Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

West Auckland Town F.C.

2017-04-03T04:51:58Z

155.4.129.44: Corrected year for A Captain's Tale as it was not 1981, but 1982 as stated in the sourced link to the details about the film.

{{Infobox football club
| clubname = West Auckland Town
| fullname = West Auckland Town Football Club
| image = File:WA Logo coloured.jpg
| nickname = West
| founded = 1893 (as West Auckland)
| ground = The Wanted metal stadium (Darlington Road)
| capacity = 2capacity (1seating)
| chairman =
| manager =
| league = {{English football updater|WestAucT}}
| season = {{English football updater|WestAucT2}}
| position = {{English football updater|WestAucT3}}
| pattern_la1=_yellowborder|pattern_b1=_navy_blackangle_leftshoulder|pattern_ra1=_yellowborder|
leftarm1=000000|body1=FFFF00|rightarm1=000000|shorts1=000000|socks1=FFFF00|
| pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=_yellowV|pattern_ra2=|
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}}
'''West Auckland Town Football Club''' are a [[football (soccer)|football]] club from [[West Auckland]], near [[Bishop Auckland]] in [[County Durham]], [[England]], competing in the [[Northern League (football)|Northern League]], in the ninth tier of the [[English football league system]]. The club is most famous for being the winners of the [[Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy]], one of the world's first international footballing competitions, twice, in 1909 and 1911.

==History==

===Early history===
The club was founded as '''West Auckland F.C.''' in 1893, and initially played in the [[Wear Valley League]] (1896–1900), [[South Durham Alliance]] (1900–05) and [[Mid Durham League]] (1905–08). In 1908 they joined the [[Northern League (football)|Northern League]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fchd.info/W-AUCKLA.HTM | title=West Auckland | work=Football Club History Database }}</ref>

===Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy===
{{details|Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy}}
The Trophy was initiated by businessman and sporting enthusiast [[Thomas Lipton|Sir Thomas Lipton]], who wished to see a competition between the leading football clubs of [[Europe]]. The football associations of [[Italy]], [[Germany]] and [[Switzerland]] duly complied, but [[the Football Association]] of England refused to nominate a club. West Auckland, a lowly amateur side of [[mining|coalminers]] from the [[Northern League (football)|Northern League]] were entered into the competition, although it has never been entirely clear why.

One plausible explanation for West Auckland's entry was that an employee of Sir Thomas Lipton's had contacts in the Northern League and put out an appeal for a team to take the English spot. An alternative explanation, popular in the town itself, is that Lipton had wanted to send [[Arsenal F.C.|Woolwich Arsenal]] to the Championship – an instruction to his secretary to "contact W.A." led to West Auckland being mistakenly contacted. However, a review of the facts casts doubt on this theory; at the time Woolwich Arsenal had only just been promoted from the [[Football League Second Division|Second Division]] and were not the famous club they are today, being relatively small and unsuccessful compared to many other [[Football League]] sides. In addition, there is no documentary evidence to suggest any sort of link between Sir Thomas Lipton and Woolwich Arsenal, so it is unclear why he would have chosen them ahead of any other English team. Indeed recent research clearly shows evidence that West Auckland were the expected team.<ref>[http://www.artview-studio.co.uk/http-www-artview-studio-co-uk-oakleaf-publishing-htm.html The Miners' Triumph – Martin Connolly – Oakleaf Publishing –] ISBN 978-0957465152</ref>

West Auckland duly made the journey to [[Turin]], where the first tournament was being held, many of the players paying out of their own pocket to do so. They beat [[Sportfreunde Stuttgart]] in the semi-finals 2–0; in the final, on 12 April 1909, West Auckland faced Swiss side [[FC Winterthur]] and beat them 2–0 as well to take the trophy.

Two years later, West Auckland returned, and after beating [[FC Zürich]] 2–0, they ran out 6–1 winners in the final over future Italian giants [[Juventus]]. By the rules of competition, they were awarded the trophy to keep in perpetuity.

Upon their return home, the club was forced to pawn the trophy to the landlady of the local hotel because of financial problems. It remained with her family until 1960 when a village appeal raised money to return the cup to the club. The cup was then stolen in 1994 and despite the best efforts of local police and a £2,000 reward it was never found. An exact replica of the cup can now be found in a secure cabinet in the West Auckland Working Men's Club.

The story of the club's first success was turned into a [[television movie]] in 1982 – ''[[A Captain's Tale]]'', produced by [[Tyne Tees Television]] and starring [[Dennis Waterman]].

===History since===

Debts forced the club to leave the Northern League in 1912 and fold, although in 1914 it was reconstituted as '''West Auckland Town F.C.''', which remains to this day.<ref name="clubhistory">{{cite web | url=http://www.westaucklandtownfc.co.uk/history.asp | title=Club history | work=West Auckland Town FC website }}</ref> Although it has never quite reached the same heights it did at the start of the 20th century, it did win the Northern League in 1960 and 1961, and were [[FA Amateur Cup]] runners-up in 1961, losing to [[Walthamstow Avenue F.C.|Walthamstow Avenue]]. They still remain rivals with [[Bishop Auckland F.C.|Bishop Auckland]] to this day. Having been founded in 1889, the [[Northern League (football)|Northern League]] is the oldest surviving league after [[The Football League]].

1998–99 was a very exciting season in the Club's history when they reached the 1st Round proper of the F.A. Cup for the third time, (Barnsley 1959 & Stockport 1961) with an away tie against Yeovil Town. After a 2–2 draw at Yeovil and a 1–1 draw at West Auckland, a penalty shoot-out saw Yeovil through. The Club also finished a credible 5th in the League that season as they did also in 1999–00 and 2005–06.

David Bayles took charge in the summer of 2005 and led the side to 5th place in his first season (2005–06) and then 6th place in the following season. 2007–08 began with an FA Cup run that saw West within minutes of a place in the final qualifying round of the FA Cup before defeat in a replay to Bamber Bridge. After his shock resignation, Lee Ellison had a short lived spell as manager before Phil Owers took over and steadied the side and led them to escape the drop zone.

Owers departed early in the 2008–09 season with Brian Fairhurst appointed as the new player manager. However after performances slumped to a worryingly low and 10 games without a win, Ray Gowan came in but even he was unable to arrest the slide and promptly resigned at the end of the campaign.

Exciting news filtered in throughout the summer of 2009. Firstly, West Auckland were able to retain their First Division status due to Sunderland Nissan folding. The Club then received sensational news that, to celebrate their Centenary of winning the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, Juventus had agreed to a re-match in Italy. Shortly afterwards Hartlepool legend Brian Honour was appointed the new manager in the hot seat.

Brian and his successor Wilf Constantine struggled to get West back on track and both had short lived spells in charge. For the third season in a row, a third manager was appointed – Peter Dixon arrived on Monday 7 December 2009, swapping a promotion push with Crook for a relegation battle. West stunned the Northern League with some superb results and finished the season in a scarcely believable 16th place despite having a −41 goal difference and 5 points from 19 matches when Peter took the reins.

During the 2010–11 season West finished in a very credible 6th place. Key signings such as Mark Bell (Blyth Spartans) and John Parker (Ryton) shored up the defence, whilst forwards Daniel Hindmarsh and Chris Lunn provided an attacking prowess which saw the side score 96 league goals. West Auckland also enjoyed a good FA Cup run beating Whickham, Billingham Synthonia in the preliminary qualifying rounds. A 3–1 win at home to Northern Premier League side Bradford Park Avenue set up a 2nd Qualifying round tie away to Conference North side Workington. West were beaten 2–1 despite taking the lead through Adam Nicholls in the first half.

In memory of the 1909 Thomas Lipton trophy final, West Auckland Town F.C. and Italian giants Juventus F.C. met once again in 2009 for a friendly match 100 years later, with Juventus F.C under 20 winning 7–1.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8180137.stm Up for the cup, 100 years on ] BBC News Online Sunday, 2 August 2009</ref>

==Honours==
*[[Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy]] (World Cup) Winners – 1909, 1911
*[[Northern Football League|Northern League]] Champions – 1959–60
*[[Northern League Cup]] Winners – 1959–60, 1962–63
*[[Durham Benevolent Bowl]] Winners – 1960–61, 1962–63
*[[Durham Challenge Cup]] Winners −1963–64
*[[FA Amateur Cup]] Finalists – 1960–61
*[[FA Cup]] 1st Round Proper – 1959, 1961, 1999
*[[FA Vase]] Finalists – 2011–12, 2013–14
*[[Northern Football League|Northern League]] Division 2 Champions – 1990–91

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.westaucklandtownfc.co.uk/ Official website]
* [http://www.westaucklandweb.co.uk/ West Auckland Village Website including the World Cup Pages]
* [http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/congress/9/worldcup.htm West Auckland: "World Cup" winners]
* [http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lipton-trophy.html Results of the Thomas Lipton Trophy]
* [http://www.rsproductions.co.uk/tv/worldcup/ Football's First World Cup]
* [http://www.sassco.co.uk/west-auckland-8-sassco-co-uk-0 Report and full match footage from West Auckland's 2009 pre-season game against Sassco.co.uk]

{{Northern League One}}

{{coord|54|37|45.13|N|1|43|10.39|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:West Auckland Town F.C.|*]]
[[Category:Football clubs in England]]
[[Category:Northern Football League]]
[[Category:Football clubs in County Durham]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1893]]
[[Category:1893 establishments in England]]

Talk:Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy

2017-04-03T04:48:37Z

155.4.129.44: /* Discrepancy about Woolwich Arsenal */ new section

{{Football|importance=low|class=start|italy=yes}}

== Discrepancy about Woolwich Arsenal ==

This article has a link to a BBC source that states "Woolwich Arsenal dominated the football leagues of the 1900s, but it is thought confusion involving the initials of the two teams resulted in the invitation for the 1909 World Cup being offered to the understandably surprised West Auckland FC.

However on the entry for West Auckland Town F.C. it is stated that "at the time Woolwich Arsenal had only just been promoted from the Second Division and were not the famous club they are today being relatively small and unsuccessful compared to many other Football League sides. "

"Woolwich Arsenal dominated the football leagues of the 1900s" and "relatively small and unsuccessful" can not both be true. My own research on a football stats site casts doubt on the BBC claim as Woolwich Arsenal were actually involved in constant relegation battles throughout this period.

Note left on Talk: West Auckland Town F.C. as well. I will leave this mess to a Wikipedia editor to tidy up.

Talk:West Auckland Town F.C.

2017-04-03T04:45:54Z

155.4.129.44: /* Discrepancy about Woolwich Arsenal */ new section

{{football|Non-League=yes|class=Start|importance=low|england=yes}}

Is the club crest the Thomas Lipton Trophy? [[User:Bigzteve|BigSteve]] ([[User talk:Bigzteve|talk]]) 10:40, 16 June 2012 (UTC)

== Discrepancy about Woolwich Arsenal ==

In this it is claimed that "at the time Woolwich Arsenal had only just been promoted from the Second Division and were not the famous club they are today being relatively small and unsuccessful compared to many other Football League sides. "

However the article about the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy that is linked to further down has a link to a BBC source that states "Woolwich Arsenal dominated the football leagues of the 1900s, but it is thought confusion involving the initials of the two teams resulted in the invitation for the 1909 World Cup being offered to the understandably surprised West Auckland FC.

"Woolwich Arsenal dominated the football leagues of the 1900s" and "relatively small and unsuccessful" can not both be true. My own research on a football stats site casts doubt on the BBC claim as Woolwich Arsenal were actually involved in constant relegation battles throughout this period.

Note left on Talk: Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy as well. I will leave this mess to a Wikipedia editor to tidy up.

Talk:World War II

2017-02-19T02:26:19Z

155.4.129.44: /* When did it become a world war? */ Won debate by proving 3rd September is only answer.

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== When did it become a world war? ==

Was it a world war from the very beginning? ([[User:Jdkd44|Jdkd44]] ([[User talk:Jdkd44|talk]]) 19:17, 6 September 2016 (UTC))

Easy to win this debate. World War II started on 3rd September.
1st September Germany invaded Poland.
If Britain and France had not declared war on September 3rd.
If Germany had stopped at Poland.
If Hitler had died in a car crash on September 15th.
Then nobody would regard Germany's invasion of Poland as WWII. You can not historically insert a date. On September 2nd 1939 nobody alive considered there to be a World War II. On September 3rd War had been declared and that has to be the date for the start of World War II.

:: Opinions differ. [[User:DMorpheus2|DMorpheus2]] ([[User talk:DMorpheus2|talk]]) 19:25, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
::In the beginning, it was the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. [[User:Timothyjosephwood|TimothyJosephWood]] 19:26, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
:::A war between China and Japan was not in itself a world war. 3 September 1939 could be when it became a global conflict as the British Empire declared war, or 23 August 1939 as that was when the Soviet Union agreed to invade Poland in conjunction with Germany. ([[User:Jdkd44|Jdkd44]] ([[User talk:Jdkd44|talk]]) 19:34, 6 September 2016 (UTC))
::::Well, SJW II was the earliest (AFAIK) full-on conflict where the theater and belligerents flowed directly and uninterrupted into WWII. [[User:Timothyjosephwood|TimothyJosephWood]] 19:38, 6 September 2016 (UTC)
::{{ping|Timothyjosephwood}}{{ping|Jdkd44}}Actually when I read one of the most important scholarly work- The Cambridge History of the Second World War, Volume I [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war/B310E12EC0B6D8A7FDFBB555C4BA771C]. It really claims "the war began in 1937 in China" in its General Introduction part. See the link[https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/25327333-the-cambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war-volume-i?from_search=true] and read the location 383 in open preview of good read.([[User:Miracle dream|Miracle dream]] ([[User talk:Miracle dream|talk]]) 15:38, 14 September 2016‎ (UTC))

:::The questions "When did WWII start?" and "When did WWII become a world war?" are different.
:::There some definite well-sourced opinions on the first, all stated in the article.
:::The second question doesn't get much coverage. The problem is there's no agreement on what defines a "[[world war]]". Some say only WWI and WWII are world wars, but others include different lists of other wars, based on number of continents, theaters, campaigns, death toll, or some combination, or even have a variable definition based on the size of the "known world" at the time. Based on those conflicting definitions, WWII might be a "world war" starting with the attack on China, or Poland, or Russia, or America, or sometime between these, or sometime after. No one sees much point in trying to pin this down. --[[User:A D Monroe III|A D Monroe III]] ([[User talk:A D Monroe III|talk]]) 17:01, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
::::no other war gets confused with WWI or WWII. The dates can vary slightly as major players entered & left. [[User:Rjensen|Rjensen]] ([[User talk:Rjensen|talk]]) 17:51, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
:::::I think what they mean is "when did it cease being a series of regional conflicts and start being a world war". Also, the [[Seven Years' War]] is also fairly widely regarded as a world war. [[User:Timothyjosephwood|TimothyJosephWood]] 17:57, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

::: I think AJP Taylor had some thoughtful things to say about this in his "Origins of the Second World War" [[User:DMorpheus2|DMorpheus2]] ([[User talk:DMorpheus2|talk]]) 18:03, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
::: Taylor essentially says that a set of separate, regional conflicts eventually expanded and merged to some extent into WW2. He considers it to have become a "world war" when most/all of the world's major powers became involved. [[User:DMorpheus2|DMorpheus2]] ([[User talk:DMorpheus2|talk]]) 17:36, 15 September 2016 (UTC)
::::It was a world war from 3 September 1939 when the British Empire declared war on Germany. This meant every continent in the world was at war. The 23 August 1939 date should be added to the lede, as without the pact with the USSR Hitler would not have been able to invade western Poland. ([[Special:Contributions/213.122.144.54|213.122.144.54]] ([[User talk:213.122.144.54|talk]]) 11:11, 17 September 2016 (UTC))
:::::I think it would probably be a good idea to beef up the footnote on the start date a bit, and actually give examples of variations in the start date and why. Basically a rehash of this conversation but with ample sourcing. The current footnote is pretty lacking in nuance, and doesn't really give an in depth rationale for why this date is used, or why it should be the most frequent date used by scholars. [[User:Timothyjosephwood|TimothyJosephWood]] 13:42, 17 September 2016 (UTC)

:::::: The fact that the British empire included every continent means nothing. They weren't all free to choose. [[User:DMorpheus2|DMorpheus2]] ([[User talk:DMorpheus2|talk]]) 20:49, 29 September 2016 (UTC)
:::::::That is when they joined the conflict, whoever made the decision that they would. [[User:Britmax|Britmax]] ([[User talk:Britmax|talk]]) 21:00, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

* Historians define a "World War" as one involving all the great powers of the day. There is some debate about which wars qualify, but the usual candidates include the [[Thirty Years War]], the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], the [[Seven Years War]], the [[Napoleonic Wars]], World War I and World War II. They are considered to start when the great powers begin going to war with each other. Under this definition, World War II became a world war in September 1939, when Britain, France, Germany and the Soviet Union joined the war. [[User:Hawkeye7|Hawkeye7]] ([[User talk:Hawkeye7|talk]]) 21:38, 29 September 2016 (UTC)

:Plus the United States sided with the British Empire from the very beginning, as it had in World War I. ([[User:JebDilbert|JebDilbert]] ([[User talk:JebDilbert|talk]]) 15:54, 3 October 2016 (UTC))

::: Then why do we not say WW2 began in 1937, when China (with US aid) and Japan went to war? I'm not seriously arguing for that date but 'great powers' is undefined above. I'd say Japan probably qualifies, though, given how much attention they got in arms treaties in the interwar period.
::: [[User:DMorpheus2|DMorpheus2]] ([[User talk:DMorpheus2|talk]]) 18:30, 3 October 2016 (UTC)
::::For the same reason that (under this definition) the Great War is considered to end in 1918. It's not enough to have two great powers at war with each other; you have to have multiple great powers at war. [[User:Hawkeye7|Hawkeye7]] ([[User talk:Hawkeye7|talk]]) 20:02, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

::::It only became a global conflict when the UK declared war on Germany. China was not a great power in 1937. ([[User:JebDilbert|JebDilbert]] ([[User talk:JebDilbert|talk]]) 18:45, 3 October 2016 (UTC))

::::: But why? What is special about the UK? How can we claim a conflict is 'worldwide' if neither the USSR nor the US is involved? There are plenty of ways to look at this. [[User:DMorpheus2|DMorpheus2]] ([[User talk:DMorpheus2|talk]]) 19:54, 3 October 2016 (UTC)

::::::When the UK declared war it meant that every country in the Empire was at war with Germany. The USSR was involved - it had already agreed to invade Poland on 23 August 1939. ([[User:JebDilbert|JebDilbert]] ([[User talk:JebDilbert|talk]]) 20:01, 3 October 2016 (UTC))
:::::::No, that is not correct. The self-governing dominions of the British Empire each issued their own declarations of war on Germany (and later on the other axis powers) [[User:Hawkeye7|Hawkeye7]] ([[User talk:Hawkeye7|talk]]) 20:25, 3 October 2016 (UTC)
::::::::They were the countries of the Commonwealth, not the Empire. ([[User:JebDilbert|JebDilbert]] ([[User talk:JebDilbert|talk]]) 06:31, 4 October 2016 (UTC))

{{od}}
Everyone has their own idea when WWII started (some sources then and some scholars today point to Sept. 18, '''1931'''--look in the archives for the reliable sources that cite ''that'' date) and the material on when it really became a World War is even more confusing.

:"But why? What is special about the UK? How can we claim a conflict is 'worldwide' if neither the USSR nor the US is involved?"

[[File:The British Empire Anachronous.png|thumb]]

:Because when Britain and France declared war on September 3rd 1939 all THESE (or most of them) pink parts of the world were then at war with Germany. They are situated over the WHOLE GLOBE. That means geographically across the WHOLE WORLD - including the oceans, because Britain had both the world's largest navy, but also the world's largest merchant shipping fleet, ~12,000 ships. It became then A WORLD WAR. See the connection. I've left out the French bits, but they include [[French protectorate in Morocco|Morocco]], Algeria, and [[French Indo-China]]. France also had a navy of considerable size.

:Alternatively, it became a World War when everyone at the time started calling it and referring to it as a "WORLD WAR". Which was September the 3rd 1939. Note: This was before either the USSR or US became involved. It was already a WORLD WAR by the time they got involved.

:Prior to Sept 3rd 1939 all the other contretemps were mere "regional conflicts" affecting no-one else but the people directly involved. They had no effect on any one else. From Sept 3rd 1939 that all changed.

:And BTW, it wasn't the "UK", it was the [[British Empire]]. Its armies contributed over 4,000,000 ground troops to the war, and its ships transported the vast majority of the cargoes both from and to the US and USSR. They also transported most of the troops and materiel to the beaches on D-Day. Their airmen dropped a heavier tonnage of bombs on Germany - around a million tons - than all the other air forces dropped on Germany and Japan combined. Their seamen and airmen sank more [[U-boat]]s and other submarines in [[Battle of the Atlantic|"the longest battle of the Second World War"]] than were sunk by all the other world's navies and air forces combined.

:So THAT is what was "special" about the UK and the Empire.

:That and going into the war, alongside France, voluntarily. Hardly a trivial thing. Most of the other "allies" waited until they were attacked. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/95.150.18.150|95.150.18.150]] ([[User talk:95.150.18.150#top|talk]]) 11:32, 23 November 2016 (UTC) 

::That map only shows the British Empire. The French Empire was also extensive, including Indochina and parts of Africa. There is no doubt it was a world war when they declared war on Germany. (By the way, in response to comments above, the dominions of the "British Commonwealth of Nations" were part of the British Empire. It is not true that all the dominions declared war individually. Australia, for example, didn't, and didn't have the power to declare war until it ratified the Statute of Westminster in 1942, after which the Curtin government declared war on every country it could, including Finland.)
::People who say that WW2 actually occurred earlier are pretty stupid. Yes, there were precursor conflicts, but where does it end? WW2 developed out of WW1, and WW1 developed out of the Balkans Wars etc. Koreans were fighting Japan since it annexed Korea in 1911. Is that when the war started???--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 12:34, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

:::: Well, there's a collegial comment. There is a legitimate debate, and we would do well to not be too Europe-centric or anglo-centric. [[User:DMorpheus2|DMorpheus2]] ([[User talk:DMorpheus2|talk]]) 13:25, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

:::::Sorry, that was badly put. I wasn't commenting on specific arguments made here, just the general assertion that the war "really" began before 1939. It's illogical. I know various scholars do that, but it really makes no sense, and all you get is an endless array of different opinions, and all founded on the inconvertable but irrelevant fact that there were precursor conflicts. As already pointed out, it is not Eurocentric to focus on the British and French Empires: they were global. It is a fact that much of Europe and Asia etc was under foreign domination. In fact, I think it is Eurocentric to ignore this.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 14:14, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

== Adding countries to infobox? ==

I've seen no other article on wars/conflicts on Wikipedia list only one participant on the infobox for each side. I think it is time to discuss adding a list of the major countries that were part of the Allies and Axis alliances so the readers can get a more informative infobox on the participants of the war. [[User:Bokmanrocks01|Bokmanrocks01]] ([[User talk:Bokmanrocks01|talk]]) 20:40, 24 November 2016 (UTC)
:We have big bold links to the huge pages with that info. No need to fill the box with 100s of countries. As per '''[[Talk:World War II/Archive 51#Request for comment: WWII infobox]]'''--[[User:Moxy|Moxy]] ([[User talk:Moxy|talk]]) 21:37, 24 November 2016 (UTC)
::I agree with Moxy. We discussed this in great depth in 2014, and the resultant infobox has worked well. [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 22:10, 24 November 2016 (UTC)

== The Day Japan Invaded Manchuria ==

{{edit semi-protected|World War II|answered=yes}}
Under the section labeled "Chronology", it states that the Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931. But in reality the invasion began on September 18, 1931. Therefore, where it says "the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931.[13][14]", the site should instead state "the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 18 September 1931.[13][14]". There is a newsreel film that was made in 1942 which was posted on youtube that proves my claim to be true. The link to the video is down below. Start watching it at 38:19 (38 minutes and 19 seconds) and you could stop at 39:53 (39 minutes and 53 seconds). I would appreciate it if this were fixed. Have a great day!

<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KniXvfsBavM&list=PLue4rhsHxp6-h5AO9Az-gdo7sq_m5roBm</ref> [[Special:Contributions/69.127.41.16|69.127.41.16]] ([[User talk:69.127.41.16|talk]]) 23:03, 3 December 2016 (UTC)

: No, sorry. Youtube is not a relaible source. Per [[WP:RS]] You will need a reliable source to suport this claim. [[User:Mediatech492|Mediatech492]] ([[User talk:Mediatech492|talk]]) 23:33, 3 December 2016 (UTC)
:[[File:Red information icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]]
'''Not done:''' please provide [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] that support the change you want to be made. -- [[User:Dane2007|Dane2007]] [[User talk:Dane2007|'''talk''']] 06:12, 4 December 2016 (UTC)
::Also note that US time zones differ from Japanese/USSR time zones (Tokyo-Washington 14 hrs). Early morning in the pacific on 19 September may thus be late evening in the US. The YouTube source may present US times, while the Wikipedia uses local times. Only a reliable source might be able to sort that out. [[User:Arnoutf|Arnoutf]] ([[User talk:Arnoutf|talk]]) 21:45, 4 December 2016 (UTC)
{{reflist-talk}}

== Adding "Phoney War" reference under "Main Articles" of "War breaks out in Europe (1939–40)" ==

The [[Phoney War]] article is highly relevant to the section [[World War II#War breaks out in Europe (1939–40)]] and should be added there.
[[User:Bulkroosh|Bulkroosh]] ([[User talk:Bulkroosh|talk]]) 15:18, 29 December 2016 (UTC)
:It's already linked, as part of the text reading "However, initially the alliance provided limited direct military support to Poland". [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 22:23, 29 December 2016 (UTC)
:: That is true, but the suggestion was to add "Phoney War" to the "Main Articles" list so that the reference is more visible, given its centrality to the section. [[User:Bulkroosh|Bulkroosh]] ([[User talk:Bulkroosh|talk]]) 12:14, 30 December 2016 (UTC)

== You forget the France in cattegorie allies ==

Men who checking this damn website, you forget to write FRANCE in category ALLIES at the top right of the page.

wtf France is an important country you must write the right ways. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/88.168.99.159|88.168.99.159]] ([[User talk:88.168.99.159#top|talk]]) 03:29, 14 January 2017 (UTC) 
:France is fifth in the list to which you refer. [[User:Britmax|Britmax]] ([[User talk:Britmax|talk]]) 18:28, 21 January 2017 (UTC)

== Soviet invasion of Poland ==
{{collapse top|Please ignore HarveyCarter sockpuppets [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 08:01, 23 January 2017 (UTC) }}
The Soviet invasion should be mentioned in the lede, as the Germans could only invade Poland if the Soviets did as well. Otherwise they faced a two-front war in 1939, before they were ready. ([[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|talk]]) 16:49, 21 January 2017 (UTC))
:::that is speculation. The Soviet invasion of Poland was a relatively minor military event (Poland had already practically collapsed) and the Allies did NOT declare war on USSR. [[User:Rjensen|Rjensen]] ([[User talk:Rjensen|talk]]) 16:55, 21 January 2017 (UTC)
::::If Hitler had invaded Poland without the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact the Soviet Union would have declared war on him. ([[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|talk]]) 17:10, 21 January 2017 (UTC))
:::::After the purges etc the Soviets might not have been ready either. See, both of us can speculate? [[User:Britmax|Britmax]] ([[User talk:Britmax|talk]]) 18:13, 21 January 2017 (UTC)
::::::Stalin would have had no choice. If he had allowed Hitler to annex all of Poland he would have been removed from office. ([[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|talk]]) 18:20, 21 January 2017 (UTC))
:::::::the lede states ''Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland....'' but no RS includes the Russian invasion on a par (in terms of ww2) with the German invasion of Poland. [[User:Rjensen|Rjensen]] ([[User talk:Rjensen|talk]]) 18:21, 21 January 2017 (UTC)
::::::::Many sources give 23 August 1939 as the beginning of the war, as it made possible the joint German-Soviet invasion. ([[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|talk]]) 19:24, 21 January 2017 (UTC))
::::::::: I've read hundreds of sources, but have never seen one that makes tha assertion. The Molotov-Ribbenntrop Pact was not a declaration of war, it was a non-agression agreement between the two powers. [[User:Mediatech492|Mediatech492]] ([[User talk:Mediatech492|talk]]) 20:43, 21 January 2017 (UTC)
::::::::::It wasn't a non-aggression pact at all - it was an agreement to start World War II by invading Poland. If Stalin had launched his invasion of Poland first Britain and France would have declared war on the USSR. ([[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|talk]]) 20:47, 21 January 2017 (UTC))
:::::::::::They agreed not to attack each other. It waas not a declaration of war. [[User:Mediatech492|Mediatech492]] ([[User talk:Mediatech492|talk]]) 21:03, 21 January 2017 (UTC)
::::::::::::It was a pact to start a world war - in other words a pact of aggression. ([[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|talk]]) 21:28, 21 January 2017 (UTC))
::::::::::::: That is your own POV and not supported by the facts. See the Article on the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]]. [[User:Mediatech492|Mediatech492]] ([[User talk:Mediatech492|talk]]) 23:03, 21 January 2017 (UTC)
::::::::::::::Hitler needed the pact as otherwise he would not have had the resources to fight Britain and France. The Soviet Union supplied all the fuel the Germans used in 1940 and 1941. Stalin and Hitler both knew the pact would lead to war. ([[Special:Contributions/2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82]] ([[User talk:2A00:23C4:638C:4500:EB:CB2F:FBE4:9C82|talk]]) 01:02, 22 January 2017 (UTC))
::::::::::::::Again that your POV and it is irrelavant. [[User:Mediatech492|Mediatech492]] ([[User talk:Mediatech492|talk]]) 01:14, 22 January 2017 (UTC)
{{unindent}}To quote: "Stalin and Hitler both knew the pact would lead to war." While that may have been true, that in itself is not a declaration of war. In addition, what ever Stalin and Hitler knew in their mind really does not matter unless a reliable sources can be provided that reports these thoughts. [[User:Arnoutf|Arnoutf]] ([[User talk:Arnoutf|talk]]) 08:36, 22 January 2017 (UTC)
{{collapse bottom}}

== Polish troops taking Berlin ==

Yes, there were a relatively small number of Polish troops, organised by the Soviet Union and co-ordinated with the Red Army, who participated in the taking of Berlin. But putting this in the lead is undue weight, extremely undue weight.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 12:04, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
:Agreed. They are not even mentioned in the lead of the [[Battle of Berlin]]. At 6-8% of the troops involved it should not IMO be in the lead. [[User:Gog the Mild|Gog the Mild]] ([[User talk:Gog the Mild|talk]]) 18:06, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
::I've removed it.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 11:48, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

== Background#Europe is pro-Soviet ==

:This discussion should be probably moved to [[Causes of World War II]].[[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 08:03, 27 January 2017 (UTC)

The Soviet Union was highly militarized, the Red Army was the biggest army of the world in 1939. Soviet industry produced arms or new plants, almost no consumption goods. The SU wanted to "liberate" people of the world, at least the ones of Europe, and wanted to annect former Russian lands. Communist parties were controlled from Moscow. Summarizing - Soviet politics influenced Europe. The text criticizes the West, who didn't cooperate with the Soviets. The Soviets murdered millions before WWII, Nazis thousands.[[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 08:56, 25 January 2017 (UTC)
:: the USSR was indeed heavily militarized, but Stalin had purged most of the generals and many of the key personnel in 1938. Military analysts in all major nations decided that the result was a very weak and leaderless, albeit very large, army. [[User:Rjensen|Rjensen]] ([[User talk:Rjensen|talk]]) 08:58, 25 January 2017 (UTC)
:::An army is only a part of a militarized nation, the other ones being industry, police (which had an army [[Internal Troops]]), total terror. The 1941 Red Army was almost completely destroyed, but the second or even the third Red Army won the war.
:::I also believe that the purge of officers was wrong, but there are some authors who accept the purge of uneducated Bolsheviks.
[[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 10:47, 25 January 2017 (UTC)
::::Can you explain what part of the text you are objecting to?--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 12:42, 25 January 2017 (UTC)
:::::Background#Europe describes Western Europe, it doesn't inform about Soviet war preparations, Communist influence in Europe, including the conflict between Socialists and Communists in Germany, which opened the way to Hitler.[[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 08:19, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
::::::It does mention the political conflict in Germany; it just isn't specific. It also doesn't mention the [[Great Depression]], which is a major omission. I guess the section could be expanded, but, then again, it has to be in proportion to the article. I don't think that mainstream historians emphasise the Soviet military threat. The Soviet naval and air forces were negligible. Soviet economic policies were widely regarded as disastrous, and the country was in political turmoil, with key government figures being purged. It wasn't Soviet military strength that conditioned Hitler's war in the East, but perceived Soviet military weakness, as exemplified in the [[Winter War]]. Most people, including Hitler, underestimated Soviet potential.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 11:00, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
::::::::''The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941'' by [[Roger Moorhouse]]. Moorhouse looks to be quite ''mainstream''.
::::::::You don't need any navy to annect Europe, if you have Ukraine.[[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 07:08, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
::::::::[[World War II aircraft production]].[[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 07:13, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
::::::::I believe that you are Western-centric (please translate into English). The WWII took place mostly in Eastern Europe, the majority of victims came from the East. The West had freedom to create biased image of WWII in Europe.[[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 07:21, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
::::::::If you mean the phrase ''The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left'' it doesn't say about the Socialists-Communists conflict. 1925 ''Because of Thälmann's participation the left-wing vote was split, giving an advantage to Hindenburg.'' Some Berlin Communists cooperated with Nazis during a 1932 strike. [[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 07:41, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
:::::::Historians do not attribute the start of World War II to the Soviet Union, so there's no reason to emphasise its role as suggested here. [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 11:14, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
:I think you should look on a dictionary what this adjective you're attributing really means. [[User:Bertdrunk|Bertdrunk]] ([[User talk:Bertdrunk|talk]]) 03:49, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
::::::::''All historians'' or ''some Russian historians''? The moon causes tidal effects, the same big army and arm industry and Communist parties cause ''effects'' even if some ''historians'' don't see it.[[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 07:03, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
:::::::::It is significant that in his [https://web.archive.org/web/20130324042720/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/documents/poltest.htm|Last Testament], even as Red Army troops were entering Berlin, Hitler blamed the war on international Jewry, specifically financiers, not on the looming Soviet threat in 1939. Most international observers thought the war between Germany and the USSR would be over in a couple of months. The USSR had struggled against Finland, and its military had been decapitated by Stalin's purges. Its air force was technologically backward. Its navy was weak. It was unable to defend its Baltic Coast, so Leningrad was vulnerable. The weakness of the USSR was demonstrated as soon as the war started with Germany.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 22:59, 27 January 2017 (UTC)
::::The ''weak'' USSR won the war. ''the war between Germany and the USSR would be over in a couple of months'' - probably if Germany allowed to dissolve kolkhoses. But Hitler's Germany wasn't able to win the USSR killing and robbing.
::::Leningrad was ''vulnerable'' but successful.
::::You hardly can use a real navy in the Baltic pond. [[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 07:18, 30 January 2017 (UTC)
:::::The USSR started World War II by invading Poland when Germany did. ([[User:Ajdk21|Ajdk21]] ([[User talk:Ajdk21|talk]]) 14:07, 3 February 2017 (UTC))
::::::No,they didn't. [[User:Britmax|Britmax]] ([[User talk:Britmax|talk]]) 15:44, 3 February 2017 (UTC)
:::::::Yes they did. Without the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939 Hitler could never have invaded Poland. ([[User:Ajdk21|Ajdk21]] ([[User talk:Ajdk21|talk]]) 16:43, 3 February 2017 (UTC))
::::::::Because the Polish horse cavalry could easily defeat the German Armored divisions?? [[User:Arnoutf|Arnoutf]] ([[User talk:Arnoutf|talk]]) 17:41, 3 February 2017 (UTC)
:::::::::No, because if Hitler had invaded Poland without the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact he would have faced war with the Soviet Union and the British Empire in 1939. Germany could only invade western Poland, while the USSR invaded eastern Poland under the terms of the pre-arranged joint invasion. ([[User:Ajdk21|Ajdk21]] ([[User talk:Ajdk21|talk]]) 18:20, 3 February 2017 (UTC))

Is there anything in this discussion related to improving the article? Anyone have an edit to suggest? Otherwise this is just a forum, folks. [[User:DMorpheus2|DMorpheus2]] ([[User talk:DMorpheus2|talk]]) 18:39, 3 February 2017 (UTC)
:Well, yes, there have been several suggestions, mostly notably including the Soviet threat as a cause of the war. The consensus was against that.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 07:38, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

== Why was the infobox dramatically reduced? ==

Why was the infobox dramatically reduced in size? It is now basically removed, with little information. I can't find a discussion about it. Wasn't there a consensus about it? In Russian Wikipedia, they have a massive list of participants and leaders, with dates. And what's about those WW2 participants who belonged neither to the Allies nor to the Axis such as the UPA or [[Forest Brothers]]? Wouldn't they belong in the third column (the [[Syrian Civil war]] article has four columns)?--[[User:Adûnâi|Adûnâi]] ([[User talk:Adûnâi|talk]]) 00:20, 29 January 2017 (UTC)
:There was an extensive discussion of the infobox a year or two ago which led to consensus for the current version. If you search through the archives of this talk page you should find it. [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 00:38, 29 January 2017 (UTC)

== Axis attack on the USSR (1941) ==

The text doesn't inform that the Read Army in the West perished and doesn't explain why.[[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 07:33, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
:That's not correct at all. The relevant section includes text such as " During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel" and " The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies,". The Soviet Armies in the west did not "perish": they took immense losses, but managed to survive. [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 07:39, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
::The armies didn't fight, and big part of the ''losses'' went into German hands.
::You quote Western (German) POV only, it's one of the problems of the page.
::Many Soviet divisions were reconstructed twice, so no, they didn't ''manage to survive''. [[User:Xx236|Xx236]] ([[User talk:Xx236|talk]]) 13:39, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

== British attack on USSR ==
{{collapse top|HarveyCarter trolling [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 05:56, 6 February 2017 (UTC)}}
Why is there no mention of British plans to attack the USSR in 1940-41, due to the Soviet-German Commercial Agreement? Here is a detailed source: http://orientalreview.org/2010/04/22/britain-planned-to-attack-ussr/ — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/109.150.55.165|109.150.55.165]] ([[User talk:109.150.55.165#top|talk]]) 17:53, 5 February 2017 (UTC) 
:In an article this size that would be undue.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 18:16, 5 February 2017 (UTC)
{{collapse bottom}}

== Indian Ocean? ==

:In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific and Indian Oceans...?
What Indian Ocean territories are being referred to?--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 23:41, 6 February 2017 (UTC)

: Japan completley took over Burma and held it for most of the remainder of the war. Also they took the Dutch East Indies Island of Sumatra which is also on the Indian Ocean. Read the article on the [[Indian Ocean raid]] on Ceylon (Sri Lanka), for one of the major battles that was fought in the Indian Ocean. Also the article on [[Indian Ocean in World War II]] for a more extensive list of battles fought in the Indian Ocean. [[User:Mediatech492|Mediatech492]] ([[User talk:Mediatech492|talk]]) 02:28, 7 February 2017 (UTC)

::But this didn't happen in December 1941. And I wouldn't describe Burma as being "in the Indian Ocean".--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 04:59, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
::: December, 1941 was just the beginning of the Pacific war. And please look at a map, the entire coastline of Burma is on the Indian Ocean. [[User:Mediatech492|Mediatech492]] ([[User talk:Mediatech492|talk]]) 05:53, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
::::I was referring to the sentence quoted above, which says "In December 1941..." And as you say Burma is '''on''' the Indian Ocean, not '''in'''. The issue is with the sentence in the article, not the facts of the war.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 06:02, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
:::: I'm merely answering the question that you asked. There is no reason to argue about an irrelevant semantic. If you feel you can improve the wording then do so. Peace. [[User:Mediatech492|Mediatech492]] ([[User talk:Mediatech492|talk]]) 06:08, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
:::::It's not irrelevant. The previous text was better.--[[User:Jack Upland|Jack Upland]] ([[User talk:Jack Upland|talk]]) 07:01, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
::::::Yes, I agree. Invading Burma overland and landing in Sumatra from the east was not an "Indian Ocean" campaign. [[User:Nick-D|Nick-D]] ([[User talk:Nick-D|talk]]) 09:20, 7 February 2017 (UTC)
::::::: That is a POV. Regardless, unless somebody moved Sri Lanka, my point still holds. [[User:Mediatech492|Mediatech492]] ([[User talk:Mediatech492|talk]]) 15:05, 7 February 2017 (UTC)

Vidkun Quisling

2017-02-19T02:19:14Z

155.4.129.44: /* Coming of war */ Corrected date of start of war to 3rd September 1939 (not the 1st).

{{Infobox officeholder
| name= Vidkun Quisling
| birth_name=Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling
| order = [[Prime Minister of Norway|Minister President of Norway]]
| signature = Quisling signature.png
| image = Portrett av Vidkun Quisling i sivile klær, ukjent datering..jpg
| alt = A black and white photographic portrait of a man aged around thirty, looking slightly to his left. He is dressed in a dark suit and tie; his hair is neatly combed into a parting.
| alongside = [[Reichskommissar]] [[Josef Terboven]]
| term_start = 1 February 1942
| term_end = 9 May 1945
| order2 = [[Minister of Defence (Norway)|Minister of Defence of Norway]]
| term_start2 = 1931
| term_end2 = 1933
| predecessor2 = [[Torgeir Anderssen-Rysst]]
| successor2 = [[Jens Isak de Lange Kobro]]
| primeminister2 =
{{plainlist |
* [[Peder Kolstad]]
* [[Jens Hundseid]]
}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1887|7|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Fyresdal]], [[Telemark]], Norway
| death_date = {{death date and age|1945|10|24|1887|7|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Akershus Fortress]], [[Oslo]], Norway
| spouse =
{{plainlist |
* [[Alexandra Andreevna Voronina]]
* [[Maria Quisling|Maria Vasilijevna Quisling]] (disputed)
}}
|party =
{{plainlist |
* [[Centre Party (Norway)|Agrarian Party]] (1931–33)
* ''[[Nasjonal Samling]]'' (1933–45)
}}
|religion=
{{plainlist |
* [[Lutheranism]]
* Universism
}}
| otherparty =
{{plainlist |
* [[Fatherland League (Norway)|Fatherland League]] (1930–31)|
* ''Nordisk folkereisning i Norge'' (1930–31)
}}
| profession =
}}

'''Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling''' ({{IPA-no|ˈʋɪdkʉn ˈkʋɪslɪŋ|lang|IPA Vidkun Quisling.ogg}}; 18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945) was a Norwegian military officer and politician who nominally [[List of heads of government of Norway|headed the government of Norway]] after the country was [[German occupation of Norway|occupied]] by [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]].

Quisling first came to international prominence as a close collaborator of [[Fridtjof Nansen]], organizing [[humanitarian relief]] during the [[Russian famine of 1921]] in [[Volga region|Povolzhye]]. He was posted as a Norwegian diplomat to the Soviet Union, and for some time also managed British diplomatic affairs there. He returned to Norway in 1929, and served as [[Minister of Defence (Norway)|Minister of Defence]] in [[List of Norwegian governments|the governments]] of [[Peder Kolstad]] (1931–32) and [[Jens Hundseid]] (1932–33), representing the [[Centre Party (Norway)|Farmers' Party]]. Although Quisling achieved some popularity after his attacks on the [[Left-wing politics|political left]], his party failed to win any seats in the [[Storting]] and was little more than peripheral in 1940. On 9 April 1940, with the [[Operation Weserübung|German invasion of Norway]] in progress, he attempted to seize power in the world's first radio-broadcast ''[[coup d'état]]'', but failed after the Germans refused to support his government.

From 1942 to 1945 he served as [[Minister-President]], heading the Norwegian state administration jointly with the German [[occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany|civilian administrator]] [[Josef Terboven]]. His pro-Nazi [[puppet government]], known as the [[Quisling regime]], was dominated by ministers from ''[[Nasjonal Samling]]'', the party he founded in 1933. The [[Collaborationism|collaborationist]] government participated in Germany's genocidal [[Final Solution]]. Quisling was put on trial during the [[legal purge in Norway after World War II]]: he was found guilty of charges including embezzlement, murder and [[high treason]] against the Norwegian state, and was sentenced to death. He was [[execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] at [[Akershus Fortress]], Oslo, on 24 October 1945. The word "[[quisling]]" has since become a synonym for "collaborator" or "traitor," reflecting the very poor light in which Quisling's actions were seen, both at the time and since his death.

== Early life ==
[[File:Familien Quisling ca. 1915..jpg|thumb|Vidkun Quisling (far left) with his family, c. 1915]]

=== Background ===
Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling ({{Audio|IPA Vidkun Abraham Lauritz Jonssøn Quisling.ogg|Norwegian pronunciation}}) was born on 18 July 1887 in [[Fyresdal]], in the Norwegian county of [[Telemark]]. He was the son of [[Church of Norway]] pastor and [[genealogist]] Jon Lauritz Qvisling (1844–1930) and his wife Anna Caroline Bang (1860–1941),<ref name="borgen273">{{harvnb|Borgen|1999|p=273}}.</ref> the daughter of Jørgen Bang, [[ship-owner]] and at the time the richest man of the town [[Grimstad]] in South Norway.<ref name="juritzen11">{{harvnb|Juritzen|1988|p=11}}</ref> The elder Quisling had lectured in Grimstad in the 1870s; one of his pupils was Bang, whom he married on 28 May 1886, following a long engagement. The newly-wed couple promptly moved to Fyresdal, where Vidkun and his younger siblings were born.<ref name="juritzen11" />

The family name derives from ''Quislinus'', a [[Latinisation of names|Latinised name]] invented by Quisling's ancestor Lauritz Ibsen Quislin (1634–1703), based on the village of [[Kvislemark]] in [[Jutland]], Denmark, whence he had emigrated.<ref>{{harvnb|Juritzen|1988|p=12}}.</ref> Having two brothers and a sister,<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=6, 13–14}}.</ref> the young Quisling was "shy and quiet but also loyal and helpful, always friendly, occasionally breaking into a warm smile".<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=21}}.</ref> Private letters later found by historians also indicate a warm and affectionate relationship between the family members.<ref>{{harvnb|Juritzen|1988|p=15}}.</ref> From 1893 to 1900, his father was a [[chaplain]] for the [[Strømsø]] borough in [[Drammen]]. Here, Vidkun went to school for the first time. He was bullied by other students at the school for his Telemark dialect, but proved a successful student.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartmann|1970|p=10}}.</ref> In 1900, the family moved to [[Skien]] when his father was appointed [[Provost (religion)|provost]] of the city.<ref name="borgen275">{{harvnb|Borgen|1999|p=275}}.</ref>

Academically Quisling proved talented in [[humanities]], particularly history, and [[natural sciences]]; he specialised in mathematics. At this point, however, his life had no clear direction.<ref name="dahl6" /> In 1905, Quisling enrolled at the [[Norwegian Military Academy]], having received the highest entrance examination score of the 250 applicants that year.<ref name="dahl6" /> Transferring in 1906 to the [[Norwegian Military College]], he graduated with the highest score since the college's inception in 1817, and was rewarded by an audience with [[Haakon VII of Norway|the King]].<ref name="borgen275" /><ref name="dahl6" /> On 1 November 1911, he joined the army General Staff.<ref name="dahl6">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=6–7}}.</ref> Norway was neutral in the [[First World War]]; Quisling detested the peace movement, though the high human cost of the war did temper his views.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=25}}.</ref> In March 1918, he was sent to Russia as an attaché at the Norwegian [[legation]] in [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]], to take advantage of the five years he had spent studying the country.<ref name="borgen275" /><ref name="dahl28" /> Though dismayed at the living conditions he experienced, Quisling nonetheless concluded that "the [[Bolshevik]]s have got an extraordinarily strong hold on Russian society" and marvelled at how [[Leon Trotsky]] had managed to mobilise [[Red Army]] forces so well;<ref name="dahl28">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=28–29}}.</ref> by contrast, in granting too many rights to the people of Russia, the [[Russian Provisional Government]] under [[Alexander Kerensky]] had brought about its own downfall. When the legation was recalled in December 1918, Quisling became the Norwegian military's expert on Russian affairs.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=32–34, 38}}.</ref>

=== Travels ===
{{rquote|right|Quisling replied [that] the Russian people needed wise leadership and proper training [that they suffered from] indifference, a lack of clearly defined goals with conviction and a happy-go-lucky attitude [and that] it is impossible to accomplish anything without willpower, determination and concentration.|Alexandra recounts a conversation with her soon-to-be husband|{{harvnb|Yourieff|2007|p=93}}}}
[[File:Vidkun Quisling og hans kone Maria..jpg|thumb|Quisling and his second wife, [[Maria Quisling|Maria]].]]
In September 1919, Quisling departed Norway to become an intelligence officer with the Norwegian delegation in [[Helsinki]], a post that combined diplomacy and politics.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=38–39}}.</ref> In the autumn of 1921, Quisling left Norway once again, this time at the request of explorer and humanitarian [[Fridtjof Nansen]], and in January 1922 arrived in the [[Ukrainian SSR|Ukrainian]] capital [[Kharkov]] to help with the [[League of Nations]] humanitarian relief effort there.<ref name="Cohen2000">{{cite book|author=Maynard M. Cohen|title=A Stand Against Tyranny: Norway's Physicians and the Nazis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cmx6u2GF80C&pg=PA49|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0-8143-2934-9|pages=49–}}</ref><ref name="dahl40">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=40–42}}.</ref> Highlighting the massive mismanagement of the area and the death toll of approximately ten thousand a day, Quisling produced a report that attracted aid and demonstrated his administrative skills, as well as his dogged determination to get what he wanted.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=43–44}}.</ref> On 21 August, he married the Russian Alexandra Andreevna ("Asja") Voronina,<ref>{{harvnb|Yourieff|2007|p=172}}.</ref> the daughter of a pedlar. Alexandra wrote in her memoirs that Quisling declared his love for her,<ref>{{harvnb|Yourieff|2007|p=100}}.</ref> but based on his letters home and investigations undertaken by his cousins, it appears that there was never any question of romantic involvement between the two. Quisling merely seems to have wanted to lift the girl out of poverty by providing her with a Norwegian passport and financial security.<ref name="dahl45" />

Having left Ukraine in September 1922, Quisling and Asja returned to Kharkov in February 1923 to prolong aid efforts, with Nansen describing Quisling's work as "absolutely indispensable".<ref name="dahl45">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=45–47}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hartmann|1970|p=33}}.</ref> Quisling found the situation much improved and, with no fresh challenges, found it a more boring trip than his last. He did however meet [[Maria Quisling|Maria Vasiljevna Pasetsjnikova]] ({{lang-ru|Мари́я Васи́льевна Па́сечникова}}), a Ukrainian more than ten years his junior. Her diaries from the time "indicate a blossoming love affair" during the summer of 1923, despite Quisling's marriage to Asja the year before.<ref name="dahl45" /> She recalled that she was impressed by his fluent command of the Russian language, his Aryan appearance and his gracious demeanour.<ref>{{harvnb|Quisling|1980|pp=30–31}}</ref> Quisling apparently married Pasetsjnikova in Kharkov on 10 September 1923, although no legal documentation has been discovered. Quisling's biographer, Dahl, believes that in all likelihood the second marriage was never official.<ref name="dahl48">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=48–49}}.</ref> Regardless, the couple behaved as though they were married, and celebrated their wedding anniversary. Soon after the wedding, the aid mission came to an end and the trio left the Ukraine, and from the summer of 1923 onwards they planned to spend a year in Paris. Maria wanted to see Western Europe; Quisling wanted to get some rest following bouts of stomach pain that had lasted all winter.<ref name="dahl48" />

==== Paris, Eastern Europe and Norway ====
The stay in Paris required a temporary discharge from the army, which Quisling slowly grew to understand was permanent: army cutbacks meant that there would be no position available for him when he returned.<ref name="dahl50" />{{refn|Increasingly bitter over his treatment by the military, he eventually took up a post in the reserves on the reduced salary of a captain, and received a promotion to major in 1930.<ref name="dahl50">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=50}}.</ref>|group="nb"}} Quisling devoted much of his time in the French capital to study, reading works of political theory and working on his philosophical project, which he called ''Universism''. On 2 October 1923 he persuaded the Oslo daily newspaper ''[[Tidens Tegn]]'' to publish an article he had written calling for [[diplomatic recognition]] of the [[Soviet government]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hartmann|1970|p=30}}.</ref> Quisling's stay in Paris did not last as long as planned, and in late 1923 he started work on Nansen's new [[repatriation]] project in the Balkans, arriving in [[Sofia]] in November. He spent the next two months travelling constantly with his wife Maria. In January she returned to Paris to look after Asja, who took on the role of the couple's foster-daughter; Quisling joined them in February.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=53–54}}.</ref>

In the summer of 1924, the trio returned to Norway where Asja subsequently left to live with an aunt in [[Nice, France|Nice]] and never returned.<ref name="dahl54" /> Although Quisling promised to provide for her well-being, his payments were irregular, and over the coming years he would miss a number of opportunities to visit.<ref>{{harvnb|Yourieff|2007|pp=450–452}}.</ref> Back in Norway, and to his later embarrassment, Quisling found himself drawn into the communist Norwegian labour movement. Among other policies, he fruitlessly advocated a people's [[militia]] to protect the country against [[reactionary]] attacks,<ref name="dahl54">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=54–56}}.</ref> and asked members of the movement whether they would like to know what information the General Staff had on them, but got no response. Although this brief attachment to the extreme left seems unlikely given Quisling's later political direction, Dahl suggests that, following a conservative childhood, he was by this time "unemployed and dispirited ... deeply resentful of the General Staff ... [and] in the process of becoming politically more radical".<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=57}}.</ref> Dahl adds that Quisling's political views at this time could be summarised as "a fusion of socialism and nationalism", with definite sympathies for the Soviet regime in Russia.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=58}}.</ref>

==== Russia and the rouble scandal ====
In June 1925, Nansen once again provided Quisling with employment. The pair began a tour of [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]], where they hoped to help repatriate native Armenians via a number of projects proposed for funding by the [[League of Nations]]. Despite Quisling's substantial efforts, however, the projects were all rejected. In May 1926, Quisling found another job with long-time friend and fellow Norwegian [[Frederik Prytz]] in Moscow, working as a liaison between Prytz and the Soviet authorities who owned half of Prytz's firm Onega Wood.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=59–62}}.</ref> He stayed in the job until Prytz prepared to close down the business in early 1927, when Quisling found new employment as a diplomat. British diplomatic affairs in Russia were being managed by Norway, and he became their new legation secretary; Maria joined him late in 1928. A massive scandal broke when Quisling and Prytz were accused of using diplomatic channels to smuggle millions of [[roubles]] onto the [[black market]]s, a much-repeated claim that was later used to support a charge of "[[moral bankruptcy]]", but neither it nor the charge that Quisling spied for the British has ever been substantiated.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=62–66}}.</ref>

The harder line now developing in Russian politics led Quisling to distance himself from Bolshevism. The Soviet government had rejected outright his Armenian proposals, and obstructed an attempt by Nansen to help with the 1928 Ukrainian famine. Quisling took these rebuffs as a personal insult; in 1929, with the British now keen to take back control of their own diplomatic affairs, he left Russia.<ref name="dahl67">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=67–69}}.</ref> He was appointed a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) for his services to Britain,<ref name="dahl67" /> an honour revoked by [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]] in 1940.<ref>{{cite news |title=People |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764097,00.html |work=Time Magazine |page=1 |date=24 June 1940|accessdate=28 April 2011}}</ref> By this time, Quisling had also been awarded the [[Order of the Crown (Romania)|Romanian Crown Order]] and the Yugoslav [[Order of St. Sava]] for his earlier humanitarian efforts.<ref name="dahl67" />

== Early political career ==

===Final return to Norway===
Having spent nine of the previous twelve years abroad, but with no practical experience in party politics outside the Norwegian Army, Quisling returned to Norway in December 1929, bringing with him a plan for change he termed ''Norsk Aktion'' ("Norwegian Action").<ref>{{harvnb|Borgen|1999|p=278}}.</ref> The planned organisation consisted of national, regional and local units with the intention of recruiting in the style of the [[Soviet Communist Party]]. Like ''[[Action Française]]'' of the French right, it advocated radical constitutional changes. The [[Parliament of Norway]] (''Storting'') was to become [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] with the second chamber made up of Soviet-style elected representatives from the working population.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=4–5}}.</ref> Quisling focused more on organisation than the practicalities of government; for instance, all members of ''Norsk Aktion'' were to have their own designation in a militaristic hierarchy.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=7}}.</ref>

Quisling next sold a large number of antiques and works of art that he had acquired cheaply in post-revolutionary Russia.<ref name="dahl12" /> His collection stretched to some 200 paintings, including works claimed to be by [[Rembrandt]], [[Francisco Goya|Goya]], [[Paul Cézanne|Cézanne]] and numerous other masters. The collection, including "veritable treasures", had been insured for almost 300,000 [[Norwegian krone|kroner]].<ref name="dahl12">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=12–13}}.</ref> In the spring of 1930 he again joined up with Prytz, who was back in Norway. They participated in regular group meetings that included middle-aged officers and business people, since described as "the textbook definition of a [[Fascism|Fascist]] initiative group", through which Prytz appeared determined to launch Quisling into politics.<ref name="dahl70">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=70–73}}.</ref>

After Nansen died on 13 May 1930, Quisling used his friendship with the editor of the ''Tidens Tegn'' newspaper to get his analysis of Nansen onto the front page. The article was entitled "Politiske tanker ved Fridtjof Nansens død" ("Political Thoughts on the Death of Fridtjof Nansen") and was published on 24 May.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartmann|1970|p=45}}.</ref> In the article, he outlined ten points that would complete Nansen's vision as applied to Norway, among them "strong and just government" and a "greater emphasis on race and heredity".<ref name="dahl70" /> This theme was followed up in his new book, ''Russia and Ourselves'' ({{lang-no|Russland og vi}}), which was serialised in ''Tidens Tegn'' during the autumn of 1930.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartmann|1970|pp=48–49}}.</ref> Advocating war against Bolshevism, the openly racist book catapulted Quisling into the political limelight.<ref name="dahl70" /> Despite his earlier ambivalence, he took up a seat on the Oslo board of the previously Nansen-led [[Fatherland League (Norway)|Fatherland League]]. Meanwhile, he and Prytz founded a new political movement, ''Nordisk folkereisning i Norge'' ("Nordic popular rising in Norway"), with a central committee of 31 and Quisling as its ''[[Führer|fører]]'' – a one-man executive committee –, though Quisling seems to have had no particular attachment to the term.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=73–76}}.</ref> The first meeting of the league took place on 17 March 1931, stating the purpose of the movement was to "eliminate the imported and depraved communist insurgency".<ref>{{harvnb|Hartmann|1970|pp=54–55}}.</ref>

=== Defence minister ===
Quisling left ''Nordisk folkereisning i Norge'' in May 1931 to serve as defence minister in the [[Senterpartiet|Agrarian]] government of [[Peder Kolstad]], despite being neither an Agrarian nor a friend of Kolstad.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartmann|1970|p=64}}.</ref> He had been suggested to Kolstad for the post by [[Thorvald Aadahl]], editor of the Agrarian newspaper ''[[Nationen]]'', who was in turn influenced by Prytz.<ref name="dahl76"/> The appointment came as a surprise to many in the Parliament of Norway.<ref>{{harvnb|Cohen|2000|p=51}}.</ref> Quisling's first action in the post was to deal with the aftermath of the [[Battle of Menstad]], an "extremely bitter" labour dispute, by sending in troops.<ref name="dahl76"/><ref name="ringdal31">{{harvnb|Ringdal|1989|p=31}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Høidal|1989|pp=85–87}}.</ref> After narrowly avoiding criticism by the left wing over his handling of the dispute, and the revelation of his earlier "militia" plans, Quisling turned his attention to the perceived threat posed by communists.<ref>{{harvnb|Hartmann|1970|pp=76–80}}.</ref> He created a list of the [[Revolutionary Trade Union Opposition]] leadership, who had been the alleged agitators at Menstad; a number of them were eventually charged with [[subversion]] and violence against the police.<ref name="dahl76">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=76–78}}.</ref> Quisling's policies also resulted in the establishment of a permanent militia called the ''Leidang'' which, unlike the body he had previously planned, was to be counter-revolutionary. Despite the ready availability of junior officers in the reserve following defence cuts, only seven units were established in 1934, and funding restrictions meant that the enterprise included less than a thousand men before it faded away.<ref name="dahl78"/> Sometime during the period 1930–33, Quisling's first wife, Asja, received notice of the annulment of her marriage to him.<ref>{{harvnb|Yourieff|2007|p=467}}.</ref>

In mid-1932 ''Nordisk folkereisning i Norge'' was forced to confirm that although Quisling remained in the cabinet, he would not become a member of the party. They further stated that the party programme had no basis in fascism of any kind, including the [[Nazi|National Socialism]] model.<ref name="dahl78" /> This did not dampen criticism of Quisling, who remained constantly in the headlines, although he was gradually earning a reputation as a disciplined and efficient administrator.<ref name="dahl78">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=78–81}}.</ref> After he was attacked in his office by a knife-wielding assailant who threw ground pepper in his face on 2 February 1932, some newspapers, instead of focusing on the attack itself, suggested that the assailant had been the jealous husband of one of Quisling's cleaners; others, especially those aligned with the Labour Party, posited that the whole thing had been staged.<ref name="dahl80"/><ref>{{harvnb|Hartmann|1970|pp=83–84}}.</ref> In November 1932, Labour politician [[Johan Nygaardsvold]] put this theory to Parliament,<ref>{{harvnb|Hayes|1971|p=86}}</ref> prompting suggestions that charges of slander be brought against him.<ref>{{harvnb|Høidal|1989|p=109}}.</ref> No charges were brought, and the identity of the assailant has never been confirmed. Quisling later indicated it was an attempt to steal military papers recently left by Swedish Lieutenant Colonel [[Wilhelm Kleen]].<ref name="dahl80">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=80–83}}.</ref>{{refn|Attempts to establish exactly what the Oslo authorities managed to achieve in trying to find the assailant have been hampered by the loss of the original case file. Quisling himself seems to have rejected the idea that the plot had been masterminded by an important military power such as the Russians or Germans.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=83}}.</ref>|group="nb"}} The so-called "pepper affair" served to polarise opinion about Quisling, and government fears grew concerning reasonably open Soviet elements in Norway who had been active in promoting industrial unrest.<ref name="dahl83">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=83–89}}.</ref>

Following Kolstad's death in March 1932, Quisling retained his post as defence minister in the second Agrarian government under [[Jens Hundseid]] for political reasons, though they remained in bitter opposition throughout.<ref>{{harvnb|Cohen|2000|pp=52–53}}.</ref> Just as he had been under Kolstad, Quisling was involved in many of the spats that characterised Hundseid's government.<ref>{{harvnb|Høidal|1989|p=91}}.</ref> On 8 April that year, Quisling had a chance to defend himself over the pepper affair in Parliament, but instead used the opportunity to attack the Labour and [[Communist Party of Norway|Communist]] parties, claiming that named members were criminals and "enemies of our fatherland and our people".<ref name="dahl83"/> Support for Quisling from right-wing elements in Norwegian society rocketed overnight, and 153 distinguished signatories called for Quisling's claims to be investigated. In the coming months, tens of thousands of Norwegians followed suit and Quisling's summer was full of speeches to packed political rallies.<ref name="dahl83"/> In Parliament, however, Quisling's speech was viewed as political suicide; not only was his evidence weak, but questions were raised as to why the information had not been handed over much sooner if the revolutionary threat were so serious.<ref name="dahl83"/>

=== Popular party leader ===
Over the course of 1932 and into 1933, Prytz's influence over ''Nordisk folkereisning i Norge'' weakened and lawyer [[Johan Bernhard Hjort]] assumed the leadership role. Hjort was keen to work with Quisling because of his new-found popularity, and they devised a new programme of right-wing policies including proscription of revolutionary parties including those funded by foreign bodies such as [[Comintern]], the suspension of the voting rights for people in receipt of [[social welfare]], agricultural debt relief, and an audit of public finances.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=89–90}}.</ref> In 1932, during the [[Olaf Kullmann|Kullmann Affair]], Quisling turned on the prime minister for questioning his hard-line stance over pacifist agitator Captain [[Olaf Kullmann]]. In a memorandum laying out his proposals for economic and social reform distributed to the entire cabinet, Quisling called for the prime minister to stand down.<ref name="dahl92">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=92–93}}.</ref> As the government began to collapse, Quisling's personal popularity reached new heights; he was referred to as "man of the year", and there were expectations of forthcoming electoral success.<ref name="dahl92" />

Despite the new programme, some of Quisling's circle still favoured a cabinet coup. He later said he had even considered the use of force to overthrow the government but, in late February, it was the [[Liberal Party (Norway)|Liberal Party]] that brought them down. With the assistance of Hjort and Prytz, ''Nordisk folkereisning i Norge'' quickly became a political party, ''[[Nasjonal Samling]]'' (NS, literally "National Unity"), ready to contest the forthcoming October election. Quisling was mildly disappointed and would have preferred to head a national movement, not just one of seven political parties. ''Nasjonal Samling'' soon afterwards announced it would support candidates from other parties if they supported its key aim of "establishing a strong and stable national government independent of ordinary party politics". Although not an overnight success in the already crowded political spectrum, the party slowly gained support. With its Nazi-inspired belief in the central authority of a strong ''[[Führerprinzip|Führer]]'', as well as its powerful propaganda elements, it gained support from many among the Oslo upper classes, and began to give the impression that "big money" lay behind it.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=93–97}}.</ref>

Increased support also materialised when the ''[[Bygdefolkets Krisehjelp]]'' (Norwegian Farmers' Aid Association) sought financial aid from ''Nasjonal Samling'', who in turn gained political influence and a useful existing network of well-trained party officers. Quisling's party never managed a grand anti-socialist coalition, however, in part because of competition from the [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]] for right-wing votes.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=97–99}}.</ref> Though Quisling remained unable to demonstrate any skill as an orator, his reputation for scandal nonetheless ensured that the electorate were aware of ''Nasjonal Samling''{{'}}s existence. As a result, the party showed only moderate success in the [[Norwegian parliamentary election, 1933|October elections]], with 27,850 votes—approximately two per cent of the national vote, and about three and a half per cent of the vote in constituencies where it fielded candidates.<ref name="dahl99" /> This made it the fifth largest party in Norway, out-polling the Communists but not the Conservative, Labour, Liberal or Agrarian parties, and failing to secure a single seat in Parliament.<ref name="dahl99">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=99–100}}.</ref>

=== ''Fører'' of a party in decline ===
After the underwhelming election results, Quisling's attitude to negotiation and compromise hardened.<ref name="dahl100" /> A final attempt to form a coalition of the right in March 1934 came to nothing, and from late 1933, Quisling's ''Nasjonal Samling'' began to carve out its own form of national socialism. Without a leader in Parliament, however, the party struggled to introduce the constitutional reform bill needed to achieve its lofty ambitions. When Quisling tried to introduce the bill directly, it was swiftly rejected,<ref name="dahl100">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=100–105}}.</ref> and the party went into decline. In the summer of 1935, headlines quoted Quisling telling opponents that "heads [would] roll" as soon as he achieved power. The threat irreparably damaged the image of his party, and over the following few months several high-ranking members resigned, including [[Kai Fjell]] and Quisling's brother Jørgen.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=105–109}}.</ref>

Quisling began to familiarise himself with the international fascist movement, attending the [[1934 Montreux Fascist conference]] in December. For his party, the association with [[Italian fascism]] could not have come at a worse time, so soon after headlines of illegal [[Abyssinia crisis|Italian incursions into Abyssinia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Høidal|1989|pp=204–205}}.</ref> On his return trip from Montreux, he met Nazi [[ideologue]] and foreign policy theorist [[Alfred Rosenberg]], and though he preferred to see his own policies as a synthesis of Italian fascism and German Nazism, by the time of the 1936 elections, Quisling had in part become the "Norwegian Hitler" that his opponents had long accused him of being.<ref name="dahl110">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=110–117}}.</ref> Part of this was due to his hardening [[anti-Semitic]] stance, associating Judaism with Marxism, liberalism and, increasingly, anything else he found objectionable, and part as a result of ''Nasjonal Samling''{{'}}s growing similarity to the German Nazi Party. Despite receiving an unexpected boost when the Norwegian government acceded to Soviet demands to arrest Leon Trotsky, the party's election campaign never gained momentum. Although Quisling sincerely believed he had the support of around 100,000 voters, and declared to his party that they would win an absolute minimum of ten seats, ''Nasjonal Samling'' managed to poll just 26,577, fewer than in 1933 when they had fielded candidates in only half the districts.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=117–126}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Høidal|1989|p=236}}.</ref> Under this pressure, the party split in two, with Hjort leading the breakaway group; although fewer than fifty members left immediately, many more drifted away during 1937.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=128}}.</ref>

Dwindling party membership created many problems for Quisling, especially financial ones. For years he had been in financial difficulties and reliant on his inheritance, while increasing numbers of his paintings were found to be copies when he tried to sell them. Vidkun and his brother Arne sold one [[Frans Hals]] painting for just four thousand dollars, believing it to be a copy and not the fifty-thousand-dollar artwork they had once thought it to be, only to see it reclassified as an original and revalued at a hundred thousand dollars. In the difficult circumstances of the [[Great Depression]], even originals did not raise as much as Quisling had hoped.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=130–133}}.</ref> His disillusionment with Norwegian society was furthered by news of the planned [[Constitution of Norway|constitutional reform]] of 1938, which would extend the parliamentary term from three to four years with immediate effect, a move Quisling bitterly opposed.<ref name="dahl134" />

== World War II ==

=== Coming of war ===
In 1939 Quisling turned his attention towards Norway's preparations for the anticipated European war, which he believed involved a drastic increase in the country's defence spending to guarantee its neutrality. Meanwhile, Quisling presented lectures entitled "The Jewish problem in Norway"<ref>{{cite book|author=Maynard M. Cohen|title=A Stand Against Tyranny: Norway's Physicians and the Nazis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cmx6u2GF80C&pg=PA53|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=0-8143-2934-9|pages=53–}}</ref> and supported [[Adolf Hitler]] in what appeared to be growing future conflict. Despite condemning ''[[Kristallnacht]]'', he sent the German leader a fiftieth-birthday greeting thanking him for "saving Europe from Bolshevism and Jewish domination".<ref name="dahl134">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=134–137}}.</ref> In 1939, Quisling contended that, should an Anglo-Russian alliance make neutrality impossible, Norway would have "to go with Germany".<ref name="dahl137">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=137–142}}.</ref> Invited to the country in the summer of 1939, he began a tour of a number of German and Danish cities. He was received particularly well in Germany, which promised funds to boost ''Nasjonal Samling'''s standing in Norway, and hence spread pro-Nazi sentiment. When war broke out on 3 September, Quisling felt vindicated by both the event and the immediate superiority displayed by the German army. He remained outwardly confident that, despite its size, his party would soon become the centre of political attention.<ref name="dahl137" />

For the next nine months, Quisling continued to lead a party that was at best peripheral to Norwegian politics.<ref name="dahl137" /> He was nonetheless active, and in October 1939 he worked with Prytz on an ultimately unsuccessful plan for peace between Britain, France and Germany and their eventual participation in a new economic union. Quisling also mused on how Germany ought to go on the offensive against its then-ally the Soviet Union, and on 9 December travelled to Germany to present his multi-faceted plans.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=142–149}}.</ref> After impressing German officials, he won an audience with Hitler himself, scheduled for 14 December, whereupon he received firm advice from his contacts that the most useful thing he could do would be to ask for Hitler's help with a pro-German coup in Norway,{{refn|Quisling considered the fourth and constitutionally dubious session of the Parliament of Norway, due to open on 10 January 1940, as the mostly likely time for ''Nasjonal Samling'' to face an exploitable crisis. During 1939 he had firmed up a list of candidates for an incoming government.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=153}}.</ref>|group="nb"}} that would let the Germans use Norway as a naval base. Thereafter, Norway would maintain official neutrality as long as possible, and finally the country would fall under German rather than British control.<ref>{{cite book|title=The German Northern Theater of Operations 1940-1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw0VAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA8|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=8–|id=GGKEY:BQN0CQURHS1}}</ref> It is not clear how much Quisling himself understood about the strategic implications of such a move, and he instead relied on his future Minister of Domestic Affairs [[Albert Viljam Hagelin|Albert Hagelin]], who was fluent in German, to put the relevant arguments to German officials in Berlin during pre-meeting talks, even though Hagelin was prone to damaging exaggeration at times.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=149–152}}.</ref> Quisling and his German contacts almost certainly went away with different views as to whether they had agreed upon the necessity of a German invasion.<ref name="dahl153">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=153–156}}.</ref>

On 14 December 1939, Quisling met Hitler. The German leader promised to respond to any British invasion of Norway ([[Plan R 4]]), perhaps pre-emptively, with a German counter-invasion, but found Quisling's plans for both a Norwegian coup and an Anglo-German peace unduly optimistic. Nonetheless, Quisling would still receive funds to bolster ''Nasjonal Samling''.{{refn|Immediately after the meeting on 14 December, Hitler ordered his staff to draw up preparations for an invasion of Norway.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=157}}.</ref>|group="nb"}} The two men met again four days later, and afterwards Quisling wrote a memorandum that explicitly told Hitler that he did not consider himself a National Socialist.<ref name="dahl153" /> As German machinations continued, Quisling was intentionally kept in the dark. He was also incapacitated by a severe bout of illness, probably [[nephritis]] in both kidneys, for which he refused hospitalisation. Though he returned to work on 13 March 1940, he remained ill for several weeks.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=160–162}}.</ref> In the meantime, the [[Altmark Incident]] complicated Norway's efforts to maintain its neutrality. Hitler himself remained in two minds over whether an occupation of Norway should require an invitation from the Norwegian government. Finally, Quisling received his summons on 31 March, and reluctantly travelled to [[Copenhagen]] to meet with Nazi intelligence officers who asked him for information on Norwegian defences and defence protocols. He returned to Norway on 6 April and, on 8 April, the British [[Operation Wilfred]] commenced, bringing Norway into the war. With [[Allied campaign in Norway|Allied forces in Norway]], Quisling expected a characteristically swift German response.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=162–170}}.</ref>

=== German invasion and coup d'état ===
{{see also|Quisling regime#1940 coup}}

In the early hours of 9 April 1940, [[Operation Weserübung|Germany invaded Norway]] by air and sea, intending to capture King [[Haakon VII of Norway|Haakon VII]] and the government of Prime Minister [[Johan Nygaardsvold]]. However, alert to the possibility of invasion, [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative]] [[President of the Storting|President of the Parliament]] [[C. J. Hambro]] arranged for their evacuation to [[Hamar]] in the east of the country.<ref>{{harvnb|Hayes|1971|p=211}}.</ref> The [[German cruiser Blücher|cruiser ''Blücher'']], carrying most of the personnel intended to take over Norway's administration, was sunk by cannon fire and torpedoes from [[Oscarsborg Fortress]] in the [[Oslofjord]].{{refn|Dahl suggests that the mix-up was in part due to Quisling's earlier statement to the Germans that he "did not believe" the Norwegian sea defences would open fire without previous orders to do so.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=166, 171}}.</ref>|group="nb"}} The Germans had expected the government to surrender and to have its replacement ready; neither happened, although the invasion itself continued. After hours of discussion, Quisling and his German counterparts decided that an immediate coup was necessary, though this was not the preferred option of either Germany's ambassador [[Curt Bräuer]] or the German Foreign Ministry.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=170–172}}.</ref>

In the afternoon, Quisling was told by German liaison Hans Wilhelm Scheidt that should he set up a government, it would have Hitler's personal approval. Quisling drew up a list of ministers and, although it had merely relocated some {{convert|50|km|mi}} to [[Elverum]], accused the legitimate government of having "fled".{{refn|The option of a "Danish solution"—welcoming the invaders in order to avoid conflict—was still on the table. In this way, the Nazis were avoiding choosing between the rival centres of power.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=173}}.</ref> This became impossible only after Quisling's announcement at 19:30.<ref>{{harvnb|Hayes|1971|pp=212–7}}.</ref>|group="nb"}}

Meanwhile, the Germans occupied Oslo and at 17:30 [[NRK|Norwegian radio]] ceased broadcasting at the request of the occupying forces.<ref name="dahl172">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=172–175}}.</ref> With German support, at approximately 19:30, Quisling entered the NRK studios in Oslo and proclaimed the formation of a new government with himself as Prime Minister. He also revoked an earlier order to mobilise against the German invasion.<ref name="dahl172" /><ref>{{harvnb|Ringdal|1989|p=58}}.</ref> He still lacked legitimacy. Two orders—one to a friend in the military (Colonel [[Hans Sommerfeldt Hiorth|Hans S. Hiorth]], the commanding officer of the army regiment at Elverum<ref>{{harvnb|Høidal|1989|p=377}}.</ref>) to arrest the government and another to the [[Kristian Welhaven|Oslo chief of police]]—were ignored. At 22:00, Quisling resumed broadcasting, repeating his earlier message and reading out a list of new ministers. Hitler lent his support as promised and recognised the new Norwegian government under Quisling within 24 hours.<ref name="dahl172" /> Norwegian batteries were still firing on the German invasion force, and at 03:00 on 10 April Quisling acceded to a German request to halt the resistance of the [[Bolærne]] fortress.{{refn|Though now accepted, this charge was later one of the few for which the jury at Quisling's trial did not find sufficient evidence.<ref>{{harvnb|Høidal|1989|p=755}}.</ref>|group="nb"}}<ref>{{harvnb|Hayes|1971|p=221}}.</ref> As a result of actions such as these, it was claimed at the time that Quisling's seizure of power in a [[puppet government]] had been part of the German plan all along.<ref>{{harvnb|Block (ed.)|1940|pp=669–670}}.</ref>

Quisling now reached the high-water mark of his political power. On 10 April, Bräuer travelled to Elverum where the legitimate [[Nygaardsvold's Cabinet|Nygaardsvold government]] now sat. On Hitler's orders, he demanded that King Haakon appoint Quisling head of a new government, thereby securing a peaceful transition of power. Haakon rejected this demand.<ref name="dahl175">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=175–178}}</ref> He went further in a meeting with his cabinet, letting it be known that he would sooner abdicate than appoint any government headed by Quisling. Hearing this, the government unanimously voted to support the king's stance.<ref name="hoidal384">{{harvnb|Høidal|1989|p=384}}.</ref> It also urged the people to continue their resistance.<ref name="dahl175" /> With no popular support, Quisling was no longer of use to Hitler. Germany retracted its support for his rival government, preferring instead to build up its own independent governing commission. In this way, Quisling was manoeuvred out of power by Bräuer and a coalition of his former allies, including Hjort, who now saw him as a liability. Even his political allies, including Prytz, deserted him.<ref name="dahl175" />

In return, Hitler wrote to Quisling thanking him for his good faith efforts to prevent him from losing face (perhaps should he become a future Norwegian leader), guaranteeing him some sort of position in the new government. The transfer of power on these terms was duly enacted on 15 April, with Hitler still confident the [[Administrative Council (Norway)|Administrative Council]] would receive the backing of the king.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=183}}.</ref> Quisling's domestic and international reputation both hit new lows, casting him as both a traitor and a failure.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=183–188}}.</ref>

=== Head of the government ===
{{see also|Quisling regime}}
Once the king had declared the German commission unlawful, it became clear that he would never be won over. An impatient Hitler appointed German [[Josef Terboven]] as the new Norwegian ''[[Reichskommissar]]'' on 24 April, reporting directly to him. Despite Hitler's assurances, Terboven wanted to make sure that there would be no room in the government for ''Nasjonal Samling'' nor its leader Quisling, with whom he did not get on.<ref name="dahl188">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=188–194}}.</ref> Terboven eventually accepted a certain ''Nasjonal Samling'' presence in the government during June, but remained unconvinced about Quisling. As a result, on 25 June, Terboven forced Quisling to step down as leader of the ''Nasjonal Samling'' and take a temporary leave of absence in Germany.<ref name="dahl188" /> Quisling remained there until 20 August, while Rosenberg and Admiral [[Erich Raeder]], whom he had met on his earlier visit to Berlin, negotiated on his behalf. In the end, Quisling returned 'in triumph,' having won Hitler over in a meeting on 16 August. The ''Reichskommissar'' would now have to accommodate Quisling as leader of the government, then allow him to both rebuild ''Nasjonal Samling'' and bring more of his men into the cabinet.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=194–200}}.</ref> Terboven complied and addressed the Norwegian people in a radio broadcast whereupon he asserted that ''Nasjonal Samling'' would be the only political party tolerated.<ref>{{cite news |title=Norway: Commission State |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,802044-1,00.html |work=Time Magazine |page=1 |date=7 October 1940 |accessdate=31 May 2011}}</ref>

As a result, by the end of 1940 the monarchy had been suspended although the Parliament of Norway and a body resembling a cabinet remained. ''Nasjonal Samling'', the only pro-German party, would be cultivated, but Terboven's ''Reichskommissariat'' would keep power in the meantime. Quisling would serve as acting prime minister and ten of the thirteen "cabinet" ministers were to come from his party.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=200–207}}.</ref> He set out on a programme of wiping out "the destructive principles of the [[French Revolution]]," including [[Pluralism (political philosophy)|pluralism]] and parliamentary rule. This reached into local politics, whereby mayors who switched their allegiance to ''Nasjonal Samling'' were rewarded with much greater powers. Investments were made in heavily censored cultural programmes, though the press remained theoretically free. To bolster the survival chances of the Nordic [[genotype]], [[contraception]] was severely restricted.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=207–212}}.</ref> Quisling's party experienced a surge in membership to a little over 30,000, but despite his optimism it was never to pass the 40,000 mark.<ref name="dahl215">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=215}}.</ref>

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Moebius-029-12, Norwegen, Besuch Himmler, Terboven und Quisling.jpg|thumb|alt=A black and white image of a group of men, most of whom are dressed in the uniforms of military officers. One man, seated towards the front is the only man not in uniform and is dressed in a dark coloured suit.|[[Heinrich Himmler]] visited Norway in 1941. Seated (from left to right) are Quisling, Himmler, [[Josef Terboven|Terboven]], and General [[Nikolaus von Falkenhorst]], the commander of the German forces in Norway.]]

On 5 December 1940, Quisling flew to Berlin to negotiate the future of Norway's independence. By the time he returned on 13 December, he had agreed to raise volunteers to fight with the German ''[[Schutzstaffel]]'' (SS). In January, SS head [[Heinrich Himmler]] travelled to Norway to oversee preparations. Quisling clearly believed that if Norway supported Nazi Germany on the battlefield, there would be no reason for Germany to annex her. To this end, he opposed plans to have a German SS brigade loyal only to Hitler installed in Norway.<ref name="dahl219" /> In the process, he also toughened his attitude to the country harbouring the exiled king, the United Kingdom, which he no longer saw as a Nordic ally. Finally, Quisling aligned Norwegian policy on Jews with that of Germany, giving a speech in Frankfurt on 26 March 1941 in which he argued for compulsory exile, but warned against [[Final Solution|extermination]].<ref name="dahl219">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=219–225}}.</ref>

In May, Quisling was shattered by the death of his mother Anna, as the two had been particularly close. At the same time, the political crisis over Norwegian independence deepened, with Quisling threatening Terboven with his resignation over the issue of finance. In the end, the Reichskommissar agreed to compromise on the issue, but Quisling had to concede on the SS issue: A brigade was formed, but as a branch of ''Nasjonal Samling''.<ref name="dahl219" />

[[File:Æreskompanier, Vidkun Quisling, Josef Terboven og norske polititropper (8618020299).jpg|thumb|Vidkun Quisling (left) and Reichskommissar Josef Terboven (center) inspects an honorary partnership of [[Statspolitiet]] (State Police) officers in 1942.]]
[[File:Quisling Terboven Hirden.jpg|thumb|Quisling (left) and Terboven (right) in front of an honorary partnership of the [[paramilitary]] [[Hirden]].]]
Meanwhile, the government line hardened, with Communist Party leaders arrested and trade unionists intimidated. On 10 September 1941, [[Viggo Hansteen]] and [[Rolf Wickstrøm]] were executed and many more imprisoned following the [[milk strike]] in Oslo. Hansteen's execution was later seen as a watershed moment, dividing the occupation into its more innocent and more deadly phases.<ref name="dahl225" /> The same year the [[Statspolitiet|state police]], abolished in 1937, was reestablished to assist the [[Gestapo]] in Norway, and radio sets were confiscated across the country. Although these were Terboven's decisions, Quisling agreed with them and went on to denounce the government-in-exile as "traitors". As a result of the toughened stance, an informal "ice front" emerged, with ''Nasjonal Samling'' supporters ostracised from society.<ref name="dahl225">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=225–232}}.</ref> Quisling remained convinced this was an anti-German sentiment that would fade away once Berlin had handed power over to ''Nasjonal Samling''. However, the only concessions he won in 1941 were having the heads of ministries promoted to official ministers of the government and independence for the party secretariat.<ref name="dahl232">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=232–237}}.</ref>

In January 1942, Terboven announced the German administration would be wound down. Soon afterwards he told Quisling that Hitler had approved the transfer of power, scheduled for 30 January. Quisling remained doubtful it would happen since Germany and Norway were in the midst of complex peace negotiations that could not be completed until peace had been reached on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]], while Terboven insisted that the ''Reichskommissariat'' would remain in power until such peace came about.<ref name="dahl232" /> Quisling could nevertheless be reasonably confident that his position within the party and with Berlin was unassailable, even if he was unpopular within Norway, something he was well aware of.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=240–242}}.</ref>

After a brief postponement, an announcement was made on 1 February 1942, detailing how the cabinet had elected Quisling to the post of [[Minister-President]] of the national government.<ref>{{harvnb|Borgen|1999|p=284}}.</ref><ref name="dahl247" /> The appointment was accompanied by a banquet, rallying and other celebrations by ''Nasjonal Samling'' members. In his first speech, Quisling committed the government to closer ties with Germany. The only change to the Constitution was the reinstatement of the [[History of the Jews in Norway|ban on Jewish entry into Norway]], which had been [[Norwegian Constitution#Development|abolished in 1851]].<ref name="dahl247">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=247–249}}.</ref>

=== Minister President ===
[[File:Quisling's office at the Royal Palace 1945.jpg|thumb|alt=A black and white image of a large room, with two large windows on the back wall, with two more walls coming away from this wall at right angles. There are a number of large sofas spaced around the room, as well as single chairs, and a large desk surrounded by chairs. On the walls that do not have windows, one has a large map of northern Europe, whilst the other wall has a large doorway leading out of the room.|Quisling's office at the Royal Palace, into which he moved in February 1942]]

His new position gave Quisling a security of tenure he had not previously enjoyed, although the ''Reichskommissariat'' remained outside his control. A month later, in February 1942, Quisling made his first state visit to Berlin. It was a productive trip, in which all key issues of Norwegian independence were discussed—but [[Joseph Goebbels]] in particular remained unconvinced of Quisling's credentials, noting that it was "unlikely" he would "...ever make a great statesman."<ref name="dahl250">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=250–255}}.</ref>

Back at home, Quisling was now less concerned about ''Nasjonal Samling'''s membership and even wanted action to clean up the membership list, including purging it of drunkards. On 12 March, Norway officially became a one-party state. In time, criticism of, and resistance to, the party was criminalised, though Quisling expressed regret for having to take this step. He genuinely hoped every Norwegian would freely come around to accept his government.<ref name="dahl250" />

This optimism was short-lived. In the course of the summer of 1942, Quisling lost any ability he might have had to sway public opinion by attempting to force children into the ''[[Nasjonal Samlings Ungdomsfylking]]'' youth organisation, which was modelled on the [[Hitler Youth]]. This move prompted a mass resignation of teachers from their professional body and churchmen from their posts, along with large-scale civil unrest. His attempted indictment of bishop [[Eivind Berggrav]] proved similarly controversial, even amongst his German allies. Quisling now toughened his stance, telling Norwegians that they would have the new regime forced upon them "whether they like it or not". On 1 May, the German High Command noted that "organised resistance to Quisling has started" and Norway's peace talks with Germany stalled as a result.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=255–264}}.</ref> On 11 August, Hitler postponed any further peace negotiations until the war ended. Quisling was admonished and learned that Norway would not get the independence he so greatly yearned for. As an added insult, for the first time he was forbidden to write letters directly to Hitler.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=269–271}}.</ref>

Quisling had earlier pushed for a corporate alternative to the Parliament of Norway (''Storting''), which he called a ''Riksting''. It would comprise two chambers, the ''Næringsting'' (Economic Chamber) and ''Kulturting'' (Cultural Chamber). Now, in advance of ''Nasjonal Samling'''s eighth and last national convention on 25 September and becoming increasingly distrustful of professional bodies, he changed his mind. The ''Riksting'' became an advisory body while the ''Førerting'' (''Fører'' Council) and parliamentary chambers were now to be independent bodies subordinate to their respective ministries.{{refn|Only the Cultural Chamber actually came into being with the Economic Chamber postponed because of unrest within the professional bodies it was supposed to represent.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=271–276}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=275–276}}.</ref>|group="nb"}}

After the convention, support for ''Nasjonal Samling'', and Quisling personally, ebbed away. Increased factionalism and personal losses, including the accidental death of fellow politician [[Gulbrand Lunde]], were compounded by heavy-handed German tactics, such as the shooting of ten well-known residents of [[Trøndelag]] and its environs in [[Martial law in Trondheim in 1942|October 1942]]. In addition, the ''[[lex Eilifsen]]'' ''ex-post facto'' law of August 1943, which led to the first death sentence passed by the regime, was widely seen as a blatant violation of the Constitution and a sign of Norway's increasing role in the [[Final Solution]], would destroy everything the convention had achieved in terms of boosting party morale.<ref name="dahl279" />
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-1001-500, Vidkun Quisling, Autogramm schreibend.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A middle-aged man in a dark coloured suit is writing on a pad of paper. Standing close to him and watching is a woman in her late twenties to earlier thirties. She is smiling, and wearing dark-coloured dungarees, with a shirt underneath and a scarf tied around her neck.|Quisling signing an autograph, 1943]]

With government abatement and Quisling's personal engagement, Jews were registered in a German initiative of January 1942. On 26 October, German forces, with help from the Norwegian police, arrested 300 registered male Jews in Norway and sent them to [[concentration camp]]s, most in [[Berg, Norway|Berg]] and manned by ''[[Hirden]]'', the paramilitary wing of ''Nasjonal Samling''.<ref name="hoidal597" /> Over-65s were quickly released by the Norwegian government. Most controversially, the Jews' property was confiscated by the state.{{refn|Property confiscations were enabled by a law of 26 October. Quisling's motivations in passing such a law have proved controversial, alternately labelled as collaborationist<ref name="hoidal597">{{harvnb|Høidal|1989|p=597}}.</ref> and an actively anti-collaborationist attempt to stop the occupiers from confiscating Jewish property.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=285}}.</ref>|group="nb"}}

On 26 November, the detainees were deported, along with their families. Although this was an entirely German initiative—Quisling himself was left in the dark although government assistance was provided—Quisling led the Norwegian public to believe that the first deportation of Jews, to camps in Poland, was his idea.<ref name="dahl279">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=279–287}}.</ref> A further 250 were deported in February 1943 and it remains unclear what the party's official position was on the eventual fate of the 759 Norwegian deportees. There is evidence to suggest that Quisling honestly believed the official line throughout 1943 and 1944, that they were awaiting repatriation to a [[Madagascar Plan|new Jewish homeland]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=288–289}}.</ref>{{refn|In reality, their destination was the extermination camp at [[Auschwitz]]. That Quisling understood the realities of the final solution is suggested by authors such as Høidal, but the theory has never been proven.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=289}}.</ref>|group="nb"}}

At the same time, Quisling believed that the only way he could win back Hitler's respect would be to raise volunteers for the now-faltering German war effort,<ref>{{harvnb|Hayes|1971|p=289}}.</ref> and he committed Norway wholeheartedly to German plans to wage [[total war]].<ref>{{harvnb|Høidal|1989|p=609}}.</ref> For him at least, after the German defeat at [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] in February 1943, Norway now had a part to play in keeping the German empire strong. In April 1943, Quisling delivered a scathing speech attacking Germany's refusal to outline its plans for post-war Europe. When he put this to Hitler in person, the Nazi leader remained unmoved despite Norway's contributions to the war effort. Quisling felt betrayed over this postponement of Norwegian freedom,<ref name="dahl297">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=297–305}}.</ref> an attitude that waned only when Hitler eventually committed to a free post-war Norway in September 1943.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=316}}.</ref>

Quisling tired during the final years of the war. In 1942 he passed 231 laws, 166 in 1943, and 139 in 1944. Social policy was the one area that still received significant attention. By that autumn, Quisling and [[Anton Mussert|Mussert]] in the Netherlands could be satisfied they had at least survived.<ref name="dahl306" /> In 1944, the weight problems Quisling had been having during the preceding two years also eased.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=328}}.</ref>

Despite the increasingly dire military outlook, ''Nasjonal Samling'''s position at the head of the government, albeit with its ambiguous relationship to the ''Reichskommissariat'', remained unassailable.<ref name="dahl306">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=306–308, 325}}.</ref> Nevertheless, the Germans exerted increasing control over law and order in Norway. Following deportation of the Jews, Germany deported Norwegian officers and finally attempted to deport students from the [[University of Oslo]]. Even Hitler was incensed by the scale of the arrests.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=319}}.</ref> Quisling became entangled in a similar debacle in early 1944 when he forced compulsory military service on elements of the ''[[Hird]]'', causing a number of members to resign to avoid being drafted.<ref name="dahl345">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=345–350}}.</ref>

On 20 January 1945, Quisling made what would be his final trip to visit Hitler. He promised Norwegian support in the final phase of the war if Germany agreed to a peace deal that would remove Norway's affairs from German intervention. This proposal grew out of a fear that as German forces retreated southwards through Norway, the occupation government would have to struggle to keep control in northern Norway. To the horror of the Quisling regime, the Nazis instead decided on a [[scorched earth]] policy in northern Norway, going so far as to shoot Norwegian civilians who refused to evacuate the region.<ref name="dahl345" /> The period was also marked by increasing civilian casualties from [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] air raids, and mounting [[Norwegian resistance movement|resistance to the government]] within occupied Norway. The meeting with the German leader proved unsuccessful and upon being asked to sign the execution order of thousands of Norwegian "saboteurs", Quisling refused, an act of defiance that so enraged Terboven, acting on Hitler's orders, that he stormed out of the negotiations.<ref name="dahl345" /> On recounting the events of the trip to a friend, Quisling broke down in tears, convinced the Nazi refusal to sign a peace agreement would seal his reputation as a traitor.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=353}}.</ref>

Quisling spent the last months of the war trying to prevent Norwegian deaths in the showdown that was developing between German and Allied forces in Norway. The regime worked for the safe repatriation of Norwegians held in German [[prisoner-of-war camp]]s. Privately, Quisling had long accepted that National Socialism would be defeated. Hitler's suicide on 30 April 1945 left him free to pursue publicly his chosen end-game, a naïve offer of a transition to a power-sharing government with the government-in-exile.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=358–360}}.</ref>

On 7 May, Quisling ordered police not to offer armed resistance to the Allied advance except in self-defence or against overt members of the Norwegian resistance movement. The same day, Germany announced it would surrender unconditionally, making Quisling's position untenable.<ref name="dahl364">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=364–366}}.</ref> A realist, Quisling met military leaders of the resistance on the following day to discuss how he would be arrested. Quisling declared whilst he did not want to be treated as a common criminal, he did not want preferential treatment compared to his ''Nasjonal Samling'' colleagues. He argued he could have kept his forces fighting until the end, but had chosen not to so as to avoid turning "Norway into a battlefield." Instead he tried to ensure a peaceful transition. In return, the resistance offered full trials for all accused ''Nasjonal Samling'' members after the war and its leadership agreed he could be incarcerated in a house rather than a prison complex.<ref name="dahl364" />

== Arrest, trial, death, and legacy ==
{{see also|Legal purge in Norway after World War II}}

The civil leadership of the resistance, represented by lawyer [[Sven Arntzen]], demanded Quisling be treated like any other murder suspect and, on 9 May, Quisling and his ministers turned themselves in to police.<ref name="dahl371" /> Quisling was transferred to Cell 12 in [[Møllergata 19]], the main police station in Oslo. The cell was equipped with a tiny table, a basin, and a hole in the wall for a toilet bucket.<ref>{{harvnb|Bratteli|Myhre|1992|p=43}}.</ref>

After ten weeks being constantly watched to prevent suicide attempts in police custody, he was transferred to [[Akershus Fortress]] and awaited trial as part of the [[Legal purge in Norway after World War II|legal purge]].<ref name="dahl371">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=371–373}}.</ref> Despite initially losing weight and suffering from [[polyneuritis]], his strong constitution meant that he soon started working hard on his case with [[Henrik Bergh]], a lawyer with a good track record but largely unsympathetic, at least initially, to Quisling's plight. Bergh did, however, believe Quisling's testimony that he tried to act in the best interests of Norway and decided to use this as a starting point for the defence.<ref name="dahl374">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=374–378}}.</ref>

Initially, Quisling's charges related to the coup, including his revocation of the mobilisation order, to his time as ''Nasjonal Samling'' leader and to his actions as Minister President, such as assisting the enemy and illegally attempting to alter the constitution. Finally, he was accused of [[Gunnar Eilifsen]]'s murder. Whilst not contesting the key facts, he denied all charges on the grounds that he had always worked for a free and prosperous Norway, and submitted a sixty-page response.<ref name="dahl374" /> On 11 July, a further indictment was brought, adding a raft of new charges, including more murders, theft, embezzlement and, most worrying of all for Quisling, the charge of conspiring with Hitler over the 9 April occupation of Norway.<ref name="dahl380" />

{{Rquote|right|I know that the Norwegian people have sentenced me to death, and that the easiest course for me would be to take my own life. But I want to let history reach its own verdict. Believe me, in ten years' time I will have become another [[Saint Olav]].|Quisling to [[Bjørn Foss]], 8 May 1945|{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=367}}}}

The trial opened on 20 August 1945.<ref name="dahl380">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=380–390}}.</ref> Quisling's defence rested on downplaying his unity with Germany and stressing that he had fought for total independence, something that seemed completely contrary to the recollections of many Norwegians. From that point on, wrote biographer Dahl, Quisling had to tread a "fine line between truth and falsehood," and emerged from it "an elusive and often pitiful figure."<ref name="dahl380" /> He misrepresented the truth on several occasions and the entirely truthful majority of his statements won him few advocates in the country at large, where he remained almost universally despised.

In the later days of the trial Quisling's health suffered, largely as a result of the number of medical tests to which he was subjected,<ref name="dahl390" /> and his defence faltered.<ref name="dahl390" /> The prosecution's powerful final speech placed responsibility for the Final Solution being carried out in Norway at the feet of Quisling, using the testimony of German officials. The prosecutor [[Annæus Schjødt]] called for the [[death penalty]], using laws introduced by the government-in-exile in October 1941 and January 1942.<ref name="dahl390">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=390–400}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cohen|2000|p=274}}.</ref>

[[File:Villa Grande Quisling-5.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A large white building with a dark coloured roof. The building is surrounded by a number of trees.|Quisling's residence [[Villa Grande]] in 1945, which he dubbed "[[Gimlé]]", a name taken from [[Norse mythology]]]]
Erudite speeches by both Bergh and Quisling himself could not change the outcome. When the verdict was announced on 10 September, Quisling was convicted on all but a handful of minor charges and sentenced to death.

An October appeal to the [[Supreme Court of Norway|Supreme Court]] was rejected.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=400–407}}.</ref> The court process was judged to be "a model of fairness" in a commentary by author Maynard Cohen.<ref>{{harvnb|Cohen|2000|p=276}}.</ref> After giving testimony in a number of other trials of ''Nasjonal Samling'' members, Quisling was [[execution by firing squad|executed by firing squad]] at Akershus Fortress at 02:40 on 24 October 1945.<ref>{{cite news |title=Justice—I |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,852394,00.html |work=Time Magazine |date=5 November 1945 |accessdate=28 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=414–415}}.</ref> His last words before being shot were, "I'm convicted unfairly and I die innocent."<ref>{{harvnb|Bratteli|Myhre|1992|p=198}}.</ref> After his death his body was cremated, leaving the ashes to be interred in Fyresdal.<ref>{{harvnb|Cohen|2000|p=279}}.</ref>

His widow Maria lived in Oslo until her death in 1980.<ref>{{harvnb|Yourieff|2007|p=457}}.</ref> They had no children. Upon her death, she donated all their Russian antiques to a charitable fund that operates in Oslo to this day.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=129,418}}.</ref> For most of his later political career, Quisling lived in a mansion on [[Bygdøy]] in Oslo that he called "[[Gimle]]", after the place in [[Norse mythology]] where survivors of the great battle of [[Ragnarök]] were to live.<ref>{{harvnb|Bratteli|Myhre|1992|pp=50–51}}.</ref> The house, now called Villa Grande, is today a [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-112640182.html |title=Norway turns traitor Quisling's home into symbol of tolerance|publisher=Highbeam Research (archived from [[Associated Press]])|date=30 August 2005 |accessdate=28 April 2011}}</ref> The ''Nasjonal Samling'' movement was wiped out as a political force in Norway, though Quisling himself has become one of the most written about Norwegians of all time.<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=417}}.</ref> The word ''quisling'' itself became synonymous with ''[[traitor]]''.<ref>{{harvnb|Yourieff|2007|p=xi}}.</ref> The term was coined by the British newspaper ''[[The Times]]'' in its lead of 15 April 1940, titled "Quislings everywhere".<ref>{{cite news|title=Quislers |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,794977,00.html |work=Time Magazine |page=1 |date=29 April 1940 |accessdate=28 April 2011 }}</ref> The noun has survived and for a while during and after World War II, the [[back-formation|back-formed]] verb ''to quisle'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɪ|z|əl}} was used. One who was ''quisling'' was in the act of committing treason.<ref>{{harvnb|Block (ed.)|1940|p=669}}.</ref>

== Personality ==
To his supporters, Quisling was regarded as a conscientious administrator of the highest order, knowledgeable and with an eye for detail. Balanced and gentle to a fault, they believed he cared deeply about his people and maintained high moral standards throughout.<ref name="dahl328">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=328–331}}.</ref> To his opponents, Quisling was unstable and undisciplined, abrupt, even threatening. Quite possibly he was both, at ease among friends and under pressure when confronted with his political opponents, and generally shy and retiring with both. During formal dinners he often said nothing at all except for the occasional cascade of dramatic rhetoric. Indeed, he did not react well to pressure and would often let slip over-dramatic sentiments when put on the spot. Normally open to criticism, he was prone to assuming larger groups were conspiratorial.<ref name="dahl328"/>

Post-war interpretations of Quisling's character are similarly mixed. After the war collaborationist behaviour was popularly viewed as a result of mental deficiency, leaving the personality of the clearly more intelligent Quisling an "enigma". He was instead seen as weak, paranoid, intellectually sterile and power-hungry: ultimately "muddled rather than thoroughly corrupted".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hoberman |first=John M. |title=Vidkun Quisling's Psychological Image |journal=Scandinavian Studies |year=1974 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=242–264 |pmid=11635923}}</ref>

The Norwegian sociologist [[Johan Galtung]] described Quisling as a mini-Hitler with a CMT (chosenness-myth-trauma) complex, or alternatively, megalo-paranoia, more often diagnosed in modern times as [[narcissistic personality disorder]]. He was "well installed in his personality", but unable to gain a following among his own people as the population did not provide a mirror for Quisling's ideology. In short, he was "a dictator and a clown on the wrong stage with the wrong script".<ref name="Galtung192193">{{harvnb|Galtung|1997|pp=192–193}}.</ref> As quoted by Dahl, psychiatrist Professor Gabriel Langfelt stated Quisling's ultimate goals "fitted the classic description of the [[paranoia|paranoid]] [[megalomania]]c more exactly than any other case [he had] ever encountered".<ref>{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|p=10}}.</ref>

During his time in office, Quisling rose early, often having completed several hours of work before arriving at the office between 9:30 and 10:00. He liked to intervene in virtually all government matters, reading all letters addressed to him or his chancellery personally and marking a surprising number for action.<ref name="dahl321">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=321–322}}.</ref> Quisling was independently-minded, made several key decisions on the spot and, unlike his German counterpart, he liked to follow procedure to ensure that government remained "a dignified and civilised" affair throughout.<ref name="dahl321" /> He took a personal interest in the administration of Fyresdal, where he was born.<ref name="dahl328" />

He rejected [[Master race|German racial supremacy]] and instead saw the Norwegian race as the progenitor of northern Europe, tracing his own family tree in his spare time.<ref name="dahl328" /> Party members did not receive preferential treatment,<ref name="dahl321" /> though Quisling did not himself share in the wartime hardships of his fellow Norwegians. Nevertheless, many gifts went unused and he did not live extravagantly.<ref name="dahl328" />

== Religious and philosophical views {{anchor|Universism}} ==
[[File:Quisling library.jpg|thumb|alt=A black and white image of a room with a wood panelled ceiling, with a large fireplace and bookshelves on two sides of the room. At the far end of the room is a glass fronted double door leading away. There are a number of small chairs and tables around the room.|Quisling's library included the works of a number of eminent philosophers.]]

Quisling was interested in science, Eastern religions and metaphysics, eventually building up a library that included the works of [[Baruch Spinoza|Spinoza]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]] and [[Arthur Schopenhauer|Schopenhauer]]. He kept up with developments in the realm of [[quantum physics]], but did not keep up with more current philosophical ideas. He blended philosophy and science into a new religion he called ''Universism'' (or ''Universalism''), which was a unified explanation of everything. His original writings stretched to a claimed two thousand pages.<ref name="dahl8">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=8–9}}.</ref> He rejected the basic teachings of orthodox Christianity and established a new theory of life, which he called ''Universism'', a term borrowed from a textbook by [[Jan Jakob Maria de Groot]] on [[Chinese philosophy]]. De Groot's book argued that Tao, Confucianism and Buddhism were all part of a world religion that De Groot called Universism. Quisling described how his philosophy "...followed from the universal [[theory of relativity]], of which the [[Special theory of relativity|specific]] and [[General theory of relativity|general theories of relativity]] are special instances". Quisling wanted universism to be the official state religion of his new Norway, and he said "the positing of such a system depends on the progress of science".<ref name="dahl8" />

His ''[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]'' was divided into four parts: an introduction; a description of mankind's apparent progression from individual to increasing complex consciousnesses; a section on his tenets of morality and law; and a final section on science, art, politics, history, race and religion. The conclusion was to be titled ''The World's Organic Classification and Organisation'', but the work remained unfinished. Generally, Quisling worked on it infrequently during his time in politics. The biographer [[Hans Fredrik Dahl]] describes this as "fortunate" since Quisling would "never have won recognition" as a philosopher.<ref name="dahl8" />

During his trial and particularly after being sentenced, Quisling became interested once more in Universism. He saw the events of the war as part of the move towards the establishment of God's kingdom on earth and justified his actions in those terms. During the first week of October, he wrote a fifty-page document titled ''Universistic Aphorisms'', which represented "...an almost ecstatic revelation of truth and the light to come, which bore the mark of nothing less than a prophet".<ref name="dahl410" /> The document was also notable for its attack on the [[materialism]] of National Socialism. In addition, he simultaneously worked on a sermon, ''Eternal Justice'', which reiterated his key beliefs, including reincarnation.<ref name="dahl410">{{harvnb|Dahl|1999|pp=410–412}}.</ref>

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Cite book |title=[[Current Biography|Current Biography Yearbook]] |year=1940 |location=New York, United States |publisher=H. W. Wilson |editor-first=Maxine |editor-last=Block |ref={{harvid|Block (ed.)|1940}}}}
* {{Cite book |title=A stand against tyranny: Norway's physicians and the Nazis |first=Maynard M. |last=Cohen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cmx6u2GF80C |year=2000 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-2934-4 |ref=harv |location=Detroit, United States}}
* {{Cite book |title=Quisling: A Study in Treachery |last=Dahl |first=Hans Fredrik |authorlink=Hans Fredrik Dahl |year=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|isbn=0-521-49697-7 |others=Stanton-Ife, Anne-Marie (trans.) |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Galtung |first=Johan |authorlink=Johan Galtung |year=1997 |editor1-last=Turpin |editor1-first=Jennifer E. |editor2-last=Kurtz |editor2-first=Lester R. |title=The Web of Violence: from interpersonal to global |chapter=Is There a Therapy for Pathological Cosmologies? |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |isbn=0-252-06561-1|location=[[Champaign, Illinois|Champaign]], United States |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hayes |first=Paul M. |title=Quisling's Political Ideas |journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]] |year=1966 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=145–157 |jstor=259653 | doi = 10.1177/002200946600100109}}
* {{Cite book |title=Quisling: the career and political ideas of Vidkun Quisling, 1887–1945 |last=Hayes |first=Paul M. |publisher=David & Charles |location=[[Newton Abbot]], United Kingdom |year=1971 |oclc=320725 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |last=Høidal |first=Oddvar K. |year=1989 |title=Quisling: A study in treason |location=Oslo, Norway |publisher=Universitetsforlaget |isbn=82-00-18400-5| ref=harv}}

=== In Norwegian ===
* {{Cite book |title=Gud, det er meg: Vidkun Quisling som politisk filosof |last=Barth |first=E. M.|authorlink=Else M. Barth |year=1996 |location=Oslo, Norway |publisher=[[Pax Forlag]] |isbn=82-530-1803-7 |language=Norwegian |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |title=Norges statsministre |last=Borgen |first=Per Otto |year=1999 |location=Oslo, Norway |publisher=Aschehoug |isbn=82-03-22389-3 |language=Norwegian |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |title=Quislings siste dager |last1=Bratteli |first1=Tone |last2=Myhre |first2=Hans B. |year=1992 |location=Oslo, Norway |publisher=Cappelen |isbn=82-02-13345-9 |language=Norwegian |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |title=Fører uten folk. Forsvarsminister Quisling – hans bakgrunn og vei inn i norsk politikk |last=Hartmann |first=Sverre |publisher=Tiden Norsk Forlag |location=Oslo, Norway|year=1970 |origyear=1959 |edition=2nd revised |oclc=7812651 |language=Norwegian |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |title=Privatmennesket Quisling og hans to kvinner |last=Juritzen |first=Arve |authorlink=Arve Juritzen |publisher=Aventura |location=Oslo, Norway |year=1988 |isbn=82-588-0500-2 |language=Norwegian |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |title=Gal mann til rett tid: NS-minister Sverre Riisnæs – en psykobiografi |last=Ringdal |first=Nils Johan|authorlink=Nils Johan Ringdal|year=1989 |location=Oslo, Norway |publisher=Aschehoug |isbn=82-03-16584-2 |language=Norwegian |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |title=Dagbok og andre efterlatte papirer |last=Quisling |first=Maria |year=1980 |editor-last=Parmann |editor-first=Øistein |editor-link=Øistein Parmann |location=Oslo, Norway |publisher=Dreyer |isbn=82-09-01877-9 |language=Norwegian |ref=harv}}

=== Primary sources ===
* {{Cite book |title=In Quisling's shadow: the memoirs of Vidkun Quisling's first wife, Alexandra |last1=Yourieff |first1=Alexandra Andreevna Voronine |last2=Yourieff |first2=W. George |last3=Seaver |first3=Kirsten A. |year=2007 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |location=[[Stanford, California|Stanford]], United States|isbn=978-0-8179-4832-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaiyKJZxjBUC |ref={{harvid|Yourieff|2007}}}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/RusslandUndWir Vidkun Quisling: "Russland und Wir", 1942, (A German book written by Vidkun Quisling about Russia)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Torgeir Anderssen-Rysst]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Defence (Norway)|Minister of Defence]]|years=1931–33}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jens Isak de Lange Kobro]]}}
{{s-bef|before=Office created}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Heads of government of Norway|Minister President of Norway]]|years=1942–45}}
{{s-aft|after=Office abolished}}
{{s-end}}

{{Fascism}}
{{NorwegianPrimeMinisters}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}

{{featured article}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quisling, Vidkun}}
[[Category:Vidkun Quisling| ]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Norwegian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Norwegian Military College alumni]]
[[Category:Executed politicians]]
[[Category:Executed Norwegian collaborators with Nazi Germany]]
[[Category:Fascist rulers]]
[[Category:Fatherland League (Norway)]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Norway]]
[[Category:Members of Nasjonal Samling]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriates in Finland]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriates in Russia]]
[[Category:Norwegian expatriates in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Norwegian people of Danish descent]]
[[Category:People from Fyresdal]]
[[Category:People stripped of a British Commonwealth honour]]
[[Category:People with narcissistic personality disorder]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Sava]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:Norwegian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Norwegian Army personnel]]

Blue Is the Colour (song)

2016-12-02T22:33:50Z

155.4.129.44: Corrected spelling of Stewart

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}
{{Infobox single
| Name = Blue Is the Colour Of Champions
| Cover =
| Artist = The [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea Football squad]] |
B-side = All Sing Together
| Released = {{date|1972-02-26}}
| Format = [[gramophone record|7"]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 2:21
| Label = [[Penny Farthing Records]]
| Writer = [[Daniel Boone (singer)|Daniel Boone]] and Rod McQueen
| Producer = [[Larry Page (singer)|Larry Page]]
| Last single = N/A
| This single = "Blue is the Colour" (1972)
| Next single = N/A |}}

'''''Blue Is the Colour''''' is a [[Football (soccer)|football]] [[song]] associated with [[Chelsea Football Club]]. It was performed by the squad and released in 1972 to coincide with the club's ultimately unsuccessful appearance in the [[1972 Football League Cup Final|League Cup final]] of that year against [[Stoke City]]. The record was issued on the [[Penny Farthing Records]] label and reached number 5 in the UK Charts and number 8 in Ireland in March 1972.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=5791
|title=Blue Is The Colour
|work=Chart Stats
|accessdate=2007-01-21
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128094321/http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=5791
|archivedate=28 January 2012
|df=dmy
}}</ref> It has become one of the most well-known English football songs.<ref>{{cite news |
date= |
title=The best footie songs |
url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/pictures/toptens/best-football-songs.php?ssid=9 |
publisher=Virgin Media |
accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
date=14 November 2007 |
title=The best football songs ever? You decide... |
url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-493693/The-best-football-songs-You-decide-.html |
publisher=Daily Mail|
accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref>

Singing squad members include:
{|
|-
|width=25% valign=top|
*[[Tommy Baldwin]]
*[[Stewart Houston]]
*[[Charlie Cooke (footballer)|Charlie Cooke]]
*[[John Dempsey (footballer)|John Dempsey]]
*[[Ron Harris (footballer)|Ron Harris]]
*[[Marvin Hinton]]
*[[John Hollins]]
|width=25% valign=top|
*[[Peter Houseman]]
*[[Alan Hudson]]
*[[Steve Kember]]
*[[Eddie McCreadie]]
*[[Paddy Mulligan]]
*[[Peter Osgood]]
*[[David Webb (footballer)|David Webb]]
|}
*[[Chris Garland]]

As of 2012, 40 years after the song was first released, it is still Chelsea's main signature tune. The song is still played at every home game and any cup finals Chelsea compete in.

==Other versions==
The song was covered by Czech singer [[František Ringo Čech]] under the title ''Zelená je tráva'' (Green Is The Grass), and has become a popular football anthem in former [[Czechoslovakia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fkbb2001.cz/news/pisnicka-zelena-je-trava/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-06-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172156/http://www.fkbb2001.cz/news/pisnicka-zelena-je-trava/ |archivedate=18 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>

In 1978, the song was re-recorded as "White Is The Colour" for the [[Vancouver Whitecaps (NASL)|Vancouver Whitecaps]] Football Club, and became a local hit. The Scottish rock duo [[The Proclaimers]] re-recorded "White Is The Colour" for the Whitecaps' 2002 season, and performed it live during half-time of a game.<ref>[http://uslfans.com/news/2002/news,2002,0150.shtml] {{dead link|date=October 2016}}</ref>

The song has been modified into Danish by Flemming Anthony into the title ''Rød-hvide farver'' (Red and white colours). The song was the official supporter's song for the [[Denmark national football team|Danish national football team]], when they participated at the [[1972 Summer Olympics]].

The song is translated to Finnish by [[Vexi Salmi]] and used prior to kick-off in all the home fixtures of Helsinki-based [[Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi]]. It was recorded 1973 by the first squad of the team. The title in Finnish is HOO-JII-KOO, but is better known as 'Taas kansa täyttää', as the first verse begins with these words. Direct translation to English would be 'Again Terraces Are Filled'.

Supporters of the [[J. League]] Division 1 side [[Montedio Yamagata]] are also known to use a variant of the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqAY_q6XrMg |title=Montedio Yamagata "Blue is the Colour" ジュビロ磐田２－６モンテディオ山形 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date= |accessdate=2016-10-06}}</ref>

Supporters of the Norwegian team [[Molde FK]] also use a variant of a song, where the title ("Blått er vår farge") directly translates to "Blue is our colour". The rest of the refrain is somehow altered, however.

An adapted version called "Green is the Colour" is the official fight song of the [[Saskatchewan Roughriders]] of the [[Canadian Football League]] ([[Canadian football]], not [[association football|soccer]].) This should not be confused with the Pink Floyd song "[[Green Is the Colour]]".

The song was used as the basis for a campaign record used by the successful [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] campaign in the [[United Kingdom general election, 1979|1979 general election]]. The song used was a parody of the Chelsea FC version, with the words changed to:

:"Blue is the Colour;"
:"[[Margaret Thatcher|Maggie]] is her name;"
:"we're all together" (...verse....)
chorus....
:"Margaret Thatcher is her name!"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chelsea F.C. hit singles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blue Is The Colour (Song)}}
[[Category:1972 singles]]
[[Category:Chelsea F.C. songs]]
[[Category:Novelty songs]]
[[Category:Football songs and chants]]
[[Category:1972 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Daniel Boone (singer)]]

Blue Is the Colour (song)

2016-12-02T22:31:57Z

155.4.129.44: Removed Peter Bonetti, added Stuart Houston to singing squad. Check the Pathe film on youtube for the actual recording session.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2008}}
{{Infobox single
| Name = Blue Is the Colour Of Champions
| Cover =
| Artist = The [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea Football squad]] |
B-side = All Sing Together
| Released = {{date|1972-02-26}}
| Format = [[gramophone record|7"]]
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
| Length = 2:21
| Label = [[Penny Farthing Records]]
| Writer = [[Daniel Boone (singer)|Daniel Boone]] and Rod McQueen
| Producer = [[Larry Page (singer)|Larry Page]]
| Last single = N/A
| This single = "Blue is the Colour" (1972)
| Next single = N/A |}}

'''''Blue Is the Colour''''' is a [[Football (soccer)|football]] [[song]] associated with [[Chelsea Football Club]]. It was performed by the squad and released in 1972 to coincide with the club's ultimately unsuccessful appearance in the [[1972 Football League Cup Final|League Cup final]] of that year against [[Stoke City]]. The record was issued on the [[Penny Farthing Records]] label and reached number 5 in the UK Charts and number 8 in Ireland in March 1972.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=5791
|title=Blue Is The Colour
|work=Chart Stats
|accessdate=2007-01-21
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128094321/http://www.chartstats.com/songinfo.php?id=5791
|archivedate=28 January 2012
|df=dmy
}}</ref> It has become one of the most well-known English football songs.<ref>{{cite news |
date= |
title=The best footie songs |
url=http://www.virginmedia.com/music/pictures/toptens/best-football-songs.php?ssid=9 |
publisher=Virgin Media |
accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |
date=14 November 2007 |
title=The best football songs ever? You decide... |
url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-493693/The-best-football-songs-You-decide-.html |
publisher=Daily Mail|
accessdate=2011-03-24}}</ref>

Singing squad members include:
{|
|-
|width=25% valign=top|
*[[Tommy Baldwin]]
*[[Stuart Houston]]
*[[Charlie Cooke (footballer)|Charlie Cooke]]
*[[John Dempsey (footballer)|John Dempsey]]
*[[Ron Harris (footballer)|Ron Harris]]
*[[Marvin Hinton]]
*[[John Hollins]]
|width=25% valign=top|
*[[Peter Houseman]]
*[[Alan Hudson]]
*[[Steve Kember]]
*[[Eddie McCreadie]]
*[[Paddy Mulligan]]
*[[Peter Osgood]]
*[[David Webb (footballer)|David Webb]]
|}
*[[Chris Garland]]

As of 2012, 40 years after the song was first released, it is still Chelsea's main signature tune. The song is still played at every home game and any cup finals Chelsea compete in.

==Other versions==
The song was covered by Czech singer [[František Ringo Čech]] under the title ''Zelená je tráva'' (Green Is The Grass), and has become a popular football anthem in former [[Czechoslovakia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fkbb2001.cz/news/pisnicka-zelena-je-trava/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-06-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172156/http://www.fkbb2001.cz/news/pisnicka-zelena-je-trava/ |archivedate=18 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>

In 1978, the song was re-recorded as "White Is The Colour" for the [[Vancouver Whitecaps (NASL)|Vancouver Whitecaps]] Football Club, and became a local hit. The Scottish rock duo [[The Proclaimers]] re-recorded "White Is The Colour" for the Whitecaps' 2002 season, and performed it live during half-time of a game.<ref>[http://uslfans.com/news/2002/news,2002,0150.shtml] {{dead link|date=October 2016}}</ref>

The song has been modified into Danish by Flemming Anthony into the title ''Rød-hvide farver'' (Red and white colours). The song was the official supporter's song for the [[Denmark national football team|Danish national football team]], when they participated at the [[1972 Summer Olympics]].

The song is translated to Finnish by [[Vexi Salmi]] and used prior to kick-off in all the home fixtures of Helsinki-based [[Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi]]. It was recorded 1973 by the first squad of the team. The title in Finnish is HOO-JII-KOO, but is better known as 'Taas kansa täyttää', as the first verse begins with these words. Direct translation to English would be 'Again Terraces Are Filled'.

Supporters of the [[J. League]] Division 1 side [[Montedio Yamagata]] are also known to use a variant of the song.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqAY_q6XrMg |title=Montedio Yamagata "Blue is the Colour" ジュビロ磐田２－６モンテディオ山形 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |date= |accessdate=2016-10-06}}</ref>

Supporters of the Norwegian team [[Molde FK]] also use a variant of a song, where the title ("Blått er vår farge") directly translates to "Blue is our colour". The rest of the refrain is somehow altered, however.

An adapted version called "Green is the Colour" is the official fight song of the [[Saskatchewan Roughriders]] of the [[Canadian Football League]] ([[Canadian football]], not [[association football|soccer]].) This should not be confused with the Pink Floyd song "[[Green Is the Colour]]".

The song was used as the basis for a campaign record used by the successful [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] campaign in the [[United Kingdom general election, 1979|1979 general election]]. The song used was a parody of the Chelsea FC version, with the words changed to:

:"Blue is the Colour;"
:"[[Margaret Thatcher|Maggie]] is her name;"
:"we're all together" (...verse....)
chorus....
:"Margaret Thatcher is her name!"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chelsea F.C. hit singles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blue Is The Colour (Song)}}
[[Category:1972 singles]]
[[Category:Chelsea F.C. songs]]
[[Category:Novelty songs]]
[[Category:Football songs and chants]]
[[Category:1972 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Daniel Boone (singer)]]

Talk:HyperNormalisation

2016-10-23T03:22:47Z

155.4.129.44: /* Criticism Section. */

{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Television|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject British TV shows|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject BBC|class=start|importance=low}}}}

== Criticism Section. ==
Common practice on Wikipedia is to have a Criticism Section and especially when a documentary maker has bent corners and fabricated a story. The film depicts Gaddafi in a glorified way. Without the Lybian shooting of WPC Yvonne Fletcher the America bombing of Lybia would not have been impossible. (The USA needed British bases on Cyprus for the attack. The UK did not really want to get involved as UK politicians follow public opinion, helping the Americans in this way played into their hands. They could argue they did something whilst not actually spending any UK money or involving the UK forces). Furthermore the film's lies that Syria and not Lybia was behind the Berlin bombing can not be ignored. The truth about the bombing of the disco in Berlin is explained elsewhere on Wikipedia. The film does make a good case for showing how some Syrian atrocities crimes were unfairly blamed on Lybia. But it goes too far as there is tangible evidence and proven judicial judgments against Lybia/Lybians for at least the Berling bombing and possibly even the Lockerbie terrorist bomb. These are not points of views as there is evidence that backs this up.

Seems somebody needs a lesson in how Wikipedia works. I have been accused of disruptive editing and not listing sources. I pointed at this talk page but the user chose to contact me privately asking me to provide a source. I provided a very clear source that the film lies about the Berlin disco bomb. Nameley Wiki's own article. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Berlin_discotheque_bombing]]. The documentary claimed this was carried out by Syria. Not true. In the case of the Pan Am 103 (Lockerbie) there are some rumours and discussions that Syria, Lybia or Iran may have been to blame. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103]]. Nothing proven and perhaps we will never know, even if Adam Curtis seems to know more than 27 years of Government and Judicial research and investigation as he states categorically that Syria was to blame for Flight 103. However in the case of the Berlin Disco there has never been a suggestion by anyone that anybody else than Lybia was behind this. This episode was quite central in the film's narrative but the narrator offered nothing in evidence than his own words. It is extremely important that the Wikipedia entry about the film mentions this.

This is the Criticism Section that has now been vandalised twice by the same user. He threatens to ban me but I have access to several thousand IP addresses so good luck with that one. If this user wishes to delete the criticism section again I request proof that just ONE American soldier died in the Berlin disco bombing. (Two died, the film said one). I also request proof that the Berlin Disco bombing was not carried out by Lybia. Otherwise the criticism section stays.

Criticism Section:
In the film it is claimed that it was Syria and not Libya that carried out the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing]]. But Stasi files identified Lybian agent Musbah Abdulghasem Eter who had worked at the Libyan embassy in East Berlin. Prosecutor [[Detlev Mehlis]] proved beyond reasonable doubt that Eter and two others had assembled the bomb and that the explosive was brought into West Berlin in a Libyan diplomatic bag. The film is lacking in some detail as it also claims that one America soldier was killed in Berlin when in fact a second US Army sergeant died of his injuries two months after the blast.

The film also paints a picture of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as a victim during the 1980's claiming he was unfairly blamed for atrocities which were actually carried out by Syria. However the murder of [[Murder of Yvonne Fletcher]] in London by Lybian Embassy officials is conveniently overlooked. This murder could not be blamed on Syria as it was caught on film.

Further Notes:
Now somebody has deleted the comments about the Criticism Section on the Talk page. The TALK page is for a discussion about what to or not to include on the main page. I have made my comments above. Meet them. Have a discussion and stop trolling. If you don't agree you will need to have evidence that the CIA and MI5 and countless Governments these last 30 years have not been able to find. Adam Curtis claims one soldier died in the Berlin Disco bombing, evidence is that two died. Adam Curtis blames Syria for the Berlin Disco bombing but evidence discovered in Stasi files proved that Lybians working in East Berlin were to blame and this has now been proven beyond reasonable doubt. Furthermore Curtis blames Syria for the downing of Pan Am 103 but this is just a matter of conjuncture based on whatever version you believe. The only people found guilty in a court of law were Lybians. The verdicts may or may not be correct so Curtis is not at fault for suggesting we look at other possibilities, but to go from there to "Lybians innocent of Pan Am 103, Syrians are to blame" without any proof destroyed an otherwise informative and brilliant documentary. [[Special:Contributions/155.4.129.44|155.4.129.44]] ([[User talk:155.4.129.44|talk]]) 16:52, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

:I will refute these points one by one using quotes from the documentary.

:'''European airport attacks'''

:00:55:55 "the European security services who investigated the attacks were convinced that Libya was not involved at all, and that the mastermind behind the attacks was in fact Syria, that the terrorists had been directed by the Syrian intelligence agencies"

:This part is followed by a clip from a 1985 interview with Antonio Badini, then Head of Italian Anti-Terrorism, who says there was no evidence to support Libyan responsibility for the attacks, and that the only evidence they had was for a Syrian connection. A spokesman for the United States then comes on saying that it was Gaddafi.

:'''Berlin disco bombing'''

:01:03:29 "the European intelligence agencies told the Americans that they were wrong, that it was Syria that was behind the bombing, not Libya. But the Americans had decided to attack Libya because they could not face the dangerous consequences of attacking Syria. Instead, they went for Gaddafi."

:This part is followed by a clip from a 1985 interview in which Robert Oakley, then Director of the State Dept Office of Combating Terrorism, says "Libya had less downside consequences, if you will; there is less Arab support for Gaddafi; we figured there would be less Soviet support to Gaddafi … there is no question … Libya was more vulnerable than Syria or Iran".

:The decision to attack Libya was taken on the basis of one death of a US soldier, which is why the narrator only mentions the soldier who died in the explosion, and not the one who died in hospital two months later because his death had no effect on the outcome.

:'''Lockerbie bombing'''

:01:55:46 "As part of the deal, the West said that if Gaddafi admitted that Libya had done the Lockerbie bombing, that they would lift the sanctions. But many of those who had investigated Lockerbie were still convinced that Libya hadn't done it; that really, it had been Syria. Colonel Gaddafi confessed. His son was interviewed about this confession. He said that his father was simply pretending that he had been behind the Lockerbie bombing to get the sanctions lifted".

:He never states categorically that Syria was to blame for Flight 103.

:The film also makes it clear that Gaddafi was not a victim but a willing participant in the whole circus.

:Criticism sections are discouraged (see [[Template:Criticism section]]). Besides, you were attempting to add your own criticism of the film, not criticism that has been published in a [[WP:reliable]] source. "Wiki references" [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HyperNormalisation&diff=745628606&oldid=745622217] back up nothing as Wikipedia is not a [[WP:reliable]] source. [[User:Firebrace|Firebrace]] ([[User talk:Firebrace|talk]]) 17:13, 22 October 2016 (UTC)

Thanks for the feedback. Whatever Adam Curtis has dug up about Berlin is only one version of here say. Do you not think it strange that Wikipedia's own entry about the Berlin Disco bomb makes not a single mention of any Syrian involvement? Surely that is enough to set alarm bells ringing. May I suggest that Adam Curtis himself is just another pawn in the game. Because of the current state of affairs a case has to made against Syria. So now Syria is the fall guy, in much the same way when some things were invented about Lybia things are now being blamed on Syria.

HyperNormalisation

2016-10-22T16:55:27Z

155.4.129.44: Criticism section re-instated again. Please STOP deleting. Join the discussion on this article's TALK page if you can challenge the evidence and hard fact that Curtis fabricated part of his story.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = HyperNormalisation
| image = HyperNormalisation.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Title screen
| film name = 
| director = [[Adam Curtis]]
| producer = Sandra Gorel
| writer = Adam Curtis
| studio = [[BBC]]
| released = {{film date|2016|10|16|UK|df=y}}
| runtime = 166 mins (2h 46m)
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| budget = £30,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/09/adam-curtis-donald-trump-documentary-hypernormalisation|title=Adam Curtis continues search for the hidden forces behind a century of chaos|author=Tim Adams|date=9 October 2016|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''HyperNormalisation''''' is a 2016 [[BBC]] [[documentary]] by British filmmaker [[Adam Curtis]]. The film was released on 16 October 2016 on the [[BBC iPlayer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/new-adam-curtis-film-hypernormalisation-comes-iplayer|date=22 September 2016|author=Holly Barrett|accessdate=15 October 2016|title=New Adam Curtis film HyperNormalisation comes to iPlayer|publisher=Royal Television Society}}</ref> In the film, Curtis argues that since the 1970s, governments, financiers, and [[technological utopians]] have given up on the complex "real world" and built a simple "fake world" that is run by corporations and kept stable by politicians.

==Etymology==
The term "hypernormalisation" is taken from Alexei Yurchak's 2006 book ''Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation'',<ref name="Yurchak2006">{{cite book|author=Alexei Yurchak|title=Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8102.html|year=2006|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12117-6}}</ref> about the paradoxes of life in the [[Soviet Union]] during the late [[communist]] period shortly before it collapsed, when everyone knew the system was failing but no one could imagine any alternative to the status quo, and politicians and citizens were resigned to maintaining a pretence of a functioning society.<ref>{{cite interview|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07z7zq8|subject=Adam Curtis|interviewer=Jarvis Cocker|date=16 October 2016|program=Jarvis Cocker's Sunday Service|title=With documentary film-maker Adam Curtis|city=London|call-sign=BBC Radio 6 Music|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> Over time, this delusion became a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]] and the "fakeness" was accepted by everyone as real, an effect which Yurchak termed "hypernormalisation".<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2012">{{cite book|author1=Neringa Klumbyte|author2=Gulnaz Sharafutdinova|title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=628u2gG4XXcC&pg=PA213|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7584-2|page=213}}</ref>

==Chapters==
The film consists of 10 chapters.

===1975===
The [[History of New York City (1946–77)#Fiscal crisis|fiscal crisis]] in [[New York City]] and the emergence of the idea that [[financial system]]s could run society; [[shuttle diplomacy]] between then-US Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and Middle Eastern leaders in the [[Arab-Israeli dispute]] and the subsequent retreat by [[Hafez al-Assad]] of [[Syria]]; and the onset of hypernormalisation in the Soviet Union.

===The Human Bomb===
How, following the United States' involvement in the [[1982 Lebanon War]], a vengeful al-Assad made an alliance with [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] of [[Iran]]. They planned to force the US out of the [[Middle East]] by encouraging civilians to carry out [[suicide bombing]]s on American targets in the region, thereby avoiding reprisals. In February 1984, the U.S. withdrew all its troops from [[Lebanon]] because, in the words of then-US Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]], "we became paralysed by the complexity that we faced".

===Altered States===
By the mid-1980s, banks and corporations were joining up through computer networks to create a hidden system of power, and [[technological utopians]] whose roots lay in the [[counterculture of the 1960s]] also saw the internet as an opportunity to make an alternative world that was free of political and legal restraints.

{{Expand section|1=<nowiki />
*Acid Flashback
*The Colonel
*The Truth is Out There
*Perception Management
*Managed Outcomes
*A Cautionary Tale
*A World Without Power
|date=October 2016}}

==Criticism==
In the film it is claimed that it was Syria and not Libya that carried out the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing]]. But Stasi files identified Lybian agent Musbah Abdulghasem Eter who had worked at the Libyan embassy in East Berlin. Prosecutor [[Detlev Mehlis]] proved beyond reasonable doubt that Eter and two others had assembled the bomb and that the explosive was brought into West Berlin in a Libyan diplomatic bag. The film is lacking in some detail as it also claims that one America soldier was killed in Berlin when in fact a second US Army sergeant died of his injuries two months after the blast.

The film also paints a picture of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as a victim during the 1980's claiming he was unfairly blamed for atrocities which were actually carried out by Syria. However the murder of [[Murder of Yvonne Fletcher]] in London by Lybian Embassy officials is conveniently overlooked. This murder could not be blamed on Syria as it was caught on film.

==Music==
Music used at any stage or repeatedly, includes:

*[[Scuba Z]] – The Vanishing American Family
*[[Nine Inch Nails]] – Something I Can Never Have
*[[Yanka Dyagileva]] – My Sorrow is Bright
*[[Dmitri Shostakovich]] – [[Suite for Jazz Orchestra No. 2 (Shostakovich)|Suite for Jazz Orchestra No. 2 (Shostakovich)]]: VI. Waltz 2, Part 6/8
*[[Ennio Morricone]] – La Tragedia Di Un Uomo Ridicolo
*Ennio Morricone – Lontano
*Ennio Morricone – ''[[The Thing (1982 film)|The Thing]]'': Humanity, Part 1
*[[City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra]] – ''[[Poltergeist (1982 film)|Poltergeist]]'': Main Theme
*[[worriedaboutsatan]] – Blank Tape
*[[worriedaboutsatan|Thomas Ragsdale]] – Warning Mass
*[[Pye Corner Audio]] – The Black Mill Video Tape
*[[worriedaboutsatan|Gavin Miller]] – Fotograf (part 2)
*[[Ghosting Season]] – Far End of the Graveyard (3am version)
*[[Suicide (band)|Suicide]] – Dream Baby Dream
*[[Burial (musician)|Burial]] – In McDonalds
*[[Barbara Mandrell]] – Standing Room Only

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*''[[Bitter Lake (film)|Bitter Lake]]''
*[[Infotainment]]
*[[Bread and circuses]]
*[[Propaganda model]]
*[[Faust]]
*[[Hyperreality]]
*[[Unintended consequences]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{BBC programme|p04b183c}}
*{{imdb title|tt6156350}}
Reviews:
*[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/10/13/adam_curtis_hypernormalisation_preview/ Adam Curtis on chatbots, A.I. and Colonel Gaddafi] at [[The Register]]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/09/adam-curtis-donald-trump-documentary-hypernormalisation Adam Curtis continues search for the hidden forces behind a century of chaos] at ''[[The Guardian]]''
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/30xkY1XYtlHYcxBklGDxYPD/virtual-unreality-adam-curtis-on-why-your-life-doesnt-make-sense Virtual unreality: Adam Curtis on why your life doesn't make sense] at BBC Arts
*[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/hypernormalisation-review-adam-curtis-bbc-iplayer-a-masterfully-dark-dive-into-our-dissociative-a7367166.htmlHyperNormalisation: A masterfully dark dive into our experience of reality] at ''[[The Independent]]''
*[http://www.thenational.scot/culture/tv-review-of-the-week-hypernormalisation.23877 TV Review of the Week: HyperNormalisation] at ''[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]''

{{Adam Curtis}}

[[Category:2016 television films]]
[[Category:2010s television specials]]
[[Category:British television films]]
[[Category:2016 in British television]]
[[Category:BBC television documentaries]]
[[Category:Documentary films about politics]]
[[Category:English-language films]]

Talk:HyperNormalisation

2016-10-22T16:52:51Z

155.4.129.44: Reinserted Criticism Section so we can have a discussion about this.

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{{WikiProject Television|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject British TV shows|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject BBC|class=start|importance=low}}}}
{{WikiProjectBannerShell|1=
{{WikiProject Television|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject British TV shows|class=start|importance=low}}
{{WikiProject BBC|class=start|importance=low}}}}

== Criticism Section. ==
Common practice on Wikipedia is to have a Criticism Section and especially when a documentary maker has bent corners and fabricated a story. The film depicts Gaddafi in a glorified way. Without the Lybian shooting of WPC Yvonne Fletcher the America bombing of Lybia would not have been impossible. (The USA needed British bases on Cyprus for the attack. The UK did not really want to get involved as UK politicians follow public opinion, helping the Americans in this way played into their hands. They could argue they did something whilst not actually spending any UK money or involving the UK forces). Furthermore the film's lies that Syria and not Lybia was behind the Berlin bombing can not be ignored. The truth about the bombing of the disco in Berlin is explained elsewhere on Wikipedia. The film does make a good case for showing how some Syrian atrocities crimes were unfairly blamed on Lybia. But it goes too far as there is tangible evidence and proven judicial judgments against Lybia/Lybians for at least the Berling bombing and possibly even the Lockerbie terrorist bomb. These are not points of views as there is evidence that backs this up.

Seems somebody needs a lesson in how Wikipedia works. I have been accused of disruptive editing and not listing sources. I pointed at this talk page but the user chose to contact me privately asking me to provide a source. I provided a very clear source that the film lies about the Berlin disco bomb. Nameley Wiki's own article. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Berlin_discotheque_bombing]]. The documentary claimed this was carried out by Syria. Not true. In the case of the Pan Am 103 (Lockerbie) there are some rumours and discussions that Syria, Lybia or Iran may have been to blame. [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103]]. Nothing proven and perhaps we will never know, even if Adam Curtis seems to know more than 27 years of Government and Judicial research and investigation as he states categorically that Syria was to blame for Flight 103. However in the case of the Berlin Disco there has never been a suggestion by anyone that anybody else than Lybia was behind this. This episode was quite central in the film's narrative but the narrator offered nothing in evidence than his own words. It is extremely important that the Wikipedia entry about the film mentions this.

This is the Criticism Section that has now been vandalised twice by the same user. He threatens to ban me but I have access to several thousand IP addresses so good luck with that one. If this user wishes to delete the criticism section again I request proof that just ONE American soldier died in the Berlin disco bombing. (Two died, the film said one). I also request proof that the Berlin Disco bombing was not carried out by Lybia. Otherwise the criticism section stays.

Criticism Section:
In the film it is claimed that it was Syria and not Libya that carried out the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing]]. But Stasi files identified Lybian agent Musbah Abdulghasem Eter who had worked at the Libyan embassy in East Berlin. Prosecutor [[Detlev Mehlis]] proved beyond reasonable doubt that Eter and two others had assembled the bomb and that the explosive was brought into West Berlin in a Libyan diplomatic bag. The film is lacking in some detail as it also claims that one America soldier was killed in Berlin when in fact a second US Army sergeant died of his injuries two months after the blast.

The film also paints a picture of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as a victim during the 1980's claiming he was unfairly blamed for atrocities which were actually carried out by Syria. However the murder of [[Murder of Yvonne Fletcher]] in London by Lybian Embassy officials is conveniently overlooked. This murder could not be blamed on Syria as it was caught on film.

Further Notes:
Now somebody has deleted the comments about the Criticism Section on the Talk page. The TALK page is for a discussion about what to or not to include on the main page. I have made my comments above. Meet them. Have a discussion and stop trolling. If you don't agree you will need to have evidence that the CIA and MI5 and countless Governments these last 30 years have not been able to find. Adam Curtis claims one soldier died in the Berlin Disco bombing, evidence is that two died. Adam Curtis blames Syria for the Berlin Disco bombing but evidence discovered in Stasi files proved that Lybians working in East Berlin were to blame and this has now been proven beyond reasonable doubt. Furthermore Curtis blames Syria for the downing of Pan Am 103 but this is just a matter of conjuncture based on whatever version you believe. The only people found guilty in a court of law were Lybians. The verdicts may or may not be correct so Curtis is not at fault for suggesting we look at other possibilities, but to go from there to "Lybians innocent of Pan Am 103, Syrians are to blame" without any proof destroyed an otherwise informative and brilliant documentary.

HyperNormalisation

2016-10-22T15:37:40Z

155.4.129.44: Criticism section re-added after Wiki Vandalism by user Firebrace. Please see talk on this article so we can have a public discussion and stop contacting me privately.

Talk:HyperNormalisation

2016-10-22T15:35:21Z

155.4.129.44: /* Criticism Section. */

Talk:HyperNormalisation

2016-10-22T15:13:18Z

155.4.129.44: /* Criticism Section. */

Talk:HyperNormalisation

2016-10-22T15:12:50Z

155.4.129.44: /* Criticism Section. */ new section

HyperNormalisation

2016-10-22T15:03:01Z

155.4.129.44: Reinserted Criticism Section deleted by Wiki Vandalism. Further deletions will be followed by Wiki ban. See Talk.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = HyperNormalisation
| image = HyperNormalisation.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Title screen
| film name = 
| director = [[Adam Curtis]]
| producer = Sandra Gorel
| writer = Adam Curtis
| studio = [[BBC]]
| released = {{film date|2016|10|16|UK|df=y}}
| runtime = 166 mins (2h 46m)
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| budget = £30,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/09/adam-curtis-donald-trump-documentary-hypernormalisation|title=Adam Curtis continues search for the hidden forces behind a century of chaos|author=Tim Adams|date=9 October 2016|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''HyperNormalisation''''' is a 2016 [[BBC]] [[documentary]] by British filmmaker [[Adam Curtis]]. The film was released on 16 October 2016 on the [[BBC iPlayer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/new-adam-curtis-film-hypernormalisation-comes-iplayer|date=22 September 2016|author=Holly Barrett|accessdate=15 October 2016|title=New Adam Curtis film HyperNormalisation comes to iPlayer|publisher=Royal Television Society}}</ref> In the film, Curtis argues that since the 1970s, governments, financiers, and [[technological utopians]] have given up on the complex "real world" and built a simple "fake world" that is run by corporations and kept stable by politicians.

==Etymology==
The term "hypernormalisation" is taken from Alexei Yurchak's 2006 book ''Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation'',<ref name="Yurchak2006">{{cite book|author=Alexei Yurchak|title=Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8102.html|year=2006|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12117-6}}</ref> about the paradoxes of life in the [[Soviet Union]] during the late [[communist]] period shortly before it collapsed, when everyone knew the system was failing but no one could imagine any alternative to the status quo, and politicians and citizens were resigned to maintaining a pretence of a functioning society.<ref>{{cite interview|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07z7zq8|subject=Adam Curtis|interviewer=Jarvis Cocker|date=16 October 2016|program=Jarvis Cocker's Sunday Service|title=With documentary film-maker Adam Curtis|city=London|call-sign=BBC Radio 6 Music|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> Over time, this delusion became a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]] and the "fakeness" was accepted by everyone as real, an effect which Yurchak termed "hypernormalisation".<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2012">{{cite book|author1=Neringa Klumbyte|author2=Gulnaz Sharafutdinova|title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=628u2gG4XXcC&pg=PA213|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7584-2|page=213}}</ref>

==Chapters==
The film consists of 10 chapters.

===1975===
The [[History of New York City (1946–77)#Fiscal crisis|fiscal crisis]] in [[New York City]] and the emergence of the idea that [[financial system]]s could run society; [[shuttle diplomacy]] between then-US Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and Middle Eastern leaders in the [[Arab-Israeli dispute]] and the subsequent retreat by [[Hafez al-Assad]] of [[Syria]]; and the onset of hypernormalisation in the Soviet Union.

===The Human Bomb===
How, following the United States' involvement in the [[1982 Lebanon War]], a vengeful al-Assad made an alliance with [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] of [[Iran]]. They planned to force the US out of the [[Middle East]] by encouraging civilians to carry out [[suicide bombing]]s on American targets in the region, thereby avoiding reprisals. In February 1984, the U.S. withdrew all its troops from [[Lebanon]] because, in the words of then-US Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]], "we became paralysed by the complexity that we faced".

===Altered States===
By the mid-1980s, banks and corporations were joining up through computer networks to create a hidden system of power, and [[technological utopians]] whose roots lay in the [[counterculture of the 1960s]] also saw the internet as an opportunity to make an alternative world that was free of political and legal restraints.

{{Expand section|1=<nowiki />
*Acid Flashback
*The Colonel
*The Truth is Out There
*Perception Management
*Managed Outcomes
*A Cautionary Tale
*A World Without Power
|date=October 2016}}

==Criticism==
In the film it is claimed that it was Syria and not Libya that carried out the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing]]. But Stasi files identified Lybian agent Musbah Abdulghasem Eter who had worked at the Libyan embassy in East Berlin. Prosecutor [[Detlev Mehlis]] proved beyond reasonable doubt that Eter and two others had assembled the bomb and that the explosive was brought into West Berlin in a Libyan diplomatic bag. The film is lacking in some detail as it also claims that one America soldier was killed in Berlin when in fact a second US Army sergeant died of his injuries two months after the blast.

The film also paints a picture of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as a victim during the 1980's claiming he was unfairly blamed for atrocities which were actually carried out by Syria. However the murder of [[Murder of Yvonne Fletcher]] in London by Lybian Embassy officials is conveniently overlooked. This murder could not be blamed on Syria as it was caught on film.

==Music==
Music used at any stage or repeatedly, includes:

*[[Scuba Z]] - The Vanishing American Family
*[[Nine Inch Nails]] - Something I Can Never Have
*[[worriedaboutsatan]] – Blank Tape
*[[worriedaboutsatan|Thomas Ragsdale]] – Warning Mass
*[[Pye Corner Audio]] – The Black Mill Video Tape
*[[worriedaboutsatan|Gavin Miller]] – Fotograf (part 2)
*[[Ghosting Season]] – Far End of the Graveyard (3am version)
*[[Suicide (band)|Suicide]] – Dream Baby Dream
*[[Burial (musician)|Burial]] – In McDonalds
*[[Barbara Mandrell]] – Standing Room Only

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*''[[Bitter Lake (film)|Bitter Lake]]''
*[[Infotainment]]
*[[Bread and circuses]]
*[[Propaganda model]]
*[[Faust]]
*[[Hyperreality]]
*[[Unintended consequences]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{BBC programme|p04b183c}}
*{{imdb title|tt6156350}}
Reviews:
*[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/10/13/adam_curtis_hypernormalisation_preview/ Adam Curtis on chatbots, A.I. and Colonel Gaddafi] at [[The Register]]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/09/adam-curtis-donald-trump-documentary-hypernormalisation Adam Curtis continues search for the hidden forces behind a century of chaos] at ''[[The Guardian]]''
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/30xkY1XYtlHYcxBklGDxYPD/virtual-unreality-adam-curtis-on-why-your-life-doesnt-make-sense Virtual unreality: Adam Curtis on why your life doesn't make sense] at BBC Arts
*[http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/hypernormalisation-review-adam-curtis-bbc-iplayer-a-masterfully-dark-dive-into-our-dissociative-a7367166.htmlHyperNormalisation: A masterfully dark dive into our experience of reality] at ''[[The Independent]]''
*[http://www.thenational.scot/culture/tv-review-of-the-week-hypernormalisation.23877 TV Review of the Week: HyperNormalisation] at ''[[The National (Scotland)|The National]]''

{{Adam Curtis}}

[[Category:2016 television films]]
[[Category:2010s television specials]]
[[Category:British television films]]
[[Category:2016 in British television]]
[[Category:BBC television documentaries]]
[[Category:Documentary films about politics]]
[[Category:English-language films]]

HyperNormalisation

2016-10-22T10:13:47Z

155.4.129.44: /* Criticism */ Grammar

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = HyperNormalisation
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| film name = 
| director = [[Adam Curtis]]
| producer = Sandra Gorel
| writer = [[Adam Curtis]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based on = 
| starring =
| narrator = 
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = 
| runtime = 166 mins (2h 46m)
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| budget = £30,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/09/adam-curtis-donald-trump-documentary-hypernormalisation|title=Adam Curtis continues search for the hidden forces behind a century of chaos|author=Tim Adams|date=9 October 2016|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''HyperNormalisation''''' is a 2016 [[BBC]] [[documentary]] by British filmmaker [[Adam Curtis]]. The film was released on 16 October 2016 on the [[BBC iPlayer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/new-adam-curtis-film-hypernormalisation-comes-iplayer|date=22 September 2016|author=Holly Barrett|accessdate=15 October 2016|title=New Adam Curtis film HyperNormalisation comes to iPlayer|publisher=Royal Television Society}}</ref> In the film, Curtis argues that since the 1970s, governments, financiers, and [[technological utopians]] have given up on the complex "real world" and built a simple "fake world" that is run by corporations and kept stable by politicians.

==Etymology==
The term "hypernormalisation" is taken from Alexei Yurchak's 2006 book ''Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation'',<ref name="Yurchak2006">{{cite book|author=Alexei Yurchak|title=Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8102.html|year=2006|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12117-6}}</ref> about the paradoxes of life in the [[Soviet Union]] during the late [[communist]] period shortly before it collapsed, when everyone knew the system was failing but no one could imagine any alternative to the status quo, and politicians and citizens were resigned to maintaining a pretence of a functioning society.<ref>{{cite interview|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07z7zq8|subject=Adam Curtis|interviewer=Jarvis Cocker|date=16 October 2016|program=Jarvis Cocker's Sunday Service|title=With documentary film-maker Adam Curtis|city=London|call-sign=BBC Radio 6 Music|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> Over time, this delusion became a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]] and the "fakeness" was accepted by everyone as real, an effect which Yurchak termed "hypernormalisation".<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2012">{{cite book|author1=Neringa Klumbyte|author2=Gulnaz Sharafutdinova|title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=628u2gG4XXcC&pg=PA213|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7584-2|page=213}}</ref>

==Chapters==
The film consists of 10 chapters.

===1975===
The [[History of New York City (1946–77)#Fiscal crisis|fiscal crisis]] in [[New York City]] and the emergence of the idea that [[financial system]]s could run society; [[shuttle diplomacy]] between then-US Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and Middle Eastern leaders in the [[Arab-Israeli dispute]] and the subsequent retreat by [[Hafez al-Assad]] of [[Syria]]; and the onset of hypernormalisation in the Soviet Union.

===The Human Bomb===
How, following the United States' involvement in the [[1982 Lebanon War]], a vengeful al-Assad made an alliance with [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] of [[Iran]]. They planned to force the US out of the [[Middle East]] by encouraging civilians to carry out [[suicide bombing]]s on American targets in the region, thereby avoiding reprisals. In February 1984, the U.S. withdrew all its troops from [[Lebanon]] because, in the words of then-US Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]], "we became paralysed by the complexity that we faced".

{{Expand section|1=<nowiki />
*Altered States
*Acid Flashback
*The Colonel
*The Truth is Out There
*Perception Management
*Managed Outcomes
*A Cautionary Tale
*A World Without Power
|date=October 2016}}

==Criticism==
In the film it is claimed that it was Syria and not Libya that carried out the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing]]. But Stasi files identified Lybian agent Musbah Abdulghasem Eter who had worked at the Libyan embassy in East Berlin. Prosecutor [[Detlev Mehlis]] proved beyond reasonable doubt that Eter and two others had assembled the bomb and that the explosive was brought into West Berlin in a Libyan diplomatic bag. The film is lacking in some detail as it also claims that one America soldier was killed in Berlin when in fact a second US Army sergeant died of his injuries two months after the blast.

The film also paints a picture of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as a victim during the 1980's claiming he was unfairly blamed for atrocities which were actually carried out by Syria. However the murder of [[Murder of Yvonne Fletcher]] in London by Lybian Embassy officials is conveniently overlooked. This murder could not be blamed on Syria as it was caught on film.

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*''[[Bitter Lake (film)|Bitter Lake]]''
*[[Infotainment]]
*[[Bread and circuses]]
*[[Propaganda model]]
*[[Faust]]
*[[Hyperreality]]
*[[Unintended consequences]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{BBC programme|p04b183c}}
*{{imdb title|tt6156350}}
*[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/10/13/adam_curtis_hypernormalisation_preview/ Adam Curtis on chatbots, A.I. and Colonel Gaddafi] at [[The Register]]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/15/hypernormalisation-adam-curtis-trump-putin-syria Hypernormalisation: Adam Curtis plots a path from Syria to Trump] at ''[[The Guardian]]''

{{Adam Curtis}}

[[Category:2016 television films]]
[[Category:2010s television specials]]
[[Category:British television films]]
[[Category:2016 in British television]]
[[Category:BBC television documentaries]]
[[Category:Documentary films about politics]]
[[Category:English-language films]]

HyperNormalisation

2016-10-22T08:40:06Z

155.4.129.44: /* Criticism */ Corrected spelling error

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = HyperNormalisation
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| film name = 
| director = [[Adam Curtis]]
| producer = Sandra Gorel
| writer = [[Adam Curtis]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based on = 
| starring =
| narrator = 
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = 
| runtime = 166 mins (2h 46m)
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| budget = £30,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/09/adam-curtis-donald-trump-documentary-hypernormalisation|title=Adam Curtis continues search for the hidden forces behind a century of chaos|author=Tim Adams|date=9 October 2016|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''HyperNormalisation''''' is a 2016 [[BBC]] [[documentary]] by British filmmaker [[Adam Curtis]]. The film was released on 16 October 2016 on the [[BBC iPlayer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/new-adam-curtis-film-hypernormalisation-comes-iplayer|date=22 September 2016|author=Holly Barrett|accessdate=15 October 2016|title=New Adam Curtis film HyperNormalisation comes to iPlayer|publisher=Royal Television Society}}</ref> In the film, Curtis argues that since the 1970s, governments, financiers, and [[technological utopians]] have given up on the complex "real world" and built a simple "fake world" that is run by corporations and kept stable by politicians.

==Etymology==
The term "hypernormalisation" is taken from Alexei Yurchak's 2006 book ''Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation'',<ref name="Yurchak2006">{{cite book|author=Alexei Yurchak|title=Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8102.html|year=2006|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12117-6}}</ref> about the paradoxes of life in the [[Soviet Union]] during the late [[communist]] period shortly before it collapsed, when everyone knew the system was failing but no one could imagine any alternative to the status quo, and politicians and citizens were resigned to maintaining a pretence of a functioning society.<ref>{{cite interview|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07z7zq8|subject=Adam Curtis|interviewer=Jarvis Cocker|date=16 October 2016|program=Jarvis Cocker's Sunday Service|title=With documentary film-maker Adam Curtis|city=London|call-sign=BBC Radio 6 Music|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> Over time, this delusion became a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]] and the "fakeness" was accepted by everyone as real, an effect which Yurchak termed "hypernormalisation".<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2012">{{cite book|author1=Neringa Klumbyte|author2=Gulnaz Sharafutdinova|title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=628u2gG4XXcC&pg=PA213|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7584-2|page=213}}</ref>

==Chapters==
The film consists of 10 chapters.

===1975===
The [[History of New York City (1946–77)#Fiscal crisis|fiscal crisis]] in [[New York City]] and the emergence of the idea that [[financial system]]s could run society; [[shuttle diplomacy]] between then-US Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and Middle Eastern leaders in the [[Arab-Israeli dispute]] and the subsequent retreat by [[Hafez al-Assad]] of [[Syria]]; and the onset of hypernormalisation in the Soviet Union.

===The Human Bomb===
How, following the United States' involvement in the [[1982 Lebanon War]], a vengeful al-Assad made an alliance with [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] of [[Iran]]. They planned to force the US out of the [[Middle East]] by encouraging civilians to carry out [[suicide bombing]]s on American targets in the region, thereby avoiding reprisals. In February 1984, the U.S. withdrew all its troops from [[Lebanon]] because, in the words of then-US Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]], "we became paralysed by the complexity that we faced".

{{Expand section|1=<nowiki />
*Altered States
*Acid Flashback
*The Colonel
*The Truth is Out There
*Perception Management
*Managed Outcomes
*A Cautionary Tale
*A World Without Power
|date=October 2016}}

==Criticism==
In the film it is claimed that it was Syria and not Libya that carried out the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing]]. But Stasi files identified Lybian agent Musbah Abdulghasem Eter who had worked at the Libyan embassy in East Berlin. Prosecutor [[Detlev Mehlis]] proved beyond reasonable doubt that Eter and two others had assembled the bomb and that the explosive was brought into West Berlin in a Libyan diplomatic bag. The film is lacking in some detail as it also claims that one America soldier was killed in Berlin when in fact a second US Army sergeant died of his injuries two months after the blast.

The film also paints a picture of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as a victim during the 1980's claiming he was unfairly was blamed for atrocities which were actually carried out by Syria. However the murder of [[Murder of Yvonne Fletcher]] in London by Lybian Embassy officials is conveniently overlooked. This murder could not be blamed on Syria as it was caught on film.

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*''[[Bitter Lake (film)|Bitter Lake]]''
*[[Infotainment]]
*[[Bread and circuses]]
*[[Propaganda model]]
*[[Faust]]
*[[Hyperreality]]
*[[Unintended consequences]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{BBC programme|p04b183c}}
*{{imdb title|tt6156350}}
*[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/10/13/adam_curtis_hypernormalisation_preview/ Adam Curtis on chatbots, A.I. and Colonel Gaddafi] at [[The Register]]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/15/hypernormalisation-adam-curtis-trump-putin-syria Hypernormalisation: Adam Curtis plots a path from Syria to Trump] at ''[[The Guardian]]''

{{Adam Curtis}}

[[Category:2016 television films]]
[[Category:2010s television specials]]
[[Category:British television films]]
[[Category:2016 in British television]]
[[Category:BBC television documentaries]]
[[Category:Documentary films about politics]]
[[Category:English-language films]]

HyperNormalisation

2016-10-22T08:38:57Z

155.4.129.44: Added Criticism section with Wiki references that disproves claims made in film. Added reference to Ghaddafi not being as innocent as the film would have you believe.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = HyperNormalisation
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| film name = 
| director = [[Adam Curtis]]
| producer = Sandra Gorel
| writer = [[Adam Curtis]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based on = 
| starring =
| narrator = 
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = 
| runtime = 166 mins (2h 46m)
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| budget = £30,000<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/09/adam-curtis-donald-trump-documentary-hypernormalisation|title=Adam Curtis continues search for the hidden forces behind a century of chaos|author=Tim Adams|date=9 October 2016|accessdate=16 October 2016|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}

'''''HyperNormalisation''''' is a 2016 [[BBC]] [[documentary]] by British filmmaker [[Adam Curtis]]. The film was released on 16 October 2016 on the [[BBC iPlayer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rts.org.uk/article/new-adam-curtis-film-hypernormalisation-comes-iplayer|date=22 September 2016|author=Holly Barrett|accessdate=15 October 2016|title=New Adam Curtis film HyperNormalisation comes to iPlayer|publisher=Royal Television Society}}</ref> In the film, Curtis argues that since the 1970s, governments, financiers, and [[technological utopians]] have given up on the complex "real world" and built a simple "fake world" that is run by corporations and kept stable by politicians.

==Etymology==
The term "hypernormalisation" is taken from Alexei Yurchak's 2006 book ''Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation'',<ref name="Yurchak2006">{{cite book|author=Alexei Yurchak|title=Everything was Forever, Until it was No More: The Last Soviet Generation|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8102.html|year=2006|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12117-6}}</ref> about the paradoxes of life in the [[Soviet Union]] during the late [[communist]] period shortly before it collapsed, when everyone knew the system was failing but no one could imagine any alternative to the status quo, and politicians and citizens were resigned to maintaining a pretence of a functioning society.<ref>{{cite interview|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07z7zq8|subject=Adam Curtis|interviewer=Jarvis Cocker|date=16 October 2016|program=Jarvis Cocker's Sunday Service|title=With documentary film-maker Adam Curtis|city=London|call-sign=BBC Radio 6 Music|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref> Over time, this delusion became a [[self-fulfilling prophecy]] and the "fakeness" was accepted by everyone as real, an effect which Yurchak termed "hypernormalisation".<ref name="KlumbyteSharafutdinova2012">{{cite book|author1=Neringa Klumbyte|author2=Gulnaz Sharafutdinova|title=Soviet Society in the Era of Late Socialism, 1964–1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=628u2gG4XXcC&pg=PA213|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7584-2|page=213}}</ref>

==Chapters==
The film consists of 10 chapters.

===1975===
The [[History of New York City (1946–77)#Fiscal crisis|fiscal crisis]] in [[New York City]] and the emergence of the idea that [[financial system]]s could run society; [[shuttle diplomacy]] between then-US Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and Middle Eastern leaders in the [[Arab-Israeli dispute]] and the subsequent retreat by [[Hafez al-Assad]] of [[Syria]]; and the onset of hypernormalisation in the Soviet Union.

===The Human Bomb===
How, following the United States' involvement in the [[1982 Lebanon War]], a vengeful al-Assad made an alliance with [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] of [[Iran]]. They planned to force the US out of the [[Middle East]] by encouraging civilians to carry out [[suicide bombing]]s on American targets in the region, thereby avoiding reprisals. In February 1984, the U.S. withdrew all its troops from [[Lebanon]] because, in the words of then-US Secretary of State [[George P. Shultz]], "we became paralysed by the complexity that we faced".

{{Expand section|1=<nowiki />
*Altered States
*Acid Flashback
*The Colonel
*The Truth is Out There
*Perception Management
*Managed Outcomes
*A Cautionary Tale
*A World Without Power
|date=October 2016}}

==Criticism==
In the film it is claimed that it was Syria and not Libya that carried out the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing]]. But Stasi files identified Lybian agent Musbah Abdulghasem Eter who had worked at the Libyan embassy in East Berlin. Prosecutor [[Detlev Mehlis]] proved beyond reasonable doubt that Eter and two others had assembled the bomb and that the explosive was brought into West Berlin in a Libyan diplomatic bag. The film is lacking in some detail as it also claims that one America soldier was killed in Berlin when in fact a second US Army sergeant died of his injuries two months after the blast.

The film also paints a picture of [[Muammar Gaddafi]] as a victim during the 1980's claiming he was unfairly was blamed for atrocities which were actually carried out by Syria. However the murder of [[Murder of Yvonne Fletcher]] in London by Syrian Embassy officials is conveniently overlooked. This murder could not be blamed on Syria as it was caught on film.

==See also==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*''[[Bitter Lake (film)|Bitter Lake]]''
*[[Infotainment]]
*[[Bread and circuses]]
*[[Propaganda model]]
*[[Faust]]
*[[Hyperreality]]
*[[Unintended consequences]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{BBC programme|p04b183c}}
*{{imdb title|tt6156350}}
*[http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/10/13/adam_curtis_hypernormalisation_preview/ Adam Curtis on chatbots, A.I. and Colonel Gaddafi] at [[The Register]]
*[https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2016/oct/15/hypernormalisation-adam-curtis-trump-putin-syria Hypernormalisation: Adam Curtis plots a path from Syria to Trump] at ''[[The Guardian]]''

{{Adam Curtis}}

[[Category:2016 television films]]
[[Category:2010s television specials]]
[[Category:British television films]]
[[Category:2016 in British television]]
[[Category:BBC television documentaries]]
[[Category:Documentary films about politics]]
[[Category:English-language films]]

Talk:Age of consent in Europe

2016-08-15T14:32:28Z

155.4.129.44: /* Clarification on Turkey. */ Updated with a new link

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{{Age of consent pages discussion header}}

== Clarification on Spain ==

Spain has approved a new Criminal Code which raised the age of consent to '''16''', but the new Criminal Code will '''come into effect in 2015'''. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/2A02:2F0A:506F:FFFF:0:0:BC19:AA8C|2A02:2F0A:506F:FFFF:0:0:BC19:AA8C]] ([[User talk:2A02:2F0A:506F:FFFF:0:0:BC19:AA8C|talk]]) 05:56, 24 October 2014 (UTC) 
===Source?===
source? Two months before the "adoption" and where is the draft of the Spanish сriminal сode? Maybe they will change age of consent in 2018??? — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Attibo|Attibo]] ([[User talk:Attibo|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Attibo|contribs]]) 15:54, 27 October 2014 (UTC) 

:No, still unaproved and being discused<ref>http://www.mjusticia.gob.es/cs/Satellite/es/1215198252237/ALegislativa_P/1288777620918/Detalle.html</ref>. It can take still 2-3 more years, specially because the Justice Minister resigned and there's oposition against the reform <ref>http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2014/03/30/actualidad/1396196487_576399.html</ref>, but not for the age of consent issue, which isn't considered important. If you want to see the draft, here it is<ref>http://www.congreso.es/public_oficiales/L10/CONG/BOCG/A/BOCG-10-A-66-1.PDF</ref>. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Nestreg|Nestreg]] ([[User talk:Nestreg|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Nestreg|contribs]]) 14:24, 27 November 2014 (UTC) 
===From '''2015 July 1st''', the new Spanish Penal code has come into effect===
From '''2015 July 1st''', new Spanish Penal code came into effect.
[[Special:Contributions/86.191.145.71|86.191.145.71]] ([[User talk:86.191.145.71|talk]]) 11:32, 4 July 2015 (UTC)
{{Reflist talk}}

== Please fix the map (Spain) ==

Please fix the map by showing Spain with the age of 16. (see the section in the article).

File:Age_of_consent_in_Europe.svg

This map must be changed too: File:Age_of_Consent_-_Global.svg[[Special:Contributions/2A02:2F0A:506F:FFFF:0:0:BC19:A1C1|2A02:2F0A:506F:FFFF:0:0:BC19:A1C1]] ([[User talk:2A02:2F0A:506F:FFFF:0:0:BC19:A1C1|talk]]) 09:59, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

== Kosovo on the map ==

Please fix [[Kosovo]] on the map. The [[Ages_of_consent_in_Europe#Kosovo]] is '''16'''. I removed the map until it is fixed. [[Special:Contributions/2A02:2F01:507F:FFFF:0:0:50C:DCF4|2A02:2F01:507F:FFFF:0:0:50C:DCF4]] ([[User talk:2A02:2F01:507F:FFFF:0:0:50C:DCF4|talk]]) 18:54, 18 August 2015 (UTC)

:Fixed. —[[User:Mr. Granger|Granger]] ([[User talk:Mr. Granger|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Mr. Granger|contribs]]) 18:34, 21 August 2015 (UTC)

== Age of consent in Russia has been risen to 18 y.o. ==

In 2014 age of consent in Russia has been risen to 18 years old, if a gift of any kind is involved.--[[Special:Contributions/5.228.254.24|5.228.254.24]] ([[User talk:5.228.254.24|talk]]) 11:19, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to {{plural:3|one external link|3 external links}} on [[Ages of consent in Europe]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=700019459 my edit]. If necessary, add {{tlx|cbignore}} after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add {{tlx|nobots|deny{{=}}InternetArchiveBot}} to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100613060304/http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1683/file/4b5d86c3826746957aa400893abc.htm/preview to http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1683/file/4b5d86c3826746957aa400893abc.htm/preview
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110607225541/http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/cja2001.pdf to http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/cja2001.pdf
*Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110607225615/http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/sexoffences.pdf to http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/sexoffences.pdf

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Cheers.—[[User:Cyberbot II|cyberbot II]][[User talk:Cyberbot II|Talk to my owner]]:Online 21:51, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

== External links modified ==

Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to {{plural:1|one external link|1 external links}} on [[Ages of consent in Europe]]. Please take a moment to review [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=prev&oldid=707650423 my edit]. If necessary, add {{tlx|cbignore}} after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add {{tlx|nobots|deny{{=}}InternetArchiveBot}} to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
*Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20131113041652/http://www.mediafax.cz/politika/2808523-Snizeni-vekove-hranice-pro-tresty-a-sex-z-CR-neudela-raj-pedofilu-tvrdi-ministr-Pospisil to http://www.mediafax.cz/politika/2808523-Snizeni-vekove-hranice-pro-tresty-a-sex-z-CR-neudela-raj-pedofilu-tvrdi-ministr-Pospisil

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== Clarification on Turkey. ==

Turkey's foreign ministry has summoned the Austrian charge d'affaires in protest at what it said was a "false" news ticker at Vienna airport about the age of consent in his country, further damaging ties between the two countries. Ankara voiced fury at the headline broadcast on screens at the airport which said Turkey allowed sex with children under the age of 15. "This headline tarnishes the image of Turkey, and is false," a Turkish diplomat said after the Austrian envoy was summoned to the ministry on Saturday. The headline said "Türkei erlaubt Sex mit Kindern unter 15 Jahre" (Turkey allows sex with children under 15 years.)
[http://www.thelocal.at/20160814/diplomatic-spat-over-turkish-child-sex-headline Source]
The information on Turkey has been updated by a non-English speaker as it contains typical foreign grammar mistakes. I am reverting and linking to talk. This needs to be looked into before it can be updated. It appears the new law has been lost in translation. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/155.4.129.44|155.4.129.44]] ([[User talk:155.4.129.44|talk]]) 13:25, 15 August 2016 (UTC) 
Update to the Turkey removed . As Turkey have denied this and summoned the Austrian envoy it needs to be looked at before it can be updated as fact.
Here is the removed update
"Now the Turkish Constitutional Court has voted for an amendment of the definition of sexual abuse in the country. Previously sex with people under 15 have been illegal. But the new decision means that children can be considered sexually of age if they express consent to sex. So the age of consent will be set to '''12'''. This enters into force in '''2017'''" — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/155.4.129.44|155.4.129.44]] ([[User talk:155.4.129.44|talk]]) 13:34, 15 August 2016 (UTC) 
An update. Turkey still denying this.
§http://www.thelocal.se/20160815/turkey-summons-swedish-envoy-over-child-sex-tweet

Talk:Age of consent in Europe

2016-08-15T13:34:44Z

155.4.129.44: /* Clarification on Turkey. */ Pasted text that was removed. Turkey have denied this.

Age of consent in Europe

2016-08-15T13:31:38Z

155.4.129.44: /* Turkey */ See talk

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}
[[File:Age of consent in Europe.svg|thumb|300 px|Age of consent by country 
{{Color box|#00CED1}} – 14 
{{Color box|#1E90FF}} – 15 
{{Color box|#0000CD}} – 16 
{{Color box|#808000}} – 17 
{{Color box|#32CD32}} – 18]]
The [[Age of consent|ages of consent]] vary by jurisdiction across [[Europe]]. The ages of consent are currently set between '''14''' and '''18'''. The vast majority of countries set their ages in the range of 14 to 16; only five countries, Cyprus (17), Ireland (17), Malta (18), Turkey (18) and Vatican (18), do not fit into this pattern. The laws can also stipulate the specific activities that are permitted or differentially specify the age at which a given sex can participate. Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject. The highlighted age is that at which, or above which, an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is also at or above that age. In 2014, the self-declared state of the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] lifted the ban on [[sodomy]], decriminalizing homosexual sex.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25918330 |title=BBC News - Northern Cyprus lifts ban on gay sex |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2014-01-27 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> All other jurisdictions in Europe have an equal and [[gender-neutral]] age limit.

The below is a list of all jurisdictions in Europe as listed in [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe]].

==International obligations==
Neither the [[European Union]] nor the [[Council of Europe]] have suggested any specific age of consent, and there has not been any effort so far to standardize the age across member states. However, most countries in Europe now have binding legal obligations in regard to the sexual abuse of children under 18. The [[Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse|Lanzarote Convention]],<ref>http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/treaties/Html/201.htm</ref> which came into effect in 2011, obligates the countries that ratify it to criminalize certain acts concerning children under 18, such as the involvement of such children in prostitution and pornography. Other acts that must be criminalized include:

"Engaging in sexual activities with a child (child is defined in Article 3 as "person under the age of 18 years") where:

*Use is made of coercion, force or threats; or
*Abuse is made of a recognised position of trust, authority or influence over the child, including within the family; or
*Abuse is made of a particularly vulnerable situation of the child, notably because of a mental or physical disability or a situation of dependence."

The age of consent is called "the legal age for sexual activities" and must be chosen by states at the age they see fit. (No specific age is recommended.) As of May 2016, the convention has been ratified by 41 states, while another 6 states have signed but not yet ratified the convention.<ref>http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/201/signatures</ref>

In the European Union (EU 28), there is a [[Directive (European Union)|directive]] regarding the sexual abuse of children under 18, known as ''"Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography"''.<ref>http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:335:0001:0014:EN:PDF</ref>

==Consent by age==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!Age
!Countries (links are to sections on this page)
|-
|14
|[[#Albania|Albania]], [[#Austria|Austria]], [[#Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[#Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[#Estonia|Estonia]], [[#Germany|Germany]], [[#Hungary|Hungary]], [[#Italy|Italy]], [[#Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]], [[#Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[#Montenegro|Montenegro]], [[#Portugal|Portugal]], [[#San Marino|San Marino]], [[#Serbia|Serbia]]
|-
|15
|[[#Croatia|Croatia]], [[#Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], [[#Denmark|Denmark]], [[#France|France]], [[#Greece|Greece]], [[#Iceland|Iceland]], [[#Monaco|Monaco]], [[#Poland|Poland]], [[#Romania|Romania]], [[#Slovak Republic|Slovakia]], [[#Slovenia|Slovenia]], [[#Sweden|Sweden]]
|-
|16
|[[#Andorra|Andorra]], [[#Armenia|Armenia]], [[#Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[#Belarus|Belarus]], [[#Belgium|Belgium]], [[#Finland|Finland]], [[#Georgia|Georgia]], [[#Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[#Kosovo|Kosovo]], [[#Latvia|Latvia]], [[#Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[#Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], [[#Moldova|Moldova]], [[#Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]], [[#Norway|Norway]], [[#Russia|Russia]], [[#Spain|Spain]], [[#Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[#Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[#United Kingdom (and dependencies)|United Kingdom]]
|-
|17
|[[#Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[#Ireland|Ireland]]
|-
|18
|[[#Malta|Malta]], [[#Turkey|Turkey]], [[#Vatican City|Vatican City]]
|}

Some of these countries, however, have laws which offer increased protection for children who have reached the age of consent, but are still minors, for example by enacting laws which stipulate that it is illegal to engage in sexual acts with such children under exploitative circumstances (such laws exist in e.g. Austria, Denmark, Germany, Liechtenstein, Portugal). These laws can be found mostly in the countries which have a lower age of consent.

As of 2014, 15 is the most common age of consent in the European Union.<ref name=ODwyer>O'Dwyer, Peter. "[http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/the-age-of-consent-debate-where-does-ireland-stand-264694.html The age of consent debate: Where does Ireland stand?]" ([http://www.webcitation.org/6eViNkQOU Archive]). ''[[Irish Examiner]]''. Wedneday April 9, 2014. Retrieved on January 14, 2016.</ref>

==Albania==
Since 2001, the age of consent in Albania is '''14''', regardless of gender and sexual orientation. In the case of a girl, however, sex is illegal if she is over 14 but has not reached "sexual maturity", as provided by article 100 of the criminal code.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1565/file/d46a10bcf55b80aae189eb6840b4.htm/preview|title=CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA|accessdate=11 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613054559/http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1565/file/d46a10bcf55b80aae189eb6840b4.htm/preview |archivedate=2010-06-13}}</ref>

==Andorra==
The age of consent in Andorra is '''16''', as specified by Article 206 of the penal code, which reads: "''Whoever, without violence or intimidation, has had a carnal relationship with a minor '''older than fourteen years and less than sixteen years''' will be punished by a maximum penalty of imprisonment of six years.''"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coprince-fr.ad/frances/penal.htm |title=Code Pénal de la Principauté d'Andorre |work=coprince-fr.ad |language=French |accessdate=17 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Armenia==
The age of consent in Armenia is '''16'''.

''Article 141. Sexual acts with a person under 16.''

''Sexual intercourse or other sexual acts with a person obviously '''under 16''', by a person who reached 18 years of age, in the absence of elements of crime envisaged in Articles 138, 139 or 140 of this Code, is punished with correctional labor for the term of up to 2 years, or with imprisonment for the term of up to 2 years.''<ref name="legislationline.org"/>

==Austria==
The general age of consent in Austria is '''14''', as specified by Section 206<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40023134/NOR40023134.html |title=RIS Dokument |publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at |date=2013-07-31 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> of the penal code. (The term ''unmündig'' is specified in Section 74<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40093644/NOR40093644.html |title=RIS Dokument |publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at |date=2009-08-31 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> of the penal code.) Paragraph 4 of Section 206 defines a close-in-age exception of max. three years.

''However'', Section 207b<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40033821/NOR40033821.html |title=RIS Dokument |publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> of the penal code contains an exception to the general age of consent: if one of the partners is ''younger than 16 years'' of age and "''not sufficiently mature to understand the significance of the act''", then the act is punishable.

The offence "initiating sexual contacts with minors under 14 through the use of computer system" is punishable by two years imprisonment (Section 208a Penal Code).

===History===
The Austrian Criminal Code previously specified 18 as the age of consent for [[male homosexual sex]] in which the other partner was aged 14–18, while no equivalent provision existed for heterosexual sexual conduct; this was Section 209 of the Criminal Code. In November 1996, an amendment was put before the Austrian Parliament to remove Section 209; but the vote ended in a draw, and the amendment failed to pass. In July 1998, a similar amendment was put forward; it was voted down by the conservative majority. Section 209 came into force when homosexuality between males became legal in 1971.

On 24 June 2002, the Austrian Constitutional Court ruled that Section 209 was unconstitutional. The Section was later repealed on 14 August 2002. On 9 January 2003, the European Court of Human Rights held, in ''L & V v Austria'', that Section 209 violated Articles 8 and 14 of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]].

==Azerbaijan==
The age of consent in Azerbaijan is '''16'''.

''Article 152''

''Sexual intercourse with the person '''below the age of 16 years''', as well as the same offences linked with satisfaction of sexual passion in perverted forms shall be
''punished by imprisonment up to 3 years''.''<ref>http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaAzerbaijan.pdf</ref>

==Belarus==
The age of consent in Belarus is '''16''', as specified by Articles 168 and 169, which read: "''Sexual relations, sodomy, lesbian acts or other actions of sexual character of an adult, reached eighteen years of age, with a person who obviously '''has not reached sixteen years''' of age, at absence of attributes of the crimes stipulated by articles 166 and 167 present codes, are punished by restriction of freedom of two years to four years or by imprisonment of two years to five years.''" and "''Dissolute actions accomplished by a person, reached eighteen years of age, concerning a person who obviously '''has not reached sixteen years''' of age, at absence of attributes of the crimes stipulated by articles 166, 167 and 168 present codes, are punished by arrest of about six months or imprisonment of one year to three years.''"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislationline.org/legislations.php?jid=7&ltid=15 |title=Belarus Criminal Code|language= Russian |work= National register of legal acts of Byelorussia |year=2005 |at=paragraph № 74, 2/1112 |publisher=legislationline.org}}</ref>

==Belgium==
The age of consent in Belgium is '''16''', as specified by Article 372 of the Criminal Code (Code pénal/Strafwetboek), which reads:

"''Any indecent assault committed without violence or threat on the person or with the assistance of the person of a child of either sex, '''aged less than sixteen''', shall be punished by imprisonment (of five years to ten years).''<ref>[http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/loi_a1.pl?DETAIL=1867060801%2FF&caller=list&row_id=1&numero=2&rech=4&cn=1867060801&table_name=LOI&nm=1867060850&la=F&dt=CODE+PENAL&language=fr&fr=f&choix1=ET&choix2=ET&fromtab=loi_all&trier=promulgation&chercher=t&sql=dt+contains++%27CODE%27%26+%27PENAL%27and+actif+%3D+%27Y%27&tri=dd+AS+RANK+&imgcn.x=41&imgcn.y=12#LNK0094 Article 372 of the Criminal Code (Code pénal, in French)]</ref><ref>[http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=nl&la=N&cn=1867060801&table_name=wet Article 372 of the Criminal Code (Strafwetboek, in Dutch)]</ref>

===History===
The Belgian Criminal Code previously specified an age of consent of 18 for homosexual sex. This provision - Article 372bis - was added in 1965 and repealed in 1985.

==Bosnia and Herzegovina==
Sexual activity with children younger than '''14''' is illegal under Article 207, which prohibits sexual acts with a "child", and a "child" is defined in Article 2(8) as a person '''under 14'''. ''However'', Article 209 mentions a "juvenile" who is defined in Article 2(9) as a person ''under 18'', although it is not clear if this article refers only to sexual acts performed ''in view'' of a minor under 18 or if it can be used also to punish sexual acts performed ''with'' the minor:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1661/file/5863a4917995d1a282d020fb2715.htm/preview |title=5863a4917995d1a282d020fb2715.htm |publisher=Legislationline.org |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

* Article 207, Sexual Intercourse with a Child: (1) Whoever performs sexual intercourse or equivalent sexual act on a child, shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between one and eight years.
* Article 208, Meaning of Terms as Used in This Code: (8) A child, as referred to in this Code, is a person who ''has not reached fourteen years of age''.
* Article 209, Satisfying Lust in the Presence of a Child or Juvenile: Whoever, in the presence of a ''child'' or ''juvenile'', performs acts aimed at satisfying his own lust or the lust of a third person, or whoever induces a ''child'' to submit to such acts in his presence or in the presence of a third person, shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between three months and three years.
* Article 205: (2) prohibits sexual intercourse with a juvenile (defined as a person under 18) by "abuse of position".

==Bulgaria==
The age of consent in Bulgaria is '''14''', as specified by Articles 149 and 151 (1). However Article 151 (2) has a provision for those who are over 14 and do "''not understand the characteristics or the importance of the act.''"

''Art. 151. (1) A person who has sexual intercourse with a person '''who has not completed the age of 14 years''', insofar as the act does not constitute a crime under Article 152, shall be punished by deprivation of liberty for two to six years.''<ref name="legislationline.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes |title=Criminal codes |publisher=Legislationline.org |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>
''Art. 149. (1) A person who performs an act for the purpose of arousing or satisfying sexual desire, without copulation, '''with a person under 14 years of age''', shall be punished for lewdness by deprivation of liberty for one to six years.''<ref name="legislationline.org"/>

==Croatia==
The age of consent for all sexual conduct in [[Croatia]] under the new Criminal Code in force since 1 January 2013 is '''15''', regardless of sexual orientation or gender, regulated by Article 158.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zakon.hr/z/98/Kazneni-zakon |title=Croatian Criminal Code (in Croatian) |publisher=Zakon.hr |date= |accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref>

(1) Whoever performs sexual intercourse with a child '''under fifteen years of age''' or induces a child to commit sexual intercourse with a third person, shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of one to ten years.

(2) Whoever commits lewd act with a child '''under fifteen years of age''' or induces a child to commit lewd act on itself or with a third person, shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between six months and ﬁve years.

However, there is a close-in-age exemption of three years.

===History===
Before the year 2013, the legal age of consent in Croatia was 14. Homosexual acts were illegal until 1977, when Croatia, then as a [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav Federal Republic]], changed its Penal Code. Age of consent was equalised in 1998.

==Cyprus==
The age of consent for all sexual conduct in Cyprus under the 2002 ''Criminal Code'' is '''17''', regardless of sexual orientation or gender.

===History===
Until 1998, homosexual acts between men were entirely forbidden under Section 171 (1929). In 1989, Alecos Modinos, president of the Cypriot Gay Liberation Movement, brought a case to the European Court of Human Rights. In 1993, the Court held that the prohibition of homosexual acts was a violation of Article 8. In January 1995, the Cypriot Government introduced a Bill in the Cypriot Parliament that would have abolished the ban. Strong opposition from the [[Orthodox Church]] meant the Bill stalled when referred to the Parliament's Legal Affairs Committee. The European Commission repeated its warning that Cyprus must follow the Court's ruling. In May 1997, again a government measure to repeal the ban failed because of the strength of the opposition. In April 1998, the Council of Europe set a deadline for compliance of 29 May 1998 and on 21 May 1998, the House of Representatives voted 36 to 8 in favour legalising homosexual acts. However it was set at 18 while heterosexual acts remained at 16.

In 2002, under pressure from the EU<ref>{{cite news |author=George Psyllides|title=Gays Ruling 'Too Little, Too Late'|work=Cyprus Mail|date=6 July 2002}}</ref> the parliament finally ended the disparate provisions and changed the age of consent to 17 for both heterosexual and homosexual acts, under the revised ''Criminal Code''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/enop/non-ind/0_154/index.html |title=Ο περί Ποινικού Κώδικα Νόμος - ΚΕΦ.154 |publisher=Cylaw.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

===Akrotiri and Dhekelia===
For both of these Sovereign Base Areas (British military enclaves) on the island of Cyprus, the age of consent is 16.

==Czech Republic==
The age of consent in the [[Czech Republic]] is '''15'''.

Additionally, the section of the new Czech penal code 40/2009 Sb. about "crimes against family and children" contains § 202 which criminalizes a '''"seducing to sexual intercourse"''' aimed at persons under '''18 years''' with any promise or provide of payment, benefit/privilege or profit for a sexual intercourse, masturbation, exposure or similar behaviour. This regulation was added to the old Czechoslovak penal code (140/1961 Sb.) adopted by the Czech Republic as § 217a by the amendment Czech act No. 218/2003 Sb. efficient since 2004 January 1.

===History===
The historic age limit in the Austrian Empire was 14 years by § 128 of the empire Penal Code from 1852.<ref>117/1852 Ř.z., Zákon trestní o zločinech, přečinech a přestupcích: § 128 Zprznění</ref> Homosexual sexual intercoures (as well as intercourses with animals) were generally criminalized as "crime against nature" by § 131. The Austrian Penal Code was not replaced in Czechoslovakia before 1950. The Czechoslovak penal Code 86/1950 Sb. in § 239 elevated the limit to 15 years. Almost identic regulation contained Czechoslovak penal code 140/1961 Sb., which in § 242 reads: "''A person who has coitus with a '''person younger fifteen (15) years''' of age or who sexually abuses such a person by other way shall be sentenced to imprisonment for at least one and at most eight years.''"<ref>http://trestni.juristic.cz/489540/oddil/trzo</ref> The new Czech Penal Code (40/2009 Sb., efficient since 2010 January 1) contents a similar regulation in § 187. Around 2008 and 2009, lowering of the limits of [[criminal responsibility]] as well as sexual restriction from 15 to 14 years was proposed by the Ministry of Justice and passed in Parliament within the new Penal Code 40/2009 Sb. efficient since 2010 January 1. Both changes were criticized. Before its efficiency, the amendment act 306/2009 Sb. changed both limits back to '''15 years'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediafax.cz/politika/2808523-Snizeni-vekove-hranice-pro-tresty-a-sex-z-CR-neudela-raj-pedofilu-tvrdi-ministr-Pospisil |accessdate=10 February 2013 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Until 1961, homosexual sexual intercourses were generally illegal in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak 140/1961 Sb. Penal Code, introduced in that year, contained still a crime "Sexual intercourse with a person of identic sex" (§ 244) but affected only a person older 18 years which have an intercourse with a person younger '''18 years'''. Between adult persons, payment receipt or provision and public nuisance were reasons for criminalization. In 1990, the whole § 244 was removed by the Czechoslovak act 175/2009 Sb. efficient since 2009-07-01.

==Denmark==
The age of consent in the Kingdom of Denmark is '''15'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/r0710.aspx?id=181992#idfb7ca177-33f0-4332-902c-cad2d4cb86c2|title=Bekendtgørelse af straffeloven|last=|first=|date=2016-07-04|website=www.retsinformation.dk|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-12}}</ref> as specified by Section 222:

''§ 222. Whoever has sexual intercourse with a child '''under the age of 15''', shall be punished by imprisonment for up to 8 years, unless the situation is covered by § 216 paragraph 2. In determining the penalty, it shall be an aggravating circumstance if the perpetrator has gained intercourse by exploiting his physical or mental superiority.''

Section 223, part 1, reads: "''Any person who has sexual intercourse with any child under 18, who is said person's adopted child, stepchild or foster child, or who is entrusted to said person for education or upbringing, will be liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding four years.''" This applies, e.g., to teachers. Further, part 2 of § 223 establishes that the same punishment is applicable to any person found to have grossly exploited their age- and experience based superiority over a person under the age of 18 to seduce said minor into intercourse.

The laws in the Faroe Islands and Greenland are equivalent although regulated in separate penal codes for these autonomous countries.

===History===
Male homosexual acts were legalised in Denmark (lesbianism was never illegal) with an age of consent set at 18, after a major reform of the Penal Code in 1930; At the same time the age of consent for heterosexual acts were raised from 12 to 15. In 1976, the age of consent was equalised at 15 for all acts {{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}. But sex with a child under the age of 12 gives double punishment, and sex with a minor at 15, 16 and 17 is illegal for a person in charge of this child.

Until 1866, interaction "against nature" [anal intercourse] was punishable with the stakes. However, until the late 18th century the rule was never used, and, when it came into rule, the convicts were always pardoned to 7 years in jail: exactly the punishment introduced in the Penal Code 1866 but now only for homosexual acts.

In 1969, Denmark became the first country to [[Pornography in Denmark|legalise pictorial pornography]],<ref>[http://www.iub.edu/~kinsey/ccies/dk.php Denmark in the International Encyclopedia of Sexuality]</ref> but this did not include specific laws related to the age of people participating in the production. Consequently, the legal age of consent (15) equaled the limit for pornography produced ''within'' the country, but material produced in other countries (where the Danish consent law does not apply) was not covered and therefore legal. In 1980 it became illegal to sell, spread or possess pornography involving children under the age of 15, regardless of country of origin ([[Danish Penal Code]] §235).<ref name="Straffelovens-235">Straffelovrådets betænkning om seksualforbrydelser (September 2012). [http://jm.schultzboghandel.dk/upload/microsites/jm/ebooks/bet1534/bet/kap23.html Kapitel 23: Straffelovens § 235 – børnepornografi]. [[Ministry of Justice (Denmark)|Danish Ministry of Justice]].</ref> The limit was later changed to 18 years, which is the standing law today, although it remains legal for a person over the age of 15 to take their own nude photos, as long as they are only shared with friends (for example, with a boy/girlfriend), the receiver explicitly has received the right to possess them, and they are not shared or spread further.<ref name="Straffelovens-235"/> In the period between the legalisation of pornography and the 1980 amendment to the Danish Penal Code, some companies (infamously [[Color Climax]]) exploited the lack of age restrictions on material produced in other countries.<ref>[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] (25 January 2016). [https://www.dr.dk/om-dr/programmer-og-koncerter/candy-film-da-boerneporno-var-lovlig Candy Film - da børneporno var lovlig].</ref>

==Estonia==
The age of consent in Estonia is '''14''', as specified by Section 145 (sexual intercourse with a child), which reads: "''An adult person who engages in sexual intercourse with a person of '''less than 14 years''' of age shall be punished by up to 5 years’ imprisonment.''"<ref>http://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes</ref>

Section 141 defines rape as "''Sexual intercourse with a person against his or her will by using force or taking advantage of a situation in which the person is not capable of initiating resistance or '''comprehending the situation'''''"; and Section 147 reads:

Section 147. Inability of person of less than 10 years to comprehend
:''Within the meaning of the offences provided for in this Division, a person is deemed to be '''incapable to comprehend if he or she is less than 10 years of age'''''.

===History===
Until 1992, male homosexual sex was illegal, the Estonian SSR Penal Code, Article 118, forbidding "anal intercourse between men". Due to regaining independence from [[USSR]] in 1991, the age of consent for male homosexual intercourse was fixed at 16, whereas the age for heterosexual intercourse was 14. The age of consent was equalised in 2001 when the law was amended, specifying an age of 14 for sexual intercourse.

==Finland==
The age of consent in Finland is '''16''', as specified by Section 6(1) (Sexual abuse of a child), which reads: "''A person who has sexual intercourse with a '''child younger than sixteen years''' of age ... shall be sentenced for sexual abuse of a child to imprisonment for at most four years.''"

The sexual act may not be punishable if "there is no great difference in the ages or the mental and physical maturity of the persons involved".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039 |title=Finnish Criminal Code |publisher=Finlex.fi |date=29 May 2009 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

The age is 18 when in connection with a person who has some formal power over the young person, like a school teacher.

===History===
Until 1971, homosexual acts were prohibited. After decriminalisation, the age of consent was set to 18 for homosexual acts, and 16 for heterosexual acts.<ref>Haggerty, George ''Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia'' Garland Publishing Inc. 2000 New York, New York page 325.</ref>
In 1999, the age of consent was equalised to 16 for all sexual acts.<ref>Barclay, Scott Bernstein Mary Marshall, Anna-Maria Queer Mobilizations: LGBT Activists Confront the Law New York University Press 2009 page 129.</ref>

====Åland Islands====

According to the Åland Treaty, Finnish federal law is applied as the minimum standard. The age of consent is therefore '''16'''.

==France==
The age of consent in France is '''15''', as specified by Article 227-25 of the Penal Code, which reads: "''The fact of the commission without violence, constraint, threat or surprise of a sexual offence by an adult on the person of a '''minor under fifteen years''' of age is punished by five years' imprisonment and a fine of €75,000.''"<ref name=frenchpenal22725>{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=B2410A60B956150F3AA2051DEC9E931D.tpdila22v_1?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006418101&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&dateTexte=20160306 |title=French Penal Code, Article 227-25 |publisher=legifrance.gouv.fr |date= |accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref>

Article 227-22 prohibits the "organisation by an adult of meetings involving indecent exposure or sexual relations knowing that minors are present or participating". (Minors refers to under 18s; the text of the article can be subject to interpretation).<ref name=frenchpenal22722>{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=9F36A2427FB791A33D298566CE2E9CFB.tpdila22v_1?idArticle=LEGIARTI000027811128&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&dateTexte=20160306 |title=French Penal Code, Article 227-22 |publisher=legifrance.gouv.fr |date= |accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref>

Article 227-22-1 prohibits the "soliciting of a minor under the age of fifteen, or a person pretending to be such minor, for sexual purposes through the use of a computer system".<ref name=frenchpenal227221>{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=9F36A2427FB791A33D298566CE2E9CFB.tpdila22v_1?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006418086&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&dateTexte=20160306 |title=French Penal Code, Article 227-22-1 |publisher=legifrance.gouv.fr |date= |accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref>

Article 227-27 prohibits sexual relations with minors over age 15 (aged 15, 16 or 17) "1° where they are committed by an ascendant or by any other person having a legal or factual authority over the victim; 2° where they are committed by a person abusing the authority conferred by his functions."<ref name=frenchpenal>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006418110&dateTexte=&categorieLien=cid/preview |title=French Penal Code |publisher=legifrance.gouv.fr |date= |accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref>

{{further|French petition against age of consent laws}}

===History===
Male homosexual acts were illegal until 1791, when the ancient sodomy laws were dropped from the Criminal Code of that year. This continued to be the case under the Napoleonic Code of 1810.

The age of consent was set at 11 in 1832, at 13 in 1863. In 1942, the age of consent for homosexual acts was set at 21, while that for heterosexual acts was still 13. The latter was increased to 15 in 1945. In 1974, the age for homosexual acts was lowered to 18. In 1982, it was lowered to 15, in line with that for heterosexual acts.

==Georgia==
The age of consent in Georgia is '''16''' as per Georgian Penal Code Art. 140, and Art. 141.<ref>http://www.humanrights.ge/files/crcreport.pdf</ref>

==Germany==
The age of consent in Germany is '''14''', as long as a person over the age of 21 does not exploit a 14- to 15-year-old person's lack of capacity for sexual self-determination, in which case a conviction of an individual over the age of 21 requires a complaint from the younger individual; being over 21 and engaging in sexual relations with a minor of that age does not constitute an offense by itself. Otherwise the age of consent is 16, although provisions protecting minors against abuse apply until the age of 18 (under Section 182(1), it is illegal to engage in sexual activity with a person under 18 "by taking advantage of an exploitative situation"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html#StGB_000P182 |title=German Criminal Code |publisher=Gesetze-im-internet.de |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>).

As specified by Sections 176 (Sexual abuse of children) and 182 (Sexual abuse of youths) of the Penal Code, which read:

§ 176: "(1) Whoever commits sexual acts on a person under fourteen (14) years of age (a child) or allows them to be committed on himself by the child, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to ten years [...]"

§ 180: "(1) Whoever abets the commission of sexual acts of a person under sixteen years of age on or in front of a third person or sexual acts of a third person on a person under sixteen years of age:
#by acting as an intermediary; or
#by furnishing or creating an opportunity,
shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine. [...]"

§ 182: "(2) A person over twenty-one years of age who abuses a person under sixteen years of age, in that he: 1. commits sexual acts on the person or allows them to be committed on himself by the person; or 2. induces the person to commit sexual acts on a third person or to allow them to be committed on the person by a third person, and thereby exploits the victim's lack of capacity for sexual self-determination, shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine. [...] The act shall only be prosecuted upon complaint, unless the prosecuting authority considers ex officio that it is required to enter the case because of the special public interest therein. [...] The court may dispense with punishment pursuant to these provisions if, in consideration of the conduct of the person against whom the act was directed, the wrongfulness of the act is slight."<ref>[http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/176.html § 176] [http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/182.html § 182] of the German criminal code, including decisions of higher courts, legislative process, etc. English translation: [http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html#StGB_000P176 § 176 Sexual abuse of children], [http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html#StGB_000P182 § 182 Sexual abuse of juveniles]</ref>

===History===

The current rules for age of consent in Germany were set following a [[German reunification|post-reunification]] penal law reform in 1994. The ages of 14 and 16 had been relevant since the coming into force of the Criminal Code for the German Empire in 1872: Under § 176, sexual acts with children under 14 were illegal and have been always since. Under § 182, seduction of an "unblemished girl under the age of 16" was prosecuted upon complaint of parents or legal guardian only. In [[West Germany]] the latter rule was kept, with minor changes in 1973: Unblemishedness was no longer required, and the court could refrain from punishment if the offender was under 21 years of age. The [[German Democratic Republic]], by contrast, created a new socialist criminal code in 1968. Under § 149, sexual acts with persons of the opposite sex between the ages of 14 and 16 were punishable if the victim's "moral immaturity" was exploited by using "gifts, the promise of benefits or similar" methods of persuasion "to initiate intercourse or actions similar to intercourse".

Male homosexuality had been illegal under [[Paragraph 175|§ 175]] regardless of age since 1872. Female homosexuality was not prosecuted. In West Germany, male homosexuality was legalized in 1969. The age of consent was set to 21 years and in 1973 reduced to 18 years. Offenders could be only men 18 or older, and courts could refrain from punishment if the offender was not yet 21. In East Germany, the criminal code was supplemented in 1957 by a provision that allowed the waiving of prosecution if no harm had been done to socialist society by the unlawful act. Concerning § 175, this meant that male homosexual acts were now almost prosecuted only if they involved minors, which meant persons under 18. The new criminal code of 1968 officially legalized homosexuality and in § 151, which now was gender-neutral, criminalized only homosexual acts of adults with minors. In 1987 the GDR supreme court ruled homosexuality was a variant of sexual behaviour just as heterosexuality. In 1989 § 151 was repealed and § 149 amended to include any sexual orientation.

After German reunification, according to the [[Unification Treaty (1990)|Unification Treaty]] of 1990, the § 149 code section stayed in force for the territory of the former GDR, and West German § 175 and § 182 were not enacted here. The need for gender- and sexual-orientation-neutrality and for a new balancing of sexual self-determination and youth protection was also being seen by West German lawmakers. In the ensuing 1994 reform, the minimum age of 14 for all of Germany was kept, and in building on legal traditions of both states, sexual acts committed by a person above 21 with a minor under 16 involving exploitation of the minor's individual lack of capacity for sexual self-determination were made punishable in new § 182. § 175 was abolished. In general, the need for complaint of the former West German law was kept, but in case of special public interest the offence was made prosecutable ex officio as had been the case in East German law.<ref>[http://lexetius.com/StGB/175 all older versions and changes of § 175] (Homosexual acts); [http://lexetius.com/StGB/176 current and all older versions and changes of § 176] (Sexual abuse of children); [http://lexetius.com/StGB/182 current and all older versions and changes of § 182] (Sexual abuse of juveniles; until 1994: Seduction). See also [http://piology.org/dtl/recht.html Recht, was ist erlaubt? (What is permitted?)] Comparison of AOC laws in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.</ref>

==Greece==
The age of consent in Greece is '''15'''.<ref>http://www.dikonomia.gr/pk</ref>

The general provision for age of consent in Greece is 15 as specified by Article 339, as well as Articles 337, 348B of the Greek Penal Code. In 2015, along with the legalization of [[Civil unions in Greece|same-sex civil unions]], Article 347 which provided a further prohibition of seducing a male under 17 if the actor is a male adult was abolished, therefore equalising age of consent for homosexual acts.<ref>http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wE4q6ggiv8WTXdtvSoClrL8RZsdmVE36E95MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuVoHeYO-VoUaxueGay4CXn5RDBq72FoViJdyfkM3t-nE</ref>

There are also several other prohibitions regarding positions of authority and acts of lewdness, as specified by Articles 342 and 343. Furthermore, there is a close-in-age exemption of 3 years age difference for indecent acts between persons younger than 15.

==Hungary==
The age of consent in [[Hungary]] is '''14'''. A close in age exemption allows sexual acts from age 12 if the older party is under 18.

The new criminal code in force since 1 July 2013 reads:
"The person who has completed eighteenth year has sexual intercourse with a person who has not yet completed his fourteenth year, commits a felony and shall be punishable with imprisonment from one year to five years".
"The person who has sexual intercourse with a person who has not yet completed his twelfth year, commits a felony and shall be punishable with imprisonment from five years to ten years".<ref>{{cite web|author=Complex Kiadó Kft. |url=http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A1200100.TV |title=2012. évi C. törvény - a Büntető Törvénykönyvről |publisher=Net.jogtar.hu |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

===History===
Until 1961 homosexual acts were illegal. After decriminalisation the age of consent for homosexual acts was 20 and remained so until 1978. From then until 1999 the age of consent for such acts was 18, as specified by Section 199. In 2002 the Hungarian Constitutional Court repealed Section 199 and the age of consent for homosexual acts was lowered to 14 in line with heterosexual acts.

==Iceland==
The age of consent in Iceland is '''15''', as specified by Section 202 of the Icelandic Penal Code, which reads: ''"Anyone who has carnal intercourse or other sexual intimacy with a child '''younger than 15 years''' shall be subject to imprisonment for at least 1 year and up to 16 years.''"''<ref>''(Icelandic)'' [http://www.althingi.is/lagas/135a/1940019.html The Icelandic Penal Code]
: '''202. gr.''' Hver sem hefur samræði eða önnur kynferðismök við barn, yngra en 15[fimmtán] ára, skal sæta fangelsi ekki skemur en 1[eitt] ár og allt að 16[sextán] árum.
:: '''Section 202''' Anyone who has carnal intercourse or other sexual intimacy with a child '''younger than 15 years''' shall be subject to imprisonment for at least 1 year and up to 16 years.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.php?id=3683 |title=''Hver er samræðisaldur á Íslandi?'' |trans-title="What is the age of consent in Iceland?"|language=Icelandic}}</ref>

===History===
The age of consent was raised from 14 to 15 in 2007.<ref>http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/reporting/statereports/Iceland24_en.pdf</ref>

==Ireland==
The age of consent in Ireland is '''17''',<ref name="irlcitiz">{{cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/justice/criminal_law/criminal_offences/law_on_sex_offences_in_ireland.html|title=The law on sexual offences in Ireland|work=Citizens Information|publisher=Citizens Information Board|accessdate=12 June 2013|location=Dublin, Ireland}}</ref> in relation to vaginal, oral, or anal sex, and vaginal or anal penetration.<ref name="irlact2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2006/en/act/pub/0015/print.html |title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006 |date=2 June 2006 |work=[[Irish Statute Book]] |accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> This gives it one of the highest ages of consent in the European Union.<ref name=ODwyer/>

Relevant offences under the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006 are ''Defilement of a child aged under 17 years'' and ''Defilement of a child aged under 15 years''.<ref name="irlact2006"/> Sentences are longer for the latter offence, for repeat offences and where the offender is an authority-figure such as a close relative or teacher.<ref name="irlact2006"/> [[Mistake (criminal law)|Mistake]] as to the child's age is a valid [[defense (legal)|defence]] if the mistake is honest and reasonable.<ref name="irlact2006"/> Girls under 18 cannot be convicted for heterosexual vaginal sex.<ref name="irlact2006"/> Offenders are placed on the [[sex offender registry]] unless less than 24 months older than the victim.<ref name="irlact2006"/> Sex between spouses is not criminalised,<ref name="irlact2006"/> although spouses under 18 are rare since the Family Law Act, 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1995/en/act/pub/0026/print.html|title=Family Law Act, 1995|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|pages=§§31,33(1)|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref>

===History===
Prior to the 1922 independence of the [[Irish Free State]], the law in Ireland was that of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (see [[#UK history|the UK history section]]). Anal sex was illegal under the [[Offences against the Person Act 1861]], while the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]] criminalised "Defilement of girl between thirteen and sixteen years of age", with more severe penalties for "Defilement of girl under thirteen years of age". The 1930 Carrigan Report into child sex abuse and underage prostitution recommended raising the age of consent to 18 years.<ref>{{jstor|30095398}}</ref> The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1935 raised the age to 17, with more severe penalties under age 15, and disallowed a defence of mistake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1935/en/act/pub/0006/print.html|title=Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1935|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> The law on child sex abuse, including the age of consent, was the subject of a 1989 consultation paper<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/consultation%20papers/cpChildSexAbuse.htm|title=Consultation Paper on Child Sexual Abuse|date=August 1989|publisher=Law Reform Commission|pages=54, 60–78, 204–5|accessdate=21 June 2013|location=Dublin}}</ref> and 1990 report<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/Reports/rChildSexAbuse.htm|title=Report on Child Sexual Abuse|date=September 1990|publisher=Law Reform Commission|pages=34–49, 90–93|accessdate=21 June 2013|location=Dublin}}</ref> by the [[Law Reform Commission (Ireland)|Law Reform Commission]] (LRC). The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 1993 decriminalised male homosexual acts and created offences of "[[Buggery]] of persons under 17 years of age" and "[[Gross indecency between men|Gross indecency]] with males under 17 years of age".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1993/en/act/pub/0020/print.html|title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act, 1993|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> In 2006, the 1935 law was struck out when the [[Supreme Court of Ireland|Supreme Court]] found that its prohibition of the mistake defence violated a defendant's [[Constitution of Ireland|Constitution]]al rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.courts.ie/judgments.nsf/09859e7a3f34669680256ef3004a27de/877f6b6773b3dcee80257177003c6586?OpenDocument|title=C.C. -v Ireland & ors [2006] IESC 33|date=23 May 2006|publisher=Irish Courts Service|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006, quickly passed within the scope of the Supreme Court's judgment, replaced the 1935 and 1993 offences with the current ones.<ref name="irlcitiz"/><ref name="irlact2006"/> The exemption for girls under 17 was recommended by the LRC and the [[Director of Public Prosecutions]] who felt "it would be wrong to stigmatise mothers and pregnant girls of 15 or 16 years of age as if they were either the victims of violent rape or they had committed a crime".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/2006/06/02/00004.asp#N112|title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Bill 2006: Second Stage.|date=2 June 2006|work=Dáil Éireann debates|publisher=Oireachtas|pages=Vol. 621 No. 1 p.4 c.12|accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> While this was controversial, the Minister pointed out that the previous law had not criminalised any sex act by a girl under 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://debates.oireachtas.ie/seanad/2006/06/02/00005.asp#N27|title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Bill 2006: Second Stage.|date=2 June 2006|work=Seanad Éireann debates|publisher=Oireachtas|pages=Vol. 183 No. 22 p.5 c.1786|accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> The 2006 report of the [[Oireachtas]] Joint Committee on Child Protection recommended changing the age of consent to 16, and 18 with a person in authority. It advised that close-in-age cases should remain criminalised, but with more lenient guidelines for sentencing. It also recommended wider publicity of the age limits.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/documents/committees29thdail/committeereport2006/Child_Protection_Report.pdf#page=98 |title=Report on Child Protection |format=PDF |author=Joint Committee on Child Protection |date=November 2006 |publisher=Oireachtas |pages=94–95 |accessdate=17 December 2013 |location=Dublin |series=Official publications |volume=Prn.A6/2024 |chapter=17.2. Recommendations: The Age of Consent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://debates.oireachtas.ie/committees/2006/CP.asp|title=Committee on Child Protection|year=2006|work=Oireachtas debates|accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref> The [[Government of the 31st Dáil|Fine Gael–Labour government]] planned to consider implementing the age changes in January 2014 after consulting its member parties,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.herald.ie/news/fg-split-over-cut-to-sexual-age-of-consent-29849989.html|title=FG split over cut to sexual age of consent|last=O'Connor|first=Niall|author2=Michael Brennan|date=18 December 2013|work=[[Evening Herald]]|accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/PR13000432|title=General Scheme of Sexual Offences Bill to be published in January|date=17 December 2013|publisher=Department of Justice and Equality|accessdate=18 December 2013|location=Dublin}}</ref> but it had not implemented them by September 2015.

==Italy==
The age of consent in Italy is '''14''' years, with a close-in-age exception that allows those aged 13 to engage in sexual activity with partners who are less than 3 years older. The age of consent rises to 16 if one of the participants has some kind of influence on the other (e.g. teacher, tutor, adoptive parent, etc.). Not knowing that the victim is underage is not a legal defense, except when it was unavoidable ignorance. If the minor involved is under the age of 10, the crime can be punished even without a complaint and the punishment is aggravated. It is also illegal to perform sexual acts in the presence of a minor aged less than 14 with the intent of allowing the minor to witness the acts, even if they do not take an active part.<ref>http://www.diritto.it/codici/titolo/75-codice-penale-dei-delitti-contro-la-persona</ref>

See also related [[s:it:Codice Penale/Libro II/Titolo XII#Art. 609 bis Violenza sessuale|Wikisource]] articles from the Italian Criminal Code (in Italian). See also more related articles from Interpol.<ref>http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaItaly.asp</ref>

==Kazakhstan==
The age of consent in Kazakhstan is '''16''', according to article 122 of the Criminal Code.

''Article 122. Sexual Intercourse and Other Actions of a Sexual Character with a Person Under Sixteen Years of Age
''Sexual intercourse, sodomy, or lesbianism or other acts of sexual nature, with a person who '''did not reach sixteen years of age''', the guilty party being aware of that fact, shall be punished by restriction of freedom for a period up to three years, or by detention under arrest for a period up to six months, or deprivation of freedom for a period up to five years.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1681/file/ca1cfb8a67f8a1c2ffe8de6554a3.htm/preview |title=ca1cfb8a67f8a1c2ffe8de6554a3.htm |publisher=Legislationline.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

==Kosovo==
The age of consent in [[Kosovo]] is '''16'''. Article 228 of the Penal Code states that "Term 'Consent' means the voluntary agreement of a person ''who has reached the age of sixteen years'' to engage in the sexual act in question", and Article 230 states that, 1. Whoever subjects another person to a sexual
act without such person’s ''consent'' shall be punished by imprisonment of two (2) to ten (10) years".<ref>http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/Criminal%20Code.pdf</ref>

==Latvia==
The age of consent in Latvia is '''16'''.

The main legislation is specified by the Latvian Criminal Law, Section 161 (Sexual Intercourse, Pederasty and Lesbianism with a Person who has not Attained the Age of Sixteen Years), which translated reads: "''For a person who commits an act of sexual intercourse, or pederastic, lesbian or other unnatural sexual acts of gratification, with a person '''who has not attained the age of sixteen years''' and who is in financial or other dependence on the offender, '''or if such offence has been committed by a person who has attained the age of majority''', the applicable sentence is deprivation of liberty for a term not exceeding four years.''"

''However'', Section 162 prohibits "immoral acts with a minor" although it is not made clear what the definition of "immoral acts" is.

''Section 162. Immoral Acts With a Minor
''(1) For a person who commits '''immoral acts with a minor''' against the will of the minor '''or if such have been committed by a person who has attained the age of majority''', the applicable sentence is deprivation of liberty for a term not exceeding three years, or custodial arrest.''
''(2) For a person who commits immoral acts with a juvenile,the applicable sentence is deprivation of liberty for a term not exceeding six years.''''

Sections 159 and 160 provide harsher penalties for rape and forcible sexual assault of juveniles.<ref>[http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1683/file/4b5d86c3826746957aa400893abc.htm/preview ] {{wayback|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1683/file/4b5d86c3826746957aa400893abc.htm/preview |date=20100613060304 |df=y }}</ref>

===History===
Until 1992, male homosexual acts were illegal under Section 124.1 of the Latvian Criminal Code. This provision was repealed by the Latvian Parliament in 1992 and the age of consent for male homosexual acts was set at 18. In 1998, the Latvian Parliament adopted a new Criminal Code that contained a complex system of sexual offences: the age of consent for all sexual acts other than vaginal intercourse was 14; for vaginal intercourse it was 16 (with a close in age exemption that allowed 14 and 15 year olds to have sex with a person under 18). In 2001, the law was amended to clarify the situation and confirm that the age of consent was 16 for all acts (only a person aged 18 or older can be punished for having sex with a 14-15 year old).

==Liechtenstein==
The age of consent in Liechtenstein is '''14'''. Sexual activity with 14-15 year olds is generally legal, but it can still be punished if sexual access to these children has been obtained by exploiting their lack of sexual self-determination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/CRC/docs/study/responses/Liechtenstein.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Liechtenstein.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

==Lithuania==
The age of consent in Lithuania is '''16''', as specified by the Lithuanian Criminal Code §151.1{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}, introduced by the bill of 2 July 2010{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}.

Previously the age of consent was set to 14 according to the Lithuanian Criminal Code §153 prohibiting any sexual molestation or sexual relationships with a minor under 14 years{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}. The age of consent (14) was not set directly in this article of the Lithuanian criminal code, though. It has been established by the Lithuanian case law. This meant that both heterosexual and homosexual acts were allowed once a child had reached the age of 14{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}. There was (and remains) an exception to this rule: §151.1(3) of the Lithuanian Criminal Code prohibits parents, guardians, or other people who are ex officio directly responsible for the upbringing and supervision of a child to have any relationships of sexual kind with the child, if he or she has not yet reached the age of 18.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infolex.lt/portal/start_ta.asp?act=doc&fr=pop&doc=66150 |title=LR baudžiamasis kodeksas (BK) |publisher=Infolex.Lt |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

===History===
Until 1993, male homosexual acts were prohibited under the Lithuanian Criminal Code, Article 1221, which was repealed in that year. The new law set an age of consent of 17 for male oral and anal intercourse, 16 for other male homosexual acts, and 14 for lesbian and heterosexual acts. In 2004, the law was amended to equalise the age of consent at 14 for all sexual acts; the age of consent was raised to 16 in 2010, regardless of gender and sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eur/154435.htm |title=Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Lithuania |publisher=State.gov |date=2011-04-08 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

==Luxembourg==
The age of consent in Luxembourg is '''16''', as specified by the Luxembourgish Penal Code, Article 372, which reads: "''All indecent assaults on modesty committed without violence or threat, by a person or by aiding the person, of a child of either sex, '''aged less than sixteen''', will be punished by imprisonment of one to five years.''

''The penalty will be imprisonment of five to ten years if the child was less than eleven years old."''<ref>http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/codes/index.html#code_penal</ref>

==Macedonia==
Article 188(1) of the Criminal Code of Macedonia prohibits sexual conduct with a "child" and a "child" is defined by Article 71 as a person under '''14'''.

*''Article 188''

''(1) A person who commits statutory rape or some other sexual act upon a child shall be punished with imprisonment of six months to five years.''

However, Article 197 prohibits an adult living in an extra-marital community with a Juvenile ''under 16''.

*''Extra-marital life with a juvenile
''Article 197''

''(1) An adult who lives in an extra-marital community with a juvenile who has reached the age of fourteen years, but not the age of sixteen, shall be punished with imprisonment of three months to three years.
''

*Article 189(2) prohibits sexual acts with a Juvenile under 18 "who was entrusted to" the offender "for study, education, custody or care".
*Article 192 prohibits both procuring a Juvenile for sexual acts and enabling the performance of sexual acts with a juvenile. This could effectively make the age of consent at '''18'''.
*Article 71 defines "Child" as a person '''under 14''', while article 72 defines "Juvenile" as a person '''under 18'''.<ref>http://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/8892/preview</ref>

==Malta==
The age of consent in Malta is '''18'''. Sexual activity - typically by people over 18 - with people between 12 and 18 can be considered ''defilement of minors'' ''by'' ''[[lewd]] acts'' or ''corruption of a minor'', which, at the discretion of prosecutors and the courts, depending on the circumstances, may result in a conviction.

Art 201 of Chapter 9 of the Laws of Malta (''Presumption of violence in cases of carnal knowledge and indecent assault'') states:
:''201. Unlawful [[carnal knowledge]] and any other [[indecent assault]], shall be presumed to be accompanied with violence - (a) when it is committed on any person under twelve years of age; (b) when the person abused was unable to offer resistance owing to physical or mental infirmity, or for any other cause independent of the act of the offender, or in consequence of any fraudulent device used by the offender.''<ref name="maltachapter9">{{cite web |url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/3148/file/Malta_Criminal_Code_amended_2010_en.pdf |format=PDF |title=CRIMINAL CODE CHAPTER 9, 10 June 1854 - last amended III of 2004 |publisher=Legislationline.org}}</ref>
The punishment is imprisonment from three to nine years, with or without solitary confinement, as described in Art. 198 (''Rape or carnal knowledge with violence''). The punishment can be increased in certain cases described in Art. 202, such as when the person has not attained the age of nine years.

Art. 204 of Chapter 9 of the Laws of Malta (''Defilement of minors'') reads:
:''203. (1) Whosoever, by [[lewd]] acts, defiles a minor of either sex, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, with or without solitary confinement: [...]''<ref name="maltachapter9"/>
A number of aggravating circumstances exist to this blanket provision including: Abuse of parental authority or tutorship, where the victim is under the age of 12 and if the offence is committed by means of threats or deceit. There is no definition of how old the offender must be: Even another minor can be guilty of this crime,<ref name="attard"/> although there is no evidence that any such case has ever been prosecuted.

The age of majority is defined in Art 188 of Chapter 16 of the Civil Laws of Malta:
:''188. (1) Majority is fixed at the completion of the eighteenth year of age.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_2/chapt16.pdf |format=PDF |title=CHAPTER 16 CIVIL CODE |publisher= Docs.justice.gov.mt}}</ref>

To apply Art. 203, there are requirements:
:''For the completed offence and apart from the formal element of the offence, there must be the lewd act (atto di libidine) and the actual defilement. The lewd act may be committed either on the person or in the presence of the minor. All acts which, either by their very nature or of the circumstances in which they are performed, either are directed to the indulgence of the sexual appetite, either of the agent or of the victim, and are capable of arousing sexual interest of the victim, are lewd acts for the purposes of the offence in question.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/SENTENZI2000_PDF/MALTA/TAL-MAGISTRATI%20(GUDIKATURA%20KRIMINALI)/2008/2008-09-25_568-2005_50759.PDF |format=PDF |title=IL-PULIZIJA SPETTUR LOUISE CALLEJA VS. GIUSEPPE ZAMMIT, Numru 568/2005, 2008-09-28 |work= QORTI TAL-MAGISTRATI (MALTA) BHALA QORTI TA' GUDIKATURA KRIMINALI (Court of magistrates (Malta) as a court of criminal judicature) |publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt}}</ref><ref>http://www.timesofmalta.com.mt/articles/view/20080423/local/ex-religion-teacher-confesses-to-defilement-via-sms</ref>

The term "defile" must be put in context. In example: If a person is sexually mature (even if minor) then he/she cannot be defiled. In 2008 two brothers, aged 19 and 20, were found not guilty of defiling a girl, then aged 16. Their sexual encounters were consensual, and it was clear that the girl had had several previous sexual adventures with several youths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20080428/local/brothers-acquitted-of-defiling-girl |title=Brothers acquitted of defiling girl |publisher=timesofmalta.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/SENTENZI2000_PDF/MALTA/TAL-MAGISTRATI%20(GUDIKATURA%20KRIMINALI)/2008/2008-04-23_914-2004_48886.PDF |format=PDF |title=POLICE INSPECTOR TEREZA SCIBERRAS, INSPECTOR RAYMOND AQUILINA VS. SEBASTIAN FRANCIS De BONO, ZACHARY De BONO, Number 914/2004, 2008-04-23 |work= COURT OF MAGISTRATES (MALTA) AS A COURT OF CRIMINAL JUDICATURE |publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt}}</ref> In 2007 a man of 30 was found guilty of defiling a boy, then aged 14. He had set up a situation in which the boy came to his apartment; as a result of both childish curiosity and what the court deemed to be the guile of the adult man, the boy remained in the apartment even while man first showered and then committed the lewd acts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/SENTENZI2000_PDF/MALTA/TA'%20L-APPELLI%20KRIMINALI%20(INFERJURI)/2007/2007-06-11_170-2007_43765.PDF |format=PDF |title=The Police v. Arshad Nawaz, Criminal Appeal Number. 170/2007, 2007-06-11 |work= MALTA - COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEAL |publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt}}</ref> There are also other cases, where offenders have been found guilty even though the circumstances were not clear, such as the case of a hotel manager aged 35 with a 14-year-old girl on holiday,<ref>http://www.timesofmalta.com.mt/articles/view/20080902/local/man-accused-of-defilement</ref> three men aged 18, 19 and 20 with three 14-year-old girls<ref>http://www.timesofmalta.com.mt/articles/view/20080827/local/three-admit-indecent-acts</ref> or another hotel manager of 46 and a boy of 14, who had encounters over a longer time.<ref>http://www.timesofmalta.com.mt/articles/view/20080822/local/hotel-manager-charged-with-defiling-boy-14</ref>

In the wording of the law there is no discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. However, discrimination can result from selective enforcement with regard to individual cases. "This may therefore lead to a higher incidence of cases in which the minor and the perpetrator are of the same sex, given that there may be parents who would not resort to legal proceedings should their 17-year-old child have sexual relations with another person of the opposite sex but would do so if the person is of the same sex."<ref name="attard">{{cite web |first=Christian |last=Attard |url= http://www.law.leiden.edu/general/img/Malta%20-%20Summary%20of%20legislation%202006_tcm19-55172.pdf |format=PDF |title=Summary of legislation implementing "Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation" with respect to sexual orientation in Malta |year= 2005 |publisher=Law.leiden.edu}}</ref>

Marriage is allowed as early as the age of 16, which would, in theory, allow a case to arise in which a wife (or husband) they press charges under this article. In practice, this problem has never arisen.

The concept of age-banding employed in for example Canada is not present in the Maltese legal system and sexual activity between one partner who is 17 years old and another who is 18 years old can constitute defilement of minors, depending on the circumstances, with no exception being allowed purely on the basis of the proximity of their ages.

==Moldova==
The age of consent in Moldova is '''16''', per Article 174- "''Sexual intercourse with a person under 16''", and Article 175- "''Perverted Actions''".<ref name="legislationline.org"/>

Article 174. Sexual Intercourse with a Person under the Age of 16

(1) Sexual intercourse other than rape as well as any other acts of vaginal or anal penetration committed with a person certainly known to be under the age of 16 shall be punished by imprisonment for up to 5 years.

(2) The person who committed the act set forth in par. (1) shall not be subject to criminal liability if he/she is similar to the victim in terms of age and physical and mental
development.

[Art.174 in version of Law No. 277-XVI dated 18.12.2008, in force as of 24.05.2009]

[Art.174 amended by Law No. 211-XV dated 29.05.03, in force as of 12.06.03]

Articles 171 and 172 provide harsher penalties for Rape and Violent Sexual Actions (including physical or mental coercion) against juveniles.

==Monaco==
The age of consent in Monaco is '''15'''.<ref>http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMonaco.pdf</ref>

==Montenegro==
The age of consent in Montenegro is '''14''', as set out in Article 206 of the Criminal Code. Article 207 makes it illegal for a teacher, instructor, guardian, adoptive parent, stepfather, stepmother or other person with a similar position to abuse one's position or authority in order to perform sexual intercourse or an equal act with a minor (under 18) entrusted for teaching, education, custody and care. Article 209 (2) makes it illegal for a person to "provide for performing debauchery, an act equal to it or some other sexual act to a minor". Article 216 prohibits "Extramarital community with a minor"
Article 216 reads: ''(1) An adult person who lives in an extramarital community with a minor, shall be punished by an imprisonment sentence of three months to three years.
''(2) A parent, adoptive parent or a guardian who enables a minor to live in an extramarital community with another person or incites him/her into it shall be punished by a penalty referred to in Paragraph 1 of this Article.''''.<ref>http://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/4168/preview</ref>

===History===
Montenegro decriminalized homosexual sex in 1977, with an equal age of consent, set at 14.

==Netherlands==
The age of consent in the Netherlands is '''16''', as specified by the Dutch Criminal Code at Article 245,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/cgi-bin/deeplink/law1/title=WETBOEK%20VAN%20STRAFRECHT/article=245/ |title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854 |language=nl |publisher=Wetten.overheid.nl |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> and Article 247 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/cgi-bin/deeplink/law1/title=WETBOEK%20VAN%20STRAFRECHT/article=247/ |title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854 |language=nl |publisher=Wetten.overheid.nl |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> which read:

Art 245: "''A person who, out of wedlock, with a person who '''has reached the age of twelve but has not reached sixteen''', performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than eight years or a fine of the fifth category.''"

Art 247: "''A person who, with a person whom he knows to be unconscious or physically unable to resist or to be suffering from such a degree of mental defect or mental disease that he is incapable or not sufficiently capable of exercising or expressing his will in the matter or of offering resistance, performs indecent acts, or who, with a person who '''has not yet reached the age of sixteen (16) years''', out of wedlock, performs indecent acts, or by whom the latter is enticed into performing, or submitting to such acts, out of wedlock, with a third party, is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than six years or a fine of the fourth category.''"

Close-in-age exceptions (for consensual acts between adolescents close in age, within "social-ethical norms") are at the discretion of the prosecution. Acts such as a ménage-a-trois, or an unequal relationship, e.g. the perpetrator (17) wasn't in love while the victim (15) was, can also be considered outside "social-ethical norms".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.juridischkennisportaal.nl/wiki/strafrecht/ontucht-cq-feitelijke-aanranding/jurisprudentie-ontucht-leeftijdsverschil.htm |title=Jurisprudentie ontucht - leeftijdsverschil - Juridisch kennisportaal |publisher=Juridischkennisportaal.nl |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

===History===
In the 1990s, the [[Netherlands]] gained international attention due to its policies regarding the age of consent. Between 1990 and 2002<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=yit1CY_4BRMC }} |title=Regulating sex: the politics of intimacy and identity – Elizabeth Bernstein, Laurie Schaffner |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-03-19}}</ref> the Netherlands operated what was in effect an age of consent of 12, subject to qualifications. The relevant law, passed in November, 1990, permitted sexual intercourse for young people between 12 and 16 in most circumstances, but allowed a challenge by parents or by the Protection of Children if there was evidence of [[Sexual exploitation|exploitation]].<ref>Evans, David T. (1993). ''Sexual Citizenship: The Material Construction of Sexualities'', p. 208. Routledge, London. ISBN 0-415-05799-X.</ref> Although the age of consent was often reported internationally to be 12, this was partly misleading, because sexual acts up to 16 remained open to prosecution. The Netherlands has gained an international reputation of being extremely liberal on sexual issues, with some of this is due to exaggerated reports in foreign media and claims by foreign politicians, rather than due to reality. For instance, during the 1980s, some conservative campaigners in the US claimed that children were sold into sexual slavery at "auctions" held in [[Amsterdam]]; but did not produce any evidence to support their claims.<ref>{{cite web|author=Al Heigl, Webmaster |url=http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume1/j1_1_6.htm |title=IPT Journal - "Mass Hysteria in Oude Pekela" |publisher=Ipt-forensics.com |date=2014-04-15 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

==Northern Cyprus==
[[Northern Cyprus]] has an age of consent of '''16''' as designated in the Penal Code (''Ceza Yasası'', Art. 153 & 154).

===History===
Prior to 2014, [[sodomy]] was illegal, the age of consent only applied to females and sexual contact with a female between the ages of 13 and 16 was a misdemeanor. As of 2014, the age of consent is set at 16 for both males and females, sexual contact with any child under 16 regardless of gender is a felony and the ban on sodomy is lifted, thereby legalizing homosexual sex.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>

==Norway==
The age of consent in Norway is '''16''', as specified by the 1902 General Civil Penal Code §196: which reads: "''Any person who engages in sexual activity with a child who is '''under 16 years''' of age shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 years.''" Aggravating circumstances as recidivism, multiple perpetrators, and unusual degree of degradation and pain, or physical harm (including, specifically, sexually transmitted diseases) may raise the maximum penalty.

The penal code on the age of consent is two-tiered. §195 of the same penal code increases the maximum penalty for sexual activity with a child who is under 14 years of age. According to Chapter 1 of the penal code, §195 applies also if the act was committed outside Norway and by a non-Norwegian citizen or resident.

Even though one may be found guilty of violating the age of consent code, if those involved are "about equal as regards age and development", the court can exercise its own discretion to suspend passing a sentence.

===History===
Sexual relations between two women was never explicitly criminalized, but have been prosecuted under the general indecency law of the Civil Penal Code of 1842.<ref>{{cite web|author=Apollon Postboks 1076 Blindern |url=http://www.apollon.uio.no/bokanmeldelser/2000/homoseksualitet.html |title=Homoseksualitet mellom fortielse og straff |language=no |publisher=Apollon |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

In 1951 a Norwegian ministry of justice white paper recommended de-criminalization of homosexual acts in the 1903 Civil Penal Code §213, but this was rejected by the Norwegian Parliament (Stortinget). The ban on sex between men, which also outlawed cohabitation<ref>[[:no:Konkubinatparagrafen]] {{Better source|date=February 2014}}</ref> as well as sex with animals, was repealed in 1972<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19020522-010-023.html#196/00_Norway_Penal%20Code.asp |title=Lovdata - Sender deg til riktig side |publisher=Lovdata.no |date=1902-05-22 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ub.uio.no/ujur/ulovdata/lov-19020522-010-eng.pdf |format=PDF |title=Quotations taken from the Ministry of Justice's (unofficial translation), though updated with current (September 2012) changes in the code |publisher=Ub.uio.no}}</ref> ([[bestiality]] having been recriminalized in 2008<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.regjeringen.no/en/archive/Stoltenbergs-2nd-Government/Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Food/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/nyheter/2009/new-animal-welfare-act-.html?id=562543 |title=New Animal Welfare Act |work=regjeringen.no |date=15 May 2009 |accessdate=13 July 2014}}</ref>).

===Svalbard===
According to the Svalbard Treaty, Norwegian law is applied as the minimum standard. The age of consent is therefore '''16'''.

==Poland==
The age of consent in Poland is '''15''', as specified by the Polish Criminal Code, Article 200, which reads:

"''Article 200. § 1. Whoever subjects a minor '''under 15 years''' of age to sexual intercourse or makes him/her submit to another sexual act or to perform such an act shall be subject to the penalty of the deprivation of liberty for a term of between 2 and 12 years.''" 
"''§ 2. The same punishment shall be imposed on anyone, who records pornographic material with the participation of such a person.''"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.era.int/domains/corpus-juris/public_pdf/polish_penal_code2.pdf |title=Part 2 of the unofficial English translation of the Polish Criminal Code |work=Academy of European Law |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413010314/http://www.era.int/domains/corpus-juris/public_pdf/polish_penal_code2.pdf |archivedate=13 April 2007 |accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://isip.sejm.gov.pl/servlet/Search?todo=file&id=WDU19970880553&type=3&name=D19970553Lj.pdf |format=PDF |title=Polish Criminal Code |language=Polish |publisher=Isip.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref>

===History===
Poland never imposed laws against homosexuality. However, in 1876 homosexuality was criminalised by the laws of occupying countries (see [[Partitions of Poland]]). In 1932 the first Polish Criminal Code after regaining independence was introduced, making the age of consent of 15 for all sexual acts, regardless of [[sexual orientation]].

==Portugal==
Since September 2007, the age of consent laws of Portugal states '''14''', regardless of sexual behaviour, gender or sexual orientation, as a result of the constitutional court of Portugal ruling on constitutional protection that explicitly includes "[[sexual orientation]]", formally into the Constitution of Portugal back in 2004. Since September 2007, the age of consent was formally equalised as part of the Penal Code of September 2007. Although the age of consent is stipulated at 14 in Portugal, the legality of sexual acts with a ''minor between 14 and 16'' is open to legal interpretation since the law states that it is illegal to perform a sexual act with an adolescent between 14 and 16 years old "by taking advantage of their inexperience".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avert.org/aofconsent.htm |title=Worldwide Ages of Consent |publisher=Avert.org |date=3 November 2011 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

===History===
Homosexual acts were legalised for the first time in Portugal in 1852, with an equal age of consent at that time - although homosexuality was again re-criminalised in 1912. They were decriminalised a second time in 1982 and an age of consent was set at 16, in line with heterosexual activities. In 1995, a new Penal Code was introduced with "different circumstances" for different sexual behaviours. Since September 2007, the age of consent, regardless of sexual behaviour, gender or sexual orientation, is '''14''' {{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}.

'''See also:''' [[LGBT rights in Portugal]]

==Romania==
The new Romanian Criminal Code,<ref name="avocatura.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.avocatura.com/ll491-noul-cod-penal.html |title=Noul Cod Penal (2014) |language=ro |publisher=Avocatura.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> which came into force on 1 February 2014, sets a general age of consent of '''15'''. However, sexual acts that do not include penetration may be performed from age 13. There is also a close-in-age exemption: the sexual acts are not punished if the age difference between the partners is less than 3 years.

The law sets several other restrictions in regard to children under 13: it is illegal for an adult to perform sexual acts in view of such a child; to show pornographic materials to such a child or to induce the child to view [[sex show]]s; or to solicit such a child to meet for sexual acts (such as on-line solicitation).

In addition, it is illegal for an adult to engage in acts of sexual penetration with an adolescent under 18, if the adult abuses the authority or influence they have over the child in order to gain the sexual access.

The relevant articles of the Criminal Code are Art. 220, Art. 221 and Art. 222. All these laws are gender neutral and apply regardless of the sexual orientation of those involved.<ref name="avocatura.com"/>

===History===
For a very long time, the age of consent in Romania was 14. The Penal Code of 1864, which followed shortly after the [[United Principalities|union of the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia]], and was in force between 1865 and 1936, set an age of consent of 14. Under this code, Article 263 read: "Any assault against decency, whether completed or attempted, ''without violence'', upon the person of a child, either male or female, aged ''less than 14 years'', shall be punished with imprisonment between two and three years." Article 264 defined "assault against decency with violence", the equivalent of the nowadays crime of [[rape]] (although the term "rape" was not used in that code), and stipulated that the maximum penalty should be given if the victim was under 15 years of age.<ref>http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/g42tamju/codul-penal-din-1864</ref> In 1936, a new criminal code came into force. Article 421 read: "The man who has sexual intercourse with a girl under 14 years of age commits the offense of assault against decency without violence, and is punishable by imprisonment between one and three years." However, if aggravated factors existed (such as pregnancy, a sexually transmitted disease, or committed by a person with a specific relation to the victim, or by several persons) the punishment was increased. With regard to rape (article 419) the victim being under 14 constituted an aggravating factor.<ref>http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/heztqnzu/codul-penal-din-1936</ref> After the installation of the communist regime, the code was modified several time, and, in 1969, a new penal code came into effect. Nevertheless, the age of consent of 14 was maintained. Article 198 of the 1969 code read: "Sexual intercourse with a female person who has not attained the age of 14 is punishable by imprisonment of one to five years." In a case of rape, similarly with the previous code, the victim being under 14 constituted an aggravating factor (Article 197).<ref>http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/he2demzw/codul-penal-din-1968</ref>

The late 1990s and the early 21st century saw major modifications to the criminal code, in an effort to modify what was seen as outdated provisions, especially as Romania prepared to enter the EU. As such, homosexuality was decriminalized, the text of several criminal offences was modified by making it gender-neutral, the age of consent was lifted to 15 (applicable to both girls and boys), punishments for several sexual crimes were increased, and the stipulation that a rapist could avoid punishment after rape if he married his victim was abolished. Changes were made through Law no. 140/1996, Law No. 197/2000, Emergency Ordinance no. 89/2001, and Emergency Ordinance no. 143/2002. Nevertheless, the rapid adoption of numerous laws led to poorly drafted and contradictory texts, which have caused difficulty among the jurisprudence and doctrine, and several cases ended to the [[High Court of Cassation and Justice]] in order to clarify the interpretation of the law.<ref>http://oaji.net/articles/2015/2064-1432808734.pdf</ref> Finally, a new criminal code entered into force on 1 February 2014.

==Russia==
The age of consent in Russia is '''16'''. The age of consent changed several times in Russian history: the ''Criminal Code of [[RSFSR]]'' (Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic) stated "sexual maturity" as the age of consent;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1103 |title=Soviet Medicine: Culture, Practice, and Science | Reviews in History |publisher=History.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/uk136-e.html |title=Criminal Code of the RSFSR (1934), Articles 136-161 |publisher=Cyberussr.com |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=Nx0gnXpMbnsC |page=14 }} |title=Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure: The RSFSR Codes - Russian S.F.S.R. |publisher= |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> when the ''[[Criminal Code of Russia]]'' was adopted in 1996, the age of consent was proclaimed to be the same regardless of [[sexual orientation]] and was set to 16 years old;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc;base=LAW;n=18831;p=5#p1073 |title="Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации" от 13.06.1996 N 63-ФЗ (ред. от 27.05.1998) |publisher=Consultant.ru |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> in 1998 it was lowered to 14 years;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc;base=LAW;n=45566#p29 |title=Федеральный закон от 25.06.1998 N 92-ФЗ (ред. от 08.12.2003) "О внесении изменений и дополнений в Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации" |publisher=Consultant.ru |date=25 June 1998 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> and in 2003 it was returned again to '''16''' years<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc;base=LAW;n=57610;p=1#p243 |title=Федеральный закон от 08.12.2003 N 162-ФЗ (ред. от 05.01.2006) "О внесении изменений и дополнений в Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации" |publisher=Consultant.ru |date=13 June 1996 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> (which is '''the current age of consent in Russia'''). Law of early 2012 tightened the consent laws in Articles 134 and 135 considerably.

Article 134. Sexual Intercourse and Other Actions of Sexual Character with a Person Who Has Not Reached the Age of Sixteen Years

1. Sexual intercourse committed by a person who has reached the age of eighteen years with a person who has not reached the age of sixteen years - shall be punishable by obligatory labour for a term of up to 480 hours, or by restriction of liberty for a term of up to four years, or by compulsory labour for a term of up to four years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years.

2. Pederasty or lesbianism in respect of a person who has not reached sixteen years of age effected by a person who has reached eighteen years of age - shall be punishable by compulsory labour for a term of up to five years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to six years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years.

3. The deeds stipulated by Part One and Two of this Article committed to a person who has reached twelve years of age but has not reached fourteen years of age - shall be punishable with deprivation of freedom for a term of three to ten years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to fifteen years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such.

4. The deeds stipulated by Parts One, Two or Three of this Article committed in respect of two or more persons - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of eight to fifteen years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years.

5. The deeds provided for by Parts One, Two, Three or Four of this article made by a group of persons, by a group of persons by previous concert or by an organised group - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of twelve to twenty years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such.

6. The deeds provided for by Part Three of this article made by a person with a previous conviction for having committed an offence against sexual integrity of a minor - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of fifteen to twenty years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years or by life imprisonment.

Note.
1. A person who for the first time has committed the crime stipulated by Part One of this Article, shall be relieved of punishment by court if it is established that such person and the action committed by him/her are no longer socially dangerous in connection with his/her entry into marriage with the victim.

2. Where the age difference between the victim and the accused person is less than four years, the latter shall not be punishable by deprivation of liberty for the committed deed provided for by Part One of this article or by Part One of Article 135 of this Code.

Article 135. Depraved Actions

1. The commission of lecherous actions without using violence by a person who has reached eighteen years of age in respect of a person who has not reached sixteen years of age -
shall be punishable by obligatory labour for a term of up to 440 hours, or by restriction of liberty for a term of up to three years, or by compulsory labour for a term of up to five years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years.

2. The same deed committed in respect of the person who has reached twelve years of age but has not reached fourteen years of age -
shall be punishable with deprivation of freedom for a term of three to eight years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to fifteen years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such.

3. The deeds provided for by Parts One or Two of this article made in respect of two or more persons -
shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of five to twelve years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years.

4. The acts stipulated by Parts one, two or three of this Article committed by a group of persons in preliminary collusion or by an organised group -
shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of seven to fifteen years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such.

Federal Law No. 14-FZ of 29 February 2012 supplemented Article 135 of this Code with part 5

5. The deed provided for by Part Two of this article which is made by the person who has a previous conviction for having committed an offence against sexual integrity of a minor -

shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of ten to fifteen years with deprivation of the right to hold definite offices or to engage in definite activities for a term of up to twenty years.

Former wording: -

Article 134. Illicit Sexual Relations or Other Sexual Actions with a Person Who Has Not Reached 16 Years of Age
Illicit sexual relations, pederasty, or lesbianism, committed by a person who has reached 18 years of age with a person who obviously has not reached 16 years of age, shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term of up to three years or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years.

Federal Law No. 73-FZ of 21 July 2004 amended Article 135 of the present Code

Article 135. Depraved Actions
Commission of depraved actions without the use of violence by the person who has reached the age of 18 years in relations to a person who obviously has not reached 16
years of age, shall be punishable by a fine in the amount up to 300 thousand roubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period up to two years, or by restraint of liberty for a term of up to two years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years.

Wording prior to 2004: -

Article 134. Illicit Sexual Relations or Other Sexual Actions with a Person Who Has Not Attained 14 Years of Age
Illicit sexual relations, pederasty, or lesbianism, committed by a person who has attained 18 years of age with a person who obviously has not attained 14 years of age,
shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term of up to three years or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years.

Article 135. Depraved Actions
Commission of depraved actions without the use of violence, in relations to a person who obviously has not attained 14 years of age,
shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of 300 to 500 minimum wages, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of three to five months, or by restraint of liberty for a term of up to two years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years.

However, only a person over 18 can be charged. Charges are relatively low (up to 4 years of prison), regardless of gender and "obscene actions" (with even less charges). If the victim is not understanding the nature and consequences of the act (due to their age being under 12 or mental abilities), it will be considered rape and charged much more severely (up to 15 years of prison, or up to 20 if the victim is under 14).

'''Further reading:'''
* Criminal Code of the Russian Federation<ref>http://www.consultant.ru/popular/ukrf/</ref> (in Russian)
* Criminal Code of the Russian Federation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/popular/ukrf/10_26.html |title=ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ ПРОТИВ ПОЛОВОЙ НЕПРИКОСНОВЕННОСТИ И ПОЛОВОЙ СВОБОДЫ ЛИЧНОСТИ - Уголовный кодекс РФ (УК РФ) от 13.06.1996 N 63-ФЗ \ Консультант Плюс |publisher=Consultant.ru |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> — Chapter 18 (in Russian)
* [[LGBT rights in Russia]]

===History===
The penalty for having sex with a minor is not always applied. For example, in 2005, Valentina Isaeva gave birth to a girl in Moscow, Russia at the age of 11 years, 10 months.<ref>{{cite web|author=18.05.2005 |url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/18-05-2005/8262-pregnancy-0/ |title=11-year-old child expects a baby in Moscow |publisher=English pravda.ru |date=2005-05-18 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> The father was 19-year-old Habibula Patahonov from Tajikistan, who rented a room in a flat where Valentina was living with her grandmother. The child's father was sentenced conditionally for child abuse but was not jailed because he was willing to support Valentina and their daughter.<ref>{{cite web|author=Автор: НАГАЙЦЕВА Ольга |url=http://kp.by/daily/24018/88459/ |title=Судьба родившей 11-летки Вали Исаевой: "Супруг" живет на детское пособие и требует, чтобы Валя бросила школу. Часть 2 // KP.RU |publisher=Kp.by |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

==San Marino==
The age of consent in [[San Marino]] is '''14''', per ''Article 173''.<ref>http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/898586b1dc7b4043c1256a450044f331/1bdcfbc31d86f66bc1256da600366876/$FILE/G0340784.pdf</ref> It is also illegal, under ''Article 177'', to "incite a minor under 18 years to sexual corruption".<ref>http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRC/Documents/Written%20Replies/wr-sanmarino-1.pdf</ref>

==Serbia==
The age of consent in Serbia is '''14''', regardless of sexual orientation or gender. This is regulated by Chapter 18 (Sexual Offences) of the [[Penal Code]] of the Republic of Serbia and especially Article 180 (prohibiting sexual intercourse with a child). Article 112 defines a child as a person under 14 years of age.
Article 181 prohibits sexual intercourse with a juvenile (defined in Article 112 as a person under 18) if the juvenile is entrusted for learning, tutoring, guardianship or care. Article 190 furthermore forbids cohabitation with a minor (person under 18) unless a marriage is conducted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/901/file/576c23dc41967e427086bf4c2b45.pdf |format=PDF |title=Serbian Criminal Code in English (translated by the OSCE mission to Serbia in February 2006) |publisher=Legislationline.org}}</ref>

===History===
From 1977 to 1994, sexual acts between men of any age was a criminal offence in Serbia, although the law has never been applied. Then in 1994, the age of consent was 18 just for anal sex between males; ''any male performing anal sexual conduct with another male, is punishable by up to 1 year in prison'', 16 for all other sexual conduct. Since 2006, an equal age of consent came into force, regardless of sexual orientation or gender - This is regulated by the section 110 of the Penal Code of the Republic of Serbia stating that "lewd acts" between a male adult and a male under the age of 16 is punishable by imprisonment from 1 to 8 years. There is no specific reference to "lewd acts" between two females of the same offence.

The province of [[Vojvodina]], a northern province of Serbia, had decriminalized [[homosexuality]] in 1978{{Citation needed|reason=this is bold statement, any proof is needed|date=April 2016}}, thus effectively making an equal age of consent for any sexual practice regardless of sex or gender. This lasted until Vojvodina lost its law-making power in 1990.

==Slovak Republic==
The age limit of sexual acts in Slovakia is '''15''', as specified by the Slovak Criminal Code, Section 201.

''§ 201 Sexual abuse
''1. Any person, who has sexual intercourse with a person '''less than fifteen years'''
''of age or who subjects such person to other sexual abuse, shall be liable to a
''term of imprisonment of three to ten years.''<ref>http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaSlovakia.pdf</ref>

===History===
The history before 1993 within Czechoslovakia is commons with the Czech Republic. Until 1961, homosexual acts were prohibited, however the Criminal Code of that year decriminalised such behaviour partially. However, under Paragraph 244, the age limit of restriction for homosexual acts was set at 18, besides the general limit 15 years. In 1990, the whole Paragraph 244 was repealed and the age limit became 15 for all.

==Slovenia==
The age of consent in Slovenia is '''15''', as specified by the Slovenian Penal Code, Article 183, Section 1, which reads: "''(1) Whoever has sexual intercourse or performs any lewd act with a person of the same or opposite sex '''under the age of fifteen (15) years''' where there is a marked discrepancy between the maturity of the perpetrator and that of the victim shall be sentenced to imprisonment for not less than six (6) months and not more than five (5) years.''"<ref>[http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaSlovenia.asp Interpol - National Laws - Slovenia] interpol.int</ref>

===History===
Until 1959, male homosexual acts were prohibited, as was the case in all of former Yugoslavia. A new Penal Code was introduced in 1977, which decriminalised homosexual acts and all discriminatory provisions were removed. In 1995, the age of consent was set at 14 for all acts. In 1999, the code was amended to raise the age of consent to 15 years and added the condition for "''a marked discrepancy between the maturity of the perpetrator and that of the victim'".

==Spain==
The age of consent in Spain is '''16''', under a new law which came into effect on 1 July 2015.<ref>http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/03/31/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-3439.pdf</ref><ref name="radiointereconomia.com">http://www.radiointereconomia.com/2015/07/01/las-20-claves-del-nuevo-codigo-penal/</ref>

Spanish Criminal Code Article 183:

''(1). El que realizare actos de carácter sexual con un menor de dieciséis años, será castigado como responsable de abuso sexual a un menor con la pena de prisión de dos a seis años.''

:Translation: Whoever performs sexual acts with a minor '''under sixteen years''', shall be punished for sexual abuse of a minor with imprisonment of two to six years.

''(3). Cuando el ataque consista en acceso carnal por vía vaginal, anal o bucal, o introducción de miembros corporales u objetos por alguna de las dos primeras vías, el responsable será castigado con la pena de prisión de ocho a doce años, en el caso del apartado 1...''

:Translation: When the attack consists of bodily entry through vaginal, anal or oral, or introduction of body parts or objects for some of the first two way, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment from eight to twelve years, in the case of paragraph 1...

There is a close in age exemption: ''El consentimiento libre del menor de dieciséis años excluirá la responsabilidad penal por los delitos previstos en este Capítulo, cuando el autor sea una persona próxima al menor por edad y grado de desarrollo o madurez''

:Translation: The free consent of the minor under sixteen excludes criminal responsibility for crimes under this chapter, if the perpetrator is a person close in age and level of development or maturity to that minor.

The age of consent rises to 18 if there is deception or abuse of a recognized position of trust, authority or influence over the minor.

Spanish Criminal Code Article 182:

''(1). El que, interviniendo engaño o abusando de una posición reconocida de confianza, autoridad o influencia sobre la víctima, realice actos de carácter sexual con persona mayor de dieciséis años y menor de dieciocho, será castigado con la pena de prisión de uno a tres años.''

:Translation: Whoever performs sexual acts with a person '''over sixteen and under eighteen''' by deception or abuse of a recognized position of trust, authority or influence, shall be punished with imprisonment of one to three years.

===History===
The same-sex sexual acts had been legal in Spain from 1822 to 1954, with the exception of the offence of "unusual or outrageous indecent acts with same-sex persons" in the years 1928-32. However, some homosexuals were arrested under the "Ley de Vagos y Maleantes" (Vagrants and Common Delinquents Law) during the Second Spanish Republic. Homosexual acts were illegal during Francisco Franco's regime, first with the amendment of the "Ley de Vagos y Maleantes" (Vagrants and Delinquents Common Law) in 1954, and later with the "Ley de Peligrosidad y Rehabilitación Social " (Social Law Against Danger) in 1970. In 1979 the Adolfo Suarez's democratic government eliminated the homosexual acts of the "Law of Danger and Social Rehabilitation" (Social Law Against Danger). A new Penal Code was introduced in 1995, which specified an age of consent of 12 for all sexual acts, this was raised to 13 in 1999, and to 16 in 2015.<ref name="radiointereconomia.com"/><ref>http://www.abc.es/videos-espana/20150630/entra-vigor-llamada-mordaza-4330498762001.html</ref>

==Sweden==
The age of consent in Sweden is '''15''', as specified by the Swedish Penal Code, Chapter 6 (On Sexual Crimes). The age of fifteen is referred to several times, for example in Section 4, which reads: "''A person who has sexual intercourse with a child under fifteen years of age or who with such a child carries out another sexual act that, having regard to the nature of the violation and the circumstances in general, is comparable to sexual intercourse, shall be sentenced for rape of a child to imprisonment for at least two and at most six years.''"

There is a ''position of trust'' rule in which the age of consent is raised to 18. The section mentioned above continues:"''The same applies to the person who carries out an act referred to in the first paragraph to a child more than fifteen years of age but less than eighteen years of age and who is offspring to the perpetrator or in the perpetrator's care or in a similar relationship to the perpetrator, or for whose care or guardianship the perpetrator is responsible due to the decision of a government agency.''"

It is not legal to have sexual intercourse with related adults either, but the sentences for that (up to two years) are considerably milder than those for rape of a child (two to six years, four to ten years if aggravated).

There is also a ''close in age exception'' (Chapter 6, Section 14) "''...not sentenced if it is obvious that the act is no violation of the child considered the small difference in age between the person who carries out the act and the child and other circumstances.''" In a verdict of 30 March 2007, the [[Supreme Court of Sweden|Supreme Court]] found that a 17-year-old boy had not committed a criminal act by having sexual intercourse with a girl 14 years and 7 months old. (Case B 415-07)<ref>[http://www.sweden.gov.se/download/cb79a8a3.pdf?major=1&minor=27777&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment sweden.gov] Swedish penal code.</ref>

The Swedish age of consent also applies if the act takes place outside Sweden but the elder person later goes to Sweden. The elder person doesn't have to be a Swedish citizen or resident, but could be a tourist on a temporary visit. This is regardless of the age of consent in the country where the act took place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lagen.nu/1962:700#K2P2S4 |title=Brottsbalk (1962:700) (BrB) |publisher=Lagen.nu |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lagen.nu/1962:700#K6P6S1 |title=Brottsbalk (1962:700) (BrB) |publisher=Lagen.nu |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

===History===
Homosexual acts, both between men and between women, were prohibited in Sweden since 1864, then in 1944 homosexual acts became legal - but with a higher age of consent of 18 (21 if the younger part was in a situation of dependency) than for heterosexual acts, which was always set at 15. The age of consent was finally equalized to 15 regardless of sexual orientation in 1978.<ref>Criminally queer: Homosexuality and criminal law in Scandinavia, 1842-1999. Amsterdam: Aksant 2007</ref>

Pornography laws were softened in the 1960s.<ref name="thelocal.se">[http://www.thelocal.se/20090121/17058 ''Swedish National Library in child porn scandal'' The Local 21 January 2009]</ref> In 1965 there was a review of previous laws governing pornography depicting children as part of the "child's rights to sexuality".<ref name="thelocal.se"/> From 1971 to 1980 it became legal to buy, sell, and possess child pornography that featured children as young as 10 or 11.<ref name="thelocal.se"/>

==Switzerland==
The age of consent in Switzerland is '''16''', as specified by the Swiss Federal Criminal Code, Article 187(1). However, there exists a close in age exception if the difference between the ages of the participants is three years or less (Article 187(2)).
* Swiss Federal Criminal Code<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/311_0/a187.html |title=RS 311.0 Code pénal suisse du 21 décembre 1937 |publisher=Admin.ch |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/311_0/a187.html |title=SR 311.0 Schweizerisches Strafgesetzbuch vom 21. Dezember 1937 |publisher=Admin.ch |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/i/rs/311_0/a187.html |title=RS 311.0 Codice penale svizzero del 21 dicembre 1937 |publisher=Admin.ch |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

==Turkey==
The age of consent in [[Turkey]] is the age of majority (set at '''18''' as per Article 11 of the Turkish Civil Code).

According to Article 104 of the Turkish Penal Code (''Türk Ceza Kanunu''), sexual intercourse with minors aged 15, 16 and 17 can only be prosecuted upon a complaint. However, if the offender is a person who is forbidden to marry the child by law or is a person who is obliged to take care of the child due to adoption or foster care, then the prosecution doesn't require a complaint and the punishment is aggravated.<ref name=turkishpenal>{{cite web|title=Turkish Penal Code|url=http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5237.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Mevzuat.gov.tr.|accessdate=3 July 2014|language=Turkish}}</ref>

Article 103 regulates any kind of sexual activity with minors under 15 (or minors under 18 who lack the ability to understand the legal meanings and consequences of such actions) as [[child sexual abuse]].<ref name=turkishpenal/>

===History===
The [[Ottoman Empire]], a predecessor state to the Republic of [[Turkey]], decriminalized sodomy in 1858. The age of consent in Turkey was set at 15 for both heterosexual and homosexual sex in the 1926 penal code, but this was raised to 18 in 1953. The new penal code of 2004 also set the age of consent for both heterosexual and homosexual sex at 18, with some differences, such as the act of having sexual intercourse with a minor over 15 being punishable upon a complaint.

==Ukraine==
The age of consent in Ukraine appears to be '''16''', although it is not specifically set in any one statute.

Article 155 states that sexual intercourse with a sexually immature person shall be punishable. Immaturity is irrefutably presumed in those under 14 {Art. 120CC and court rulings}. Those under 14 are considered children in Ukrainian law, additionally those under 16 are considered minors (generally read from all articles and court rulings).

However, sexual acts with those under 16 that are considered debauchery can also be prosecuted under Article 156.

'''''Article 155''' – Sexual intercourse with a sexually immature person

''1. Sexual intercourse with a '''sexually immature person''','' ''–
''shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term up to three years or imprisonment for the same term.''''
''2. The same actions committed by a parent or surrogate parent, or where they caused sterility or other grave consequences, –
''shall be punishable by imprisonment for a term of three to five years.''<ref name="http">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/7069 |title=Criminal Code (2001 as amended 2006) |publisher=Legislationline.org |date=12 January 2006 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

'''''Article 156''' – Debauchery of minors

''1. Debauched actions committed in regard of a '''person under 16 years of age, ''– '''''shall be punishable by arrest for a term up to six months, or restraint of liberty for a term up to three years.'''''''
''2. The same actions committed in regard of a young child, or by a parent or surrogate parent, – shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term up to five years, or imprisonment for a term up to three years.''<ref name="http"/><ref>[http://www.legislationline.org/upload/legislations/2e/4b/e7cc32551f671cc10183dac480fe.htm Legislationline.org]</ref>

==United Kingdom (and dependencies)==
The United Kingdom consists of the jurisdictions of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. UK national age of consent legislation does not apply to its dependencies, but they all have it set as 16.

===England and Wales===
The age of consent in [[England and Wales]] is '''16'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/advice/factfile_az/age_of_consent |title=Age of Consent according to BBC |publisher=www.bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> regardless of sexual orientation or gender, as specified by the [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/ukpga_20030042_en_2#pt1-pb5-l1g9 |title=Sexual Offences Act 2003 s. 9 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> However, if person A is over the age of 18 and is in a [[position of trust]] to person B who is under the age of 18, it is illegal for A to engage in sexual activity with B.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/ukpga_20030042_en_2#pt1-pb6-l1g16 |title=Sexual Offences Act 2003 s. 16 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> Section 47 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 makes it an offence to pay for or promise payment for sexual services of a person under 18 where the 'client' does not reasonably believe that person is over 18, or in any event for a person under 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/47 |title=Sexual Offences Act 2003 s. 47 |publisher=UKPGA |date= |accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref>

'''Further reading:'''
* Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885<ref>{{cite web|author=David Swarbrick |url=http://www.swarb.co.uk/acts/1885Criminal_Law_AmendmentAct.shtml |title=Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 (-) |publisher=swarb.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>
* Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/44/contents |title=Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

====History====
{{see also|LGBT rights in the United Kingdom}}
{{anchor|UK history}} The age of consent for heterosexual acts in England was set at 12 in 1275 during the reign of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]. The wording was along the lines of{{vague|date=September 2015}} "It shall be deemed illegal to ravage a maiden who is not of age" - at the time "of age" being 12. Therefore, there was technically no age of consent for the male participant. The English law became applicable in Wales following the Laws in Wales Acts (1536 and 1543). In [[Welsh law|medieval Welsh law]] there was no actual equivalent of the concept of the age of consent as such, but a girl was marriageable at 12–14 (the onset of puberty) and a fine was payable for the taking of a girl's maidenhood by force; the rules varied according to status and may not have been applied rigidly to [[commoner]]s.<ref>Dafydd Jenkins and Morfydd E. Owen (eds.), ''The Welsh Law of Women'' (University of Wales Press, 1980), pp. 48, 71, ''et seq.''.</ref>

A concern that young girls were being sold into brothels led Parliament to raise the age of consent to 13 in 1875 under the [[Offences against the Person Act 1875]]. After [[W. T. Stead]]'s [[The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon|''Maiden Tribute'']] articles, the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]] raised the age of consent to 16.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/20097046 Child prostitutes: How the age of consent was raised to 16
- BBC</ref>

Anal intercourse, both male-male and male-female, had been illegal and punishable by death since the [[Buggery Act 1533]]. In 1861, parliament passed the [[Offences against the Person Act 1861]], which abolished the death penalty for anal intercourse. The [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]] extended buggery laws to outlaw any kind of sexual activity between males.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/the-legacy-of-1885-girls-and-the-age-of-sexual-consent|title=The legacy of 1885: girls and the age of sexual consent|last=Bates|first=Victoria|date=8 September 2015|website=History & Policy|publisher=History & Policy|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> It is common [[folklore]] that an amendment that would have criminalised lesbian acts was rejected by Queen Victoria because she refused to believe that some women did such things; but it is likelier that those presenting the amendment excluded it (as did the [[House of Lords]] 40 years later) on the assumption that it would give women ideas.<ref>{{cite web |title=House of Commons Research Paper 99/4 21 January 1999: The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Bill: ‘Age of consent’ and abuse of a position of trust (Bill 10 of 1998–99) |url=http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp99/rp99-004.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=Parliament.uk}}</ref>

Male homosexual acts were decriminalised under the [[Sexual Offences Act 1967]], Section 1, although the age of consent for such acts was set at 21, whereas the age of consent for heterosexual acts was 16. However, this particular legislation applied only in England and Wales.

In 1994, on the second reading of the [[Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994]], the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Member of Parliament]] [[Edwina Currie]] introduced an amendment to lower the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16, in line with that for heterosexual acts; the amendment was defeated by 308 votes to 280. A compromise amendment that lowered the age of consent to 18 was accepted by 427 votes to 162. Also during the readings were motions to equalise the age of consent to 17 for all, to maintain the age of consent for homosexual acts to 21, and a further attempt to lower the age of consent to 16, all of which were rejected.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}

In 1997, the European Court of Human Rights case of ''Sutherland'' v ''the United Kingdom'' held that a higher age of consent for homosexuals than for heterosexuals was a breach of Article 14 in conjunction with Article 8 of the Convention. In response, the Government introduced the Crime and Disorder Bill that contained a provision lowering the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16. Though accepted by the House of Commons, the provision was rejected by the House of Lords. The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Bill, introduced in 1998, contained a similar provision, but once again it was rejected by the House of Lords. The Bill was reintroduced in 2000 and, despite opposition from the House of Lords, was passed under the [[Parliament Act 1911]] (which allows the House of Commons to overrule the House of Lords under certain circumstances). As the Scottish Parliament had been established prior to the reintroduction of the Bill, and the relevant legislation was a devolved issue, the consent of that Parliament under the [[Legislative Consent Motion|Sewel Convention]] was required – had that consent not been granted, the Scottish provisions would have had to be removed and it would not have been possible to use the Parliament Act.

The [[Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000]], became law in January 2001 throughout the UK, and thus equalized, regardless of gender, the age of consent at '''16''' for both heterosexual and homosexual acts (including, for the first time, lesbian acts), except those taking place between a 16–17 year old and someone "in a position of trust" (e.g. a teacher), where the age of consent was raised to 18.

The [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]] officially ended the concept of [[buggery]] in British law, as technically, heterosexual anal intercourse had still been illegal until the passing of this law. The passing of this law meant that there was no legal difference made between vaginal and anal intercourse, as well as sexual touching and newly added oral penetration and penetration by other body parts than penis. The Act also raised the legal age for pornography and prostitution from 16 to 18.

There have been various suggestions to lower the age of consent to 14 - in 1998 the New Labour government proposed this, but despite some Left wing and Youth support this had been dropped by early 2003 as lacking support, a decade later in early 2013 the suggestion by civil servants to lower the age of consent to 14 was rejected by the Conservative led coalition as ''offensive'' (at least under some circumstances) and attention was drawn to the impact of recent scandals on the reception to any proposals.

If the child is 13-15 inclusive and the other person concerned reasonably believed that she (usually she) was 16 or more no offence is committed. In practice this discourages prosecution where that defence might successfully be run. If a young woman, for example, goes willingly into a pub (saloon) where nobody under 18 can lawfully go the prosecuting authorities will probably decide that the defendant will readily be believed if he says he thought she was 18, let alone 16 or up.

===Scotland===
Since 1 December 2010, the age of consent in [[Scotland]] is '''16''', regardless of [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.scotsman.com/politics/Sex-crimes-law--.5463821.jp | location=Edinburgh | work=The Scotsman | title=Sex crimes law gets go-ahead | date=16 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theinformationdaily.com/2009/07/16/royal-assent-for-sexual-offences-bill |title=Royal Assent for Sexual Offences Bill |publisher=The Information Daily.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> Before that date, it was 16 for girls (under a statutory offence)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/39/section/5 |title=Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> and 14 for boys (the common law age of [[puberty]]). However, consensual sex with a girl aged between 13 and 16 is not [[rape]], but a lesser offence; on 1 December 2010 this has been given the specific name of "having intercourse with an older child".

====History====
Male homosexual acts were illegal in Scotland until 1980 when they were decriminalised by the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980, Section 80, which specified an age of consent of 21. The [[Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995]] lowered the age of consent of 18 and this was further lowered to 16 by the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 described above. [[Male rape]] was recognised along with a complete overhaul of sexual offences legislation under the '''[[Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009]]''' (in force from 1 December 2010, except for sections 52 and 53).<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2010/357/pdfs/ssi_20100357_en.pdf Scottish Statutory Instruments] legislation.gov</ref>

===Northern Ireland===
The age of consent in [[Northern Ireland]] is '''16''', regardless of sexual orientation or gender, as specified by the ''Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2008/draft/ukdsi_9780110800936_en_1 |title=The Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=2013-09-02 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> The reason the age of consent was lowered from 17 to 16 in 2008 with the '''Order''' was to bring it in line with the rest of the UK; Criminal Justice Minister Paul Goggins said there was no compelling reason for the age to be different in Northern Ireland than elsewhere.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7104052.stm | work=BBC News | title=NI age of consent to be lowered | date=20 November 2007}}</ref>

* [[LGBT rights in the United Kingdom]]

====History====
Gay male sexual conduct was illegal in Northern Ireland until 1982, when they were decriminalised by the ''[[Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982]]'', which specified an age of consent of 21 - in line with the rest of the UK at the time. The change was a result of the judgement in the [[European Court of Human Rights]] case of [[Dudgeon v. United Kingdom|''Dudgeon'' v ''United Kingdom'' (1981)]] in which the ECHR held that a prohibition on homosexual acts was a breach of Article 8 of the Convention. The age of consent for gay male sexual conduct was lowered to 18 in 1994 when the ''[[Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994]]'' was implemented (as to be in line with England and Wales). The age of consent in 2001 was then lowered to 17 for gay male sexual conduct - so that was in line with heterosexual and lesbian sexual conduct, by the ''[[Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000]]'', Section 1. Then in 2008 the age of consent for all individuals under an '''Order''' (mentioned above) was lowered to 16 so it was inline with the rest of the UK. Prior to 2008, the age of consent in Northern Ireland was always 17 for heterosexuals and lesbian sexual conduct.

===Akrotiri and Dhekelia===

For both of these Sovereign Base Areas (British military enclaves) on the island of Cyprus, the age of consent is '''16'''.

===Gibraltar===
Since 2011, the [[age of consent]] is equal and [[gender-neutral]] at '''16''' in [[Gibraltar]] (a [[British overseas territories|British overseas territory]]). The gender-neutral ''Crimes Bill 2011'' passed the [[Gibraltar Parliament]] and got [[Royal Assent|assent]]ed - implementing the 2011 Supreme Court of Gibraltar decision and by repealing and updating 140-year-old criminal laws of Gibraltar.<ref name="chronicle.gi">{{cite web |url=http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=22526 |title=Gibraltar Chronicle - The Independent Daily First Published 1801 |publisher=Chronicle.gi |date=20 August 2011 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

====History====
Male homosexual acts have been decriminalised in [[Gibraltar]] since 1993, where the age of consent was higher at 18 for gay men, 16 for lesbians and heterosexuals. Anal sex was illegal for heterosexuals regardless. An equal age of consent set at 16 and legalising heterosexual anal sex happened because of a recent Supreme Court decision in 2011,<ref>.http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=21474</ref> then in 2011, under the gender-neutral ''Crimes Act 2011'' implemented an equal and gender-neutral age of consent of 16 and legalised anal sex for heterosexuals - reflecting the Supreme Court of Gibraltar decision and by repealing and updating 140-year-old criminal laws of Gibraltar.<ref name="chronicle.gi"/>

===Guernsey (including Alderney, Herm and Sark)===
Since 2012, the age of consent in the Bailiwick of [[Guernsey]] (a Crown Dependency including [[Alderney]], [[Herm]] and [[Sark]]) is '''16''', regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation.<ref name="guernseylegalresources.gg">[http://www.guernseylegalresources.gg/article/104112/Sexual-Offences-Bailiwick-of-Guernsey-Amendment-Law-2011]</ref>

====History====
In 1983, male homosexual acts were decriminalised with the age of consent set at 21 (in line with the UK at that time). In 1999, the age of consent for male homosexual acts was lowered to 18. Then in 2012, the age of consent for male homosexual acts was equalised at 16, regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation.<ref name="guernseylegalresources.gg"/>

===Isle of Man===
The age of consent in the [[Isle of Man]], a Crown Dependency, is '''16''', last amended in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|author=Published on Friday 11 August 2006 10:39 |url=http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/GAY-SEX-AGE-LOWERED-TO.1689805.jp |title=GAY SEX AGE LOWERED TO 16 - Isle of Man News - Isle of Man Today |publisher=Iomtoday.co.im |date=11 August 2006 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

====History====
Prior to 1992, sodomy was illegal, then under the ''Sexual Offences (Isle Of Man) Act 1992'' (after assent) the age of consent was set at 21 for sodomy (in line with the UK at that time). Then in 2001, the age of consent for male homosexual acts was lowered to 18 under the ''Criminal Justice Act 2001''.<ref>[http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/cja2001.pdf ] {{wayback|url=http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/cja2001.pdf |date=20110607225541 |df=y }}</ref> In 2006, under the ''Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2006''<ref>[http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/sexoffences.pdf ] {{wayback|url=http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/sexoffences.pdf |date=20110607225615 |df=y }}</ref> the age of consent was lowered to '''16''', became gender-neutral for all sexual conduct, regardless of sexual orientation or gender.

'''See also:'''
* [[LGBT rights in the Isle of Man]]

===Jersey===
The age of consent in the Bailiwick of [[Jersey]], a Crown Dependency, is '''16''', last amended in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/Law/Display.aspx?url=LawsInForce%2fhtm%2flawfiles%2f2007%2fL-02-2007.htm |title=Sexual Offences (Jersey) Law 2007 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=19 January 2007 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

====History====
Prior to 1990, sodomy was illegal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2fconsolidated%2f08%2f08.500_SodomieLoi1938_RevisedEdition_31August2004.htm |title=Loi (1938) modifiant le droit criminel (sodomie et bestialité) |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> in Jersey for both men and women until 1990 although the age of consent for homosexual acts other than sodomy was the same as for heterosexual acts. In 1990, the age of consent for sodomy between consenting males was set at 21 (the UK at that time maintained the age of consent of 21 for all homosexual acts between males).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/Law/display.aspx?URL=lawsinforce%5chtm%5cLawFiles%5c1990%2fJersey_Law_15-1990.htm |title=Jersey Law | SEXUAL OFFENCES (JERSEY) LAW 1990 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=5 May 2006 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> In 1995, the sodomy age of consent became 18 (under the Sexual Offences (Jersey) Law 1995). In 2007, the age of consent was lowered to '''16''', became gender-neutral for all sexual conduct (including sodomy); regardless of [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender]].

'''Further reading'''
* Sexual Offences (Jersey) Law 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/Law/Display.aspx?url=LawsInForce%2fhtm%2flawfiles%2f2007%2fL-02-2007.htm |title=Jersey Law | SEXUAL OFFENCES (JERSEY) LAW 2007 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=2007-01-19 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> (became gender-neutral for all sexual conduct, including sodomy; regardless of sexual orientation and/or gender at '''16''', effective since 2007)

==Vatican City==
Law No. VIII of 11 July 2013, entitled "Supplementary Laws on Criminal Law Matters" establishes the present law for the State of Vatican City regarding criminal penalties for sexual acts with minors. Article 4 of Law No. VIII defines "minor" for the purposes of that law to mean "every human being below the age of eighteen years." Article 8, paragraphs 1 through 4, establish criminal penalties for anyone who engages in sexual acts with a person below the age of 18. Paragraph 5 of Article 8 provides an exception to this by stating that "the offence does not exist if the sexual acts take place within a marriage."<ref>[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/Law%20N.%20VIII%20-%20Supplementary%20Norms%20on%20Criminal%20Law.pdf LAW N. VIII: SUPPLEMENTARY NORMS ON CRIMINAL LAW MATTERS] vaticanstate.va</ref> Canon 1083 of the [[1983 Code of Canon Law]] states that "A man before he has completed his sixteenth year of age and a woman before she has completed her fourteenth year of age cannot enter into a valid marriage."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Y.HTM |title=Code of Canon Law - IntraText |publisher=Vatican.va |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> Thus, in the context of this article, the age of consent in Vatican City may be considered 14 for married females who are having sexual relations with their husbands only, 16 for married males having relations with their wives only, but 18 for everyone else, whether married or not{{citation needed|reason=In this moment this is private opinion.|date=September 2015}}.

It should also be noted that the "Law of the Source of Law" of the Vatican State requires that any local laws must first defer to divine law, to Papal decrees, and to canon law. As the Vatican understands divine law, even if not sanctioned with criminal penalties by the state, all sex outside of marriage is illicit regardless of the age or willingness of those who engage in it.

When the Vatican City was first formed, it adopted the then-Italian age of consent of 12 as per the [[Lateran Treaty]] of 1929. Until July 2013 it had the lowest age of consent in Europe, but after that month, when the Pope made his decree, it became the highest.<ref name=ODwyer/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Sexuality|Law}}
* [[Age of consent]]
* [[Age of consent reform]]
* [[Ages of consent in Africa]]
* [[Ages of consent in Asia]]
* [[Ages of consent in North America]]
* [[Ages of consent in Oceania]]
* [[Ages of consent in South America]]
* [[Sex education]]
* [[Comprehensive sex education]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Ellen, Barbara. "[http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jan/13/age-of-consent-is-right-at-16 Keep the age of consent at 16 – for children's sake ]." ''[[The Guardian]]''. Sunday 13 January 2013.

==External links==
* [http://www.avert.org/aofconsent.htm Worldwide ages of consent] (last updated 23 August 2010)

{{Sexual ethics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ages Of Consent In Europe}}
[[Category:Age of consent by continent|Europe]]
[[Category:Adolescent sexuality in Europe]]

User talk:Mx. Granger

2016-08-15T13:30:40Z

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== About Article "California Graduate School of Theology" ==

Do you have any evidence that the California Bureau for Private Postsecondary Education (BPPE) has approved the school to offer degrees ranging from the Bachelor of Arts/Theology, .... Doctor of Theology, and Doctor of Philosophy '''in 2012''' ? I'd appreciate if you give me the information.[[Special:Contributions/218.238.188.142|218.238.188.142]] ([[User talk:218.238.188.142|talk]]) 02:09, 3 August 2016 (UTC)

:No, I'm afraid I don't know anything about the [[California Graduate School of Theology]]. I suggest posting on the article's talk page to see if anyone watching it can help. —[[User:Mr. Granger|Granger]] ([[User talk:Mr. Granger|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Mr. Granger|contribs]]) 14:00, 3 August 2016 (UTC)

== Please comment on [[Talk:Truck#rfc_E721D04|Talk:Truck]] ==

The [[WP:Feedback request service|feedback request service]] is asking for participation in [[Talk:Truck#rfc_E721D04|this request for comment on '''Talk:Truck''']].   [[User:Legobot|Legobot]] ([[User talk:Legobot|talk]]) 04:26, 4 August 2016 (UTC)

== Why did you do this? ==

{{Moved discussion to|Talk:Gray rape|2=—[[User:Mr. Granger|Granger]] ([[User talk:Mr. Granger|talk]] '''·''' [[Special:Contributions/Mr. Granger|contribs]]) 18:03, 8 August 2016 (UTC)}}

==Disambiguation link notification for August 8==

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== Adding Reliable Sources for Minh Quan Phan's Wikidiapage. ==

Hi Mr. Granger,

My name is Minh Quan Phan. I'm a composer and pianist which can find out in some media and music network like iTunes, Spotify, Vevo and MTV. First, I wish you all the best. However, I write this message to you because I saw that you're require my wikipedia page "Minh Quan Phan" adding reliable sources of biograpgy living person. I just do it by adding more source about my work, videos, musics of me and some article. Nowadays, Internet an Media is something very important for all musicians like me to help our audience know about their favourite artist and musicians information. That's why I create myself a wikipedia page and also a wikidata to help my audience indentify my music and some of my biography. By approve my wikipedia page, you're help me alot of my career by now and future. If there is any information need to adding, please let me know. Thank you for your time by reading this message. I'm looking foward from you.

Best Regards,
Minh Quan Phan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minh_Quan_Phan — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:Minhquanphan|Minhquanphan]] ([[User talk:Minhquanphan|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Minhquanphan|contribs]]) 00:13, 13 August 2016 (UTC) 

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== Clarification on Turkey. Age of Consent ==

I noted (and undid) your comment and the recent edit. I have created a talk section on the age of consent page for Turkey.

Age of consent in Europe

2016-08-15T13:28:39Z

155.4.129.44: Undid revision 734600924 by Mr. Granger (talk)

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}
[[File:Age of consent in Europe.svg|thumb|300 px|Age of consent by country 
{{Color box|#00CED1}} – 14 
{{Color box|#1E90FF}} – 15 
{{Color box|#0000CD}} – 16 
{{Color box|#808000}} – 17 
{{Color box|#32CD32}} – 18]]
The [[Age of consent|ages of consent]] vary by jurisdiction across [[Europe]]. The ages of consent are currently set between '''14''' and '''18'''. The vast majority of countries set their ages in the range of 14 to 16; only five countries, Cyprus (17), Ireland (17), Malta (18), Turkey (18) and Vatican (18), do not fit into this pattern. The laws can also stipulate the specific activities that are permitted or differentially specify the age at which a given sex can participate. Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject. The highlighted age is that at which, or above which, an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is also at or above that age. In 2014, the self-declared state of the [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]] lifted the ban on [[sodomy]], decriminalizing homosexual sex.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25918330 |title=BBC News - Northern Cyprus lifts ban on gay sex |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2014-01-27 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> All other jurisdictions in Europe have an equal and [[gender-neutral]] age limit.

The below is a list of all jurisdictions in Europe as listed in [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe]].

==International obligations==
Neither the [[European Union]] nor the [[Council of Europe]] have suggested any specific age of consent, and there has not been any effort so far to standardize the age across member states. However, most countries in Europe now have binding legal obligations in regard to the sexual abuse of children under 18. The [[Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse|Lanzarote Convention]],<ref>http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/treaties/Html/201.htm</ref> which came into effect in 2011, obligates the countries that ratify it to criminalize certain acts concerning children under 18, such as the involvement of such children in prostitution and pornography. Other acts that must be criminalized include:

"Engaging in sexual activities with a child (child is defined in Article 3 as "person under the age of 18 years") where:

*Use is made of coercion, force or threats; or
*Abuse is made of a recognised position of trust, authority or influence over the child, including within the family; or
*Abuse is made of a particularly vulnerable situation of the child, notably because of a mental or physical disability or a situation of dependence."

The age of consent is called "the legal age for sexual activities" and must be chosen by states at the age they see fit. (No specific age is recommended.) As of May 2016, the convention has been ratified by 41 states, while another 6 states have signed but not yet ratified the convention.<ref>http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/201/signatures</ref>

In the European Union (EU 28), there is a [[Directive (European Union)|directive]] regarding the sexual abuse of children under 18, known as ''"Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography"''.<ref>http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:335:0001:0014:EN:PDF</ref>

==Consent by age==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
!Age
!Countries (links are to sections on this page)
|-
|14
|[[#Albania|Albania]], [[#Austria|Austria]], [[#Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[#Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[#Estonia|Estonia]], [[#Germany|Germany]], [[#Hungary|Hungary]], [[#Italy|Italy]], [[#Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]], [[#Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[#Montenegro|Montenegro]], [[#Portugal|Portugal]], [[#San Marino|San Marino]], [[#Serbia|Serbia]]
|-
|15
|[[#Croatia|Croatia]], [[#Czech Republic|Czech Republic]], [[#Denmark|Denmark]], [[#France|France]], [[#Greece|Greece]], [[#Iceland|Iceland]], [[#Monaco|Monaco]], [[#Poland|Poland]], [[#Romania|Romania]], [[#Slovak Republic|Slovakia]], [[#Slovenia|Slovenia]], [[#Sweden|Sweden]]
|-
|16
|[[#Andorra|Andorra]], [[#Armenia|Armenia]], [[#Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], [[#Belarus|Belarus]], [[#Belgium|Belgium]], [[#Finland|Finland]], [[#Georgia|Georgia]], [[#Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[#Kosovo|Kosovo]], [[#Latvia|Latvia]], [[#Lithuania|Lithuania]], [[#Luxembourg|Luxembourg]], [[#Moldova|Moldova]], [[#Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[#Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]], [[#Norway|Norway]], [[#Russia|Russia]], [[#Spain|Spain]], [[#Switzerland|Switzerland]], [[#Ukraine|Ukraine]], [[#United Kingdom (and dependencies)|United Kingdom]]
|-
|17
|[[#Cyprus|Cyprus]], [[#Ireland|Ireland]]
|-
|18
|[[#Malta|Malta]], [[#Turkey|Turkey]], [[#Vatican City|Vatican City]]
|}

Some of these countries, however, have laws which offer increased protection for children who have reached the age of consent, but are still minors, for example by enacting laws which stipulate that it is illegal to engage in sexual acts with such children under exploitative circumstances (such laws exist in e.g. Austria, Denmark, Germany, Liechtenstein, Portugal). These laws can be found mostly in the countries which have a lower age of consent.

As of 2014, 15 is the most common age of consent in the European Union.<ref name=ODwyer>O'Dwyer, Peter. "[http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/features/the-age-of-consent-debate-where-does-ireland-stand-264694.html The age of consent debate: Where does Ireland stand?]" ([http://www.webcitation.org/6eViNkQOU Archive]). ''[[Irish Examiner]]''. Wedneday April 9, 2014. Retrieved on January 14, 2016.</ref>

==Albania==
Since 2001, the age of consent in Albania is '''14''', regardless of gender and sexual orientation. In the case of a girl, however, sex is illegal if she is over 14 but has not reached "sexual maturity", as provided by article 100 of the criminal code.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1565/file/d46a10bcf55b80aae189eb6840b4.htm/preview|title=CRIMINAL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA|accessdate=11 April 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613054559/http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1565/file/d46a10bcf55b80aae189eb6840b4.htm/preview |archivedate=2010-06-13}}</ref>

==Andorra==
The age of consent in Andorra is '''16''', as specified by Article 206 of the penal code, which reads: "''Whoever, without violence or intimidation, has had a carnal relationship with a minor '''older than fourteen years and less than sixteen years''' will be punished by a maximum penalty of imprisonment of six years.''"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coprince-fr.ad/frances/penal.htm |title=Code Pénal de la Principauté d'Andorre |work=coprince-fr.ad |language=French |accessdate=17 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Armenia==
The age of consent in Armenia is '''16'''.

''Article 141. Sexual acts with a person under 16.''

''Sexual intercourse or other sexual acts with a person obviously '''under 16''', by a person who reached 18 years of age, in the absence of elements of crime envisaged in Articles 138, 139 or 140 of this Code, is punished with correctional labor for the term of up to 2 years, or with imprisonment for the term of up to 2 years.''<ref name="legislationline.org"/>

==Austria==
The general age of consent in Austria is '''14''', as specified by Section 206<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40023134/NOR40023134.html |title=RIS Dokument |publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at |date=2013-07-31 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> of the penal code. (The term ''unmündig'' is specified in Section 74<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40093644/NOR40093644.html |title=RIS Dokument |publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at |date=2009-08-31 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> of the penal code.) Paragraph 4 of Section 206 defines a close-in-age exception of max. three years.

''However'', Section 207b<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokumente/Bundesnormen/NOR40033821/NOR40033821.html |title=RIS Dokument |publisher=Ris.bka.gv.at |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> of the penal code contains an exception to the general age of consent: if one of the partners is ''younger than 16 years'' of age and "''not sufficiently mature to understand the significance of the act''", then the act is punishable.

The offence "initiating sexual contacts with minors under 14 through the use of computer system" is punishable by two years imprisonment (Section 208a Penal Code).

===History===
The Austrian Criminal Code previously specified 18 as the age of consent for [[male homosexual sex]] in which the other partner was aged 14–18, while no equivalent provision existed for heterosexual sexual conduct; this was Section 209 of the Criminal Code. In November 1996, an amendment was put before the Austrian Parliament to remove Section 209; but the vote ended in a draw, and the amendment failed to pass. In July 1998, a similar amendment was put forward; it was voted down by the conservative majority. Section 209 came into force when homosexuality between males became legal in 1971.

On 24 June 2002, the Austrian Constitutional Court ruled that Section 209 was unconstitutional. The Section was later repealed on 14 August 2002. On 9 January 2003, the European Court of Human Rights held, in ''L & V v Austria'', that Section 209 violated Articles 8 and 14 of the [[European Convention on Human Rights]].

==Azerbaijan==
The age of consent in Azerbaijan is '''16'''.

''Article 152''

''Sexual intercourse with the person '''below the age of 16 years''', as well as the same offences linked with satisfaction of sexual passion in perverted forms shall be
''punished by imprisonment up to 3 years''.''<ref>http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaAzerbaijan.pdf</ref>

==Belarus==
The age of consent in Belarus is '''16''', as specified by Articles 168 and 169, which read: "''Sexual relations, sodomy, lesbian acts or other actions of sexual character of an adult, reached eighteen years of age, with a person who obviously '''has not reached sixteen years''' of age, at absence of attributes of the crimes stipulated by articles 166 and 167 present codes, are punished by restriction of freedom of two years to four years or by imprisonment of two years to five years.''" and "''Dissolute actions accomplished by a person, reached eighteen years of age, concerning a person who obviously '''has not reached sixteen years''' of age, at absence of attributes of the crimes stipulated by articles 166, 167 and 168 present codes, are punished by arrest of about six months or imprisonment of one year to three years.''"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislationline.org/legislations.php?jid=7&ltid=15 |title=Belarus Criminal Code|language= Russian |work= National register of legal acts of Byelorussia |year=2005 |at=paragraph № 74, 2/1112 |publisher=legislationline.org}}</ref>

==Belgium==
The age of consent in Belgium is '''16''', as specified by Article 372 of the Criminal Code (Code pénal/Strafwetboek), which reads:

"''Any indecent assault committed without violence or threat on the person or with the assistance of the person of a child of either sex, '''aged less than sixteen''', shall be punished by imprisonment (of five years to ten years).''<ref>[http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/loi_a1.pl?DETAIL=1867060801%2FF&caller=list&row_id=1&numero=2&rech=4&cn=1867060801&table_name=LOI&nm=1867060850&la=F&dt=CODE+PENAL&language=fr&fr=f&choix1=ET&choix2=ET&fromtab=loi_all&trier=promulgation&chercher=t&sql=dt+contains++%27CODE%27%26+%27PENAL%27and+actif+%3D+%27Y%27&tri=dd+AS+RANK+&imgcn.x=41&imgcn.y=12#LNK0094 Article 372 of the Criminal Code (Code pénal, in French)]</ref><ref>[http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/cgi_loi/change_lg.pl?language=nl&la=N&cn=1867060801&table_name=wet Article 372 of the Criminal Code (Strafwetboek, in Dutch)]</ref>

===History===
The Belgian Criminal Code previously specified an age of consent of 18 for homosexual sex. This provision - Article 372bis - was added in 1965 and repealed in 1985.

==Bosnia and Herzegovina==
Sexual activity with children younger than '''14''' is illegal under Article 207, which prohibits sexual acts with a "child", and a "child" is defined in Article 2(8) as a person '''under 14'''. ''However'', Article 209 mentions a "juvenile" who is defined in Article 2(9) as a person ''under 18'', although it is not clear if this article refers only to sexual acts performed ''in view'' of a minor under 18 or if it can be used also to punish sexual acts performed ''with'' the minor:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1661/file/5863a4917995d1a282d020fb2715.htm/preview |title=5863a4917995d1a282d020fb2715.htm |publisher=Legislationline.org |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

* Article 207, Sexual Intercourse with a Child: (1) Whoever performs sexual intercourse or equivalent sexual act on a child, shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between one and eight years.
* Article 208, Meaning of Terms as Used in This Code: (8) A child, as referred to in this Code, is a person who ''has not reached fourteen years of age''.
* Article 209, Satisfying Lust in the Presence of a Child or Juvenile: Whoever, in the presence of a ''child'' or ''juvenile'', performs acts aimed at satisfying his own lust or the lust of a third person, or whoever induces a ''child'' to submit to such acts in his presence or in the presence of a third person, shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between three months and three years.
* Article 205: (2) prohibits sexual intercourse with a juvenile (defined as a person under 18) by "abuse of position".

==Bulgaria==
The age of consent in Bulgaria is '''14''', as specified by Articles 149 and 151 (1). However Article 151 (2) has a provision for those who are over 14 and do "''not understand the characteristics or the importance of the act.''"

''Art. 151. (1) A person who has sexual intercourse with a person '''who has not completed the age of 14 years''', insofar as the act does not constitute a crime under Article 152, shall be punished by deprivation of liberty for two to six years.''<ref name="legislationline.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes |title=Criminal codes |publisher=Legislationline.org |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>
''Art. 149. (1) A person who performs an act for the purpose of arousing or satisfying sexual desire, without copulation, '''with a person under 14 years of age''', shall be punished for lewdness by deprivation of liberty for one to six years.''<ref name="legislationline.org"/>

==Croatia==
The age of consent for all sexual conduct in [[Croatia]] under the new Criminal Code in force since 1 January 2013 is '''15''', regardless of sexual orientation or gender, regulated by Article 158.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zakon.hr/z/98/Kazneni-zakon |title=Croatian Criminal Code (in Croatian) |publisher=Zakon.hr |date= |accessdate=19 February 2013}}</ref>

(1) Whoever performs sexual intercourse with a child '''under fifteen years of age''' or induces a child to commit sexual intercourse with a third person, shall be liable to a term of imprisonment of one to ten years.

(2) Whoever commits lewd act with a child '''under fifteen years of age''' or induces a child to commit lewd act on itself or with a third person, shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between six months and ﬁve years.

However, there is a close-in-age exemption of three years.

===History===
Before the year 2013, the legal age of consent in Croatia was 14. Homosexual acts were illegal until 1977, when Croatia, then as a [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav Federal Republic]], changed its Penal Code. Age of consent was equalised in 1998.

==Cyprus==
The age of consent for all sexual conduct in Cyprus under the 2002 ''Criminal Code'' is '''17''', regardless of sexual orientation or gender.

===History===
Until 1998, homosexual acts between men were entirely forbidden under Section 171 (1929). In 1989, Alecos Modinos, president of the Cypriot Gay Liberation Movement, brought a case to the European Court of Human Rights. In 1993, the Court held that the prohibition of homosexual acts was a violation of Article 8. In January 1995, the Cypriot Government introduced a Bill in the Cypriot Parliament that would have abolished the ban. Strong opposition from the [[Orthodox Church]] meant the Bill stalled when referred to the Parliament's Legal Affairs Committee. The European Commission repeated its warning that Cyprus must follow the Court's ruling. In May 1997, again a government measure to repeal the ban failed because of the strength of the opposition. In April 1998, the Council of Europe set a deadline for compliance of 29 May 1998 and on 21 May 1998, the House of Representatives voted 36 to 8 in favour legalising homosexual acts. However it was set at 18 while heterosexual acts remained at 16.

In 2002, under pressure from the EU<ref>{{cite news |author=George Psyllides|title=Gays Ruling 'Too Little, Too Late'|work=Cyprus Mail|date=6 July 2002}}</ref> the parliament finally ended the disparate provisions and changed the age of consent to 17 for both heterosexual and homosexual acts, under the revised ''Criminal Code''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cylaw.org/nomoi/enop/non-ind/0_154/index.html |title=Ο περί Ποινικού Κώδικα Νόμος - ΚΕΦ.154 |publisher=Cylaw.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

===Akrotiri and Dhekelia===
For both of these Sovereign Base Areas (British military enclaves) on the island of Cyprus, the age of consent is 16.

==Czech Republic==
The age of consent in the [[Czech Republic]] is '''15'''.

Additionally, the section of the new Czech penal code 40/2009 Sb. about "crimes against family and children" contains § 202 which criminalizes a '''"seducing to sexual intercourse"''' aimed at persons under '''18 years''' with any promise or provide of payment, benefit/privilege or profit for a sexual intercourse, masturbation, exposure or similar behaviour. This regulation was added to the old Czechoslovak penal code (140/1961 Sb.) adopted by the Czech Republic as § 217a by the amendment Czech act No. 218/2003 Sb. efficient since 2004 January 1.

===History===
The historic age limit in the Austrian Empire was 14 years by § 128 of the empire Penal Code from 1852.<ref>117/1852 Ř.z., Zákon trestní o zločinech, přečinech a přestupcích: § 128 Zprznění</ref> Homosexual sexual intercoures (as well as intercourses with animals) were generally criminalized as "crime against nature" by § 131. The Austrian Penal Code was not replaced in Czechoslovakia before 1950. The Czechoslovak penal Code 86/1950 Sb. in § 239 elevated the limit to 15 years. Almost identic regulation contained Czechoslovak penal code 140/1961 Sb., which in § 242 reads: "''A person who has coitus with a '''person younger fifteen (15) years''' of age or who sexually abuses such a person by other way shall be sentenced to imprisonment for at least one and at most eight years.''"<ref>http://trestni.juristic.cz/489540/oddil/trzo</ref> The new Czech Penal Code (40/2009 Sb., efficient since 2010 January 1) contents a similar regulation in § 187. Around 2008 and 2009, lowering of the limits of [[criminal responsibility]] as well as sexual restriction from 15 to 14 years was proposed by the Ministry of Justice and passed in Parliament within the new Penal Code 40/2009 Sb. efficient since 2010 January 1. Both changes were criticized. Before its efficiency, the amendment act 306/2009 Sb. changed both limits back to '''15 years'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediafax.cz/politika/2808523-Snizeni-vekove-hranice-pro-tresty-a-sex-z-CR-neudela-raj-pedofilu-tvrdi-ministr-Pospisil |accessdate=10 February 2013 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Until 1961, homosexual sexual intercourses were generally illegal in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak 140/1961 Sb. Penal Code, introduced in that year, contained still a crime "Sexual intercourse with a person of identic sex" (§ 244) but affected only a person older 18 years which have an intercourse with a person younger '''18 years'''. Between adult persons, payment receipt or provision and public nuisance were reasons for criminalization. In 1990, the whole § 244 was removed by the Czechoslovak act 175/2009 Sb. efficient since 2009-07-01.

==Denmark==
The age of consent in the Kingdom of Denmark is '''15'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/r0710.aspx?id=181992#idfb7ca177-33f0-4332-902c-cad2d4cb86c2|title=Bekendtgørelse af straffeloven|last=|first=|date=2016-07-04|website=www.retsinformation.dk|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-12}}</ref> as specified by Section 222:

''§ 222. Whoever has sexual intercourse with a child '''under the age of 15''', shall be punished by imprisonment for up to 8 years, unless the situation is covered by § 216 paragraph 2. In determining the penalty, it shall be an aggravating circumstance if the perpetrator has gained intercourse by exploiting his physical or mental superiority.''

Section 223, part 1, reads: "''Any person who has sexual intercourse with any child under 18, who is said person's adopted child, stepchild or foster child, or who is entrusted to said person for education or upbringing, will be liable to imprisonment for any term not exceeding four years.''" This applies, e.g., to teachers. Further, part 2 of § 223 establishes that the same punishment is applicable to any person found to have grossly exploited their age- and experience based superiority over a person under the age of 18 to seduce said minor into intercourse.

The laws in the Faroe Islands and Greenland are equivalent although regulated in separate penal codes for these autonomous countries.

===History===
Male homosexual acts were legalised in Denmark (lesbianism was never illegal) with an age of consent set at 18, after a major reform of the Penal Code in 1930; At the same time the age of consent for heterosexual acts were raised from 12 to 15. In 1976, the age of consent was equalised at 15 for all acts {{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}. But sex with a child under the age of 12 gives double punishment, and sex with a minor at 15, 16 and 17 is illegal for a person in charge of this child.

Until 1866, interaction "against nature" [anal intercourse] was punishable with the stakes. However, until the late 18th century the rule was never used, and, when it came into rule, the convicts were always pardoned to 7 years in jail: exactly the punishment introduced in the Penal Code 1866 but now only for homosexual acts.

In 1969, Denmark became the first country to [[Pornography in Denmark|legalise pictorial pornography]],<ref>[http://www.iub.edu/~kinsey/ccies/dk.php Denmark in the International Encyclopedia of Sexuality]</ref> but this did not include specific laws related to the age of people participating in the production. Consequently, the legal age of consent (15) equaled the limit for pornography produced ''within'' the country, but material produced in other countries (where the Danish consent law does not apply) was not covered and therefore legal. In 1980 it became illegal to sell, spread or possess pornography involving children under the age of 15, regardless of country of origin ([[Danish Penal Code]] §235).<ref name="Straffelovens-235">Straffelovrådets betænkning om seksualforbrydelser (September 2012). [http://jm.schultzboghandel.dk/upload/microsites/jm/ebooks/bet1534/bet/kap23.html Kapitel 23: Straffelovens § 235 – børnepornografi]. [[Ministry of Justice (Denmark)|Danish Ministry of Justice]].</ref> The limit was later changed to 18 years, which is the standing law today, although it remains legal for a person over the age of 15 to take their own nude photos, as long as they are only shared with friends (for example, with a boy/girlfriend), the receiver explicitly has received the right to possess them, and they are not shared or spread further.<ref name="Straffelovens-235"/> In the period between the legalisation of pornography and the 1980 amendment to the Danish Penal Code, some companies (infamously [[Color Climax]]) exploited the lack of age restrictions on material produced in other countries.<ref>[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] (25 January 2016). [https://www.dr.dk/om-dr/programmer-og-koncerter/candy-film-da-boerneporno-var-lovlig Candy Film - da børneporno var lovlig].</ref>

==Estonia==
The age of consent in Estonia is '''14''', as specified by Section 145 (sexual intercourse with a child), which reads: "''An adult person who engages in sexual intercourse with a person of '''less than 14 years''' of age shall be punished by up to 5 years’ imprisonment.''"<ref>http://www.legislationline.org/documents/section/criminal-codes</ref>

Section 141 defines rape as "''Sexual intercourse with a person against his or her will by using force or taking advantage of a situation in which the person is not capable of initiating resistance or '''comprehending the situation'''''"; and Section 147 reads:

Section 147. Inability of person of less than 10 years to comprehend
:''Within the meaning of the offences provided for in this Division, a person is deemed to be '''incapable to comprehend if he or she is less than 10 years of age'''''.

===History===
Until 1992, male homosexual sex was illegal, the Estonian SSR Penal Code, Article 118, forbidding "anal intercourse between men". Due to regaining independence from [[USSR]] in 1991, the age of consent for male homosexual intercourse was fixed at 16, whereas the age for heterosexual intercourse was 14. The age of consent was equalised in 2001 when the law was amended, specifying an age of 14 for sexual intercourse.

==Finland==
The age of consent in Finland is '''16''', as specified by Section 6(1) (Sexual abuse of a child), which reads: "''A person who has sexual intercourse with a '''child younger than sixteen years''' of age ... shall be sentenced for sexual abuse of a child to imprisonment for at most four years.''"

The sexual act may not be punishable if "there is no great difference in the ages or the mental and physical maturity of the persons involved".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1889/en18890039 |title=Finnish Criminal Code |publisher=Finlex.fi |date=29 May 2009 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

The age is 18 when in connection with a person who has some formal power over the young person, like a school teacher.

===History===
Until 1971, homosexual acts were prohibited. After decriminalisation, the age of consent was set to 18 for homosexual acts, and 16 for heterosexual acts.<ref>Haggerty, George ''Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia'' Garland Publishing Inc. 2000 New York, New York page 325.</ref>
In 1999, the age of consent was equalised to 16 for all sexual acts.<ref>Barclay, Scott Bernstein Mary Marshall, Anna-Maria Queer Mobilizations: LGBT Activists Confront the Law New York University Press 2009 page 129.</ref>

====Åland Islands====

According to the Åland Treaty, Finnish federal law is applied as the minimum standard. The age of consent is therefore '''16'''.

==France==
The age of consent in France is '''15''', as specified by Article 227-25 of the Penal Code, which reads: "''The fact of the commission without violence, constraint, threat or surprise of a sexual offence by an adult on the person of a '''minor under fifteen years''' of age is punished by five years' imprisonment and a fine of €75,000.''"<ref name=frenchpenal22725>{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=B2410A60B956150F3AA2051DEC9E931D.tpdila22v_1?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006418101&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&dateTexte=20160306 |title=French Penal Code, Article 227-25 |publisher=legifrance.gouv.fr |date= |accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref>

Article 227-22 prohibits the "organisation by an adult of meetings involving indecent exposure or sexual relations knowing that minors are present or participating". (Minors refers to under 18s; the text of the article can be subject to interpretation).<ref name=frenchpenal22722>{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=9F36A2427FB791A33D298566CE2E9CFB.tpdila22v_1?idArticle=LEGIARTI000027811128&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&dateTexte=20160306 |title=French Penal Code, Article 227-22 |publisher=legifrance.gouv.fr |date= |accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref>

Article 227-22-1 prohibits the "soliciting of a minor under the age of fifteen, or a person pretending to be such minor, for sexual purposes through the use of a computer system".<ref name=frenchpenal227221>{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do;jsessionid=9F36A2427FB791A33D298566CE2E9CFB.tpdila22v_1?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006418086&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&dateTexte=20160306 |title=French Penal Code, Article 227-22-1 |publisher=legifrance.gouv.fr |date= |accessdate=5 March 2016}}</ref>

Article 227-27 prohibits sexual relations with minors over age 15 (aged 15, 16 or 17) "1° where they are committed by an ascendant or by any other person having a legal or factual authority over the victim; 2° where they are committed by a person abusing the authority conferred by his functions."<ref name=frenchpenal>{{cite web|url=http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070719&idArticle=LEGIARTI000006418110&dateTexte=&categorieLien=cid/preview |title=French Penal Code |publisher=legifrance.gouv.fr |date= |accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref>

{{further|French petition against age of consent laws}}

===History===
Male homosexual acts were illegal until 1791, when the ancient sodomy laws were dropped from the Criminal Code of that year. This continued to be the case under the Napoleonic Code of 1810.

The age of consent was set at 11 in 1832, at 13 in 1863. In 1942, the age of consent for homosexual acts was set at 21, while that for heterosexual acts was still 13. The latter was increased to 15 in 1945. In 1974, the age for homosexual acts was lowered to 18. In 1982, it was lowered to 15, in line with that for heterosexual acts.

==Georgia==
The age of consent in Georgia is '''16''' as per Georgian Penal Code Art. 140, and Art. 141.<ref>http://www.humanrights.ge/files/crcreport.pdf</ref>

==Germany==
The age of consent in Germany is '''14''', as long as a person over the age of 21 does not exploit a 14- to 15-year-old person's lack of capacity for sexual self-determination, in which case a conviction of an individual over the age of 21 requires a complaint from the younger individual; being over 21 and engaging in sexual relations with a minor of that age does not constitute an offense by itself. Otherwise the age of consent is 16, although provisions protecting minors against abuse apply until the age of 18 (under Section 182(1), it is illegal to engage in sexual activity with a person under 18 "by taking advantage of an exploitative situation"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html#StGB_000P182 |title=German Criminal Code |publisher=Gesetze-im-internet.de |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>).

As specified by Sections 176 (Sexual abuse of children) and 182 (Sexual abuse of youths) of the Penal Code, which read:

§ 176: "(1) Whoever commits sexual acts on a person under fourteen (14) years of age (a child) or allows them to be committed on himself by the child, shall be punished by imprisonment from six months to ten years [...]"

§ 180: "(1) Whoever abets the commission of sexual acts of a person under sixteen years of age on or in front of a third person or sexual acts of a third person on a person under sixteen years of age:
#by acting as an intermediary; or
#by furnishing or creating an opportunity,
shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine. [...]"

§ 182: "(2) A person over twenty-one years of age who abuses a person under sixteen years of age, in that he: 1. commits sexual acts on the person or allows them to be committed on himself by the person; or 2. induces the person to commit sexual acts on a third person or to allow them to be committed on the person by a third person, and thereby exploits the victim's lack of capacity for sexual self-determination, shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine. [...] The act shall only be prosecuted upon complaint, unless the prosecuting authority considers ex officio that it is required to enter the case because of the special public interest therein. [...] The court may dispense with punishment pursuant to these provisions if, in consideration of the conduct of the person against whom the act was directed, the wrongfulness of the act is slight."<ref>[http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/176.html § 176] [http://dejure.org/gesetze/StGB/182.html § 182] of the German criminal code, including decisions of higher courts, legislative process, etc. English translation: [http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html#StGB_000P176 § 176 Sexual abuse of children], [http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html#StGB_000P182 § 182 Sexual abuse of juveniles]</ref>

===History===

The current rules for age of consent in Germany were set following a [[German reunification|post-reunification]] penal law reform in 1994. The ages of 14 and 16 had been relevant since the coming into force of the Criminal Code for the German Empire in 1872: Under § 176, sexual acts with children under 14 were illegal and have been always since. Under § 182, seduction of an "unblemished girl under the age of 16" was prosecuted upon complaint of parents or legal guardian only. In [[West Germany]] the latter rule was kept, with minor changes in 1973: Unblemishedness was no longer required, and the court could refrain from punishment if the offender was under 21 years of age. The [[German Democratic Republic]], by contrast, created a new socialist criminal code in 1968. Under § 149, sexual acts with persons of the opposite sex between the ages of 14 and 16 were punishable if the victim's "moral immaturity" was exploited by using "gifts, the promise of benefits or similar" methods of persuasion "to initiate intercourse or actions similar to intercourse".

Male homosexuality had been illegal under [[Paragraph 175|§ 175]] regardless of age since 1872. Female homosexuality was not prosecuted. In West Germany, male homosexuality was legalized in 1969. The age of consent was set to 21 years and in 1973 reduced to 18 years. Offenders could be only men 18 or older, and courts could refrain from punishment if the offender was not yet 21. In East Germany, the criminal code was supplemented in 1957 by a provision that allowed the waiving of prosecution if no harm had been done to socialist society by the unlawful act. Concerning § 175, this meant that male homosexual acts were now almost prosecuted only if they involved minors, which meant persons under 18. The new criminal code of 1968 officially legalized homosexuality and in § 151, which now was gender-neutral, criminalized only homosexual acts of adults with minors. In 1987 the GDR supreme court ruled homosexuality was a variant of sexual behaviour just as heterosexuality. In 1989 § 151 was repealed and § 149 amended to include any sexual orientation.

After German reunification, according to the [[Unification Treaty (1990)|Unification Treaty]] of 1990, the § 149 code section stayed in force for the territory of the former GDR, and West German § 175 and § 182 were not enacted here. The need for gender- and sexual-orientation-neutrality and for a new balancing of sexual self-determination and youth protection was also being seen by West German lawmakers. In the ensuing 1994 reform, the minimum age of 14 for all of Germany was kept, and in building on legal traditions of both states, sexual acts committed by a person above 21 with a minor under 16 involving exploitation of the minor's individual lack of capacity for sexual self-determination were made punishable in new § 182. § 175 was abolished. In general, the need for complaint of the former West German law was kept, but in case of special public interest the offence was made prosecutable ex officio as had been the case in East German law.<ref>[http://lexetius.com/StGB/175 all older versions and changes of § 175] (Homosexual acts); [http://lexetius.com/StGB/176 current and all older versions and changes of § 176] (Sexual abuse of children); [http://lexetius.com/StGB/182 current and all older versions and changes of § 182] (Sexual abuse of juveniles; until 1994: Seduction). See also [http://piology.org/dtl/recht.html Recht, was ist erlaubt? (What is permitted?)] Comparison of AOC laws in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.</ref>

==Greece==
The age of consent in Greece is '''15'''.<ref>http://www.dikonomia.gr/pk</ref>

The general provision for age of consent in Greece is 15 as specified by Article 339, as well as Articles 337, 348B of the Greek Penal Code. In 2015, along with the legalization of [[Civil unions in Greece|same-sex civil unions]], Article 347 which provided a further prohibition of seducing a male under 17 if the actor is a male adult was abolished, therefore equalising age of consent for homosexual acts.<ref>http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wE4q6ggiv8WTXdtvSoClrL8RZsdmVE36E95MXD0LzQTLWPU9yLzB8V68knBzLCmTXKaO6fpVZ6Lx3UnKl3nP8NxdnJ5r9cmWyJWelDvWS_18kAEhATUkJb0x1LIdQ163nV9K--td6SIuVoHeYO-VoUaxueGay4CXn5RDBq72FoViJdyfkM3t-nE</ref>

There are also several other prohibitions regarding positions of authority and acts of lewdness, as specified by Articles 342 and 343. Furthermore, there is a close-in-age exemption of 3 years age difference for indecent acts between persons younger than 15.

==Hungary==
The age of consent in [[Hungary]] is '''14'''. A close in age exemption allows sexual acts from age 12 if the older party is under 18.

The new criminal code in force since 1 July 2013 reads:
"The person who has completed eighteenth year has sexual intercourse with a person who has not yet completed his fourteenth year, commits a felony and shall be punishable with imprisonment from one year to five years".
"The person who has sexual intercourse with a person who has not yet completed his twelfth year, commits a felony and shall be punishable with imprisonment from five years to ten years".<ref>{{cite web|author=Complex Kiadó Kft. |url=http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A1200100.TV |title=2012. évi C. törvény - a Büntető Törvénykönyvről |publisher=Net.jogtar.hu |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

===History===
Until 1961 homosexual acts were illegal. After decriminalisation the age of consent for homosexual acts was 20 and remained so until 1978. From then until 1999 the age of consent for such acts was 18, as specified by Section 199. In 2002 the Hungarian Constitutional Court repealed Section 199 and the age of consent for homosexual acts was lowered to 14 in line with heterosexual acts.

==Iceland==
The age of consent in Iceland is '''15''', as specified by Section 202 of the Icelandic Penal Code, which reads: ''"Anyone who has carnal intercourse or other sexual intimacy with a child '''younger than 15 years''' shall be subject to imprisonment for at least 1 year and up to 16 years.''"''<ref>''(Icelandic)'' [http://www.althingi.is/lagas/135a/1940019.html The Icelandic Penal Code]
: '''202. gr.''' Hver sem hefur samræði eða önnur kynferðismök við barn, yngra en 15[fimmtán] ára, skal sæta fangelsi ekki skemur en 1[eitt] ár og allt að 16[sextán] árum.
:: '''Section 202''' Anyone who has carnal intercourse or other sexual intimacy with a child '''younger than 15 years''' shall be subject to imprisonment for at least 1 year and up to 16 years.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.php?id=3683 |title=''Hver er samræðisaldur á Íslandi?'' |trans-title="What is the age of consent in Iceland?"|language=Icelandic}}</ref>

===History===
The age of consent was raised from 14 to 15 in 2007.<ref>http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/socialcharter/reporting/statereports/Iceland24_en.pdf</ref>

==Ireland==
The age of consent in Ireland is '''17''',<ref name="irlcitiz">{{cite web|url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/justice/criminal_law/criminal_offences/law_on_sex_offences_in_ireland.html|title=The law on sexual offences in Ireland|work=Citizens Information|publisher=Citizens Information Board|accessdate=12 June 2013|location=Dublin, Ireland}}</ref> in relation to vaginal, oral, or anal sex, and vaginal or anal penetration.<ref name="irlact2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2006/en/act/pub/0015/print.html |title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006 |date=2 June 2006 |work=[[Irish Statute Book]] |accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> This gives it one of the highest ages of consent in the European Union.<ref name=ODwyer/>

Relevant offences under the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006 are ''Defilement of a child aged under 17 years'' and ''Defilement of a child aged under 15 years''.<ref name="irlact2006"/> Sentences are longer for the latter offence, for repeat offences and where the offender is an authority-figure such as a close relative or teacher.<ref name="irlact2006"/> [[Mistake (criminal law)|Mistake]] as to the child's age is a valid [[defense (legal)|defence]] if the mistake is honest and reasonable.<ref name="irlact2006"/> Girls under 18 cannot be convicted for heterosexual vaginal sex.<ref name="irlact2006"/> Offenders are placed on the [[sex offender registry]] unless less than 24 months older than the victim.<ref name="irlact2006"/> Sex between spouses is not criminalised,<ref name="irlact2006"/> although spouses under 18 are rare since the Family Law Act, 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1995/en/act/pub/0026/print.html|title=Family Law Act, 1995|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|pages=§§31,33(1)|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref>

===History===
Prior to the 1922 independence of the [[Irish Free State]], the law in Ireland was that of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (see [[#UK history|the UK history section]]). Anal sex was illegal under the [[Offences against the Person Act 1861]], while the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]] criminalised "Defilement of girl between thirteen and sixteen years of age", with more severe penalties for "Defilement of girl under thirteen years of age". The 1930 Carrigan Report into child sex abuse and underage prostitution recommended raising the age of consent to 18 years.<ref>{{jstor|30095398}}</ref> The Criminal Law Amendment Act 1935 raised the age to 17, with more severe penalties under age 15, and disallowed a defence of mistake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1935/en/act/pub/0006/print.html|title=Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1935|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> The law on child sex abuse, including the age of consent, was the subject of a 1989 consultation paper<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/consultation%20papers/cpChildSexAbuse.htm|title=Consultation Paper on Child Sexual Abuse|date=August 1989|publisher=Law Reform Commission|pages=54, 60–78, 204–5|accessdate=21 June 2013|location=Dublin}}</ref> and 1990 report<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawreform.ie/_fileupload/Reports/rChildSexAbuse.htm|title=Report on Child Sexual Abuse|date=September 1990|publisher=Law Reform Commission|pages=34–49, 90–93|accessdate=21 June 2013|location=Dublin}}</ref> by the [[Law Reform Commission (Ireland)|Law Reform Commission]] (LRC). The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 1993 decriminalised male homosexual acts and created offences of "[[Buggery]] of persons under 17 years of age" and "[[Gross indecency between men|Gross indecency]] with males under 17 years of age".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1993/en/act/pub/0020/print.html|title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act, 1993|work=[[Irish Statute Book]]|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> In 2006, the 1935 law was struck out when the [[Supreme Court of Ireland|Supreme Court]] found that its prohibition of the mistake defence violated a defendant's [[Constitution of Ireland|Constitution]]al rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.courts.ie/judgments.nsf/09859e7a3f34669680256ef3004a27de/877f6b6773b3dcee80257177003c6586?OpenDocument|title=C.C. -v Ireland & ors [2006] IESC 33|date=23 May 2006|publisher=Irish Courts Service|accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006, quickly passed within the scope of the Supreme Court's judgment, replaced the 1935 and 1993 offences with the current ones.<ref name="irlcitiz"/><ref name="irlact2006"/> The exemption for girls under 17 was recommended by the LRC and the [[Director of Public Prosecutions]] who felt "it would be wrong to stigmatise mothers and pregnant girls of 15 or 16 years of age as if they were either the victims of violent rape or they had committed a crime".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://debates.oireachtas.ie/dail/2006/06/02/00004.asp#N112|title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Bill 2006: Second Stage.|date=2 June 2006|work=Dáil Éireann debates|publisher=Oireachtas|pages=Vol. 621 No. 1 p.4 c.12|accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> While this was controversial, the Minister pointed out that the previous law had not criminalised any sex act by a girl under 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://debates.oireachtas.ie/seanad/2006/06/02/00005.asp#N27|title=Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Bill 2006: Second Stage.|date=2 June 2006|work=Seanad Éireann debates|publisher=Oireachtas|pages=Vol. 183 No. 22 p.5 c.1786|accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> The 2006 report of the [[Oireachtas]] Joint Committee on Child Protection recommended changing the age of consent to 16, and 18 with a person in authority. It advised that close-in-age cases should remain criminalised, but with more lenient guidelines for sentencing. It also recommended wider publicity of the age limits.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.oireachtas.ie/documents/committees29thdail/committeereport2006/Child_Protection_Report.pdf#page=98 |title=Report on Child Protection |format=PDF |author=Joint Committee on Child Protection |date=November 2006 |publisher=Oireachtas |pages=94–95 |accessdate=17 December 2013 |location=Dublin |series=Official publications |volume=Prn.A6/2024 |chapter=17.2. Recommendations: The Age of Consent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://debates.oireachtas.ie/committees/2006/CP.asp|title=Committee on Child Protection|year=2006|work=Oireachtas debates|accessdate=17 December 2013}}</ref> The [[Government of the 31st Dáil|Fine Gael–Labour government]] planned to consider implementing the age changes in January 2014 after consulting its member parties,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.herald.ie/news/fg-split-over-cut-to-sexual-age-of-consent-29849989.html|title=FG split over cut to sexual age of consent|last=O'Connor|first=Niall|author2=Michael Brennan|date=18 December 2013|work=[[Evening Herald]]|accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/PR13000432|title=General Scheme of Sexual Offences Bill to be published in January|date=17 December 2013|publisher=Department of Justice and Equality|accessdate=18 December 2013|location=Dublin}}</ref> but it had not implemented them by September 2015.

==Italy==
The age of consent in Italy is '''14''' years, with a close-in-age exception that allows those aged 13 to engage in sexual activity with partners who are less than 3 years older. The age of consent rises to 16 if one of the participants has some kind of influence on the other (e.g. teacher, tutor, adoptive parent, etc.). Not knowing that the victim is underage is not a legal defense, except when it was unavoidable ignorance. If the minor involved is under the age of 10, the crime can be punished even without a complaint and the punishment is aggravated. It is also illegal to perform sexual acts in the presence of a minor aged less than 14 with the intent of allowing the minor to witness the acts, even if they do not take an active part.<ref>http://www.diritto.it/codici/titolo/75-codice-penale-dei-delitti-contro-la-persona</ref>

See also related [[s:it:Codice Penale/Libro II/Titolo XII#Art. 609 bis Violenza sessuale|Wikisource]] articles from the Italian Criminal Code (in Italian). See also more related articles from Interpol.<ref>http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaItaly.asp</ref>

==Kazakhstan==
The age of consent in Kazakhstan is '''16''', according to article 122 of the Criminal Code.

''Article 122. Sexual Intercourse and Other Actions of a Sexual Character with a Person Under Sixteen Years of Age
''Sexual intercourse, sodomy, or lesbianism or other acts of sexual nature, with a person who '''did not reach sixteen years of age''', the guilty party being aware of that fact, shall be punished by restriction of freedom for a period up to three years, or by detention under arrest for a period up to six months, or deprivation of freedom for a period up to five years.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1681/file/ca1cfb8a67f8a1c2ffe8de6554a3.htm/preview |title=ca1cfb8a67f8a1c2ffe8de6554a3.htm |publisher=Legislationline.org |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

==Kosovo==
The age of consent in [[Kosovo]] is '''16'''. Article 228 of the Penal Code states that "Term 'Consent' means the voluntary agreement of a person ''who has reached the age of sixteen years'' to engage in the sexual act in question", and Article 230 states that, 1. Whoever subjects another person to a sexual
act without such person’s ''consent'' shall be punished by imprisonment of two (2) to ten (10) years".<ref>http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/Criminal%20Code.pdf</ref>

==Latvia==
The age of consent in Latvia is '''16'''.

The main legislation is specified by the Latvian Criminal Law, Section 161 (Sexual Intercourse, Pederasty and Lesbianism with a Person who has not Attained the Age of Sixteen Years), which translated reads: "''For a person who commits an act of sexual intercourse, or pederastic, lesbian or other unnatural sexual acts of gratification, with a person '''who has not attained the age of sixteen years''' and who is in financial or other dependence on the offender, '''or if such offence has been committed by a person who has attained the age of majority''', the applicable sentence is deprivation of liberty for a term not exceeding four years.''"

''However'', Section 162 prohibits "immoral acts with a minor" although it is not made clear what the definition of "immoral acts" is.

''Section 162. Immoral Acts With a Minor
''(1) For a person who commits '''immoral acts with a minor''' against the will of the minor '''or if such have been committed by a person who has attained the age of majority''', the applicable sentence is deprivation of liberty for a term not exceeding three years, or custodial arrest.''
''(2) For a person who commits immoral acts with a juvenile,the applicable sentence is deprivation of liberty for a term not exceeding six years.''''

Sections 159 and 160 provide harsher penalties for rape and forcible sexual assault of juveniles.<ref>[http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1683/file/4b5d86c3826746957aa400893abc.htm/preview ] {{wayback|url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/1683/file/4b5d86c3826746957aa400893abc.htm/preview |date=20100613060304 |df=y }}</ref>

===History===
Until 1992, male homosexual acts were illegal under Section 124.1 of the Latvian Criminal Code. This provision was repealed by the Latvian Parliament in 1992 and the age of consent for male homosexual acts was set at 18. In 1998, the Latvian Parliament adopted a new Criminal Code that contained a complex system of sexual offences: the age of consent for all sexual acts other than vaginal intercourse was 14; for vaginal intercourse it was 16 (with a close in age exemption that allowed 14 and 15 year olds to have sex with a person under 18). In 2001, the law was amended to clarify the situation and confirm that the age of consent was 16 for all acts (only a person aged 18 or older can be punished for having sex with a 14-15 year old).

==Liechtenstein==
The age of consent in Liechtenstein is '''14'''. Sexual activity with 14-15 year olds is generally legal, but it can still be punished if sexual access to these children has been obtained by exploiting their lack of sexual self-determination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/CRC/docs/study/responses/Liechtenstein.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - Liechtenstein.doc |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

==Lithuania==
The age of consent in Lithuania is '''16''', as specified by the Lithuanian Criminal Code §151.1{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}, introduced by the bill of 2 July 2010{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}.

Previously the age of consent was set to 14 according to the Lithuanian Criminal Code §153 prohibiting any sexual molestation or sexual relationships with a minor under 14 years{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}. The age of consent (14) was not set directly in this article of the Lithuanian criminal code, though. It has been established by the Lithuanian case law. This meant that both heterosexual and homosexual acts were allowed once a child had reached the age of 14{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}. There was (and remains) an exception to this rule: §151.1(3) of the Lithuanian Criminal Code prohibits parents, guardians, or other people who are ex officio directly responsible for the upbringing and supervision of a child to have any relationships of sexual kind with the child, if he or she has not yet reached the age of 18.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://infolex.lt/portal/start_ta.asp?act=doc&fr=pop&doc=66150 |title=LR baudžiamasis kodeksas (BK) |publisher=Infolex.Lt |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

===History===
Until 1993, male homosexual acts were prohibited under the Lithuanian Criminal Code, Article 1221, which was repealed in that year. The new law set an age of consent of 17 for male oral and anal intercourse, 16 for other male homosexual acts, and 14 for lesbian and heterosexual acts. In 2004, the law was amended to equalise the age of consent at 14 for all sexual acts; the age of consent was raised to 16 in 2010, regardless of gender and sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eur/154435.htm |title=Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Lithuania |publisher=State.gov |date=2011-04-08 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

==Luxembourg==
The age of consent in Luxembourg is '''16''', as specified by the Luxembourgish Penal Code, Article 372, which reads: "''All indecent assaults on modesty committed without violence or threat, by a person or by aiding the person, of a child of either sex, '''aged less than sixteen''', will be punished by imprisonment of one to five years.''

''The penalty will be imprisonment of five to ten years if the child was less than eleven years old."''<ref>http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/textescoordonnes/codes/index.html#code_penal</ref>

==Macedonia==
Article 188(1) of the Criminal Code of Macedonia prohibits sexual conduct with a "child" and a "child" is defined by Article 71 as a person under '''14'''.

*''Article 188''

''(1) A person who commits statutory rape or some other sexual act upon a child shall be punished with imprisonment of six months to five years.''

However, Article 197 prohibits an adult living in an extra-marital community with a Juvenile ''under 16''.

*''Extra-marital life with a juvenile
''Article 197''

''(1) An adult who lives in an extra-marital community with a juvenile who has reached the age of fourteen years, but not the age of sixteen, shall be punished with imprisonment of three months to three years.
''

*Article 189(2) prohibits sexual acts with a Juvenile under 18 "who was entrusted to" the offender "for study, education, custody or care".
*Article 192 prohibits both procuring a Juvenile for sexual acts and enabling the performance of sexual acts with a juvenile. This could effectively make the age of consent at '''18'''.
*Article 71 defines "Child" as a person '''under 14''', while article 72 defines "Juvenile" as a person '''under 18'''.<ref>http://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/8892/preview</ref>

==Malta==
The age of consent in Malta is '''18'''. Sexual activity - typically by people over 18 - with people between 12 and 18 can be considered ''defilement of minors'' ''by'' ''[[lewd]] acts'' or ''corruption of a minor'', which, at the discretion of prosecutors and the courts, depending on the circumstances, may result in a conviction.

Art 201 of Chapter 9 of the Laws of Malta (''Presumption of violence in cases of carnal knowledge and indecent assault'') states:
:''201. Unlawful [[carnal knowledge]] and any other [[indecent assault]], shall be presumed to be accompanied with violence - (a) when it is committed on any person under twelve years of age; (b) when the person abused was unable to offer resistance owing to physical or mental infirmity, or for any other cause independent of the act of the offender, or in consequence of any fraudulent device used by the offender.''<ref name="maltachapter9">{{cite web |url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/3148/file/Malta_Criminal_Code_amended_2010_en.pdf |format=PDF |title=CRIMINAL CODE CHAPTER 9, 10 June 1854 - last amended III of 2004 |publisher=Legislationline.org}}</ref>
The punishment is imprisonment from three to nine years, with or without solitary confinement, as described in Art. 198 (''Rape or carnal knowledge with violence''). The punishment can be increased in certain cases described in Art. 202, such as when the person has not attained the age of nine years.

Art. 204 of Chapter 9 of the Laws of Malta (''Defilement of minors'') reads:
:''203. (1) Whosoever, by [[lewd]] acts, defiles a minor of either sex, shall, on conviction, be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three years, with or without solitary confinement: [...]''<ref name="maltachapter9"/>
A number of aggravating circumstances exist to this blanket provision including: Abuse of parental authority or tutorship, where the victim is under the age of 12 and if the offence is committed by means of threats or deceit. There is no definition of how old the offender must be: Even another minor can be guilty of this crime,<ref name="attard"/> although there is no evidence that any such case has ever been prosecuted.

The age of majority is defined in Art 188 of Chapter 16 of the Civil Laws of Malta:
:''188. (1) Majority is fixed at the completion of the eighteenth year of age.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/legislation/english/leg/vol_2/chapt16.pdf |format=PDF |title=CHAPTER 16 CIVIL CODE |publisher= Docs.justice.gov.mt}}</ref>

To apply Art. 203, there are requirements:
:''For the completed offence and apart from the formal element of the offence, there must be the lewd act (atto di libidine) and the actual defilement. The lewd act may be committed either on the person or in the presence of the minor. All acts which, either by their very nature or of the circumstances in which they are performed, either are directed to the indulgence of the sexual appetite, either of the agent or of the victim, and are capable of arousing sexual interest of the victim, are lewd acts for the purposes of the offence in question.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/SENTENZI2000_PDF/MALTA/TAL-MAGISTRATI%20(GUDIKATURA%20KRIMINALI)/2008/2008-09-25_568-2005_50759.PDF |format=PDF |title=IL-PULIZIJA SPETTUR LOUISE CALLEJA VS. GIUSEPPE ZAMMIT, Numru 568/2005, 2008-09-28 |work= QORTI TAL-MAGISTRATI (MALTA) BHALA QORTI TA' GUDIKATURA KRIMINALI (Court of magistrates (Malta) as a court of criminal judicature) |publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt}}</ref><ref>http://www.timesofmalta.com.mt/articles/view/20080423/local/ex-religion-teacher-confesses-to-defilement-via-sms</ref>

The term "defile" must be put in context. In example: If a person is sexually mature (even if minor) then he/she cannot be defiled. In 2008 two brothers, aged 19 and 20, were found not guilty of defiling a girl, then aged 16. Their sexual encounters were consensual, and it was clear that the girl had had several previous sexual adventures with several youths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20080428/local/brothers-acquitted-of-defiling-girl |title=Brothers acquitted of defiling girl |publisher=timesofmalta.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/SENTENZI2000_PDF/MALTA/TAL-MAGISTRATI%20(GUDIKATURA%20KRIMINALI)/2008/2008-04-23_914-2004_48886.PDF |format=PDF |title=POLICE INSPECTOR TEREZA SCIBERRAS, INSPECTOR RAYMOND AQUILINA VS. SEBASTIAN FRANCIS De BONO, ZACHARY De BONO, Number 914/2004, 2008-04-23 |work= COURT OF MAGISTRATES (MALTA) AS A COURT OF CRIMINAL JUDICATURE |publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt}}</ref> In 2007 a man of 30 was found guilty of defiling a boy, then aged 14. He had set up a situation in which the boy came to his apartment; as a result of both childish curiosity and what the court deemed to be the guile of the adult man, the boy remained in the apartment even while man first showered and then committed the lewd acts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://docs.justice.gov.mt/SENTENZI2000_PDF/MALTA/TA'%20L-APPELLI%20KRIMINALI%20(INFERJURI)/2007/2007-06-11_170-2007_43765.PDF |format=PDF |title=The Police v. Arshad Nawaz, Criminal Appeal Number. 170/2007, 2007-06-11 |work= MALTA - COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEAL |publisher=Docs.justice.gov.mt}}</ref> There are also other cases, where offenders have been found guilty even though the circumstances were not clear, such as the case of a hotel manager aged 35 with a 14-year-old girl on holiday,<ref>http://www.timesofmalta.com.mt/articles/view/20080902/local/man-accused-of-defilement</ref> three men aged 18, 19 and 20 with three 14-year-old girls<ref>http://www.timesofmalta.com.mt/articles/view/20080827/local/three-admit-indecent-acts</ref> or another hotel manager of 46 and a boy of 14, who had encounters over a longer time.<ref>http://www.timesofmalta.com.mt/articles/view/20080822/local/hotel-manager-charged-with-defiling-boy-14</ref>

In the wording of the law there is no discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. However, discrimination can result from selective enforcement with regard to individual cases. "This may therefore lead to a higher incidence of cases in which the minor and the perpetrator are of the same sex, given that there may be parents who would not resort to legal proceedings should their 17-year-old child have sexual relations with another person of the opposite sex but would do so if the person is of the same sex."<ref name="attard">{{cite web |first=Christian |last=Attard |url= http://www.law.leiden.edu/general/img/Malta%20-%20Summary%20of%20legislation%202006_tcm19-55172.pdf |format=PDF |title=Summary of legislation implementing "Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation" with respect to sexual orientation in Malta |year= 2005 |publisher=Law.leiden.edu}}</ref>

Marriage is allowed as early as the age of 16, which would, in theory, allow a case to arise in which a wife (or husband) they press charges under this article. In practice, this problem has never arisen.

The concept of age-banding employed in for example Canada is not present in the Maltese legal system and sexual activity between one partner who is 17 years old and another who is 18 years old can constitute defilement of minors, depending on the circumstances, with no exception being allowed purely on the basis of the proximity of their ages.

==Moldova==
The age of consent in Moldova is '''16''', per Article 174- "''Sexual intercourse with a person under 16''", and Article 175- "''Perverted Actions''".<ref name="legislationline.org"/>

Article 174. Sexual Intercourse with a Person under the Age of 16

(1) Sexual intercourse other than rape as well as any other acts of vaginal or anal penetration committed with a person certainly known to be under the age of 16 shall be punished by imprisonment for up to 5 years.

(2) The person who committed the act set forth in par. (1) shall not be subject to criminal liability if he/she is similar to the victim in terms of age and physical and mental
development.

[Art.174 in version of Law No. 277-XVI dated 18.12.2008, in force as of 24.05.2009]

[Art.174 amended by Law No. 211-XV dated 29.05.03, in force as of 12.06.03]

Articles 171 and 172 provide harsher penalties for Rape and Violent Sexual Actions (including physical or mental coercion) against juveniles.

==Monaco==
The age of consent in Monaco is '''15'''.<ref>http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaMonaco.pdf</ref>

==Montenegro==
The age of consent in Montenegro is '''14''', as set out in Article 206 of the Criminal Code. Article 207 makes it illegal for a teacher, instructor, guardian, adoptive parent, stepfather, stepmother or other person with a similar position to abuse one's position or authority in order to perform sexual intercourse or an equal act with a minor (under 18) entrusted for teaching, education, custody and care. Article 209 (2) makes it illegal for a person to "provide for performing debauchery, an act equal to it or some other sexual act to a minor". Article 216 prohibits "Extramarital community with a minor"
Article 216 reads: ''(1) An adult person who lives in an extramarital community with a minor, shall be punished by an imprisonment sentence of three months to three years.
''(2) A parent, adoptive parent or a guardian who enables a minor to live in an extramarital community with another person or incites him/her into it shall be punished by a penalty referred to in Paragraph 1 of this Article.''''.<ref>http://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/4168/preview</ref>

===History===
Montenegro decriminalized homosexual sex in 1977, with an equal age of consent, set at 14.

==Netherlands==
The age of consent in the Netherlands is '''16''', as specified by the Dutch Criminal Code at Article 245,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/cgi-bin/deeplink/law1/title=WETBOEK%20VAN%20STRAFRECHT/article=245/ |title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854 |language=nl |publisher=Wetten.overheid.nl |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> and Article 247 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/cgi-bin/deeplink/law1/title=WETBOEK%20VAN%20STRAFRECHT/article=247/ |title=wetten.nl - Wet- en regelgeving - Wetboek van Strafrecht - BWBR0001854 |language=nl |publisher=Wetten.overheid.nl |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> which read:

Art 245: "''A person who, out of wedlock, with a person who '''has reached the age of twelve but has not reached sixteen''', performs indecent acts comprising or including sexual penetration of the body is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than eight years or a fine of the fifth category.''"

Art 247: "''A person who, with a person whom he knows to be unconscious or physically unable to resist or to be suffering from such a degree of mental defect or mental disease that he is incapable or not sufficiently capable of exercising or expressing his will in the matter or of offering resistance, performs indecent acts, or who, with a person who '''has not yet reached the age of sixteen (16) years''', out of wedlock, performs indecent acts, or by whom the latter is enticed into performing, or submitting to such acts, out of wedlock, with a third party, is liable to a term of imprisonment of not more than six years or a fine of the fourth category.''"

Close-in-age exceptions (for consensual acts between adolescents close in age, within "social-ethical norms") are at the discretion of the prosecution. Acts such as a ménage-a-trois, or an unequal relationship, e.g. the perpetrator (17) wasn't in love while the victim (15) was, can also be considered outside "social-ethical norms".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.juridischkennisportaal.nl/wiki/strafrecht/ontucht-cq-feitelijke-aanranding/jurisprudentie-ontucht-leeftijdsverschil.htm |title=Jurisprudentie ontucht - leeftijdsverschil - Juridisch kennisportaal |publisher=Juridischkennisportaal.nl |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

===History===
In the 1990s, the [[Netherlands]] gained international attention due to its policies regarding the age of consent. Between 1990 and 2002<ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=yit1CY_4BRMC }} |title=Regulating sex: the politics of intimacy and identity – Elizabeth Bernstein, Laurie Schaffner |publisher= |date= |accessdate=2012-03-19}}</ref> the Netherlands operated what was in effect an age of consent of 12, subject to qualifications. The relevant law, passed in November, 1990, permitted sexual intercourse for young people between 12 and 16 in most circumstances, but allowed a challenge by parents or by the Protection of Children if there was evidence of [[Sexual exploitation|exploitation]].<ref>Evans, David T. (1993). ''Sexual Citizenship: The Material Construction of Sexualities'', p. 208. Routledge, London. ISBN 0-415-05799-X.</ref> Although the age of consent was often reported internationally to be 12, this was partly misleading, because sexual acts up to 16 remained open to prosecution. The Netherlands has gained an international reputation of being extremely liberal on sexual issues, with some of this is due to exaggerated reports in foreign media and claims by foreign politicians, rather than due to reality. For instance, during the 1980s, some conservative campaigners in the US claimed that children were sold into sexual slavery at "auctions" held in [[Amsterdam]]; but did not produce any evidence to support their claims.<ref>{{cite web|author=Al Heigl, Webmaster |url=http://www.ipt-forensics.com/journal/volume1/j1_1_6.htm |title=IPT Journal - "Mass Hysteria in Oude Pekela" |publisher=Ipt-forensics.com |date=2014-04-15 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

==Northern Cyprus==
[[Northern Cyprus]] has an age of consent of '''16''' as designated in the Penal Code (''Ceza Yasası'', Art. 153 & 154).

===History===
Prior to 2014, [[sodomy]] was illegal, the age of consent only applied to females and sexual contact with a female between the ages of 13 and 16 was a misdemeanor. As of 2014, the age of consent is set at 16 for both males and females, sexual contact with any child under 16 regardless of gender is a felony and the ban on sodomy is lifted, thereby legalizing homosexual sex.<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/>

==Norway==
The age of consent in Norway is '''16''', as specified by the 1902 General Civil Penal Code §196: which reads: "''Any person who engages in sexual activity with a child who is '''under 16 years''' of age shall be liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 years.''" Aggravating circumstances as recidivism, multiple perpetrators, and unusual degree of degradation and pain, or physical harm (including, specifically, sexually transmitted diseases) may raise the maximum penalty.

The penal code on the age of consent is two-tiered. §195 of the same penal code increases the maximum penalty for sexual activity with a child who is under 14 years of age. According to Chapter 1 of the penal code, §195 applies also if the act was committed outside Norway and by a non-Norwegian citizen or resident.

Even though one may be found guilty of violating the age of consent code, if those involved are "about equal as regards age and development", the court can exercise its own discretion to suspend passing a sentence.

===History===
Sexual relations between two women was never explicitly criminalized, but have been prosecuted under the general indecency law of the Civil Penal Code of 1842.<ref>{{cite web|author=Apollon Postboks 1076 Blindern |url=http://www.apollon.uio.no/bokanmeldelser/2000/homoseksualitet.html |title=Homoseksualitet mellom fortielse og straff |language=no |publisher=Apollon |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

In 1951 a Norwegian ministry of justice white paper recommended de-criminalization of homosexual acts in the 1903 Civil Penal Code §213, but this was rejected by the Norwegian Parliament (Stortinget). The ban on sex between men, which also outlawed cohabitation<ref>[[:no:Konkubinatparagrafen]] {{Better source|date=February 2014}}</ref> as well as sex with animals, was repealed in 1972<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19020522-010-023.html#196/00_Norway_Penal%20Code.asp |title=Lovdata - Sender deg til riktig side |publisher=Lovdata.no |date=1902-05-22 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ub.uio.no/ujur/ulovdata/lov-19020522-010-eng.pdf |format=PDF |title=Quotations taken from the Ministry of Justice's (unofficial translation), though updated with current (September 2012) changes in the code |publisher=Ub.uio.no}}</ref> ([[bestiality]] having been recriminalized in 2008<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.regjeringen.no/en/archive/Stoltenbergs-2nd-Government/Ministry-of-Agriculture-and-Food/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/nyheter/2009/new-animal-welfare-act-.html?id=562543 |title=New Animal Welfare Act |work=regjeringen.no |date=15 May 2009 |accessdate=13 July 2014}}</ref>).

===Svalbard===
According to the Svalbard Treaty, Norwegian law is applied as the minimum standard. The age of consent is therefore '''16'''.

==Poland==
The age of consent in Poland is '''15''', as specified by the Polish Criminal Code, Article 200, which reads:

"''Article 200. § 1. Whoever subjects a minor '''under 15 years''' of age to sexual intercourse or makes him/her submit to another sexual act or to perform such an act shall be subject to the penalty of the deprivation of liberty for a term of between 2 and 12 years.''" 
"''§ 2. The same punishment shall be imposed on anyone, who records pornographic material with the participation of such a person.''"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.era.int/domains/corpus-juris/public_pdf/polish_penal_code2.pdf |title=Part 2 of the unofficial English translation of the Polish Criminal Code |work=Academy of European Law |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413010314/http://www.era.int/domains/corpus-juris/public_pdf/polish_penal_code2.pdf |archivedate=13 April 2007 |accessdate=17 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://isip.sejm.gov.pl/servlet/Search?todo=file&id=WDU19970880553&type=3&name=D19970553Lj.pdf |format=PDF |title=Polish Criminal Code |language=Polish |publisher=Isip.sejm.gov.pl}}</ref>

===History===
Poland never imposed laws against homosexuality. However, in 1876 homosexuality was criminalised by the laws of occupying countries (see [[Partitions of Poland]]). In 1932 the first Polish Criminal Code after regaining independence was introduced, making the age of consent of 15 for all sexual acts, regardless of [[sexual orientation]].

==Portugal==
Since September 2007, the age of consent laws of Portugal states '''14''', regardless of sexual behaviour, gender or sexual orientation, as a result of the constitutional court of Portugal ruling on constitutional protection that explicitly includes "[[sexual orientation]]", formally into the Constitution of Portugal back in 2004. Since September 2007, the age of consent was formally equalised as part of the Penal Code of September 2007. Although the age of consent is stipulated at 14 in Portugal, the legality of sexual acts with a ''minor between 14 and 16'' is open to legal interpretation since the law states that it is illegal to perform a sexual act with an adolescent between 14 and 16 years old "by taking advantage of their inexperience".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avert.org/aofconsent.htm |title=Worldwide Ages of Consent |publisher=Avert.org |date=3 November 2011 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

===History===
Homosexual acts were legalised for the first time in Portugal in 1852, with an equal age of consent at that time - although homosexuality was again re-criminalised in 1912. They were decriminalised a second time in 1982 and an age of consent was set at 16, in line with heterosexual activities. In 1995, a new Penal Code was introduced with "different circumstances" for different sexual behaviours. Since September 2007, the age of consent, regardless of sexual behaviour, gender or sexual orientation, is '''14''' {{Citation needed|date=October 2007}}.

'''See also:''' [[LGBT rights in Portugal]]

==Romania==
The new Romanian Criminal Code,<ref name="avocatura.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.avocatura.com/ll491-noul-cod-penal.html |title=Noul Cod Penal (2014) |language=ro |publisher=Avocatura.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> which came into force on 1 February 2014, sets a general age of consent of '''15'''. However, sexual acts that do not include penetration may be performed from age 13. There is also a close-in-age exemption: the sexual acts are not punished if the age difference between the partners is less than 3 years.

The law sets several other restrictions in regard to children under 13: it is illegal for an adult to perform sexual acts in view of such a child; to show pornographic materials to such a child or to induce the child to view [[sex show]]s; or to solicit such a child to meet for sexual acts (such as on-line solicitation).

In addition, it is illegal for an adult to engage in acts of sexual penetration with an adolescent under 18, if the adult abuses the authority or influence they have over the child in order to gain the sexual access.

The relevant articles of the Criminal Code are Art. 220, Art. 221 and Art. 222. All these laws are gender neutral and apply regardless of the sexual orientation of those involved.<ref name="avocatura.com"/>

===History===
For a very long time, the age of consent in Romania was 14. The Penal Code of 1864, which followed shortly after the [[United Principalities|union of the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia]], and was in force between 1865 and 1936, set an age of consent of 14. Under this code, Article 263 read: "Any assault against decency, whether completed or attempted, ''without violence'', upon the person of a child, either male or female, aged ''less than 14 years'', shall be punished with imprisonment between two and three years." Article 264 defined "assault against decency with violence", the equivalent of the nowadays crime of [[rape]] (although the term "rape" was not used in that code), and stipulated that the maximum penalty should be given if the victim was under 15 years of age.<ref>http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/g42tamju/codul-penal-din-1864</ref> In 1936, a new criminal code came into force. Article 421 read: "The man who has sexual intercourse with a girl under 14 years of age commits the offense of assault against decency without violence, and is punishable by imprisonment between one and three years." However, if aggravated factors existed (such as pregnancy, a sexually transmitted disease, or committed by a person with a specific relation to the victim, or by several persons) the punishment was increased. With regard to rape (article 419) the victim being under 14 constituted an aggravating factor.<ref>http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/heztqnzu/codul-penal-din-1936</ref> After the installation of the communist regime, the code was modified several time, and, in 1969, a new penal code came into effect. Nevertheless, the age of consent of 14 was maintained. Article 198 of the 1969 code read: "Sexual intercourse with a female person who has not attained the age of 14 is punishable by imprisonment of one to five years." In a case of rape, similarly with the previous code, the victim being under 14 constituted an aggravating factor (Article 197).<ref>http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/he2demzw/codul-penal-din-1968</ref>

The late 1990s and the early 21st century saw major modifications to the criminal code, in an effort to modify what was seen as outdated provisions, especially as Romania prepared to enter the EU. As such, homosexuality was decriminalized, the text of several criminal offences was modified by making it gender-neutral, the age of consent was lifted to 15 (applicable to both girls and boys), punishments for several sexual crimes were increased, and the stipulation that a rapist could avoid punishment after rape if he married his victim was abolished. Changes were made through Law no. 140/1996, Law No. 197/2000, Emergency Ordinance no. 89/2001, and Emergency Ordinance no. 143/2002. Nevertheless, the rapid adoption of numerous laws led to poorly drafted and contradictory texts, which have caused difficulty among the jurisprudence and doctrine, and several cases ended to the [[High Court of Cassation and Justice]] in order to clarify the interpretation of the law.<ref>http://oaji.net/articles/2015/2064-1432808734.pdf</ref> Finally, a new criminal code entered into force on 1 February 2014.

==Russia==
The age of consent in Russia is '''16'''. The age of consent changed several times in Russian history: the ''Criminal Code of [[RSFSR]]'' (Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic) stated "sexual maturity" as the age of consent;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1103 |title=Soviet Medicine: Culture, Practice, and Science | Reviews in History |publisher=History.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberussr.com/rus/uk136-e.html |title=Criminal Code of the RSFSR (1934), Articles 136-161 |publisher=Cyberussr.com |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=Nx0gnXpMbnsC |page=14 }} |title=Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure: The RSFSR Codes - Russian S.F.S.R. |publisher= |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> when the ''[[Criminal Code of Russia]]'' was adopted in 1996, the age of consent was proclaimed to be the same regardless of [[sexual orientation]] and was set to 16 years old;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc;base=LAW;n=18831;p=5#p1073 |title="Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации" от 13.06.1996 N 63-ФЗ (ред. от 27.05.1998) |publisher=Consultant.ru |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> in 1998 it was lowered to 14 years;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc;base=LAW;n=45566#p29 |title=Федеральный закон от 25.06.1998 N 92-ФЗ (ред. от 08.12.2003) "О внесении изменений и дополнений в Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации" |publisher=Consultant.ru |date=25 June 1998 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> and in 2003 it was returned again to '''16''' years<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/online/base/?req=doc;base=LAW;n=57610;p=1#p243 |title=Федеральный закон от 08.12.2003 N 162-ФЗ (ред. от 05.01.2006) "О внесении изменений и дополнений в Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации" |publisher=Consultant.ru |date=13 June 1996 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> (which is '''the current age of consent in Russia'''). Law of early 2012 tightened the consent laws in Articles 134 and 135 considerably.

Article 134. Sexual Intercourse and Other Actions of Sexual Character with a Person Who Has Not Reached the Age of Sixteen Years

1. Sexual intercourse committed by a person who has reached the age of eighteen years with a person who has not reached the age of sixteen years - shall be punishable by obligatory labour for a term of up to 480 hours, or by restriction of liberty for a term of up to four years, or by compulsory labour for a term of up to four years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years.

2. Pederasty or lesbianism in respect of a person who has not reached sixteen years of age effected by a person who has reached eighteen years of age - shall be punishable by compulsory labour for a term of up to five years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to six years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years.

3. The deeds stipulated by Part One and Two of this Article committed to a person who has reached twelve years of age but has not reached fourteen years of age - shall be punishable with deprivation of freedom for a term of three to ten years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to fifteen years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such.

4. The deeds stipulated by Parts One, Two or Three of this Article committed in respect of two or more persons - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of eight to fifteen years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years.

5. The deeds provided for by Parts One, Two, Three or Four of this article made by a group of persons, by a group of persons by previous concert or by an organised group - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of twelve to twenty years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such.

6. The deeds provided for by Part Three of this article made by a person with a previous conviction for having committed an offence against sexual integrity of a minor - shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of fifteen to twenty years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years or by life imprisonment.

Note.
1. A person who for the first time has committed the crime stipulated by Part One of this Article, shall be relieved of punishment by court if it is established that such person and the action committed by him/her are no longer socially dangerous in connection with his/her entry into marriage with the victim.

2. Where the age difference between the victim and the accused person is less than four years, the latter shall not be punishable by deprivation of liberty for the committed deed provided for by Part One of this article or by Part One of Article 135 of this Code.

Article 135. Depraved Actions

1. The commission of lecherous actions without using violence by a person who has reached eighteen years of age in respect of a person who has not reached sixteen years of age -
shall be punishable by obligatory labour for a term of up to 440 hours, or by restriction of liberty for a term of up to three years, or by compulsory labour for a term of up to five years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to three years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to ten years.

2. The same deed committed in respect of the person who has reached twelve years of age but has not reached fourteen years of age -
shall be punishable with deprivation of freedom for a term of three to eight years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to fifteen years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such.

3. The deeds provided for by Parts One or Two of this article made in respect of two or more persons -
shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of five to twelve years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years.

4. The acts stipulated by Parts one, two or three of this Article committed by a group of persons in preliminary collusion or by an organised group -
shall be punishable by deprivation of freedom for a term of seven to fifteen years with or without deprivation of the right to hold certain posts or to be engaged in a certain activity for a period of up to twenty years and with restriction of liberty for a term of up to two years or without such.

Federal Law No. 14-FZ of 29 February 2012 supplemented Article 135 of this Code with part 5

5. The deed provided for by Part Two of this article which is made by the person who has a previous conviction for having committed an offence against sexual integrity of a minor -

shall be punishable by deprivation of liberty for a term of ten to fifteen years with deprivation of the right to hold definite offices or to engage in definite activities for a term of up to twenty years.

Former wording: -

Article 134. Illicit Sexual Relations or Other Sexual Actions with a Person Who Has Not Reached 16 Years of Age
Illicit sexual relations, pederasty, or lesbianism, committed by a person who has reached 18 years of age with a person who obviously has not reached 16 years of age, shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term of up to three years or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years.

Federal Law No. 73-FZ of 21 July 2004 amended Article 135 of the present Code

Article 135. Depraved Actions
Commission of depraved actions without the use of violence by the person who has reached the age of 18 years in relations to a person who obviously has not reached 16
years of age, shall be punishable by a fine in the amount up to 300 thousand roubles, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period up to two years, or by restraint of liberty for a term of up to two years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years.

Wording prior to 2004: -

Article 134. Illicit Sexual Relations or Other Sexual Actions with a Person Who Has Not Attained 14 Years of Age
Illicit sexual relations, pederasty, or lesbianism, committed by a person who has attained 18 years of age with a person who obviously has not attained 14 years of age,
shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term of up to three years or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to four years.

Article 135. Depraved Actions
Commission of depraved actions without the use of violence, in relations to a person who obviously has not attained 14 years of age,
shall be punishable by a fine in the amount of 300 to 500 minimum wages, or in the amount of the wage or salary, or any other income of the convicted person for a period of three to five months, or by restraint of liberty for a term of up to two years, or by deprivation of liberty for a term of up to three years.

However, only a person over 18 can be charged. Charges are relatively low (up to 4 years of prison), regardless of gender and "obscene actions" (with even less charges). If the victim is not understanding the nature and consequences of the act (due to their age being under 12 or mental abilities), it will be considered rape and charged much more severely (up to 15 years of prison, or up to 20 if the victim is under 14).

'''Further reading:'''
* Criminal Code of the Russian Federation<ref>http://www.consultant.ru/popular/ukrf/</ref> (in Russian)
* Criminal Code of the Russian Federation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consultant.ru/popular/ukrf/10_26.html |title=ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ ПРОТИВ ПОЛОВОЙ НЕПРИКОСНОВЕННОСТИ И ПОЛОВОЙ СВОБОДЫ ЛИЧНОСТИ - Уголовный кодекс РФ (УК РФ) от 13.06.1996 N 63-ФЗ \ Консультант Плюс |publisher=Consultant.ru |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> — Chapter 18 (in Russian)
* [[LGBT rights in Russia]]

===History===
The penalty for having sex with a minor is not always applied. For example, in 2005, Valentina Isaeva gave birth to a girl in Moscow, Russia at the age of 11 years, 10 months.<ref>{{cite web|author=18.05.2005 |url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/18-05-2005/8262-pregnancy-0/ |title=11-year-old child expects a baby in Moscow |publisher=English pravda.ru |date=2005-05-18 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> The father was 19-year-old Habibula Patahonov from Tajikistan, who rented a room in a flat where Valentina was living with her grandmother. The child's father was sentenced conditionally for child abuse but was not jailed because he was willing to support Valentina and their daughter.<ref>{{cite web|author=Автор: НАГАЙЦЕВА Ольга |url=http://kp.by/daily/24018/88459/ |title=Судьба родившей 11-летки Вали Исаевой: "Супруг" живет на детское пособие и требует, чтобы Валя бросила школу. Часть 2 // KP.RU |publisher=Kp.by |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

==San Marino==
The age of consent in [[San Marino]] is '''14''', per ''Article 173''.<ref>http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/898586b1dc7b4043c1256a450044f331/1bdcfbc31d86f66bc1256da600366876/$FILE/G0340784.pdf</ref> It is also illegal, under ''Article 177'', to "incite a minor under 18 years to sexual corruption".<ref>http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRC/Documents/Written%20Replies/wr-sanmarino-1.pdf</ref>

==Serbia==
The age of consent in Serbia is '''14''', regardless of sexual orientation or gender. This is regulated by Chapter 18 (Sexual Offences) of the [[Penal Code]] of the Republic of Serbia and especially Article 180 (prohibiting sexual intercourse with a child). Article 112 defines a child as a person under 14 years of age.
Article 181 prohibits sexual intercourse with a juvenile (defined in Article 112 as a person under 18) if the juvenile is entrusted for learning, tutoring, guardianship or care. Article 190 furthermore forbids cohabitation with a minor (person under 18) unless a marriage is conducted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/901/file/576c23dc41967e427086bf4c2b45.pdf |format=PDF |title=Serbian Criminal Code in English (translated by the OSCE mission to Serbia in February 2006) |publisher=Legislationline.org}}</ref>

===History===
From 1977 to 1994, sexual acts between men of any age was a criminal offence in Serbia, although the law has never been applied. Then in 1994, the age of consent was 18 just for anal sex between males; ''any male performing anal sexual conduct with another male, is punishable by up to 1 year in prison'', 16 for all other sexual conduct. Since 2006, an equal age of consent came into force, regardless of sexual orientation or gender - This is regulated by the section 110 of the Penal Code of the Republic of Serbia stating that "lewd acts" between a male adult and a male under the age of 16 is punishable by imprisonment from 1 to 8 years. There is no specific reference to "lewd acts" between two females of the same offence.

The province of [[Vojvodina]], a northern province of Serbia, had decriminalized [[homosexuality]] in 1978{{Citation needed|reason=this is bold statement, any proof is needed|date=April 2016}}, thus effectively making an equal age of consent for any sexual practice regardless of sex or gender. This lasted until Vojvodina lost its law-making power in 1990.

==Slovak Republic==
The age limit of sexual acts in Slovakia is '''15''', as specified by the Slovak Criminal Code, Section 201.

''§ 201 Sexual abuse
''1. Any person, who has sexual intercourse with a person '''less than fifteen years'''
''of age or who subjects such person to other sexual abuse, shall be liable to a
''term of imprisonment of three to ten years.''<ref>http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/CsaSlovakia.pdf</ref>

===History===
The history before 1993 within Czechoslovakia is commons with the Czech Republic. Until 1961, homosexual acts were prohibited, however the Criminal Code of that year decriminalised such behaviour partially. However, under Paragraph 244, the age limit of restriction for homosexual acts was set at 18, besides the general limit 15 years. In 1990, the whole Paragraph 244 was repealed and the age limit became 15 for all.

==Slovenia==
The age of consent in Slovenia is '''15''', as specified by the Slovenian Penal Code, Article 183, Section 1, which reads: "''(1) Whoever has sexual intercourse or performs any lewd act with a person of the same or opposite sex '''under the age of fifteen (15) years''' where there is a marked discrepancy between the maturity of the perpetrator and that of the victim shall be sentenced to imprisonment for not less than six (6) months and not more than five (5) years.''"<ref>[http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaSlovenia.asp Interpol - National Laws - Slovenia] interpol.int</ref>

===History===
Until 1959, male homosexual acts were prohibited, as was the case in all of former Yugoslavia. A new Penal Code was introduced in 1977, which decriminalised homosexual acts and all discriminatory provisions were removed. In 1995, the age of consent was set at 14 for all acts. In 1999, the code was amended to raise the age of consent to 15 years and added the condition for "''a marked discrepancy between the maturity of the perpetrator and that of the victim'".

==Spain==
The age of consent in Spain is '''16''', under a new law which came into effect on 1 July 2015.<ref>http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/03/31/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-3439.pdf</ref><ref name="radiointereconomia.com">http://www.radiointereconomia.com/2015/07/01/las-20-claves-del-nuevo-codigo-penal/</ref>

Spanish Criminal Code Article 183:

''(1). El que realizare actos de carácter sexual con un menor de dieciséis años, será castigado como responsable de abuso sexual a un menor con la pena de prisión de dos a seis años.''

:Translation: Whoever performs sexual acts with a minor '''under sixteen years''', shall be punished for sexual abuse of a minor with imprisonment of two to six years.

''(3). Cuando el ataque consista en acceso carnal por vía vaginal, anal o bucal, o introducción de miembros corporales u objetos por alguna de las dos primeras vías, el responsable será castigado con la pena de prisión de ocho a doce años, en el caso del apartado 1...''

:Translation: When the attack consists of bodily entry through vaginal, anal or oral, or introduction of body parts or objects for some of the first two way, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment from eight to twelve years, in the case of paragraph 1...

There is a close in age exemption: ''El consentimiento libre del menor de dieciséis años excluirá la responsabilidad penal por los delitos previstos en este Capítulo, cuando el autor sea una persona próxima al menor por edad y grado de desarrollo o madurez''

:Translation: The free consent of the minor under sixteen excludes criminal responsibility for crimes under this chapter, if the perpetrator is a person close in age and level of development or maturity to that minor.

The age of consent rises to 18 if there is deception or abuse of a recognized position of trust, authority or influence over the minor.

Spanish Criminal Code Article 182:

''(1). El que, interviniendo engaño o abusando de una posición reconocida de confianza, autoridad o influencia sobre la víctima, realice actos de carácter sexual con persona mayor de dieciséis años y menor de dieciocho, será castigado con la pena de prisión de uno a tres años.''

:Translation: Whoever performs sexual acts with a person '''over sixteen and under eighteen''' by deception or abuse of a recognized position of trust, authority or influence, shall be punished with imprisonment of one to three years.

===History===
The same-sex sexual acts had been legal in Spain from 1822 to 1954, with the exception of the offence of "unusual or outrageous indecent acts with same-sex persons" in the years 1928-32. However, some homosexuals were arrested under the "Ley de Vagos y Maleantes" (Vagrants and Common Delinquents Law) during the Second Spanish Republic. Homosexual acts were illegal during Francisco Franco's regime, first with the amendment of the "Ley de Vagos y Maleantes" (Vagrants and Delinquents Common Law) in 1954, and later with the "Ley de Peligrosidad y Rehabilitación Social " (Social Law Against Danger) in 1970. In 1979 the Adolfo Suarez's democratic government eliminated the homosexual acts of the "Law of Danger and Social Rehabilitation" (Social Law Against Danger). A new Penal Code was introduced in 1995, which specified an age of consent of 12 for all sexual acts, this was raised to 13 in 1999, and to 16 in 2015.<ref name="radiointereconomia.com"/><ref>http://www.abc.es/videos-espana/20150630/entra-vigor-llamada-mordaza-4330498762001.html</ref>

==Sweden==
The age of consent in Sweden is '''15''', as specified by the Swedish Penal Code, Chapter 6 (On Sexual Crimes). The age of fifteen is referred to several times, for example in Section 4, which reads: "''A person who has sexual intercourse with a child under fifteen years of age or who with such a child carries out another sexual act that, having regard to the nature of the violation and the circumstances in general, is comparable to sexual intercourse, shall be sentenced for rape of a child to imprisonment for at least two and at most six years.''"

There is a ''position of trust'' rule in which the age of consent is raised to 18. The section mentioned above continues:"''The same applies to the person who carries out an act referred to in the first paragraph to a child more than fifteen years of age but less than eighteen years of age and who is offspring to the perpetrator or in the perpetrator's care or in a similar relationship to the perpetrator, or for whose care or guardianship the perpetrator is responsible due to the decision of a government agency.''"

It is not legal to have sexual intercourse with related adults either, but the sentences for that (up to two years) are considerably milder than those for rape of a child (two to six years, four to ten years if aggravated).

There is also a ''close in age exception'' (Chapter 6, Section 14) "''...not sentenced if it is obvious that the act is no violation of the child considered the small difference in age between the person who carries out the act and the child and other circumstances.''" In a verdict of 30 March 2007, the [[Supreme Court of Sweden|Supreme Court]] found that a 17-year-old boy had not committed a criminal act by having sexual intercourse with a girl 14 years and 7 months old. (Case B 415-07)<ref>[http://www.sweden.gov.se/download/cb79a8a3.pdf?major=1&minor=27777&cn=attachmentPublDuplicator_0_attachment sweden.gov] Swedish penal code.</ref>

The Swedish age of consent also applies if the act takes place outside Sweden but the elder person later goes to Sweden. The elder person doesn't have to be a Swedish citizen or resident, but could be a tourist on a temporary visit. This is regardless of the age of consent in the country where the act took place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lagen.nu/1962:700#K2P2S4 |title=Brottsbalk (1962:700) (BrB) |publisher=Lagen.nu |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lagen.nu/1962:700#K6P6S1 |title=Brottsbalk (1962:700) (BrB) |publisher=Lagen.nu |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

===History===
Homosexual acts, both between men and between women, were prohibited in Sweden since 1864, then in 1944 homosexual acts became legal - but with a higher age of consent of 18 (21 if the younger part was in a situation of dependency) than for heterosexual acts, which was always set at 15. The age of consent was finally equalized to 15 regardless of sexual orientation in 1978.<ref>Criminally queer: Homosexuality and criminal law in Scandinavia, 1842-1999. Amsterdam: Aksant 2007</ref>

Pornography laws were softened in the 1960s.<ref name="thelocal.se">[http://www.thelocal.se/20090121/17058 ''Swedish National Library in child porn scandal'' The Local 21 January 2009]</ref> In 1965 there was a review of previous laws governing pornography depicting children as part of the "child's rights to sexuality".<ref name="thelocal.se"/> From 1971 to 1980 it became legal to buy, sell, and possess child pornography that featured children as young as 10 or 11.<ref name="thelocal.se"/>

==Switzerland==
The age of consent in Switzerland is '''16''', as specified by the Swiss Federal Criminal Code, Article 187(1). However, there exists a close in age exception if the difference between the ages of the participants is three years or less (Article 187(2)).
* Swiss Federal Criminal Code<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/311_0/a187.html |title=RS 311.0 Code pénal suisse du 21 décembre 1937 |publisher=Admin.ch |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/311_0/a187.html |title=SR 311.0 Schweizerisches Strafgesetzbuch vom 21. Dezember 1937 |publisher=Admin.ch |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ch/ch/i/rs/311_0/a187.html |title=RS 311.0 Codice penale svizzero del 21 dicembre 1937 |publisher=Admin.ch |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

==Turkey==
The age of consent in [[Turkey]] is the age of majority (set at '''18''' as per Article 11 of the Turkish Civil Code).

According to Article 104 of the Turkish Penal Code (''Türk Ceza Kanunu''), sexual intercourse with minors aged 15, 16 and 17 can only be prosecuted upon a complaint. However, if the offender is a person who is forbidden to marry the child by law or is a person who is obliged to take care of the child due to adoption or foster care, then the prosecution doesn't require a complaint and the punishment is aggravated.<ref name=turkishpenal>{{cite web|title=Turkish Penal Code|url=http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5237.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Mevzuat.gov.tr.|accessdate=3 July 2014|language=Turkish}}</ref>

Article 103 regulates any kind of sexual activity with minors under 15 (or minors under 18 who lack the ability to understand the legal meanings and consequences of such actions) as [[child sexual abuse]].<ref name=turkishpenal/>

Now the Turkish Constitutional Court has voted for an amendment of the definition of sexual abuse in the country. Previously sex with people under 15 have been illegal. But the new decision means that children can be considered sexually of age if they express consent to sex. So the age of consent will be set to '''12'''. This enters into force in '''2017'''

===History===
The [[Ottoman Empire]], a predecessor state to the Republic of [[Turkey]], decriminalized sodomy in 1858. The age of consent in Turkey was set at 15 for both heterosexual and homosexual sex in the 1926 penal code, but this was raised to 18 in 1953. The new penal code of 2004 also set the age of consent for both heterosexual and homosexual sex at 18, with some differences, such as the act of having sexual intercourse with a minor over 15 being punishable upon a complaint.

==Ukraine==
The age of consent in Ukraine appears to be '''16''', although it is not specifically set in any one statute.

Article 155 states that sexual intercourse with a sexually immature person shall be punishable. Immaturity is irrefutably presumed in those under 14 {Art. 120CC and court rulings}. Those under 14 are considered children in Ukrainian law, additionally those under 16 are considered minors (generally read from all articles and court rulings).

However, sexual acts with those under 16 that are considered debauchery can also be prosecuted under Article 156.

'''''Article 155''' – Sexual intercourse with a sexually immature person

''1. Sexual intercourse with a '''sexually immature person''','' ''–
''shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term up to three years or imprisonment for the same term.''''
''2. The same actions committed by a parent or surrogate parent, or where they caused sterility or other grave consequences, –
''shall be punishable by imprisonment for a term of three to five years.''<ref name="http">{{cite web|url=http://www.legislationline.org/documents/id/7069 |title=Criminal Code (2001 as amended 2006) |publisher=Legislationline.org |date=12 January 2006 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

'''''Article 156''' – Debauchery of minors

''1. Debauched actions committed in regard of a '''person under 16 years of age, ''– '''''shall be punishable by arrest for a term up to six months, or restraint of liberty for a term up to three years.'''''''
''2. The same actions committed in regard of a young child, or by a parent or surrogate parent, – shall be punishable by restraint of liberty for a term up to five years, or imprisonment for a term up to three years.''<ref name="http"/><ref>[http://www.legislationline.org/upload/legislations/2e/4b/e7cc32551f671cc10183dac480fe.htm Legislationline.org]</ref>

==United Kingdom (and dependencies)==
The United Kingdom consists of the jurisdictions of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. UK national age of consent legislation does not apply to its dependencies, but they all have it set as 16.

===England and Wales===
The age of consent in [[England and Wales]] is '''16'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/advice/factfile_az/age_of_consent |title=Age of Consent according to BBC |publisher=www.bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=21 August 2012}}</ref> regardless of sexual orientation or gender, as specified by the [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/ukpga_20030042_en_2#pt1-pb5-l1g9 |title=Sexual Offences Act 2003 s. 9 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> However, if person A is over the age of 18 and is in a [[position of trust]] to person B who is under the age of 18, it is illegal for A to engage in sexual activity with B.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2003/ukpga_20030042_en_2#pt1-pb6-l1g16 |title=Sexual Offences Act 2003 s. 16 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> Section 47 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 makes it an offence to pay for or promise payment for sexual services of a person under 18 where the 'client' does not reasonably believe that person is over 18, or in any event for a person under 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/42/section/47 |title=Sexual Offences Act 2003 s. 47 |publisher=UKPGA |date= |accessdate=2 August 2013}}</ref>

'''Further reading:'''
* Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885<ref>{{cite web|author=David Swarbrick |url=http://www.swarb.co.uk/acts/1885Criminal_Law_AmendmentAct.shtml |title=Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 (-) |publisher=swarb.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>
* Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/44/contents |title=Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref>

====History====
{{see also|LGBT rights in the United Kingdom}}
{{anchor|UK history}} The age of consent for heterosexual acts in England was set at 12 in 1275 during the reign of [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]. The wording was along the lines of{{vague|date=September 2015}} "It shall be deemed illegal to ravage a maiden who is not of age" - at the time "of age" being 12. Therefore, there was technically no age of consent for the male participant. The English law became applicable in Wales following the Laws in Wales Acts (1536 and 1543). In [[Welsh law|medieval Welsh law]] there was no actual equivalent of the concept of the age of consent as such, but a girl was marriageable at 12–14 (the onset of puberty) and a fine was payable for the taking of a girl's maidenhood by force; the rules varied according to status and may not have been applied rigidly to [[commoner]]s.<ref>Dafydd Jenkins and Morfydd E. Owen (eds.), ''The Welsh Law of Women'' (University of Wales Press, 1980), pp. 48, 71, ''et seq.''.</ref>

A concern that young girls were being sold into brothels led Parliament to raise the age of consent to 13 in 1875 under the [[Offences against the Person Act 1875]]. After [[W. T. Stead]]'s [[The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon|''Maiden Tribute'']] articles, the [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]] raised the age of consent to 16.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/20097046 Child prostitutes: How the age of consent was raised to 16
- BBC</ref>

Anal intercourse, both male-male and male-female, had been illegal and punishable by death since the [[Buggery Act 1533]]. In 1861, parliament passed the [[Offences against the Person Act 1861]], which abolished the death penalty for anal intercourse. The [[Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885]] extended buggery laws to outlaw any kind of sexual activity between males.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/the-legacy-of-1885-girls-and-the-age-of-sexual-consent|title=The legacy of 1885: girls and the age of sexual consent|last=Bates|first=Victoria|date=8 September 2015|website=History & Policy|publisher=History & Policy|access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> It is common [[folklore]] that an amendment that would have criminalised lesbian acts was rejected by Queen Victoria because she refused to believe that some women did such things; but it is likelier that those presenting the amendment excluded it (as did the [[House of Lords]] 40 years later) on the assumption that it would give women ideas.<ref>{{cite web |title=House of Commons Research Paper 99/4 21 January 1999: The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Bill: ‘Age of consent’ and abuse of a position of trust (Bill 10 of 1998–99) |url=http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp99/rp99-004.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=Parliament.uk}}</ref>

Male homosexual acts were decriminalised under the [[Sexual Offences Act 1967]], Section 1, although the age of consent for such acts was set at 21, whereas the age of consent for heterosexual acts was 16. However, this particular legislation applied only in England and Wales.

In 1994, on the second reading of the [[Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994]], the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Member of Parliament]] [[Edwina Currie]] introduced an amendment to lower the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16, in line with that for heterosexual acts; the amendment was defeated by 308 votes to 280. A compromise amendment that lowered the age of consent to 18 was accepted by 427 votes to 162. Also during the readings were motions to equalise the age of consent to 17 for all, to maintain the age of consent for homosexual acts to 21, and a further attempt to lower the age of consent to 16, all of which were rejected.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}

In 1997, the European Court of Human Rights case of ''Sutherland'' v ''the United Kingdom'' held that a higher age of consent for homosexuals than for heterosexuals was a breach of Article 14 in conjunction with Article 8 of the Convention. In response, the Government introduced the Crime and Disorder Bill that contained a provision lowering the age of consent for homosexual acts to 16. Though accepted by the House of Commons, the provision was rejected by the House of Lords. The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Bill, introduced in 1998, contained a similar provision, but once again it was rejected by the House of Lords. The Bill was reintroduced in 2000 and, despite opposition from the House of Lords, was passed under the [[Parliament Act 1911]] (which allows the House of Commons to overrule the House of Lords under certain circumstances). As the Scottish Parliament had been established prior to the reintroduction of the Bill, and the relevant legislation was a devolved issue, the consent of that Parliament under the [[Legislative Consent Motion|Sewel Convention]] was required – had that consent not been granted, the Scottish provisions would have had to be removed and it would not have been possible to use the Parliament Act.

The [[Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000]], became law in January 2001 throughout the UK, and thus equalized, regardless of gender, the age of consent at '''16''' for both heterosexual and homosexual acts (including, for the first time, lesbian acts), except those taking place between a 16–17 year old and someone "in a position of trust" (e.g. a teacher), where the age of consent was raised to 18.

The [[Sexual Offences Act 2003]] officially ended the concept of [[buggery]] in British law, as technically, heterosexual anal intercourse had still been illegal until the passing of this law. The passing of this law meant that there was no legal difference made between vaginal and anal intercourse, as well as sexual touching and newly added oral penetration and penetration by other body parts than penis. The Act also raised the legal age for pornography and prostitution from 16 to 18.

There have been various suggestions to lower the age of consent to 14 - in 1998 the New Labour government proposed this, but despite some Left wing and Youth support this had been dropped by early 2003 as lacking support, a decade later in early 2013 the suggestion by civil servants to lower the age of consent to 14 was rejected by the Conservative led coalition as ''offensive'' (at least under some circumstances) and attention was drawn to the impact of recent scandals on the reception to any proposals.

If the child is 13-15 inclusive and the other person concerned reasonably believed that she (usually she) was 16 or more no offence is committed. In practice this discourages prosecution where that defence might successfully be run. If a young woman, for example, goes willingly into a pub (saloon) where nobody under 18 can lawfully go the prosecuting authorities will probably decide that the defendant will readily be believed if he says he thought she was 18, let alone 16 or up.

===Scotland===
Since 1 December 2010, the age of consent in [[Scotland]] is '''16''', regardless of [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.scotsman.com/politics/Sex-crimes-law--.5463821.jp | location=Edinburgh | work=The Scotsman | title=Sex crimes law gets go-ahead | date=16 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theinformationdaily.com/2009/07/16/royal-assent-for-sexual-offences-bill |title=Royal Assent for Sexual Offences Bill |publisher=The Information Daily.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> Before that date, it was 16 for girls (under a statutory offence)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/39/section/5 |title=Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> and 14 for boys (the common law age of [[puberty]]). However, consensual sex with a girl aged between 13 and 16 is not [[rape]], but a lesser offence; on 1 December 2010 this has been given the specific name of "having intercourse with an older child".

====History====
Male homosexual acts were illegal in Scotland until 1980 when they were decriminalised by the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 1980, Section 80, which specified an age of consent of 21. The [[Criminal Law (Consolidation) (Scotland) Act 1995]] lowered the age of consent of 18 and this was further lowered to 16 by the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 described above. [[Male rape]] was recognised along with a complete overhaul of sexual offences legislation under the '''[[Sexual Offences (Scotland) Act 2009]]''' (in force from 1 December 2010, except for sections 52 and 53).<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2010/357/pdfs/ssi_20100357_en.pdf Scottish Statutory Instruments] legislation.gov</ref>

===Northern Ireland===
The age of consent in [[Northern Ireland]] is '''16''', regardless of sexual orientation or gender, as specified by the ''Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2008/draft/ukdsi_9780110800936_en_1 |title=The Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=2013-09-02 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> The reason the age of consent was lowered from 17 to 16 in 2008 with the '''Order''' was to bring it in line with the rest of the UK; Criminal Justice Minister Paul Goggins said there was no compelling reason for the age to be different in Northern Ireland than elsewhere.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7104052.stm | work=BBC News | title=NI age of consent to be lowered | date=20 November 2007}}</ref>

* [[LGBT rights in the United Kingdom]]

====History====
Gay male sexual conduct was illegal in Northern Ireland until 1982, when they were decriminalised by the ''[[Homosexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 1982]]'', which specified an age of consent of 21 - in line with the rest of the UK at the time. The change was a result of the judgement in the [[European Court of Human Rights]] case of [[Dudgeon v. United Kingdom|''Dudgeon'' v ''United Kingdom'' (1981)]] in which the ECHR held that a prohibition on homosexual acts was a breach of Article 8 of the Convention. The age of consent for gay male sexual conduct was lowered to 18 in 1994 when the ''[[Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994]]'' was implemented (as to be in line with England and Wales). The age of consent in 2001 was then lowered to 17 for gay male sexual conduct - so that was in line with heterosexual and lesbian sexual conduct, by the ''[[Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000]]'', Section 1. Then in 2008 the age of consent for all individuals under an '''Order''' (mentioned above) was lowered to 16 so it was inline with the rest of the UK. Prior to 2008, the age of consent in Northern Ireland was always 17 for heterosexuals and lesbian sexual conduct.

===Akrotiri and Dhekelia===

For both of these Sovereign Base Areas (British military enclaves) on the island of Cyprus, the age of consent is '''16'''.

===Gibraltar===
Since 2011, the [[age of consent]] is equal and [[gender-neutral]] at '''16''' in [[Gibraltar]] (a [[British overseas territories|British overseas territory]]). The gender-neutral ''Crimes Bill 2011'' passed the [[Gibraltar Parliament]] and got [[Royal Assent|assent]]ed - implementing the 2011 Supreme Court of Gibraltar decision and by repealing and updating 140-year-old criminal laws of Gibraltar.<ref name="chronicle.gi">{{cite web |url=http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=22526 |title=Gibraltar Chronicle - The Independent Daily First Published 1801 |publisher=Chronicle.gi |date=20 August 2011 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

====History====
Male homosexual acts have been decriminalised in [[Gibraltar]] since 1993, where the age of consent was higher at 18 for gay men, 16 for lesbians and heterosexuals. Anal sex was illegal for heterosexuals regardless. An equal age of consent set at 16 and legalising heterosexual anal sex happened because of a recent Supreme Court decision in 2011,<ref>.http://www.chronicle.gi/headlines_details.php?id=21474</ref> then in 2011, under the gender-neutral ''Crimes Act 2011'' implemented an equal and gender-neutral age of consent of 16 and legalised anal sex for heterosexuals - reflecting the Supreme Court of Gibraltar decision and by repealing and updating 140-year-old criminal laws of Gibraltar.<ref name="chronicle.gi"/>

===Guernsey (including Alderney, Herm and Sark)===
Since 2012, the age of consent in the Bailiwick of [[Guernsey]] (a Crown Dependency including [[Alderney]], [[Herm]] and [[Sark]]) is '''16''', regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation.<ref name="guernseylegalresources.gg">[http://www.guernseylegalresources.gg/article/104112/Sexual-Offences-Bailiwick-of-Guernsey-Amendment-Law-2011]</ref>

====History====
In 1983, male homosexual acts were decriminalised with the age of consent set at 21 (in line with the UK at that time). In 1999, the age of consent for male homosexual acts was lowered to 18. Then in 2012, the age of consent for male homosexual acts was equalised at 16, regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation.<ref name="guernseylegalresources.gg"/>

===Isle of Man===
The age of consent in the [[Isle of Man]], a Crown Dependency, is '''16''', last amended in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|author=Published on Friday 11 August 2006 10:39 |url=http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/GAY-SEX-AGE-LOWERED-TO.1689805.jp |title=GAY SEX AGE LOWERED TO 16 - Isle of Man News - Isle of Man Today |publisher=Iomtoday.co.im |date=11 August 2006 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

====History====
Prior to 1992, sodomy was illegal, then under the ''Sexual Offences (Isle Of Man) Act 1992'' (after assent) the age of consent was set at 21 for sodomy (in line with the UK at that time). Then in 2001, the age of consent for male homosexual acts was lowered to 18 under the ''Criminal Justice Act 2001''.<ref>[http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/cja2001.pdf ] {{wayback|url=http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/cja2001.pdf |date=20110607225541 |df=y }}</ref> In 2006, under the ''Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2006''<ref>[http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/sexoffences.pdf ] {{wayback|url=http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/infocentre/acts/sexoffences.pdf |date=20110607225615 |df=y }}</ref> the age of consent was lowered to '''16''', became gender-neutral for all sexual conduct, regardless of sexual orientation or gender.

'''See also:'''
* [[LGBT rights in the Isle of Man]]

===Jersey===
The age of consent in the Bailiwick of [[Jersey]], a Crown Dependency, is '''16''', last amended in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/Law/Display.aspx?url=LawsInForce%2fhtm%2flawfiles%2f2007%2fL-02-2007.htm |title=Sexual Offences (Jersey) Law 2007 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=19 January 2007 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref>

====History====
Prior to 1990, sodomy was illegal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/law/display.aspx?url=lawsinforce%2fconsolidated%2f08%2f08.500_SodomieLoi1938_RevisedEdition_31August2004.htm |title=Loi (1938) modifiant le droit criminel (sodomie et bestialité) |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> in Jersey for both men and women until 1990 although the age of consent for homosexual acts other than sodomy was the same as for heterosexual acts. In 1990, the age of consent for sodomy between consenting males was set at 21 (the UK at that time maintained the age of consent of 21 for all homosexual acts between males).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/Law/display.aspx?URL=lawsinforce%5chtm%5cLawFiles%5c1990%2fJersey_Law_15-1990.htm |title=Jersey Law | SEXUAL OFFENCES (JERSEY) LAW 1990 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=5 May 2006 |accessdate=11 April 2012}}</ref> In 1995, the sodomy age of consent became 18 (under the Sexual Offences (Jersey) Law 1995). In 2007, the age of consent was lowered to '''16''', became gender-neutral for all sexual conduct (including sodomy); regardless of [[sexual orientation]] or [[gender]].

'''Further reading'''
* Sexual Offences (Jersey) Law 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerseylegalinfo.je/Law/Display.aspx?url=LawsInForce%2fhtm%2flawfiles%2f2007%2fL-02-2007.htm |title=Jersey Law | SEXUAL OFFENCES (JERSEY) LAW 2007 |publisher=Jerseylegalinfo.je |date=2007-01-19 |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> (became gender-neutral for all sexual conduct, including sodomy; regardless of sexual orientation and/or gender at '''16''', effective since 2007)

==Vatican City==
Law No. VIII of 11 July 2013, entitled "Supplementary Laws on Criminal Law Matters" establishes the present law for the State of Vatican City regarding criminal penalties for sexual acts with minors. Article 4 of Law No. VIII defines "minor" for the purposes of that law to mean "every human being below the age of eighteen years." Article 8, paragraphs 1 through 4, establish criminal penalties for anyone who engages in sexual acts with a person below the age of 18. Paragraph 5 of Article 8 provides an exception to this by stating that "the offence does not exist if the sexual acts take place within a marriage."<ref>[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/dam/vaticanstate/documenti/leggi-e-decreti/Normative-Penali-e-Amministrative/Law%20N.%20VIII%20-%20Supplementary%20Norms%20on%20Criminal%20Law.pdf LAW N. VIII: SUPPLEMENTARY NORMS ON CRIMINAL LAW MATTERS] vaticanstate.va</ref> Canon 1083 of the [[1983 Code of Canon Law]] states that "A man before he has completed his sixteenth year of age and a woman before she has completed her fourteenth year of age cannot enter into a valid marriage."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3Y.HTM |title=Code of Canon Law - IntraText |publisher=Vatican.va |date= |accessdate=2014-05-17}}</ref> Thus, in the context of this article, the age of consent in Vatican City may be considered 14 for married females who are having sexual relations with their husbands only, 16 for married males having relations with their wives only, but 18 for everyone else, whether married or not{{citation needed|reason=In this moment this is private opinion.|date=September 2015}}.

It should also be noted that the "Law of the Source of Law" of the Vatican State requires that any local laws must first defer to divine law, to Papal decrees, and to canon law. As the Vatican understands divine law, even if not sanctioned with criminal penalties by the state, all sex outside of marriage is illicit regardless of the age or willingness of those who engage in it.

When the Vatican City was first formed, it adopted the then-Italian age of consent of 12 as per the [[Lateran Treaty]] of 1929. Until July 2013 it had the lowest age of consent in Europe, but after that month, when the Pope made his decree, it became the highest.<ref name=ODwyer/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Sexuality|Law}}
* [[Age of consent]]
* [[Age of consent reform]]
* [[Ages of consent in Africa]]
* [[Ages of consent in Asia]]
* [[Ages of consent in North America]]
* [[Ages of consent in Oceania]]
* [[Ages of consent in South America]]
* [[Sex education]]
* [[Comprehensive sex education]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Ellen, Barbara. "[http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jan/13/age-of-consent-is-right-at-16 Keep the age of consent at 16 – for children's sake ]." ''[[The Guardian]]''. Sunday 13 January 2013.

==External links==
* [http://www.avert.org/aofconsent.htm Worldwide ages of consent] (last updated 23 August 2010)

{{Sexual ethics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ages Of Consent In Europe}}
[[Category:Age of consent by continent|Europe]]
[[Category:Adolescent sexuality in Europe]]

Talk:Age of consent in Europe

2016-08-15T13:25:55Z

155.4.129.44: /* Clarification on Turkey. */ new section

List of cycling tracks and velodromes

2016-08-13T00:30:07Z

155.4.129.44: /* {{SWE}} */ Corrected information because it said the one in Falun was the first in Sweden.

This is a '''list of cycling tracks and velodromes''' for [[track cycling]] worldwide.
{{Horizontal TOC|nonum=y}}

==Velodromes in use==

=== {{ARG}} ===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|Antonio Ríos||[[San Rafael, Mendoza]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||689 m||{{coord|-34.637118|-68.324251}}
|-
|Bahiense Pedal Club||Bahía Blanca||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||31 m||{{coord|-38.688392|-62.273812}}
|-
|Chavense Pedal Club||González Chaves||150 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||197 m||{{coord|-38.028504|-60.102419}}
|-
|City of Esperanza||Esperanza||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, RRF||41 m||{{coord|-31.447083|-60.920651}}
|-
| ||Concepción del Uruguay||540 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor||9 m||{{coord|-32.473652|-58.224562}}
|-
| ||Concordia||340 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||35 m||{{coord|-31.372278|-58.001488}}
|-
|Eduardo Maero (Bº Ayacucho) Velodrome||Córdoba||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, painted||430 m||{{coord|-31.375739|-64.174219}}
|-
|Ernesto Contreras Provincial||[[Mendoza, Argentina|Mendoza]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, RRF||859 m||{{coord|-32.884205|-68.880290}}
|-
|Gabriel Deramond Municipal cycletrack||[[Caleta Olivia]]||450 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor||7 m||{{coord|-46.450051|-67.529755}}
|-
|Héctor Cassina||[[Rafaela]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||103 m||{{coord|-31.272154|-61.493785}}
|-
|Jorge Batiz||[[Corral de Bustos]]||225 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||118 m||{{coord|-33.275939|-62.192824}}
|-
|Julio Polet Panamerican||[[Mar del Plata]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, UP||16 m||{{coord|-38.016792|-57.575439}}
|-
|KDT Circuit||[[Buenos Aires]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, painted, RRF||9 m||{{coord|-34.566094|-58.415181}}
|-
|Las Breñas Cycle Association||[[Las Breñas]]||400 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||105 m||{{coord|-27.096371|-61.074074}}
|-
|Luján||[[Jáuregui, Buenos Aires Province|José María Jáuregui]]||200 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||27 m||{{coord|-34.594188|-59.181770}}
|-
|Mayo Park||[[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]]||400 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, RRF||656 m||{{coord|-31.531321|-68.543792}}
|-
|Reconquista Municipal||[[Reconquista, Santa Fe|Reconquista]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||44 m||{{coord|-29.166628|-59.639164}}
|-
|Resistencia||[[Resistencia, Chaco|Resistencia]]||400 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||53 m||{{coord|-27.435003|-59.036791}}
|-
|Río Cuarto Municipal||[[Río Cuarto, Córdoba|Río Cuarto]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||440 m||{{coord|-33.113971|
-64.349065}}
|-
|Roberto "Paco" Echegaray||[[San Carlos de Bariloche]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||823 m||{{coord|-41.136363|-71.292591}}
|-
|Rubén Rosetti||[[Junín, Buenos Aires Province|Junín]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||82 m||{{coord|-34.585758|-60.974359}}
|-
|Rufino||[[Rufino, Santa Fe|Rufino]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||121 m||{{coord|-34.258369|-62.724729}}
|-
|Sáenz Peña||[[Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña|Pres. Roque Sáenz Peña]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||93 m||{{coord|-26.814527|-60.422674}}
|-
|San Francisco||[[San Francisco, Córdoba|San Francisco]]||400 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, non-std, painted||118 m||{{coord|-31.416487|-62.079451}}
|-
|San Luis Provincial||[[San Luis, Argentina|San Luis]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, UP||729 m||{{coord|-33.312613|-66.328478}}
|-
|San Nicolás cycletrack||[[San Nicolás de los Arroyos]]||500 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor||28 m||{{coord|-33.353730|-60.214062}}
|-
|Trenque Lauquen Cycletrack||[[Trenque Lauquen]]||575 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, 100m turns||93 m||{{coord|-35.986721|-62.750528}}
|-
|Tres de Febrero||[[Villa Martínez de Hoz]]||535 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, 40m turns||93 m||{{coord|-34.603913|-58.577175}}
|-
|Unzué Park Municipal||[[Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos|Gualeguaychú]]||425 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor, lights, 75m turns||7 m||{{coord|-33.010067|-58.497099}}
|-
|Velodrome of the Lagoon||[[Santa Rosa, La Pampa|Santa Rosa]]||565 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor, lights, RRF||169 m||{{coord|
-36.628123|-64.310869}}
|-
|Venado Tuerto Municipal||[[Venado Tuerto]]||333 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor, lights||123 m||{{coord|-33.737229|-61.961060}}
|-
|Velódromo Héroes de Malvinas||[[San Juan, Argentina|San Juan]]||250 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor, lights, UP, RRF||646 m||{{coord|-31.581208|-68.549754}}
|}

=== {{AUS}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Adelaide Super-Drome]]||[[Gepps Cross]]||250 m||unknown||wood||indoor||25 m||{{coord|-34.841384|138.612296}}
|-
|Marty Busch||[[Ballarat, Victoria]]||250 m||37.5°||concrete||outdoor||421 m||{{coord|-37.604869|143.843474}}
|-
|Burwood East||[[Burwood East, Victoria]]||307 m||25°||concrete||outdoor||134 m||{{coord|-37.855967|145.160255}}
|-
|Blackwater||[[Blackwater, Queensland]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||169 m||{{coord|-23.563408|148.884876}}
|-
|Blue Lake Sports Park||[[Mount Gambier, South Australia]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||40 m||{{coord|-37.843460|140.816547}}
|-
|Bob Whitford||[[Newborough, Victoria]]||500 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor||83 m||{{coord|-38.177966|146.295445}}
|-
|Brunswick||[[East Brunswick, Victoria]]||312 m|||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||39 m||{{coord|-37.761090|144.981417}}
|-
|Bundaberg||[[Bundaberg West, QLD]]||400 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor||16 m||{{coord|-24.873638|152.338025}}
|-
|Caboolture Sports Centre||[[Caboolture, QLD]]||350 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||8 m||{{coord|-27.088876|152.945461}}
|-
|[[Sleeman Centre (Brisbane)#Chandler Velodrome|Chandler Velodrome]]
|[[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]]||333 m||31||concrete||outdoor, lights, underpass||34 m||{{coord|-27.511004|153.147569}}
|-
|Chelsea||[[Edithvale]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]||502 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, painted||5 m||{{coord|-38.036176|145.120214}}
|-
|Prince of Wales||[[Tamworth, New South Wales]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, underpass||384 m||{{coord|-31.097542|150.935333}}
|-
|Coburg||[[Coburg, Victoria]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights (currently broken), underpass||72 m||{{coord|-37.729756|144.955411}}
|-
|Collie||[[Collie, Western Australia]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||187 m||{{coord|-33.355330|116.155149}}
|-
|Dalgety Road||[[Alice Springs, Northern Territory]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, underpass||600 m||{{coord|-23.669988|133.864115}}
|-
|Darebin International Sports Centre||[[Thornbury, Victoria]]||250 m||42 degrees||wood||indoor||52 m||{{coord|-37.764412|145.022930}}
|-
|Bagot Park||[[Darwin, Northern Territory]]||325 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||22 m||{{coord|-12.396234|130.859035}}
|-
|David Blackie||[[Ararat, Victoria]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||309 m||{{coord|-37.270687|142.941535}}
|-
|[[Devonport Oval]]||[[Devonport, Tasmania]]||500 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||9 m||{{coord|-41.166921|146.359195}}
|-
|Doug Powell||[[Castlemaine, Victoria]]||500 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor||297 m||{{coord|-37.072664|144.230781}}
|-
|[[Dunc Gray Velodrome]]||[[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]]||250 m||42°/12.5°||wood||indoor||52 m||{{coord|-33.907419|150.998744}}
|-
|Echuca-Moama||[[Moama]], [[New South Wales]]||295 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||99 m||{{coord|-36.101540|144.746994}}
|-
|Edwardstown||[[South Plympton, South Australia]]||480 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||22 m||{{coord|-34.981434|138.564294}}
|-
|[[Eridge Park (Bowral)]]||[[Burradoo]], [[New South Wales]]||333 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor, painted, lights||662 m||{{coord|-34.515607|150.406955}}
|-
|Exeter cycletrack||[[Exeter]], [[Tasmania]]||365 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor||56 m||{{coord|-41.298051|146.949112}}
|-
|Georgetown||[[George Town, Tasmania|Georgetown]], [[Tasmania]]||375 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor||23 m||{{coord|-41.098970|146.834478}}
|-
|Gold Coast Cycling Centre||[[Nerang, Queensland]]||356 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor, lights||6 m||{{coord|-27.985710|153.336197}}
|-
|Graeme Jose||[[Whyalla, South Australia]]||269 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||35 m||{{coord|-33.024118|137.570420}}
|-
|H.A. Smith Reserve||[[Hawthorn, Victoria]]||250 m||unknown||asphalt||outdoor||16 m||{{coord|-37.838337|145.039090}}
|-
|Hanson Reserve||[[Woodville Gardens, South Australia]]||xxx m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||xx m||
|-
|[[Melbourne Park Multi-Purpose Venue|Hisense Arena]]
|[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Indoor track. Built 2000. || 12m ||
|-
|Hurstville Velodrome
|[[Sydney]] || || ||
|Outdoor track || 78m ||
|-
|Joe Ciavola Velodrome, [[Darebin International Sports Center]] (DISC)
|[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42 degrees || wood
|Indoor|| 50m ||
|-
|[[Kenrick Tucker Velodrome]]
|[[Rockhampton, Queensland]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor track || ||
|-
|Kyneton Velodrome
|[[Hurry Reserve Kyneton, Victoria]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||unknown|| concrete
|Outdoor track||510 m||{{coord|-37.838337|145.039090}}
|-
|Latrobe Recreation Ground
|[[Latrobe, Tasmania]] || || ||
|Outdoor track || ||
|-
|[[Lavington Sports Ground]]
|[[Albury, New South Wales]] ||{{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||concrete
|Outdoor track || ||
|-
|[[Lidcombe Oval]]
|[[Lidcombe, New South Wales]] || {{convert|430|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track || ||
|-
|Maryborough Velodrome
|[[Avoca Rd Maryborough, Victoria]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||unknown || concrete
|Outdoor track||250 m||{{coord|-37.049469|143.725607}}
|-
|Narrabundah Capital Velodrome
|[[Canberra]], Australian Capital Territory || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track || ||
|-
|Muswellbrook Velodrome
|[[Muswellbrook]], New South Wales || {{convert|165|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track || 150 m||{{coord|-32.26952|150.89225}}
|-
|New Town Oval
|[[Hobart, Tasmania]] || || ||
|Outdoor track || ||
|-
|[[Packer Park]]
|[[Glen Eira]], [[Carnegie, Victoria|Carnegie]] || {{convert|335|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||unknown|| concrete
|Outdoor track||50 m||{{coord|-37.901469|145.057952}}
<ref>[http://www.gleneira.vic.gov.au/Page/PagePrint.asp?Page_Id=312 Glen Eira City Council]. Gleneira.vic.gov.au. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref>
|-
|[[Perth SpeedDome]]
|[[Midvale, Western Australia]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Indoor track || ||
|-
|Port Pirie Velodrome
|[[Port Pirie, South Australia]] || {{convert|502|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor track || ||
|-
|Rosebery Oval
|[[Rosebery, Tasmania]] || || ||
|Outdoor track || ||
|-
|Sale Velodrome
|[[Sale, Victoria]] || || || concrete
|Outdoor track||||{{coord|-38.107042|147.092119}}
|-
|Shepparton Velodrome
|[[Shepparton, Victoria]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track||||{{coord|-36.354928|145.392816}}
|-
|[[Silverdome (Launceston)|Silverdome]]
|[[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]], [[Tasmania]] || {{convert|285.714|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|First indoor track in Australia. Banked. Built 1984 to Schurmann design by R.V. Webb Consultants.<ref>[http://www.discovertasmania.com.au/home/product.cfm?productid=1135&from=All+Tasmanian+Attractions Discover Tasmania]{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref> || ||
|-
|St. Helens Velodrome
|[[St Helens, Tasmania]] || || ||
|Outdoor track || ||
|-
|Canterbury [[Tempe Velodrome]]
|[[Earlwood, New South Wales]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track. Official name is Canterbury Velodrome, though most call it Tempe Velodrome. || ||
|-
|[[Tom Flood Sports Centre Velodrome]]
|[[Bendigo, Victoria]] || {{convert|412|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor track||225 m||{{coord|-36.752596|144.280897}}
|-
|[[Toormina Velodrome]]
|near [[Coffs Harbour]], [[New South Wales]] || {{convert|330|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor track, built 2005 || ||
|-
|[[TW Andrews Park Velodrome]]
|[[Preston, Victoria]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor track||85m||{{coord|-37.716366|145.016937}}
|-
|[[Unanderra Velodrome]]
|[[Unanderra]], [[New South Wales]] || {{convert|270|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track || ||
|-
|Wagga Cricket Ground
|[[Wagga Wagga]], New South Wales || || || concrete
|Outdoor track || ||
|-
|Wangaratta Velodrome
|[[Wangaratta, Victoria]] || {{convert|490|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor track||145 m||{{coord|-36.346972|146.317122}}
|-
|Warragul Velodrome
|[[Warragul, Victoria]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track||140 m||{{coord|-38.169958|145.942734}}
|-
|[[West Park Oval]]
|[[Burnie, Tasmania]] || || ||
|Outdoor track || ||
|}

=== {{AUT}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Ferry-Dusika-Hallenstadion]]||[[Vienna]]||250 m||45°||wood||indoor track||163m||{{coord|48.210592|16.424123}}
|}

=== {{BRB}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Bridgetown]]||[[Bush Hall]]||500 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||46 m||{{coord|13.120344|-59.604657}}
|}

=== {{BEL}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Vlaams Wielercentrum Eddy Merckx]]
|[[Blaarmeersen]], [[Ghent]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Indoor track ||
|-
|[[Kuipke]]
|[[Ghent]] || {{convert|167|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Indoor track (somewhere referred as Citadel Park Velodrome) ||
|-
|[[Antwerps Sportpaleis]]
|[[Antwerp]] || || ||
|Indoor track ||
|-
|[[Elewijt]]
|[[Zemst]] || {{convert|377|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt ||
|
|-
|[[Wielerpiste Hulshout]]
|[[Hulshout]] || {{convert|384|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor track<ref>[http://www.wielerpistehulshout.be VZW wielerpiste Hulshout]. Wielerpistehulshout.be. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Alleur]]
|[[Ans]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt ||
|
|-
|
|[[Peer, Belgium|Peer]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt ||
|
|-
|[[Vélodrome de Charleroi-Gilly]]
|[[Gilly]], [[Charleroi]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor track<ref>[http://cipposr.skyblog.com Vélodrome de Charleroi-Gilly]. Cipposr.skyblog.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Jemelle]]
|[[Rochefort, Belgium|Rochefort]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt ||
|
|-
|[[Quenast]]
|[[Rebecq]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt ||
|
|-
|[[Stene, Belgium|Stene]]
|[[Oostende]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt ||
|
|-
|[[Wielercentrum Antwerpen]]
|[[Wilrijk]], [[Antwerp]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor track, construction began 24 September 2005, opened 30 September 2006<ref>[http://www.wielercentrumantwerpen.be Wielercentrum Antwerpen]. Wielercentrumantwerpen.be (2005-09-24). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Assebroek]]
|[[Brugge]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt ||
|
|-
|
|[[Beveren]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt ||
|
|}

=== {{BOL}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|Velodromo de Alto Irpavi||[[La Paz]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, underpass||3,340 m||{{coord|-16.523526|-68.081985}}
|-
|Velodromo de Parque Mariscal Santa Cruz||[[Cochabamba]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, painted, underpass||2,571 m||{{coord|-17.399465|-66.173576}}
|}

=== {{BRA}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Ciclismo E]]||[[Americana]], [[São Paulo]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||538 m||{{coord|-22.745205|-47.320752}}
|-
|[[Barra Velodrome]] || [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Nelson Piquet International Autodrome]] ||250 m||unknown|| wood||indoor||5 m||{{coord|-22.980237|-43.394769}}
|-
|[[Francisca Maria R Praça Jardim Botânico]]||[[Curitiba]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, underpass, tennis infield||928 m||{{coord|-25.443346|-49.240742}}
|-
|[[Willie Davids]]||[[Maringá]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, underpass||551 m||{{coord|-23.411737|-51.937014}}
|-
|[[Velódromo de Caieiras]]||[[Caieiras]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, underpass, traffic safety infield||735 m||{{coord|-23.356376|-46.741582}}
|-
|[[Velódromo da USP]]||[[São Paulo]]||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, underpass, stadium, multi-use infield||727 m||{{coord|-23.560275|-46.715314}}
|}

=== {{CAN}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Argyll Velodrome]]
|[[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||37˚ || concrete || Outdoor track. Built for the [[1978 Commonwealth Games]].<ref>[http://www.argyllvelodrome.com/ Argyll Velodrome]. Argyll Velodrome. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> Also hosted track cycling competitions at the [[Cycling at the 1983 Summer Universiade|1983 Summer Universiade]].<ref>[http://fultonhistory.com/newspaper%202/Auburn%20NY%20Citizen%20Advertiser/Auburn%20NY%20Citizen%20Advertiser%201983.pdf/Newspaper%20Auburn%20NY%20Citizen%20Advertiser%201983%20-%200067.PDF Russian bear displays true golden color] TrtC CITIZEN. AUBURN. N.Y., TUESDAY, JULY 5</ref> ||
|-
|[[Bromont Velodrome]]
|[[Bromont, Quebec|Bromont]], [[Quebec]] ||{{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42˚ || wood || Outdoor track. Built for the [[1996 Olympic Games]] in Atlanta and moved to Bromont in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vélodrome de Bromont|url=http://www.fqsc.net/piste/velodrome-0|publisher=Fédération québécoise des sports cyclistes|accessdate=19 June 2012}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[Burnaby Velodrome]]
|[[Burnaby]], [[British Columbia]] (near [[Vancouver]]) || {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 47˚ || wood || Pressurised dome. Indoor track, built mid-1990s<ref>[http://www.burnabyvelodrome.ca Burnaby Velodrome]</ref> || 30m
|-
|[[Vélodrome Caisse Populaire de Dieppe]]
|[[Dieppe, New Brunswick|Dieppe]], [[New Brunswick]] ||{{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 39˚ || wood
|<ref>[http://www.atlanticcyclingcentre.com/ Vélodrome Caisse Populaire de Dieppe]. Atlanticcyclingcentre.com (2012-01-09). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Forest City Velodrome]]
|[[London, Ontario|London]], [[Ontario]] || {{convert|138|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 50˚ || wood
|Indoor track, world's shortest permanent velodrome, built 2005 inside former hockey arena<ref>[http://www.forestcityvelodrome.ca/ Forest City Velodrome]. Forestcityvelodrome.ca. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Glenmore Velodrome]]
|[[Calgary]], [[Alberta]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 39˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track<ref>[http://www.cbtl.ca/ Glenmore Velodrome]. Cbtl.ca. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Milton Pan Am and Parapan Am Velodrome|Mattamy National Cycling Centre]]
|[[Milton, Ontario|Milton]], [[Ontario]]||{{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||42˚|| wood
|Indoor track, built for the [[2015 Pan American Games]]. First-ever [[Union Cycliste Internationale|UCI]]-regulated, class 1 indoor velodrome in Canada. Designed by [http://www.faulknerbrowns.co.uk FaulknerBrowns Architects] and opened in January 2015. ||
|-
|[[Westshore Velodrome (Formerly Juan de Fuca Velodrome)]]
|[[Colwood, British Columbia|Colwood]], [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], British Columbia || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||28˚ || concrete
|Built for the [[1994 Commonwealth Games]]<ref>[http://www.gvva.bc.ca/ Westshore Velodrome]. Gvva.bc.ca. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Wind-Del Velodrome]]
|[[Windham Centre, Ontario]] ||{{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||13˚ || asphalt ||
|
|-
||[[Winnipeg Velodrome]]
|[[Winnipeg, Manitoba]] ||{{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||38˚ || concrete
|Built for the 1967 [[Pan-American Games]], demolished 1998 ||
|-
|}

=== {{CHL}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Estadio La Granja]]||Curico||250 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, RR entry||221 m||{{coord|-34.974407|-71.229354}}
|-
|[[Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos|Estadio Nacional]]||Santiago||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, RR entry, underpass||570 m||{{coord|-33.469166|-70.607444}}
|-
|[[Punta Arenas]]||Punta Arenas||500 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||7 m||{{coord|-53.154142|-70.895553}}
|-
|[[Velódromo del Parque Peñalolén]]||Santiago||250 m||unknown||wood||indoor, laminated wood (Finland Master Plank Kerto), designed by Peter Junek: built for the [[2014 South American Games]]||650 m||{{coord|-33.465816|-70.545315}}
|-
|}

=== {{CHN}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Guangzhou Velodrome]]
|[[Guangzhou]] ||250m || ||wood
|Indoor: built for the [[2010 Asian Games]] ||
|-
|[[Laoshan Velodrome]]
|[[Beijing]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||wood
|Indoor: built for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] ||
|-
|[[Tianjin Velodrome]]
|[[Tianjin]] ||250m|| ||wood
|Indoor: built for the [[2013 East Asian Games]] ||
|-
|[[Liaoning Velodrome]]
|[[Shenyang]] ||250m|| ||wood
|Indoor ||
|-
|[[Shandong Velodrome]]
|[[Jinan]] ||250m|| ||wood
|Indoor ||
|-
|[[Shanxi Velodrome]]
|[[Taiyuan]] || 250m|| ||Wood
|Indoor ||
|}

=== {{Col}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
!Velodrome !!Location !!Length !! Banking !!Surface !!Notes !! Altitude
|-
|Velódromo Rafael Vásquez
|[[Barranquilla]] || || ||
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|Velódromo Luís Carlos Galán
|[[Bogotá]] || {{convert|333.3|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor track; hosted the [[1995 UCI Track Cycling World Championships]] ||
|-
|Velódromo Primero de Mayo
|[[Bogotá]] || {{convert|333.3|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 43°/11° || wood
|Outdoor track. Built in 1951. ||
|-
|Velódromo Alfonso Flórez Ortiz
|[[Bucaramanga]] || || || concrete
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|[[Velódromo Alcides Nieto Patiño]]
|[[Cali]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Outdoor track, fully roofed. Built in 1971. Renovated in 2007. Regular stop for the [[UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics]]. Hosted the 2014 [[UCI Track Cycling World Championships]]
|998m
|-
|Velódromo Alfonso Salamanca
|[[Duitama]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|Velódromo Martín Emilio Cochise Rodriguez
|[[Medellín]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 45°/8.5° || concrete
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|Velódromo Alfonso Hurtado Sarria
|[[Pereira, Colombia|Pereira]] || || ||
|Outdoor track ||
|}

=== {{CRC}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
!Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Pargue de la Paz]]||San Jose||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||1,173 m||{{coord|9.912559|-84.072993}}
|}

=== {{HRV}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
!Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Blagajna Zapad]]||Zagreb||430 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||116 m||{{coord|45.804623|15.960862}}
|}

=== {{CUB}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Velodromo Reinaldo Paseiro]]||[[Havana]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, underpass||40 m||{{coord|23.153913|-82.315042}}
|-
|}

=== {{CZE}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|
|Motol, [[Prague]]||153.8 m||unknown||wood||indoor||279 m||{{coord|50.065716|14.351952}}
|-
|Velodrom Třebešín||Třebešín, [[Prague]]||333 m|| 35°/7.5° ||concrete||outdoor, overpass||271 m||{{coord|50.08419|14.488333}}
|-
|[[Brno Velodrome]] ||[[Brno]]||400 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, covered, lights, underpass Hosted [[1969 UCI Track Cycling World Championships|1969]] and [[1981 UCI Track Cycling World Championships|1981 world championships]]||208 m||{{coord|49.184660|16.579075}}
|-
| ||[[Prostějov]] ||301 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||227 m||{{coord|49.480468|17.101522}}
|-
| ||[[Plzeň]] || 400 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||332 m||{{coord|49.736767|13.401070}}
|-
| ||[[Louny]] || 446 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||180 m||{{coord|50.367180|13.788241}}
|}

=== {{DNK}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|Aarhus Cyklebane||[[Aarhus]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||20 m||{{coord|56.132485|10.191437}}
|-
|[[Ballerup Super Arena]]||[[Copenhagen]]||250 m||unknown||wood||indoor||24 m||{{coord|55.721157|12.368401}}
|-
|[http://odensecyklebane.dk/ Thorvald Ellegaard Arena]||[[Odense]]||250 m||unknown||wood||indoor||20 m||{{coord|55.399473|10.346406}}
|}

=== {{DOM}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Juan Pablo Duarte]]||Naco||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, underpass, stadium||{{coord|18.477497|-69.919199}}
|}

=== {{ECU}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Los Chasquis]]||Quito||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights, stadium||2,797 m||{{coord|-0.213648|-78.486987}}
|}

=== {{EST}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Pirita Velodrome]]||[[Tallinn]]||333 m|| 34° ||concrete||outdoor, underpass, multi-use infield, lights, stadium||12 m||{{coord|59.463234|24.831527}}
|}

=== {{FIN}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Helsinki Velodrome]]||[[Helsinki]] || 400m || 37.5˚/16˚ || concrete||outdoor||11 m||{{coord|60.202837|24.943042}}
|-
|Tampere Velodrome||[[Tampere]] || 200m ||unknown||concrete||outdoor, overpass||136 m||{{coord|61.527491|23.631305}}
|-
|[[Turku Velodrome]]||[[Turku]] || 333m ||unknown||asphalt||outdoor||18 m||{{coord|60.444272|22.302112}}
|}

=== {{FRA}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Stade de Glace]]
|[[Grenoble]] || || || ||
|
|-
|[[Vélodrome de Vincennes]]
|[[Bois de Vincennes]], [[Paris]] || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor track, built 1894. [[Tour de France]] finish from 1968 to 1974 ||
|-
|[[Vélodrome du Lac]]
|[[Bordeaux]] ||{{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Vélodrome Roubaix]] (Vélodrome André-Pétrieux)
|[[Roubaix]] || {{convert|499.75|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||31° ||concrete
|Site of the finish of the spring classic [[Paris–Roubaix]] ||
|-
|[[Vélodrome Stablinksi]]
|[[Roubaix]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||45° ||wood
|Built in 2012<ref>http://velodrome-couvert-roubaix.com/velodrome-couvert-roubaix</ref> ||
|-
|
|[[Clermont Ferrand]] || || || ||
|
|-
|[[Vélodrome du Parc de la Tête d'Or]]
|[[Lyon]] || || || ||
|
|-
|[[INSEP]]
|[[Paris]] || || ||
|Indoor track ||
|-
|[[Vélodrome de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines|Vélodrome National de Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]]
|[[Paris]]|| {{convert|250|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Indoor track ||
|-
|[[Vélodrome de Hyères-Toulon-Var]]
|[[Hyères]], [[Var (department)|Var]] ||{{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||wood
|Semi-indoor track ||
|-
|[[Vélodrome Municipal de Dijon]]
|[[Dijon]], [[Côte-d'Or|Côte d'Or]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|[[Vélodrome Jean Jaurès]]
|[[Equeurdreville]], [[Manche]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|Vélodrome Commandant Bouguin
|[[Rennes]] || || ||
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|[[Vélodrome Amédée Détraux]]
|[[Baie-Mahault]], [[Guadeloupe]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||concrete || Outdoor track. Hosted the [[2014 UEC European Track Championships]]. ||
|-
|| Le Butour || Saint-Denis, Reunion || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
|| || Papeete, Tahiti || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
|}

=== {{GER}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|Andreasried Velodrome
|[[Erfurt]] ||{{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||concrete
|Outdoor track. Originally opened in 1885. Redeveloped in 2006-2007, converting the original 333 metre track to a 250-metre track and adding a roof.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sattler-ag.com/sattler-web/static/media/pdf/Referenz_TA__Radrennbahn_Erfurt__2_englisch.pdf |title=Velodrome "Andreasried" in Erfurt |author= |website=sattler-ag.com |accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=763|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/20131001000000/http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=763|archivedate=2013-10-01 |title=Andreasried Velodrome Profile |author= |website=Fixed Gear Fever|accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref> ||
|-
|Badewanne
|[[Dudenhofen]] || || || ||
|
|-
|Radrennbahn
|[[Bielefeld]]|| {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 49°|| concrete ||
|
|-
|Chemnitz Sportforum Velodrome
|[[Chemnitz]] || || || ||
|
|-
|Cottbus Sport Centre Velodrome
|[[Cottbus]] || || || ||
|
|-
|Eichwaldstadion Velodrome
|[[Schopp]] || || || ||
|
|-
|Gera Velodrome
|[[Gera]] || || || ||
|
|-
|[[Hanns-Martin-Schleyer-Halle]]
|[[Stuttgart]] || || ||
|Indoor track
|
|-
|Isar-Radstadion
|[[Niederpöring]] || || || ||
|
|-
|Mannheim Velodrome
|[[Mannheim]] || || || ||
|
|-
|NRW-Leistungszentrum
|Kaarst-Büttgen || || ||
|Indoor track ||
|-
|Radstadion
|[[Köln]] || || ||
|Semi-covered ||
|-
|Reichelsdorfer Keller
|[[Nürnberg]] || || || ||
|
|-
|Rosch-Kampfbahn
|[[Leipzig]] || || || ||
|
|-
|Rostock Velodrome
|[[Rostock]] || || || ||
|
|-
|RSG
|[[Augsburg]] || || ||
|Indoor track ||
|-
|Schanzenberg-Bahn
|[[Saarbrücken]] || || || ||
|
|-
|Solingen Velodrome
|[[Solingen]] || || || ||
|
|-
|Stadthalle
|[[Bremen (city)|Bremen]] || || ||
|Indoor track ||
|-
|Stellingen
|[[Hamburg]] || || ||
|Covered ||
|-
|VCD
|[[Darmstadt]] || || || ||
|
|-
|[[Velodrom]]
|[[Berlin]] || || ||
|Indoor track ||
|-
|[[Westfalenhallen]]
|[[Dortmund]] || || ||
|Indoor track||
|-
|Wuelfel
|[[Hannover]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 49° || wood ||
|
|}

=== {{GRC}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Olympic Velodrome (Athens)|Olympic Velodrome]]||[[Kifisia]], [[Athens]] || 250 m||| 42˚|| wood|| outdoor, covered, lights, underpass||162 m||{{coord|38.040134|23.780321}}
|-
|| Diagoras Velodrome || [[Rhodes|Rodos]] || 415 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||16 m||{{coord|36.438224|28.228184}}
|}

=== {{HKG}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Hong Kong Velodrome]]||[[Tseung Kwan O New Town]] || 250 m||41.9°|| wood || indoor, built in 2013 ||||{{coord|22.31331|114.26232}}
|}

=== {{HUN}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Millenáris Sporttelep]]<ref>[http://www.velodrom.hu Millenáris]. Velodrom.hu (2009-10-13). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref>||[[Budapest]]|| 412 m ||unknown || concrete || outdoor, lights, underpass (2)||113 m||{{coord|47.506193|19.094761}}
|-
|[[Tamási Track]]||[[Tamási]] || 400 m ||unknown || concrete || outdoor || 107 m||{{coord|46.626084|18.291624}}
|}

=== {{IND}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|Commonwealth Games Velodrome
|[[Indira Gandhi Arena|Indira Gandhi Sports Complex]], [[New Delhi]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|indoor track ||
|-
|[[Guru Nanak Dev University]] Cycling Velodrome
|[[Amritsar]] ||333.33m || ||concrete||outdoor
|
|-
|[[National Institute of Sports|NIS]] Velodrome
|[[Patiala]] ||333.33m || ||concrete||outdoor
|
|-
|[[Osmania University]] Velodrome
|[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||concrete ||outdoor
|
|-
|[[Punjabi University]] Stadium
|[[Patiala]] ||500m || ||concrete||outdoor
|
|-
|Veerangna Rani Durgawati Sports Complex
|[[Jabalpur]] || || || || ||
|-
|[[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex velodrome]]
|[[Pune]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete track || outdoor
|
|-
|[[Swai Maan Singh Sports Complex]] Cycling Velodrome
|[[Jaipur]] ||333.33m || ||concrete||outdoor
|
|-
|[[LNCPE SAI]] Cycling Velodrome
|[[Trivendrium]] ||333.33m || ||concrete||outdoor
|
|-
|[[SAI Sports Complex]] Cycling Velodrome
|[[Imphal, Manipur]] ||333.33m || ||concrete||outdoor
|
|-
|[[National Games Sports Complex]] Cycling Velodrome
|[[Ranchi]] ||333.33m || ||concrete||outdoor
|
|-
|[[National Games Sports Complex]] Cycling Velodrome
|[[Guwahati, Assam]] ||333.33m || ||concrete||outdoor
|
|-
|[[PAU Sports Complex]] Cycling Velodrome
|[[Ludhiana, Punjab]] ||333.33m || ||concrete||outdoor ||

|}Maharaja Karni Singh Staduim]] ||500.00m || ||concrete||outdoor ||
[[Bikaner, Rajasthan]]

=== {{IDN}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|G.O.R. Rawamangun Velodrome||[[Rawamangun]], [[Jakarta]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||10 m||{{coord|-6.191085|106.890227}}
|-
|Munaip Saleh Memorial Velodrome||[[Cisangkan]], [[Bandung]]||333 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor||749 m||{{coord|-6.873614|107.529339}}
|}

=== {{IRN}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|Azadi<ref>{{Cite news |title=افتتاح پيست دوچرخه‌سواري فجر يادگار امام در تبريز |url=http://www.farsnews.com/printable.php?nn=8911211287 |work=farsnews.com |accessdate=19 July 2013}} {{fa|icon}}</ref>
||[[Tehran]] ||333 m ||unknown || concrete||overpass, underpass, stadium, lights||1,285 m||{{coord|35.722432|51.272563}}
|-
|Samen
||[[Mashhad]] || ||unknown || concrete||outdoor|| 1,050 m ||{{coord|36.290131|59.596831}}
|}

=== {{IRL}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Eamonn Ceannt Stadium]] (Sundrive Road Track)
|[[Dublin]] || {{convert|457.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || tarmac
|Outdoor track, resurfaced 2009<ref>[http://www.irishcycling.com/publish/news/art_3772.shtml Sundrive Road Track Ready For Action]. Irishcycling.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|Kanturk Velodrome || [[Kanturk]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || tarmac || ||
|}

=== {{ITA}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
| Albricci || Naples || {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Marco Polo || Andora || {{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Rino Mercante || Bassano del Grappa || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| || Busto Garolfo || {{convert|385|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Antonio Capone || Marcianise || {{convert|285|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Nino Borsari || Cavezzo || {{convert|375|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Bandiera || Civitavecchia || {{convert|465|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Velodromo Comunale || Dalmine || {{convert|375|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Giovanile Salesiano || Donada || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Fausto Coppi || Turin || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Enzo Sacchi || Florence || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Pacciarelli || Fiorenzuola d'Arda || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| || Forano || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Glauco Servadei || Forli || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Carlini || Genova || {{convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Guido Biondi || Lanciano || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| || Molinella || {{convert|425|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| || Montallese || {{convert|325|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| || Noto || {{convert|350|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Renzo Barbera || Palermo || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Amici della Vis || Pesaro || {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| || Pontecorvo || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Ottavio Bottecchia || Pordenone || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Pier Giovanni Mecchia || Portogruaro || {{convert|395.80|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || parabolic || concrete || outdoor, opened in 1947<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.surplace.it/ |title=Velodromo Pier Giovanni Mecchia}}</ref> ||
|-
| || Quartu Sant Elena || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Francone || San Francesco al Campo || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
|[[Velodromo Fassa Bortolo]]
|[[Montichiari]], [[Brescia]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 43˚ || wood
|Indoor track, climate controlled. Opened 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.velodromofassabortolo.com/| title=Velodromo Fassa Bortolo}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[Velodromo Lello Simeone]]
|[[Barletta]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|outdoor track ||
|-
|[[Velodromo Corrado Ardizzoni]]
|[[Cento]], [[Ferrara]] || {{convert|396.4|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|outdoor track ||
|-
|[[Velodromo Vigorelli]]
|[[Milan]] || {{convert|397.27|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42° || wood
| outdoor track ||
|}

=== {{JAM}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
| [[Independence Park (Jamaica)|Independence Park]] || Kingston || {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
|}

=== {{JPN}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|Akashi Velodrome
|Hyogo || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Aomori Velodrome|Aomori Keirin Velodrome]]
|Aomori || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Beppu Keirin Velodrome
|Oita || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Chiba Velodrome|Chiba Keirin Velodrome]]
|Chiba || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Fukui Keirin Velodrome
|Fukui || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Gifu Keirin Velodrome
|Gifu || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Hachinohe Velodrome
|Aomori || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Hakodate Velodrome|Hakodate Keirin Velodrome]]
|Hakodate || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Hiratsuka Keirin Velodrome
|Kanagawa || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Hiroshima Keirin Velodrome
|Hiroshima || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Hofu Keirin Velodrome
|Yamaguchi || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Ichinomiya Keirin Velodrome
|Aichi || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Ito Keirin Velodrome
|Shizuoka || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Iwaki-Taira Velodrome|Iwaki Taira Keirin Velodrome]]
|Fukushima || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Izumisaki International Cycle Stadium
|Fukushima || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Japan Cycle Sports Centre
|Shizuoka || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || || 320
|
|-
|Japan Cycle Sports Centre
|Shizuoka || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Kagetsu-en Velodrome|Kagetsu-en Keirin Velodrome]]
|Kanagawa || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Kanonji Keirin Velodrome
|Kagawa || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Kansai Cycle Sports Centre
|Osaka || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Karigane Velodrome
|Nagano || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Kawasaki Velodrome|Kawasaki Keirin Velodrome]]
|Kanagawa || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Keiokaku Velodrome|Keiokaku Keirin Velodrome]]
|Tokyo || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Kishiwada Keirin Velodrome
|Osaka || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Kochi Keirin Velodrome
|Kochi || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Kokura]] Keirin Velodrome
|Fukuoka || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Komatsushima Keirin Velodrome
|Tokushima || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Kumamoto Keirin Velodrome
|Kumamoto || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Kurayoshi City Velodrome
|Tottori || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Green Dome Maebashi|Maebashi Keirin Velodrome]]
|Gunma || {{convert|335|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Indoor track ||
|-
|[[Matsudo Velodrome|Matsudo Keirin Velodrome]]
|Chiba || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Matsuyama Keirin Velodrome
|Ehime || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Matusaka Keirin Velodrome
|Mie || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Moji-ku, Kitakyushu|Moji]] Keirin Velodrome
|Fukuoka || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Mukomachi Keirin Velodrome
|Kyoto || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Nara Keirin Velodrome
|Nara || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Nagoya Keirin Velodrome
|Aichi ||{{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Nejime Velodrome
|Kagoshima || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Nihon Keirin Gakko
|Shizuoka || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Nihon Keirin Gakko
|Shizuoka || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Odawara Keirin Velodrome
|Kanagawa || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Ogaki Keirin Velodrome
|Gifu ||{{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Omiya Velodrome|Omiya Keirin Velodrome]]
|Saitama || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Ota City Velodrome
|Shimane || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Otsu Keirin Velodrome
|Shiga || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Prefectural Management Velodrome
|Miyagi || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Prefectural Management Park Velodrome
|Okinawa || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Rokugo Velodrome
|Akita || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Sakaigawa Velodrome
|Yamanashi || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Sasebo Keirin Velodrome
|Nagasaki || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Seibu-en Velodrome|Seibu-en Keirin Velodrome]]
|Saitama || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Shinjyo Cycle Sports Centre
|Yamagata || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Shiwa Velodrome
|Iwate || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Shizuoka Keirin Velodrome
|Shizuoka || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Tachikawa Velodrome|Tachikawa Keirin Velodrome]]
|Tokyo || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Taiwa City Velodrome
|Miyagi || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Takamatsu Keirin Velodrome
|Kagawa || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Takeo Keirin Velodrome
|Saga || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Tamano Keirin Velodrome
|Okayama || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Tokyo Dome Stadium
|Tokyo || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Toride Velodrome|Toride Keirin Velodrome]]
|Ibaraki || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Toyama Keirin Velodrome
|Toyama || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Toyohashi Keirin Velodrome
|Aichi || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Uchinada Velodrome
|Ishikawa || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Utsunomiya Velodrome|Utsunomiya Keirin Velodrome]]
|Tochigi || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Wakayama Keirin Velodrome
|Wakayama || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|[[Yahiko Velodrome|Yahiko Keirin Velodrome]]
|Niigata || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|-
|Yokkaichi Keirin Velodrome
|Mie || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|}

=== {{KAZ}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Saryarka Velodrome]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/BUILTIN/getObject.asp?MenuId=&ObjTypeCode=FILE&type=FILE&id=NzE2NDc&LangId=1 |title=Round #1 – UCI Track Cycling World Cup |author= |website=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]]|accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref>||[[Astana]] || 250 m|| 44°/13.5° || Nordic and Siberian pinewood || Indoor||349 m
|}

=== {{LBY}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|Al Madina||Tripoli||400 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor, lights||5 m||{{coord|32.888306|13.165293}}
|}

=== {{LTU}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Cido Arena]]||[[Panevėžys]] || 250 m||unknown|| wood || indoor|| 12 m||{{coord|55.733400|24.339162}}
|-
|| ||[[Klaipėda]] ||333 m ||unknown|| concrete ||outdoor, lights||12 m||{{coord|55.732363|21.134546}}
|}

=== {{MYS}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Velodrome Kuala Lumpur]]||[[Kuala Lumpur]] ||330 m ||unknown ||concrete||outdoor, underpass||61 m||{{coord|3.111342|101.728571}}
|-
|[[Velodrome Rakyat]]||[[Ipoh]] ||250 m ||unknown ||Wood||outdoor, painted, underpass, lights||51 m||{{coord|4.609273|101.100867}}
|}

=== {{MEX}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Aguascalientes Bicentenary Velodrome]]
|[[Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 41˚/12˚ || laminated wood (Finland Master Plank Kerto)
|Indoor. Designed by Peter Junek. Hosted the 2010 [[Pan American Road and Track Championships|Pan American Track Championships]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trackcyclingnews.com/mexicoworldcup.html |title=Aguascalientes to Host 2013 World Cup |author= |website=Track Cycling News |accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=578|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/20131001000000/http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=578|archivedate=2013-10-01 |title=Aguascalientes Bicentenary Velodrome Profile |author= |website=FixedGearFever|accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref> || 1887 m
|-
|[[Radamés Treviño Velodrome]]
|[[Monterrey]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=705|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/20131001000000/http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=705|archivedate=2013-10-01 |title=Radamés Treviño Velodrome Profile |author= |website=Fixed Gear Fever |accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[State Sports Institute Velodrome]]
|[[Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 34˚ || concrete
|Outdoor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=1532|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/20131001000000/http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=1532|archivedate=2013-10-01 |title=State Sports Institute (IDEA) Velodrome Profile |author= |website=FixedGearFever|accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome|Velodromo Agustín Melgar]]
|[[Mexico City]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 39˚ || ''Doussie afzeiba''
|Outdoor. 6,800 spectator capacity. Built for the [[1968 Summer Olympics]]<ref>[http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1968/1968v2pt1.pdf 1968 Summer Olympics official report.] Volume 2. Part 1. p. 74.</ref><ref>[http://www.conade.gob.mx/cnar/pdfs/52_55_velodromo.pdf Velodromo Agustín Melgar] {{wayback|url=http://www.conade.gob.mx/cnar/pdfs/52_55_velodromo.pdf |date=20090325031814 }}</ref>||2260 m
|-
|[[Velódromo Panamericano]]
|[[Guadalajara]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 39˚/12˚ || laminated wood (Finland Master Plank Kerto)
|indoor; designed by Peter Junek; used for the [[2011 Pan American Games]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=1482|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/20131001000000/http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=1482|archivedate=2013-10-01 |title=Guadalajara Panamerican Velodrome Profile |author= |website=FixedGearFever|accessdate=16 November 2013}}</ref> || 1550 m
|-
| Centro Deportivo || Mexico City || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
| Lopez Mateos || Guadalajara || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
| Velodromo Gobierno De Baja California Sur || La Paz || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
| || Leon || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
| || Los Cabos || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
| Centro de Alto Rendimiento de Baja California (CAR) || [[Tijuana]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 39˚/12˚ || painted strip wood || outdoor<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cycling.isport.com/cycling-velodromes/mx/-/tijuana/baja-california-high-performance-centre-936638 |title=Baja California High Performance Centre - Cycling Velodromes |website=iSport.com|accessdate=28 August 2015}}</ref> || 20m
|}

=== {{MAR}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
| || Casablanca || 333 m||unknown || concrete ||outdoor, underpass||30m ||{{coord|33.589301|-7.645600}}
|}

=== {{NLD}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Omnisport Apeldoorn]]||[[Apeldoorn]] || 250 m||unknown ||wood||Indoor velodrome designed by [http://www.faulknerbrowns.co.uk FaulknerBrowns Architects].||10 m||{{coord|52.209286|5.997509}}
|-
|[[Sportpaleis Alkmaar]]||[[Alkmaar]] || 250 m||unknown ||wood||indoor||0 m||{{coord|52.634669|4.716645}}
|-
|[[Velodrome Amsterdam|Velodrome]]||[[Amsterdam]] || 200 m||unknown||wood ||indoor||1 m||{{coord|52.339600|4.807748}}
|-
|[[Laco sportcentrum Glanerbrook]]<ref>[http://www.laco.eu/wielerbaan-glanerbrook.html Wielerbaan Laco sportcentrum Glanerbrook]</ref>||[[Geleen]] || 500 m||unknown||concrete||outdoor|| ||
|}

=== {{NCL}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
| Magenta Aérodrome|| Nouméa || 333 m||unknown || concrete ||outdoor, lights||14 m||{{coord|-22.264120|166.467716}}
|}

=== {{NZL}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|Denton Park
|[[Christchurch]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor; used for the [[1974 British Commonwealth Games]] ||
|-
|Avantidrome
|[[Cambridge, New Zealand|Cambridge]]||| {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||wood
|indoor track<ref>http://www.avantidrome.co.nz/</ref> ||
|-
|[[Invercargill ILT Velodrome]]
|[[Invercargill]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||wood
|Indoor track. Built for city of [[Invercargill]], [[New Zealand]]. Hosted the [[2012 UCI Juniors Track World Championships]]. Used for Oceania Championships, National Champs. Major sponsor: [[Invercargill Licensing Trust]] ||
|-
|Manukau Velodrome
|[[Auckland]] || {{convert|285|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor; used for the [[1990 Commonwealth Games]] ||
|-
|| || Nelson || {{convert|512|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}? || ||
|Outdoor ||
|-
|[[Rotorua Velodrome]]
|[[Rotorua]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Built by the cycling clubs of [[Rotorua]], [[New Zealand]]; this is an outdoor velodrome and is sited near the Rotorua International Stadium ||
|-
|Seddon Park Velodrome
|[[Dunedin]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor ||
|-
|Te Awamutu Velodrome
| || {{convert|450|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor ||
|-
|Temuka
| || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor ||
|-
|Timaru
| || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor ||
|-
|Tinwald
|[[Ashburton, New Zealand|Ashburton]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor ||
|-
|Waimate
| [[Waimate, New Zealand|Waimate]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor ||
|-
|Trust Bank Velodrome
|[[Wanganui]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Outdoor. Built in 1995 by Ron Webb. ||
|-
|Wellington Velodrome
|[[Wellington]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor ||
|-
|Athletic Park || Blenheim || {{convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt ||Outdoor ||
|}

=== {{NGA}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|Abuja Velodrome||[[Abuja]] ||250 m ||42°/12° ||concrete||semi-enclosed||486 m||{{coord|9.039207|7.457251}}
|}

=== {{PAK}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|| ||[[Lahore]] || 333 m||unknown || wood ||outdoor, stadium (Under re-construction since 2005)<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thefrontierpost.com/?p=49267| title=Construction of cycling velodrome at Lahore| date=27 August 2011| publisher=Frontier Post}}</ref>
||220 m||{{coord|31.511995|74.330070}}
|}

=== {{PER}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
||Velodrome Cerro Juli||[[Arequipa]] || 333 m||unknown || concrete||outdoor, underpass, lights||2,295 m||{{coord|-16.430896|-71.546189}}
|-
||National Velodrome La Videna|| [[Lima]] || 250 m||48° || wood ||outdoor, underpass||177 m||{{coord|-12.079698|-76.999126}}
|-
||Velodrome Chiclayo- Colegio San José|| [[Chiclayo]] || 200 m||48° || wood ||outdoor, underpass||177 m||
|-
|Velodrome Puente del Ejército Puente del Ejército||[[Lima]] || 250 m||unknown || concrete || outdoor, underpass||127 m||{{coord|-12.039646|-77.044733}}
|}

=== {{PHL}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|[[Amoranto Velodrome]]||[[Quezon City]]||400 m||unknown||concrete||painted, lights, underpass||22 m||{{coord|14.629886|121.023292}}
|}

=== {{POL}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
||BGŻ Arena||[[Pruszków]] || 250 m||unknown ||wood||indoor||92 m||{{coord|52.163591|20.821674}}
|-
| Welodrom im. Wernera Józefa Grundmanna || [[Wrocław]] || 200 m||unknown || concrete ||outdoor||116 m||{{coord|51.157512|17.029855}}
|-
| Orzeł || [[Warsaw]] || 333 m||unknown || concrete ||outdoor, disrepair||83 m||{{coord|52.251002|21.072798}}
|-
|Szafera || [[Szczecin]] || 400 m||unknown || concrete || covered ||31 m||{{coord|53.459113|14.497490}}
|-
|Społem || [[Łódź]] || 402 m||unknown || concrete || outdoor ||213 m||{{coord|51.781481|19.471492}}
|-
|KTK Kalisz || [[Kalisz]] || 500 m||unknown || concrete || outdoor ||104 m||{{coord|51.758385|18.100713}}
|-
|GK Żyrardów || [[Żyrardów]] || 330 m||unknown || concrete || outdoor ||111 m||{{coord|52.056770|20.425921}}
|}

=== {{PRT}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|Pista de Alpiarça
|[[Alpiarça]] || 400 m || || concrete || outdoor
|
|-
|Pista da Malveira
| Malveira || 500 m || || asphalt || outdoor
|
|-[[Velodromo Panamericano]] [[Coamo City]] {{Concrete||Outdoor||333m||48°|| Puerto Rico|date=January 2016}}

|Sangalhos National Velodrome
|[[Sangalhos]], [[Anadia, Alagoas|Anadia Municipality]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42° || laminated wood (Finland Master Plank Kerto)
|indoor; designed by Peter Junek ||
|}

=== {{ROU}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|| || Bucarest || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|}

=== {{RUS}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome|Krylatskoe Velodrome]]
|[[Moscow]] || 333.33 m or 1,093.6 ft || 42˚ || wood
|Indoor. Built in 1979 as venue for [[1980 Summer Olympics]]. ||
|-
|Lokosfinks Velodrome
|[[St. Petersburg]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Indoor. Built 2007–2008. ||
|}

=== {{SVN}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
||[http://novomesto-velodrome.siol.net/ Velodrom Novo Mesto] || Novo Mesto || 250m || || wood || ||
|}

=== {{ZAF}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Bellville Velodrome]]
|[[Cape Town]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 43° || concrete
|indoor ||
|-
|[[Kings Park Sporting Precinct|Cyril Geoghegan Cycle Stadium]] || [[Durban]] || {{convert|433|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
|[[Hector Norris Velodrome]] || [[Johannesburg]] || {{convert|460|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
|[[Pilditch Stadium]] || [[Pretoria]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 47° || concrete || outdoor ||
|-
| Westbourne || Port Elizabeth || 500m || || concrete || ||
|-
|[[Alexandra Park, South Africa|Alexandra Park]] || [[Pietermaritzburg]] || {{convert|460|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 25° || concrete || outdoor ||
|}

=== {{KOR}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Changwon Velodrome]]
|[[Changwon]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Indoor ||
|-
|[[Gwangmyeong Speedom]]
|[[Gwangmyeong]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||34°/4° || asphalt concrete
|Indoor ||
|-
|[[Olympic Velodrome (Seoul)|Olympic Velodrome]]
|[[Seoul]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||38°/10° || wood
|Constructed for the [[1988 Summer Olympics]]. Seating capacity of 6,322.<ref>{{cite techreport |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1988/1988v1p2.pdf|title=Official Report - Organization and Planning: Volume 1 - Games of the XXIVth Olympiad Seoul 1988|page=318|institution=Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee |publicationdate= 30 September 1989 }}</ref> ||
|}

=== {{ESP}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|[[Velódromo de Anoeta]]
|[[San Sebastián]] || {{convert|285.7|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Indoor. Built in 1965. 5,500 spectator capacity. Also known as ''Belodromoa''. Hosted two times the [[UCI Track Cycling World Championships]] (1965, 1973) ||
|-
|[[Velòdrom d'Horta]]
|[[Barcelona]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Outdoor. Built in 1984. Used in [[1992 Summer Olympics]]. Designed by Esteve Bonell and Francesc Rius. ||
|-
|[[Luis Puig Palace|Velódromo Luis Puig]]
|[[Valencia (city in Spain)|Valencia]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || painted concrete
|Indoor. Built in 1992. 6,500 spectator capacity. ||
|-
|[[Palma Arena]]
|[[Palma de Mallorca]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Indoor. Built in 2007. 5,000 spectator capacity. ||
|-
|[[Posadas, Spain|Posadas]]
|[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor ||
|-
|[[Velódromo de Galapagar]]
|Madrid || || ||
|Indoor track ||
|-
|[[Velódromo de Mataró]]
|Mataró || {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || ||
|
|}

=== {{SWE}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|YA Arena
|[[Falun]] || {{convert|190|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 50° || wood
|Indoor, Designed by Peter Junek, Sweden's first indoor velodrome since 1927. Sweden had 7 in 1905. And there is still a disused velodrome in Trelleborg that was used between 1976 and 1990.||
|}

==={{CHE}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|Vélodrome de Genève - Piste Tony Rominger
|[[Geneva]] || {{convert|167|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 56° || wood || Refurbished in 2014<ref>http://velodrome-geneve.ch/info/track</ref> ||
|-
| [[Oerlikon Velodrome]]
|[[Zürich]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 44.8° || concrete with multip
|Outdoor track, hosted six times the [[UCI Track Cycling World Championships]] (1929, 1936, 1946, 1953, 1961, 1983) ||
|-
| [[Hallenstadion]] || Zurich || {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood || ||
|-
| [[World Cycling Centre|Centre Mondial du Cyclisme]] || [[Aigle]] || {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood || ||
|-
| [[Velodrome Suisse]] || [[Grenchen]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 46% || [[Siberian spruce]] wood || [[Jens Voigt]] set the [[hour record]] here.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bmc-racing.com/ch-de/bmc-switzerland/news/story/ground-breaking-ceremony-for-velodrome-suisse.html |title=Ground Breaking Ceremony for Velodrome Suisse |publisher=[[BMC Switzerland]] |date=10 May 2012 |accessdate=21 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="sporting">*{{cite web |url=http://www.sportinglife.com/other-sports/news/article/678/9477116/cycling-jens-voigt-breaks-hour-record-with-a-distance-of-51115km |title=Voigt breaks hour record |date=18 September 2014 |publisher=[[Sporting Life (British newspaper)|Sporting Life]] |accessdate=20 September 2014}}</ref> Hosted the [[2015 UEC European Track Championships]]. ||
|-
| Parc || Lausanne || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
|}

=== {{THA}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Surface
|-
|| Suphan Buri Velodrome || Suphan Buri || 333 m || concrete
|-
|| Chiang Mai Velodrome || Chiang Mai || 333 m || concrete
|-
|| Hua Mark Velodrome || Bangkok || 333 m || concrete
|-
|| Nakon Ratchisima Velodrome || Korat || 333 m || concrete
|}

=== {{TTO}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! City !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude !! Location
|-
|| [[Arima Velodrome]] || [[Arima]] || {{convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || unknown || concrete || outdoor, lights || {{convert|62.817|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || {{coord|10.637142|-61.284243}}
|-
|| Skinner Park || [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || unknown || concrete || outdoor, lights || {{convert|7.767|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || {{coord|10.267056|-61.460705}}
|-
|| [[Palo Seco Velodrome]] || Palo Seco || || unknown|| concrete || outdoor, lights || {{convert|16.954|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || {{coord|10.084543|-61.601519}}
|-
|| Irwin Park Sporting Complex || [[Siparia]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || unknown|| concrete || outdoor, lights || {{convert|64.620|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || {{coord|10.145067|-61.505848}}
|-
|| National Cycling Velodrome || [[Couva]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42° || wood (Siberian Pine) || indoor ||{{convert|32.382|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || {{coord|10.426881|-61.415937}}
|}

=== {{TKM}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|| [[Welotrek sport toplumy]] in Olympic Village || Ashgabat || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || laminated wood (Finland Master Plank Kerto)||indoor; designed by Peter Junek ||
|-
|}

=== {{GBR}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{ENG}}
|-
|[[Aldersley Track]]
|[[Aldersley]], [[Wolverhampton]] || {{convert|458.56|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 22.5° || asphalt
|Outdoor track<ref>[http://www.wolverhamptonwheelers.co.uk/html/track.htm Wolverhampton Whelers – Track]. Wolverhamptonwheelers.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Bournemouth Cycle Centre]]
|[[Bournemouth]], [[Dorset]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || tarmac
|Outdoor track opened June 2011<ref>[http://www.bournemouth.cc/ Welcome to the Bournemouth Cycling Centre]. Bournemouth.cc. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Calshot Velodrome]]
|[[Calshot]] (near [[Southampton]]) || {{convert|142.857|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 45˚/20˚ || wood
|Short steeply banked indoor track housed inside an old aircraft hangar, the original track was longer.<ref>[http://www.hants.gov.uk/calshot/cycle.html Calshot Velodrome]. Hants.gov.uk. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> Track was rebuilt with a wooden surface by Ron Webb in 1996. ||
|-
|[[Derby Arena]] || [[Derby]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42° || wood
|Indoor velodrome and sports arena designed by [http://www.faulknerbrowns.co.uk FaulknerBrowns Architects]. Opened in March 2015. ||
|-
|Forest Town Welfare || [[Mansfield]], [[Nottinghamshire]] || {{convert|402|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 10˚ || tarmac
|Built in 1908, the track has 4 bankings, built in a rectangle shape around the football pitch.<ref>[http://www.velodrome.org.uk/forest10wk1.html UK Forest Town Track League, Week One]. velodrome.org.uk</ref> ||
|-
|[[Gosling Sports Park]]
|[[Welwyn Garden City]] || {{convert|460.95|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|[[Herne Hill Velodrome]]
|[[London]] || {{convert|450|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 30° || tarmac
|A track in a shallow concrete bowl, constructed in 1891. Centenary rebuild by Ron Webb, concrete, completed 1992. Resurfaced in tarmac in 2011. ||
|-
|[[London Velopark#Velodrome|London Velopark]]
|[[Leyton]], east London || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42˚ || wood
|Constructed for the [[2012 Olympic Games]] ||
|-
|[[Long View Leisure]]
|[[Huyton Knowsley]], [[Merseyside]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || || ||
|-
|[[Lyme Valley Stadium]]
|[[Newcastle-under-Lyme]], [[Staffordshire]] || {{convert|400.05<ref>Re-measured 2105</ref>|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|<ref>[http://www.newcastle-track.co.uk Lyme Valley Stadium]. Newcastle-track.co.uk. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Manchester Velodrome]]
|[[Manchester]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42° || wood
|National Cycling Centre and home of British cycling,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationalcyclingcentre.com/|title=National Cycling Centre|website=www.nationalcyclingcentre.com|access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref> designed by [http://www.faulknerbrowns.co.uk FaulknerBrowns Architects] and built in 1994. ||
|-
|[[Middlesbrough Sports Village]]
|[[Middlesbrough]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || tarmac
|Outdoor track, opened September 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/watch-cyclists-try-out-olympic-10067548 |title=Watch as cyclists try out Olympic-size velodrome at Middlesbrough Sports Village |publisher=Middlesbrough Gazette Live Website |accessdate=20 November 2015}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[Halesowen Velodrome]]
|[[Halesowen]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor track, opened 1947<ref>[http://www.halesowencycling.net/racing/track.html Halesowen Cycling – Track Racing] {{wayback|url=http://www.halesowencycling.net/racing/track.html |date=20090515131558 }}</ref> ||
|-
|[[The Mountbatten Centre]]
|[[Portsmouth]] || {{convert|535.6|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor D shape track – two partial bends into a banked straight and flat D shaped loop ||
|-
|[[Palmer Park Stadium]]
|[[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] || {{convert|459.15|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|[[Poole Park Track]]
|[[Poole]], [[Dorset]] || {{convert|534|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || tarmac || ||
|-
|[[Preston Park, Brighton|Preston Park]]
|[[Brighton]], [[East Sussex]] || {{convert|579.03|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || tarmac
|Outdoor track, built in 1877, the oldest velodrome in the UK
<ref>[http://www.velodrome.org.uk/prestonpark.html Preston Park]. Velodrome.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref>
|
|-
|[[Quibell Park Stadium]]
|[[Scunthorpe]] || {{convert|485.06|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor track<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scunthorpepoly.co.uk./| title=Welcome to Quibell Park Velodrome| publisher=Scunthorpe Poly CC}}</ref> ||
|-
|Roundhay Park
|[[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]] || || || soil and grass
| [[Grasstrack]] ||
|-
|[[Richmondshire Velodrome]]
|[[Richmond, North Yorkshire]] || {{convert|364|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || grass
|Built 1892, a banked velodrome covered with grass. It is used for league races through the summer and hosts national grass track meetings. ||
|-
|York Sport Velodrome
|[[York]], [[North Yorkshire]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || tarmac
|Opened in July 2014 to coincide with the [[Tour de France 2014]], it has a banking of 30 degrees at its steepest point. ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;" | {{SCO}}
|-
|[[Caird Park]]
|[[Dundee]] || {{convert|402.34|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|[[Commonwealth Arena and Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome|Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome]]
|[[Glasgow]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 45˚ || wood
|Indoor track, opened October 2012 ||
|-
|[[Meadowbank Stadium#Track cycling|Meadowbank Velodrome]]
|[[Edinburgh]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Outdoor track, built in 1985, used in the [[1986 Commonwealth Games]] ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{WAL}}
|-
|[[Carmarthen Park]]
|[[Carmarthen]] || {{convert|405.38|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Built 1900, oldest concrete velodrome in the world in continuous use<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.roadcyclinguk.com/news/article/mps/uan/191| title=Tracks in the UK| publisher=Road Cycling UK}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[Maindy Stadium]]
|[[Cardiff]] || {{convert|459.37|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 25˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track, used in the [[1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]] ||
|-
|[[Newport Velodrome]]
|[[Newport, Wales|Newport]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42˚ || wood
|Indoor track. Welsh National Velodrome opened in 2003 ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Ireland]]
|-
|[[Tommy Givan Track]]
|[[Orangefield, Belfast]] || {{convert|396|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || tarmac
|Outdoor track. Orangefield Track opened 1957, renamed Tommy Givan Track in 1981<ref name="Orangefield">[http://belfasttrackcycling.homestead.com/home.html Orangefield Track]. Belfasttrackcycling.homestead.com (2011-12-22). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|}

=== {{USA}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude || Location
|-
|colspan=8 style="text-align:center;"| {{USA}}
|-
|[[7-Eleven United States Olympic Training Center Velodrome]]
|[[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]], [[Colorado]] || {{convert|333.3|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 33˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track, covered during winter from 2015.<ref>[http://velonews.competitor.com/2014/10/news/colorado-springs-velodrome-cover-will-provide-year-round-training-usa-cycling-athletes_349534 7-Eleven Velodrome cover]</ref> Built in 1982 in preparation for the 1984 Olympics in LA.<ref>[http://www.coloradousac.org/track/abttrk.php 7-Eleven United States Olympic Training Center Velodrome]. Coloradousac.org (2008-12-03). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> || 1,840m || {{coord|38.829247|-104.7972813}}
|-
||[[Cleveland Velodrome]]
|[[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] || {{convert|166.66|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||
|| wood || Outdoor track, built in 2012 ||
|-
|[[Major Taylor Velodrome]]
|[[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 28˚ / 9˚ || concrete
|A 333.34m outdoor track, 28 degree banked turns, 9 degree straights. Hosted many national and international competitions, including the 1987 Pan American Games.<ref>[http://www.majortaylorvelo.com/ Major Taylor Veldrome]. Majortaylorvelo.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[National Sports Center Velodrome]]
|[[Blaine, Minnesota|Blaine]], [[Minnesota]] (near [[Minneapolis]]) || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 43˚ || wood
|Outdoor track, built in 1990.<ref>[http://nscsports.org/facilities/velo/index.htm National Sports Center Velodrome]. Nscsports.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[The Alkek Velodrome]]
|[[Houston]], [[Texas]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 33˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track, built 1986.<ref>[http://www.houstonalkekvelodrome.org The Alkek Velodrome]. Houstonalkekvelodrome.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Alpenrose Velodrome]]
|[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], [[Oregon]] || {{convert|268.43|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 43˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track, originally built the track to host the 1967 National Championships.<ref>[http://www.obra.org/ Alpenrose Velodrome]. Obra.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Dick Lane Velodrome]]
|[[East Point, Georgia|East Point]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] (near [[Atlanta]]) || {{convert|321.8|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 36˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track, built 1972.<ref>[http://www.dicklanevelodrome.com Dick Lane Velodrome]. Dick Lane Velodrome. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Asheville Velodrome]]
|[[Asheville, North Carolina|Asheville]], [[North Carolina]] || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 4–8˚ || asphalt
|Outdoor track, converted from race car track in 2001.<ref>[http://www.mellowdrome.com Asheville Velodrome]. Mellowdrome.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Baton Rouge Velodrome]]
|[[Baton Rouge]], [[Louisiana]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track, re-opened March 2010 after extensive renovation ||
|-
|[[The Velodrome at Bloomer Park]]
|[[Rochester Hills, Michigan|Rochester Hills]], [[Michigan]] (near [[Detroit]]) || {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 44˚ || wood panel
|Outdoor track, built in 2002<ref>[http://www.velodromeatbloomerpark.com/ The Velodrome at Bloomer Park]. The Velodrome at Bloomer Park. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|Boulder Valley Velodrome
|[[Erie, Colorado]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 44˚ || wood
|Outdoor track; construction began in 2012. Opening January 1, 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.coloradohometownweekly.com/news/erie/ci_28109915/velodrome-overcomes-hurdles-opens-erie}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[Brian Piccolo Velodrome]]
|[[Cooper City, Florida|Cooper City]], [[Florida]] (near [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Fort Lauderdale]]) || {{convert|333.3|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} {{convert|200|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 30˚ 10˚ || concrete
|Two outdoor tracks: one competitive and one recreational.<ref>[http://www.broward.org/PARKS/BRIANPICCOLOPARK/Pages/Velodrome.aspx Brian Piccolo Velodrome]</ref> ||
|-
|[[Encino Velodrome]]
|[[Encino, Los Angeles, California|Encino]], Los Angeles, California || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 28˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track<ref>[http://www.encinovelodrome.org Encino Velodrome]. Encino Velodrome. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Ed Rudolph Velodrome]]
|[[Northbrook, Illinois|Northbrook]], [[Illinois]] (near [[Chicago]]) || {{convert|382|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 18˚ || epoxy on concrete
|Outdoor track, built 1959, renovated 2004 ||
|-
|[[Garden State Velodrome]]
|[[Wall]], [[New Jersey]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 33˚ / 15˚ || asphalt
|A {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} outdoor track, 33 degree banked turns, 15 degree straights. Term when [[Wall Township Speedway]] is used for cycling, Built in 1950.<ref>[http://www.gsvelodrome.com Garden State Velodrome Association]. Gsvelodrome.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref><ref>[http://www.facebook.com/gsvelodrome Garden State Velodrome Association – Sportevenement – Wall, NJ]. Facebook. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Hellyer Park Velodrome]]
|[[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[California]] ([[San Francisco Bay Area]]) || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 23˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track<ref>[http://www.ridethetrack.com/ Hellyer Park Velodrome]. Ridethetrack.com (2011-11-01). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Idaho Velodrome and Cycling Park]]
|[[Eagle, Idaho]] || || || concrete
|<ref>[http://www.idahovelopark.org/ Idaho Velodrome and Cycling Park]. Idahovelopark.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Kissena Park|Kissena Park Velodrome]]
|[[Flushing, Queens|Flushing]], [[Queens]], [[New York City]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor track, built in 1962, resurfaced in 2004.<ref>[http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_things_to_do/facilities/af_cycling.html NYC Government Parks]. Nycgovparks.org (2004-04-21). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref><ref>[http://www.kissena.info/track/ Kissena Velodrome]. Kissena.info. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[VELO Sports Center]]
|[[Carson, California|Carson]], [[California]] (near [[Los Angeles]]) || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 45˚ || wood
|Indoor track. Built in 2004.<ref>[http://www.lavelodrome.org/ LA Velodrome]. LA Velodrome. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> Siberian pine. First and only permanent indoor track of international standard in United States.<ref>[http://www.stubhubcenter.com/velo/ VELO Sports Center]. www.stubhubcenter.com/velo</ref> ||
|-
|[[Marymoor Velodrome|Jerry Baker Memorial Velodrome (formerly Marymoor Velodrome)]]
|[[Redmond, Washington|Redmond]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]] (near [[Seattle]]) || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 25˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track, built 1974, resurfaced 2005.<ref>[http://marymoor.velodrome.org/ Marymoor Velodrome]</ref> ||
|-
|[[New England Velodrome]]
|[[Londonderry, New Hampshire|Londonderry]], [[New Hampshire]] || {{convert|318|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 14˚ || asphalt
|Outdoor track, primarily used for [[karting]], however track events are held twice weekly.<ref>[http://www.leadcycling.com New England Velodrome]. Leadcycling.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Penrose Park]]
|[[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]] || {{convert|322|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 28˚ || asphalt
|Outdoor track, built 1962, resurfaced in 1984 and 2005<ref>[http://penroseparkvelo.com]. Mobra.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[San Diego Velodrome]]
|[[San Diego]], California || {{convert|333.3|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 27˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track, built 1976<ref>[http://www.sdvelodrome.com/ San Diego Velodrome]. Sdvelodrome.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[The Superdrome]]
|[[Frisco, Texas|Frisco]], Texas (near [[Dallas]]) || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 44˚ || wood
|Outdoor track<ref>[http://superdrome.com/ The Superdrome]. The Superdrome. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Valley Preferred Cycling Center]]
|[[Breinigsville, Pennsylvania|Breinigsville]], [[Pennsylvania]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 28-30˚ / 12.5˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track; built 1975 as Lehigh County Velodrome, renovated 1995.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us {{!}} The Valley Preferred Cycling Center|url=http://www.thevelodrome.com/about-us/|publisher=Valley Preferred Cycling Center|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref> 30-degree banked turns and 12.5-degree straightaways. ||
|-
|[[Washington Park Velodrome]]
|[[Kenosha, Wisconsin|Kenosha]], [[Wisconsin]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 27˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track, built in 1927. Under renovation 2015<ref>[http://www.333m.com/ Kenosha Velodrome Association]. 333m.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Chicago Velo Campus]]
|[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] || {{convert|166|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Outdoor interim track, built in 2011. Permanent facility with {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} track opening 2013.<ref>[http://www.chicagovelocampus.com/ Chicago Velo Campus]. Chicago Velo Campus. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Giordana Velodrome]]
|[[Rock Hill, South Carolina]] (Charlotte, NC region) || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42.5˚ || concrete
|Outdoor concrete velodrome, 42.5 embankment. Meets Olympic standards.<ref>[http://giordanavelodrome.com]. City of Rock Hill. Retrieved on 2012-05-19.</ref> ||
|}

=== {{URY}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|| || Paysandu || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
|| [[Americo Ricaldoni]] || Montevideo || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || Hosted partly the [[1968 UCI Track Cycling World Championships]] ||
|}

=== {{UZB}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|| || Tashkent || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|}

=== {{VEN}} ===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|| Polideportivo Libertaor || Coro || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
|| La Paragua || Cuidad Bolivar || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
|| Urbanizacion Tiuna || Maracay || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
|| Deportivo Tachira || San Cristobal || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
||Teo Capriles||Caracas|| {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
|| Maximo Romero || Valencia || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
|}

==Velodromes no longer in use==

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Velodrome !! Location !! Length !! Banking !! Surface !! Notes !! Altitude
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{ARG}}
|-
|Buenos Aires Municipal || [[Buenos Aires]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || || ||
|-
|Gen. Belgrano Park Velodrome || [[Salta]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || || ||
|-
|Luna Park || [[Buenos Aires]] || || || || ||
|-
|Don Pedro Milanese Velodrome|| || || || || ||
|-
| ||Formosa ||333 m || || || ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"|{{ARM}}
|-
|[[Yerevan Velodrome]]
|[[Yerevan]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42° || wood || Outdoor track || 915m
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{AZE}}
|-
|Baku Velodrome || [[Baku]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{CAN}}
|-
|China Creek Velodrome ||[[Vancouver]] || {{convert|245|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} ||42˚ || wood
|Outdoor track. Built for the [[1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games]]. Rebuilt 1973. Demolished 1980. ||
|-
|[[Olympic Velodrome (Montreal)]]
|[[Montreal]] ||{{convert|285|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 48˚|| wood
|Indoor track. Built for the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. Converted into the [[Montreal Biodome]] in 1989. ||
|-
|[[Vélodrome Louis Garneau]]
|[[Quebec City]] || || ||
|Demolished in November 2007 ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{CZE}}
|-
|Pardubice || [[Pardubice]] || {{convert|500|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track. Built 1931, Schurmann design. Renovated 1974. ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{GEO}}
|-
|Tbilisi Central Velodrome || [[Tbilisi]] || {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|Tbilisi Velodrome || [[Tbilisi]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || wood
|Outdoor track ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{GER}}
|-
|Olympiahalle
|[[München]] || {{convert|285|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}|| || wood
|Built for [[1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Olympic Games]], demolished 2015. ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{FRA}}
|-
|[[Parc des Princes]]
|[[Paris]] || {{convert|666|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} egg shape / {{convert|454|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} oval || ||
|Built 1897. [[Tour de France]] finish from its beginning in 1903. Track reduced in size in 1924 for Olympic Games. Track demolished 1967. ||
|-
|[[Vélodrome Buffalo]]
|[[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] || || || ||
|
|-
|[[Vélodrome d'hiver]]
|[[Paris]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|Built in 1902, in the Salles des Machines which had previously housed the industrial display of the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)]]. Used to hold thousands of Jews who were victims of a mass arrest during the Nazi occupation in 1942. The velodrome was partly destroyed by fire and the building subsequently demolished in 1959. ||
|-
|[[Adolphe Clément#Personal life|Vélodrome de la Seine]]
|[[Levallois-Perret]] || || ||
|Owned by [[Adolphe Clément]] from circa 1893-1900 ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{HKG}}
|-
|[[Hong Kong Sports Institute]]
|[[Sha Tin]] || || ||
|Demolished 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ng|first1=Joyce|title=HK$1b velodrome for Tseung Kwan O|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/700614/hk1b-velodrome-tseung-kwan-o|accessdate=17 November 2014|agency=South China Morning Post|date=8 December 2009|quote=It will compensate for the loss of the outdoor velodrome of the Hong Kong Sports Institute in Sha Tin, which will be dismantled this month for the institute's redevelopment.}}</ref> ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{IRL}}
|-
|[[Goff Cycle Track]]
|[[Waterford]], [[Ireland]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || cinder and tarmac
|Outdoor track, donated to the People's Park in Waterford City by Sir W. G. D. Goff. Still exists but is covered in grass.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=liCtA0XnqXUC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=goff+cycle+track+waterford&source=bl&ots=2MNWWtDRx6&sig=RGK4-S1BkfQ5dLGlMeAqsqH2jFI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kNqPUe6VK-GS7AaO2YFI&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=goff%20cycle%20track%20waterford&f=false]</ref> ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{ITA}}
|-
|[[Olympic Velodrome, Rome|Olympic Velodrome]] || [[Rome]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 37.27° / 9.55° || Cameroonian [[doussie]] || Outdoor track. Built in 1957-1960. Demolished in 2008 due to inactivity.<ref>{{cite techreport|url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1960/OR1960v1.pdf|title=The Games of the XVII Olympiad, Rome 1960: The Official Report of the Organizing Committee |institution=Organizing Committee of the Games of the XVII Olympiad |year=1960|volume=1|pages=72-75 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Simon |year=2011 |title=Sport Italia: The Italian Love Affair with Sport |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q6ScEvQEUEAC&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273&dq=olympic+velodrome+rome+demolition&source=bl&ots=W1f84nvBY7&sig=tk5rai6Pa3XS2P7cb5s-QZW-WF8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MKmKUp3kNI-QhQe_joCwAw&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCDgo#v=onepage&q=velodrome&f=false |publisher=I.B.Tauris|page=273 |accessdate=19 November 2013 }}</ref> ||
|-
|[[Palazzo dello Sport (Milan)|Palazzo dello Sport]] || [[Milan]] || || || || Indoor track in the Palazzo dello Sport. Built in November 1923, and possibly a removable installation.<ref>[https://books.google.de/books?id=SW_q8y721EwC&pg=PA285&lpg=PA285&dq=palazzo+dello+sport+pista&source=bl&ots=KOIjz2hwTC&sig=CY0zccG1K_yPSHUuwFmrLBqIRAQ&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwil5ZaBz4HKAhUKvBQKHdQHAcY4ChDoAQg0MAI#v=onepage&q=palazzo%20dello%20sport%20pista&f=false]</ref> ||
|-
|[[Velodromo Vigorelli]] || [[Milan]] || {{convert|397.27|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42° / 5° || European Spruce || Outdoor track. Built in 1935. ||
|-
|[[Palasport di San Siro]] || [[Milan]] ||  || || || Indoor track. Built in 1970-1976. Demolished in 1988 due to inactivity. ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{RSA}}
|-
|Western Holdings || [[Welkom, South Africa]] || {{convert|485|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 25° || concrete || Once the most popular track in the country. Facilities destroyed in a hurricane in 1991 and never rebuilt again. ||
|-
|President Steyn Mine Track || [[Welkom, South Africa]] || {{convert|485|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 25° || concrete || Still existing, but no longer in use ||
|-
|Harmony Gold Mine Track || [[Virginia, South Africa]] || {{convert|485|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 25° || concrete || Still existing, but no longer in use ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{SPA}}
|-
| [[Velòdrom del Tirador]]
| [[Palma de Mallorca]] || {{convert|333.33|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete || Outdoor track. Built in 1903, closed in 1973. Still existing, but no longer in use. ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{UK}}
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{ENG}}
|-
|[[Bootle Stadium]]
|[[Bootle]], [[Merseyside]] || || ||
|<ref>[http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=bootle Bootle Stadium]. Runtrackdir.com (2000-01-25). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Butts Stadium]]
|[[Coventry]], [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]] || {{convert|402|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Built in 1879, fell out of use in the 1990s<ref>[http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=coventry-b Butts Stadium]. Runtrackdir.com (2003-09-30). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Catford Track]]
|[[Catford]] || {{convert|536|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|<ref>[http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=london-cat-ss Catford Track]. Runtrackdir.com (2000-06-26). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref><ref name="HHsurvival">[http://www.urban75.org/london/velodrome1.html The Herne Hill Velodrome – fighting for survival]. Urban75.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Fallowfield Stadium]]
|[[Fallowfield]], [[Manchester]] || {{convert|509|yd|m}} || 30˚ || shale, later concrete
|Opened May 1892. Was renamed the Reg Harris Stadium in 1955.<ref>[http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=manchester-fa The Harris Stadium (formerly Fallowfield Stadium)]. Runtrackdir.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Gypsies Green]]
|[[South Shields]], [[Tyne and Wear]] || {{convert|401|m|ft|0abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Semi-derelict ||
|-
|[[Harlow Track]]
|[[Harlow]], [[Essex]] || {{convert|197|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 45˚ || wood
|Opened 11 September 1976, closed 3 November 1993<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.internationalcyclesport.com/html/harlow_track.html| title=Harlow Track| publisher=International Cycle Sport}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[Harvey Hadden Stadium]]
|[[Bilborough Park]], [[Nottingham]] || {{convert|460|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || tarmac
|Closed 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=593|title=Harvey Hadden Stadium|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/20131001000000/http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=593|archivedate=2013-10-01|accessdate=2012-01-13}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[Kirkby Sports Centre]]
|[[Kirkby]], [[Merseyside]] || {{convert|485|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Built 1964. Last used 29 August 2007, demolished.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/other-sports/2007/08/29/cycling-farewell-to-kirkby-track-100252-19703993/| title=Cycling: Farewell to Kirkby track| publisher=Liverpool Echo| date=2007-08-29}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[North London Cycling Track]]
|[[Wood Green]], [[London]] || {{convert|459|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || ||
|<ref name="HHsurvival" /><ref>[http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=london-wg-nl North London Cycling Track]. Runtrackdir.com (2000-05-22). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Paddington Recreation Ground]]
|[[Maida Vale]], [[London]] || || || concrete
|Demolished in 1987 to make way for a dog fouling area.<ref name="HHsurvival" /> ||
|-
|[[Putney Velodrome]]
|[[Putney]], [[London]] || {{convert|358|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Opened 1 August 1891<ref name="HHsurvival" /><ref>[http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=london-put Putney Velodrome]. Runtrackdir.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Saffron Lane sports centre]]
|[[Leicester]], [[Leicestershire]] || {{convert|333|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 37˚ || wood
|Used for [[UCI Track Cycling World Championships|World Championships]] in 1970 and 1984 and national championships from the 1970s to the 1990s. Earlier plastic-coated concrete track given wood surface in 1978, fell into disrepair due to lack of funds after major events were moved to newly opened Manchester velodrome.<ref>[http://urbexleicester.fotopic.net/c1448824.html Saffron Lane Velodrome]</ref> ||
|-
|[[Salford Stadium]]
|[[Birmingham]] || {{convert|402|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || tarmac
|Opened 11 July 1951<ref>[http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=birmingham-sp Salford Stadium]. Runtrackdir.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Southampton Velodrome]]
|[[Southampton]] || || || ||
|
|-
|[[Memorial Athletic Grounds]]
|[[West Ham]], [[London]] || || ||
|<ref name="HHsurvival" /><ref>[http://www.runtrackdir.com/details.asp?track=london-wh Memorial Athletic Grounds]. Runtrackdir.com (2000-05-20). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|
|[[Kensal Rise]], [[London]] || || ||
|<ref name="HHsurvival" /> ||
|-
|[[LNWR Sports Ground]]
|[[Wolverton]], [[Milton Keynes]] || || ||
|Hard track in use in the 1950s. Last visible derelict sections demolished circa 2009.<ref>[http://www.playedinbritain.co.uk/news-full/20090915-restoration-of-wolverton-park.php Restoration of historic Wolverton Park grandstand meets mixed response]. playedinbritain.co.uk. Retrieved on 2014-03-04.</ref> ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{SCO}}
|-
| Grangemouth Sports Stadium
| [[Grangemouth]], [[Falkirk]] || || || || Circa 1966–1996 ||
|-
| [[Celtic Park]]
| [[Glasgow]] || || || || Circa 1892–early 20th century. Celtic Park hosted the 1897 [[UCI Track Cycling World Championships|World Cycling Championships]]. ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{WAL}}
|-
|[[Taff Vale Park]]
|[[Treforest]], [[Rhondda Cynon Taff]] || || ||
|Built before 1908, banking still exists covered in grass, surrounding a playing field behind Broadway<ref>[http://webapps.rhondda-cynon-taff.gov.uk/heritagetrail/big_anthem_fawr/ponty_history.htm The History of Pontypridd]. Webapps.rhondda-cynon-taff.gov.uk (1903-10-12). Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{IOM}}
|-
|[[Nivison Stadium]]
|[[Onchan]], [[Isle of Man]] || {{convert|400|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || asphalt
|Outdoor track, built 1951<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=1328|title=Nivison Stadium|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/20131001000000/http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=1328|archivedate=2013-10-01|accessdate=2012-01-13}}</ref> ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{NIR}}
|-
|[[Wallace Park]]
|[[Lisburn]] || || ||
|Opened in 1953. Fell into disrepair, partially demolished<ref name="Orangefield" /> ||
|-
|colspan=7 style="text-align:center;"| {{US}}
|-
|[[Boulder Indoor Cycling]]
|[[Boulder, Colorado]] || {{convert|142|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 45 || wood
|Opened December 2008; ceased operations April 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailycamera.com/ci_20511031/boulder-indoor-cycling-close-its-doors}}</ref> The velodrome was disassembled. ||
|-
|[[Dorais Velodrome]]
|[[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] || {{convert|325|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 24˚/8˚ || concrete
|Outdoor track, completed 1969, hosted National Championships in 1969<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=1334|title=Dorais Velodrome|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/20131001000000/http://www.fixedgearfever.com/modules.php?name=Velodromes&op=showtrack&id=1334|archivedate=2013-10-01|accessdate=2012-01-13}}</ref><ref>[http://www.m-bike.org/library/history/TracksAndVelodromes.pdf Michigan Tracks and Velodromes]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-01-13.</ref> ||
|-
|[[Olympic Velodrome (Carson, California)|Olympic Velodrome]]
|[[Carson, California]] || {{convert|333.3|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || || concrete
|Outdoor track, built for the [[1984 Summer Olympics]]. Completed in 1981. Seating for 2,500 spectators. Demolished in 2003 and replaced with the [[StubHub Center]], including the [[ADT Event Center]] (AKA LA Velodrome).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csudh.edu/univadv/dateline/archives/20090813/campusnews/alookback.htm |title=A Look Back: Velodrome Built for 1984 Olympics Brought CSU Dominguez Hills Recognition as Sports and Entertainment Venue |last1=Harmon |first1=Joanie|date=13 August 2009 |website=[[California State University, Dominguez Hills]] |accessdate=17 November 2013}}</ref> ||
|-
|[[Stone Mountain Velodrome]]
|[[Stone Mountain Park, Georgia]] || {{convert|250|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=or}} || 42˚/13˚ || polymer-wood
| Outdoor track, built for the [[1996 Summer Olympics]].<ref>[http://www.nadovich.com/chris/track A New Generation] navdovich.com. Retrieved on 2014-08-09.</ref> The velodrome site was restored to a songbird habitat in 2003.<ref>[http://www.stonemountainpark.com/about/history.aspx Stone Mountain Park History] Stonemountainpark.com. Retrieved on 2014-08-09.</ref> ||
|}

== List of oldest cycling tracks and velodromes ==

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! N. !! Velodrome !! City !! Year !! Length !! Surface !! Notes !! In Use !! Location
|-
| 1 || [[Preston Park, Brighton|Preston Park]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/cycling-preston-park-velodrome |title=Cycling at Preston Park Velodrome |author= |website=www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/cycling-preston-park-velodrome |accessdate=}}</ref> || [[Brighton]], [[East Sussex]], [[England]] || 1877 || 579.03 m || tarmac || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|50.5029|00.0852}}
|-
| 2 || [[Herne Hill Velodrome]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hernehillvelodrome.com/ |title=Herne Hill Velodrome |author= |website=www.hernehillvelodrome.com/ |accessdate=}}</ref> || [[London]], [[England]] || 1891 || 450 m || tarmac || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|51.2704|00.0529}}
|-
| 3 || [[Richmondshire Velodrome]] || [[Richmond, North Yorkshire]], [[England]] || 1892 || 364 m || grass || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|54.404998|01.740925}}
|-
| 4 || [[Vélodrome de Vincennes]]{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} || [[Bois de Vincennes]], [[Paris]], [[France]] || 1894 || 500 m || concrete || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|48.4934|02.2441}}
|-
| 5 || [[Loudun Velodrome]] || [[Loudun]], [[France]] || 1895 || 185 m || concrete || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|47.008434|00.076897}}
|-
| 6 || [[Vélodrome des Alliers]] || [[Angouleme]], [[France]] || 1895 || 333.33 m || concrete || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|45.639153|00.126388}}
|-
| 7 || [[Turquet de la Boisserie]] || [[Senlis]], [[France]] || 1896 || 333.33 m || concrete || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|49.208863|02.576555}}
|-
| 8 || [[Jacques Anquetil Velodrome]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://veloclubsaintomer.com/spip.php?article5 |title=C'était en 1884 |author= |website=http://veloclubsaintomer.com/spip.php?article5 |accessdate=}}</ref> || [[Saint-Omer]], [[France]] || 1896 || 412 m || concrete || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|50.743669|02.250982}}
|-
| 9 || [[Millenáris Sporttelep]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mnsk.hu/en/letesitmeny/millenaris-2/ |title=Millenáris |author= |website=mnsk.hu/en/letesitmeny/millenaris-2/ |accessdate=}}</ref> || [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] || 1896 || 412 m || concrete || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|47.3022|19.0541}}
|-
| 10 || [[Lurcy-Lévis Vélodrome]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.levisenpiste.com/lep/pages/velodrome |title=Il était une fois … le vélodrome de Lurcy-Lévis |author= |website=www.levisenpiste.com/lep/pages/velodrome |accessdate=}}</ref> || [[Lurcy-Lévis]], [[France]] || 1897 || 250 m || concrete || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|46.734663|02.940161}}
|-
| 11 || [[Carmarthen Park]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carmarthentowncouncil.gov.uk/Carmarthen-TC-eng/parks-8129.aspx |title=Carmarthen Park |author= |website=www.carmarthentowncouncil.gov.uk/Carmarthen-TC-eng/parks-8129.aspx |accessdate=}}</ref> || [[Carmarthen]], [[Wales]] || 1900 || 405.38 m || concrete || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|51.854198|04.313400}}
|-
| 12 || [[Velòdrom del Tirador]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.arabalears.cat/giravolts/2014/05/29/el-velodrom-del-tirador-patrimoni-oblidat-de-palma/ |title=El velòdrom del Tirador, patrimoni oblidat de Palma |author= |website=blogs.arabalears.cat/giravolts/2014/05/29/el-velodrom-del-tirador-patrimoni-oblidat-de-palma/ |accessdate=}}</ref> || [[Palma de Mallorca]], [[Spain]] || 1903 || 333.33 m || concrete || outdoor || No || {{coord|39.578678|02.644325}}
|-
| 13 || [[Reichelsdorsfer Keller]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radrennbahn-nuernberg.de/ |title=Radrennbahn Nürnberg |author= |website=www.radrennbahn-nuernberg.de/ |accessdate=}}</ref> || [[Nürnberg]], [[Germany]] || 1904 || 400 m || concrete || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|49.3666|11.0452}}
|-
| 14 || [[Radrennbahn Forst]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brv-brandenburg.de/OLD/radrennbahn-forst.html |title=Radrennbahn Forst |author= |website=brv-brandenburg.de/OLD/radrennbahn-forst.html |accessdate=}}</ref> || [[Forst (Lausitz)|Forst]], [[Germany]] || 1906 || 400 m || concrete || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|51.4344|14.3719}}
|-
| 15 || [[Forest Town Welfare]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foresttowntrack.co.uk/ |title=Forest Town Aces |author= |website=www.foresttowntrack.co.uk/ |accessdate=}}</ref> || [[Mansfield]], [[Nottinghamshire]], [[England]] || 1908 || 402 m || tarmac || outdoor || Yes || {{coord|53.152203|01.164346}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

{{Track cycling}}

[[Category:Velodromes|*]]
[[Category:Lists of sports venues|Cycling tracks and velodromes]]