHale]] and [[Mark Vandermaas]], two activists critical of Fantino's role in the Caledonia controversy.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/15/conservatives-against-fantino-targets-ex-police-chiefs-by-election-run/ "‘Conservatives Against Fantino’ targets ex-police chief’s by-election run"], ''National Post'', November 15, 2010</ref> The group, which is picketing Fantino's campaign office and events, registered as a third party with [[Elections Canada]] under the name "Against Fantino" (after their use of the term "Conservatives" had been disallowed by the agency) in order to be permitted to spend money on printing and distributing 60,000 anti-Fantino pamphlets.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/18/urban-scrawl-no-easy-win-for-fantino/ "Urban Scrawl: No easy win for Fantino"], ''National Post'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/TORONTO+AREA+BYELECTIONS/3855990/story.html "Toronto-area byelection pivotal battle for major parties]", ''Vancouver Sun'', November 19, 2010</ref>.

Fantino was elected to the [[House of Commons]] on November 29, 2010 narrowly defeating Liberal candidate Tony Genco.<ref name=election>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-wins-vaughan-for-tories-liberals-take-manitoba-by-election/article1818254/ "Fantino wins Vaughan for Tories; Liberals take Manitoba by-election"], ''Globe and Mail'', November 30, 2010</ref>

==Electoral record==
A by-election was held in the Ontario federal riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] as [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] has resigned to run for mayor of [[Vaughan]], [[Ontario]].<ref name=mayo>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2010/09/03/bevilacqua-vaughan-mayor367.html "Bevilacqua confirms Vaughan mayoral run"], ''CBC News'', September 3, 2010</ref>

{{CanElec4-by|November 29, 2010|resignation of [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]] on September 2, 2010}}
{{CanElec4Row|Conservative|[[Julian Fantino]] | 19,260 | 49.1| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Liberal|Tony Genco | 18,263| 46.6 | }}
{{CanElec4Row|NDP|Kevin Bordian| 673 | 1.7| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Green|Claudia Rodriguez-Larrain | 477 | 1.2| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Libertarian|Paolo Fabrizio| 246| 0.6| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Progressive Canadian|[[Dorian Baxter]]| 112| 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|Independent|Leslie Bory| 110 | 0.3| }}
{{CanElec4Row|United|Brian Jedan| 55| 0.1| }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total valid votes| 39,196 | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Total rejected ballots| | }}
{{CanElec4Tot|Turnout| | 32.4|}}
{{Canadian_politics/party_colours/Conservative/row}}
|align="left" colspan=2|[[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] '''gain''' from [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]]
|align="right"|
{{end}}

==Awards==
* Appointed Commander of the Order of the Police Forces by the Government of Canada (2003)
* Appointed a Member of the Order of Ontario by the Government of Ontario (2004)
* Awarded the Commander of the Order of Merit to the Republic of Italy (2002)
* 20-Year Police Exemplary Service Medal (1989)
* 30-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (1999)
* 40-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (2009)
* Order of St. John (2001)
* Recipient of the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal
* Recipient of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Civil Rights Award in Law
*[[Order of Ontario]] (2003)
* Top Choice Award for Leadership (2005), voted by Italian-Canadians in Toronto, Ontario
* April 14, 2005 he was presented the [[Freedom of the City|Key to the City]] of Toronto by Mayor [[David Miller (mayor of Toronto)|David Miller]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Toronto Police Chiefs}}
{{Current Members of the Canadian House of Commons}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Fantino, Julian
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fantino, Julian}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Italian immigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commissioners of the Ontario Provincial Police]]
[[Category:People from London, Ontario]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Ontario]]
[[Category:Toronto police chiefs]]
[[Category:Members of the Canadian House of Commons from Ontario]]
[[Category:Conservative Party of Canada MPs]]

Julian Fantino

2010-11-30T16:15:55Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Julian Fantino
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|MP-elect]] for [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]]
| successor1 =
| term_start1 = 2010
| term_end1 =
| office2 = Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]]
| predecessor2 = [[Gwen Boniface]]
| successor2 = [[Christopher D. Lewis]]
| term_start2 = 2006
| term_end2 = 2010
| office3 = Ontario Commissioner of Emergency Management
| predecessor3 = [[Dr. James Young]]
| successor3 = [[Jay Hope]]
| term_start3 = 2005
| term_end3 = 2006
| office4 = Chief of the [[Toronto Police Service]]
| predecessor4 = [[David Boothby]]
| successor4 = [[Mike Boyd]]
| term_start4 = 2000
| term_end4 = 2005
| office5 = Chief of the [[York Region Police]]
| predecessor5 = [[Peter Scott (police chief)|Peter Scott]]
| successor5 = [[Robert Middaugh]]
| term_start5 = 1998
| term_end5 = 2000
| office6 = Chief of the [[London Police Service]]
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| term_start6 = 1991
| term_end6 = 1998
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|8|13}}
| birth_place = [[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[Italy|Italian]] and [[Canada|Canadian]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Conservative Party of Canada]]
| relations =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession =
| religion =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Julian Fantino''' [[Order of Merit of the Police Forces|COM]], [[Order of Ontario|OOnt]] ({{lang-it|Giuliano Fantino}}; born August 13, 1942)<ref>http://pbdba.lfpress.com/cgi-bin/publish.cgi?p=202955&s=societe</ref> is a retired police official and the [[Member of Parliament (Canada)|Member of Parlaiment]]-elect for the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]] following a [[Canadian federal by-elections, 2010|November 29, 2010 by-election]].<ref name=election/>

Prior to entering politics, Fantino was the Commissioner of the [[Ontario Provincial Police]] from 2006 to 2010,<ref>{{cite news | first =
| last =
| authorlink =
| author =
| coauthors =
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| url = http://www.yorkregion.com/yr/yr4/YR_News/Newscentre/Citizen/story/3730995p-4312549c.html
| work =
| publisher =
| id =
| pages =
| page =
| date =
| accessdate =
| language =
| quote =
| archiveurl =
| archivedate =
}} - Article on reaction to Fantino's appointment</ref> <ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/article/873888--fantino-confirms-he-ll-seek-tory-nomination?bn=1 "Fantino confirms he’ll seek Tory nomination"], ''Toronto Star'', October 12, 2010</ref><ref name=nom>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/876292]</ref> [[Toronto]]'s [[Chief of Police]] from 2000 to 2005, and [[Ontario]]'s Commissioner of Emergency Management from 2005 until 2006, and also served as chief of police of [[London, Ontario]] from 1991 to 1998, and of [[York Regional Municipality, Ontario|York Region]] from 1998 until 2000. Prior to his London appointment, he had been a Toronto [[police]] officer since 1969.

==Family==
Fantino was born in Italy and emigrated to [[Canada]] with his family when he was 11 years old.

==Early Toronto career==
Before joining the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino was a [[security guard]] at [[Yorkdale Shopping Centre]] in suburban Toronto. He volunteered as an Auxiliary Police Officer for the Metro Toronto Police from 1964 to 1969 and then joined the force as a Police Constable. He was a member of the Drug Squad and was promoted to Detective Constable. He subsequently served with Criminal Intelligence and then the Homicide Squad before being promoted to Divisional Commander and then Acting Staff Superintendent of Detectives.

===Wiretap controversy===
According to an internal police report leaked in 2007, Fantino, as superintendent of detectives in 1991, had ordered a wiretap of lawyer [[Peter Maloney]] a police critic and friend of [[Susan Eng]], chair of the [[Toronto Police Services Board]], the body overseeing the Toronto Police service. Conversations between Maloney and Eng were illegally recorded despite a court order that only the first minute of Maloney's conversations were to be monitored so as to determine whether the individual who he was talking to was on the list of those being investigated.<ref>[http://www.eyeweekly.com/city/features/article/106503--toronto-police-farce-part-1 "Toronto Police Farce: Part 1"], ''eye weekly'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2010/11/19/toronto-police-recordings-eng.html "Toronto police illegally bugged ex-chair: tapes"], ''CBC News'', November 19, 2010</ref>

===Departure===
After 23 years of service with the Metro Toronto Police, Fantino left to accept an appointment as Police Chief of [[London, Ontario]] in 1991.

==London Police Service chief (1991-1998)==
In London, he presided over the highly publicized and controversial "Project Guardian", which saw the arrests of over two dozen [[gay]] men for involvement in a purported [[child pornography]] ring.<ref>James Dubro, "Julian Fantino Hawks a Book: Top Cop not "Antigay or homophobic," just stuck on Paedophilia". ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref> While several men were eventually convicted of crimes not related to the stated purpose of the investigation, such as [[drug possession]] and [[prostitution]], no child pornography ring was ever found.

Journalist [[Gerald Hannon]] later published a piece in ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' accusing Fantino of mounting an anti-gay [[witch hunt]].<ref>Gerald Hannon, "The Kiddie Porn Ring that Wasn't", ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', March 11, 1995.</ref> In response, Fantino filed a complaint with the [[Ontario Press Council]], which ultimately ruled that the ''Globe'' should have more clearly labelled Hannon's article as an opinion piece.

Fantino says that he is "not anti-gay or homophobic" and was simply arresting lawbreakers engaging in "a sick, perverted crime".<ref>[http://www.xtra.ca/public/Toronto/Julian_Fantino_hawks_new_book-4018.aspx "Julian Fantino hawks new book"], ''[[Xtra!]]'', December 6, 2007.</ref>

==York Regional Police chief (1998–2000)==
Fantino return to the [[Greater Toronto Area]] as Chief of [[York Regional Police]] in 1998. His tenure was brief and he returned to the [[Toronto Police Service]] two years later. He was succeeded as chief by [[Robert Middaugh]].

==Toronto Police Service chief (2000–2005)==
===Policing controversies===
An incident in September 2000 involving five male police officers entering a women's bath house sparked public outrage and drew attention to TPS's poor standing in the gay community.<ref>[http://www.lgbtout.com/Documents/bathhouse.shtml LGBTOUT Events & Info]</ref> In 2004, Fantino made an attempt to repair relations, primarily by appearing on the cover of ''[[Fab (magazine)|fab]]'' in a photo which featured him posing in his police uniform with five other models dressed as the [[Village People]] standing behind him.<ref>http://www.fabmagazine.com/issuecovers/full/252.jpg</ref>

Fantino appeared to have little patience for protesters: he wanted them to ask police for permission before holding demonstrations. In one report, he commented "a problem is now arising where portions of the public believe that [[Dundas Square]] is a public space." <ref>[http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=142813&archive=23,47,2004 Chief's Chilling Legacy, NOW Magazine July 22, 2004]</ref> In his new position with the OPP, Fantino took an aggressive posture with a native protest blocking a major highway: he stated he "would not/could not tolerate the 401 being closed all day." However the commander on site decided against a raid as "[he was] not about to put people at risk for a piece of pavement." <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/03/25/native-protest.html | work=CBC News | title=Police were poised to crack down on native protest, documents show | date=March 26, 2008}}</ref>

In 2003, Fantino criticized the effectiveness of the [[Canadian gun registry]].<ref>[http://www.gunowners.org/op0507.htm Garry Breitkreuz]</ref>

===Corruption scandals===
Fantino came under increasing scrutiny due to three corruption scandals which broke out during his tenure and his handling of those incidents. Fantino was accused of having tried to deal with these cases out of public view and attempting to shield them from investigation by outside police services.

In one case, drug squad officers are alleged to have beaten and robbed suspected drug dealers. In another, plainclothes officers were charged with accepting bribes to help bars dodge liquor inspections. In the third, a group of officers who advocated on behalf of a drug-addicted car thief faced internal charges.

Two of these cases involve the sons of former police chief [[William J. McCormack|William McCormack]], and came to light not as a result of investigations by Toronto police, but due to an [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police|RCMP]] investigation into gangster activity which inadvertently uncovered evidence of wrongdoing by Toronto police officers. Mike McCormack was later cleared of all wrongdoing due to a lack of evidence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1141339814357&call_pageid=968332188492&col=968793972154&t=TS_Home | work=The Star | location=Toronto | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref>

In December 2009, Fantino was accused during a related court case of having "unplugged" a special task force investigating corruption charges against the Toronto Police Service's narcotics squad ignoring the task force's suspicions that another of the force's drug squads was corrupt. Lawyer [[Julian Falconer]] argued in court that "When Chief Fantino declared there were only a few bad apples, he did not deliver the straight goods," and shut down the investigation before it expanded as part of a damage control campaign.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/article/737502--police-unplugged-corruption-probe-lawyer-says "Police 'unplugged' corruption probe, lawyer says -Claims against drug squad were ignored, court told, as damage control bid was under way on other unit"], ''Toronto Star'', December 11, 2009</ref>

In March 2005, the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] announced that they had obtained documents via the [[Freedom of Information Act#Canada|Access to Information Act]] showing that between 1998 and 2005 Toronto had spent $30,633,303.63 settling [[lawsuits]] against police. [[Norm Gardner]] said the settlement costs, which amount to about $5-million a year over six years, were expected, given the number of confrontations police face, suggesting that "people think they are going to get paid off."

==Contract expiry==
Fantino's contract as police chief expired on February 28, 2005. On June 24, 2004, the police services board announced that it would not be reappointing Fantino due to a 2-2 tie. This was controversial since chair [[Norm Gardner]] had been suspended from the five-man board due to a [[conflict of interest]] ruling, but as he refused to vacate his seat the three required votes for renewal were far more difficult to obtain. Conservative politicians on [[Toronto City Council]] responded with a "Save Fantino" campaign, and the board was deadlocked on the issue of beginning the search for Fantino's replacement.

Many Fantino supporters claimed that Miller was openly hostile to Fantino. Miller had ignored calls to pressure the police board after it voted against Fantino's renewal, yet Miller subsequently contacted the board looking for a role in hiring the next police chief, although the latter request was not granted.

Former deputy police chief [[Mike Boyd]] took over as interim chief of police on March 1, 2005. On April 6, another former deputy chief, [[Bill Blair (police chief)|Bill Blair]], was named Fantino's permanent successor.

==Commissioner of Emergency Management (2005–2006)==
On February 8, 2005, Fantino was appointed Ontario's commissioner of emergency management by [[Premier of Ontario|Ontario premier]] [[Dalton McGuinty]]. This move was criticized by the opposition parties in the [[Legislative Assembly of Ontario]], both for the lack of transparency in the hiring process and for the perception that the appointment was primarily motivated by the desire to avoid having Fantino run as a [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario|Progressive Conservative]] candidate in the [[Ontario general election, 2007|2007 provincial election]] against Finance Minister [[Greg Sorbara]]. However, Sorbara had also blamed Miller for failing to renew Fantino's contract, so this appointment could have also been seen as the Ontario Liberals' show of support for Fantino.

==Ontario Provincial Police commissioner (2006-2010)==
Fantino was appointed Commissioner of the Ontario Provincial Police replacing the departed [[Gwen M. Boniface]] on October 12, 2006 by the provincial Liberal government; initially for a two year term. His appointment was criticized by [[First Nations]] groups. In March 2008 his contract was extended until October 2009.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2008/03/11/fantino-opp.html | work=CBC News | title=OPP Commissioner Fantino gets contract extension | date=March 11, 2008}}</ref> In June 2009 his contract was further extended until July 2010 so that he could oversee the province's security contingent at the 2010 [[G8 Summit]] in [[Huntsville, Ontario]].<ref name="final"/>

He received much public attention over highly publicized [[child pornography]] busts, with 21 men arrested in February 2008 and 31 men (some as young as 14) arrested in February 2009.<ref>''Toronto Star'', February 6, 2009.</ref> None of the cases has come to trial to date. During his term, Fantino has changed the look of the OPP by ordering that the [[livery]] for police cruisers be changed to a 1960s era black and white pattern.

===Shawn Brant controversy===
Fantino was criticized by lawyer [[Peter Rosenthal]] during the trial of aboriginal activist [[Shawn Brant]]. Fantino was criticized for ordering [[wiretap]]s of Brant's phone without proper authority and for making provocative comments to Brant during negotiations to end a blockade of the rail line west of Kingston.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2008/07/21/fantino-ndp.html?ref=rss | work=CBC News | title=NDP calls for Fantino 'to resign or be fired' over Brant wiretaps | date=July 21, 2008}}</ref> NDP MPP [[Peter Kormos]] called for Fantino's resignation accusing him of using "pugnacious and bellicose" rhetoric and for engaging in "Rambo-style policing."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/News/Ontario/article/463763 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Investigate Fantino, lawyer urges | date=July 20, 2008 | accessdate=March 27, 2010 | first1=Robert | last1=Benzie | first2=Paola | last2=Loriggio}}</ref> In the face of defence motions for the police to disclose more evidence about their conduct the Crown agreed to drop the most serious charges against Brant in exchange for a [[plea bargain]] resulting in a light sentence.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2008/09/29/brant-charges.html | work=CBC News | title=Mohawk protester Brant gets light penalty for blockades | date=September 29, 2008}}</ref> Fantino was also criticized for his role in the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]] after he was accused of sending e-mails to local politicians accusing them of encouraging anti-police rallies by non-Natives.<ref>http://toronto.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20070418/fantino_caledonia_email_070418?hub=TorontoHome</ref>

===Internal discipline hearing controversy===
In late 2008 and early 2009, Fantino was embroiled in a controversy surrounding his role in an internal discipline case at the OPP in which Fantino was accused of being petty and vindictive in his actions against the officers.<ref>http://www.lfpress.ca/newsstand/News/Local/2009/03/11/8704606-sun.html</ref> Fantino ordered a hearing into the matter but attempted to remove the adjudicator he had appointed on the grounds that the judge was biased against the commissioner due to critical comments he made during testimony by Fantino. Divisional Court rejected Fantino's request.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/03/10/fantino-hearing-disciplinary010.html | work=CBC News | title=Fantino loses bid to have adjudicator tossed from discipline case | date=March 10, 2009}}</ref> The [[Ontario Court of Appeal]] upheld the lower court decision saying an informed person viewing the matter realistically and practically would not conclude there was any apprehension of bias on the part of the adjudicator. The OPP dropped the disciplinary case against the two officers on December 15, 2009, the same day Fantino was due to be [[cross examination|cross examined]]<ref>"[http://www.google.com/hostednews/canadianpress/article/ALeqM5glEypXMi4y-5N6DguZu5sGGmsipw OPP disciplinary charges in case involving Fantino dropped"], ''Canadian Press'', December 16, 2009</ref> by defence lawyer [[Julian Falconer]].<ref>"OPP withdraws charges against senior officers - Move shuts down questioning on allegations of Fantino vendetta", ''Globe and Mail'', December 16, 2009</ref> The entire process cost more than $500,000 in public money.<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/canada/toronto/story/2009/12/16/opp-cole-officers784.html "Complainant praises OPP officers after case dropped"], ''CBC News'', December 16, 2009</ref>

===Private prosecution charge for influencing or attempting to influence an elected official===
Fantino was summoned in early January 2010 to face a charge of influencing or attempting to influence an elected official in April 2007 in Haldimand County, Ontario. The summons came after a December 31 Ontario Superior Court order demanding a formal charge be laid in relation to allegations against Mr. Fantino brought forward by a private complainant, [[Gary McHale]], who alleged that Fantino was illegally influencing or attempting to influence municipal officials in regards to the [[Grand River land dispute|Caledonia land dispute]].<ref>http://www.nationalpost.com/news/canada/toronto/story.html?id=2422452</ref> The charge against Fantino was stayed in February 2010 as the Crown said there was no reasonable prospect of conviction.<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/news/ontario/article/759864--charges-against-top-cop-fantino-dropped "Charges against top cop Fantino dropped"], ''Toronto Star'', February 3, 2010</ref>

==Political aspirations==
Following the resignation of [[John Tory]] as leader of the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario]] Fantino's name was floated as a possible candidate in the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario leadership election, 2009|in the ensuing leadership election]].<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090320.wtory20/BNStory/politics</ref> He ended speculation that he was interested in the job with a letter to the ''Globe and Mail''.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20090321.COLETTS21-12/TPStory/Opinion/letters</ref>

There were rumours that he may run for [[Mayor]] of [[Vaughan, Ontario]] in the [[Vaughan municipal election, 2010|October 25, 2010 municipal election]] following his retirement from the OPP.<ref name=final/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/article/607182 | work=The Star | location=Toronto | title=Is OPP's Fantino to run for Vaughan mayor? | first=Phinjo | last=Gombu | date=March 24, 2009 | accessdate=March 27, 2010}}</ref> An April 2010 [[Toronto Star]]-[[Angus Reid]] poll indicates that Fantino would have the support of 43% of voters leading incumbent Mayor [[Linda Jackson]] who has 22% support.<ref>"[http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/vaughan/article/796811--opp-boss-mum-on-running-in-vaughan OPP boss mum on running in Vaughan: Fantino’s silence fuels speculation he’ll enter race in July]", ''Toronto Star'', April 16, 2010</ref> In an interview with [[CFRB]] on July 9, 2010, Fantino announced that he would not be running for mayor of Vaughan.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/news/torontoandgta/2010/07/09/14657096.html "Fantino not running for mayor of Vaughan"], ''Toronto Sun'', July 9, 2010</ref>

===Federal politics===
On October 12, 2010 Fantino announced he would seek the nomination for the federal [[Conservative Party of Canada]] in the riding of [[Vaughan (electoral district)|Vaughan]].<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-takes-aim-at-federal-seat/article1753146/ "Fantino takes aim at federal seat "], ''Globe and Mail'', October 12, 2010</ref> It had been reported Prime Minister [[Stephen Harper]] had personally spoken to Fantino in early October about running as a Conservative and that the former police commissioner was "leaning" toward running.<ref>http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-notebook/pm-pressing-julian-fantino-to-run-source-says/article1741349/ "PM pressing Julian Fantino to run, source says", ''Globe and Mail'', October 4, 2010</ref> A federal [[by-election]] was necessary after the resignation of Liberal MP [[Maurizio Bevilacqua]].<ref>[http://www.thestar.com/mobile/NEWS/article/851501 "Questions raised about Vaughan MP’s mayoral intentions"], ''Toronto Star'', August 23, 2010</ref> Fantino was acclaimed as Conservative Party's candidate on October 14<ref name=nom/> and the by-election was called for November 29, 2010.

During the campaign, he was dogged by a group called "Conservatives Against Fantino" led by [[Gary McHale]] and [[Mark Vandermaas]], two activists critical of Fantino's role in the Caledonia controversy.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/15/conservatives-against-fantino-targets-ex-police-chiefs-by-election-run/ "‘Conservatives Against Fantino’ targets ex-police chief’s by-election run"], ''National Post'', November 15, 2010</ref> The group, which is picketing Fantino's campaign office and events, registered as a third party with [[Elections Canada]] under the name "Against Fantino" (after their use of the term "Conservatives" had been disallowed by the agency) in order to be permitted to spend money on printing and distributing 60,000 anti-Fantino pamphlets.<ref>[http://news.nationalpost.com/2010/11/18/urban-scrawl-no-easy-win-for-fantino/ "Urban Scrawl: No easy win for Fantino"], ''National Post'', November 18, 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.vancouversun.com/news/TORONTO+AREA+BYELECTIONS/3855990/story.html "Toronto-area byelection pivotal battle for major parties]", ''Vancouver Sun'', November 19, 2010</ref>.

Fantino was elected to the [[House of Commons]] on November 29, 2010 narrowly defeating Liberal candidate Tony Genco.<ref name=election>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/fantino-wins-vaughan-for-tories-liberals-take-manitoba-by-election/article1818254/ "Fantino wins Vaughan for Tories; Liberals take Manitoba by-election"], ''Globe and Mail'', November 30, 2010</ref>

==Awards==
* Appointed Commander of the Order of the Police Forces by the Government of Canada (2003)
* Appointed a Member of the Order of Ontario by the Government of Ontario (2004)
* Awarded the Commander of the Order of Merit to the Republic of Italy (2002)
* 20-Year Police Exemplary Service Medal (1989)
* 30-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (1999)
* 40-Year Police Exemplary Service Bar (2009)
* Order of St. John (2001)
* Recipient of the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal
* Recipient of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Civil Rights Award in Law
*[[Order of Ontario]] (2003)
* Top Choice Award for Leadership (2005), voted by Italian-Canadians in Toronto, Ontario
* April 14, 2005 he was presented the [[Freedom of the City|Key to the City]] of Toronto by Mayor [[David Miller (mayor of Toronto)|David Miller]].

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Toronto Police Chiefs}}
{{Current Members of the Canadian House of Commons}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Fantino, Julian
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Vendoglio, Italy|Vendoglio]], [[Italy]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fantino, Julian}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Italian immigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Commissioners of the Ontario Provincial Police]]
[[Category:People from London, Ontario]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Ontario]]
[[Category:Toronto police chiefs]]
[[Category:Members of the Canadian House of Commons from Ontario]]
[[Category:Conservative Party of Canada MPs]]

Donbas Arena

2010-11-29T21:10:54Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Infobox Stadium
| name = Donbass Arena
| nickname =
| image = [[File:Donbass Arena.jpg|250px]]
| fullname =
| former_names =
| location = [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|1|15|N|37|48|35|E}}
| broke_ground = 27 June 2006
| built =
| opened = 29 August 2009
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Shakhtar Donetsk]]
| operator = Dumbass Arena
| surface = Grass
| scoreboard =
| construction_cost = [[United States dollar|$]] 400 million [[Euro|€]] 300 million
| suites =
| architect = [[Arup|ArupSport]]<ref>
{{cite journal
|url= http://www.arup.com/Projects/FC_Shakhtar_Stadium.aspx
}}</ref>
| project_manager =
| structural engineer =
| services engineer =
| general_contractor = [[Enka İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş.|ENKA]]
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 51,504 ([[football (soccer)|Football]])
| record_attendance =
| dimensions = 105m x 68m
| tenants =
}}

'''Dumbass Arena''' ({{lang-uk|Донбас Арена}}) is a stadium with a natural grass pitch in [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]] that opened on 29 August, 2009. The facility is located in the center of the city, in the Lenin Comsomol park. With a capacity of 50,000 spectators, the Stadium hosts [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] matches and will host some matches in [[Euro 2012]]. It meets the requirements for an [[UEFA stadium categories|UEFA Elite]] 5-star Stadium rating.

The initial estimated cost of the project was USD 250m. USD 30m has been allocated to set up a recreational park around the Stadium. The final cost of the project will reach USD 400m<ref>[http://donbass-arena.com/en/news/?id=9922 Donbass Arena Ready to Open]</ref><ref>[http://euro2012-ukraine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=3 Donbass Arena: More than Elite]</ref>.

==Construction and design==
The construction was launched in 2006. The general contractor is a Turkish company ENKA. The Stadium was completed and opened in 2009.

Dumbass Arena was designed by ArupSport, who have also designed the [[City of Manchester Stadium]] (Manchester, England); [[Allianz Arena]] (Munich, Germany); and the [[Beijing National Stadium]] (Beijing, China). An exceptional engineering solution – the soaring roof effect – will make the Stadium resemble a flying saucer. The oval shape and the glazed façade ensure a memorable outlook. The Stadium is located near [[RSC Olimpiyskiy|Regional Sport Complex Olimpiyskiy]] creating an elegant architectural ensemble. The roof of the Stadium slopes from north to south matching the landscape and contributing to the natural lighting and airing of the pitch. The external lighting makes the Stadium shine at night.

=== Stadium panorama during construction ===

{{wide image|Donbas_arena_construction_panorama.jpg|800px|<center>Panorama taken from top tier of the northern side of the stadium in June 2008 </center>}}

==Opening==
[[File:Donbass Arena 7.jpg|thumb|The opening event]]
[[File:UA Donezk Zentralstadion-Schachtar Neubau.jpg|thumb|Construction site in August 2007]]
The Donbass arena was completed ahead of schedule, but the grand opening was delayed until 29 August 2009 to coincide with the Ukrainian holiday of Miners Day, as well as Donetsk City day. Donetsk is in the Donbass region, a mining region, and the date was chosen for its symbolism. The prime tenants of the facility are named [[Shakhtar Donetsk]] ("Donetsk Coal Miners").

American Pop/R&B singer-songwriter [[Beyoncé Knowles]] performed a show from her [[I Am... Tour]] on the opening night of the new stadium. It was Knowles' first performance in [[Ukraine]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/46234 Beyonce to perform at the opening of Donbass Arena]</ref>

Many state officials attended the show designed by K-events Filmmaster Group. The opening ceremony was awarded as ''Event of the Year'' getting the [[Stadium Business Awards]] on June 18, 2010 in [[Dublin]].

Shakhtar Donetsk's first match at the stadium was a 4–0 victory in a [[Ukrainian Premier League]] [[Ukrainian Premier League 2009-10|2009–10]] Round 8 fixture on 27 September 2009 against [[FC Obolon Kyiv]].<ref name="New Shakhtar">[http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind=1/newsid=880944.html New Shakhtar stadium opens doors]</ref>
[[File:Donbass Arena 15.jpg|thumb|The day before opening]]

== Euro 2012 ==
Donbass arena was included in the official bidding project submitted by Poland and Ukraine for hosting [[UEFA Euro 2012]]. The stadium will host group stage games and one quarter-final and one semi-final game. Unlike most new stadiums being built in Poland and Ukraine, Donbass arena was not initially intended for that venue.

==Other uses==
Beside football matches, the Stadium will also be a place for various concerts and shows. The Stadium’s facilities and acoustics will meet demands of local artists and international superstars. Stadium tours will add to the list of distinctions. The general concept of the tours includes the insight into unique features of Donbass Arena, a visit to footballers’ rooms and FC Shakhtar Museum and, finally, a drop at FC Shakhtar brand shop for souvenirs.

==Facts==
[[File:Donbass Arena 14.jpg|thumb|Front glass facade]]
* The total area of the construction site (including mobilization areas) is 254,907 m²
* The land (including pitch), where the Stadium is located, is 46,780 m²
* The height of the new stadium is 54m from pitch level to the top of the roof.
* There are 227 lavatories with 471 toilets and 333 wash basins.
* Over 120.000 м³ of concrete were poured during construction of the Stadium
* Approximately 4300 tonnes of steel were used for construction
* Approximately 3800 tonnes of steel were used for the roof structure.
* Total glazing area is approximately 24.000 m²
* The total area of the tiers is approximately 70.000 m²
* The size of the football field is {{convert|105|x|68|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|7668|m²|sqft|0|abbr=on}} natural turf will be used with {{convert|2201|m²|sqft|0|abbr=on}} synthetic turf

==Gallery==
{{wide image|DONBASS ARENA).jpg|1000px|Panorama of the stadium "Donbass Arena"|100%}}

<gallery perrow="5">
File:Donbass Arena.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 2.jpg|The Roof of the Stadium
File:Donbass Arena 3.jpg|The Donbass Park
File:Donbass Arena 4.jpg|Main Entrance to the Arena
File:Donbass Arena 5.jpg|Inside of the Arena
File:Donbass Arena 6.jpg|The Grand Opening
File:Donbass Arena 8.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 9.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 10.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 11.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 12.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 13.jpg|Fireworks
File:Donbass Arena 16.jpg|The Shakhtar Emblem
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Donbas Arena}}
* [http://donbass-arena.com/en/ Donbass Arena official website]
* [http://donbass-arena.com/en/webcam/ Six webcam views of the Donbass Arena]
* [http://shakhtar.com/en/news/7574 Rinat Akhmetov: The new stadium’s name is Donbass Arena]
* [http://wikipedia.dn.ua/ Wikipedia Donbass]

{{FC Shakhtar Donetsk}}
{{Euro 2012 stadiums}}
{{Venues of Ukrainian PL}}
[[Category:FC Shakhtar Donetsk]]
[[Category:Football venues in Ukraine]]
[[Category:UEFA European Football Championship stadiums]]
[[Category:Sport in Donetsk]]
[[Category:2010 establishments]]

[[ar:دونباس أرينا]]
[[az:Donbas Arena]]
[[de:Donbas Arena]]
[[es:Donbass Arena]]
[[fr:Donbass Arena]]
[[hr:Donbass Arena]]
[[it:Donbass Arena]]
[[he:דונבס ארנה]]
[[lt:Donbaso arena]]
[[nl:Donbass Arena]]
[[ja:ドンバス・アリーナ]]
[[pl:Donbas Arena]]
[[pt:Donbass Arena]]
[[ro:Donbass Arena]]
[[ru:Донбасс Арена]]
[[simple:Donbass Arena]]
[[fi:Donbass Arena]]
[[sv:Donbass Arena]]
[[tr:Donbass Arena]]
[[uk:Донбас Арена]]

Donbas Arena

2010-11-29T21:09:43Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Infobox Stadium
| name = Dumbass Arena
| nickname =
| image = [[File:Donbass Arena.jpg|250px]]
| fullname =
| former_names =
| location = [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|1|15|N|37|48|35|E}}
| broke_ground = 27 June 2006
| built =
| opened = 29 August 2009
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Shakhtar Donetsk]]
| operator = Dumbass Arena
| surface = Grass
| scoreboard =
| construction_cost = [[United States dollar|$]] 400 million [[Euro|€]] 300 million
| suites =
| architect = [[Arup|ArupSport]]<ref>
{{cite journal
|url= http://www.arup.com/Projects/FC_Shakhtar_Stadium.aspx
}}</ref>
| project_manager =
| structural engineer =
| services engineer =
| general_contractor = [[Enka İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş.|ENKA]]
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 51,504 ([[football (soccer)|Football]])
| record_attendance =
| dimensions = 105m x 68m
| tenants =
}}

'''Dumbass Arena''' ({{lang-uk|Донбас Арена}}) is a stadium with a natural grass pitch in [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]] that opened on 29 August, 2009. The facility is located in the center of the city, in the Lenin Comsomol park. With a capacity of 50,000 spectators, the Stadium hosts [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] matches and will host some matches in [[Euro 2012]]. It meets the requirements for an [[UEFA stadium categories|UEFA Elite]] 5-star Stadium rating.

The initial estimated cost of the project was USD 250m. USD 30m has been allocated to set up a recreational park around the Stadium. The final cost of the project will reach USD 400m<ref>[http://donbass-arena.com/en/news/?id=9922 Donbass Arena Ready to Open]</ref><ref>[http://euro2012-ukraine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=3 Donbass Arena: More than Elite]</ref>.

==Construction and design==
The construction was launched in 2006. The general contractor is a Turkish company ENKA. The Stadium was completed and opened in 2009.

Dunbass Arena was designed by ArupSport, who have also designed the [[City of Manchester Stadium]] (Manchester, England); [[Allianz Arena]] (Munich, Germany); and the [[Beijing National Stadium]] (Beijing, China). An exceptional engineering solution – the soaring roof effect – will make the Stadium resemble a flying saucer. The oval shape and the glazed façade ensure a memorable outlook. The Stadium is located near [[RSC Olimpiyskiy|Regional Sport Complex Olimpiyskiy]] creating an elegant architectural ensemble. The roof of the Stadium slopes from north to south matching the landscape and contributing to the natural lighting and airing of the pitch. The external lighting makes the Stadium shine at night.

=== Stadium panorama during construction ===

{{wide image|Donbas_arena_construction_panorama.jpg|800px|<center>Panorama taken from top tier of the northern side of the stadium in June 2008 </center>}}

==Opening==
[[File:Donbass Arena 7.jpg|thumb|The opening event]]
[[File:UA Donezk Zentralstadion-Schachtar Neubau.jpg|thumb|Construction site in August 2007]]
The Donbass arena was completed ahead of schedule, but the grand opening was delayed until 29 August 2009 to coincide with the Ukrainian holiday of Miners Day, as well as Donetsk City day. Donetsk is in the Donbass region, a mining region, and the date was chosen for its symbolism. The prime tenants of the facility are named [[Shakhtar Donetsk]] ("Donetsk Coal Miners").

American Pop/R&B singer-songwriter [[Beyoncé Knowles]] performed a show from her [[I Am... Tour]] on the opening night of the new stadium. It was Knowles' first performance in [[Ukraine]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/46234 Beyonce to perform at the opening of Donbass Arena]</ref>

Many state officials attended the show designed by K-events Filmmaster Group. The opening ceremony was awarded as ''Event of the Year'' getting the [[Stadium Business Awards]] on June 18, 2010 in [[Dublin]].

Shakhtar Donetsk's first match at the stadium was a 4–0 victory in a [[Ukrainian Premier League]] [[Ukrainian Premier League 2009-10|2009–10]] Round 8 fixture on 27 September 2009 against [[FC Obolon Kyiv]].<ref name="New Shakhtar">[http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind=1/newsid=880944.html New Shakhtar stadium opens doors]</ref>
[[File:Donbass Arena 15.jpg|thumb|The day before opening]]

== Euro 2012 ==
Dombass arena was included in the official bidding project submitted by Poland and Ukraine for hosting [[UEFA Euro 2012]]. The stadium will host group stage games and one quarter-final and one semi-final game. Unlike most new stadiums being built in Poland and Ukraine, Donbass arena was not initially intended for that venue.

==Other uses==
Beside football matches, the Stadium will also be a place for various concerts and shows. The Stadium’s facilities and acoustics will meet demands of local artists and international superstars. Stadium tours will add to the list of distinctions. The general concept of the tours includes the insight into unique features of Donbass Arena, a visit to footballers’ rooms and FC Shakhtar Museum and, finally, a drop at FC Shakhtar brand shop for souvenirs.

==Facts==
[[File:Donbass Arena 14.jpg|thumb|Front glass facade]]
* The total area of the construction site (including mobilization areas) is 254,907 m²
* The land (including pitch), where the Stadium is located, is 46,780 m²
* The height of the new stadium is 54m from pitch level to the top of the roof.
* There are 227 lavatories with 471 toilets and 333 wash basins.
* Over 120.000 м³ of concrete were poured during construction of the Stadium
* Approximately 4300 tonnes of steel were used for construction
* Approximately 3800 tonnes of steel were used for the roof structure.
* Total glazing area is approximately 24.000 m²
* The total area of the tiers is approximately 70.000 m²
* The size of the football field is {{convert|105|x|68|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|7668|m²|sqft|0|abbr=on}} natural turf will be used with {{convert|2201|m²|sqft|0|abbr=on}} synthetic turf

==Gallery==
{{wide image|DONBASS ARENA).jpg|1000px|Panorama of the stadium "Donbass Arena"|100%}}

<gallery perrow="5">
File:Donbass Arena.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 2.jpg|The Roof of the Stadium
File:Donbass Arena 3.jpg|The Donbass Park
File:Donbass Arena 4.jpg|Main Entrance to the Arena
File:Donbass Arena 5.jpg|Inside of the Arena
File:Donbass Arena 6.jpg|The Grand Opening
File:Donbass Arena 8.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 9.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 10.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 11.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 12.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 13.jpg|Fireworks
File:Donbass Arena 16.jpg|The Shakhtar Emblem
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Donbas Arena}}
* [http://donbass-arena.com/en/ Donbass Arena official website]
* [http://donbass-arena.com/en/webcam/ Six webcam views of the Donbass Arena]
* [http://shakhtar.com/en/news/7574 Rinat Akhmetov: The new stadium’s name is Donbass Arena]
* [http://wikipedia.dn.ua/ Wikipedia Donbass]

{{FC Shakhtar Donetsk}}
{{Euro 2012 stadiums}}
{{Venues of Ukrainian PL}}
[[Category:FC Shakhtar Donetsk]]
[[Category:Football venues in Ukraine]]
[[Category:UEFA European Football Championship stadiums]]
[[Category:Sport in Donetsk]]
[[Category:2010 establishments]]

[[ar:دونباس أرينا]]
[[az:Donbas Arena]]
[[de:Donbas Arena]]
[[es:Donbass Arena]]
[[fr:Donbass Arena]]
[[hr:Donbass Arena]]
[[it:Donbass Arena]]
[[he:דונבס ארנה]]
[[lt:Donbaso arena]]
[[nl:Donbass Arena]]
[[ja:ドンバス・アリーナ]]
[[pl:Donbas Arena]]
[[pt:Donbass Arena]]
[[ro:Donbass Arena]]
[[ru:Донбасс Арена]]
[[simple:Donbass Arena]]
[[fi:Donbass Arena]]
[[sv:Donbass Arena]]
[[tr:Donbass Arena]]
[[uk:Донбас Арена]]

Donbas Arena

2010-11-29T21:08:31Z

142.204.16.10:

{{Infobox Stadium
| name = Dombass Arena
| nickname =
| image = [[File:Donbass Arena.jpg|250px]]
| fullname =
| former_names =
| location = [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|48|1|15|N|37|48|35|E}}
| broke_ground = 27 June 2006
| built =
| opened = 29 August 2009
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Shakhtar Donetsk]]
| operator = Dombass Arena
| surface = Grass
| scoreboard =
| construction_cost = [[United States dollar|$]] 400 million [[Euro|€]] 300 million
| suites =
| architect = [[Arup|ArupSport]]<ref>
{{cite journal
|url= http://www.arup.com/Projects/FC_Shakhtar_Stadium.aspx
}}</ref>
| project_manager =
| structural engineer =
| services engineer =
| general_contractor = [[Enka İnşaat ve Sanayi A.Ş.|ENKA]]
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 51,504 ([[football (soccer)|Football]])
| record_attendance =
| dimensions = 105m x 68m
| tenants =
}}

'''Dombass Arena''' ({{lang-uk|Донбас Арена}}) is a stadium with a natural grass pitch in [[Donetsk]], [[Ukraine]] that opened on 29 August, 2009. The facility is located in the center of the city, in the Lenin Comsomol park. With a capacity of 50,000 spectators, the Stadium hosts [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk]] matches and will host some matches in [[Euro 2012]]. It meets the requirements for an [[UEFA stadium categories|UEFA Elite]] 5-star Stadium rating.

The initial estimated cost of the project was USD 250m. USD 30m has been allocated to set up a recreational park around the Stadium. The final cost of the project will reach USD 400m<ref>[http://donbass-arena.com/en/news/?id=9922 Donbass Arena Ready to Open]</ref><ref>[http://euro2012-ukraine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=3 Donbass Arena: More than Elite]</ref>.

==Construction and design==
The construction was launched in 2006. The general contractor is a Turkish company ENKA. The Stadium was completed and opened in 2009.

Donbass Arena was designed by ArupSport, who have also designed the [[City of Manchester Stadium]] (Manchester, England); [[Allianz Arena]] (Munich, Germany); and the [[Beijing National Stadium]] (Beijing, China). An exceptional engineering solution – the soaring roof effect – will make the Stadium resemble a flying saucer. The oval shape and the glazed façade ensure a memorable outlook. The Stadium is located near [[RSC Olimpiyskiy|Regional Sport Complex Olimpiyskiy]] creating an elegant architectural ensemble. The roof of the Stadium slopes from north to south matching the landscape and contributing to the natural lighting and airing of the pitch. The external lighting makes the Stadium shine at night.

=== Stadium panorama during construction ===

{{wide image|Donbas_arena_construction_panorama.jpg|800px|<center>Panorama taken from top tier of the northern side of the stadium in June 2008 </center>}}

==Opening==
[[File:Donbass Arena 7.jpg|thumb|The opening event]]
[[File:UA Donezk Zentralstadion-Schachtar Neubau.jpg|thumb|Construction site in August 2007]]
The Donbass arena was completed ahead of schedule, but the grand opening was delayed until 29 August 2009 to coincide with the Ukrainian holiday of Miners Day, as well as Donetsk City day. Donetsk is in the Donbass region, a mining region, and the date was chosen for its symbolism. The prime tenants of the facility are named [[Shakhtar Donetsk]] ("Donetsk Coal Miners").

American Pop/R&B singer-songwriter [[Beyoncé Knowles]] performed a show from her [[I Am... Tour]] on the opening night of the new stadium. It was Knowles' first performance in [[Ukraine]].<ref>[http://www.kyivpost.com/guide/46234 Beyonce to perform at the opening of Donbass Arena]</ref>

Many state officials attended the show designed by K-events Filmmaster Group. The opening ceremony was awarded as ''Event of the Year'' getting the [[Stadium Business Awards]] on June 18, 2010 in [[Dublin]].

Shakhtar Donetsk's first match at the stadium was a 4–0 victory in a [[Ukrainian Premier League]] [[Ukrainian Premier League 2009-10|2009–10]] Round 8 fixture on 27 September 2009 against [[FC Obolon Kyiv]].<ref name="New Shakhtar">[http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind=1/newsid=880944.html New Shakhtar stadium opens doors]</ref>
[[File:Donbass Arena 15.jpg|thumb|The day before opening]]

== Euro 2012 ==
Dombass arena was included in the official bidding project submitted by Poland and Ukraine for hosting [[UEFA Euro 2012]]. The stadium will host group stage games and one quarter-final and one semi-final game. Unlike most new stadiums being built in Poland and Ukraine, Donbass arena was not initially intended for that venue.

==Other uses==
Beside football matches, the Stadium will also be a place for various concerts and shows. The Stadium’s facilities and acoustics will meet demands of local artists and international superstars. Stadium tours will add to the list of distinctions. The general concept of the tours includes the insight into unique features of Donbass Arena, a visit to footballers’ rooms and FC Shakhtar Museum and, finally, a drop at FC Shakhtar brand shop for souvenirs.

==Facts==
[[File:Donbass Arena 14.jpg|thumb|Front glass facade]]
* The total area of the construction site (including mobilization areas) is 254,907 m²
* The land (including pitch), where the Stadium is located, is 46,780 m²
* The height of the new stadium is 54m from pitch level to the top of the roof.
* There are 227 lavatories with 471 toilets and 333 wash basins.
* Over 120.000 м³ of concrete were poured during construction of the Stadium
* Approximately 4300 tonnes of steel were used for construction
* Approximately 3800 tonnes of steel were used for the roof structure.
* Total glazing area is approximately 24.000 m²
* The total area of the tiers is approximately 70.000 m²
* The size of the football field is {{convert|105|x|68|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|7668|m²|sqft|0|abbr=on}} natural turf will be used with {{convert|2201|m²|sqft|0|abbr=on}} synthetic turf

==Gallery==
{{wide image|DONBASS ARENA).jpg|1000px|Panorama of the stadium "Donbass Arena"|100%}}

<gallery perrow="5">
File:Donbass Arena.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 2.jpg|The Roof of the Stadium
File:Donbass Arena 3.jpg|The Donbass Park
File:Donbass Arena 4.jpg|Main Entrance to the Arena
File:Donbass Arena 5.jpg|Inside of the Arena
File:Donbass Arena 6.jpg|The Grand Opening
File:Donbass Arena 8.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 9.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 10.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 11.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 12.jpg
File:Donbass Arena 13.jpg|Fireworks
File:Donbass Arena 16.jpg|The Shakhtar Emblem
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Donbas Arena}}
* [http://donbass-arena.com/en/ Donbass Arena official website]
* [http://donbass-arena.com/en/webcam/ Six webcam views of the Donbass Arena]
* [http://shakhtar.com/en/news/7574 Rinat Akhmetov: The new stadium’s name is Donbass Arena]
* [http://wikipedia.dn.ua/ Wikipedia Donbass]

{{FC Shakhtar Donetsk}}
{{Euro 2012 stadiums}}
{{Venues of Ukrainian PL}}
[[Category:FC Shakhtar Donetsk]]
[[Category:Football venues in Ukraine]]
[[Category:UEFA European Football Championship stadiums]]
[[Category:Sport in Donetsk]]
[[Category:2010 establishments]]

[[ar:دونباس أرينا]]
[[az:Donbas Arena]]
[[de:Donbas Arena]]
[[es:Donbass Arena]]
[[fr:Donbass Arena]]
[[hr:Donbass Arena]]
[[it:Donbass Arena]]
[[he:דונבס ארנה]]
[[lt:Donbaso arena]]
[[nl:Donbass Arena]]
[[ja:ドンバス・アリーナ]]
[[pl:Donbas Arena]]
[[pt:Donbass Arena]]
[[ro:Donbass Arena]]
[[ru:Донбасс Арена]]
[[simple:Donbass Arena]]
[[fi:Donbass Arena]]
[[sv:Donbass Arena]]
[[tr:Donbass Arena]]
[[uk:Донбас Арена]]

Talk:Len Howard

2010-11-29T19:07:24Z

142.204.16.10: /* Untitled */ Gave a heading name to Susan Copus' section; deleted my previous response to Susan Copus (of 30 April 2010) and added a new response

{{WPBiography
|living=no
|class=Stub
|priority=
|auto=yes
|listas=Howard, Len
}}
==Genealogy==
I am the great niece of 'The Bird Woman of Sussex'.

The description of 'Len Howard' as a pseudonym for Olive Howard is incorrect.

'The Bird Woman of Sussex' was called 'Gwen', not Olive - Olive was the name of her sister. I suspect 'Gwen' was an abbreviation for 'Gwendolen', but my handwritten family tree simply lists her as 'Gwen'. I have always been led to believe that Gwen adopted the name 'Len' as a sort of variant on her own name; there was no brother Len.

Gwen was the youngest of the four children of Henry Newman Howard (b 1861) and Florence Howard, nee Warman. The other two children were Kingsley Newman Howard and (Ernest) Dudley Howard. Kingsley was my grandfather; none of his siblings married.

Except during their war service, Olive and Dudley lived with their parents, latterly in a house in Ottery St Mary, until they died one by one, Olive on 2nd August, 1962 and Dudley on 13th August, 1962.

Unless someone tells me otherwise, I shall correct the misinformation in the main article within the next few days.

Susan Copus (born Susan Mary Howard in 1945)

[[User:Susan Copus|Susan Copus]] ([[User talk:Susan Copus|talk]]) 20:51, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

'''Dear Susan''', does your family tree provide a birth or death date? Is your great-grandfather [[Newman Howard|this Newman Howard?]] Could you provide a digital image of your family tree? I believe the [http://www.ditchling-museum.com/social_history.html Ditchling History Project] is interested in hearing from you.

[[Special:Contributions/142.204.16.10|142.204.16.10]] ([[User talk:142.204.16.10|talk]]) 19:07, 29 November 2010 (UTC)

Rasheedabad

2010-11-23T17:07:34Z

142.204.16.10:

'''Rasheedabad''' ({{lang-ur|''' رشيد آباد '''}}) is one of the neighbourhoods of [[Baldia Town]] in [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]. <ref>[http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/town/index.asp?txtTown=Baldia Baldia Town]</ref>

There are several ethnic groups in Rasheedabad including [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajirs]], [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]], [[Saraiki people|Seraikis]], [[Pashtun people|Pakhtuns]], [[Baloch people|Balochis]], [[Memon people|Memons]], [[Bohra people|Bohras]], [[Ismaili people|Ismailis]], etc. Over 99% of the population is [[Muslim]]. The population of [[Baldia Town]] is estimated to be nearly one million. rabble rabble rabble

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.karachicity.gov.pk/ Karachi Website].

{{Neighbourhoods of Karachi}}



{{coord missing|Pakistan}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods of Karachi]]

{{Karachi-geo-stub}}

Merle Haggard

2010-11-02T14:25:39Z

142.204.16.10:

{{No footnotes|date=October 2009}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| Name = Merle Haggard
| Img = MerleHaggardJun09.jpg
| Img_capt = Haggard performing in June 2009
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Merle Ronald Haggard
| Alias = The Hag, Merle the Pearl
| Born = {{birth date and age|1937|04|06}} [[Bakersfield, California]], [[United States]]
| Instruments = [[Guitar]], [[Fiddle]]
| Genre = [[Country music|Country]]
| Occupation = [[Musician]], [[Guitarist]], [[Singer]], [[Songwriter]]
| Years_active = 1963-present
| Label = [[Capitol Records|Capitol]], [[MCA Records|MCA]], [[Epic Records|Epic]], [[Curb Records|Curb]], ANTI, [[Vanguard Records|Vanguard]]
| URL = [http://www.merlehaggard.com/ Official Website]
| Notable_instruments = [[Fender Telecaster|Merle Haggard Signature Model Telecaster]]
}}
'''Merle Ronald Haggard''' (born April 6, 1937) is an [[United States|American]] [[country music]] [[singer]], [[guitarist]], [[instrumentalist]], and [[songwriter]]. Along with [[Buck Owens]], Haggard and his band The Strangers helped create the [[Bakersfield Sound]], which is characterized by the unique twang of [[Fender Telecaster]] guitars, vocal harmonies, and a rough edge not heard on the more polished [[Nashville Sound]] recordings of the same era.

By the 1970s, Haggard was aligned with the growing [[outlaw country]] movement, and has continued to release successful albums through the 1990s and into the 2000s. In 1997, Merle Haggard was inducted into the [[Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame]] for his song "[[Okie from Muskogee (song)|Okie from Muskogee]]".

==Early life==
Merle Haggard was born in [[Oildale, California]] in 1937. His parents, Flossie Mae Harp and James Francis Haggard,<ref>[http://www.wargs.com/other/haggard.html Ancestry of Merle Haggard]</ref> moved from Oklahoma to California during the [[Great Depression]]. At that time, much of the population of Bakersfield consisted of economic refugees from Oklahoma and surrounding states. Haggard spent his childhood in Oildale, a hardscrabble suburb of Bakersfield, home to many workers in the adjacent [[Kern River Oil Field]].

Haggard's father died when Merle was nine years old, and Merle soon began to rebel by committing petty crimes and [[truancy]]. Due to shoplifting at a women's lingerie store in 1950 (aged thirteen), he was sent to a juvenile detention center.<ref>[http://secure.cartsvr.net/catalogs/index.asp?category=202611&count=1 Haggard's 40 #1 Hits CD song book]</ref> In 1951, Haggard ran away to Texas with a friend, but returned that same year and was arrested for truancy and [[petty larceny]]. Again escaping the juvenile detention center, he went to [[Modesto, California]]. He worked odd jobs—legal and not—and began performing in a bar. Once he was found again, he was sent to the [[Preston School of Industry]], a high-security installation. He was released fifteen months later, but was sent back after beating a local boy during a [[burglary]] attempt.

After his fourth release, Haggard saw [[Lefty Frizzell]] in concert with his friend, Bob Teague. After hearing Haggard sing along to his first two songs Frizzell allowed Haggard to sing at the concert. The audience enjoyed Haggard and he began working on a full-time music career. After he had earned a local reputation, Haggard's money problems caught up with him. He was arrested for attempting to rob a Bakersfield tavern in 1957<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallechinsky|first=David|coauthors=Amy Wallace|title=The New Book of Lists|publisher=Canongate|year=2005|page=301|isbn=1841957194}}</ref> and was sent to the [[San Quentin]] state prison for three years.

While in prison, Haggard ran a gambling and brewing racket from his cell. During a time of solitary confinement, he encountered an alcoholic mathematician and death row inmate named Drunk Adam. Haggard had the opportunity to escape with a fellow inmate nicknamed "Rabbit" but passed on it. The inmate successfully escaped, only to shoot a police officer and return to San Quentin for execution. Drunk Adam's predicament along with Rabbit's inspired Haggard to turn his life around.

Many have suggested that Haggard attended the [[Johnny Cash]] "Prison Concerts" , but Cash did not do those concerts until 1968 - '69 .

Haggard soon earned a high-school equivalence diploma, kept a steady job in the prison's textile plant, and played in the prison's band. Upon his release in 1960, Haggard said it took about four months to get used to being out of the penitentiary and that, at times, he actually wanted to go back in. He said it was the loneliest feeling he had ever had. On Tuesday, March 14, 1972, Haggard was [[pardoned]] by Governor [[Ronald Reagan]].

==Country success==
Upon his release, Haggard started digging ditches and wiring houses for his brother. Soon he was performing again, and later began recording with Tally Records. The Bakersfield Sound was developing in the area as a reaction against the over-produced [[honky tonk]] of the [[Nashville Sound]]. Haggard's first song was "Skid Row". In 1962, Haggard wound up performing at a [[Wynn Stewart]] show in [[Las Vegas metropolitan area|Las Vegas]] and heard Wynn's "Sing a Sad Song". He asked for permission to record it, and the resulting single was a national hit in 1964.

In 1968, Haggard's first tribute LP ''[[Same Train, A Different Time|Same Train, Different Time: A Tribute to Jimmie Rodgers]]'', was released to acclaim. "[[Okie from Muskogee (song)|Okie From Muskogee]]", 1969's apparent political statement, was actually written as an abjectly humorous character portrait. Haggard called the song a "documentation of the uneducated that lived in America at the time."<ref>Phipps 2001</ref> He said later on the [[Bob Edwards Show]] that "I wrote it when I recently got out of the joint. I knew what it was like to lose my freedom, and I was getting really mad at these protesters. They didn't know anything more about the war in Vietnam than I did. I thought how my dad, who was from Oklahoma, would have felt. I felt I knew how those boys fighting in Vietnam felt."

Actually, Haggard said had only started smoking marijuana when he was 41 years old. He admitted that in 1983 he bought "$2,000 (worth) of cocaine" and to partying for five days afterward, when he says he finally realized his condition and quit for good.<ref>{{Citation| last = Heath|first = Chris|title = The Last Outlaw | magazine = [[Gentleman's Quarterly]]|date = November 2005 | url = http://www.gq.com/images/gq/asme/pdf/TheLastOutlaw.pdf |accessdate = 2010-07-21}}</ref>

Later, Alabama Gov. [[George Wallace]] asked Haggard for an endorsement, which Haggard declined. However, Haggard has expressed sympathy with the "parochial" way of life expressed in "Okie" and songs such as "[[The Fightin' Side of Me]]". After "Okie" was released, it was a hit.

Regardless of exactly how they were intended, "Okie From Muskogee", "The Fightin' Side of Me", and "I Wonder If They Think of Me" were hailed as anthems of the so-called "[[Silent Majority (Politics)|Silent Majority]]" and presaged a trend in patriotic songs that would reappear years later with [[Charlie Daniels]]' "In America", [[Lee Greenwood]]'s "[[God Bless the USA]]", and others. In 1969 the [[Grateful Dead]] began performing Haggard's tune "[[Mama Tried (song)|Mama Tried]]", which appeared on their 1971 [[Grateful Dead (album)|eponymous live album]]. The song became a staple in their repertoire until the band's end in 1995. The Grateful Dead also performed Haggard's "Sing Me Back Home" numerous times between 1971 and 1973. In addition, the Flying Burrito Brothers recorded and performed "White Line Fever" in 1971, and toured with "Sing Me Back Home". Singer-activist [[Joan Baez]], whose political leanings couldn't be more different from those expressed in Haggard's above-referenced songs, nonetheless covered "Sing Me Back Home" and "Mama Tried" in 1969. The Everly Brothers also used both songs in their 1968 country-rock album ''[[Roots (Everly Brothers album)|Roots]]''. Haggard's next LP was ''[[A Tribute to the Best Damn Fiddle Player in the World (or, My Salute to Bob Wills)]]'', which helped spark a revival of [[western swing]].

On Tuesday, March 14, 1972, shortly after "[[Carolyn (song)|Carolyn]]" became another number one country hit for Haggard, Governor [[Ronald Reagan]] granted Haggard a full pardon for his past crimes.

During the early to mid 1970s, Haggard's chart domination continued with songs like "Someday We'll Look Back", "Carolyn", "[[Grandma Harp]]", "[[Always Wanting You]]", and "[[The Roots of My Raising]]". He also wrote and performed the theme song to the television series ''[[Movin' On (TV series)|Movin' On]]'', which in 1975 gave him another number one country hit. The 1973 [[recession]] anthem "[[If We Make It Through December]]" furthered Haggard's status as a champion of the working class. Haggard appeared on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' on May 6, 1977.

In 1981, Haggard published an autobiography, ''Sing Me Back Home.'' That same year, he alternately spoke and sang the ballad ''The Man In the Mask.'' Written by [[Dean Pitchford]] (whose other output includes ''[[Fame (Irene Cara song)|Fame]],'' ''[[Footloose (song)|Footloose]],'' ''[[Sing (1989 film)|Sing]],'' ''[[Solid Gold (TV series)|Solid Gold]]'' and the musical ''[[Carrie (musical)|Carrie]]''), this was the combined narration/theme from the movie ''[[The Legend of the Lone Ranger]]''...which was a box-office flop.

Country star [[Willie Nelson]] believed the 1983 [[Academy Award]]-winning film ''[[Tender Mercies]]'', about the life of fictional singer Mac Sledge, was based on the life of Merle Haggard. Actor [[Robert Duvall]] and other filmmakers denied this and claimed the character was based on nobody in particular. Duvall, however, said he was a big fan of Haggard.<ref>{{cite video|people=[[Robert Duvall]] (actor), Gary Hertz (director)|date=2002-04-16|title= Miracles & Mercies|url= http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0383509/ |medium=Documentary|publisher=[[Blue Underground]] |location=[[West Hollywood, California]]|accessdate= 2008-01-28}}</ref>

"If We Make It Through December" turned out to be Haggard's last pop hit. Although he won a [[Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance]] for 1984's new kind of honky tonk, newer singers had begun to take over country music, and singers like [[George Strait]] and [[Randy Travis]] had taken over the charts. Haggard's last number one hit was "[[Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Star]]" from his smash album ''Chill Factor'' in 1988.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

==Influence==
Haggard's guitar work and voice gives his country a hard-edged, blues-like style in many cuts.
Although he has been outspoken in his dislike for modern country music, he has praised newer stars such as [[George Strait]], [[Toby Keith]] and [[Alan Jackson]]. Keith has singled Haggard as a major influence on his career. [[The Dixie Chicks]] paid tribute by recording [[Darrell Scott]]'s song "Long Time Gone", which criticizes Nashville trends: "We listen to the radio to hear what's cookin’/But the music ain't got no soul/ Now they sound tired but they don’t sound Haggard," with the following lines mentioning [[Johnny Cash]] and [[Hank Williams]] in the same vein. [[Collin Raye]] paid him tribute with the song "My Kind Of Girl," when he sang the lines "How 'bout some music/She said have you got any Merle/That's when I knew she was my kind of girl." In 2000, [[Alan Jackson]] and [[George Strait]] sang "Murder On Music Row," which criticizes mainstream country trends: "The Hag wouldn't have a chance on today's radio/Because they committed murder down on music row." In 2005, the country rock duo [[Brooks & Dunn]] sang "Just Another Neon Night" off their Hillbilly Deluxe album. In the song [[Ronnie Dunn]] said "He's got an Eastwood grin and a too early swagger/Hollerin' turn off that rap/And play me some Haggard". In 2006, [[Hank Williams III]] included Haggard as well as other country icons in the song "Country Heroes". [[Steve Goodman]] mentioned him, humorously but respectfully, in the song "You Never Even Called Me By My Name" (which he either co-wrote or didn't co-write with [[John Prine]]). [[George Jones]] recorded two albums with him. [[Elvis Costello]] references Haggard on the song "The Big Light" from the critically-acclaimed album "King of America", where he sings "I didn't even touch the light-switch 'cos I knew that I would see/The Haggard face that would be staring back at me". For emphasis, the sleeve notes capitalize the H in Haggard. Lynyrd Skynyrd's song Railroad Song references Haggard, "Well I'm a ride this train Lord until I find out/What Jimmy Rodgers and the Hag was all about", Nuthin' Fancy [[Nuthin' Fancy]].

In 2006, Haggard was back on the charts in a duet with [[Gretchen Wilson]], "Politically Uncorrect".<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000AA3052 Duet with Gretchen Wilson]</ref> He is also featured on "Pledge Allegiance to the Hag" on [[Eric Church]]'s debut album. The song was also written by Church.

==Comeback==
[[File:MerleHaggardDrive.jpg|thumb|right|Merle Haggard Drive, [[Oildale, California]]]]
In 2000, Haggard made a comeback of sorts, signing with the independent record label Anti and releasing the spare ''If I Could Only Fly'' to critical acclaim. He followed it in 2001 with ''Roots, vol. 1'', a collection of [[Lefty Frizzell]], [[Hank Williams]], and [[Hank Thompson (musician)|Hank Thompson]] covers, along with three Haggard originals. The album, recorded in Haggard's living room with no overdubs, featured Haggard's longtime bandmates The Strangers as well as Frizzell's original lead guitarist, Norman Stephens. In December 2004, Haggard spoke at length on ''[[Larry King Live]]'' about his incarceration as a young man and said it was "hell" and "the scariest experience of my life".{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

Haggard's number one hit single "Mama Tried" is featured in the 2003 film ''[[Radio (film)|Radio]]'' with [[Cuba Gooding, Jr.]] and [[Ed Harris]] as well as in Bryan Bertino's "The Strangers" with Liv Tyler. In addition, his song "Swingin' Doors" can be heard in the 2004 film ''[[Crash (2004 film)|Crash]]'' and his 1981 hit "Big City" is heard in Joel and Ethan Coen's 1996 film "Fargo" and in the 2008 Larry Bishop film "Hell Ride", executive produced by [[Quentin Tarantino]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

In October 2005, Haggard released his album, "[[Chicago Wind (Merle Haggard album)]]", to mostly positive reviews. The album contained an anti-Iraq war song titled "America First," in which he laments the nation's economy and faltering infrastructure, applauds its soldiers, and sings, "Let's get out of Iraq, and get back on track." This follows from his 2003 release "Haggard Like Never Before" in which he includes a song, "That's The News".
Haggard released a [[Bluegrass music|bluegrass]] album, ''[[The Bluegrass Sessions (Merle Haggard album)|The Bluegrass Sessions]]'', on October 2, 2007. In 2008, Haggard was going to perform at Riverfest in [[Little Rock, Arkansas]], but the concert was canceled because he was experiencing some sickness, and three other concerts were canceled as well; however, he was back on the road in June and successfully completed a tour that ended on October 19.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} In April 2010, Haggard released a new album, ''I Am What I Am''.
<ref>{{cite web|last=See|first=Elena|title=First Listen: Merle Haggard, 'I Am What I Am'|url=http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=125636724&sc=fb&cc=fp|publisher=www.npr.org|accessdate=22 July 2010}}</ref>

==Equipment==
Haggard has endorsed Fender guitars and has a Custom Artist signature model Telecaster. The guitar is a modified Telecaster Thinline with laminated top of figured maple, set neck with deep carved heel, birdseye maple fingerboard with 22 jumbo frets, ivoroid pickguard and binding, gold hardware, abalone Tuff Dog Tele peghead inlay, 2-Colour Sunburst finish and a pair of Fender Texas Special Tele single-coil pickups with custom-wired 4-way pickup switching. He also plays six string acoustic models. In 2001, C.F. Martin & Company introduced a limited edition Merle Haggard Signature Edition 000-28SMH acoustic guitar available with or without factory-installed electronics.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

==Personal life==
===Death of Bonnie Owens===
On April 24, 2006, Haggard's second wife, [[Bonnie Owens|Bonnie]] (October 1, 1929 - April 24, 2006), died in [[Bakersfield]] from [[Alzheimer's disease]], aged 76. Haggard's third wife was [[Leona Williams]], to whom he was married from 1978 to 1983.
In 1993 he married Theresa Ann Lane. They have two children, Jenessa and Ben. Merle's first marriage (1956-1964) to Leona Hobbs, brought children Dana, Marty (b. 1958), Kelli, and Noel (b. Sept. 4, 1963).

===Health===
Haggard underwent [[angioplasty]] in 1995 to unblock clogged arteries. On November 9, 2008, it was announced that Haggard had been diagnosed with [[non-small cell lung cancer]] in May of that year and had undergone surgery on November 3 to have part of his lung removed.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20081110/people_nm/us_haggard News of cancer diagnosis]</ref> Haggard returned home on November 8.<ref>[http://www.gactv.com/gac/nw_headlines/article/0,3034,GAC_26063_5939127_,00.html GACTV.com - cancer diagnosis]</ref> Less than two months after his cancer surgery, Haggard played two shows on January 2 and 3, 2009, in Bakersfield at [[Buck Owens]]' Crystal Palace and is planning to continue to tour and record.

==Legacy==
On December 19, 2006, the Kern County Board of Supervisors approved a citizen-led resolution to re-name a portion of 7th Standard Road in Oildale as Merle Haggard Drive, which will stretch from North Chester Avenue west to [[U.S. Route 99]]. The first street travelers will turn onto when they leave the new airport terminal will be Merle Haggard Drive.

In 2006, Merle Haggard was honored as a [[ Broadcast Music Incorporated | BMI ]] Icon at the 54th annual BMI Pop Awards. During his songwriting career, Hagard has earned 48 BMI Country Awards, nine BMI Pop Awards, a BMI R&B Award, and 16 BMI "Million-Air" awards, all from a catalog of songs that adds up to over 25 million performances. <ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/335056|title= Top BMI Writers, Publishers Honored at 54th Annual Country Awards; Merle Haggard Saluted as BMI Icon|publisher=bmi.com|accessdate=2010-09-30}}</ref>

==Discography==
{{Main|Merle Haggard discography}}

==38 number one hits==

# [[The Fugitive (song)|I'm a Lonesome Fugitive]] (1966)
# [[Branded Man (song)|Branded Man]] (1967)
# [[Sing Me Back Home (song)|Sing Me Back Home]] (1968)
# [[The Legend of Bonnie and Clyde (song)|The Legend of Bonnie and Clyde]] (1968)
# [[Mama Tried (song)|Mama Tried]] (1968)
# [[Hungry Eyes (Merle Haggard song)|Hungry Eyes]] (1969)
# [[Workin' Man Blues]] (1969)
# [[Okie from Muskogee (song)|Okie from Muskogee]] (1969)
# [[The Fightin' Side of Me]] (1970)
# [[Daddy Frank (The Guitar Man)]] (1971)
# [[Carolyn (song)|Carolyn]] (1971)
# [[Grandma Harp]] (1972)
# [[It's Not Love (But It's Not Bad) (song)|It's Not Love (But It's Not Bad)]] (1972)
# [[I Wonder If They Ever Think of Me]] (1972)
# [[Everybody's Had the Blues]] (1973)
# [[If We Make It Through December]] (1973)
# [[Things Aren't Funny Anymore]] (1974)
# [[Old Man from the Mountain]] (1974)
# [[Kentucky Gambler]] (1974)
# [[Always Wanting You]] (1975)
# [[Movin' On (Merle Haggard song)|Movin' On]] (1975)
# [[It's All in the Movies (song)|It's All in the Movies]] (1975)
# [[The Roots of My Raising (song)|The Roots of My Raising]] (1975)
# [[Cherokee Maiden]] (1976)
# [[Bar Room Buddies]] (with [[Clint Eastwood]]) (1980)
# [[I Think I'll Just Stay Here and Drink]] (1980)
# [[My Favorite Memory]] (1981)
# [[Big City (song)|Big City]] (1981)
# [[Yesterday's Wine (song)|Yesterday's Wine]] (with [[George Jones]]) (1982)
# [[Going Where the Lonely Go (song)|Going Where the Lonely Go]] (1982)
# [[You Take Me for Granted]] (1982)
# [[Pancho and Lefty]] (with] [[Willie Nelson]]) (1983)
# [[That's the Way Love Goes (Johnny Rodriguez song)|That's the Way Love Goes]] (1983)
# [[Someday When Things Are Good]] (1984)
# [[Let's Chase Each Other Around the Room]] (1984)
# [[A Place to Fall Apart]] (with [[Janie Frickie]]) (1984)
# [[Natural High (Merle Haggard song)|Natural High]] (1985)
# [[Twinkle, Twinkle Lucky Star]] (1987)

==Awards==
'''[[Academy of Country Music]]'''
*[[Academy of Country Music|1965 Top New Male Vocalist]]
*[[Academy of Country Music|1965 Top Vocal Duo]] with [[Bonnie Owens]]
*[[Academy of Country Music|1966 Top Male Vocalist]]
*[[Academy of Country Music|1967 Top Vocal Duo]] with [[Bonnie Owens]]
*[[Academy of Country Music|1969 Album of the Year]] - "[[Okie from Muskogee]]"
*[[Academy of Country Music|1969 Single of the Year]] - "[[Okie from Muskogee (song)|Okie from Muskogee]]"
*[[Academy of Country Music|1969 Top Vocal Duo]] - with [[Bonnie Owens]]
*[[Academy of Country Music|1970 Entertainer of the Year]]
*[[Academy of Country Music|1970 Top Male Vocalist]]
*[[Academy of Country Music|1972 Top Male Vocalist]]
*[[Academy of Country Music|1974 Top Male Vocalist]]
*[[Academy of Country Music|1981 Top Male Vocalist]]
*[[Academy of Country Music|1982 Song of the Year]] - "Are The Good Times Really Over?"

'''[[Country Music Association]]'''
*[[Country Music Association Awards|1970 Album of the Year]] - "[[Okie from Muskogee]]"
*[[Country Music Association Awards|1970 Entertainer of the Year]]
*[[Country Music Association Awards|1970 Male Vocalist of the Year]]
*[[Country Music Association Awards|1970 Single of the Year]] - "[[Okie from Muskogee (song)|Okie from Muskogee]]"
*[[Country Music Association Awards|1983 Vocal Duo of the Year]] - with [[Willie Nelson]]

'''[[Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum]]'''
*[[Inductees of the Country Music Hall of Fame|Inducted in 1994]]

'''[[Grammy Awards]]'''
*[[Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance|1984 Best Country Vocal Performance, Male]] - "That's The Way Love Goes"
*[[Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals|1998 Best Country Collaboration with Vocals]] with [[Clint Black]], [[Joe Diffie]], [[Emmylou Harris]], [[Alison Krauss]], [[Patty Loveless]], [[Earl Scruggs]], [[Ricky Skaggs]], [[Marty Stuart]], [[Pam Tillis]], [[Randy Travis]], [[Travis Tritt]] & [[Dwight Yoakam]] for "Same Old Train"
*[[Grammy Hall of Fame Award|1999 Grammy Hall of Fame Award]] - "[[Mama Tried (song)|Mama Tried]]"

'''[[Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame]]'''
*[[Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame|Inducted in 1977]]

'''[[Kennedy Center Honors]]'''
*[[Kennedy Center Honors|Inducted in 2010]]

==Sources==
* Di Salvatore, Bryan. (1998). "Merle Haggard". In ''The Encyclopedia of Country Music''. Paul Kingsbury (ed.), New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 222–24
* Di Salvatore, Bryan. "Ornery", ''The New Yorker'', February 12, 1990, pp. 39–77
* Fox, Aaron A. "White Trash Alchemies of the Abject Sublime: Country as 'Bad' Music", in Christopher J. Washburne and Maiken Derno (eds.), ''Bad Music: The Music We Love to Hate'', New York: Routledge, 2004 (ISBN 0-415-94366-3)
* Haggard, Merle, with Tom Carter. ''My House of Memories: For the Record''. New York: HarperEntertainment, 1999
*Haggard, Merle, and Peggy Russell. ''Sing Me Back Home''. New York: Times Books, 1981

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.merlehaggard.com/ Official Site]
* [http://www.rollingstone.com/photos/gallery/30169224/merle_haggard_the_life_and_times Photo timeline of his life from RollingStone.com]
* [http://capitol-nashville.com/index.cfm?method=artist.artistBio Record Label]
* [http://www.countrymusichalloffame.org/full-list-of-inductees/view/merle-haggard at the Country Music Hall of Fame]
* {{imdb name|0353588|Merle Haggard}}
* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/H/HA059.html Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Haggard, Merle]

{{Merle Haggard}}

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[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bakersfield, California]]
[[Category:American country guitarists]]
[[Category:American country singers]]
[[Category:American country singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons]]
[[Category:American male singers]]
[[Category:Cancer patients]]
[[Category:Country Music Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Musicians from California]]
[[Category:Vanguard Records artists]]
[[Category:Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame inductees]]

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