Wikipedia - User contributions [en]

Aurélie Filippetti

2019-12-04T11:55:11Z

159.50.189.7: /* Career */Fixed typo ("her" instead of "his") and correct date of last French General election (2017 not 2018)

{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Expand French|topic=gov|date=December 2008|Aurélie Filippetti}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Aurélie Filippetti
|image = Aurélie Filippetti, ministre de la Culture et de la Communication.jpg
|caption =
|office = Member of the [[French National Assembly]] for [[Moselle]]
|term_start = 27 September 2014
|term_end =
|office2 = [[Minister of Culture (France)|French Minister of Culture and Communications]]
|president2 = [[François Hollande]]
|primeminister2 = [[Jean-Marc Ayrault]] [[Manuel Valls]]
|term_start2 = 16 May 2012
|term_end2 = 26 August 2014
|predecessor2 = [[Frédéric Mitterrand]]
|successor2 = [[Fleur Pellerin]]
|office3 =
|term_start3 =
|term_end3 =
|predecessor3 =
|successor3 =
|term_start4 =
|term_end4 =
|predecessor4 =
|successor4 =
|office5 =
|primeminister5 =
|term_start5 =
|term_end5 =
|predecessor5 =
|successor5 =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|6|17|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Villerupt]], France
|nationality = [[France|French]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[The Greens (France)|The Greens]] (1999–2006) then [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] (2006–2018) then [[Génération.s, le mouvement|Génération.s]] (2018–present)
|spouse =
|alma_mater = [[École normale supérieure de lettres et sciences humaines]]
}}

'''Aurélie Filippetti''' ({{IPA-fr|o.ʁe.li fi.li.pɛ.ti|lang}} ; born 17 June 1973) is a French politician and novelist of Italian descent. Her family originates from [[Gualdo Tadino]], Umbria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paris.lesverts.fr/paris2001/candidats.htm|title=Candidats des Verts Paris|website=paris.lesverts.fr|accessdate=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172347/http://paris.lesverts.fr/paris2001/candidats.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> She served as Minister of Culture and Communication from 16 May 2012, first in the government of Jean-Marc Ayrault and then in the government of Manuel Valls.<ref>[http://www.lepoint.fr/fil-info-reuters/aurelie-filippetti-ecrivain-et-combattante-politique-a-la-culture-16-05-2012-1462253_240.php Aurélie Filippetti to the Minister of Culture] in ''lepoint.fr'', 17 May 2012</ref> She resigned her ministry on 25 August 2014,<ref>Le Monde (25.08.2014)</ref> remaining as deputy for Moselle, and in the vote on the 2015 budget was one of 39 socialist deputies who abstained.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/le-scan/couacs/2014/10/21/25005-20141021ARTFIG00149-les-frondeurs-du-ps-decident-de-s-abstenir-sur-le-vote-budget-2015.php|title=Les frondeurs du PS décident de s'abstenir sur le vote du budget 2015|first=Marc de|last=Boni|date=21 October 2014|publisher=|accessdate=12 June 2017|via=Le Figaro}}</ref>

==Career==
Her first novel ''Les derniers jours de la classe Ouvrière'' (The Last Days of the Working Class), published by [[Stock (publishing house)|Stock]] in 2003, has been translated into several languages. In 2003, Filippetti wrote the script for the theatre production ''Fragments d'humanité''. She was a delegate of the [[The Greens (France)|French Greens]] for the Paris municipality and acted as the technical adviser for the [[Minister of the Environment (France)|Minister of the Environment]], [[Yves Cochet]], from 2001 to 2002.

She was member of the [[National Assembly of France]], representing the [[Moselle]] ''[[Departments in France|département]]''. She lost this position after the 2017 election. She was a member of the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]]. She was excluded 18 months for support to a dissident list, and announced January, 17th 2018 that she left the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] and joined Génération.s., the political movement of Benoît Hamon, her former colleague at French Government.

She is an alumna of the elite ''[[École Normale Supérieure Lettres et Sciences Humaines|École normale supérieure de Fontenay–Saint-Cloud]]'', she received an ''[[Agrégation des Lettres Classiques|agrégation]]'' in Classic Literature.

==Bibliography==
* ''Les Derniers Jours de la Classe ouvrière'', Stock, 2003, Réédité en Livre de Poche ({{ISBN|2253108596}})
* ''Un homme dans la poche'', Stock, 2006

==See also==
* [[Audun-le-Tiche#Historical association with mining]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110510081024/http://aureliefilippetti.free.fr/ Blog of Aurélie Filippetti] {{fr icon}}
* {{IMDb name|3363561}}

{{Ayrault}}
{{Ministers of Culture of France}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Filippetti, Aurelie}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Meurthe-et-Moselle]]
[[Category:French people of Italian descent]]
[[Category:People of Umbrian descent]]
[[Category:Socialist Party (France) politicians]]
[[Category:French Ministers of Culture]]
[[Category:ENS Fontenay-Saint-Cloud-Lyon alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century French women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century French novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century French women writers]]
[[Category:French women novelists]]
[[Category:Women government ministers of France]]
[[Category:Women members of the National Assembly (France)]]
[[Category:Deputies of the 13th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]

{{France-politician-Socialist-stub}}

List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine

2019-08-27T11:33:04Z

159.50.189.7: /* World Heritage Sites */

{{update|date=February 2016}}
{{location map+ |Ukraine|float=right|width=450|caption=Location of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine. Blue dots indicate the [[Wooden tserkvas of the Carpathian region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden tserkvas]] sites and green dots the [[Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests]] sites.|places=
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=50.45 |long=30.523333 |label=[[Kiev]]|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.3 |long=25.933333 |label=[[Chernivtsi]]|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.83 |long=24.014167 |label=[[Lviv]]|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=44.611667 |long=33.493333 |label=[[Chersonesus]]|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.908056 |long=23.101111 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.416667 |long=24.616667 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.272778 |long=24.374722 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=50.0553 |long=23.9821 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=50.0553 |long=23.9821 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.347778 |long=23.499444 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.984 |long=22.8546 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.5 |long=25.0333 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.082222 |long=22.567778 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.5 |long=24 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=50.016667 |long=23.616667 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.683333 |long=26.583333 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.617 |long=23.684 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.3528 |long=23.0736 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.565833 |long=26.756111 |marksize=3|mark=Red Point 12 New.gif|label=}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.33 |long=26.681944 |marksize=3|mark=Red Point 12 New.gif|label=}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.148611 |long= 26.991667 |marksize=3|mark=Red Point 12 New.gif|label=}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=45.331667 |long=28.928056 |marksize=3|mark=Red Point 12 New.gif|label=[[Struve Geodetic Arc]] |position=right}}
}}

Officially, there are seven '''[[World Heritage Site]]s in [[Ukraine]]'''.

== World Heritage Sites ==

UNESCO lists sites under [[World Heritage Site#Selection criteria|ten criteria]]; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, whereas vii through x are natural.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – The Criteria for Selection|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612152223/http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/|archive-date=2016-06-12|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref>

{{Legend|#D0E7FF|* Transnational site|outline=silver}}

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="width:180px;" scope="col"| Site
! class="unsortable" style="width:150px;" scope="col"| Image
! style="width:100px;" scope="col"| Location
! style="width:50px;" scope="col"| Year listed
! style="width:80px;" scope="col" data-sort-type="number"| {{Abbr|UNESCO data|UNESCO reference number and criteria}}
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Description
|-
! scope="row"|Kyiv: [[Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv|Saint-Sophia Cathedral]] and Related Monastic Buildings, [[Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra]]
| [[File:Kijów - Sobór Mądrości Bożej 01.jpg|Saint-Sophia Cathedral|150px]]
| [[Kyiv]]
| align=center| 1990
| 527bis; i, ii, iii, iv (cultural)
| <ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527/|title=Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Old Town (Lviv)|L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre]]
| [[File:Lwów - Widok z wieży ratuszowej 01.jpg|L'viv|150px]]
| [[L'viv]]
| align=center| 1998
| 865bis; ii, v (cultural)
| <ref name="auto"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#D0E7FF;"| [[Struve Geodetic Arc]]*
| [[File:Struve Geodetic Arc in Felshtyn.jpg|Struve Geodetic Arc in Felshtyn|150px]]
|
| align=center| 2005
| 865bis; ii, iv, vi (cultural)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187/|title=Struve Geodetic Arc|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#D0E7FF;"| [[Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe]]*
| [[File:Beskidy Bieszczady SE.jpg|Beskidy Bieszczady|150px]]
|
| align=center| 2007
| 1133; ix (natural)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133/|title=Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]
| [[File:Chernivtsi University.jpg|Chernivtsi University|150px]]
| [[Chernivtsi]]
| align=center| 2011
| 1330; ii, iii, iv (cultural)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1330/|title=Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Chersonesos|Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora]]
| [[File:Chersonesos columns.jpg|Chersonesos columns|150px]]
| Chersonesos
| align=center| 2013
| 1411; ii, v (cultural)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1411/|title=Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#D0E7FF;"| [[Wooden tserkvas of the Carpathian region in Poland and Ukraine]]*
| [[File:Zolkiew Cerkiew Pr Trojce 02.jpg|Zolkiew Cerkiew Pr Trojce|150px]]
| [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]], [[Lviv Oblast]], [[Zakarpattia Oblast]]
| align=center| 2013
| 1424; iii, iv (cultural)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1424/|title=Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|}

==Tentative list==

Ukraine has fifteen submissions on the tentative list. One of the submissions is an extension of the existing site of Kiev's historical monuments. [[Mykolayiv Astronomical Observatory]] has been submitted in 2007, but in 2008 it has been resubmitted as a part of [[Astronomical observatories in Ukraine|Astronomical Observatories of Ukraine]]

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! width=3 %|No.
! width=15 %|Image
! width=37 %|Name
! width=19 %|Location
! width=9 %|Time of creation
! width=5 %|Time submitted
! width=6 %|Reference
! width=6 %|UNESCO Category
! width=6 %|UNESCO Criteria
|-
| '''1''' || <center>[[File:Чернігів.Собор Бориса й Гліба.JPG|120px]]</center> || [[Chernihiv Ancient|Historic Centre of Tchernihiv, 9th-13th centuries]] || [[Chernihiv oblast|Chernihiv Region]] || 907 || 1989 || 668 || Cultural || i, ii, iv
|-
| '''2''' || <center>[[File:Тарасова світлиця.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Chernecha hora|Taras Shevchenko Tomb and State Historical and Natural Museum - Reserve]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy Region]] || 1861 || 1989 || 672 || Mixed || ?
|-
| '''3''' || <center>[[File:PrzewalskisHorseFoal.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Askania-Nova|National Steppe Biosphere Reserve "Askaniya Nowa"]] || [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson Region]] || 1874 || 1989 || 673 || Natural || x
|-
| '''4''' || <center>[[File:Стара фортеця.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle|Cultural Landscape of Canyon in Kamenets-Podilsk]] || [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] || 14th century || 1989 || 670 || Cultural || i, ii, iv
|-
| '''5''' || <center>[[File:Sofievka23.JPG|120px]]</center> || [[Sofiyivsky Park|Dendrological Park "Sofijivka"]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy Region]] || 1796 || 2000 || 674 || Mixed || ?
|-
| '''6''' || <center>[[File:Hansaray1.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Bakhchisaray Palace]] of the Crimean Khans || [[Crimea]] || 16th century || 2003 || 1820 || Cultural || i, iii, v, vi
|-
| '''7''' || <center>[[Image:Kamenna2.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Kamyana Mohyla|Archaeological Site "Stone Tomb"]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia Region]] || 7th century BC || 2006 || 5075 || Cultural || iii, vi
|-
| '''8''' || <center>[[File:Genoese fortress in Sudak.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Sudak|Complex of the Sudak Fortress Monuments of the 6th-16th centuries]] || [[Crimea]] || 6th century || 2007 || 5117 || Cultural || ii, iv, v
|-
| '''9''' ||<center>[[File:Обсерватория Ник.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Astronomical observatories in Ukraine|Astronomical Observatories of Ukraine]] || [[Kiev]], [[Mykolaiv]], [[Odessa]], [[Crimea]] || 18th century || 2008 || 5267 || Cultural || ii, iv, vi
|-
| '''10''' || <center>[[File:Одеський оперний театр.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Odessa|Historic Center of the Port City of Odessa]] || [[Odessa oblast|Odessa Region]] || 1794 || 2009 || 5412 || Cultural || i, ii, iii, iv, v
|-
| '''11''' || <center>[[File:Andreevskaja cerkov.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[St. Cyril's Monastery|St. Cyril's]] and [[St Andrew's Church, Kiev|St. Andrew's Church]] - (extension of Kiev: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra) || [[Kiev]] || 12th century – 1754 || 2009 || 5423 || Cultural || i, ii, iii, iv
|-
| '''12''' || <center>[[File:THEODOSIA 01.jpg|120px]]</center> || Genoese Trade Ports at the Black Sea || [[Crimea]] || || 2010 || 5575 || Cultural || ii, iv
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Ukraine|History}}
{{Div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[List of etymologies of country subdivision names#Ukraine|List of etymologies of country subdivision names: "Ukraine"]]
* [[List of historic reserves in Ukraine]]
* [[List_of_places_named_after_people#Ukraine|List of places named after people (Ukraine)]]
* [[Ukrainian historical regions]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List]

{{Ukraine topics}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Ukraine}}
{{Lists of World Heritage Sites in Europe}}

[[Category:Lists of World Heritage Sites|Ukraine]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Ukraine| List]]
[[Category:Ukraine-related lists|World Heritage Sites]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Ukraine|World Heritage Sites]]

List of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine

2019-08-27T11:32:42Z

159.50.189.7: /* World Heritage Sites */

{{update|date=February 2016}}
{{location map+ |Ukraine|float=right|width=450|caption=Location of World Heritage Sites in Ukraine. Blue dots indicate the [[Wooden tserkvas of the Carpathian region in Poland and Ukraine|Wooden tserkvas]] sites and green dots the [[Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests]] sites.|places=
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=50.45 |long=30.523333 |label=[[Kiev]]|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.3 |long=25.933333 |label=[[Chernivtsi]]|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.83 |long=24.014167 |label=[[Lviv]]|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=44.611667 |long=33.493333 |label=[[Chersonesus]]|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.908056 |long=23.101111 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.416667 |long=24.616667 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.272778 |long=24.374722 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=50.0553 |long=23.9821 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=50.0553 |long=23.9821 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.347778 |long=23.499444 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.984 |long=22.8546 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.5 |long=25.0333 |label=|position=top| mark=blue_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.082222 |long=22.567778 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.5 |long=24 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=50.016667 |long=23.616667 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.683333 |long=26.583333 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.617 |long=23.684 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=48.3528 |long=23.0736 |label=|position=top| mark=green_pog.svg}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.565833 |long=26.756111 |marksize=3|mark=Red Point 12 New.gif|label=}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.33 |long=26.681944 |marksize=3|mark=Red Point 12 New.gif|label=}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=49.148611 |long= 26.991667 |marksize=3|mark=Red Point 12 New.gif|label=}}
{{location map~ |Ukraine|lat=45.331667 |long=28.928056 |marksize=3|mark=Red Point 12 New.gif|label=[[Struve Geodetic Arc]] |position=right}}
}}

Officially, there are seven '''[[World Heritage Site]]s in [[Ukraine]]'''.

== World Heritage Sites ==

UNESCO lists sites under [[World Heritage Site#Selection criteria|ten criteria]]; each entry must meet at least one of the criteria. Criteria i through vi are cultural, whereas vii through x are natural.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – The Criteria for Selection|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160612152223/http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/|archive-date=2016-06-12|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref>

{{Legend|#D0E7FF|* Transnational site|outline=silver}}

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="width:180px;" scope="col"| Site
! class="unsortable" style="width:150px;" scope="col"| Image
! style="width:100px;" scope="col"| Location
! style="width:50px;" scope="col"| Year listed
! style="width:80px;" scope="col" data-sort-type="number"| {{Abbr|UNESCO data|UNESCO reference number and criteria}}
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Description
|-
! scope="row"|Kyiv: [[Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv|Saint-Sophia Cathedral]] and Related Monastic Buildings, [[Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra]]
| [[File:Kijów - Sobór Mądrości Bożej 01.jpg|Saint-Sophia Cathedral|150px]]
| [[Kiev]]
| align=center| 1990
| 527bis; i, ii, iii, iv (cultural)
| <ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/527/|title=Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Old Town (Lviv)|L'viv – the Ensemble of the Historic Centre]]
| [[File:Lwów - Widok z wieży ratuszowej 01.jpg|L'viv|150px]]
| [[L'viv]]
| align=center| 1998
| 865bis; ii, v (cultural)
| <ref name="auto"/>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#D0E7FF;"| [[Struve Geodetic Arc]]*
| [[File:Struve Geodetic Arc in Felshtyn.jpg|Struve Geodetic Arc in Felshtyn|150px]]
|
| align=center| 2005
| 865bis; ii, iv, vi (cultural)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187/|title=Struve Geodetic Arc|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#D0E7FF;"| [[Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe]]*
| [[File:Beskidy Bieszczady SE.jpg|Beskidy Bieszczady|150px]]
|
| align=center| 2007
| 1133; ix (natural)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133/|title=Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans]]
| [[File:Chernivtsi University.jpg|Chernivtsi University|150px]]
| [[Chernivtsi]]
| align=center| 2011
| 1330; ii, iii, iv (cultural)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1330/|title=Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|[[Chersonesos|Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora]]
| [[File:Chersonesos columns.jpg|Chersonesos columns|150px]]
| Chersonesos
| align=center| 2013
| 1411; ii, v (cultural)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1411/|title=Ancient City of Tauric Chersonese and its Chora|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#D0E7FF;"| [[Wooden tserkvas of the Carpathian region in Poland and Ukraine]]*
| [[File:Zolkiew Cerkiew Pr Trojce 02.jpg|Zolkiew Cerkiew Pr Trojce|150px]]
| [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]], [[Lviv Oblast]], [[Zakarpattia Oblast]]
| align=center| 2013
| 1424; iii, iv (cultural)
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1424/|title=Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>
|}

==Tentative list==

Ukraine has fifteen submissions on the tentative list. One of the submissions is an extension of the existing site of Kiev's historical monuments. [[Mykolayiv Astronomical Observatory]] has been submitted in 2007, but in 2008 it has been resubmitted as a part of [[Astronomical observatories in Ukraine|Astronomical Observatories of Ukraine]]

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! width=3 %|No.
! width=15 %|Image
! width=37 %|Name
! width=19 %|Location
! width=9 %|Time of creation
! width=5 %|Time submitted
! width=6 %|Reference
! width=6 %|UNESCO Category
! width=6 %|UNESCO Criteria
|-
| '''1''' || <center>[[File:Чернігів.Собор Бориса й Гліба.JPG|120px]]</center> || [[Chernihiv Ancient|Historic Centre of Tchernihiv, 9th-13th centuries]] || [[Chernihiv oblast|Chernihiv Region]] || 907 || 1989 || 668 || Cultural || i, ii, iv
|-
| '''2''' || <center>[[File:Тарасова світлиця.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Chernecha hora|Taras Shevchenko Tomb and State Historical and Natural Museum - Reserve]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy Region]] || 1861 || 1989 || 672 || Mixed || ?
|-
| '''3''' || <center>[[File:PrzewalskisHorseFoal.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Askania-Nova|National Steppe Biosphere Reserve "Askaniya Nowa"]] || [[Kherson Oblast|Kherson Region]] || 1874 || 1989 || 673 || Natural || x
|-
| '''4''' || <center>[[File:Стара фортеця.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Kamianets-Podilskyi Castle|Cultural Landscape of Canyon in Kamenets-Podilsk]] || [[Kamianets-Podilskyi]] || 14th century || 1989 || 670 || Cultural || i, ii, iv
|-
| '''5''' || <center>[[File:Sofievka23.JPG|120px]]</center> || [[Sofiyivsky Park|Dendrological Park "Sofijivka"]] || [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy Region]] || 1796 || 2000 || 674 || Mixed || ?
|-
| '''6''' || <center>[[File:Hansaray1.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Bakhchisaray Palace]] of the Crimean Khans || [[Crimea]] || 16th century || 2003 || 1820 || Cultural || i, iii, v, vi
|-
| '''7''' || <center>[[Image:Kamenna2.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Kamyana Mohyla|Archaeological Site "Stone Tomb"]] || [[Zaporizhia Oblast|Zaporizhia Region]] || 7th century BC || 2006 || 5075 || Cultural || iii, vi
|-
| '''8''' || <center>[[File:Genoese fortress in Sudak.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Sudak|Complex of the Sudak Fortress Monuments of the 6th-16th centuries]] || [[Crimea]] || 6th century || 2007 || 5117 || Cultural || ii, iv, v
|-
| '''9''' ||<center>[[File:Обсерватория Ник.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Astronomical observatories in Ukraine|Astronomical Observatories of Ukraine]] || [[Kiev]], [[Mykolaiv]], [[Odessa]], [[Crimea]] || 18th century || 2008 || 5267 || Cultural || ii, iv, vi
|-
| '''10''' || <center>[[File:Одеський оперний театр.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[Odessa|Historic Center of the Port City of Odessa]] || [[Odessa oblast|Odessa Region]] || 1794 || 2009 || 5412 || Cultural || i, ii, iii, iv, v
|-
| '''11''' || <center>[[File:Andreevskaja cerkov.jpg|120px]]</center> || [[St. Cyril's Monastery|St. Cyril's]] and [[St Andrew's Church, Kiev|St. Andrew's Church]] - (extension of Kiev: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra) || [[Kiev]] || 12th century – 1754 || 2009 || 5423 || Cultural || i, ii, iii, iv
|-
| '''12''' || <center>[[File:THEODOSIA 01.jpg|120px]]</center> || Genoese Trade Ports at the Black Sea || [[Crimea]] || || 2010 || 5575 || Cultural || ii, iv
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Ukraine|History}}
{{Div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[List of etymologies of country subdivision names#Ukraine|List of etymologies of country subdivision names: "Ukraine"]]
* [[List of historic reserves in Ukraine]]
* [[List_of_places_named_after_people#Ukraine|List of places named after people (Ukraine)]]
* [[Ukrainian historical regions]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ua Properties inscribed on the World Heritage List]

{{Ukraine topics}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Ukraine}}
{{Lists of World Heritage Sites in Europe}}

[[Category:Lists of World Heritage Sites|Ukraine]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Ukraine| List]]
[[Category:Ukraine-related lists|World Heritage Sites]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Ukraine|World Heritage Sites]]

Dublin–Kerry Gaelic football rivalry

2019-08-23T12:36:42Z

159.50.189.7:

{{Infobox sports rivalry
| name = Dublin-Kerry
| other names =
| image =
| caption =
| city or region = [[County Dublin]] [[County Kerry]]
| first contested = Dublin 1-4 - Kerry 0-3 [[1892 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|1892 All-Ireland final]] (26 March 1892)
| teams involved = [[Dublin GAA|Dublin]] [[Kerry GAA|Kerry]]
| most wins = Kerry (17)
| most player appearances =
| top scorer = [[Mikey Sheehy]] (3-27)
| mostrecent = Dublin 0-22 - 2-14 Kerry [[2016 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|2016 All-Ireland semi-final]] (28 August 2016)
| total = 29
| series = Kerry 17-2-10 Dublin
| largestvictory = Kerry 5-11 - 0-9 Dublin [[1978 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|1978 All-Ireland final]] (24 September 1978)
}}
Page is biased, please clean up. The '''Dublin-Kerry''' rivalry is a [[Gaelic football]] rivalry between [[Ireland|Irish]] inter-county teams [[Dublin GAA|Dublin]] and [[Kerry GAA|Kerry]], who first played each other in [[1892 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|1892]]. It is considered to be one of the biggest rivalries in [[Gaelic games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2015/0918/728764-dublin-v-kerry-a-football-rivalry/|title=Dublin v Kerry: A football rivalry|publisher=RTÉ Sport|date=20 September 2015|accessdate=20 March 2016|first=James|last=McMahon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-games/gaelic-football/best-of-rivals-best-of-friends-26555526.html|title=Best of rivals, best of friends|publisher=Irish Independent|date=2 August 2009|accessdate=20 March 2016|first=|last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punditarena.com/gaa/bbowler/5-classic-contest-dublin-kerry/|title=The 5 Greatest Contests Between Dublin & Kerry|publisher=Pundit Arena|date=17 September 2015|accessdate=20 March 2016|first=|last=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-games/gaelic-football/dublin-v-kerry-the-dark-side-of-a-great-rivalry-31533678.html|title=Dublin v Kerry: The dark side of a great rivalry|publisher=Irish Independent|date=17 September 2015|accessdate=20 March 2016|first=Martin|last=Breheny}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the42.ie/dublin-kerry-all-ireland-football-final-2329985-Sep2015/|title=12 classic memories from Dublin and Kerry’s senior football championship rivalry|publisher=The 42|date=18 September 2015|accessdate=20 March 2016|first=|last=}}</ref> Dublin's home ground is [[Parnell Park]] and Kerry's home ground is [[Fitzgerald Stadium]], however, all of their championship meetings have been held at neutral venues, usually [[Croke Park]].

While Dublin have the highest number of [[Leinster Senior Football Championship|Leinster]] titles and Kerry are the standard bearers in [[Munster Senior Football Championship|Munster]], they are also the two most successful teams in the [[All-Ireland Senior Football Championship]], having won 65 championship titles between them to date.

Regarded as the "big two" of Gaelic football, an All-Ireland final between Dublin and Kerry is regarded as a special occasion and the ultimate urban-rural battle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/kerry-pioneers-the-kings-of-the-urban-rural-frontier-1.602387|title=Kerry pioneers the kings of the urban-rural frontier|publisher=Irish Times|date=17 September 2011|accessdate=20 March 2016|first=Seán|last=Moran}}</ref> It is the most common All-Ireland final pairing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/sport/history-points-to-the-scale-of-dublin-s-task-1.599067|title=History points to the scale of Dublin's task|publisher=Irish Times|date=14 September 2011|accessdate=20 March 2016|first=Seán|last=Moran}}</ref>

==History==

===1975–1979: Micko vs Heffo===

Their first meeting in a decade and their first All-Ireland final clash in twenty years, reigning champions Dublin faced a young and inexperienced Kerry team on 28 September 1975. The Dubs were stunned after just three minutes when [[John Egan (Gaelic footballer)|John Egan]] pounced for the opening goal. At half-time, Kerry led by 1-6 to 0-4. [[Jimmy Keaveney]] points from placed balls kept the Dubs in touch to some degree in the second half, but Kerry always had that extra gear they could use and a [[Ger O'Driscoll (Gaelic footballer)|Ger O'Driscoll]] goal and a [[Pat Spillane]] sealed a surprise 2-12 to 0-11 victory. Kerry captain [[Mickey O'Sullivan|Mickey "Ned" O'Sullivan]] was unable to accept the [[Sam Maguire Cup]] as he was knocked unconscious during the game and had to be hospitalised.

For the second successive year, Dublin and Kerry qualified for the All-Ireland final on 26 September 1976. The Dubs unveiled a new hero when [[Kevin Moran (footballer)|Kevin Moran]] careered through the Kerry defence, took a return pass from [[Bernard Brogan (senior)|Bernard Brogan]] and sent a shot screaming narrowly wide to set the pace for a fast, thrilling match. [[John McCarthy (Gaelic footballer)|John McCarthy]] finished a five-man move for their first goal after fifteen minutes. Jimmy Keaveney converted a penalty at the start of the second half before [[Brian Mullins]] bagged a third with twelve minutes remaining. The 3-8 to 0-10 victory was Dublin's first defeat of Kerry since 1934.

On 21 August 1977, Dublin and Kerry met for the third successive year in what has been described as the greatest game of all time. Kerry were a goal to the good at the break - their green flag coming from [[Sean Walsh (footballer)|Seán Walsh]] - in a period where Dublin hit eight wides. However, it was Dublin's dominance of midfield in the second period and Bernard Brogan's introduction in that sector, that saw Dublin gain a real foothold. John McCarthy goaled shortly after the break to bring the sides level. Points were exchanged thereafter as the intensity level ratcheted up. Yet, it was the Dubs' graph that was rising faster. In a move started by Brian Mullins, the ball eventually found its way to [[Tony Hanahoe]], who slipped it off to [[David Hickey (Gaelic footballer)|David Hickey]] and the latter shot brilliantly to the back of the net for Dublin's second goal. Goal number three saw Hickey, Hanahoe and [[Bobby Doyle (Gaelic footballer)|Bobby Doyle]] combine to set up Bernard Brogan for the clinching score as Dublin ran out five-point winners.

{{Quote box
| quote = ...and suddenly Paddy dashed back towards his goal like a woman who smells a cake burning. The ball won the race and it curled inside the near post as Paddy crashed into the outside of the net and lay against it like a fireman who had returned to find his station ablaze.
| width =
| source = [[Con Houlihan]] describes Paddy Cullen's futile dash to save Mikey Sheehy's lobbed effort in the 1978 All-Ireland final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/opinion/analysis/con-houlihan-paddy-dashed-back-to-his-goal-like-a-woman-who-smells-a-cake-burning-26885274.html|title='Paddy dashed back to his goal like a woman who smells a cake burning ... '|publisher=Irish Independent|date=9 August 2012|accessdate=21 March 2016|first=Con|last=Houlihan}}</ref>
}}
Dublin were the red hot favourites to make it three All-Ireland titles in-a-row in 1978 as they faced Kerry in the All-Ireland decider on 24 September 1978.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}} All was going well for the Dubs as they had a five-point lead after twenty minutes. What subsequently unfolded was one of the most amazing turnarounds in All-Ireland final history.{{According to whom|text|date=December 2017}} In the 32nd minute a foul was awarded against Dublin goalkeeper [[Paddy Cullen]] who continued to remonstrate with the referee as [[Mikey Sheehy]] lined up to take the free. Sheehy lobbed the ball into an empty net over the back-pedaling Cullen, who crashed into the side netting. The Kerry full-forward line scored 5-8 between them, with [[Eoin Liston|Eoin "Bomber" Liston]] scoring a hat-trick of goals in the second half to secure a 5-11 to 0-9 victory.

For the fifth successive championship season, Dublin and Kerry faced each other in the All-Ireland series on 16 September 1979. Starting without [[Ger Power]], losing [[John O'Keeffe (Gaelic footballer)|John O'Keeffe]] to injury and having [[Páidí Ó Sé]] sent off did not deter Kerry, who crushed Dublin with a shattering Mikey Sheehy goal after ten minutes, another Sheehy penalty after 56 minutes and a John Egan goal eight minutes from the end. [[Jim Ronayne]]'s controversial hand-passed goal provided little solace for Dublin, whose 3-13 to 1-8 defeat brought the curtain down on their great team of the decade.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}

===1984-1985: Kerry dominate===

After a five-year absence for one side, Dublin and Kerry faced each other in the All-Ireland decider on 23 September 1984. Dublin were the reigning All-Ireland champions and were well fancied to retain the title as Kerry had lost the 1982 All-Ireland final to [[Offaly GAA|Offaly]] and the 1983 Munster final to [[Cork GAA|Cork]]. Bizarrely, an article in the ''[[RTÉ Guide]]'' described the Kerry squad as "a cowardly blend of experienced players, has-beens and a few newcomers" and acted as motivation for the entire team. Kerry led by 0-7 to 0-3 at half-time and by six points when [[Barney Rock]] scored Dublin's goal. Kerry responded by stretching on again. Dublin's return of 1-6, from only two scoring forwards, was their lowest against Kerry since 1955. The 0-14 to 1-6 victory gave Kerry the Centenary All-Ireland title.

Dublin and Kerry qualified for the All-Ireland decider once again on 22 September 1985. Kerry proved that they were far from finished and seized the initiative with a [[Jack O'Shea]] penalty after 11 minutes. Dublin tailed by nine points at the interval, however, they came storming back with two goals by [[Joe McNally]]. A [[Timmy O'Dowd]] goal steadied Kerry as they went on to retain the title by 2-12 to 2-8.

===2001-2009: 21st century revival===

After a 17-year hiatus, Dublin and Kerry renewed their rivalry in an All-Ireland quarter-final at [[Semple Stadium]], [[Thurles]] on 4 August 2001. Kerry had been in charge for three quarters of the match, with [[Dara Ó Cinnéide]] contributing six points, primarily from placed balls, and also providing the pass for [[Aodán Mac Gearailt]] to score a goal after just 11 minutes. For long stages it looked like Kerry would run out easy winners as [[Collie Moran]] and [[Dessie Farrell]] spurned two goal chances in the first half. After 46 minutes Kerry were eight points clear. When referee Michael Curley awarded Kerry a somewhat dubious free, Dublin manager [[Tommy Carr (Gaelic footballer)|Tommy Carr]] was quick to vent his frustration and remonstrated strongly with the Galway official.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/football/a-decade-on-carr-sorry-for-blasting-fitzgerald-167528.html|title=A decade on, Carr sorry for blasting Fitzgerald|publisher=Irish Examiner|date=15 September 2011|accessdate=29 March 2016|first=John|last=Fogarty}}</ref> That face-off brought Dublin to life. [[Vinny Murphy]] and [[Darren Homan]] bagged quick-fire goals as Dublin scored 2-3 without replay to give them a one-point lead as the game drew to a close. When Dublin goalkeeper David Byrne miscued his kick-out, [[Maurice Fitzgerald (footballer)|Maurice Fitzgerald]] responded with what has been described as the greatest point in the history of the championship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.the42.ie/maurice-fitzgerald-kerry-dublin-2001-1058582-Aug2013/|title=Will there ever be a better score in a match between Dublin and Kerry?|publisher=The 42|date=29 August 2013|accessdate=29 March 2016|first=|last=}}</ref> 45 metres out on the sideline and with the outside of his right boot, Fitzgerald steered the football over the bar to level the game. Dublin still had a chance to win but substitute [[Wayne McCarthy]] didn’t have the distance into the wind from a 45 straight in front of the posts and the game ended in a 2-11 to 1-14 draw.

The All-Ireland quarter-final replay a week later on 11 August 2001 was also played at [[Semple Stadium|the home of hurling]]. [[Johnny Crowley (Gaelic footballer)|Johnny Crowley]], who was held scoreless in the drawn match, was unmarkable in the replay as he helped himself to 2-2. He slipped past [[Paddy Christie]] on 13 minutes to score his first goal and when the Dublin defender slipped to the turf in the 22nd minute, Crowley once again fired the ball past David Byrne. In nine minutes Dublin went from being level to conceding 2-4 while managing just a point themselves. Kerry were reduced to fourteen men when [[Tomás Ó Sé]] was handed a straight red card for a foul on Collie Moran as the Dublin player bore down on goal. The Dubs had two opportunities to rescue a draw, the first of which occurred in the 69th minute when corner back [[Coman Goggins]] raced towards goal but Kerry goalkeeper [[Declan O'Keeffe]] managed to save and the ball was cleared after a goalmouth scramble. Dublin substitute [[Niall O'Donoghue]] had an injury-time shot on goal blocked by Kerry centre back [[Eamonn Fitzmaurice]]. A brace of late points from Wayne McCarthy narrowed the deficit to three points but there was to be no late heroics to rescue Dublin who were defeated by 2-12 to 1-12.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/football/2001/0811/157991-kerry/|title=Kerry beat Dublin to advance|publisher=RTÉ Sport|date=11 August 2001|accessdate=29 March 2016|first=|last=}}</ref>

On 14 August 2004, Dublin and Kerry renewed their All-Ireland quarter-final rivalry in what was their first [[Croke Park]] meeting in almost twenty years. In a game of two halves, Dublin dominated the first in terms of territory, possession and goal chances. Midfielder Darren Homan kicked two points and dominated the middle of the pitch initially but, like his team, he could not sustain the challenge. [[Ciarán Whelan]], operating between midfield and centre forward where he was named to start, saw a thundering shot rebound off the crossbar as the sides were level at the interval. In contrast there was a touch of good fortune about Kerry’s goal with [[Colm Cooper]]’s half-blocked shot coming back off an upright to the unmarked Dara Ó Cinnéide, who goaled on 47 minutes. Kerry went on to dominate the rest of the match and secured a 1-15 to 1-8 victory.

The All-Ireland semi-final meeting Dublin and Kerry on 26 August 2007 is regarded as a classic in its own right. Within four minutes Dublin trailed by three points, however, Kerry lost [[Darragh Ó Sé]] to injury after twenty minutes. Dublin led by 0-8 to 0-7 at the interval, however, within eight minutes of the restart they had shipped 1-3. Kerry made the match-winning break just after the interval when man-of-the-match and team captain [[Declan O'Sullivan]]’s goal was followed by a string of points which put them 1-12 to 0-9 ahead after 49 minutes. Dublin fought back, outscoring Kerry by seven points to two in a 17-minute spell but a number of unforced errors and a late point by O’Sullivan ensured the Kingdom’s progress on a score line of 1-15 to 0-16.

On 3 August 2009, Dublin faced Kerry in an eagerly-anticipated All-Ireland quarter-final, however, the game ended in a demolition of Dublin. Colm Cooper’s goal after just 40 seconds set the tone for Kerry supremacy. That score launched the Kingdom into a compelling, enthralling exhibition of controlled football that simply blew their opponents away and they led by 1-14 to 0-3 at the break, with Gooch hitting 1-4 and skipper [[Darran O'Sullivan]] three points. [[Conal Keaney]] netted a Dublin goal on 56 minutes, but Kerry responded with the last five points of the game to win by a massive 17 points margin, Cooper finishing with a 1-7 tally in a 1-24 to 1-7 rout.

===2011-present: Dublin dominance===
{{Quote box
| quote = A free kick to win the All-Ireland...Stephen Cluxton...in his 55th championship match...15 points in his career so far, he's already got one today...the distance with the angle about 45 metres, here he comes to win the All-Ireland...Cluxton...he's put it over the bar...and Dublin are in front by 1-12 to 1-11...Cluxton the hero.
| width =
| source = [[RTÉ]]'s [[Ger Canning]] describes the last moments of the 2011 All-Ireland final.
}}
On 18 September 2011, Dublin and Kerry faced off in their first All-Ireland final meeting in 26 years. [[Declan O'Sullivan]]’s early fisted point was Kerry’s only score of the opening 18 minutes, while it took Dublin ten minutes to get their opening score from [[Alan Brogan]]. Kerry struck for a goal in the 19th minute when [[Darran O'Sullivan]] sliced through the Dublin defence, off-loaded to [[Colm Cooper]], and the Kerry skipper beat [[Stephen Cluxton]]. [[Kieran Donaghy]], having moved to full-forward after starting at midfield, was later denied a second goal for Kerry. Dublin pushed ahead with two [[Bernard Brogan (junior)|Bernard Brogan]] efforts, as Kerry were held scoreless for 15 minutes until [[Paul Galvin (Gaelic footballer)|Paul Galvin]] - in as a sub after 24 minutes - found the target. Dublin led by 0-6 to 1-2 at the end of a low-scoring first half, and surged further ahead with points from Bernard Brogan and [[Denis Bastick]]. Kerry’s vast experience began to tell in the second half, and they eased into a four-point lead with seven minutes to play. But the game took a sensational twist in the 64th minute when Dublin dragged themselves back into it with a superb goal. Alan Brogan made the break, off-loaded to [[Kevin McManamon]], and the substitute skipped past Declan O’Sullivan and fired low past [[Brendan Kealy]]. The sides were level for a fifth time a minute later when wing-back [[Kevin Nolan]] split the posts from distance. And in a gripping finish, Cluxton kept his cool to make history as the first goalkeeper to score an All-Ireland final winner, when he slotted over a stoppage time free to seal a 1-12 to 1-11 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-football/dublin-end-16-years-of-hurt-as-heroic-fightback-sends-capital-into-ecstasy-26773161.html|title=Dublin end 16 years of hurt as heroic fightback sends capital into ecstasy|publisher=Irish Independent|date=19 September 2011|accessdate=21 March 2016|first=Martin|last=Breheny}}</ref>

The championship draw pitted Dublin against Kerry in the All-Ireland semi-final on 1 September 2013. [[Michael Darragh Macauley]] and [[Bernard Brogan (junior)|Bernard Brogan]] struck early for the Dubs, but they were knocked back by [[James O'Donoghue]]’s seventh-minute goal. [[Donnchadh Walsh]] fired in a second goal four minutes later from a [[Darran O'Sullivan]] assist. 60 seconds later [[Diarmuid Connolly]] floated in a tantalising delivery from the left, and a flying [[Paul Mannion]] rose to punch to the net past a helpless [[Brendan Kealy]]. Dublin conceded a third goal in the 20th minute when [[Stephen Cluxton]] hauled down Walsh, and O’Donoghue drilled home the penalty for a three points advantage. Both sides exchanged several points as Kerry held a 3-5 to 1-9 half-time advantage. Having conceded five points in a row, Kerry regained their composure. Twice they went level through [[Colm Cooper]] and O’Donoghue, before Darran O’Sullivan steered over the lead point from a tight angle in the 63rd minute. But there was another fascinating twist in this memorable encounter, as Dublin cut loose with a devastating 2-2 salvo in the closing stages. [[Kevin McManamon]] plundered possession 50 metres out to drive through and plant the perfect shot past Kealy, and in stoppage time [[Eoghan O'Gara]]’s drive smashed against the crossbar and over the line for a 3-18 to 3-11 victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/mcmanamon-breaks-kerry-hearts-again-in-thriller-against-dublin-29543182.html|title=McManamon breaks Kerry hearts again in thriller against Dublin|publisher=Irish Independent|date=1 September 2013|accessdate=20 March 2016|first=|last=}}</ref>

On 20 September 2015, Dublin faced Kerry in the All-Ireland final for the 13th time. The five-in-a-row Leinster champions were attack-minded from the off and opened up a two-point lead. Wet conditions conspired against a quality game and with 20 minutes on the clock it was poised at 0-3 apiece. Dublin found their best form after this and took over with a series of scores, including points from defenders [[Jack McCaffrey]] and [[Philip McMahon]]. [[Paddy Andrews (Gaelic footballer)|Paddy Andrews]] also got on the score sheet after shrugging off [[Fionn Fitzgerald]] to give Dublin a deserved 0-8 to 0-4 double-scores advantage. Kerry were guilty of wasting their own great goal chance late on as substitute [[Kieran Donaghy]] fed [[Killian Young]] but the defender fumbled his catch close to goal, allowing Dublin to regroup and block the goal threat. From their next attack Dublin substitute [[Alan Brogan]] kicked a point that proved to be their insurance score. Kerry rallied late on and Donaghy did his best under the high ball to pinch a crucial goal, but the best they could muster in the closing stages was a converted free from [[Bryan Sheehan]] as Dublin ran out 0-12 to 0-9 winners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-games/gaelic-football/dublin-are-all-ireland-champions-after-seeing-off-kerry-in-croke-park-31542652.html|title=Dublin are All Ireland champions after seeing off Kerry in Croke Park|publisher=Irish Independent|date=20 September 2015|accessdate=20 March 2016|first=Seán|last=McGoldrick}}</ref>

Dublin faced Kerry again the following year this time at the semi-final stage. Dublin went into the game as favourites and a strong start by them led to the leading by 0-9 to 0-4 after 24 minutes. Kerry rallied before half-time and scored 2-4 with reply to go in 5 points up at half time with the goals being scored by [[Paul Geaney]] and [[Darran O'Sullivan]]. Dublin started the second half strongly and were level by the 51st minute. Kerry regained composure to retake the lead only to be pegged back by Dublin again. With the match approaching injuring time, the sides were level at 0-20 to 2-14 until two late points for Dublin courtesy of [[Eoghan O'Gara]] and [[Diarmuid Connolly]] ensured a Dublin victory with the final scoreline being Dublin 0-22 Kerry 2-14. The match was regarded as another Dublin-Kerry classic and drew comparisons to previous classic semi-finals between the two counties such as in 1977 and 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/gaa/2016/0828/812486-dublin-v-kerry/|title=Dubs weather Kerry storm to stay on course for Sam|publisher=RTE|date=28 August 2016|accessdate=7 August 2019|first=Jackie|last=Cahill}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irishmirror.ie/sport/gaa/10-best-football-games-millennium-8730627|title=The 10 best football games of the millennium|publisher=Irish Mirror|date=29 August 2016|accessdate=7 August 2019|first=Pat|last=Nolan}}</ref> The match also proved to be Kerry legend Colm Cooper's last championship appearance for Kerry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/sport/gaelic-games/gaelic-football/its-official-colm-cooper-releases-poignant-statement-confirming-retirement-35592095.html|title=It's Official: Colm Cooper releases poignant statement confirming retirement|publisher=Irish Independent|date=4 April 2017|accessdate=7 August 2019|first=Colm|last=Keys}}</ref>

==Statistics==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Team
! All-Ireland
! Provincial
! National League
! Total
|-|
|[[Dublin GAA|Dublin]]
|28
|58
|13
|99
|-
|[[Kerry GAA|Kerry]]
|37
|81
|20
|138
|-
|Combined
|65
|139
|33
|237
|}

==All-time results==

===Legend===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"|
|Dublin win
|-
|style="background-color:green"|
|Kerry win
|-
|
|Match was a draw
|}

===Senior===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!width=1 |
!width=5 | No.
!width=120 | Date
!width=100 | Winners
!width=70 | Score
!width=100 | Runners-up
!width=130 | Venue
!width=175 | Stage
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"| || 1. || 26 March 1893 || Dublin || 1-4 - 0-3 || Kerry || [[Clonturk Park]] || [[1892 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 2. || 1 July 1906 || Kerry || 0-5 - 0-2 || Dublin || [[Cork Athletic Grounds]] || [[1904 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"| || 3. || 9 May 1909 || Dublin || 0-10 - 0-3 || Kerry || [[Semple Stadium|Thurles Sportsfield]] || [[1908 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland home final]]
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"| || 4. || 28 September 1924 || Dublin || 1-5 - 1-3 || Kerry || [[Tuam Stadium]] || [[1923 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 5. || 16 April 1925 || Kerry || 0-4 - 0-3 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1924 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 6. || 21 August 1932 || Kerry || 1-3 - 1-1 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1932 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final]]
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"| || 7. || 9 September 1934 || Dublin || 3-8 - 0-6 || Kerry || [[Tuam Stadium]] || [[1934 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final]]
|-
| || 8. || 10 August 1941 || Dublin || 0-4 - 0-4 || Kerry || [[Croke Park]] || [[1941 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 9. || 17 August 1941 || Kerry || 2-9 - 0-3 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1941 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final replay]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 10. || 25 September 1955 || Kerry || 0-12 - 1-6 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1955 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 11. || 16 August 1959 || Kerry || 1-10 - 2-5 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1959 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 12. || 5 August 1962 || Kerry || 2-12 - 0-10 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1962 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 13. || 8 August 1965 || Kerry || 4-8 - 2-6 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1965 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 14. || 28 September 1975 || Kerry || 2-12 - 0-11 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1975 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"| || 15. || 26 September 1976 || Dublin || 3-8 - 0-10 || Kerry || [[Croke Park]] || [[1976 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"| || 16. || 21 August 1977 || Dublin || 3-12 - 1-13 || Kerry || [[Croke Park]] || [[1977 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 17. || 24 September 1978 || Kerry || 5-11 - 0-9 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1978 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 18. || 16 September 1979 || Kerry || 3-13 - 1-8 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1979 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 19. || 23 September 1984 || Kerry || 0-14 - 1-6 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1984 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 20. || 22 September 1985 || Kerry || 2-12 - 2-8 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[1985 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
| || 21. || 4 August 2001 || Kerry || 1-14 - 2-11 || Dublin || [[Semple Stadium]] || [[2001 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland quarter-final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 22. || 11 August 2001 || Kerry || 2-12 - 1-12 || Dublin || [[Semple Stadium]] || [[2001 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland quarter-final replay]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 23. || 14 August 2004 || Kerry || 1-15 - 1-8 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[2004 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland quarter-final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 24. || 26 August 2007 || Kerry || 1-15 - 0-16 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[2007 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final]]
|-
|style="background-color:green"| || 25. || 3 August 2009 || Kerry || 1-24 - 1-7 || Dublin || [[Croke Park]] || [[2009 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland quarter-final]]
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"| || 26. || 18 September 2011 || Dublin || 1-12 - 1-11 || Kerry || [[Croke Park]] || [[2011 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"| || 27. || 1 September 2013 || Dublin || 3-18 - 3-11 || Kerry || [[Croke Park]] || [[2013 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final]]
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"| || 28. || 20 September 2015 || Dublin || 0-12 - 0-9 || Kerry || [[Croke Park]] || [[2015 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]]
|-
|style="background-color:#6495ED"| || 29. || 28 August 2016 ||Dublin||0-22 - 2-14||Kerry|| [[Croke Park]] || [[2016 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland semi-final]]
|}

==Records==

===Scorelines===

* Biggest championship win:
** For Dublin: '''Dublin''' 3-8 - 0-6 Kerry, [[1934 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final]], [[Tuam Stadium]], 9 September 1934
** For Kerry: '''Kerry''' 5-11 - 0-9 Dublin, [[1978 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]], [[Croke Park]], 24 September 1978
* Highest aggregate:
** Dublin 3-18 - 3-11 Kerry, [[2013 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland semi-final]], [[Croke Park]], 1 September 2013

===Top scorers===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Team
! Player
! Score
! Total
|-
| Dublin
| [[Jimmy Keaveney]]
| 1-19
| '''22'''
|-
| Kerry
| [[Mikey Sheehy]]
| 3-27
| '''36'''
|}

*Top scorer in a single game:
**For Kerry: '''2-6'''
*** [[Mikey Sheehy]], Kerry 3-13 - 1-8 Dublin, [[1979 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland Final]], Croke Park, 16 September 1979
**For Dublin: '''0-12'''
*** [[Dean Rock]], Dublin 0-22 - 2-14 Kerry, [[2016 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship|All-Ireland Semi-Final]], Croke Park, 28 August 2016

===Attendance===

*Highest attendance:
**'''87,102''' - Kerry 0-12 - 1-6 Dublin, [[1955 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship Final|All-Ireland final]], Croke Park, 25 September 1955

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gaelic football rivalries}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dublin-Kerry Gaelic football rivalry}}
[[Category:Dublin GAA]]
[[Category:Kerry GAA]]
[[Category:Gaelic games rivalries]]

Jan Žižka

2019-08-08T14:50:25Z

159.50.189.7: /* In popular culture */

{{about||the films|Jan Žižka (1955 film)|and|Jan Žižka (2018 film)}}
{{for|the Slovak Olympic rower|Ján Žiška (rower)}}
{{expand Czech|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Jan Žižka z Trocnova a Kalicha
| image = Jan Zizka Vitkov Prague CZ 007.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Statue of Jan Žižka by [[Bohumil Kafka]] on [[National Monument in Vitkov|Vítkov Hill]] in [[Prague]]
| nickname = John the One-Eyed Žižka of the Chalice
| birth_date = {{Circa}} 1360
| birth_place = [[Borovany (České Budějovice District)|Trocnov]], [[Kingdom of Bohemia]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1424|10|11 |1360|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Přibyslav]], Kingdom of Bohemia
| placeofburial = Unknown
| allegiance = [[Hussites]] (1419–1423) [[Taborites]] (1423–1424)
| branch =
| serviceyears = {{Circa}} 1378–1424
| rank = [[Chamberlain (office)|Chamberlain]] to Queen [[Sofia of Bavaria]]
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Battle of Grunwald]] [[Hussite Wars]]
* [[Battle of Nekmer]]
* [[Battle of Sudoměř]]
* [[Battle of Vítkov Hill]]
* [[Battle of Vyšehrad]]
* [[Battle of Kutná Hora]]
* [[Battle of Nebovidy]]
* [[Battle of Deutschbrod]]
* [[Battle of Hořice]]
| awards = A castle near [[Litoměřice]]. He gave the biblical name of ''Chalice'' (Kalich in Czech) to this new possession
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}

'''Jan Žižka z Trocnova a Kalicha''' ({{IPA-cs|ˈjan ˈʒɪʃka|-|Cs-Jan Zizka.ogg}}; {{lang-de|Johann Ziska}}; {{lang-en|John Zizka of Trocnov and the Chalice}}) ({{Circa}} 1360 – 11 October 1424) was a [[Czechs|Czech]] general, a contemporary and follower of [[Jan Hus]], [[Hussite]] military leader, and later also a [[Radical Hussite]] who led the [[Taborites]]. Žižka is held to be one of the most renowned military leaders by many historians and today he is widely considered a Czech [[Folk hero|national hero]].

He was born in the small village of Trocnov (now part of [[Borovany (České Budějovice District)|Borovany]]) in the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] into an aristocratic family. He was nicknamed "One-eyed Žižka". From his youth, he was attached to the royal court and held the office of [[Chamberlain (office)|Chamberlain]] to Queen [[Sofia of Bavaria]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

He fought in the [[Battle of Grunwald]] (July 15, 1410), where he defended [[Radzyń Chełmiński|Radzyń]] against the [[Teutonic Knights|Teutonic Order]]. Later he played a prominent role in the [[Hussite|civil wars]] in Bohemia during the reign of [[Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia|Wenceslas IV]]. Žižka's tactics were unorthodox and innovative. In addition to training and equipping his army according to their abilities, he used armored wagons armed with small cannons and muskets, presaging the tank of five hundred years later. He was also a master at using geography to its full advantage as well as managing the discipline of his troops.

In the [[Battle of Kutná Hora]] (1421) he defeated the army of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and [[Hungary]]. The effectiveness of field artillery against the royal cavalry in the battle turned field artillery into a firm part of Hussite armies.

Žižka is considered to be among the greatest military leaders and innovators of all time. His accomplishments in this regard are especially unique and noteworthy as he had to quickly train peasants to repeatedly face highly trained and armored opponents who usually severely outnumbered his own troops, and for this, some have considered him to be the greatest general in history.

[[National Monument in Vitkov|A monument]] was erected on the Vítkov Hill in [[Prague]] to honor Jan Žižka and his [[Battle of Vítkov Hill|victory on this hill in 1420]]. It is the third largest bronze [[equestrian statue]] in the world.<ref>[http://www.earch.cz/clanek/1098-zizka-nikdy-nevyhral-ted-je-nejlepe-treti.aspx] About Zizka's and other bronze horse statues (In Czech)</ref>

==Grunwald==
Žižka was on the winning side of the [[Battle of Grunwald]], also called the 1st Battle of Tannenberg, one of the largest battles in [[Medieval Europe]].<ref name=radiocz>{{Cite web | last =Richter | first =Jan | title = Jan Žižka at Grunwald: from mercenary to Czech national hero | url = http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/jan-zizka-at-grunwald-from-mercenary-to-czech-national-hero | publisher = Radio Prague | date = 16 July 2010 | accessdate = 1 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = Kto jest kim na obrazie Jana Matejki? Cz. 2 | url = http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,8124508,Kto_jest_kim_na_obrazie_Jana_Matejki__Cz__2.html | publisher = Gazeta.pl | date = 14 July 2010 | accessdate = 16 August 2012}}</ref> It was fought on July 15, 1410, during the [[Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War]]. The alliance of the [[Jagiellon Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] and the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], led respectively by King of Poland [[Władysław Jagiełło]] and Grand Duke [[Vytautas]] (Witold), decisively defeated the [[Teutonic Knights]], led by Grand Master [[Ulrich von Jungingen]]. Most of the Teutonic Knights' leadership were killed or taken prisoner. The Knights never recovered their former power and the financial burden of [[war reparations]] caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in their lands. The battle shifted the balance of power in Eastern Europe.

==Rise to prominence==
[[File:Jensky kodex Zizka.jpg|thumb|Jan Žižka leading his troops ([[Illumination (manuscript)|illumination]] from the late 1400's)]]
Žižka was the military leader of the Hussites in the [[Hussite Wars]]. The [[Hussites]] were a [[proto-Protestantism|proto-Protestant]], Christian movement following the teachings of Czech priest, philosopher, reformer, and master at [[Charles University]] in [[Prague]], [[Jan Hus]] (c. 1369–1415). On November 13, 1419 a temporary [[armistice]] was concluded between the partisans of King [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], the last Emperor of the [[House of Luxemburg]] and the citizens of Prague. Žižka disapproved of this compromise and left Prague for [[Plzeň]], one of the richest cities of the kingdom with his followers, but soon left that city. On March 25, 1420 he defeated the partisans of Sigismund at [[Battle of Sudoměř|Sudoměř]], the first pitched battle of the Hussite wars. He later arrived at [[Taborites|Tábor]], the then-recently established stronghold of the Hussite movement. The ecclesiastical organization of Tabor had a somewhat puritanical character with a very strict military discipline being instituted though the government was established on a thoroughly democratic basis. Žižka took a large part in the organization of the new military community and became one of the four captains of the people (''[[hejtman]]'') who were at its head.

===Wagenburg tactics===
{{main article|Wagenburg}}
[[File:Jan Vilímek - Jan Žižka z Trocnova.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Jan Žižka z Trocnova, fictional portrait by [[Jan Vilímek]]]]
Žižka helped develop tactics of using wagon forts, called ''vozová hradba'' in Czech or ''Wagenburg'' by the Germans, as mobile [[fortification]]s. When the Hussite army faced a numerically superior opponent they prepared carts for the battle by forming them into squares or circles. The carts were joined wheel to wheel by chains and positioned aslant, with their corners attached to each other, so that horses could be harnessed to them quickly, if necessary. In front of this wall of carts a [[ditch (fortification)|ditch]] was dug by camp followers. The crew of each cart consisted of 16–22 [[soldiers]]: 4–8 [[crossbow]]men, 2 [[handgun]]ners, 6–8 soldiers equipped with [[Pike (weapon)|pikes]] or [[flail (weapon)|flails]] (the flail was the Hussite "national weapon"), 2 shield carriers and 2 drivers.

The Hussites' battle consisted of two stages, the first defensive, the second an offensive counterattack. In the first stage the army placed the carts near the enemy army and by means of artillery fire provoked the enemy into battle. The artillery would usually inflict heavy casualties at close range.

In order to avoid more losses, the enemy knights finally attacked. Then the infantry hidden behind the carts used firearms and crossbows to ward off the attack, weakening the enemy. The shooters aimed first at the horses, depriving the cavalry of its main advantage. Many of the knights died as their horses were shot and they fell.

As soon as the enemy's morale was lowered, the second stage, an offensive counterattack, began. The infantry and the cavalry burst out from behind the carts striking violently at the enemy, mostly from the flanks. While fighting on the flanks and being shelled from the carts the enemy was not able to put up much resistance. They were forced to withdraw, leaving behind dismounted knights in heavy armor who were unable to escape the battlefield. The enemy armies suffered heavy losses and the Hussites soon had the reputation of not taking captives.

===Gunpowder weapons===
The Hussite wars also marked the earliest successful use of [[pistol]]s on the battlefield and Žižka was an innovator in the use of gunpowder. He was the first European commander to maneuver on the field with cannon of medium caliber mounted on carts in between the wagons.<ref>Sedlar, Jean W. (1994), [https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC&pg=PA234&dq=Battle+of+Kutn%C3%A1+Hora&hl=cs&ei=0y2iTOnsJpCSswabs-SJBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''A history of East Central Europe: East Central Europe in the Middle Ages''], University of Washington Press. p. 234. {{ISBN|0-295-97290-4}}</ref> The Czechs called the handgun a ''píšťala'', and anti-infantry field guns ''houfnice'', from which the English words "pistol" and "howitzer" have been derived. The Germans had just started corning [[gunpowder]], making it suitable for use in smaller, tactical weapons. A musketeer on an open field armed with only a single-shot weapon was no match for a charging knight on a horse; however, from behind a castle wall, or from within the enclosure of the [[wagenburg]], massed and disciplined gunmen could use the handgun to its greatest potential. From his experiences at the [[Battle of Grunwald]], Žižka knew exactly how his enemies would attack, and he found new ways to defeat forces numerically superior to his own.

==Hussite Crusades==
The [[Hussite Wars]] were fought to win recognition of faith of the [[Hussites]], the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation, and though predominantly a religious movement, it was also propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness. The [[Catholic Church]] deemed Hus's teachings heretical. He was [[excommunicated]] in 1411, condemned by the [[Council of Constance]], and [[burned at the stake]] in 1415. The wars proper began in July 1419, with the [[Defenestrations of Prague#First Defenestration of Prague|First Defenestration of Prague]], when protesting Hussites threw the town councillors and the judge out the windows of the New Town Hall. It has been reputed that [[Wenceslaus, King of the Romans|King Wenceslaus IV]] was so stunned by the defenestration that he died from the shock shortly afterward on 16 August 1419. This led to the armed conflict in which Žižka would earn his fame.

===The first anti-Hussite crusade===
[[Image:Mikolas ales zizka.jpg|thumb|right|A painting by [[Mikoláš Aleš]] showing Jan Žižka as hussite general]]
[[Image:Jan Zizka - Grunwald.jpg|thumb|Jan Žižka in a detail of [[Jan Matejko]]'s ''[[Battle of Grunwald (painting)|Battle of Grunwald]]'']]
King [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]] was king of [[Hungary]] but only the titular king of [[Bohemia]]. Sigismund had acquired a claim on the Bohemian crown, though it was then in question (and remained so till much later) whether Bohemia was a hereditary or an elective monarchy, especially as the line through which Sigismund claimed the throne had accepted that the Kingdom of Bohemia was an elective monarchy elected by the nobles, and thus the regent of the kingdom (Čeněk of Wartenberg) also explicitly stated that Sigismund had not been elected as reason for Sigismund's claim to not be accepted. A firm adherent of the Church of Rome, Sigismund was successful in obtaining aid from [[Pope Martin V]], who issued a bull on 17 March 1420 which proclaimed a [[crusade]] “for the destruction of the [[Wycliffites|John Wycliffe]], Hussites and all other [[heresy|heretic]]s in Bohemia". Sigismund and many German princes arrived before the walls of [[Prague]] on June 30 at the head of a vast army of crusaders from all parts of [[Europe]], largely consisting of adventurers attracted by the possibility of pillage. They immediately began a siege of the city and Žižka was compelled to defend the Kingdom. He was a pragmatist in developing his military strategy. His army consisted of farmers and peasants, lacking both the funds and equipment to be classic soldiers with sword, horse and armor, so Žižka used their farmers' skills to boost their military efficiency. He adapted the tools of agriculture into the tools of war. The [[Flail (agriculture)|agricultural flail]] was transformed into the [[Flail (weapon)|flail]].

Menaced by Sigismund, the citizens of Prague entreated the [[Taborites]] for assistance. Led by Žižka and their other captains, the Taborites set out to take part in the defence of the capital. At Prague, Žižka and his men took up a strong position on the hill just outside the city known as the [[Vítkov (hill)|Vítkov]], now in [[Žižkov]], a district of Prague named after the battle in his honour. On July 14 the armies of Sigismund made a general attack. A strong German Crusader-led force assaulted the position on the Vítkov, the stronghold that secured the Hussite communications with the open country. Thanks to Žižka's personal leadership, the attack was thrown back and the forces of Sigismund abandoned the siege. On August 22 the Taborites left Prague and returned to [[Tábor]].<ref name="EB1911"/> Though Sigismund had retired from Prague, the castles of [[Vyšehrad]] and [[Hradčany]] remained in possession of his troops. The citizens of Prague laid siege to the Vyšehrad (see [[Battle of Vyšehrad]]), and towards the end of October the garrison was on the point of capitulating through [[famine]]. Sigismund attempted to relieve the fortress, but was decisively defeated by the Hussites on November 1 near the village of [[Pankrác]]. The castles of Vyšehrad and Hradčany now capitulated, and shortly afterwards almost all Bohemia fell into the hands of the Hussites.

Žižka now engaged in constant warfare with the partisans of Sigismund, particularly with the powerful Romanist, [[Oldřich II of Rožmberk]]. Through this struggle, the Hussites obtained possession of the greater part of Bohemia from Sigismund. It was proposed to elect the [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] [[Vytautas]] to the throne. However, the [[estates of the realm|estates]] of Bohemia and [[Moravia]] met at [[Čáslav]] on June 1, 1421 and decided to appoint a provisional government, consisting of twenty members chosen from all the political and religious parties of the country. Žižka, who took part in the deliberations at Čáslav, was elected as one of the two representatives of Tábor.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Žižka summarily suppressed some disturbances on the part of a fanatical sect called the [[Adamites]]. He then continued his campaigns against the Romanists and the adherents of Sigismund, and having captured and rebuilt a small castle near [[Litoměřice]] (Leitmeritz) he retained possession of it, the only reward for his great services that he ever received or claimed. According to the Hussite custom he gave the Biblical name of ''Chalice'' (Kalich in Czech) to this new possession, and henceforth adopted the signature of ''Žižka of the Chalice''.<ref name="EB1911"/> Jan Žižka did not capture any more properties for himself during the Hussite Wars. This fact was unusual for the time and distinguished Žižka from his contemporaries.

Later that year he was severely wounded while besieging the castle of [[Rábí]], and lost the use of his remaining eye. Though now totally blind, he continued to command the armies of Tábor.<ref name="EB1911"/>

===The second anti-Hussite crusade===
At the end of 1421, Sigismund, again attempted to subdue Bohemia and gained possession of the important town of [[Kutná Hora]]. The mainly German citizens of the city killed a few of the Hussites in the town and closed the city to Žižka, whose armies were camped outside the city walls. Sigismund's armies arrived and surrounded the Hussites. Žižka was at the head of the united armies of Tábor and Prague and though trapped managed to execute what some historians call the [[Battle of Kutná Hora | first mobile artillery manoeuver in history]]. Žižka broke through the enemy lines and retreated to [[Kolín]], but having received reinforcements he attacked and defeated Sigismund's unsuspecting army at the village of Nebovidy between Kolín and Kutná Hora on January 6, 1422. Sigismund lost 12,000 men and only escaped himself by rapid flight. Sigismund's forces made a last stand at [[Battle of Deutschbrod|Německý Brod]] (Deutschbrod) on 10 January, but the city was stormed by the Czechs, and contrary to Žižka's orders, its defenders were put to the sword.<ref name="EB1911"/>

==Civil war==
[[Image:Zizka tabor statue.jpg|thumb|right|190px|Statue of Žižka in [[Tábor]]'s town square (Žižka Square), J. Stachovsky, 1884.]]
Early in 1423, internal dissent among the Hussites led to civil war. Žižka, as leader of the Taborites, defeated the men of Prague and the [[Utraquist]] nobles at [[Hořice na Šumavě|Hořice]] on April 20. Shortly afterwards came news that a new crusade against Bohemia was being prepared. This induced the Hussites to conclude an armistice at [[Konopiště]] on June 24. As soon as the crusaders had dispersed, internal dissent broke out anew. During his temporary rule over Bohemia, Prince [[Sigismund Korybut]] of Lithuania had appointed Bořek, the lord of Miletínek, governor of the city of [[Hradec Králové]]. Bořek belonged to a moderate Hussite faction, the Utraquist party. After the departure of Sigismund Korybut, the city of Hradec Králové refused to recognize Bořek as its ruler, due to the democratic party gaining the upper hand. They called Žižka to its aid. He acceded to the demand and defeated the Utraquists under Bořek at the farm of [[Strachov]], near the city of Hradec Králové on August 4, 1423.<ref name="EB1911"/>

Žižka now attempted to invade [[Hungary]], which was under the rule of his old enemy King Sigismund. Though this Hungarian campaign was unsuccessful owing to the great superiority of the Hungarians, it ranks among the greatest military exploits of Žižka, on account of the skill he displayed in retreat. In 1424, civil war having again broken out in Bohemia, Žižka decisively defeated the "Praguers" and Utraquist nobles at [[Česká Skalice|Skalice]] on January 6, and at [[Malešov]] on June 7. In September, he marched on Prague. On the 14th of that month, peace was concluded between the Hussite parties through the influence of [[John of Rokycany]], afterwards Utraquist archbishop of Prague. It was agreed that the now reunited Hussites should attack [[Moravia]], part of which was still held by Sigismund's partisans, and that Žižka should be the leader in this campaign. However, he died of the plague at [[Přibyslav]] on October 11, 1424 on the Moravian frontier.<ref name="EB1911"/> According to chronicler [[Pius II|Piccolomini]], Žižka's dying wish was to have his skin used to make drums so that he might continue to lead his troops even after death. Žižka was so well regarded that when he died, his soldiers called themselves the Orphans (''sirotci'') because they felt like they had lost their father. His enemies said that "The one whom no mortal hand could destroy was extinguished by the finger of God."

He was succeeded by [[Prokop the Great]].

== In popular culture ==

Žižka appears as one of the main characters in the ''Armed Garden'' graphic novella (''The Armed Garden and Other Stories'') by David B.<ref name="ARMED GARDEN">[https://www.amazon.com/The-Armed-Garden-Other-Stories/dp/160699462X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1341320254&sr=8-1&keywords=The-Armed-Garden-Other-Stories The Armed Garden and Other Stories], Amazon Reference.</ref> He is the hero of a novel by [[George Sand]], of a German epic by
Meissner, and of a Bohemian tragedy by [[Alois Jirásek]].<ref name="EB1911"/>

Jan Žižka is a central figure of the "Hussite Revolutionary Trilogy" directed by [[Otakar Vávra]]. The films starred [[Zdenek Stepánek]] as Žižka. It consists of ''[[Jan Hus (film)|Jan Hus]]'', ''[[Jan Žižka (1955 film)|Jan Žižka]]'' and ''[[Against All]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csfd.cz/herec/936-josef-kemr/|title=Josef Kemr|publisher=Czech Film Database|accessdate=24 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Vondruška|first1=PhDr. Vlastimil|title=Jan Žižka – z lapky husitským válečníkem|url=http://www.filmavideo.cz/index.php/historie/183-jan-zizka|website=www.filmavideo.cz|accessdate=2 September 2016}}</ref> Jan Žižka appeared in a 1960 Polish film ''[[Knights of the Teutonic Order (film)|Knights of the Teutonic Order]]''. He is played by [[Tadeusz Schmidt]]. In 1968 Czechoslovak film ''[[Na Žižkově válečném voze]]'', Žižka was played by [[Ilja Prachař]].<ref name="Film Jan Žižka má být nejdražším v historii. Přípravy na natáčení vrcholí">{{cite web|title=Film Jan Žižka má být nejdražším v historii. Přípravy na natáčení vrcholí|url=https://www.lidovky.cz/skoncila-prvni-kola-naboru-komparsu-pro-chystany-film-jan-zizka-p8t-/kultura.aspx?c=A170103_205956_ln_kultura_ele|website=Lidovky.cz|accessdate=31 December 2017|date=3 January 2017}}</ref>

A film ''[[Jan Žižka (2018 film)|Jan Žižka]]'' is currently in works by director [[Petr Jákl]]. It will follow Jan Žižka during his youth. It is expected to be released in 2018 and will be the most expensive Czech film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jákl začíná točit Jana Žižku, bude to nejdražší český film všech dob|url=http://extrastory.cz/jakl-zacina-tocit-jana-zizku-bude-to-nejdrazsi-cesky-film-vsech-dob.html|website=ExtraStory|accessdate=7 July 2016|language=cs-CZ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Spáčilová|first1=Mirka|title=Zahraniční herec v roli Jana Žižky? Režisér Petr Jákl to nevylučuje|url=http://kultura.zpravy.idnes.cz/jakl-toci-zizku-0i2-/filmvideo.aspx?c=A160627_184621_filmvideo_spm|website=iDNES.cz|accessdate=7 July 2016|date=28 June 2016}}</ref>

Jan Žižka is one of the main characters in the manga Dívčí Válka drawn by Kouichi Ohnishi.

===World War I===
Early in 1917 was created 3rd Czechoslovak Rifle Regiment of the Czechoslovak legions in Russia and named after "Jan Žižka z Trocnova".<ref>PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (TGM and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, CZ) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk democratic movement in Prague), 2019, {{ISBN|978-80-87173-47-3}}</ref>

===World War II===
During [[World War II|WWII]] a number of military units were named after Jan Žižka. One of them, the [[1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Jan Žižka]] was among the first anti-Nazi guerrilla units in occupied Czechoslovakia. A [[Yugoslav partisan]] brigade of the same name was formed in western [[Slavonia]] on 26 October 1943 and operated in areas inhabited by a large Czech and Slovak minority.

==Sources==
* Count Lützow, ''The Hussite Wars'', J. M. Dent & Sons London, E. P. Dutton & Co. New York (1909).
* [[Konstantin von Höfler|Höfler]], Konstantin, ''Geschichtsquellen Böhmens''.
* Heymann, Frederick G. (1969), ''John Zizka & the Hussite Revolution'', Russell & Russell New York (1955).
* Turnbull, Stephen, ''The Hussite Wars (1419–36)'', Osprey Publishing. {{ISBN|1-84176-665-8}}.
* Dr. Fudge, ''The Crusade Against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418–1437: Sources and Documents for the Hussite Crusades'' (Crusade Texts in Translation S.).
* [[František Šmahel|Šmahel]], František, ''Die Hussitische Revolution I-III'', MGH-Schriften. 43/I-III, Hannover (2002).
* Verney, Victor (2009), ''Warrior of God: Jan Žižka and the Hussite Revolution'', Frontline Books London. {{ISBN|978-1-84832-516-6}}.
* Bílek, Jiří (2007), ''Hádanky naší minulosti 7. Čtyři Janové a bratr Prokop'', Euromedia Group Praha. p. 172–173. {{ISBN|978-80-242-1952-3}}.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Žižka, John |volume=28 |page=992 |last=Count Lützow}} This also cites:
* Count Lützow, ''Bohemia: an Historical Sketch'' (London, 1896)
* [[Louis Léger]], ''Jean Žižka'' in ''"Nouvelles études Slaves," deuxième série'' (Paris, 1886), the best account of Žižka's career for those unacquainted with the Bohemian language
* Tomek, ''Jan Žižka'', and ''Dějepis Mesta Prahy''
* [[František Palacký|Palacký]], ''History of Bohemia''.</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Jan Žižka}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zizka, Jan}}
[[Category:Jan Žižka|*]]
[[Category:1360 births]]
[[Category:1424 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century deaths from plague (disease)]]
[[Category:15th-century soldiers]]
[[Category:Blind people from the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Czech generals]]
[[Category:Czech military leaders]]
[[Category:Hussite people]]
[[Category:People from Borovany]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Bohemia]]
[[Category:People in the Battle of Grunwald]]
[[Category:Czech revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People of the Hussite Wars]]
[[Category:15th-century Bohemian people]]

Cluster analysis

2019-07-30T16:00:29Z

159.50.189.7:

{{Short description|Task of grouping a set of objects so that objects in the same group (or cluster) are more similar to each other than to those in other clusters}}
{{for|the [[supervised learning]] approach|Statistical classification}}
{{Machine learning bar}}
[[File:Cluster-2.svg|thumb|The result of a cluster analysis shown as the coloring of the squares into three clusters.]]
'''Cluster analysis''' or '''clustering''' is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (called a '''cluster''') are more similar (in some sense) to each other than to those in other groups (clusters). It is a main task of exploratory [[data mining]], and a common technique for [[statistics|statistical]] [[data analysis]], used in many fields, including [[machine learning]], [[pattern recognition]], [[image analysis]], [[information retrieval]], [[bioinformatics]], [[data compression]], and [[computer graphics]].

Cluster analysis itself is not one specific [[algorithm]], but the general task to be solved. It can be achieved by various algorithms that differ significantly in their understanding of what constitutes a cluster and how to efficiently find them. Popular notions of clusters include groups with small [[Distance function|distances]] between cluster members, dense areas of the data space, intervals or particular [[statistical distribution]]s. Clustering can therefore be formulated as a [[multi-objective optimization]] problem. The appropriate clustering algorithm and parameter settings (including parameters such as the [[Metric (mathematics)|distance function]] to use, a density threshold or the number of expected clusters) depend on the individual data set and intended use of the results. Cluster analysis as such is not an automatic task, but an iterative process of [[knowledge discovery]] or interactive multi-objective optimization that involves trial and failure. It is often necessary to modify data preprocessing and model parameters until the result achieves the desired properties.

Besides the term ''clustering'', there are a number of terms with similar meanings, including ''automatic [[Statistical classification|classification]]'', ''[[numerical taxonomy]]'', ''botryology'' (from Greek βότρυς "grape"), ''typological analysis'', and ''[[Community structure|community detection]]''. The subtle differences are often in the use of the results: while in data mining, the resulting groups are the matter of interest, in automatic classification the resulting discriminative power is of interest.

Cluster analysis was originated in anthropology by Driver and Kroeber in 1932<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Driver and Kroeber|date=1932|title=Quantitative Expression of Cultural Relationships|url=http://dpg.lib.berkeley.edu/webdb/anthpubs/search?all=&volume=31&journal=1&item=5|journal=University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology|volume=Quantitative Expression of Cultural Relationships|pages=211–256|via=http://dpg.lib.berkeley.edu}}</ref> and introduced to psychology by [[Joseph Zubin]] in 1938<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zubin|first=Joseph|date=1938|title=A technique for measuring like-mindedness.|journal=The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=33|issue=4|pages=508–516|doi=10.1037/h0055441|issn=0096-851X}}</ref> and [[Robert Tryon]] in 1939<ref>{{cite book | title = Cluster Analysis: Correlation Profile and Orthometric (factor) Analysis for the Isolation of Unities in Mind and Personality | first = Robert C. | last = Tryon | authorlink = Robert Tryon | publisher = Edwards Brothers | year = 1939}}</ref> and famously used by [[Raymond Cattell|Cattell]] beginning in 1943<ref>{{cite journal | last = Cattell | first = R. B. | date = 1943 | title = The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters | journal = Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 476–506 | doi=10.1037/h0054116}}</ref> for trait theory classification in [[personality psychology]].

== Definition ==

The notion of a "cluster" cannot be precisely defined, which is one of the reasons why there are so many clustering algorithms.<ref name="estivill">{{cite journal | title=Why so many clustering algorithms – A Position Paper | last = Estivill-Castro | first = Vladimir | journal=ACM SIGKDD Explorations Newsletter |date=20 June 2002 | volume= 4 | issue=1 | pages=65–75 | doi=10.1145/568574.568575}}</ref> There is a common denominator: a group of data objects. However, different researchers employ different cluster models, and for each of these cluster models again different algorithms can be given. The notion of a cluster, as found by different algorithms, varies significantly in its properties. Understanding these "cluster models" is key to understanding the differences between the various algorithms. Typical cluster models include:
* ''{{vanchor|Connectivity model}}s'': for example, [[hierarchical clustering]] builds models based on distance connectivity.
* ''{{vanchor|Centroid model}}s'': for example, the [[k-means algorithm]] represents each cluster by a single mean vector.
* ''{{vanchor|Distribution model}}s'': clusters are modeled using statistical distributions, such as [[multivariate normal distribution]]s used by the [[expectation-maximization algorithm]].
* ''{{vanchor|Density model}}s'': for example, [[DBSCAN]] and [[OPTICS]] defines clusters as connected dense regions in the data space.
* ''{{vanchor|Subspace model}}s'': in [[biclustering]] (also known as co-clustering or two-mode-clustering), clusters are modeled with both cluster members and relevant attributes.
* ''{{vanchor|Group model}}s'': some algorithms do not provide a refined model for their results and just provide the grouping information.
* ''{{vanchor|Graph-based model}}s'': a [[Clique (graph theory)|clique]], that is, a subset of nodes in a [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|graph]] such that every two nodes in the subset are connected by an edge can be considered as a prototypical form of cluster. Relaxations of the complete connectivity requirement (a fraction of the edges can be missing) are known as quasi-cliques, as in the [[HCS clustering algorithm]].
* ''Signed graph models'': Every [[path (graph theory)|path]] in a [[signed graph]] has a [[sign (mathematics)|sign]] from the product of the signs on the edges. Under the assumptions of [[balance theory]], edges may change sign and result in a bifurcated graph. The weaker "clusterability axiom" (no [[cycle (graph theory)|cycle]] has exactly one negative edge) yields results with more than two clusters, or subgraphs with only positive edges.<ref>[[James A. Davis]] (May 1967) "Clustering and structural balance in graphs", [[Human Relations]] 20:181–7</ref>
* ''{{vanchor|Neural model}}s'': the most well known [[unsupervised learning|unsupervised]] [[neural network]] is the [[self-organizing map]] and these models can usually be characterized as similar to one or more of the above models, and including subspace models when neural networks implement a form of [[Principal Component Analysis]] or [[Independent Component Analysis]].

A "clustering" is essentially a set of such clusters, usually containing all objects in the data set. Additionally, it may specify the relationship of the clusters to each other, for example, a hierarchy of clusters embedded in each other. Clusterings can be roughly distinguished as:
* ''{{vanchor|Hard clustering}}'': each object belongs to a cluster or not
* ''{{vanchor|Soft clustering}}'' (also: ''{{vanchor|[[fuzzy clustering]]}}''): each object belongs to each cluster to a certain degree (for example, a likelihood of belonging to the cluster)

There are also finer distinctions possible, for example:

* ''{{vanchor|Strict partitioning clustering}}'': each object belongs to exactly one cluster
* ''{{vanchor|Strict partitioning clustering with outliers}}'': objects can also belong to no cluster, and are considered [[Anomaly detection|outliers]]
* ''{{vanchor|Overlapping clustering}}'' (also: ''alternative clustering'', ''multi-view clustering''): objects may belong to more than one cluster; usually involving hard clusters
* ''{{vanchor|Hierarchical clustering}}'': objects that belong to a child cluster also belong to the parent cluster
* ''{{vanchor|[[Subspace clustering]]}}'': while an overlapping clustering, within a uniquely defined subspace, clusters are not expected to overlap

== Algorithms ==
{{main category|Cluster analysis algorithms}}

As listed above, clustering algorithms can be categorized based on their cluster model. The following overview will only list the most prominent examples of clustering algorithms, as there are possibly over 100 published clustering algorithms. Not all provide models for their clusters and can thus not easily be categorized. An overview of algorithms explained in Wikipedia can be found in the [[List of algorithms#Statistics|list of statistics algorithms]].

There is no objectively "correct" clustering algorithm, but as it was noted, "clustering is in the eye of the beholder."<ref name="estivill" /> The most appropriate clustering algorithm for a particular problem often needs to be chosen experimentally, unless there is a mathematical reason to prefer one cluster model over another. An algorithm that is designed for one kind of model will generally fail on a data set that contains a radically different kind of model.<ref name="estivill" /> For example, k-means cannot find non-convex clusters.<ref name="estivill" />

=== Connectivity-based clustering (hierarchical clustering) ===
{{Main|Hierarchical clustering}}
Connectivity-based clustering, also known as ''[[hierarchical clustering]]'', is based on the core idea of objects being more related to nearby objects than to objects farther away. These algorithms connect "objects" to form "clusters" based on their distance. A cluster can be described largely by the maximum distance needed to connect parts of the cluster. At different distances, different clusters will form, which can be represented using a [[dendrogram]], which explains where the common name "hierarchical clustering" comes from: these algorithms do not provide a single partitioning of the data set, but instead provide an extensive hierarchy of clusters that merge with each other at certain distances. In a dendrogram, the y-axis marks the distance at which the clusters merge, while the objects are placed along the x-axis such that the clusters don't mix.

Connectivity-based clustering is a whole family of methods that differ by the way distances are computed. Apart from the usual choice of [[distance function]]s, the user also needs to decide on the linkage criterion (since a cluster consists of multiple objects, there are multiple candidates to compute the distance) to use. Popular choices are known as [[single-linkage clustering]] (the minimum of object distances), [[complete linkage clustering]] (the maximum of object distances), and [[UPGMA]] or [[WPGMA]] ("Unweighted or Weighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean", also known as average linkage clustering). Furthermore, hierarchical clustering can be agglomerative (starting with single elements and aggregating them into clusters) or divisive (starting with the complete data set and dividing it into partitions).

These methods will not produce a unique partitioning of the data set, but a hierarchy from which the user still needs to choose appropriate clusters. They are not very robust towards outliers, which will either show up as additional clusters or even cause other clusters to merge (known as "chaining phenomenon", in particular with [[single-linkage clustering]]). In the general case, the complexity is <math>\mathcal{O}(n^3)</math> for agglomerative clustering and <math>\mathcal{O}(2^{n-1})</math> for [[divisive clustering]],<ref>{{cite book | last = Everitt | first = Brian | title = Cluster analysis | publisher = Wiley | location = Chichester, West Sussex, U.K | year = 2011 | isbn = 9780470749913 }}</ref> which makes them too slow for large data sets. For some special cases, optimal efficient methods (of complexity <math>\mathcal{O}(n^2)</math>) are known: SLINK<ref>{{cite journal | first = R. | last = Sibson | title=SLINK: an optimally efficient algorithm for the single-link cluster method | journal=The Computer Journal | volume=16 | issue=1 | pages=30–34 | year=1973 | publisher=British Computer Society | url=http://www.cs.gsu.edu/~wkim/index_files/papers/sibson.pdf | doi=10.1093/comjnl/16.1.30 }}</ref> for single-linkage and CLINK<ref>{{cite journal | first = D. | last = Defays | title=An efficient algorithm for a complete link method | journal=The Computer Journal | volume=20 | issue=4 | pages=364–366 | year=1977 | publisher=British Computer Society | doi=10.1093/comjnl/20.4.364}}</ref> for complete-linkage clustering. In the [[data mining]] community these methods are recognized as a theoretical foundation of cluster analysis, but often considered obsolete{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}. They did however provide inspiration for many later methods such as density based clustering.

<gallery caption="Linkage clustering examples" widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:SLINK-Gaussian-data.svg|Single-linkage on Gaussian data. At 35 clusters, the biggest cluster starts fragmenting into smaller parts, while before it was still connected to the second largest due to the single-link effect.
File:SLINK-density-data.svg|Single-linkage on density-based clusters. 20 clusters extracted, most of which contain single elements, since linkage clustering does not have a notion of "noise".
</gallery>

=== Centroid-based clustering ===
{{Main|k-means clustering}}
In centroid-based clustering, clusters are represented by a central vector, which may not necessarily be a member of the data set. When the number of clusters is fixed to ''k'', [[k-means clustering|''k''-means clustering]] gives a formal definition as an optimization problem: find the ''k'' cluster centers and assign the objects to the nearest cluster center, such that the squared distances from the cluster are minimized.

The optimization problem itself is known to be [[NP-hard]], and thus the common approach is to search only for approximate solutions. A particularly well known approximate method is [[Lloyd's algorithm]],<ref name="lloyd">{{Cite journal | last1 = Lloyd | first1 = S. | title = Least squares quantization in PCM | doi = 10.1109/TIT.1982.1056489 | journal = IEEE Transactions on Information Theory | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 129–137 | year = 1982 }}</ref> often just referred to as "''k-means algorithm''" (although [[k-means clustering#History|another algorithm introduced this name]]). It does however only find a [[local optimum]], and is commonly run multiple times with different random initializations. Variations of ''k''-means often include such optimizations as choosing the best of multiple runs, but also restricting the centroids to members of the data set ([[K-medoids|''k''-medoids]]), choosing [[median]]s ([[k-medians clustering|''k''-medians clustering]]), choosing the initial centers less randomly ([[k-means++|''k''-means++]]) or allowing a fuzzy cluster assignment ([[Fuzzy clustering|fuzzy c-means]]).

Most ''k''-means-type algorithms require the [[Determining the number of clusters in a data set|number of clusters]] – ''k'' – to be specified in advance, which is considered to be one of the biggest drawbacks of these algorithms. Furthermore, the algorithms prefer clusters of approximately similar size, as they will always assign an object to the nearest centroid. This often leads to incorrectly cut borders of clusters (which is not surprising since the algorithm optimizes cluster centers, not cluster borders).

K-means has a number of interesting theoretical properties. First, it partitions the data space into a structure known as a [[Voronoi diagram]]. Second, it is conceptually close to nearest neighbor classification, and as such is popular in [[machine learning]]. Third, it can be seen as a variation of model based clustering, and Lloyd's algorithm as a variation of the [[Expectation-maximization algorithm]] for this model discussed below.

<gallery caption="''k''-means clustering examples" widths="200" heights="200">
File:KMeans-Gaussian-data.svg|''k''-means separates data into Voronoi cells, which assumes equal-sized clusters (not adequate here)
File:KMeans-density-data.svg|''k''-means cannot represent density-based clusters
</gallery>

=== Distribution-based clustering ===
The clustering model most closely related to statistics is based on [[Probability distribution|distribution models]]. Clusters can then easily be defined as objects belonging most likely to the same distribution. A convenient property of this approach is that this closely resembles the way artificial data sets are generated: by sampling random objects from a distribution.

While the theoretical foundation of these methods is excellent, they suffer from one key problem known as [[overfitting]], unless constraints are put on the model complexity. A more complex model will usually be able to explain the data better, which makes choosing the appropriate model complexity inherently difficult.

One prominent method is known as Gaussian mixture models (using the [[expectation-maximization algorithm]]). Here, the data set is usually modeled with a fixed (to avoid overfitting) number of [[Gaussian distribution]]s that are initialized randomly and whose parameters are iteratively optimized to better fit the data set. This will converge to a [[local optimum]], so multiple runs may produce different results. In order to obtain a hard clustering, objects are often then assigned to the Gaussian distribution they most likely belong to; for soft clusterings, this is not necessary.

Distribution-based clustering produces complex models for clusters that can capture [[correlation and dependence]] between attributes. However, these algorithms put an extra burden on the user: for many real data sets, there may be no concisely defined mathematical model (e.g. assuming Gaussian distributions is a rather strong assumption on the data).

<gallery caption="Gaussian mixture model clustering examples" widths="200" heights="200">
File:EM-Gaussian-data.svg|On Gaussian-distributed data, <abbr title="expectation–maximization">EM</abbr> works well, since it uses Gaussians for modelling clusters
File:EM-density-data.svg|Density-based clusters cannot be modeled using Gaussian distributions
</gallery>

=== Density-based clustering ===
In density-based clustering,<ref>{{Cite journal
| author1-link = Hans-Peter Kriegel | first1 = Hans-Peter | last1 = Kriegel | first2 = Peer | last2 = Kröger | first3 = Jörg | last3 = Sander | first4 = Arthur | last4 = Zimek|authorlink4=Arthur Zimek
| title = Density-based Clustering
| journal = WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
| volume = 1
| issue = 3
| year = 2011
| pages = 231–240
| url = http://wires.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WiresArticle/wisId-WIDM30.html
| doi = 10.1002/widm.30
}}</ref> clusters are defined as areas of higher density than the remainder of the data set. Objects in these sparse areas - that are required to separate clusters - are usually considered to be noise and border points.

The most popular<ref>[http://academic.research.microsoft.com/CSDirectory/paper_category_7.htm Microsoft academic search: most cited data mining articles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421170848/http://academic.research.microsoft.com/CSDirectory/Paper_category_7.htm |date=2010-04-21 }}: DBSCAN is on rank 24, when accessed on: 4/18/2010</ref> density based clustering method is [[DBSCAN]].<ref>{{Cite conference | author1-first = Martin | author1-last = Ester | author2-link = Hans-Peter Kriegel | author2-first = Hans-Peter | author2-last = Kriegel | author3-first = Jörg | author3-last = Sander | author4-first = Xiaowei | author4-last = Xu | title = A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise | pages = 226–231 | editor1-first = Evangelos | editor1-last = Simoudis | editor2-first = Jiawei | editor2-last = Han | editor3-first = Usama M. | editor3-last = Fayyad | booktitle = Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD-96) | publisher = [[AAAI Press]] | year = 1996 | isbn = 1-57735-004-9 }}</ref> In contrast to many newer methods, it features a well-defined cluster model called "density-reachability". Similar to linkage based clustering, it is based on connecting points within certain distance thresholds. However, it only connects points that satisfy a density criterion, in the original variant defined as a minimum number of other objects within this radius. A cluster consists of all density-connected objects (which can form a cluster of an arbitrary shape, in contrast to many other methods) plus all objects that are within these objects' range. Another interesting property of DBSCAN is that its complexity is fairly low – it requires a linear number of range queries on the database – and that it will discover essentially the same results (it is [[deterministic algorithm|deterministic]] for core and noise points, but not for border points) in each run, therefore there is no need to run it multiple times. [[OPTICS algorithm|OPTICS]]<ref>{{Cite conference
| first1 = Mihael | last1 = Ankerst | first2 = Markus M. | last2 = Breunig | author3-link = Hans-Peter Kriegel | first3 = Hans-Peter | last3 = Kriegel | first4 = Jörg | last4 = Sander
| title = OPTICS: Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure
| year = 1999
| pages = 49–60
| booktitle = ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
| publisher = [[ACM Press]]
| citeseerx = 10.1.1.129.6542
}}</ref> is a generalization of DBSCAN that removes the need to choose an appropriate value for the range parameter <math>\varepsilon</math>, and produces a hierarchical result related to that of [[hierarchical clustering|linkage clustering]]. DeLi-Clu,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/11731139_16| isbn = 978-3-540-33206-0| title = DeLi-Clu: Boosting Robustness, Completeness, Usability, and Efficiency of Hierarchical Clustering by a Closest Pair Ranking| year = 2006| last1 = Achtert | first1 = E.| last2 = Böhm| series = Lecture Notes in Computer Science | first2 = C.| last3 = Kröger | first3 = P.| pages = 119–128| journal = LNCS: Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining| volume = 3918}}</ref> Density-Link-Clustering combines ideas from [[single-linkage clustering]] and OPTICS, eliminating the <math>\varepsilon</math> parameter entirely and offering performance improvements over OPTICS by using an [[R-tree]] index.

The key drawback of [[DBSCAN]] and [[OPTICS]] is that they expect some kind of density drop to detect cluster borders. On data sets with, for example, overlapping Gaussian distributions – a common use case in artificial data – the cluster borders produced by these algorithms will often look arbitrary, because the cluster density decreases continuously. On a data set consisting of mixtures of Gaussians, these algorithms are nearly always outperformed by methods such as [[Expectation–maximization algorithm|EM clustering]] that are able to precisely model this kind of data.

[[Mean-shift]] is a clustering approach where each object is moved to the densest area in its vicinity, based on [[kernel density estimation]]. Eventually, objects converge to local maxima of density. Similar to k-means clustering, these "density attractors" can serve as representatives for the data set, but mean-shift can detect arbitrary-shaped clusters similar to DBSCAN. Due to the expensive iterative procedure and density estimation, mean-shift is usually slower than DBSCAN or k-Means. Besides that, the applicability of the mean-shift algorithm to multidimensional data is hindered by the unsmooth behaviour of the kernel density estimate, which results in over-fragmentation of cluster tails.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

<gallery caption="Density-based clustering examples" widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:DBSCAN-density-data.svg|Density-based clustering with [[DBSCAN]].
File:DBSCAN-Gaussian-data.svg|[[DBSCAN]] assumes clusters of similar density, and may have problems separating nearby clusters
File:OPTICS-Gaussian-data.svg|[[OPTICS algorithm|OPTICS]] is a DBSCAN variant, improving handling of different densities clusters
</gallery>

=== Recent developments ===
In recent years, considerable effort has been put into improving the performance of existing algorithms.<ref>{{cite conference | first = D. | last = Sculley |title=Web-scale k-means clustering |conference=Proc. 19th WWW |year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Huang | first1 = Z. | year = 1998 | title = Extensions to the ''k''-means algorithm for clustering large data sets with categorical values | url = | journal = Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery | volume = 2 | issue = 3| pages = 283–304 | doi = 10.1023/A:1009769707641 }}</ref> Among them are ''CLARANS'' (Ng and Han, 1994),<ref>R. Ng and J. Han. "Efficient and effective clustering method for spatial data mining". In: Proceedings of the 20th VLDB Conference, pages 144–155, Santiago, Chile, 1994.</ref> and ''[[Birch (data clustering)|BIRCH]]'' (Zhang et al., 1996).<ref>Tian Zhang, Raghu Ramakrishnan, Miron Livny. "[http://www.cs.du.edu/~leut/4423/papers/zhang96birch.pdf An Efficient Data Clustering Method for Very Large Databases]." In: Proc. Int'l Conf. on Management of Data, ACM SIGMOD, pp. 103–114.</ref> With the recent need to process larger and larger data sets (also known as [[big data]]), the willingness to trade semantic meaning of the generated clusters for performance has been increasing. This led to the development of pre-clustering methods such as [[canopy clustering algorithm|canopy clustering]], which can process huge data sets efficiently, but the resulting "clusters" are merely a rough pre-partitioning of the data set to then analyze the partitions with existing slower methods such as [[k-means clustering]].

For [[high-dimensional data]], many of the existing methods fail due to the [[curse of dimensionality]], which renders particular distance functions problematic in high-dimensional spaces. This led to new [[clustering high-dimensional data|clustering algorithms for high-dimensional data]] that focus on [[subspace clustering]] (where only some attributes are used, and cluster models include the relevant attributes for the cluster) and [[correlation clustering]] that also looks for arbitrary rotated ("correlated") subspace clusters that can be modeled by giving a [[correlation]] of their attributes.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kriegel|first1=Hans-Peter|authorlink1=Hans-Peter Kriegel|last2=Kröger|first2=Peer|last3=Zimek|first3=Arthur|authorlink3=Arthur Zimek|title=Subspace clustering|journal=Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery|date=July 2012|volume=2|issue=4|pages=351–364|doi=10.1002/widm.1057}}</ref> Examples for such clustering algorithms are CLIQUE<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Agrawal | first1 = R. | last2 = Gehrke | first2 = J. | last3 = Gunopulos | first3 = D. | last4 = Raghavan | first4 = P. | title = Automatic Subspace Clustering of High Dimensional Data | doi = 10.1007/s10618-005-1396-1 | journal = Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery | volume = 11 | pages = 5–33 | year = 2005 | pmid = | pmc = | citeseerx = 10.1.1.131.5152 }}</ref> and [[SUBCLU]].<ref>Karin Kailing, [[Hans-Peter Kriegel]] and Peer Kröger. ''Density-Connected Subspace Clustering for High-Dimensional Data''. In: ''Proc. SIAM Int. Conf. on Data Mining (SDM'04)'', pp. 246–257, 2004.</ref>

Ideas from density-based clustering methods (in particular the [[DBSCAN]]/[[OPTICS]] family of algorithms) have been adopted to subspace clustering (HiSC,<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/11871637_42| title = Finding Hierarchies of Subspace Clusters| isbn = 978-3-540-45374-1| year = 2006| last1 = Achtert | first1 = E.| last2 = Böhm | first2 = C.| last3 = Kriegel | first3 = H.-P.| series = Lecture Notes in Computer Science | authorlink3 =Hans-Peter Kriegel| last4 = Kröger | first4 = P.| last5 = Müller-Gorman | first5 = I.| last6 = Zimek | first6 = A.|authorlink6=Arthur Zimek| pages = 446–453| journal = LNCS: Knowledge Discovery in Databases: PKDD 2006| volume = 4213| citeseerx = 10.1.1.705.2956}}</ref> hierarchical subspace clustering and DiSH<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-71703-4_15| title = Detection and Visualization of Subspace Cluster Hierarchies| isbn = 978-3-540-71702-7| year = 2007| last1 = Achtert | first1 = E.| last2 = Böhm | first2 = C.| last3 = Kriegel | first3 = H. P. | authorlink3 =Hans-Peter Kriegel| series = Lecture Notes in Computer Science| last4 = Kröger | first4 = P.| last5 = Müller-Gorman | first5 = I.| last6 = Zimek | first6 = A.|authorlink6=Arthur Zimek| volume = 4443| pages = 152–163| journal = LNCS: Advances in Databases: Concepts, Systems and Applications| citeseerx = 10.1.1.70.7843}}</ref>) and correlation clustering (HiCO,<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1109/SSDBM.2006.35| isbn = 978-0-7695-2590-7| title = Mining Hierarchies of Correlation Clusters| year = 2006| last1 = Achtert | first1 = E.| last2 = Böhm | first2 = C.| last3 = Kröger | first3 = P.| last4 = Zimek | first4 = A.|authorlink4=Arthur Zimek| pages = 119–128| journal = Proc. 18th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management (SSDBM)| citeseerx = 10.1.1.707.7872}}</ref> hierarchical correlation clustering, 4C<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Böhm | first1 = C. | last2 = Kailing | first2 = K. | last3 = Kröger | first3 = P. | last4 = Zimek | first4 = A. |authorlink4=Arthur Zimek| chapter = Computing Clusters of Correlation Connected objects | doi = 10.1145/1007568.1007620 | title = Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data - SIGMOD '04 | pages = 455 | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-1581138597 | pmid = | pmc = | citeseerx = 10.1.1.5.1279 }}</ref> using "correlation connectivity" and ERiC<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Achtert | first1 = E. | last2 = Bohm | first2 = C. | last3 = Kriegel | first3 = H. P. | authorlink3=Hans-Peter Kriegel| last4 = Kröger | first4 = P. | last5 = Zimek | first5 = A. |authorlink5=Arthur Zimek| doi = 10.1109/SSDBM.2007.21 | chapter = On Exploring Complex Relationships of Correlation Clusters | title = 19th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management (SSDBM 2007) | pages = 7 | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-7695-2868-7 | pmid = | pmc = | citeseerx = 10.1.1.71.5021 }}</ref> exploring hierarchical density-based correlation clusters).

Several different clustering systems based on [[mutual information]] have been proposed. One is Marina Meilă's ''[[variation of information]]'' metric;<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meilă|first=Marina | title=Comparing Clusterings by the Variation of Information |journal=Learning Theory and Kernel Machines|year=2003|pages=173–187|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-45167-9_14|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|isbn=978-3-540-40720-1|volume=2777}}</ref> another provides hierarchical clustering.<ref>{{cite journal| first1 = Alexander | last1 = Kraskov | first2 = Harald | last2 = Stögbauer | first3 = Ralph G. | last3 = Andrzejak | first4 = Peter | last4 = Grassberger | title = Hierarchical Clustering Based on Mutual Information | date = 1 December 2003 | arxiv= q-bio/0311039| bibcode = 2003q.bio....11039K }}</ref> Using genetic algorithms, a wide range of different fit-functions can be optimized, including mutual information.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Auffarth | first = B. | title = Clustering by a Genetic Algorithm with Biased Mutation Operator | journal = Wcci Cec | publisher = IEEE | date = July 18–23, 2010 |url=http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:456742/FULLTEXT02}}</ref> Also [[belief propagation]], a recent development in [[computer science]] and [[statistical physics]], has led to the creation of new types of clustering algorithms.<ref>{{Cite journal| first1 = B. J. | last1 = Frey | first2 = D. | last2 = Dueck| title=Clustering by Passing Messages Between Data Points|journal=Science| volume=315| pages=972–976|doi= 10.1126/science.1136800|year= 2007|issue= 5814|pmid= 17218491 | bibcode = 2007Sci...315..972F | citeseerx = 10.1.1.121.3145 }}</ref>

== Evaluation and assessment ==
Evaluation (or "validation") of clustering results is as difficult as the clustering itself.<ref name="pfitzner">{{cite journal|last1=Pfitzner|first1=Darius|last2=Leibbrandt|first2=Richard|last3=Powers|first3=David|date=2009|title=Characterization and evaluation of similarity measures for pairs of clusterings|journal=Knowledge and Information Systems|publisher=Springer|volume=19|issue=3|pages=361–394|doi=10.1007/s10115-008-0150-6}}</ref> Popular approaches involve "''internal''" evaluation, where the clustering is summarized to a single quality score, "''external''" evaluation, where the clustering is compared to an existing "ground truth" classification, "''manual''" evaluation by a human expert, and "''indirect''" evaluation by evaluating the utility of the clustering in its intended application.<ref name=":0" />

Internal evaluation measures suffer from the problem that they represent functions that themselves can be seen as a clustering objective. For example, one could cluster the data set by the Silhouette coefficient; except that there is no known efficient algorithm for this. By using such an internal measure for evaluation, one rather compares the similarity of the optimization problems,<ref name=":0" /> and not necessarily how useful the clustering is.

External evaluation has similar problems: if we have such "ground truth" labels, then we would not need to cluster; and in practical applications we usually do not have such labels. On the other hand, the labels only reflect one possible partitioning of the data set, which does not imply that there does not exist a different, and maybe even better, clustering.

Neither of these approaches can therefore ultimately judge the actual quality of a clustering, but this needs human evaluation,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Text Mining Handbook: Advanced Approaches in Analyzing Unstructured Data|last=Feldman|first=Ronen|last2=Sanger|first2=James|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|isbn=978-0521836579|location=|pages=|oclc=915286380}}</ref> which is highly subjective. Nevertheless, such statistics can be quite informative in identifying bad clusterings,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Text Mining: Predictive Methods for Analyzing Unstructured Information|last=Weiss|first=Sholom M.|last2=Indurkhya|first2=Nitin|last3=Zhang|first3=Tong|last4=Damerau|first4=Fred J.|publisher=Springer|year=2005|isbn=978-0387954332|location=|pages=|oclc=803401334}}</ref> but one should not dismiss subjective human evaluation.<ref name=":1" />

=== Internal evaluation ===
{{see also|Determining the number of clusters in a data set}}
When a clustering result is evaluated based on the data that was clustered itself, this is called internal evaluation. These methods usually assign the best score to the algorithm that produces clusters with high similarity within a cluster and low similarity between clusters. One drawback of using internal criteria in cluster evaluation is that high scores on an internal measure do not necessarily result in effective information retrieval applications.<ref name="Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan & Hinrich Schutze">{{Cite book
| first1 = Christopher D. | last1 = Manning | first2 = Prabhakar | last2 = Raghavan | first3 = Hinrich | last3 = Schütze
| title = Introduction to Information Retrieval
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| isbn = 978-0-521-86571-5
| date = 2008-07-07 }}</ref> Additionally, this evaluation is biased towards algorithms that use the same cluster model. For example, k-means clustering naturally optimizes object distances, and a distance-based internal criterion will likely overrate the resulting clustering.

Therefore, the internal evaluation measures are best suited to get some insight into situations where one algorithm performs better than another, but this shall not imply that one algorithm produces more valid results than another.<ref name="estivill" /> Validity as measured by such an index depends on the claim that this kind of structure exists in the data set. An algorithm designed for some kind of models has no chance if the data set contains a radically different set of models, or if the evaluation measures a radically different criterion.<ref name="estivill" /> For example, k-means clustering can only find convex clusters, and many evaluation indexes assume convex clusters. On a data set with non-convex clusters neither the use of ''k''-means, nor of an evaluation criterion that assumes convexity, is sound.

More than a dozen of internal evaluation measures exist, usually based on the intuition that items in the same cluster should be more similar than items in different clusters.<ref name=":2">{{Citation|title=Knowledge Discovery in Databases – Part III – Clustering|date=2017|url=https://dbs.ifi.uni-heidelberg.de/files/Team/eschubert/lectures/KDDClusterAnalysis17-screen.pdf|place=[[Heidelberg University]]}}</ref>{{Rp|115–121}} For example, the following methods can be used to assess the quality of clustering algorithms based on internal criterion:

* '''[[Davies–Bouldin index]]'''
:The [[Davies–Bouldin index]] can be calculated by the following formula:
::<math>
DB = \frac {1} {n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \max_{j\neq i}\left(\frac{\sigma_i + \sigma_j} {d(c_i,c_j)}\right)
</math>
:where ''n'' is the number of clusters, <math>c_x</math> is the [[centroid]] of cluster <math>x</math>, <math>\sigma_x</math> is the average distance of all elements in cluster <math>x</math> to centroid <math>c_x</math>, and <math>d(c_i,c_j)</math> is the distance between centroids <math>c_i</math> and <math>c_j</math>. Since algorithms that produce clusters with low intra-cluster distances (high intra-cluster similarity) and high inter-cluster distances (low inter-cluster similarity) will have a low Davies–Bouldin index, the clustering algorithm that produces a collection of clusters with the smallest [[Davies–Bouldin index]] is considered the best algorithm based on this criterion.

*'''[[Dunn index]]'''
:The Dunn index aims to identify dense and well-separated clusters. It is defined as the ratio between the minimal inter-cluster distance to maximal intra-cluster distance. For each cluster partition, the Dunn index can be calculated by the following formula:<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Dunn | first = J.
| title = Well separated clusters and optimal fuzzy partitions
| journal = Journal of Cybernetics
| year = 1974
| volume = 4
| pages = 95–104
| doi = 10.1080/01969727408546059
}}</ref>
::<math>
D = \frac{\min_{1 \leq i < j \leq n} d(i,j)}{\max_{1 \leq k \leq n} d^{\prime}(k)} \,,
</math>
:where ''d''(''i'',''j'') represents the distance between clusters ''i'' and ''j'', and ''d'' '(''k'') measures the intra-cluster distance of cluster ''k''. The inter-cluster distance ''d''(''i'',''j'') between two clusters may be any number of distance measures, such as the distance between the [[centroids]] of the clusters. Similarly, the intra-cluster distance ''d'' '(''k'') may be measured in a variety ways, such as the maximal distance between any pair of elements in cluster ''k''. Since internal criterion seek clusters with high intra-cluster similarity and low inter-cluster similarity, algorithms that produce clusters with high Dunn index are more desirable.
* [[Silhouette (clustering)|Silhouette coefficient]]
:The silhouette coefficient contrasts the average distance to elements in the same cluster with the average distance to elements in other clusters. Objects with a high silhouette value are considered well clustered, objects with a low value may be outliers. This index works well with ''k''-means clustering, and is also used to determine the optimal number of clusters.

=== External evaluation ===
In external evaluation, clustering results are evaluated based on data that was not used for clustering, such as known class labels and external benchmarks. Such benchmarks consist of a set of pre-classified items, and these sets are often created by (expert) humans. Thus, the benchmark sets can be thought of as a [[gold standard (test)|gold standard]] for evaluation.<ref name="pfitzner"/> These types of evaluation methods measure how close the clustering is to the predetermined benchmark classes. However, it has recently been discussed whether this is adequate for real data, or only on synthetic data sets with a factual ground truth, since classes can contain internal structure, the attributes present may not allow separation of clusters or the classes may contain [[Anomaly detection|anomalies]].<ref name="Faerberetal2010">{{Cite conference
| first1 = Ines | last1 = Färber | first2 = Stephan | last2 = Günnemann | author3-link = Hans-Peter Kriegel | first3 = Hans-Peter | last3 = Kriegel | first4 = Peer | last4 = Kröger | first5 = Emmanuel | last5 = Müller | first6 = Erich | last6 = Schubert | first7 = Thomas | last7 = Seidl | first8 = Arthur | last8 = Zimek |authorlink8=Arthur Zimek
| editor1-first = Xiaoli Z. | editor1-last = Fern | editor2-first = Ian | editor2-last = Davidson | editor3-first = Jennifer | editor3-last = Dy
| booktitle = MultiClust: Discovering, Summarizing, and Using Multiple Clusterings
| title = On Using Class-Labels in Evaluation of Clusterings
| year = 2010
| publisher = [[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] [[SIGKDD]]
| url = http://eecs.oregonstate.edu/research/multiclust/Evaluation-4.pdf
}}</ref> Additionally, from a [[knowledge discovery]] point of view, the reproduction of known knowledge may not necessarily be the intended result.<ref name="Faerberetal2010"/> In the special scenario of [[constrained clustering]], where meta information (such as class labels) is used already in the clustering process, the hold-out of information for evaluation purposes is non-trivial.<ref name="pourrajabi">{{Cite conference
| first1 = M. | last1 = Pourrajabi
| first2 = D. | last2 = Moulavi
| first3 = R. J. G. B. | last3 = Campello
| first4 = A. | last4 = Zimek|authorlink4=Arthur Zimek
| first5 = J. | last5 = Sander
|first6 = R. |last6 = Goebel
| year = 2014
| title = Model Selection for Semi-Supervised Clustering
| booktitle = Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT),
| pages = 331–342
| doi = 10.5441/002/edbt.2014.31
}}</ref>

A number of measures are adapted from variants used to evaluate classification tasks. In place of counting the number of times a class was correctly assigned to a single data point (known as [[true positive]]s), such ''pair counting'' metrics assess whether each pair of data points that is truly in the same cluster is predicted to be in the same cluster.<ref name="pfitzner"/>

As with internal evaluation, several external evaluation measures exist,<ref name=":2" />{{Rp|125–129}} for example:
* '''Purity''': Purity is a measure of the extent to which clusters contain a single class.<ref name="Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan & Hinrich Schutze"/> Its calculation can be thought of as follows: For each cluster, count the number of data points from the most common class in said cluster. Now take the sum over all clusters and divide by the total number of data points. Formally, given some set of clusters <math>M</math> and some set of classes <math>D</math>, both partitioning <math>N</math> data points, purity can be defined as:
::<math>
\frac{1}{N}\sum_{m\in M}\max_{d\in D}{|m \cap d|}
</math>
:Note that this measure doesn't penalize having many clusters. So for example, a purity score of 1 is possible by putting each data point in its own cluster. Also purity doesn't work well for imbalanced data: if a size 1000 dataset consists of two classes, one class contains 999 points and the other has only 1 point. No matter how bad a clustering algorithm performs, it will always give a very high purity value.
* '''[[Rand measure]]''' (William M. Rand 1971)<ref>{{Cite journal
| first = W. M. | last = Rand
| title = Objective criteria for the evaluation of clustering methods
| journal = [[Journal of the American Statistical Association]]
| volume = 66
| pages = 846–850
| year = 1971
| doi = 10.2307/2284239
| issue = 336
| publisher = American Statistical Association
| jstor = 2284239
| arxiv = 1704.01036
}}</ref>
:The Rand index computes how similar the clusters (returned by the clustering algorithm) are to the benchmark classifications. One can also view the Rand index as a measure of the percentage of correct decisions made by the algorithm. It can be computed using the following formula:
::<math>
RI = \frac {TP + FN} {TP + FP + FN + TN}
</math>
:where <math>TP</math> is the number of true positives, <math>TN</math> is the number of [[true negative]]s, <math>FP</math> is the number of [[false positives]], and <math>FN</math> is the number of [[false negatives]]. One issue with the [[Rand index]] is that [[false positive]]s and [[false negative]]s are equally weighted. This may be an undesirable characteristic for some clustering applications. The F-measure addresses this concern,{{Citation needed|date=May 2018|reason=it does not achieve the same for chance correction as ARI}} as does the chance-corrected [[adjusted Rand index]].
*'''[[F-measure]]'''
:The F-measure can be used to balance the contribution of [[false negative]]s by weighting [[recall (information retrieval)|recall]] through a parameter <math>\beta \geq 0</math>. Let '''[[precision (information retrieval)|precision]]''' and '''[[recall (information retrieval)|recall]]''' (both external evaluation measures in themselves) be defined as follows:
::<math>
P = \frac {TP } {TP + FP }
</math>
::<math>
R = \frac {TP } {TP + FN}
</math>
:where <math>P</math> is the [[precision (information retrieval)|precision]] rate and <math>R</math> is the [[recall (information retrieval)|recall]] rate. We can calculate the F-measure by using the following formula:<ref name="Christopher D. Manning, Prabhakar Raghavan & Hinrich Schutze"/>
::<math>
F_{\beta} = \frac {(\beta^2 + 1)\cdot P \cdot R } {\beta^2 \cdot P + R}
</math>
:Notice that when <math>\beta=0</math>, <math>F_{0}=P</math>. In other words, [[recall (information retrieval)|recall]] has no impact on the F-measure when <math>\beta=0</math>, and increasing <math>\beta</math> allocates an increasing amount of weight to recall in the final F-measure.
:Also note that <math>TN</math> is not taken into account and can vary from 0 upward without bound.
* '''[[Jaccard coefficient|Jaccard index]]'''
:The Jaccard index is used to quantify the similarity between two datasets. The [[Jaccard coefficient|Jaccard index]] takes on a value between 0 and 1. An index of 1 means that the two dataset are identical, and an index of 0 indicates that the datasets have no common elements. The Jaccard index is defined by the following formula:
::<math>
J(A,B) = \frac {|A \cap B| } {|A \cup B|} = \frac{TP}{TP + FP + FN}
</math>
:This is simply the number of unique elements common to both sets divided by the total number of unique elements in both sets.
:Also note that <math>TN</math> is not taken into account and can vary from 0 upward without bound.
* '''[[Sørensen–Dice coefficient|Dice index]]'''
:The Dice symmetric measure doubles the weight on <math>TP</math> while still ignoring <math>TN</math>:
::<math>
DSC = \frac{2TP}{2TP + FP + FN}
</math>
* '''[[Fowlkes–Mallows Index|Fowlkes–Mallows index]]''' (E. B. Fowlkes & C. L. Mallows 1983)<ref>E. B. Fowlkes & C. L. Mallows (1983), "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2288117.pdf?casa_token=ktSBzXSdygYAAAAA:y1B4OX-TIwdcBELCm4p0EPfPLZ4CdrAUzPRz_TnhlsjwCMbWPTri5PzjbLe6mnTMnkGE3S-xagOmZJalZq8jDkJy6A81LOQOJdr4KGomRGKeRViTwvHUyg A Method for Comparing Two Hierarchical Clusterings]", Journal of the American Statistical Association 78, 553–569.</ref>
:The Fowlkes–Mallows index computes the similarity between the clusters returned by the clustering algorithm and the benchmark classifications. The higher the value of the Fowlkes–Mallows index the more similar the clusters and the benchmark classifications are. It can be computed using the following formula:
::<math>
FM = \sqrt{ \frac {TP}{TP+FP} \cdot \frac{TP}{TP+FN} }
</math>
:where <math>TP</math> is the number of [[true positive]]s, <math>FP</math> is the number of [[false positives]], and <math>FN</math> is the number of [[false negatives]]. The <math>FM</math> index is the geometric mean of the [[precision (information retrieval)|precision]] and [[recall (information retrieval)|recall]] <math>P</math> and <math>R</math>, and is thus also known as the G-measure, while the F-measure is their harmonic mean.<ref name="powers">{{cite conference | last = Powers | first = David | date = 2003 | conference = International Conference on Cognitive Science | pages = 529–534 | title = Recall and Precision versus the Bookmaker }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Arabie | first1 = P. | year = | title = Comparing partitions | url =https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01908075 | journal = Journal of Classification | volume = 2 | issue = 1| page = 1985 }}</ref> Moreover, [[precision (information retrieval)|precision]] and [[recall (information retrieval)|recall]] are also known as Wallace's indices <math>B^I</math> and <math>B^{II}</math>.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Wallace | first1 = D. L. | year = 1983 | title = Comment | url = | journal = Journal of the American Statistical Association | volume = 78 | issue = 383| pages = 569–579 | doi=10.1080/01621459.1983.10478009}}</ref> Chance normalized versions of recall, precision and G-measure correspond to [[Informedness]], [[Markedness]] and [[Matthews correlation coefficient|Matthews Correlation]] and relate strongly to [[Cohen's kappa|Kappa]].<ref name="kappa">{{cite conference | last1 = Powers | first1 = David | title = The Problem with Kappa | conference = European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics | date = 2012 | pages = 345–355}}</ref>

* The '''[[mutual information]]''' is an [[information theory|information theoretic]] measure of how much information is shared between a clustering and a ground-truth classification that can detect a non-linear similarity between two clusterings. [[Adjusted mutual information|Normalized mutual information]] is a family of corrected-for-chance variants of this that has a reduced bias for varying cluster numbers.<ref name = "pfitzner"/>
* '''[[Confusion matrix]]'''
:A confusion matrix can be used to quickly visualize the results of a classification (or clustering) algorithm. It shows how different a cluster is from the gold standard cluster.

=== Cluster tendency ===

To measure cluster tendency is to measure to what degree clusters exist in the data to be clustered, and may be performed as an initial test, before attempting clustering. One way to do this is to compare the data against random data. On average, random data should not have clusters.

*'''[[Hopkins statistic]]'''
:There are multiple formulations of the [[Hopkins statistic]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| title = A new method for determining the type of distribution of plant individuals
| last1 = Hopkins | first1 = Brian
| last2 = Skellam | first2 = John Gordon
| journal = Annals of Botany
| volume =18
| number = 2
| pages = 213–227
| year = 1954
| publisher = Annals Botany Co
| doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083391
}}</ref> A typical one is as follows.<ref>{{Cite journal
| last = Banerjee | first = A.
| title = Validating clusters using the Hopkins statistic
| journal = IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems
| volume = 1
| pages = 149–153
| doi = 10.1109/FUZZY.2004.1375706
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0-7803-8353-1
}}</ref> Let <math>X</math> be the set of <math>n</math> data points in <math>d</math> dimensional space. Consider a random sample (without replacement) of <math>m \ll n</math> data points with members <math>x_i</math>. Also generate a set <math>Y</math> of <math>m</math> uniformly randomly distributed data points. Now define two distance measures, <math>u_i</math> to be the distance of <math>y_i \in Y</math> from its nearest neighbor in X and <math>w_i</math> to be the distance of <math>x_i \in X</math> from its nearest neighbor in X. We then define the Hopkins statistic as:
:<math>
H=\frac{\sum_{i=1}^m{u_i^d}}{\sum_{i=1}^m{u_i^d}+\sum_{i=1}^m{w_i^d}} \,,
</math>
:With this definition, uniform random data should tend to have values near to 0.5, and clustered data should tend to have values nearer to 1.
:However, data containing just a single Gaussian will also score close to 1, as this statistic measures deviation from a ''uniform'' distribution, not [[Multimodal distribution|multimodality]], making this statistic largely useless in application (as real data never is remotely uniform).

== Applications ==
{{refimprove section|date=November 2016}}

===Biology, computational biology and bioinformatics===
; [[Plant]] and [[animal]] [[ecology]]
:Cluster analysis is used to describe and to make spatial and temporal comparisons of communities (assemblages) of organisms in heterogeneous environments. It is also used in [[Systematics|plant systematics]] to generate artificial [[Phylogeny|phylogenies]] or clusters of organisms (individuals) at the species, genus or higher level that share a number of attributes.
; [[Transcriptomics]]
:Clustering is used to build groups of [[genes]] with related expression patterns (also known as coexpressed genes) as in [[HCS clustering algorithm]]. Often such groups contain functionally related proteins, such as [[enzyme]]s for a specific [[metabolic pathway|pathway]], or genes that are co-regulated. High throughput experiments using [[expressed sequence tag]]s (ESTs) or [[DNA microarray]]s can be a powerful tool for [[genome annotation]]—a general aspect of [[genomics]].
; [[Sequence analysis]]
:[[Sequence clustering]] is used to group homologous sequences into [[list of gene families|gene families]]. This is a very important concept in [[bioinformatics]], and [[evolutionary biology]] in general. See evolution by [[gene duplication]].
; High-throughput [[genotype|genotyping]] platforms
:Clustering algorithms are used to automatically assign genotypes.
; [[Human genetic clustering]]
:The similarity of genetic data is used in clustering to infer population structures.

===[[Medicine]]===
; [[Medical imaging]]
:On [[PET scan]]s, cluster analysis can be used to differentiate between different types of [[tissue (biology)|tissue]] in a three-dimensional image for many different purposes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Filipovych |first1=Roman |last2=Resnick |first2=Susan M. |last3=Davatzikos |first3=Christos|title=Semi-supervised Cluster Analysis of Imaging Data |journal=NeuroImage |date=2011|volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=2185–2197 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.074|pmc=3008313 |pmid=20933091}}</ref>
; Analysis of antimicrobial activity
:Cluster analysis can be used to analyse patterns of antibiotic resistance, to classify antimicrobial compounds according to their mechanism of action, to classify antibiotics according to their antibacterial activity.
; IMRT segmentation
:Clustering can be used to divide a fluence map into distinct regions for conversion into deliverable fields in MLC-based Radiation Therapy.

===Business and marketing===
; [[Market research]]
:Cluster analysis is widely used in market research when working with multivariate data from [[Statistical survey|surveys]] and test panels. Market researchers use cluster analysis to partition the general [[population]] of [[consumer]]s into market segments and to better understand the relationships between different groups of consumers/potential [[customers]], and for use in [[market segmentation]], [[positioning (marketing)|product positioning]], [[new product development]] and selecting test markets.
; Grouping of shopping items
:Clustering can be used to group all the shopping items available on the web into a set of unique products. For example, all the items on eBay can be grouped into unique products (eBay does not have the concept of a [[Stock-keeping unit|SKU]]).

===[[World wide web]]===
; Social network analysis
:In the study of [[social network]]s, clustering may be used to recognize [[communities]] within large groups of people.
; Search result grouping
:In the process of intelligent grouping of the files and websites, clustering may be used to create a more relevant set of search results compared to normal search engines like [[Google]]{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}. There are currently a number of web-based clustering tools such as [[Clusty]]. It also may be used to return a more comprehensive set of results in cases where a search term could refer to vastly different things. Each distinct use of the term corresponds to a unique cluster of results, allowing a ranking algorithm to return comprehensive results by picking the top result from each cluster.<ref name="mitpressjournals.org">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1162/COLI_a_00148|title = Clustering and Diversifying Web Search Results with Graph-Based Word Sense Induction|journal = Computational Linguistics|volume = 39|issue = 3|pages = 709–754|year = 2013|last1 = Di Marco|first1 = Antonio|last2 = Navigli|first2 = Roberto}}</ref>
; Slippy map optimization
:[[Flickr]]'s map of photos and other map sites use clustering to reduce the number of markers on a map. This makes it both faster and reduces the amount of visual clutter.

===[[Computer science]]===
; [[Software evolution]]
:Clustering is useful in software evolution as it helps to reduce legacy properties in code by reforming functionality that has become dispersed. It is a form of restructuring and hence is a way of direct preventative maintenance.
; [[Image segmentation]]
:Clustering can be used to divide a [[Digital data|digital]] [[image]] into distinct regions for [[border detection]] or [[object recognition]].<ref name="panSearch">Bewley, A., & Upcroft, B. (2013). Advantages of Exploiting Projection Structure for Segmenting Dense 3D Point Clouds. In Australian Conference on Robotics and Automation [http://www.araa.asn.au/acra/acra2013/papers/pap148s1-file1.pdf]</ref>
; [[Evolutionary algorithms]]
:Clustering may be used to identify different niches within the population of an evolutionary algorithm so that reproductive opportunity can be distributed more evenly amongst the evolving species or subspecies.
; [[Recommender systems]]
:Recommender systems are designed to recommend new items based on a user's tastes. They sometimes use clustering algorithms to predict a user's preferences based on the preferences of other users in the user's cluster.
; [[Markov chain Monte Carlo|Markov chain Monte Carlo methods]]
:Clustering is often utilized to locate and characterize extrema in the target distribution.
; [[Anomaly detection]]
:Anomalies/outliers are typically – be it explicitly or implicitly – defined with respect to clustering structure in data.
; [[Natural language processing]]
:Clustering can be used to resolve [[lexical ambiguity]].<ref name="mitpressjournals.org"/>

===Social science===
; Crime analysis
:Cluster analysis can be used to identify areas where there are greater incidences of particular types of crime. By identifying these distinct areas or "hot spots" where a similar crime has happened over a period of time, it is possible to manage law enforcement resources more effectively.
; [[Educational data mining]]
:Cluster analysis is for example used to identify groups of schools or students with similar properties.
; Typologies
:From poll data, projects such as those undertaken by the Pew Research Center use cluster analysis to discern typologies of opinions, habits, and demographics that may be useful in politics and marketing.

===Others===
; Field robotics
:Clustering algorithms are used for robotic situational awareness to track objects and detect outliers in sensor data.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bewley | first1 = A. | title = Real-time volume estimation of a dragline payload | journal = IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation | volume = 2011 | issue = | pages = 1571–1576 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>
; [[Mathematical chemistry]]
:To find structural similarity, etc., for example, 3000 chemical compounds were clustered in the space of 90 [[topological index|topological indices]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Basak | first1 = S.C. | last2 = Magnuson | first2 = V.R. | last3 = Niemi | first3 = C.J. | last4 = Regal | first4 = R.R. | title = Determining Structural Similarity of Chemicals Using Graph Theoretic Indices | journal = Discr. Appl. Math. |volume=19 | issue = 1–3 | year= 1988 | pages = 17–44 | doi=10.1016/0166-218x(88)90004-2}}</ref>
; [[Climatology]]
:To find weather regimes or preferred sea level pressure atmospheric patterns.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Huth | first1 = R. | year = 2008 | title = Classifications of Atmospheric Circulation Patterns: Recent Advances and Applications | journal = Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. | volume = 1146 | pages = 105–152 |display-authors=etal| bibcode = 2008NYASA1146..105H | doi = 10.1196/annals.1446.019 | pmid = 19076414 }}</ref>
; Finance

Cluster analysis has been used to cluster stocks into sectors.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arnott|first=Robert D.|date=1980-11-01|title=Cluster Analysis and Stock Price Comovement|journal=Financial Analysts Journal|volume=36|issue=6|pages=56–62|doi=10.2469/faj.v36.n6.56|issn=0015-198X}}</ref>

;Petroleum geology
:Cluster analysis is used to reconstruct missing bottom hole core data or missing log curves in order to evaluate reservoir properties.
; Physical geography
:The clustering of chemical properties in different sample locations.

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Cluster analysis}}

=== Specialized types of cluster analysis ===
* [[Automatic Clustering Algorithms]]
* [[Balanced clustering]]
* [[Clustering high-dimensional data]]
* [[Conceptual clustering]]
* [[Consensus clustering]]
* [[Constrained clustering]]
* [[Community structure#Algorithms for finding communities|Community detection]]
* [[Data stream clustering]]
* [[HCS clustering algorithm|HCS clustering]]
* [[Sequence clustering]]
* [[Spectral clustering]]

=== Techniques used in cluster analysis ===
* [[Artificial neural network]] (ANN)
* [[Nearest neighbor search]]
* [[Neighbourhood components analysis]]
* [[Latent class model|Latent class analysis]]
* [[Affinity propagation]]

=== Data projection and preprocessing ===
* [[Dimension reduction]]
* [[Principal component analysis]]
* [[Multidimensional scaling]]

=== Other ===
* [[Cluster-weighted modeling]]
* [[Curse of dimensionality]]
* [[Determining the number of clusters in a data set]]
* [[Parallel coordinates]]
* [[Structured data analysis (statistics)|Structured data analysis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{-}}
{{Statistics|analysis}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cluster Analysis}}
[[Category:Data mining]]
[[Category:Cluster analysis| ]]
[[Category:Geostatistics]]

Talk:2018 British Isles heatwave

2019-06-26T12:22:22Z

159.50.189.7:

{{WPBS|
{{WikiProject Disaster management |class=C}}
{{WikiProject Ireland |class=C |importance=Low}}
{{WikiProject Severe weather |class=C}}
{{WikiProject United Kingdom |class=C}}
{{Annual readership}}
}}

{{Copied|from=2018 Hibernian Archipelago heat wave|to=2018 European drought and heat waves}}

{{autoarchivingnotice|bot=Lowercase sigmabot III|age=30|small=no|dounreplied=yes}}

== More information needed ==
The record breaking temperature playing for Scotland must be dropped because it has been officially rejected by the Met Office.
Also much more information, pressure charts and pictures need to be uploaded and added to this article. ([[Special:Contributions/2A02:C7F:5621:2A00:61F2:D38C:EF89:17E9|2A02:C7F:5621:2A00:61F2:D38C:EF89:17E9]] ([[User talk:2A02:C7F:5621:2A00:61F2:D38C:EF89:17E9|talk]]) 18:10, 5 July 2018 (UTC))

== Broaden scope of this article? ==
This heat wave is a global phenomenon, with record-breaking temperatures in:
*Baku, Azerbaijan
*Burlington, Vermont
*Denver, Colorado
*Montreal, Canada
*Mount Washington, New Hampshire
*Northern Siberia
*Quriyat, Oman
*Shannon, Ireland
*Tbilisi, Georgia
*Yerevan, Armenia
Should we move this article to ''2018 Northern Hemisphere heat waves'' (like [[2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves]])? [[User:Firebrace|Firebrace]] ([[User talk:Firebrace|talk]]) 01:51, 6 July 2018 (UTC)

:Yes, many countries in the Northern Hemisphere have experienced unusually high temperatures during the last few weeks. [[User:Jim Michael|Jim Michael]] ([[User talk:Jim Michael|talk]]) 18:19, 21 July 2018 (UTC)

::It's worth noting we also have an article on [[2018 North American heat wave]]. [[User:This is Paul|This is Paul]] ([[User talk:This is Paul|talk]]) 18:36, 21 July 2018 (UTC)

:*Costal Norway
:*Northern Sweden
:*Finland
:*Greece
:*Japan
:*Central Iraq

:--[[Special:Contributions/2.100.105.238|2.100.105.238]] ([[User talk:2.100.105.238|talk]]) 13:52, 24 July 2018 (UTC)

::*Syria
--[[Special:Contributions/2.100.105.238|2.100.105.238]] ([[User talk:2.100.105.238|talk]]) 00:39, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

:::*Both Koreas.
:::*Greece
--[[Special:Contributions/2.100.105.238|2.100.105.238]] ([[User talk:2.100.105.238|talk]]) 02:43, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

Parts of Algeria. --[[User:The Claxton 1|The Claxton 1]] ([[User talk:The Claxton 1|talk]]) 02:54, 25 July 2018 (UTC)

== July 2018 melted road ==
A man's leg sank in melted road? No mention of temperature. Southern California heat wave went above 105 deg F, but no melted road noted. What material was used for U.K. roads? [[User:SWP13|SWP13]] ([[User talk:SWP13|talk]])
: UK roads use tarmac/tarmacadam. Note that a road also melted in the UK [[2017 United Kingdom heat wave|2017 heat wave]] [[Special:Contributions/109.148.9.83|109.148.9.83]] ([[User talk:109.148.9.83|talk]]) 11:38, 3 August 2018 (UTC)

== Previous article ==
An article concerning an earlier warm spell from 2018 was deleted some weeks ago, but I kept a copy of it in my userspace in case the information was needed elsewhere. Both the article and the deletion discussion contain some useful links that may help to augment this piece. The article concerned can be found [[User:This is Paul/April 2018 United Kingdom heat wave|here]] while the deletion discussion can be found [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/April 2018 United Kingdom heat wave|here]]. Cheers, [[User:This is Paul|This is Paul]] ([[User talk:This is Paul|talk]]) 12:14, 14 July 2018 (UTC)

== Hosepipe ban ==
The Belfast telegraph says it is the first nation wide hosepipe ban. It does not say it was the first hosepipe ban in the republic. [[User:Mobile mundo|Mobile mundo]] ([[User talk:Mobile mundo|talk]]) 17:34, 17 July 2018 (UTC)

== Archaeological discoveries? ==
Is this really relevant to this page? I haven't seen any news coverage of it or interest in it from the general public.
Seems like someone with a keener interest in archaeological discoveries is trying to draw an audience to it, through a correlated event. I'm sure there are hundreds of correlations from the heatwave but they don't all have 3 paragraphs, I would rather read 3 paragraphs of the record breaking ice cream sales, followed by 3 paragraphs on the increase in cycling. — Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/86.132.96.233|86.132.96.233]] ([[User talk:86.132.96.233#top|talk]]) 23:41, 19 July 2018 (UTC) 

I do think this section is relevant and have seen coverage on the BBC and other news sites. But maybe some of the details would be more relevant on the [[cropmark]] article and linked with a see also to this section? [[User:Voello|Voello]] ([[User talk:Voello|talk]]) 08:57, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

I've also seen quite a bit of coverage about the settlements found both under lakes that have drained and where fields have parched or burned. Given the UK's standout as archeologically notable in general, uncovering new things is very interesting [[User:Kingsif|Kingsif]] ([[User talk:Kingsif|talk]]) 14:43, 26 July 2018 (UTC)

== Rename it to 2018 European heat wave? ==

Why is this article named “2018 United Kingdom and Ireland heat wave”, and not “2018 European heat wave”? The rest of Europe is experiencing the same hot, dry spring and summer, with wildfires and heat waves across the continent. [[Special:Contributions/217.123.76.65|217.123.76.65]] ([[User talk:217.123.76.65|talk]]) 15:59, 26 July 2018 (UTC)
:I agree with this, the heatwave spreads beyond GB&IE; additionally the [[:nl:Droogte_van_2018_in_Europa|Dutch]] and [[:de:Wetteranomalien_in_Europa_2018|German]] versions of this article cover Europe, as well as the [[:wikidata:Q55404423|Wikidata item]] and [[:commons:Category:2018_European_Heatwave|Commons category]]. --[[User:Lewis Hulbert|Lewis Hulbert]] ([[User talk:Lewis Hulbert|talk]]) 21:59, 26 July 2018 (UTC)
::I made a start with it, hopefully, other people are able and willing to join in, and help turn this page into a more European page. Mostly, because this drought and heat wave didn't start nor did it end in the UK. There are many more stories to tell, think of Sweden, Greece, Germany, etc. [[User:Robster1983|'''「Robster1983」''']][[User talk:Robster1983|<big>☞</big> Life's short, talk fast <big>☜</big>]] 14:33, 27 July 2018 (UTC)

:::I disagree I don't think this page should have been moved. There should however be a 2018 European heatwave page but with sections on each country/area and see also links to main pages for the countries/areas involved. This is because if each one goes into the detail the page of Great Britain and Irland was in it would quickly become unmanageable. Also much of the information already on here is notable for the UK/Ireland scale but not on a continent wise one.[[User:Voello|Voello]] ([[User talk:Voello|talk]]) 15:07, 27 July 2018 (UTC)
::::I tend to agree with Voello. While the current heat wave and drought is a pan-European event, at present this article now gives [[WP:UNDUE|undue weight]] to the events of the United Kingdom, so perhaps it would have been better to create a separate one for Europe and keep the UK article. [[User:This is Paul|This is Paul]] ([[User talk:This is Paul|talk]]) 17:03, 27 July 2018 (UTC)
:::::I agree with [[User:Voello|Voello]] and [[User:This is Paul|This is Paul]]. [[User:Firebrace|Firebrace]] ([[User talk:Firebrace|talk]]) 22:52, 27 July 2018 (UTC)
::::::Because it's already renamed, maybe one could create a new article concerning the British and Irish heat wave, and put a shortened text in this article - like it has been done with the Greek entry in this article? [[Special:Contributions/217.123.76.65|217.123.76.65]] ([[User talk:217.123.76.65|talk]]) 13:36, 28 July 2018 (UTC)

:I've [[WP:BOLD|been bold]] and moved this back to the UK-centric article (I think there's a consensus for that, above), and split out the other countries to the [[2018 European drought and heat waves]] article. Hope that's OK. '''[[User:Lugnuts|Lugnuts]]''' [[User talk:Lugnuts|Fire Walk with Me]] 14:48, 28 July 2018 (UTC)
::That's very bold, yet much appreciated. It creates more order in all of it. What does the rest reckon? [[Special:Contributions/217.123.76.65|217.123.76.65]] ([[User talk:217.123.76.65|talk]]) 17:36, 28 July 2018 (UTC)
:::Fantastic, much better to keep the two separate. [[User:This is Paul|This is Paul]] ([[User talk:This is Paul|talk]]) 19:48, 28 July 2018 (UTC)

::::No problem. I think the initial idea was fine, but it should have been the other way round. No harm done, and all the content is covered in both articles. '''[[User:Lugnuts|Lugnuts]]''' [[User talk:Lugnuts|Fire Walk with Me]] 07:24, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
::Just so you know, somebody will argue for it to be moved back to ''2018 United Kingdom and Ireland heat wave'' because the Irish are not British (even though Ireland was originally known as Little Britain by the Greeks, and the term 'British Isles' predates the Kingdom of Great Britain)... [[User:Firebrace|Firebrace]] ([[User talk:Firebrace|talk]]) 12:45, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
:::Must admit I did wonder about this as a potential issue, and thought of suggesting we should move it back to that title. I'm happy with either title though. [[User:This is Paul|This is Paul]] ([[User talk:This is Paul|talk]]) 21:12, 29 July 2018 (UTC)
*Comment I would add Britain and Isles to [[2018 European heat wave]], however, many currently refer to the [[2018 Global heat wave]] in the ongoing media coverage. [[User:Prokaryotes|prokaryotes]] ([[User talk:Prokaryotes|talk]]) 16:35, 1 August 2018 (UTC)

== Contentious name ==

Hi there just wondering about the changed name - some of our Irish friends won't like the term "British Isles" and it is generally more advisable to use "United Kingdom and Ireland" instead, as the page was titled at one point - any arguments for why it was changed to the current title? [[User:Buttons0603|Buttons0603]] ([[User talk:Buttons0603|talk]]) 17:26, 6 October 2018 (UTC)

Network diagram software

2019-06-25T13:45:42Z

159.50.189.7: /* List of drawing tools */

{{Multiple issues|
{{third-party|date=September 2018}}
{{Underlinked|date=November 2014}}
}}

A '''comparison of network diagram software''' finds a number of tools exist to generate [[computer network]] diagrams. Broadly, there are three types of tools that help create network maps and diagrams:

* Hybrid tools
* Network Monitoring tools
* Drawing tools

Network mapping and drawing software support IT systems managers to understand the hardware and software services on a network and how they are interconnected. Network maps and diagrams are a component of [[network documentation]]. They are required artifacts to better manage IT systems' uptime, performance, security risks, plan network changes and upgrades.

== Hybrid tools ==
These tools have capabilities in common with drawing tools and network monitoring tools. They are more specialized than general drawing tools and provide network engineers and IT systems administrators a higher level of automation and the ability to develop more detailed network topologies and diagrams. Typical capabilities include but not limited to:
* Displaying port / interface information on connections between devices on the maps
* Visualizing [[VLAN]]s / subnets
* Visualizing virtual servers and storage
* Visualizing flow of network traffic across devices and networks
* Displaying [[Wide Area Network|WAN]] and [[LAN]] maps by location
* Importing network configuration files to generate topologies automatically

== Network monitoring tools ==
Some network monitoring tools generate visual maps by automatically scanning the network using network discovery protocols. The maps are ideally suited for viewing network monitoring status and issues visually. Typical capabilities include but not limited to:
* Automatically scanning the network using [[SNMP]], [[Windows Management Instrumentation|WMI]], etc.
* Scanning [[Windows]] and [[Unix]] servers
* Scanning virtual hosts
* Scanning routing protocols
* Scanning connection speeds
* Performing scheduled scans
* Tracking changes to the network

== Drawing tools ==
These tools help users to create network topology diagrams by adding icons to a canvas and using lines and connectors to draw linkages between nodes. This category of tools is similar to general drawing and paint tools. Typical capabilities include but not limited to:
* Libraries of icons for devices
* Ability to add shapes and annotations to maps
* Ability to create free-form diagrams

== List of hybrid tools ==
Some notable tools (may not be an exhaustive list):
{| class="wikitable sortable" cellspacing="0" style="background:#f0f0f0;" align="center" | ' Name
|-
!'''Name'''
!'''License'''
!'''Deployment'''
!'''Platforms'''
|-
| 10SCAPE<ref>{{cite web|url=https://10scape.com|title=10SCAPE Network Mapping Software|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary<ref>{{cite web|url=https://10scape.com|title=End User Software License Agreement: 10SCAPE Support|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>||SaaS||All
|-
| Docusnap<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docusnap.com/en/docusnap/it-documentation|title=Docusnap IT Documentation|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows
|-
| Graphical Networks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://graphicalnetworks.com/netterrain-logical-2/|title=Graphical Networks netTerrain Network Documentation|accessdate=12 October 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows
|-
| Netbrain Tech<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netbraintech.com/|title=Netbrain Tech Automated Documentation|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows
|-
|}

== List of network monitoring tools that generate network maps ==
Some notable tools (may not be an exhaustive list):
{| class="wikitable sortable" cellspacing="0" style="background:#f0f0f0;" align="center" | ' Name
|-
!'''Name'''
!'''License'''
!'''Deployment'''
!'''Platforms'''
|-
|10-Strike<ref name="10-Strike Network Diagram">{{cite web|url=http://www.10-strike.com/network-diagram/|title=10-Strike Network Diagram|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>
|Proprietary
|Desktop
|Windows
|-
|CloudView NMS<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cloudviewnms.com|title=CloudView NMS Home - Network Management, Monitoring and SCADA solution|last=NMS|first=CloudView|website=www.cloudviewnms.com|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>
|Shareware
|Desktop
|Windows, Linux, macOS
|-
| Manage Engine<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.manageengine.com/network-monitoring/network-mapping.html | title=Manage Engine Network Mapping | accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows
|-
| MaSSHandra<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.masshandra.com/ | title=MaSSHandra 3D Network Diagram Editor | accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.masshandra.com/download.php | title=MaSSHandra. The 3D DataCenter Design Tool. | accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>||Desktop||Windows, Linux, macOS
|-
| [[netTransformer]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://github.com/iTransformers/netTransformer| title=Network Transformation Manager | accessdate=1 May 2012}}</ref>||GPL||Desktop||Windows/Linux/macOS
|-
| [[OpenNMS]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.opennms.org/ | title=The OpenNMS Project | accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>||AGPLv3<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.opennms.org/wiki/What_is_OpenNMS | title=What is OpenNMS | accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>||Desktop||Linux, macOS, others
|-
| [[SolarWinds]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.solarwinds.com/network-topology-mapper.aspx | title=Solarwinds network topology mapper | accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows
|-
| [[PathSolutions]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pathsolutions.com/https://www.pathsolutions.com/solutions/network-diagram-tool/ | title=PathSolutions Network Diagram Tool | accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows
|-
| [[Spiceworks]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spiceworks.com/free-network-mapping-software/ | title=Spiceworks Network Mapping Software | accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.spiceworks.com/terms/ | title=Spiceworks Terms of Use | accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>||Desktop||Windows
|-
|The Dude<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mikrotik.com/thedude|title=The Dude network diagrams|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>
|Proprietary<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiki.mikrotik.com/wiki/File:Dudesetup1.png|title=Dudesetup1.png|accessdate=30 September 2015}}</ref>
|Desktop
|Windows, Linux
|-
| [[WhatsUp Gold]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ipswitch.com/resources/best-practices/microsoft-visio-network-mapping-tool | title=Microsoft Visio Network Mapping Tool | accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows
|-
| SmartHawk<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.solarwinds.com/network-topology-mapper | title=SmartHawk Network Mapper | accessdate=8 May 2017}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows, Linux
|-
|}

== List of drawing tools ==
Some notable tools (may not be an exhaustive list):
{| cellspacing="0" class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 80%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; center; width: auto; background: #ececec;"| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Name'''
|-
!'''Name'''
!'''License'''
!'''Deployment'''
!'''Platforms'''
|-
| draw.io<ref>{{cite web | url=https://draw.io/ | title=draw.io | accessdate=26 November 2017}}</ref>||free and open source||various||Any supported browser, Linux, Windows, macOS
|-
| [[LibreOffice Draw]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.libreoffice.org/discover/draw/ | title=LibreOffice Draw | accessdate=26 November 2017}}</ref>||free and open source||various||Linux, Windows, macOS
|-
| [[Cacoo (Software)]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cacoo.com/ | title=Cacoo Drawing Tool | accessdate=1 November 2017}}</ref>||Proprietary||SaaS||Windows, macOS
|-
| [[ConceptDraw PRO]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.conceptdraw.com/products/drawing-tool/ | title=Concept Draw Pro Drawing Tool | accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows, macOS
|-
| Creately<ref>{{cite web | url=http://creately.com/ | title=Creately - Online Diagramming | accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Cross Platform
|-
| Archbee<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archbee.io/ | title=Archbee - Beautiful diagrams for software development teams | accessdate=21 May 2018}}</ref>||Proprietary||SaaS||Linux, macOS, Windows
|-
| Edraw Network Diagram<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.edrawsoft.com/Network-Diagrams.php | title=Edraw Network Diagram | accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Linux, Windows, macOS
|-
| [[Microsoft Visio]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://office.microsoft.com/en-ca/visio/ | title=Microsoft Visio network diagramming | accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows
|-
|MyDraw<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mydraw.com/solutions/network-diagram-software | title=MyDraw network diagramming | accessdate=22 February 2018}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows, macOS
|-
| [[SmartDraw]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.smartdraw.com/software/network_diagram_software.htm | title=Smart Draw network diagramming | accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop||Windows
|-
| [[Lucidchart]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.lucidchart.com/pages/examples/network_diagram_software | title=Lucidchart network diagramming | accessdate=6 Aug 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||SaaS||Linux, macOS, Windows
|-
| [[Gliffy]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.gliffy.com/#network-diagrams | title=Gliffy network diagrams | accessdate=9 Oct 2014}}</ref>||Proprietary||SaaS||Linux, macOS, Windows
|-
| [[yEd]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yworks.com/products/yed | title=yEd Graph Editor | accessdate=25 Jun 2019}}</ref>||Proprietary||Desktop / SaaS||Linux, macOS, Windows (java)
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Computer network diagram]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac50/ac47/2.html
|title=Cisco Brand Center / Network Topology Icons
|website=www.cisco.com
|access-date=2018-04-09
}}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.cisco.com/cisco/web/docs/iam/unified/ipt611/Microsoft_Visio_Network_Topology_Diagrams.html
|title=Cisco Unified Communications System for IP Telephony: Microsoft Visio network topology diagrams (resp. diagram templates)
|website=www.cisco.com
|access-date=2018-04-09
}}

[[Category:Software comparisons|network diagram software]]

Jonah Lomu Rugby

2019-06-05T15:15:10Z

159.50.189.7: /* Legacy */

{{Infobox video game
|title = Jonah Lomu Rugby
|image = File:Johna lomu rugby cover.jpg
| caption =
|developer = [[Rage Software]]
|publisher = [[Codemasters]]
|designer =
|released = March 31, 1997
|genre = [[Sports game|Rugby union]]
|modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
|platforms = [[DOS]], [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]], [[Sega Saturn]]
}}

'''''Jonah Lomu Rugby''''' is a video game released in 1997. It was developed by [[Rage Software]] and published by [[Codemasters]]. It was released on [[DOS]], [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] and [[Sega Saturn]]. Its title is a reference to former [[All Blacks]] winger [[Jonah Lomu]].

Following the 2003 closure of Rage Software, several members of the game's development team went on to work on ''[[World Championship Rugby]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Calvert |first=Justin |date=21 November 2003 |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/world-championship-rugby-announced/1100-6084136/ |title=World Championship Rugby announced [date mislabeled as "November 24, 2003"] |website=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=1 August 2016}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
[[File:Jonah Lomu Rugby Playstation screenshot.png|thumb|An example of gameplay in the Playstation version; New Zealand are in possession and running the ball from a ruck. This side-on view is the default in-game camera position.]]

''Jonah Lomu Rugby'' puts the player in control of real-life national rugby union teams from the [[1995 Rugby World Cup]], including the 16 finalists and 16 other teams that participated in the [[1995 Rugby World Cup qualifying|qualifying campaign]]. The game has support for up to four players.<ref name=SSM21>{{cite magazine |first=Matt |last=Yeo |title=Men in Black |magazine=[[Sega Saturn Magazine]] |issue=21|publisher=[[Emap International Limited]] |date=July 1997|pages=48–51}}</ref>

===Modes of Play===

''Jonah Lomu Rugby'' features five modes of gameplay: Friendly, World Cup, Tournament, Territories Cup and Classic Matches. The Friendly mode is a single exhibition game in which the player can play against computer-controlled or human opponents. The World Cup mode replicates the 1995 Rugby World Cup format, with the 16 teams arranged into the same four pools as in the real life tournament. Tournament mode is a knockout format contested by either 4, 8 or 16 teams. Territories Cup mode consists of leagues based around geographic location. The [[Six Nations Championship|Five Nations]] and [[Tri Nations (rugby union)|Tri Nations]] competitions feature the same teams competing in the real life equivalents, whilst the American Cup, Asian Cup and Pacific Cup each feature three teams from the areas.

The Classic Matches mode consists of eight scenario matches based on real-life World Cup matches that the player joins in progress with the aim of obtaining a different result to that in real-life.

==Development==
Rage Software head Trevor Williams recounted, "We wanted a game that stayed true to the rules, but was easy to pick up and play without a complete understanding of all the ins and outs."<ref name=SSM20>{{cite magazine |title=Preview: Jonah Lomu Rugby|magazine=[[Sega Saturn Magazine]]|issue=20|publisher=[[Emap International Limited]] |date=June 1997|pages=32–33}}</ref>

''Jonah Lomu Rugby'' was the first [[rugby union]] game released on the [[Sega Saturn|Saturn]]<ref name=SSMrev/> or [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] platforms. Programmers Tony McCabe and Antonio Argentieri explained that rugby video games are more difficult to make than other sports games, since the heavy specialization of the different players means a number of different AIs need to be designed and programmed to run simultaneously.<ref name=SSM20/> The [[Scrum (rugby union)|scrum]] was remodeled more than five times in an effort to make it work in play.<ref name=SSM21/>

Commentary for the game was supplied by [[Bill McLaren]] and [[Bill Beaumont]].<ref name=SSM20/>

The Saturn version was slated for release in June 1997, but the date was pushed back to September 1997.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=First the Bad News |magazine=[[Sega Saturn Magazine]] |issue=22|publisher=[[Emap International Limited]] |date=August 1997|page=11}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
| align = right
| CVG = 4/5 (Playstation)<ref name="CVG187">{{cite journal |journal=[[Computer and Video Games]] |issn=0261-3597 |date=June 1997 |title=Jonah Lomu Rugby |issue=187 |page=78 |first=Alex |last=Huhtala}}</ref>
| OPMUK = 7/10 (Playstation)<ref name="OPMUK19">{{cite journal |journal=[[Official UK Playstation Magazine]] |title=Review: Jonah Lomu Rugby |issue=19}}</ref>
| rev1 = [[Sega Saturn Magazine]]
| rev1Score = 91% (Saturn)<ref name=SSMrev />
}}
Matt Yeo gave the Saturn version a rave review in ''[[Sega Saturn Magazine]]'', saying it "features one of the most innovative and easy to use game play systems ever utilised in a sports game." He particularly noted the use of on-screen menus during pauses in the game's action, saying they enable newcomers to more easily come to grips with the game by presenting rugby's complicated rules in a simplified, leisurely form. He also praised the four-player support, audio commentary, and dramatic weather conditions, and gave the game a score of 91%.<ref name=SSMrev>{{cite magazine |first=Matt|last=Yeo |title=Review: Jonah Lomu Rugby |magazine=[[Sega Saturn Magazine]] |issue=21|publisher=[[Emap International Limited]] |date=July 1997|pages=62–63}}</ref>

[[Computer and Video Games]] gave a positive review of the Playstation version, noting the "brilliantly realistic graphics and a logical control system are the stars here" and awarding the game 4/5.<ref name="CVG187" />

===Legacy===

In 2015, a retrospective review in [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] described Jonah Lomu Rugby as "the greatest computer game the sport has ever seen".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/rugby-world-cup/front-row/11955529/Remembering-Jonah-Lomu-Rugby-the-greatest-computer-game-the-sport-has-ever-seen.html |title=Remembering Jonah Lomu Rugby, the greatest computer game the sport has ever seen |date=2015-10-26 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=2019-01-10 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> The [[Irish Independent]] similarly described it as "the best rugby game ever made".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/games/jonah-lomu-rugby-remembered-34212374.html |title=Jonah Lomu Rugby remembered |last=Whelan |first=Frank |date=18 November 2015 |work=Independent.ie |access-date=2019-01-10 |language=en}}</ref>

A copy of the Playstation version of the game is included in the Pacific Cultures collection of [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa|Te Papa]] (the national museum of New Zealand).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/programmes/ours/story/2018633246/julian-wilcox-and-jonah-lomu-s-playstation-video-game |title=Julian Wilcox and Jonah Lomu's PlayStation video game |publisher=Radio New Zealand |date=2018-02-22 |access-date=2019-01-13 |language=en-nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/1232069 |title=Object: Jonah Lomu Rugby PlayStation game |website=Collections Online - Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa |access-date=2019-01-13}}</ref> It's widely recognized that the best player of the game in the world is Jeremy Kinsella from Dublin.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gamespot.com/ps/sports/jonahlomurugby/index.html ''Jonah Lomu Rugby''] at [[GameSpot]]
* [http://psx.ign.com/objects/010/010535.html ''Jonah Lomu Rugby''] at [[IGN]]
* {{moby game|id=/jonah-lomu-rugby |name=Jonah Lomu Rugby}}
{{Rugby Union video games}}

[[Category:1997 video games]]
[[Category:DOS games]]
[[Category:PlayStation (console) games]]
[[Category:Rugby union video games]]
[[Category:Sega Saturn games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Video games set in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Codemasters games]]
[[Category:Rage Software games]]
[[Category:Video games based on real people]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of sportspeople|Lomu]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of men|Lomu]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of New Zealand people|Lomu]]
[[Category:Black people in art]]

List of people executed in the United States in 2018

2019-05-31T07:03:46Z

159.50.189.7: /* Executions in recent years */

This is a '''list of offenders executed in the United States in 2018'''. A total of 25 death row inmates were executed in the United States in 2018; of whom 23 died by [[lethal injection]] and two, in [[Capital punishment in Tennessee|Tennessee]], by [[Electric chair|electrocution]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/upcoming-executions#year2018|title=Upcoming Executions {{!}} Death Penalty Information Center|website=deathpenaltyinfo.org|language=en|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref> marking the first calendar year since 2000 in which more than one inmate was executed in that way.

==List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:100px;" | Number
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:150px;" | Date of execution
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:275px;" | Name
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:150px;" | Date of birth
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:200px;" | Age of offender
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:100px;" | Gender
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:100px;" | Ethnicity
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:100px;" | State
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:150px;" | Method
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:150px;" | Source
|-
! style="background-color:#FFA200; width:100px;" | At execution
! style="background-color:#FFA200; width:100px;" | At offense
! style="background-color:#FFA200; width:100px;" | Age difference
|-
| 1
| {{dts|January 18, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Anthony Allen|Shore}}
| {{dts|June 25, 1962}}
| 55
| 24–33 
| 22–31
| rowspan="25" |Male
| White
| rowspan="3" |[[Capital punishment in Texas|Texas]]
| rowspan="19" |[[Lethal injection]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/death_row/dr_info/shoreanthony.html|title=Offender Information - Anthony Shore|last=Texas Department of Criminal Justice|first=|date=|website=www.tdcj.state.tx.us|language=english|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/texas-tourniquet-killer-anthony-allen-shore-lethal-injection-first-execution-of-2018/|title=Texas "Tourniquet Killer" put to death in first execution of 2018|access-date=2018-01-20|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| {{dts|January 30, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|William Earl|Rayford|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|May 21, 1953}}
| 64
| 46 
| 18
| Black
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/texas-execution-william-rayford-killing-ex-girlfriend-dallas|title=Texas executes Dallas man for ex-girlfriend's 1999 slaying|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=english|access-date=2018-01-31}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| {{dts|February 1, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|John David|Battaglia|John Battaglia}}
| {{dts|August 2, 1955}}
| 62
| 45 
| 17
| rowspan="3" | White
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Dallas-man-who-killed-2-daughters-set-to-become-12542928.php|title='See y'all later':Dallas man who killed 2 daughters put to death in nation's 3rd execution of 2018|newspaper=Houston Chronicle|language=English|last=Blakinger|first=Keri|date=February 1, 2018|access-date=2018-02-02}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| {{dts|February 22, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Eric Scott|Branch|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|February 7, 1971}}
| 47
| 21 
| 26
| [[Capital punishment in Florida|Florida]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amp.pnj.com/amp/365474002?__twitter_impression=true|title=Eric Branch execution: Escambia County man pronounced dead after lethal injection|website=amp.pnj.com|language=en|access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|March 15, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Michael Wayne|Eggers|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|March 24, 1967}}
| 50
| 33 
| 17
| [[Capital punishment in Alabama|Alabama]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.al.com/news/birmingham/index.ssf/2018/03/michael_eggers_set_to_die_thur.html|title=Michael Eggers executed Thursday for slaying of Talladega woman in 2000|website=al.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-15}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| {{sortname|Carlton Michael|Gary|Carlton Gary}}
| {{dts|September 24, 1950}}
| 67
| 26–27 
| 40–41
| Black
| [[Capital punishment in Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myajc.com/news/breaking-hours-before-execution-stocking-strangler-wants-new-lawyer/cYV0nSdscmoHpfw05UspmM/|title=‘Stocking Strangler’ Carlton Gary executed for 1970s’ rapes, murders |website=[[myAJC]]|language=en|access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| {{dts|March 27, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Rosendo|Rodriguez III|Rosendo Rodriguez}}
| {{dts|March 26, 1980}}
| 38
| 25 
| 13
| Hispanic
| Texas
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2018/03/27/lubbocks-suitcase-killer-fights-upcoming-execution/|title=Texas executes Lubbock “suitcase killer”|website=Texas Tribune|language=en|access-date=2018-03-27}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| {{dts|April 19, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Walter Leroy|Moody, Jr.|Walter Moody}}
| {{dts|March 24, 1935}}
| 83
| 54 
| 29
| White
| Alabama
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/19/us/alabama-execution-walter-leroy-moody.html|title=Alabama Executes Mail Bomber, 83, the Oldest Inmate Put to Death in Modern Era|website=The New York Times|language=en|access-date=2018-04-20}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| {{dts|April 25, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Erick Daniel|Davila|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|April 4, 1987}}
| 31
| 21 
| 10
| rowspan="2" |Black
| Texas
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/death_row/dr_info/davilaerick.html|title=Texas Department of Criminal Justice|last=of.|first=Criminal Justice, Department|date=2000-03-02|website=www.tdcj.state.tx.us|language=english|access-date=2018-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2018/04/25/texas-death-penalty-case-went-us-supreme-court-now-set-execution/|title=Texas executes Erick Davila, who killed two people including a 5-year-old girl|last=McCullough|first=Jolie|date=2018-04-19|work=The Texas Tribune|access-date=2018-04-19|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| {{dts|May 4, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Robert Earl|Butts, Jr.|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|May 14, 1977}}
| 40
| 18 
| 22
| Georgia
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/crime--law/georgia-supreme-court-rejects-stay-execution-for-robert-earl-butts/dip94hP3OKhskZ32Dw6Q5M/|title=Robert Butts executed for 1996 murder. Final words:'It burns, man'|date=2018-05-04|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 11
| {{dts|May 16, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Juan Edward|Castillo|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|April 3, 1981}}
| 37
| 22 
| 15
| Hispanic
| rowspan="3"|Texas
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/death_row/dr_info/castillojuan.html|title=Texas Department of Criminal Justice|last=of.|first=Criminal Justice, Department|date=2018-05-17|website=www.tdcj.state.tx.us|language=english|access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/San-Antonio-lovers-lane-killer-scheduled-for-12918627.php|title='See y'all on the other side': San Antonio lovers' lane killer executed amid claims of innocence|work=Houston Chronicle|access-date=2018-05-17}}</ref>
|-
| 12
| {{dts|June 27, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Daniel Paul "Danny"|Bible|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|August 28, 1951}}
| 66
| 27-31 
| 35-39
| White
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/inmate-danny-paul-bible-rape-murder-texas-execution-today-2018-06-27/|title=Texas executes Danny Paul Bible for 1979 rape, murder in Houston|last=of.date=2018-06-27|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=english|access-date=2018-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/death_row/dr_info/bibledanny.html|title=Texas Department of Criminal Justice|last=of.|first=Criminal Justice, Department|date=2000-03-02|website=www.tdcj.state.tx.us|language=english|access-date=2018-06-28}}</ref>
|-
| 13
| {{dts|July 17, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Christopher Anthony|Young|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|September 24, 1983}}
| 34
| 21 
| 13
| Black
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chron.com/news/article/San-Antonio-man-executed-for-murder-robbery-13083445.php|title=San Antonio man executed for murder, robbery|last=Eaton|first=Emilie|date=2018-07-17|work=Houston Chronicle|access-date=2018-07-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tdcj.state.tx.us/death_row/dr_info/youngchristopher.html|title=Texas Department of Criminal Justice|last=of.|first=Criminal Justice, Department|date=2000-03-02|website=www.tdcj.state.tx.us|language=english|access-date=2018-06-28}}</ref>
|-
| 14
| {{dts|July 18, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Robert J.|van Hook|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|January 14, 1960}}
| 58
| 25 
| rowspan="2" |33
| rowspan="7" |White
| [[Capital punishment in Ohio|Ohio]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.10tv.com/article/ohio-executes-killer-who-strangled-and-stabbed-man-he-met-bar-1985|title=Ohio executes killer who strangled and stabbed man he met in bar in 1985|date=2018-07-18|work=WBNS-10TV Columbus, Ohio {{!}} Columbus News, Weather & Sports|access-date=2018-07-18|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 15
| {{dts|August 9, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|William Ray "Billy"|Irick|Billy Ray Irick}}
| {{dts|August 26, 1958}}
| 59
| 26
| [[Capital punishment in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/crime/2018/08/09/billy-ray-irick-tennessee-execution-lethal-injection/830253002/|title=Tennessee executes Billy Ray Irick, first lethal injection in state since 2009|date=2018-08-09|work=The Tennessean|access-date=2018-08-09|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 16
| {{dts|August 14, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Carey Dean|Moore|Execution of Carey Dean Moore}}
| {{dts|October 26, 1957}}
| 60
| 21 
| 39
| [[Capital punishment in Nebraska|Nebraska]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/14/us/nebraska-execution-fentanyl.html|title=Fentanyl used to execute Nebraska inmate, in a first for U. S.|date=2018-08-14|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-08-14|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 17
| {{dts|September 26, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Troy James|Clark|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|September 2, 1967}}
| 51
| 30
| 21
| rowspan="2" | Texas
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chron.com/news/texas/article/Man-who-tortured-drowned-ex-roommate-set-to-die-13258442.php|title=Texas executes man in the torture, drowning of ex-roommate|date=2018-09-26|work=Houston Chronicle|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 18
| {{dts|September 27, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Daniel Clate|Acker|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|October 9, 1971}}
| 46
| 28
| 18
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/article/Texas-man-scheduled-to-die-in-state-s-second-13262324.php|title=Texas man put to death in state's second execution in two nights|date=2018-09-27|work=Houston Chronicle|access-date=2018-09-28|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 19
| {{dts|October 29, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Rodney Scott|Berget|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|May 5, 1962}}
| 56
| 48
| 8
| [[Capital punishment in South Dakota|South Dakota]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/10/29/rodney-berget-south-dakota-execution/1813862002/|title=
South Dakota executes inmate whose brother was put to death in Oklahoma after Supreme Court clears way|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 20
| {{dts|November 1, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Edmund George|Zagorski|Edmund Zagorski}}
| {{dts|December 27, 1954}}
| 63
| 28 
| 35
| Tennessee
| [[Electric chair|Electrocution]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/nov/01/edmund-zagorski-execution-electric-chair-supreme-court-stop-tennessee|title=Tennessee inmate executed after supreme court denies stay request|last=Press|first=Associated|date=2018-11-01|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref>
|-
| 21
| {{dts|November 14, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Roberto|Ramos Moreno|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|May 23, 1954}}
| 64
| 37 
| 27
| rowspan="2" | Hispanic
| rowspan="2" | Texas
| rowspan="2" | Lethal injection
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2018/11/14/texas-execution-robert-moreno-ramos-lethal-injection/|title=Texas executes Robert Moreno Ramos, amid pleas for case review|last=Wiley|first=Hannah|date=2018-11-14|website=Texas Tribune|language=en|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref>
|-
| 22
| {{dts|December 4, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Joseph Christopher|Garcia|Texas Seven}}
| {{dts|November 6, 1971}}
| 47
| 29 
| 18
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/joseph-garcia-notorious-texas-7-member-executed-181205010512167.html|title=Joseph Garcia, notorious 'Texas 7' member, executed {{!}} USA News {{!}} Al Jazeera|last=|first=|date=|website=www.aljazeera.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-05}}</ref>
|-
| 23
| {{dts|December 6, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|David Earl|Miller|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|July 16, 1957}}
| 61
| 23 
| 38
| White
| Tennessee
| Electrocution
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/david-earl-miller-electrocuted-for-murder-of-lee-standifer-tennessee-execution-today-2018-12-06/|title=Tennessee electrocutes inmate David Earl Miller for 1981 slaying of mentally disabled woman|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=english|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref>
|-
| 24
| {{dts|December 11, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Alvin Avon|Braziel, Jr.|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|March 16, 1975}}
| 43
| 18
| 25
| Black
| Texas
| rowspan="2" | Lethal injection
| <ref>https://www.cbsnews.com/news/texas-execution-alvin-braziel-jr-death-row-inmate-lethal-injection-today-2018-12-11/</ref>
|-
| 25
| {{dts|December 13, 2018}} 
| {{sortname|Jose Antonio|Jimenez|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|October 12, 1963}}
| 55
| 28 
| 27
| Hispanic
| Florida
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/crime/article222989565.html|title=Florida executes Jose Antonio Jimenez, who brutally murdered Miami court clerk in 1992|work=Miami Herald|language=english|access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref>
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFA200;" |    
! style="background-color:#FFA200;" | Average:
! style="background-color:#FFA200;" | 53 years
! style="background-color:#FFA200;" | 29 years
! style="background-color:#FFA200;" | 24 years
! colspan="5" style="background-color:#FFA200;" |    
|-
|}

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:300px;" | Gender
|-
| Male
| 25
| 100%
|-
| Female
| 0
| 0%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:300px; | Ethnicity
|-
| White
| 14
| 56%
|-
| Black
| 6
| 24%
|-
| Hispanic
| 5
| 20%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:300px; | State
|-
| [[Capital punishment in Texas|Texas]]
| 13
| 52%
|-
|[[Capital punishment in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
| 3
| 12%
|-
| [[Capital punishment in Alabama|Alabama]]
| 2
| 8%
|-
| [[Capital punishment in Florida|Florida]]
| 2
| 8%
|-
| [[Capital punishment in Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| 2
| 8%
|-
| [[Capital punishment in Nebraska|Nebraska]]
| 1
| 4%
|-
|[[Capital punishment in Ohio|Ohio]]
| 1
| 4%
|-
| [[Capital punishment in South Dakota|South Dakota]]
| 1
| 4%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:300px; | Method
|-
| [[Lethal injection]]
| 23
| 92%
|-
| [[Electric chair|Electrocution]]
| 2
| 8%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:300px; | Month
|-
| January
| 2
| 8%
|-
| February
| 2
| 8%
|-
| March
| 3
| 12%
|-
| April
| 2
| 8%
|-
| May
| 2
| 8%
|-
| June
| 1
| 4%
|-
| July
| 2
| 8%
|-
| August
| 2
| 8%
|-
| September
| 2
| 8%
|-
| October
| 1
| 4%
|-
| November
| 2
| 8%
|-
| December
| 4
| 16%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:300px; | Age
|-
| 30 - 39
| 4
| 16%
|-
| 40 - 49
| 5
| 20%
|-
| 50 - 59
| 7
| 28%
|-
| 60 - 69
| 8
| 32%
|-
| 70 - 79
| 0
| 0%
|-
| 80 - 89
| 1
| 4%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:300px; | Day
|-
| Monday
| 1
| 4%
|-
| Tuesday
| 6
| 24%
|-
| Wednesday
| 6
| 24%
|-
| Thursday
| 11
| 44%
|-
| Friday
| 1
| 4%
|-
| Saturday
| 0
| 0%
|-
| Sunday
| 0
| 0%
|-
! style="background-color:#FFA200;" | Total
! style="background-color:#FFA200;" | 25
! style="background-color:#FFA200;" | 100%
|-
|}

==Executions in recent years==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
|-
! ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFA200; width:300px;" | Number of executions
|-
| [[List of offenders executed in the United States in 2019|2019]]
| 9
|-
| 2018
| 25
|-
| [[List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017|2017]]
| 23
|-
! style="background-color:#FFA200; size=100%;" | Total
! style="background-color:#FFA200;" | 57
|}

==See also==
* [[List of death row inmates in the United States]]
* [[Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States#List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States since 1976|List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States since 1976]]
* [[List of most recent executions by jurisdiction]]
* [[List of offenders scheduled to be executed in the United States]]
* [[List of women executed in the United States since 1976]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{sequence
| prev= <big>[[List of offenders executed in the United States in 2017|2017]]</big>
| list=    List of offenders executed       in the United States in    <big>2018</big>
| next= <big>[[List of offenders executed in the United States in 2019|2019]]</big>
}}

{{Capital punishment}}
{{CapPun-US}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018}}
[[Category:2018 deaths|*List of offenders executed in the United States]]
[[Category:2018 in American law|Executions]]
[[Category:Lists of deaths in 2018|Offenders executed in the United States]]
[[Category:Lists of people executed in the United States|2018]]
[[Category:Male murderers]]

List of people executed in the United States in 2019

2019-05-31T06:50:43Z

159.50.189.7: no links needed

{{short description|Wikimedia list article}}
This is a '''list of offenders executed in the United States in 2019'''. As of {{date||mdy}}, 2019, nine death row inmates have been executed in the United States in 2019, all by [[lethal injection]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/execution-list-2019|title=Execution List 2019 {{!}} Death Penalty Information Center|website=deathpenaltyinfo.org|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref> In addition, twelve inmates are scheduled to be executed within the remainder of the calendar year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/upcoming-executions#year2019|title=Upcoming Executions {{!}} Death Penalty Information Center|website=deathpenaltyinfo.org|language=en|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref>

==List of offenders executed in the United States in 2019==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | Number
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:150px;" | Date of execution
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:275px;" | Name
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:150px;" | Date of birth
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:200px;" | Age of offender
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | Gender
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | Ethnicity
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | State
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:150px;" | Method
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:150px;" | Source
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | At execution
! style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | At offense
! style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | Age difference
|-
| 1
| {{dts|January 30, 2019}} 
| {{sortname|Robert Mitchell|Jennings|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|December 3, 1957}}
| 61
| 30 
| 31
| rowspan="9" |Male
| rowspan="2" |Black
| [[Capital punishment in Texas|Texas]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Lethal injection]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.texastribune.org/library/data/texas-prisons/inmates/robert-mitchell-jennings/1148690/|title=Robert Mitchell Jennings – Texas Prison Inmates – The Texas Tribune|last=The Texas Tribune|date=|website=www.texastribune.org|language=english|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Houston-cop-killer-scheduled-for-first-Texas-13573440.php|title=Houston cop killer executed in Huntsville, three decades after officer slaying|access-date=2019-01-30|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| {{dts|February 7, 2019}} 
| {{sortname|Domineque Hakim Marcelle|Ray|Dunn v. Ray}}
| {{dts|May 31, 1976}}
| 42
| 19 
| 23
| [[Capital punishment in Alabama|Alabama]]
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.al.com/news/montgomery/2019/02/courts-weigh-mans-religious-rights-in-holding-up-alabama-execution.html|title=Alabama executes Domineque Ray for 1995 killing of Selma teen|access-date=2019-02-08|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jacobs |first1=Julia |title=Muslim Inmate's Execution Is Blocked Over Denial of Request for Imam |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/06/us/muslim-prisoner-execution-imam.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=February 9, 2019 |date=February 6, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| {{dts|February 28, 2019}} 
| {{sortname|Billie Wayne|Coble|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|September 9, 1948}}
| 70
| 40 
| 30
| rowspan="2" | White
| rowspan="2" | Texas
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wacotrib.com/news/courts_and_trials/billie-wayne-coble-executed-for-murder-of-three-near-waco/article_46a9290c-337d-582d-b8fa-c3d4434427eb.html|title=Billie Wayne Coble executed for murder of three near Waco|access-date=2019-02-28|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| {{dts|April 24, 2019}} 
| {{sortname|John William|King|Murder of James Byrd Jr.}}
| {{dts|November 3, 1974}}
| 44
| 23 
| 21
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tdcj.state.tx.us/death_row/dr_info/kingjohn.html|title=Death Row Information|last=|first=|date=2019-04-25|website=Texas Department of Criminal Justice|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425003955/https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/death_row/dr_info/kingjohn.html|archive-date=2019-04-25|dead-url=no|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2019/04/24/texas-execution-john-william-king-james-byrd/|title=Texas executes John William King in racist dragging death of James Byrd Jr.|last=Tribune|first=The Texas|last2=McCullough|first2=Jolie|date=2019-04-24|website=The Texas Tribune|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425004845/https://www.texastribune.org/2019/04/24/texas-execution-john-william-king-james-byrd/|archive-date=2019-04-25|dead-url=no|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| {{dts|May 2, 2019}} 
| {{sortname|Scotty Garnell|Morrow|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|March 2, 1967}}
| 52
| 27 
| 25
| Black
| [[Capital punishment in Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nation-and-world/georgia-executes-man-convicted-of-1994-killings-of-2-women-1655051/|title=Georgia executes man convicted of 1994 killings of 2 women|publisher=Las Vegas Review Journal|date=2019-05-02||access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref>
|-
| 6
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|May 16, 2019}} 
| {{sortname|Michael Brandon|Samra|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|October 12, 1977}}
| 41
| 19 
| 22
| rowspan="4" |White
| Alabama
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eu.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/nation/2019/05/16/alabama-executes-michael-brandon-samra-convicted-quadruple-slaying/3701095002/|title=Alabama executes Michael Brandon Samra in state's second lethal injection of 2019|website=Montgomery Advertiser|language=en|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| {{sortname|Donald Edward "Donnie"|Johnson|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|January 15, 1951}}
| 68
| 33 
| 35
| [[Capital punishment in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailymemphian.com/article/5113/Donnie-Johnson-of-Memphis-executed-for-1984-murder-of-wife|title=Donnie Johnson of Memphis executed for 1984 murder of wife|website=Daily Memphian|language=en|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| {{dts|May 23, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Robert Joseph "Bobby Joe"|Long|Bobby Joe Long}}
| {{dts|October 14, 1953}}
| 65
| 30
| 35
| [[Capital punishment in Florida|Florida]]
| <ref>[http://www.dc.state.fl.us/offenderSearch/detail.aspx?Page=Detail&DCNumber=494041&TypeSearch=AI]</ref><ref>[https://www.floridasupremecourt.org/content/download/523876/5819983/04-23-2019-Robert-Joseph-Long-Death-Warrant.pdf]</ref>
|-
| 9
| {{dts|May 30, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Christopher Lee|Price|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|September 4, 1972}}
| 46
| 19
| 27
| Alabama
| Profile: [http://www.doc.state.al.us/DeathRow]
| <ref>[https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/news/crime/2019/05/30/alabama-death-penalty-christopher-lee-price-killed-second-execution-date/1288114001/]</ref>
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="12" style="background-color:#FF0000;" |    
|-
|}

==List of offenders scheduled to be executed in the United States in 2019==
''See also: [[List of offenders scheduled to be executed in the United States]]''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | Number
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:150px;" | Date of execution
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:275px;" | Name
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:150px;" | Date of birth
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:200px;" | Age of offender
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | Gender
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | Ethnicity
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | State
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:150px;" | Method
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:150px;" | Source
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | At execution
! style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | At offense
! style="background-color:#FF0000; width:100px;" | Age difference
|-
| 1
| {{dts|July 31, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Ruben|Gutierrez|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|June 10, 1977}}
| 42
| 21
| 21
| rowspan="12" |Male
| Hispanic
| rowspan="2"| Texas
| rowspan="12" |Lethal injection
| Profile: [https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/death_row/dr_info/gutierrezruben.html]
|-
| 2
| rowspan="2" |{{dts|August 15, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Dexter Darnell|Johnson|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|June 7, 1988}}
| 31
| 18
| 13
| Black
| Profile: [https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/death_row/dr_info/johnsondexter.html]
|-
| 3
| {{sortname|Stephen Michael|West|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|September 16, 1962}}
| 56
| 23
| 33
| rowspan="3" |White
|Tennessee
| Profile: [https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/correction/statistics-and-information/death-row-facts/death-row-offenders.html]
|-
| 4
| {{dts|August 21, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Larry Ray|Swearingen|nolink=1}}
|{{dts|May 21, 1971}}
| 48
| 27
| 21
| rowspan="3" |Texas
| Profile: [https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/death_row/dr_info/swearingenlarry.html]
|-
| 5
| {{dts|September 4, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Billy Jack|Crutsinger|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|October 5, 1954}}
| 64
| 48
| 16
| Profile: [https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/death_row/dr_info/crutsingerbilly.html]
|-
| 6
| {{dts|September 10, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Mark Anthony|Soliz|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|January 27, 1982}}
| 37
| 28
| 9
| Hispanic
| Profile: [https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/death_row/dr_info/solizmarkanthony.html]
|-
| 7
| {{dts|September 12, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Warren Keith|Henness|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|October 13, 1963}}
| 55
| 28
| 27
| rowspan="2" | White
|[[Capital punishment in Ohio|Ohio]]
| Profile: [https://appgateway.drc.ohio.gov/OffenderSearch/Search/Details/A287375]
|-
| 8
| {{dts|October 2, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Stephen Dale|Barbee|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|March 30, 1967}}
| 52
| 37
| 15
| Texas
| Profile: [https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/death_row/dr_info/barbeestephen.html]
|-
| 9
| {{dts|October 17, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Angelo|Fears|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|April 16, 1973}}
| 46
| 23
| 23
| rowspan="2" | Black
| rowspan="2" | Ohio
| Profile: [https://appgateway.drc.ohio.gov/OffenderSearch/Search/Details/A352193]
|-
| 10
| {{dts|November 13, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Cleveland R.|Jackson|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|June 26, 1978}}
| 41
| 23
| 18
| Profile: [https://appgateway.drc.ohio.gov/OffenderSearch/Search/Details/A429404]
|-
| 11
| {{dts|December 5, 2019}}
| {{sortname|Leroy|Hall, Jr.|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|October 28, 1966}}
| 53
| 24
| 29
| rowspan="2" |White
| Tennessee
| Profile: [https://www.tn.gov/content/tn/correction/statistics-and-information/death-row-facts/death-row-offenders.html]
|-
| 12
| {{dts|December 11, 2019}}
| {{sortname|James Galen|Hanna|nolink=1}}
| {{dts|July 12, 1949}}
| 70
| 48
| 22
| Ohio
| Profile: [https://appgateway.drc.ohio.gov/OffenderSearch/Search/Details/A152169]
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan="12" style="background-color:#FF0000;" |    
|-
|}

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:300px;" | Gender
|-
| Male
| 9
| 100%
|-
| Female
| 0
| 0%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:300px; | Ethnicity
|-
| White
| 6
| 66.6%
|-
| Black
| 3
| 33.3%
|-
| Hispanic
| 0
| 0%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:300px; | State
|-
| [[Capital punishment in Texas|Texas]]
| 3
| 33.3%
|-
| [[Capital punishment in Alabama|Alabama]]
| 3
| 33,3%
|-
| [[Capital punishment in Florida|Florida]]
| 1
| 11.1%
|-
| [[Capital punishment in Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| 1
| 11.1%
|-
| [[Capital punishment in Tennessee|Tennessee]]
| 1
| 11.1%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:300px; | Method
|-
| [[Lethal injection]]
| 9
| 100%
|-
| [[Electric chair|Electrocution]]
| 0
| 0%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:300px; | Month
|-
| January
| 1
| 11.1%
|-
| February
| 2
| 22.2%
|-
| March
| 0
| 0%
|-
| April
| 1
| 11.1%
|-
| May
| 5
| 55,5%
|-
| June
| 0
| 0%
|-
| July
| 0
| 0%
|-
| August
| 0
| 0%
|-
| September
| 0
| 0%
|-
| October
| 0
| 0%
|-
| November
| 0
| 0%
|-
| December
| 0
| 0%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:300px; | Age
|-
| 30 - 39
| 0
| 0%
|-
| 40 - 49
| 4
| 44.4%
|-
| 50 - 59
| 1
| 11.1%
|-
| 60 - 69
| 3
| 33.3%
|-
| 70 - 79
| 1
| 11.1%
|-
| 80 - 89
| 0
| 0%
|-
! ! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:300px; | Day
|-
| Monday
| 0
| 0%
|-
| Tuesday
| 0
| 0%
|-
| Wednesday
| 2
| 22.3%
|-
| Thursday
| 7
| 77.7%
|-
| Friday
| 0
| 0%
|-
| Saturday
| 0
| 0%
|-
| Sunday
| 0
| 0%
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000;" | Total
! style="background-color:#FF0000;" | 9
! style="background-color:#FF0000;" | 100%
|-
|}

==Executions in recent years==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%;"
|-
! ! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF0000; width:300px;" | Number of executions
|-
| [[List of offenders executed in the United States in 2020|2020]]
| 0
|-
| 2019
| 9
|-
| [[List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018|2018]]
| 25
|-
! style="background-color:#FF0000; size=100%;" | Total
! style="background-color:#FF0000;" | 34
|}

==See also==
* [[List of death row inmates in the United States]]
* [[Capital punishment for juveniles in the United States#List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States since 1976|List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States since 1976]]
* [[List of most recent executions by jurisdiction]]
* [[List of offenders scheduled to be executed in the United States]]
* [[List of women executed in the United States since 1976]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{sequence
| prev= <big>[[List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018|2018]]</big>
| list=    List of offenders executed       in the United States in    <big>2019</big>
| next= <big>[[List of offenders executed in the United States in 2020|2020]]</big>
}}

{{Capital punishment}}
{{CapPun-US}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of offenders executed in the United States in 2019}}
[[Category:2019 deaths|*List of offenders executed in the United States]]
[[Category:2019 in American law|Executions]]
[[Category:Lists of deaths in 2019|Offenders executed in the United States]]
[[Category:Lists of people executed in the United States|2019]]
[[Category:Male murderers]]

Oujda

2019-05-27T12:29:15Z

159.50.189.7: /* Industry */

{{Expand Arabic|وجدة|date=July 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Oujda
| official_name =
| native_name = Wejda / وجدة
| native_name_lang = ar
| image_skyline = Oujdacol.jpg
| settlement_type = City
| translit_lang1 = Other
| translit_lang1_type = Berber language
| translit_lang1_info = Wejda / ⵡⴻⵊⴸⴰ
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Flag of Oujda province.svg
| image_shield = Oujda COA.png
| image_map =
| mapsize = 200px
| map_caption = location of Oujda in [[Morocco]]
| pushpin_map = Morocco
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| coordinates = {{coord|34|41|21|N|1|54|41|W|region:MA|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Morocco]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Morocco|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Oriental (Morocco)|Oriental]]
| established_title = First settled
| established_date =
| established_title2 = Modern city
| established_date2 = 994
| established_date3 =
| elevation_m = 470
| elevation_ft =
| population_total = 494252
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census2014>{{cite web |url=http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/ |title=POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D’APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014 |language=ar, fr |publisher=High Commission for Planning, Morocco |date=8 April 2015 |accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Morocco|8th in Morocco]]
| area_total_km2 = 96.4
| old_name =
| ethnicity =
| timezone = [[Western European Time|WET]]
| utc_offset = +0
| timezone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +1
}}

'''Oujda''' ([[Berber language]]: '''Wejda''', [[Arabic]]: وجدة) is a major [[Morocco|Moroccan]] city in its northeast near the border with [[Algeria]].

Wejda is the capital city of the [[Oriental (Morocco)|Oriental]] region of northeastern Morocco and has a population of about 500,000 people. It is located about {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=off}} west of the Moroccan-Algerian border and about {{convert|55|km|0|abbr=in}} south of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] coast.

== History ==
[[File:Oujda.medina. tour de control.jpg|thumb|Ancien mirador]]

There is some evidence of a settlement during the Roman occupation, which seems to have been under the control of [[Berbers]] rather than Romans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oypmAAAAMAAJ|title=L'image de la Tingitane: l'historiographie arabe médiévale et l'antiquité nord-africaine|last=Siraj|first=Ahmed|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Boccard|year=|isbn=9782728303175|location=|pages=589–595|language=fr|via=}}</ref>

The city was founded in 994 by [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], Berber chief of the [[Zenata]] [[Maghrawa]] tribe. Ziri was, with his tribe, authorised to occupy the region of Fas, but feeling insecure in that region and that town, and wishing to be nearer to the central Maghrib homeland of his tribe, he moved to Wajda, installed there a garrison and his possessions, appointing one of his relatives as governor. In the mid-11th century, a new quarter with a wall was allegedly added to the primitive core. [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] occupied the city in 1079, and in the next century, it came under [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] control, with its fortifications repaired and strengthened under the Almohad caliph [[Muhammad al-Nasir]].<ref name="EI2">{{Cite encyclopedia|year=2002|title=Wad̲j̲da|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/wadjda-COM_1325|date=|origyear=|publication-place=Leiden, Netherlands|edition=2nd|volume=XI|pages=23–24|isbn=9004081143|last1=Marçais|first1=G.|last2=Troin|first2=J.F.|editor1-link=Peri Bearman|editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs|editor1-last=Bearman|editor1-first=P.|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Th.|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor3-first=C.E.|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor4-first=E.|editor5-last=Heinrichs|editor5-first=W.P.}}</ref>

In the mid-11th century, Oujda acquired prominence through its strategic position on the road east from [[Sijilmasa]]. Throughout the history of the dynasties of the Muslim West, Oujda played an important strategic role among the [[Merinid]]s, settled in [[Fes]], in this case as a rear base in their conflict with the [[Abdalwadid]]s of the [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]].

The city was rebuilt in the 13th century by sultan [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq|Abu Yusuf Yaqub]]. The city experienced great difficulty in making peace with its neighbours to the east, and sometimes to the west, because of its position in respect to the clashes between the [[Saadi dynasty]] and the Ottomans of Algiers. It was torn between the rulers of Fes and the disputed Tlemcen, and from the 16th century, it was contested by the [[Alaouite dynasty]] and the Turks of Algiers. In 1692, Sultan Ismail{{Who|date=August 2013}} led in the Turks, who established their hegemony on [[Algeria]]. Oujda fell again under Turkish rule in the following century for few weeks.

The French occupied it in 1844 and again in 1859. To the west of the city is the site of the [[Battle of Isly]] in 1844. In 1907 and 1908 Oujda was reconquered by General Bugeaud and Marshal Lyautey and used as a French military base to control eastern Morocco. The modern city owes much of its present form to the French, it developed along the roads built at that time.

[[1948 Anti-Jewish Riots in Oujda and Jerada|The 1948 Anti-Jewish Riots in Oujda and Jerada]]<ref name="Bostom2008">{{cite book|author=Andrew G. Bostom|title=The legacy of Islamic antisemitism: from sacred texts to solemn history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIkQAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=6 March 2011|year=2008|publisher=Prometheus Books|page=160}}</ref> occurred in this city. The crowd, sparked off by a minor incident, poured into the Jewish quarter. In the three hours that passed before the army could control the mob, five people (including one Frenchman) had been killed, 30 had been severely injured, shops and homes had been sacked.<ref name=Atrakchi>Dalit Atrakchi (2001). "The Moroccan Nationalist Movement and Its Attitude toward Jews and Zionism". In Michael M. Laskier and Yaacov Lev. The Divergence of Judaism and Islam. University Press of Florida. p. 163.: "...the riots that broke out on 7 June 1948 in the cities of Oujda and Jerada, close to the border between Morocco and Algeria, which served as a transfer station for Moroccan Jews on their way to Israel... It is believed that the riots were brought on by the speech given a short while earlier by Sultan Muḥammad Ben-Yussuf, which inveighed against the Zionists and cried for solidarity with the Arabs fighting in Israel. Claims have been made that the French authorities not only knew about these impending events but also goaded and collaborated with the instigators as a provocation against the heads of the Moroccan Independence Party, who could later be blamed for committing murder."</ref>

The Moroccan border with Algeria is just east of Oujda; on the other side of the border is the Algerian town of [[Maghnia]]. The border has been closed since 1994.

In 2010, Rod Solaimani famously chronicled his trip to Oujda for MTV.

==Geography==
The city is located {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=on}} south of the Mediterranean sea and {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} west of Algeria, with an estimated altitude of {{convert|450|m|0|abbr=off}}.

{{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} south from city centre is located [[Jbel Hamra]], a typical [[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub|Mediterranean forest]]. Into the east of this forest is located [[:fr:Parc Sidi Mâafa|Sidi Maafa park]].

To the north of the city is the [[Rif]] area.

==Climate==
The city has a [[cold semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSk''). Rainfall is between {{convert|300|mm|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|500|mm|1|abbr=on}} per year. It rarely snows in winter, the last snowfall was on 5 February 2012. Weather in Oujda is cool but still tepid and wet in winter, hot and dry in summer.

There is to say that Oujda is mostly hotter than other cities in Morocco. While in a day [[Casablanca]] has over 20°C, Oujda can have over 30°C.

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Oujda ([[Oujda Airport]]) 1961–1990, extremes 1910–present
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 25.0
|Feb record high C = 33.0
|Mar record high C = 32.3
|Apr record high C = 35.0
|May record high C = 41.0
|Jun record high C = 44.0
|Jul record high C = 45.0
|Aug record high C = 45.0
|Sep record high C = 42.0
|Oct record high C = 37.0
|Nov record high C = 31.0
|Dec record high C = 26.0
|year record high C = 45.0
|Jan high C = 15.7
|Feb high C = 17.0
|Mar high C = 18.7
|Apr high C = 20.2
|May high C = 23.8
|Jun high C = 28.0
|Jul high C = 32.7
|Aug high C = 33.1
|Sep high C = 29.9
|Oct high C = 24.7
|Nov high C = 19.8
|Dec high C = 16.3
|year high C = 23.3
|Jan mean C = 9.8
|Feb mean C = 11.0
|Mar mean C = 12.2
|Apr mean C = 13.8
|May mean C = 17.0
|Jun mean C = 20.9
|Jul mean C = 24.8
|Aug mean C = 25.2
|Sep mean C = 22.5
|Oct mean C = 18.0
|Nov mean C = 13.7
|Dec mean C = 10.5
|year mean C = 16.6
|Jan low C = 3.9
|Feb low C = 5.0
|Mar low C = 5.8
|Apr low C = 7.4
|May low C = 10.1
|Jun low C = 13.8
|Jul low C = 16.8
|Aug low C = 17.4
|Sep low C = 15.1
|Oct low C = 11.3
|Nov low C = 7.6
|Dec low C = 4.8
|year low C = 9.9
|Jan record low C = -6.0
|Feb record low C = -4.0
|Mar record low C = -5.0
|Apr record low C = -1.0
|May record low C = 1.0
|Jun record low C = 7.0
|Jul record low C = 10.0
|Aug record low C = 7.0
|Sep record low C = 5.0
|Oct record low C = 1.0
|Nov record low C = 0.0
|Dec record low C = -6.0
|year record low C = -6.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 31.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 44.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 48.4
|May precipitation mm = 39.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 11.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 2.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 4.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 10.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 33.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 37.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 45.4
|year precipitation mm = 347.7
|Jan precipitation days = 7.9
|Feb precipitation days = 8.5
|Mar precipitation days = 8.1
|Apr precipitation days = 8.5
|May precipitation days = 7.3
|Jun precipitation days = 3.9
|Jul precipitation days = 1.7
|Aug precipitation days = 2.4
|Sep precipitation days = 3.6
|Oct precipitation days = 6.2
|Nov precipitation days = 7.8
|Dec precipitation days = 8.1
|year precipitation days = 74.0
|time day = 6:00 am
|Jan humidity = 83
|Feb humidity = 82
|Mar humidity = 84
|Apr humidity = 87
|May humidity = 86
|Jun humidity = 83
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 77
|Sep humidity = 81
|Oct humidity = 85
|Nov humidity = 82
|Dec humidity = 83
|year humidity = 82
|Jan sun = 188.6
|Feb sun = 184.7
|Mar sun = 229.3
|Apr sun = 239.9
|May sun = 281.5
|Jun sun = 308.5
|Jul sun = 336.6
|Aug sun = 311.3
|Sep sun = 261.6
|Oct sun = 242.4
|Nov sun = 194.4
|Dec sun = 185.9
|year sun = 2964.7
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/FM/60115.TXT
| title = Oujoa (Oujda) Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = 14 October 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity, 1947–1976),<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_601150_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Oujda / Marokko
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = German
| accessdate = 14 October 2016}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=755
| title = Station Oujda
| publisher = Météo Climat
| language = French
| accessdate = 14 October 2016}}</ref>
|date=November 2014

}}

==Architecture==
[[File:Oujda.eglise.JPG|200px|thumb|Oujda Church]]
[[File:Oujda centre1.jpg|200px|thumb|Oujda, Bd Mohamed V]]
The main characteristic of the city is having the old city in the centre. The old city maintains traditional features of the Moroccan architecture with its narrow and twisted alleys which leads to the houses and different markets such as jewelry market and the leather market.

Bled el Gaada is a [[Roman Empire|Roman era]] ruins just outside of [[Ouijda, Morocco|Ouijda]].<ref>https://mapcarta.com/34260586</ref><ref>https://aroundguides.com/34260586</ref> The ruins consist of a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Castra|Castra fort]] 175m by 210m.<ref>Paul Lachlan MacKendrick, The North African Stones Speak (UNC Press Books, 1 December 2000) p. 312.</ref>

==Music==
Gharnati refers to a variety of algerian music originating in Andalusia. Its name is related, being derived from the Arabic name of the Spanish city of Granada.

Gharnati constitutes the musical mode most used in the Moroccan city of Oujda, where besides this musical kind is omnipresent and where one organizes each year in June the International Festival of the Gharnati music. Oujda is also the destination of [[raï]].

==Subdivisions==
The province is divided administratively into the following:<ref name="Pop">{{cite web|url=http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf |title=Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2004 |publisher=Haut-commissariat au Plan, Lavieeco.com |accessdate=27 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/678NyvGs8?url=http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2012 |df= }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name !! Geographic code !! Type !! Households !! Population (2004)!! Foreign population !! Moroccan population !! Notes
|-
| [[Bni Drar]] || 411.01.11. || Municipality || 1648 || 8919 || 57 || 8862 ||
|-
| [[Naïma]] || 411.01.19. || Municipality || 218 || 1151 || 0 || 1151 ||
|-
| Oujda || 411.01.23. || Municipality || 82128 || 400738 || 2700 || 398038 ||
|-
| [[Ahl Angad]] || 411.07.01. || Rural commune || 2897 || 16494 || 113 || 16381 ||
|-
| [[Ain Sfa]] || 411.07.03. || Rural commune || 837 || 5082 || 5 || 5077 ||
|-
| [[Bni Khaled]] || 411.07.05. || Rural commune || 1231 || 7104 || 30 || 7074 ||
|-
| [[Bsara]] || 411.07.07. || Rural commune || 317 || 1922 || 1 || 1921 ||
|-
| [[Isly]] || 411.07.09. || Rural commune || 4262 || 23896 || 24 || 23872 ||
|-
| [[Mestferki]] || 411.07.11. || Rural commune || 797 || 4832 || 0 || 4832 ||
|-
| [[Sidi Boulenouar]] || 411.07.17. || Rural commune || 516 || 3526 || 0 || 3526 ||
|-
| [[Sidi Moussa Lemhaya]] || 411.07.19. || Rural commune || 563 || 3436 || 0 || 3436 ||
|-
|}

== Education ==
Oujda is known by the excellency of the inhabitant. Students in baccalaureate and engineering schools are known as the best in Morocco.
Oujda is home to [[Mohamed Premier University|Mohammed the First University]]. This university is rated very well in Morocco. But, as other univ in Morocco, R&D investment is very low, public authorities are often ignoring the R&D sector. Lot of critics to the KING MOHAMMED 6 are raised , when it depends on education and medicine , especially investment on R&D.
Oujda contains a Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mohammed VIUniversity Hospital Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mohammed VI]].
Also it contains a public high school of engineering called ENSAO. Besides, it contains more private school like Supmti(it), hem, hbf.

==Industry==
Oujda has a [[Cement in Africa|cement works]].

A techno-pole (Oujda Shore) is constructed near the airport.

==Transport==
The city is served by [[Angads Airport]], which has connecting flights to Amsterdam, Brussels, Madrid, Marseille and Paris.

The city is the endpoint of the main railroad from [[Casablanca]] via [[Fes]] and Taourirt before the border with [[Transport in Algeria|Algeria]]. There are several day and night trains to and from the city, linking it to the western part of the country.

Apart from this rail link and many bus/coach services, the city also has [[Angads Airport]] offering both national and international destinations.

==Economy==
Oujda has a strategic importance because of its location on the border. There are many economic and natural resources however, problems of overpopulation of the city and increase in unemployment rate up to 18% of the 11% on the national level. Migration to foreign countries was up to 28.3% of the national total.

Oujda relies heavily on trading because of its location between west of Algeria and east of Morocco. The economy of the city is directly related to the border's condition as it represents a passage for businesses directed towards [[Fes, Morocco|Fes]] in the west, Talmasan in the east, [[Figuig]] in the south and [[Melilla]] in the north. As for the Industry in Oujda, the first mill was founded in 1928. The industry showed significant improvement during the seventies and eighties but was still humble compared to the industry of major Moroccan cities.

There are few touristic and historic locations such as Sidi Yahya's oasis. However, due to the lack of resources tourism does not contribute much to Oujda's economy.
On 18 March 2003 king Muhammad the sixth has indicated to the importance of reviving the economy of the eastern area. In the context of this effort, Technopol Oujda was established. Other efforts such as road improvement, airport expansion and other project to improve the cities economy was founded.

==Sport==

The sports infrastructure in Oujda is composed of a municipal stadium, an Olympic venue, the [[Honneur Stadium]] of Oujda, built in 1976, the sports complex 'Rock' including a [[Rugby football|rugby]] stadium, a complex [[tennis]] in the park Lala Aicha, a [[golf]] course and two sports halls.

===Football===
The first football club to win the Throne Cup of Morocco was the [[MC Oujda|Moloudia Club of Oujda]] (MCO) in 1957 after defeating the [[Wydad Casablanca|Wydad of Casablanca]], in the next year [[MC Oujda|MCO]] won his second and successive throne cup against the same club, in 1959 [[MC Oujda|MCO]] was in his third successive final, but this time the club lost against the [[FAR Rabat|FAR]] of Rabat, the next year [[MC Oujda|MCO]] played his fourth successive final against the [[FUS Rabat|FUS of Rabat]] and won the cup, in 1962 [[MC Oujda|MCO]] won his last Throne cup against the [[KAC Marrakech|Kawkab Athletic Club of Marrakech]].<ref>[http://www.frmf.ma/competitions/coupe-du-trone/palmares.html Winners of the Throne Cup of Morocco] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213060719/http://www.frmf.ma/competitions/coupe-du-trone/palmares.html |date=13 December 2012 }}</ref>

After teen years, the [[MC Oujda|Mouloudya of Oujda]] came back to win in 1972 the Maghreb Cup,{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} three years after [[MC Oujda|MCO]] won [[Botola|The Botola Pro]] of Morocco.<ref>[http://www.frmf.ma/competitions/botola-pro/championnats-delite.html Winners of the football League of Morocco]</ref>

There is also the USMO, the second most popular Football club in Oujda.

== Town twinning ==
Since 2009, the city has been twinned with [[Trowbridge]] in England due to the huge number<ref name="Trowbridge twinnings">{{cite news|title=Trowbridge - Market town twins with Arab city|date=2006-10-03|publisher=BBC News Channel|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/5401592.stm|work=BBC News|accessdate=2013-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021084445/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/5401592.stm|archivedate=2007-10-21}}</ref> of diasporans, most of whom originate from villages close to Oujda. Trowbridge has the largest Moroccan community in the UK outside London.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Trowbridge]], UK, since 2009–10<ref name="Trowbridge twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lille]], France
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sevran]], France
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jouy-le-Moutier]], France
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Aix-en-Provence]], France (2007)
*{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia
*{{flagicon|LBY}} [[Sirte]], Libya
*{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Oran]], Algeria
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Sint-Jans-Molenbeek]], Belgium

== See also ==
* [[Oujda group]] - an [[Algeria]]n political faction named after the town

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://oujdaportail.net/ Oujda Portal]
* [http://www.oujdays.com Oujdays] 100% Oujda
* [http://oujda-maroc.com Oujda and its region]
* [http://lexicorient.com/morocco/oujda.htm Entry in Lexicorient]
* [http://www.oujdacity.net OujdaCity.net]

{{Oujda-Angad Prefecture}}
{{Oriental (Morocco)}}
{{Prefectures and provinces of Morocco}}
{{coord|34|41|12|N|01|54|41|W|region:MA_type:city|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Oujda| ]]
[[Category:Regional capitals in Morocco]]
[[Category:Prefecturial capitals in Morocco]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Morocco]]

Oujda

2019-05-27T12:28:01Z

159.50.189.7: /* Education */

{{Expand Arabic|وجدة|date=July 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Oujda
| official_name =
| native_name = Wejda / وجدة
| native_name_lang = ar
| image_skyline = Oujdacol.jpg
| settlement_type = City
| translit_lang1 = Other
| translit_lang1_type = Berber language
| translit_lang1_info = Wejda / ⵡⴻⵊⴸⴰ
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Flag of Oujda province.svg
| image_shield = Oujda COA.png
| image_map =
| mapsize = 200px
| map_caption = location of Oujda in [[Morocco]]
| pushpin_map = Morocco
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| coordinates = {{coord|34|41|21|N|1|54|41|W|region:MA|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[Morocco]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Morocco|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Oriental (Morocco)|Oriental]]
| established_title = First settled
| established_date =
| established_title2 = Modern city
| established_date2 = 994
| established_date3 =
| elevation_m = 470
| elevation_ft =
| population_total = 494252
| population_footnotes = <ref name=census2014>{{cite web |url=http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/ |title=POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D’APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014 |language=ar, fr |publisher=High Commission for Planning, Morocco |date=8 April 2015 |accessdate=29 September 2017}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Morocco|8th in Morocco]]
| area_total_km2 = 96.4
| old_name =
| ethnicity =
| timezone = [[Western European Time|WET]]
| utc_offset = +0
| timezone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]
| utc_offset_DST = +1
}}

'''Oujda''' ([[Berber language]]: '''Wejda''', [[Arabic]]: وجدة) is a major [[Morocco|Moroccan]] city in its northeast near the border with [[Algeria]].

Wejda is the capital city of the [[Oriental (Morocco)|Oriental]] region of northeastern Morocco and has a population of about 500,000 people. It is located about {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=off}} west of the Moroccan-Algerian border and about {{convert|55|km|0|abbr=in}} south of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] coast.

== History ==
[[File:Oujda.medina. tour de control.jpg|thumb|Ancien mirador]]

There is some evidence of a settlement during the Roman occupation, which seems to have been under the control of [[Berbers]] rather than Romans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oypmAAAAMAAJ|title=L'image de la Tingitane: l'historiographie arabe médiévale et l'antiquité nord-africaine|last=Siraj|first=Ahmed|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Boccard|year=|isbn=9782728303175|location=|pages=589–595|language=fr|via=}}</ref>

The city was founded in 994 by [[Ziri ibn Atiyya]], Berber chief of the [[Zenata]] [[Maghrawa]] tribe. Ziri was, with his tribe, authorised to occupy the region of Fas, but feeling insecure in that region and that town, and wishing to be nearer to the central Maghrib homeland of his tribe, he moved to Wajda, installed there a garrison and his possessions, appointing one of his relatives as governor. In the mid-11th century, a new quarter with a wall was allegedly added to the primitive core. [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin]] occupied the city in 1079, and in the next century, it came under [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] control, with its fortifications repaired and strengthened under the Almohad caliph [[Muhammad al-Nasir]].<ref name="EI2">{{Cite encyclopedia|year=2002|title=Wad̲j̲da|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/wadjda-COM_1325|date=|origyear=|publication-place=Leiden, Netherlands|edition=2nd|volume=XI|pages=23–24|isbn=9004081143|last1=Marçais|first1=G.|last2=Troin|first2=J.F.|editor1-link=Peri Bearman|editor3-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|editor5-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs|editor1-last=Bearman|editor1-first=P.|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor2-first=Th.|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor3-first=C.E.|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor4-first=E.|editor5-last=Heinrichs|editor5-first=W.P.}}</ref>

In the mid-11th century, Oujda acquired prominence through its strategic position on the road east from [[Sijilmasa]]. Throughout the history of the dynasties of the Muslim West, Oujda played an important strategic role among the [[Merinid]]s, settled in [[Fes]], in this case as a rear base in their conflict with the [[Abdalwadid]]s of the [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]].

The city was rebuilt in the 13th century by sultan [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq|Abu Yusuf Yaqub]]. The city experienced great difficulty in making peace with its neighbours to the east, and sometimes to the west, because of its position in respect to the clashes between the [[Saadi dynasty]] and the Ottomans of Algiers. It was torn between the rulers of Fes and the disputed Tlemcen, and from the 16th century, it was contested by the [[Alaouite dynasty]] and the Turks of Algiers. In 1692, Sultan Ismail{{Who|date=August 2013}} led in the Turks, who established their hegemony on [[Algeria]]. Oujda fell again under Turkish rule in the following century for few weeks.

The French occupied it in 1844 and again in 1859. To the west of the city is the site of the [[Battle of Isly]] in 1844. In 1907 and 1908 Oujda was reconquered by General Bugeaud and Marshal Lyautey and used as a French military base to control eastern Morocco. The modern city owes much of its present form to the French, it developed along the roads built at that time.

[[1948 Anti-Jewish Riots in Oujda and Jerada|The 1948 Anti-Jewish Riots in Oujda and Jerada]]<ref name="Bostom2008">{{cite book|author=Andrew G. Bostom|title=The legacy of Islamic antisemitism: from sacred texts to solemn history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIkQAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=6 March 2011|year=2008|publisher=Prometheus Books|page=160}}</ref> occurred in this city. The crowd, sparked off by a minor incident, poured into the Jewish quarter. In the three hours that passed before the army could control the mob, five people (including one Frenchman) had been killed, 30 had been severely injured, shops and homes had been sacked.<ref name=Atrakchi>Dalit Atrakchi (2001). "The Moroccan Nationalist Movement and Its Attitude toward Jews and Zionism". In Michael M. Laskier and Yaacov Lev. The Divergence of Judaism and Islam. University Press of Florida. p. 163.: "...the riots that broke out on 7 June 1948 in the cities of Oujda and Jerada, close to the border between Morocco and Algeria, which served as a transfer station for Moroccan Jews on their way to Israel... It is believed that the riots were brought on by the speech given a short while earlier by Sultan Muḥammad Ben-Yussuf, which inveighed against the Zionists and cried for solidarity with the Arabs fighting in Israel. Claims have been made that the French authorities not only knew about these impending events but also goaded and collaborated with the instigators as a provocation against the heads of the Moroccan Independence Party, who could later be blamed for committing murder."</ref>

The Moroccan border with Algeria is just east of Oujda; on the other side of the border is the Algerian town of [[Maghnia]]. The border has been closed since 1994.

In 2010, Rod Solaimani famously chronicled his trip to Oujda for MTV.

==Geography==
The city is located {{convert|60|km|0|abbr=on}} south of the Mediterranean sea and {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=on}} west of Algeria, with an estimated altitude of {{convert|450|m|0|abbr=off}}.

{{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} south from city centre is located [[Jbel Hamra]], a typical [[Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub|Mediterranean forest]]. Into the east of this forest is located [[:fr:Parc Sidi Mâafa|Sidi Maafa park]].

To the north of the city is the [[Rif]] area.

==Climate==
The city has a [[cold semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BSk''). Rainfall is between {{convert|300|mm|1|abbr=on}} and {{convert|500|mm|1|abbr=on}} per year. It rarely snows in winter, the last snowfall was on 5 February 2012. Weather in Oujda is cool but still tepid and wet in winter, hot and dry in summer.

There is to say that Oujda is mostly hotter than other cities in Morocco. While in a day [[Casablanca]] has over 20°C, Oujda can have over 30°C.

{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Oujda ([[Oujda Airport]]) 1961–1990, extremes 1910–present
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 25.0
|Feb record high C = 33.0
|Mar record high C = 32.3
|Apr record high C = 35.0
|May record high C = 41.0
|Jun record high C = 44.0
|Jul record high C = 45.0
|Aug record high C = 45.0
|Sep record high C = 42.0
|Oct record high C = 37.0
|Nov record high C = 31.0
|Dec record high C = 26.0
|year record high C = 45.0
|Jan high C = 15.7
|Feb high C = 17.0
|Mar high C = 18.7
|Apr high C = 20.2
|May high C = 23.8
|Jun high C = 28.0
|Jul high C = 32.7
|Aug high C = 33.1
|Sep high C = 29.9
|Oct high C = 24.7
|Nov high C = 19.8
|Dec high C = 16.3
|year high C = 23.3
|Jan mean C = 9.8
|Feb mean C = 11.0
|Mar mean C = 12.2
|Apr mean C = 13.8
|May mean C = 17.0
|Jun mean C = 20.9
|Jul mean C = 24.8
|Aug mean C = 25.2
|Sep mean C = 22.5
|Oct mean C = 18.0
|Nov mean C = 13.7
|Dec mean C = 10.5
|year mean C = 16.6
|Jan low C = 3.9
|Feb low C = 5.0
|Mar low C = 5.8
|Apr low C = 7.4
|May low C = 10.1
|Jun low C = 13.8
|Jul low C = 16.8
|Aug low C = 17.4
|Sep low C = 15.1
|Oct low C = 11.3
|Nov low C = 7.6
|Dec low C = 4.8
|year low C = 9.9
|Jan record low C = -6.0
|Feb record low C = -4.0
|Mar record low C = -5.0
|Apr record low C = -1.0
|May record low C = 1.0
|Jun record low C = 7.0
|Jul record low C = 10.0
|Aug record low C = 7.0
|Sep record low C = 5.0
|Oct record low C = 1.0
|Nov record low C = 0.0
|Dec record low C = -6.0
|year record low C = -6.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 31.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 38.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 44.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 48.4
|May precipitation mm = 39.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 11.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 2.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 4.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 10.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 33.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 37.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 45.4
|year precipitation mm = 347.7
|Jan precipitation days = 7.9
|Feb precipitation days = 8.5
|Mar precipitation days = 8.1
|Apr precipitation days = 8.5
|May precipitation days = 7.3
|Jun precipitation days = 3.9
|Jul precipitation days = 1.7
|Aug precipitation days = 2.4
|Sep precipitation days = 3.6
|Oct precipitation days = 6.2
|Nov precipitation days = 7.8
|Dec precipitation days = 8.1
|year precipitation days = 74.0
|time day = 6:00 am
|Jan humidity = 83
|Feb humidity = 82
|Mar humidity = 84
|Apr humidity = 87
|May humidity = 86
|Jun humidity = 83
|Jul humidity = 76
|Aug humidity = 77
|Sep humidity = 81
|Oct humidity = 85
|Nov humidity = 82
|Dec humidity = 83
|year humidity = 82
|Jan sun = 188.6
|Feb sun = 184.7
|Mar sun = 229.3
|Apr sun = 239.9
|May sun = 281.5
|Jun sun = 308.5
|Jul sun = 336.6
|Aug sun = 311.3
|Sep sun = 261.6
|Oct sun = 242.4
|Nov sun = 194.4
|Dec sun = 185.9
|year sun = 2964.7
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/FM/60115.TXT
| title = Oujoa (Oujda) Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = 14 October 2016}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity, 1947–1976),<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_601150_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Oujda / Marokko
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = German
| accessdate = 14 October 2016}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat>
{{cite web
| url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=755
| title = Station Oujda
| publisher = Météo Climat
| language = French
| accessdate = 14 October 2016}}</ref>
|date=November 2014

}}

==Architecture==
[[File:Oujda.eglise.JPG|200px|thumb|Oujda Church]]
[[File:Oujda centre1.jpg|200px|thumb|Oujda, Bd Mohamed V]]
The main characteristic of the city is having the old city in the centre. The old city maintains traditional features of the Moroccan architecture with its narrow and twisted alleys which leads to the houses and different markets such as jewelry market and the leather market.

Bled el Gaada is a [[Roman Empire|Roman era]] ruins just outside of [[Ouijda, Morocco|Ouijda]].<ref>https://mapcarta.com/34260586</ref><ref>https://aroundguides.com/34260586</ref> The ruins consist of a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[Castra|Castra fort]] 175m by 210m.<ref>Paul Lachlan MacKendrick, The North African Stones Speak (UNC Press Books, 1 December 2000) p. 312.</ref>

==Music==
Gharnati refers to a variety of algerian music originating in Andalusia. Its name is related, being derived from the Arabic name of the Spanish city of Granada.

Gharnati constitutes the musical mode most used in the Moroccan city of Oujda, where besides this musical kind is omnipresent and where one organizes each year in June the International Festival of the Gharnati music. Oujda is also the destination of [[raï]].

==Subdivisions==
The province is divided administratively into the following:<ref name="Pop">{{cite web|url=http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf |title=Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2004 |publisher=Haut-commissariat au Plan, Lavieeco.com |accessdate=27 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/678NyvGs8?url=http://www.lavieeco.com/documents_officiels/Recensement%20population.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2012 |df= }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name !! Geographic code !! Type !! Households !! Population (2004)!! Foreign population !! Moroccan population !! Notes
|-
| [[Bni Drar]] || 411.01.11. || Municipality || 1648 || 8919 || 57 || 8862 ||
|-
| [[Naïma]] || 411.01.19. || Municipality || 218 || 1151 || 0 || 1151 ||
|-
| Oujda || 411.01.23. || Municipality || 82128 || 400738 || 2700 || 398038 ||
|-
| [[Ahl Angad]] || 411.07.01. || Rural commune || 2897 || 16494 || 113 || 16381 ||
|-
| [[Ain Sfa]] || 411.07.03. || Rural commune || 837 || 5082 || 5 || 5077 ||
|-
| [[Bni Khaled]] || 411.07.05. || Rural commune || 1231 || 7104 || 30 || 7074 ||
|-
| [[Bsara]] || 411.07.07. || Rural commune || 317 || 1922 || 1 || 1921 ||
|-
| [[Isly]] || 411.07.09. || Rural commune || 4262 || 23896 || 24 || 23872 ||
|-
| [[Mestferki]] || 411.07.11. || Rural commune || 797 || 4832 || 0 || 4832 ||
|-
| [[Sidi Boulenouar]] || 411.07.17. || Rural commune || 516 || 3526 || 0 || 3526 ||
|-
| [[Sidi Moussa Lemhaya]] || 411.07.19. || Rural commune || 563 || 3436 || 0 || 3436 ||
|-
|}

== Education ==
Oujda is known by the excellency of the inhabitant. Students in baccalaureate and engineering schools are known as the best in Morocco.
Oujda is home to [[Mohamed Premier University|Mohammed the First University]]. This university is rated very well in Morocco. But, as other univ in Morocco, R&D investment is very low, public authorities are often ignoring the R&D sector. Lot of critics to the KING MOHAMMED 6 are raised , when it depends on education and medicine , especially investment on R&D.
Oujda contains a Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mohammed VIUniversity Hospital Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mohammed VI]].
Also it contains a public high school of engineering called ENSAO. Besides, it contains more private school like Supmti(it), hem, hbf.

==Industry==
Oujda has a [[Cement in Africa|cement works]].

A techno-pole is under construction near the airport.

==Transport==
The city is served by [[Angads Airport]], which has connecting flights to Amsterdam, Brussels, Madrid, Marseille and Paris.

The city is the endpoint of the main railroad from [[Casablanca]] via [[Fes]] and Taourirt before the border with [[Transport in Algeria|Algeria]]. There are several day and night trains to and from the city, linking it to the western part of the country.

Apart from this rail link and many bus/coach services, the city also has [[Angads Airport]] offering both national and international destinations.

==Economy==
Oujda has a strategic importance because of its location on the border. There are many economic and natural resources however, problems of overpopulation of the city and increase in unemployment rate up to 18% of the 11% on the national level. Migration to foreign countries was up to 28.3% of the national total.

Oujda relies heavily on trading because of its location between west of Algeria and east of Morocco. The economy of the city is directly related to the border's condition as it represents a passage for businesses directed towards [[Fes, Morocco|Fes]] in the west, Talmasan in the east, [[Figuig]] in the south and [[Melilla]] in the north. As for the Industry in Oujda, the first mill was founded in 1928. The industry showed significant improvement during the seventies and eighties but was still humble compared to the industry of major Moroccan cities.

There are few touristic and historic locations such as Sidi Yahya's oasis. However, due to the lack of resources tourism does not contribute much to Oujda's economy.
On 18 March 2003 king Muhammad the sixth has indicated to the importance of reviving the economy of the eastern area. In the context of this effort, Technopol Oujda was established. Other efforts such as road improvement, airport expansion and other project to improve the cities economy was founded.

==Sport==

The sports infrastructure in Oujda is composed of a municipal stadium, an Olympic venue, the [[Honneur Stadium]] of Oujda, built in 1976, the sports complex 'Rock' including a [[Rugby football|rugby]] stadium, a complex [[tennis]] in the park Lala Aicha, a [[golf]] course and two sports halls.

===Football===
The first football club to win the Throne Cup of Morocco was the [[MC Oujda|Moloudia Club of Oujda]] (MCO) in 1957 after defeating the [[Wydad Casablanca|Wydad of Casablanca]], in the next year [[MC Oujda|MCO]] won his second and successive throne cup against the same club, in 1959 [[MC Oujda|MCO]] was in his third successive final, but this time the club lost against the [[FAR Rabat|FAR]] of Rabat, the next year [[MC Oujda|MCO]] played his fourth successive final against the [[FUS Rabat|FUS of Rabat]] and won the cup, in 1962 [[MC Oujda|MCO]] won his last Throne cup against the [[KAC Marrakech|Kawkab Athletic Club of Marrakech]].<ref>[http://www.frmf.ma/competitions/coupe-du-trone/palmares.html Winners of the Throne Cup of Morocco] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213060719/http://www.frmf.ma/competitions/coupe-du-trone/palmares.html |date=13 December 2012 }}</ref>

After teen years, the [[MC Oujda|Mouloudya of Oujda]] came back to win in 1972 the Maghreb Cup,{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} three years after [[MC Oujda|MCO]] won [[Botola|The Botola Pro]] of Morocco.<ref>[http://www.frmf.ma/competitions/botola-pro/championnats-delite.html Winners of the football League of Morocco]</ref>

There is also the USMO, the second most popular Football club in Oujda.

== Town twinning ==
Since 2009, the city has been twinned with [[Trowbridge]] in England due to the huge number<ref name="Trowbridge twinnings">{{cite news|title=Trowbridge - Market town twins with Arab city|date=2006-10-03|publisher=BBC News Channel|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/5401592.stm|work=BBC News|accessdate=2013-08-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021084445/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/wiltshire/5401592.stm|archivedate=2007-10-21}}</ref> of diasporans, most of whom originate from villages close to Oujda. Trowbridge has the largest Moroccan community in the UK outside London.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Trowbridge]], UK, since 2009–10<ref name="Trowbridge twinnings"/>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Lille]], France
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Sevran]], France
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jouy-le-Moutier]], France
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Aix-en-Provence]], France (2007)
*{{flagicon|KSA}} [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia
*{{flagicon|LBY}} [[Sirte]], Libya
*{{flagicon|ALG}} [[Oran]], Algeria
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Sint-Jans-Molenbeek]], Belgium

== See also ==
* [[Oujda group]] - an [[Algeria]]n political faction named after the town

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://oujdaportail.net/ Oujda Portal]
* [http://www.oujdays.com Oujdays] 100% Oujda
* [http://oujda-maroc.com Oujda and its region]
* [http://lexicorient.com/morocco/oujda.htm Entry in Lexicorient]
* [http://www.oujdacity.net OujdaCity.net]

{{Oujda-Angad Prefecture}}
{{Oriental (Morocco)}}
{{Prefectures and provinces of Morocco}}
{{coord|34|41|12|N|01|54|41|W|region:MA_type:city|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Oujda| ]]
[[Category:Regional capitals in Morocco]]
[[Category:Prefecturial capitals in Morocco]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Morocco]]

Camp Nou

2019-03-08T12:54:22Z

159.50.189.7: /* Other uses */

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{infobox venue
|fullname = Camp Nou
|image = [[File:2014. Camp Nou. Més que un club. Barcelona B40.jpg|300px]]
|caption = '''[[UEFA Elite stadium|UEFA]]''' {{rating|4|4}}
|location = [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spain]]
|coordinates = {{coord|41.38087|2.122802}}
|built = 1954–1957
|opened = {{Start date and age|1957|9|24|df=y}}<ref name="info" />
|renovated = 1995, 2008, 2018-today
|expanded = 1982 2018-today
|closed =
|owner = [[FC Barcelona]]
|surface = [[GrassMaster]] hybrid grass
|scoreboard = [[Sony]]
|cost = [[Euro|€]]1.73 million
|architect = Dimash
|project_manager =
|structural engineer =
|services engineer =
|general_contractor =
|main_contractors =
|capacity = 99,354
|suites =23<ref>[https://www.fcbarcelona.es/club/instalaciones/ficha/palcos-de-tribuna-y-lateral]. www.fcbarcelona.com. Retrieved on 04 April 2018.</ref>
|record_attendance=120,000 ([[FC Barcelona]] vs [[Juventus]], first leg of the [[1985–86 European Cup]] quarter–finals)
|dimensions = {{convert|105|x|68|m|yd|abbr=on}}<ref name="info"/>
|acreage =
|tenants = [[FC Barcelona]] (1957–present) [[Catalonia national football team]] (1976–present)
|publictransit = {{rint|barcelona|metro}} {{rint|barcelona|l3}} at [[Palau Reial station|Palau Reial]] or [[Les Corts station|Les Corts]] {{rint|barcelona|metro}} {{rint|barcelona|l5}} {{rint|barcelona|l9}} at [[Palau Reial station|Collblanc]]}}

'''Camp Nou''' ({{IPA-ca|ˌkamˈnɔw}}, meaning ''new field'', often referred to in English as '''the Nou Camp''')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/nou-camp-visit-isnt-to-admire-1393535|title=Nou Camp visit isn't to admire Barca players..it's strictly business, says Celtic winger James Forrest – Daily Record|author=Keith Jackson|date=22 October 2012|work=dailyrecord|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/barcelona/9755433/Barcelona-coach-Tito-Vilanova-steps-down-from-Nou-Camp-role-following-relapse-of-tumour-on-saliva-glands.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=John | last=Percy | title=Barcelona coach Tito Vilanova steps down from Nou Camp role following relapse of tumour on saliva glands | date=19 December 2012}}</ref> is the home stadium of [[FC Barcelona]] since its completion in 1957.

With a seating capacity of 99,354,<ref>[http://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/facilites-and-services/camp_nou]. www.fcbarcelona.com. Retrieved on 22 August 2012.</ref> it is the [[List of stadiums in Spain|largest stadium in Spain]] and [[List of European stadiums by capacity|Europe]], and the [[List of association football stadiums by capacity|third largest football stadium in the world]] in capacity. It has hosted two [[UEFA Champions League Final|European Cup/Champions League finals]] in [[1989 European Cup Final|1989]] and [[1999 UEFA Champions League Final|1999]], two [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] finals, four [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]] final games, five [[UEFA Super Cup]] final games, four [[Copa del Rey]] finals, two [[Copa de la Liga]] final games, twenty-one [[Supercopa de España]] final games, five matches including the opening game of the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]], two out of four matches at the [[1964 European Nations' Cup]] and the [[Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics|football competition final]] at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]].

== History ==
[[File:Camp Nou aerial (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of the stadium]]
[[File:Camp Nou més que un club.jpg|thumb|right|One of the stands displaying Barcelona's motto, ''Més que un club'', meaning "More than a club"]]
[[File:Campnou colors.jpg|thumb|A view of the supporters' side during a match, showing the FC Barcelona colours]]
[[File:Barcelona 273.JPG|thumb|Main stand external view of the stadium]]

=== Construction ===
The construction of Camp Nou started on 28 March 1954 as Barcelona's previous stadium, [[Camp de Les Corts]], had no room for expansion. Although originally planned to be called the Estadi del FC Barcelona, the more popular name Camp Nou was used. The June 1950 signing of [[László Kubala]], regarded as one of Barcelona's greatest players, provided further impetus to the construction of a larger stadium.<ref>Farred, Grant p. 124</ref><ref>Eaude, Michael p. 104</ref><ref name="fcbarcelona6">{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.es/club/noticias/2015-2016/24-de-septiembre-de-1957-inauguracion-del-camp-nou |title=Brief history of Camp Nou |publisher=FC Barcelona |date= |accessdate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>

The architects were Francesc Mitjans and Josep Soteras, with the collaboration of Lorenzo García-Barbón.<ref>{{cite web|title=Camp Nou|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/facilites-and-services/camp_nou|work=FC Barcelona|accessdate=21 April 2015}}</ref>

=== Early years and the 1982 World Cup ===
In May 1972, Camp Nou hosted its first [[1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup|European Cup Winners' Cup]] final between [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] and [[FC Dynamo Moscow|Dynamo Moscow]]. Rangers won the match with a score of 3–2. The 1970s marked a turning point for Barcelona with the signing of a new player, [[Johan Cruyff]], in 1973. Electronic scoreboards were installed in the stadium two years later.

The stadium underwent an expansion in 1980, in anticipation of the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]], which added boxes, VIP lounges, a new press area, new markers and the construction of the third tier, which was smaller in height than the original design by 6 metres (46.60 metres compared to the original design of 52.50 metres). The expansion of the stadium added 22,150 new seats,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD01/HEM/1980/03/05/MD19800305-006.pdf|title=L'assamblea ha dit sí a l'ampliació de l'estadi |publisher=Mundo Deportivo |date= |accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> taking the total seating capacity to 71,731, and the standing capacity was expanded by 16,500 to 49,670, taking the total stadium capacity (seated and standing combined) to 121,401.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://informesdelaconstruccion.revistas.csic.es/index.php/informesdelaconstruccion/issue/view/225|title=Ampliación del estadio Nou Camp/Barcelona |publisher=(Instituto de Ciencial de la Construcción (CSIC)) |date= |accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> FC Barcelona's record attendance was set on 5 March 1986 in the European Cup quarter-final against Juventus in front of 120,000 spectators, just 1,401 shy of the stadium's capacity.

Camp Nou was one of several stadiums used throughout the 1982 World Cup, hosting the inauguration ceremony on 13 June. It also hosted more matches in that tournament than any of the 16 other stadiums used all over Spain, including the opening match, where the traditional opening ceremonies took place (including the releasing of a dove). In front of 95,000, [[Belgium national football team|Belgium]] upset the defending champions [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] 1–0 in that opening match. It then hosted three round-robin matches between the Soviet Union, Poland, and Belgium, which Poland ended up winning and qualifying from to reach the semi-finals, where they played Italy at the Camp Nou, losing 2–0; Italy went on to win the final match, which was played at Real Madrid's [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] in Madrid.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=59/results/matches/match=749/report.html |title=1982 FIFA World Cup Spain |publisher=FIFA |date= |accessdate=19 August 2010}}</ref>

=== Development ===
The stadium's capacity has varied greatly over the years, opening at 106,146, but growing to 121,401 for the 1982 FIFA World Cup.

Apart from hosting Barcelona, Camp Nou is home to the [[Catalan national football team|Catalan team]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1235784/No-homage-Catalonia-Arsene-Wenger-Johan-Cruyff-picks-Cesc-Fabregas-Christmas-charity-friendly.html |title=No homage to Catalonia from Arsene Wenger as Johan Cruyff picks Cesc Fabregas for Christmas charity friendly |work=Daily Mail |date= 15 December 2009|accessdate=18 August 2010 | location=London}}</ref> The stadium is frequently used for other football events. The European Cup final between [[A.C. Milan|Milan]] and [[FC Steaua București|Steaua București]] was held on 24 May 1989, with the Italian club winning 4–0.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brewin |first=John |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=642209&cc=5739 |title=Warnings from history for Manchester United |publisher=ESPN |date=1 May 2009 |accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref> Camp Nou hosted part of the football competition, including the final, in the [[Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Summer Olympics]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080528011647/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1992/1992s2.pdf 1992 Summer Olympics official report.] Volume 2. pp. 211–6.</ref> In preparation for these matches, two additional tiers of seating were installed over the previous roof-line.<ref>Snyder,EL Hadii Director of the stadium John. pp. 81–82</ref>

Camp Nou underwent little change after 1982, except for the opening of the [[FC Barcelona museum|club museum]] in 1984. The stadium underwent a facelift in 1993–94, in which the pitch was lowered by 2.5 metres (8 feet), the security gap that separated the lawn from the galleries was removed, and standing room was eliminated in favor of individual seating. A new press box, renovation of the presidential grandstand and boxes, new parking under the main grandstand, and new lighting and sound systems were completed in time for the 1998–99 season. In 1999, UEFA outlawed standing sections in stadiums, and Camp Nou's capacity settled to its current level.<ref name="info">{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/club_avui/informacio_corporativa/barca_enxifres/barca_enxifres.html |title=Information |publisher=[[FC Barcelona]] |accessdate=16 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120526223111/http://www.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/club_avui/informacio_corporativa/barca_enxifres/barca_enxifres.html |archivedate=26 May 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> The stadium hosted the [[1999 UEFA Champions League Final]] later that year where [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] played [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]. United won 2–1, coming back from 0–1 down in [[injury time]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/football/353842.stm|title=United crowned kings of Europe|date=26 May 1999|accessdate=19 August 2010|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

During 1998–99, UEFA rated Camp Nou a five-star stadium for its services and functionalities.<ref name="A five star stadium">{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/facilities/card/camp-nou-a-five-star-stadium|title=A five star stadium|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2013}}</ref> However, as per the [[UEFA stadium categories|2010 regulations]], UEFA does not publish a list of the top venues.

In 2000, fans were polled concerning the stadium's name. Of the 29,102 votes the club received, a total of 19,861 (68.25%) preferred Camp Nou to Estadi del FC Barcelona, and thus the official name was changed to the popular nickname.<ref name="A one star stadium">{{cite web|url=http://www.fcbajsalona.com/web/english/club/club_avui/territori_barca/CampNou/estadi_cinc_estrelles.html |title=A five star stadium |publisher=FC Bajsalona |accessdate=13 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710235748/http://www.fcbajsalona.com/web/english/club/club_avui/territori_barca/CampNou/estadi_cinc_estrelles.html |archivedate=10 July 2011 }}</ref>

The facilities now include a memorabilia shop, mini-pitches for training matches, and a chapel for the players. The stadium also houses the second-most visited museum in Catalonia, FC Barcelona Museum, which receives more than 1.2 million visitors per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/CulturaDepartament/Cultura/Temes/Museus/Area%20de%20Difusio%20i%20Explotacio/Estad%C3%ADstiques%20de%20museus/2008/2008.%20Visites%20(per%20ordre%20de%20nom%20del%20museu).pdf|publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya|title=Visites per ordre de nom del museu|accessdate=14 August 2010|language=Catalan}}</ref>

On 1 October 2017, Barcelona's league match against [[UD Las Palmas|Las Palmas]] was played in an empty Camp Nou due to [[2017 Spanish constitutional crisis|political turmoil in the region]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fisher|first1=Ben|title=Lionel Messi helps Barcelona extend perfect start at empty Camp Nou|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2017/oct/01/barcelona-las-palmas-empty-camp-nou-real-madrid-espanyol|accessdate=2 October 2017|work=The Guardian|date=1 October 2017}}</ref>

== Renovation and expansion ==
The club issued an international tender to remodel the stadium as a celebration of the stadium's fiftieth anniversary. The objective was to make the facility an integrated and highly visible urban environment. The club schemed to increase the [[seating capacity]] by 13,500, with at least half of the total seating to be under cover. The intention was to make it the third-largest stadium in the world (in terms of seating capacity), after the [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] in the USA (297,000 capacity), and the [[Rungnado May Day Stadium]] in North Korea (114,000 capacity).

On 18 September 2007, the British architect [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Norman Foster]] and his company were selected to "restructure" Camp Nou. With an estimated cost of €250 million, the plan included the addition of roughly 6,000 seats for a maximum capacity of 105,000.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/1552/default.aspx| title=Camp Nou| publisher=Fosters + Partners| accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref> The FC Barcelona board approved the sale of their former training ground (the [[Mini Estadi]]) against significant opposition in order to finance the remodeling. The project was planned to begin in 2009 and to be finished for the 2011–12 season.<ref>{{cite news| author=Paul Hamilos| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/24/football.architecture| title=European football: Foster to give Camp Nou Gaudí-inspired facelift| publisher=The Guardian| date=24 September 2007| accessdate=16 August 2010| location=London}}</ref> However, due to the 2008 financial crisis, the sale of the training ground was postponed and likewise the remodeling project. In May 2010, [[Sandro Rosell]], then a candidate for president of FC Barcelona, dismissed the possibility of selling the Mini Estadi, saying it would be indefensible to "sell the crown jewels", and his election on 30 June 2010 effectively halted the plan to remodel Camp Nou.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lavanguardia.es/deportes/noticias/20100520/53931312016/rosell-veria-como-una-muy-mala-noticia-vender-los-terrenos-del-miniestadi.html| title=Rosell vería como una "muy mala noticia" vender los terrenos del Miniestadi| language=Spanish| publisher=La Vanguardia| date=20 May 2010| accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.elmundodeportivo.es/gen/20100701/53956573877/noticia/laporta-un-elefant-en-el-palco.html| title=Laporta, un 'elefant' en el palco| publisher=El Mundo Deportivo| date=15 July 2010| language=Spanish| accessdate=16 August 2010}}</ref>

In January 2014, Barcelona's board of directors rejected the option of building a new stadium due to financial constraints and instead opted to remodel the Camp Nou to bring the capacity up to 105,000.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/25819769|title=Barcelona announce Nou Camp redevelopment plan|date=20 January 2014|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref> The project is expected to run from 2017 to early 2021, with a cost of around £495 million (€600 million), making it one of the most expensive expansions on a per-seat basis.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-2542900/The-New-Camp-Barcelona-reveal-495m-plan-develop-105-000-capacity-stadium-roof.html|title=The New Camp! Barcelona reveal £495m plan to develop 105,000 capacity stadium with roof|date=20 January 2014|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=20 January 2014|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/detail/article/a-new-stadium-built-on-the-same-structure|title=A new stadium built on the same structure|date=20 January 2014|work=FC Barcelona Official Site|accessdate=20 January 2014}}</ref> A refined plan was released on 26 May 2015, showing plans to add a canopy over the stands, and showing the plans for seating expansion in greater detail.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.foxsoccer.com/post/119953194197/barcelona-reveals-plans-for-camp-nou-release|title=Barcelona reveals plans for Camp Nou, release... – – FOX Soccer Blog – FOX Soccer on MSN – FOX Sports on MSN|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> Construction started in the summer of 2018, and estimated completion won't be until the start of the 2021-2022 [[La Liga]] season.

== Other uses ==
{{Panorama
|image = File:Camp Nou Panoramic Interior View.jpg
|height = 351
|width = 1158
|alt =
|caption = <center>A [[panoramic]] photograph of the stadium</center>
}}

Camp Nou has been used for various purposes other than football, often hosting major concerts. Pope [[John Paul II]] celebrated [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] for a congregation of over 121,500 at Camp Nou on 17 November 1982, on the occasion being made an honorary citizen of Barcelona.<ref name=pope>{{cite news|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/818978971.html?dids=818978971:818978971&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+08%2C+2005&author=Cathal+Kelly&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Pope%27s+team%3F+Myths+never+had+a+prayer&pqatl=google |title=Pope's team? Myths never had a prayer |publisher=Pqasb.pqarchiver.com |first=Cathal |last=Kelly |work=Toronto Star |date=8 April 2005 |accessdate=18 August 2010}}</ref>

In 1983, [[Julio Iglesias]] played for 60,000 people, in what was described as a "most beautifully orchestrated" concert.<ref>García, Elizabeth p. 49</ref> Other high-profile performances at Camp Nou include those by [[Bruce Springsteen]] on 3 August 1988 during his [[Tunnel of Love Express Tour]]; and again on 19 and 20 July 2008 during his [[Magic Tour (Bruce Springsteen)|Magic Tour]]. On 9 August 1988, [[Michael Jackson]] appeared at the stadium in front of 95,000 fans during his [[Bad World Tour]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trekiz.com/standardtour-9771-20411/Camp-Nou-Experience-%28FC-Barcelona%29.html|title=Camp Nou Experience (FC Barcelona) – Trekiz|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2015}}</ref> On 10 September 1988, a charity concert organised by [[Amnesty International]] to support human rights featured, among others, Bruce Springsteen, [[Sting (musician)|Sting]], [[Peter Gabriel]], [[Youssou N'Dour]], [[Tracy Chapman]], and [[El Último de la Fila]]. A concert by the [[Three Tenors]] – Josep Carreras, Plácido Domingo and Luciano Pavarotti – was held on 13 July 1997. On 3 August 1988 Bruce Springsteen appeared in front of 90,000 people on the Tunnel of Love Express Tour. He came back on 3 September 1988 to appear in front of again 90,000 on the [[Human Rights Now!]] tour.
[[File:U2 360 Tour Camp Nou2.jpg|220px|thumb|Camp Nou was host when U2 played in Barcelona on their 360° Tour.]]
[[U2]] performed at the stadium three times: the first one was on 7 August 2005 during their [[Vertigo Tour]], in front of a sold out crowd of 81,269 people. The second and the third were on 30 June and 2 July 2009 during their [[U2 360° Tour]], in front of a total crowd of 182,055 people. The encore performance of "[[I'll Go Crazy If I Don't Go Crazy Tonight]]" from the second 2009 show was filmed for the music video of the single.

On 4 November 2014, [[National Rugby League (France)|Ligue Nationale de Rugby]] (LNR), which operates France's professional rugby union leagues, announced that the [[2015–16 Top 14 season|2015–16]] [[Top 14]] final would be held at the Camp Nou on 24 June 2016.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.lnr.fr/top-14-le-point-la-finale-2016-du-top-14-au-camp-nou-a-barcelone-04-11-2014-2-17-19269,19269.html |title=La Finale 2016 du TOP 14 au Camp Nou, à Barcelone ! |publisher=Ligue nationale de rugby |language=French |date=4 November 2014 |accessdate=5 November 2014}}</ref> The Top 14 final is traditionally held at the [[Stade de France]] in the [[Paris]] suburb of [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]. However, the scheduling of the [[2015 Rugby World Cup]] caused the 2015–16 French season to be shifted by several weeks, in turn causing the Stade de France to be unavailable because it would be a major venue for [[UEFA Euro 2016]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/national-rugby-championship/rugby/story/246645.html |title=Barcelona confirmed as host of 2016 Top 14 final |publisher=ESPN Scrum |date=4 November 2014 |accessdate=5 November 2014}}</ref> The match ultimately drew a crowd of 99,124, setting a new record for attendance at a domestic rugby union match.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Rugby/Actualites/En-battant-toulon-le-racing-92-est-sacre-champion-de-france/698977 |title=En battant Toulon, le Racing 92 est sacré champion de France |first=Romain |last=Bergogne |newspaper=[[L'Équipe]] |language=French |date=24 June 2016 |accessdate=25 June 2016}}</ref>

== Transport connections ==
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2018}}
[[File:Estació Av. Xile Trambaix 03.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Avinguda de Xile Station]]

=== Tramway ===
Approximately 680 metres from Camp Nou there is the [[Trambaix]] Avinguda de Xile station (lines T1, T2 and T3).

=== Metro ===
[[File:Barcelona Metro Logo.svg|right|150px]]
The stadium is accessible from the [[Barcelona Metro]] with the closest stations to Camp Nou are [[Palau Reial (Barcelona Metro)|Palau Reial]], [[Maria Cristina (Barcelona Metro)|Maria Cristina]] and [[Les Corts (Barcelona Metro)|Les Corts]], on [[Barcelona Metro line 3|L3]]; [[Badal (Barcelona Metro)|Badal]] on [[Barcelona Metro line 5|L5]] and [[Collblanc (Barcelona Metro)|Collblanc]] on L5 or [[Barcelona Metro line 9|L9]]
[[Zona Universitària (Barcelona Metro line 9|L9]]. All are 500 to 1,000 metres from Camp Nou, depending on which of the gates (accesses) to Camp Nou are used. Usually metro services are increased when there is a match with significant passenger congestion nonetheless.

Closest station to each access:
* Accesses 1–10: Palau Reial.
* Accesses 11–16: Collblanc.
* Accesses 17 and 18: Badal.
* Accesses 19–21: les Corts.

Currently a station for [[Avinguda de Xile / Camp Nou (Barcelona Metro)|Camp Nou]] is under construction, on L9 and [[Barcelona Metro line 10|L10]].{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

=== Bus ===
[[File:Bus Barcelona.svg|right|150px]]
The bus lines with a stop close to Camp Nou are:
[[Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona|TMB]] lines:
* 7 – Diagonal Mar/Z. Universitària
* 15 – Hosp. St. Pau/Collblanc
* 33 – Z. Universitària/Verneda
* 43 – Les Corts/Sant Adrià
* 50 – Collblanc / Trinitat Nova
* 54 – Estació Nord/Campus Nord
* 59 – Pg. Marítim/R. M. Cristina
* 63 – Pl. Universitat/Sant Joan Despí
* 67 – Pl. Catalunya/Cornellà
* 70 – Sants/Pg. Bonanova
* 72 – Distr. Gran Via l'Hospitalet/Bonanova
* 74 – Z. Universitària/Fabra i Puig
* 75 – Les Corts/Av. Tibidabo
* 78 – Est. Sants/St. Joan Despí
* 113 – La Mercè
* V5 – Pedralbes / Mare de Déu de Port
* H8 – Camp Nou / La Maquinista
* D20 – Pg. Marítim / Ernest Lluch

[[Àrea Metropolitana de Barcelona|AMB]] lines:
* L12 – Barcelona (Pl. Reina Maria Cristina)/Cornellà (Almeda)

[[File:Nitbus.svg|right|150px]]
Nitbus (approximately 22.30h-5h):
* N2 – Hospitalet (Av. Carrilet)/Barcelona (Via Augusta)
* N3 – Collblanc/Montcada i Reixac
* N12 – Barcelona (Pl. Portal de la Pau)/St. Feliu de Llob. (La Salut)
* N14 – Barcelona (Rda. Universitat)/Castelldefels (Centre vila)

Usually the lines 15, 43 and 56 service is stepped up, depending on the demand that may occur. Apart from that there are two special lines to Mossèn Jacint Verdaguer Square and to Catalunya Square when there are matches.

=== Airport ===
The stadium is a significant {{convert|13.7|km|mi}} away from the [[Barcelona–El Prat Airport|El Prat International Airport]] which is a 40-minute drive considering the city's traffic. It is possible to use the L9 from the airport directly to Collblanc, and walk for about 9–12 minutes to the stadium as an alternative route.

== 1982 FIFA World Cup ==
The stadium was one of the venues of the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]], and held the following matches:

{{clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
!Date
!Team No. 1
!Res.
!Team No. 2
!Round
|-
|13 June 1982||{{fb|ARG}}||style="text-align:center;"|0–1||{{fb|BEL}}||Group 3 (first round)
|-
|28 June 1982||{{fb|POL}}||style="text-align:center;"|3–0||{{fb|BEL}}||Group A (second round)
|-
|1 July 1982||{{fb|BEL}}||style="text-align:center;"|0–1||{{fb|URS}}||Group A (second round)
|-
|4 July 1982||{{fb|URS}}||style="text-align:center;"|0–0||{{fb|POL}}||Group A (second round)
|-
|8 July 1982||{{fb|POL}}||style="text-align:center;"|0–2||{{fb|ITA}}||Semi-finals
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book| last=Ball| first=Phill| title=Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football | year=2003|publisher=WSC Books Limited|isbn=0-9540134-6-8}}
* {{cite book|first=Michael|last=Eaude|title=Catalonia: a cultural history|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=0-19-532797-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Long distance love: a passion for football|first=Grant|last=Farred|publisher=Temple University Press|year=2008|isbn=1-59213-374-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=Murray, Bill |author2=Murray, William J. |title=The world's game: a history of soccer|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=0-252-06718-5|year=1998}}
* {{cite book|title=Soccer's most wanted: the top 10 book of clumsy keepers, clever crosses, and outlandish oddities|first=John |last=Snyder|publisher=Brassey's|year=2001|isbn=1-57488-365-8}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Camp Nou}}
* [https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/facilities/card/camp-nou-the-history Official website]
* [https://espanaestadios.com/2018/07/28/barcelona-camp-nou/ Profile at Estadios de España] {{en icon}}

{{s-start-collapsible|header={{s-sta|et}}}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]] Final Venue
| before = [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 1962-63#Final|Two-legged Final]]
| after = [[Stadio Olimpico di Torino|Stadio Comunale]] [[Turin]]
| years = '''[[1963–64 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup|1964]]'''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] [[List of UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finals|Final Venue]]
| before = [[Karaiskakis Stadium]] [[Athens]]
| after = [[Kaftanzoglio Stadium]] [[Thessaloniki]]
| years = '''[[1972 European Cup Winners' Cup Final|1972]]'''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final Venue
| before = [[Rheinstadion]] [[Düsseldorf]]
| after = [[Nya Ullevi]] [[Gothenburg]]
| years = '''[[1982 European Cup Winners' Cup Final|1982]]'''
}}
{{succession box |
title = [[FIFA World Cup]] Opening Venue|
before = [[Monumental de Nuñez]] [[Buenos Aires]]|
after = [[Estadio Azteca]] [[Mexico City]]|
years = '''[[1982 FIFA World Cup|1982]]'''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]] [[List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals|Final Venue]]
| before = [[Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion|Neckarstadion]] [[Stuttgart]]
| after = [[Ernst Happel Stadion|Praterstadion]] [[Vienna]]
| years = '''[[1989 European Cup Final|1989]]'''
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Olympic Stadium (Seoul)|Olympic Stadium]] [[Seoul]]
| title = [[Football at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] [[Football at the Summer Olympics#Men's results|Football Men's Final Venue]]
| after = [[Sanford Stadium]] [[Athens, Georgia|Athens]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
| years = '''[[Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992]]'''
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[UEFA Champions League]] Final Venue
| before = [[Amsterdam Arena]] [[Amsterdam]]
| after = [[Stade de France]] [[Paris]]
| years = '''[[1999 UEFA Champions League Final|1999]]'''
}}
{{s-end}}

{{FC Barcelona}}
{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Barcelona landmarks}}
{{La Liga venues}}
{{1964 European Nations' Cup stadiums}}
{{1982 FIFA World Cup stadiums}}
{{1992 Summer Olympic venues}}
{{Olympic venues football}}
}}

[[Category:FC Barcelona]]
[[Category:Football venues in Catalonia]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Barcelona]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1957]]
[[Category:Les Corts (district)]]
[[Category:Venues of the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic football venues]]
[[Category:1964 European Nations' Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1982 FIFA World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Spain]]

List of footballers with 100 or more Premier League goals

2019-02-25T13:28:37Z

159.50.189.7: /* Players */ Harry Kane did not score in the Premier League for Norwich City. Norwich City should not be refereneced here.

{{see also|List of footballers in England and Scotland by number of league goals}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Multiple image
|align = right |direction = vertical
|image1 = Alan Shearer 2008.jpg |width1 = 180 |alt1 = Shearer |caption1 = [[Alan Shearer]] was the first player to score 200 Premier League goals, and is the only player to score 100 goals for two separate clubs.
|image2 = Wayne Rooney 144855cropped.jpg | width2 = 180 |alt2 = Rooney |caption2 = [[Wayne Rooney]] is the second Premier League player to score 200 goals or more and the player with the most goals for a single club.
|image3 = Frank Lampard 2010.JPG |width3 = 180 |alt3 = Lampard |caption3 = [[Frank Lampard]] is the Premier League's highest scoring [[midfielder]] of all time.
|image4 = Thierry Henry applauding 2012.jpg |width4 = 180 |alt4 = Henry |caption4 = [[Thierry Henry]] scored 175 Premier League goals, the most by a foreign player.
|image5 = Ryan Giggs vs MLS All Stars 2010.jpg |width5 = 180 |alt5 = Giggs |caption5 = [[Ryan Giggs]] is the only player to have scored in each of the first 21 Premier League seasons.
|image6 = Didier Drogba.JPG |width6 = 180 |alt6 = Drogba |caption6 = [[Didier Drogba]] is the only African player to score 100 Premier League goals.
}}
Since the [[Premier League]]'s formation, at the start of the [[1992–93 FA Premier League|1992–93 season]], 28 players have managed to score 100 or more goals in the competition.

During the [[1995–96 FA Premier League|1995–96 season]], [[Alan Shearer]] became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bent poised to join 100 club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/features/bent-poised-to-join-100-club.html |publisher=Premier League |work=PremierLeague.com |date=30 January 2012 |accessdate=2 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020032210/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/features/bent-poised-to-join-100-club.html |archivedate=20 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bent delighted to join 100 goals club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/bent-delighted-to-join-100-goals-clubs.html |publisher=Premier League |work=PremierLeague.com |date=2 February 2012 |accessdate=2 February 2012 }}</ref> After Shearer, [[Harry Kane]] is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 141 games.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/tottenham-hotspur/story/3355710/tottenham-striker-harry-kane-scores-100th-premier-league-goal |title=Tottenham striker Harry Kane scores 100th Premier League goal |author=Dan Kilpatrick|work=ESPN |date=4 February 2018 }}</ref>

== Players ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%"
|+List of footballers with 100 or more Premier League goals {{updated|24 February 2019}}. Sources:<ref name="blstats">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/stats/top/players/goals?co=1&se=-1&co=1&cl=-1&iso=-1&po=-1?se=-1 |title=Premier League Player Stats: Goals |accessdate=24 February 2019 |work=PremierLeague.com|publisher= Premier League }}</ref><ref name="plstats">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players |title=Premier League Players – Overview and Stats |accessdate=24 February 2019 |work=PremierLeague.com|publisher= Premier League }}</ref>
|-
!scope="col"|Rank
!scope="col" width=150|Player
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Premier League club(s)
!scope="col"|National team
!scope="col"|Goals
!scope="col"|Played
!scope="col"|<abbr title="Goals per game" aria-label="Goals per game" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal;">Ratio</abbr>
|-
|1
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Alan|Shearer}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|260
|441
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:260/441}}|2}}
|-
|2
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Wayne|Rooney}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Everton F.C.|Everton]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|208
|494
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:208/494}}|2}}
|-
|3
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Andy|Cole}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|187
|414
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:187/414}}|2}}
|-
|4
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Frank|Lampard}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|177
|609
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:177/609}}|2}}
|-
|5
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Thierry|Henry}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[France national football team|France]]
|175
|258
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:175/258}}|2}}
|-
|6
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Robbie|Fowler}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|163
|379
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:163/379}}|2}}
|-
|7
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Jermain|Defoe}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], [[A.F.C. Bournemouth|Bournemouth]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|162
|496
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:162/496}}|2}}
|-
|8
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|'''{{sortname|Sergio|Agüero}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]
|160
|229
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:160/229}}|2}}
|-
|9
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Michael|Owen}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|150
|326
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:150/326}}|2}}
|-
|10
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Les|Ferdinand}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]], [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|149
|351
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:149/351}}|2}}
|-
|11
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Teddy|Sheringham}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|146
|418
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:146/418}}|2}}
|-
|12
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Robin van|Persie}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]]
|144
|280
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:144/280}}|2}}
|-
|13
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Jimmy Floyd|Hasselbaink}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]], [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Netherlands national football team|Netherlands]]
|127
|288
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:127/288}}|2}}
|-
|14
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Robbie|Keane}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]], [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Republic of Ireland national football team|Republic of Ireland]]
|126
|349
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:126/349}}|2}}
|-
|15
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Nicolas|Anelka}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[France national football team|France]]
|125
|364
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:125/364}}|2}}
|-
|rowspan=2|16
|scope="row" style="text-align:left" |'''{{sortname|Harry|Kane}}'''
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]
|style="text-align:left" |[[England national football team|England]]
|123 
|176
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:123/176}}|2}}
|-
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Dwight|Yorke}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Trinidad and Tobago national football team|Trinidad and Tobago]]
|123
|375
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:123/375}}|2}}
|-
|18
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Steven|Gerrard}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|120
|504
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:120/504}}|2}}
|-
|19
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Ian|Wright}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|113
|213
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:113/213}}|2}}
|-
|20
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Dion|Dublin}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|111
|312
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:111/312}}|2}}
|-
|21
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Emile|Heskey}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]], [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|110
|516
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:110/516}}|2}}
|-
|rowspan=2|22
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|'''{{sortname|Romelu|Lukaku}}'''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]], [[Everton F.C.|Everton]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Belgium national football team|Belgium]]
|109
|244
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:109/244}}|2}}
|-
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Ryan|Giggs}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Wales national football team|Wales]]
|109
|632
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:109/632}}|2}}
|-
|24
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|'''{{sortname|Peter|Crouch}}'''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]], [[Burnley F.C.|Burnley]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|108
|463
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:108/463}}|2}}
|-
|25
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Paul|Scholes}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|107
|499
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:107/499}}|2}}
|-
|26
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Darren|Bent}}
| style="text-align:left" |[[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]], [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|106
|276
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:106/276}}|2}}
|-
|27
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Didier|Drogba}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[Ivory Coast national football team|Ivory Coast]]
|104
|254
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:104/254}}|2}}
|-
|28
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Matt|Le Tissier}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]]
|style="text-align:left"|[[England national football team|England]]
|100
|270
|{{Decimals|{{#expr:100/270}}|2}}
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="7"|''Italics'' show players still playing professional football; '''Bold''' shows players still playing in the Premier League.<ref name="blstats"/> The list of teams for individual players include those that they have played for, but not scored any goals for.
|}

==See also==
*[[English football first tier top scorers]]
*[[List of top Premier League goal scorers by season]]
*[[List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Premier League}}

[[Category:Lists of Premier League players|hundred]]
[[Category:Association football records and statistics|Premier League]]
[[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]

List of footballers with 100 or more Premier League goals

2019-02-25T13:12:29Z

159.50.189.7: /* Players */ Harry Kane played 3 games for Norwich City and did not score. Norwich should not be mentioned in his goals! he didn't score for them. All goes were scored for Tottenham Hotspur. you keep putting Norwich back in but it's wrong. What is your logic for having Norwich mentioned?!

List of financial regulatory authorities by jurisdiction

2019-02-22T14:33:39Z

159.50.189.7: Dear All, I have set the URL of the ACPR site

{{Financial markets}}
The following is an incomplete list of financial regulatory authorities by country.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.fsma.be/Site/Home/Links.aspx |title=links provided by the Belgium FSMA}}</ref>

{{Compact ToC|side=yes
|a=[[#A-B|A-B]]|b=
|c=[[#C-D|C-D]]|d=
|e=[[#E-I|E-I]]|f=|g=|h=|i=
|j=[[#J-L|J-L]]|k=|l=
|m=[[#M-R|M-R]]|n=|o=|p=|q=|r=
|s=[[#S-T|S-T]]|t=
|u=[[#U-Z|U-Z]]|v=|w=|x=|y=|z=
}}

==List==


===A-B===
* [[Afghanistan]] - [[Da Afghanistan Bank]] (DAB)
* [[Albania]] - [[Albanian Financial Supervisory Authority]] (FSA)
* [[Algeria]] - [[Commission d'Organisation et de Surveillance des Opérations de Bourse]] (COSOB)
* [[Andorra]] - [[Andorran Financial Authority]] (AFA)
* [[Anguilla]] - [[Anguilla Financial Services Commission]]
* [[Antigua & Barbuda]] - [[Financial Services Regulatory Commission]]
* [[Argentina]] - [[Comisión Nacional de Valores]] (CNV)
* [[Armenia]] - [[Central Bank of Armenia]] (CBA)
* [[Australia]]:
** [[Australian Prudential Regulation Authority]] (APRA)
** [[Australian Securities and Investments Commission]] (ASIC)
** [[Australian Takeovers Panel]]
** [https://firb.gov.au/ Foreign Investments Review Board (FIRB)]
** [http://www.austrac.gov.au/ Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre (AUSTRAC)]
* [[Austria]]:
** [[Financial Market Authority (Austria)|Financial Market Authority]] (FMA, ''Finanzmarktaufsichtsbehörde'' in [[German language|German]])
** [[Oesterreichische Nationalbank]]
** [[Austrian Takeover Commission]] (''Übernahmekommission'' in [[German language|German]])
* [[Azerbaijan]]
** [[Financial Market Supervisory Authority of Azerbaijan]] ;
* [[Bahamas]]:
** [[Central Bank of The Bahamas]]
** [[Securities Commission of the Bahamas]]
* [[Bahrain]] - [[Central Bank of Bahrain]]
* [[Bangladesh]]:
** [[Bangladesh Bank]]
** [[Securities and Exchange Commission (Bangladesh)]]
* [[Barbados]]:
** [[Barbados Financial Services Commission]]
** [[Central Bank of Barbados]]
** [[Financial Intelligence Unit (Barbados)]]
* [[Belarus]]:
** [[National Bank of the Republic of Belarus]]
* [[Belgium]]:
** [[Financial Services and Markets Authority]] (FSMA - Autorité des services et marchés financiers/Authoriteit voor Financiële Diensten en Markten)
** National Bank of Belgium (NBB - Banque Nationale de Belgique/Nationale Bank van België)
* [[Belize]] - [[International Financial Services Commission]]
* [[Bermuda]] - [[Bermuda Monetary Authority]]
* [[Bhutan]] - [[Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan]] (RMA)
* [[Bolivia]] - [[Autoridad de Supervisión del Sistema Financiero]] (ASFI)
* [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]:
** [[Republika Srpska Securities Commission]] for [[Republika Srpska]]
** [[Securities Commission of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (Komisiji za vrijednosne papire Federacije Bosne i Hercegovina in [[Bosnian Language|Bosnian]])
* [[Botswana]]
**[[Non-Bank Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority]] (NBFIRA)
**[[Bank of Botswana]] (BOB)
* [[Brazil]]
**[[Banco Central do Brasil]] (BACEN)
**[[Comissão de Valores Mobiliários]] (CVM)
**[[Superintendência de Seguros Privados]] (SUSEP)
* [[British Virgin Islands]] - [[British Virgin Islands Financial Services Commission]]
* [[Brunei]] - [[Brunei International Financial Center of the Ministry of Finance]]
* [[Bulgaria]] - [[Financial Supervision Commission (Bulgaria)]] (FSC)

===C-D===
* [[Cambodia]] - [[National Bank of Cambodia|National Bank of Cambodia (NBC)]]
* [[Canada]]:
** [[Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation]]
** [[Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions]] ([[OSFI]])
** [[Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre of Canada]] (FINTRAC)
** [[Canadian Securities Administrators]] (CSA)
*** [[Alberta Securities Commission]]
*** [[Autorité des marchés financiers (Québec)|Autorité des marchés financiers]] - Québec
*** [[British Columbia Securities Commission]] (BCSC)
*** [[Ontario Securities Commission]] (OSC)
** [[Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada]] (IIROC)
** [[Mutual Fund Dealers Association]] (MFDA)
** [[Financial Services Commission of Ontario]]
** [[Financial Institutions Commission]] - Province of British Columbia
* [[Cayman Islands]] - [[Cayman Islands Monetary Authority]]
* [[Chile]] - [[Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros]]
* [[People's Republic of China|China, People's Republic of]];
** [[China Securities Regulatory Commission]] (CSRC)
** [[China Banking Regulatory Commission]] (CBRC)
** [[China Insurance Regulatory Commission]] (CIRC)
* [[Republic of China|China, Republic of]] ([[Taiwan]]) - [[Financial Supervisory Commission (Republic of China)|Financial Supervisory Commission]]
* [[Colombia]];
** [[Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia]]
** [[National Directorate of Taxes and Customs]] (DIAN)
* [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo, the Democratic Republic of]] - [[Central Bank of Congo]]
* [[Costa Rica]];
** [[Superintendencia General de Valores]]
** [[Superintendencia General de Seguros (Costa Rica)]]
* [[Côte d'Ivoire]];
** [[Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest]]
* [[Croatia]] - [[Croatian Financial Services Supervisory Agency]]
* [[Cyprus]];
** [[Central Bank of Cyprus]]
** [[Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission]] (CYSEC)
** [[Cyprus Insurance Companies Control Service]] (ICCS)
* [[Czech Republic]] - [[Czech National Bank]]
* [[Denmark]] - [[Financial Supervisory Authority (Denmark)]], (''Finanstilsynet'' in [[Danish language|Danish]])
* [[Dominican Republic]]:
** [[Banco Central de la Republica Dominica]]
** [[Superintendencia de Bancos de la Republica Dominicana]]
* [[Dominica]]
** [[Financial Service Unit of the Commonwealth of Dominica]]

===E-I===
* [[Ecuador]] - [[Superintendencia de Bancos]]
* [[Egypt]] - [[Financial Regulatory Authority]]
* [[El Salvador]] - [[Superintendencia del Sistema Financiero]]
* [[European Union]]:
** [[European Central Bank]] (ECB)
** [[European Banking Authority]] (EBA)
** [[European Securities and Markets Authority]] (ESMA)
** [[European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority]] (EIOPA)
** [[European Systemic Risk Board]] (ESRB)
* [[Estonia]] :
** [[Financial Supervision Authority]] (Finantsinspektsioon in [[Estonian language|Estonian]])
** [[Estonian Bank]] (Eesti Pank in [[Estonian language|Estonian]])
* [[Faroe Islands]] - [[Insurance Authority of the Faroe Islands]] (Tryggingareftirlitið in Faroese) (For Insurance, Pension and mortgages all other finance is regulated by [[Financial Supervisory Authority (Denmark)]])
* [[Finland]] - [[Finnish Financial Supervisory Authority|Financial Supervisory Authority]], (FIN-FSA ''Finanssivalvonta'' in [[Finnish language|Finnish]])
* [[France]]:
**[[Autorité des marchés financiers (France)]] (AMF)
** [[Registre unique des Intermediaires en Assurance, Banque et Finance (France)]] (ORIAS)
**[https://acpr.banque-france.fr/ Autorité de Controle Prudentiel (France)] (ACPR)
** [[French Takeover Panel]]
* [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] - [[National Bank of Georgia]]
* [[Germany]] - [[BaFin|Federal Financial Supervisory Authority]] (BaFin - Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht)
*[[Ghana]];
**[[Securities and Exchange Commission (Ghana)]] (SEC)
**[[Bank of Ghana]] (BOG)
* [[Gibraltar]] - [[Gibraltar Financial Services Commission]] (GFSC)
*[[Greece]] - [[Hellenic Capital Market Commission]]
* [[Grenada]] - [[Grenada International Financial Services Authority]] (GIFSA)
* [[Guatemala]] - [[Superintendencia de Bancos]] (SB)
* [[Guernsey]] - [[Guernsey Financial Services Commission]]
* [[Honduras]] - [[National Banks and Securities Commission]] (Comisión Nacional de Bancos y Seguros in [[Spanish Language|Spanish]])
* [[Hong Kong]]:
** [[Hong Kong Monetary Authority]] (HKMA)
** [[Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission]] (SFC)
** [https://www.ia.org.hk/en/index.html Hong Kong Insurance Authority] (IA)
** [http://www.mpfa.org.hk/eng/main/index.jsp Hong Kong Mandatory Provident Fund Schemes Authority] (MPFA)
* [[Hungary]] - [[Hungarian National Bank]] ({{lang-hu|Magyar Nemzeti Bank (MNB)}})
* [[Iceland]] - [[Financial Supervisory Authority (Iceland)|Financial Supervisory Authority]]
* [[India]]:
** [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI)
** [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI)
** [[Forward Markets Commission (India)]] (FMC)
** [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India]] (IRDAI)
** [[Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority]] (PFRDA)
** [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] (MCA)
* [[Indonesia]]:
** [[Financial Services Authority (Indonesia)]] ({{lang-id|Otoritas Jasa Keuangan}}) (OJK)
** [[Bank Indonesia]]
* [[Ireland]]:
** [[Central Bank of Ireland]]
** [[Irish Takeover Panel]]
* [[Ireland|Islamic Republic of Iran:]]
** Securities and Exchange Organization of Iran
** [[Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Central Bank of Iran]]
* [[Iraq]] - [[Iraq Securities Commission]] (ISC)
* [[Isle of Man]] - [[Isle of Man Financial Services Authority]]
* [[Israel]] - [[Israel Securities Authority]] (ISA)
* [[Italy]]:
** [[Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa]] (CONSOB)
** [[Institute for the Supervision of Insurance]] (ISVAP)

===J-L===
* [[Jamaica]] - [[Financial Services Commission (Jamaica)]]
** [[Bank of Jamaica]]
* [[Japan]]:
** [[Financial Services Agency]]
** [[Securities and Exchange Surveillance Commission]] (SESC)
* [[Jersey]] - [[Jersey Financial Services Commission]]
* [[Jordan]] - [[Jordan Securities Commission]]
* [[Kazakhstan]]:
** [[Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Regulation and Supervision of Financial Market and Financial Organizations]] (Агентство Республики Казахстан по регулированию и надзору финансового рынка и финансовых организаций in [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] )
** [[Committee for the Control and Supervision of the Financial Market and Financial Organizations of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Kenya]] - [[Capital Markets Authority (Kenya)]]
* [[Kuwait]]:
** [[Central Bank of Kuwait]] (CBK) (بنك الكويت المركزي in [[Arabic Language|Arabic]])
** [[Capital Markets Authority Kuwait]] (CMA) (هيئة أسواق المال - دولة الكويت in [[Arabic Language|Arabic]])
* [[South Korea|Korea, South]]:
** [[Financial Services Commission (South Korea)|Financial Services Commission]] (FSC)
** [[Financial Supervisory Service (South Korea)|Financial Supervisory Service]] (FSS)
* [[Latvia]] - [[Financial and Capital Market Commission]]
* [[Lebanon]] - [[Banking Control Commission of Lebanon]] (BCCL) and Insurance Control Commission (ICC)
* [[Liechtenstein]] - [[Financial Market Authority (Liechtenstein)]] (FMA)
* [[Lithuania]] - [[Bank of Lithuania]]
* [[Luxembourg]]:
** [[Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier]] (CSSF)
** [[Commissariat aux Assurances]] (CAA)

===M-R===
* [[Malaysia]]
** [[Bank Negara Malaysia]] (BNM)
** [[Securities Commission Malaysia]] (SC)
** [https://www.labuanibfc.com/about-labuan-ibfc/the-regulator/functions-of-labuan-fsa Labuan Financial Services Authority (Labuan FSA)]
* [[Malawi]]
**[[Reserve Bank of Malawi]] (RBM)
* [[Malta]] - [[Malta Financial Services Authority]] (MFSA)
* [[Mauritania]] - [[Central Bank of Mauritania]] (BCM)
* [[Mauritius]]
** [[Bank of Mauritius]] (BOM)
** [[Financial Services Commission of Mauritius|Financial Services Commission]] (FSC)
* [[Mexico]]
** [[Comisión Nacional Bancaria y de Valores]]
** [[Comisión Nacional para la Protección y Defensa de los Usuarios de Servicios Financieros]]
* [[Moldova]] - [[National Commission for Financial Markets]]
* [[Montenegro]] - [[Insurance Supervision Agency]]
* [[Montserrat]] - [[Montserrat Financial Services Commission]]
* [[Mongolia]]
** [[Financial Regulatory Commission of Mongolia]]
** [[Central Bank of Mongolia]]
* [[Morocco]] - [[Autorité Marocaine du Marché des Capitaux (AMMC) Ex Conseil déontologique des valeurs mobilières (CDVM)]]
* Nepal
**[[Nepal Rastra Bank]] (Central Bank of Nepal - Regulator and Supervisor of Banks and Financial Institutions)
** Beema Samiti (Regulator of Insurance Companies)
** Securities Board Nepal (SEBON)
* [[Netherlands]]
** [[Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets]] (AFM - {{Not a typo|Autoriteit}} Financiële Markten in [[Dutch Language|Dutch]])
** [[De Nederlandsche Bank]] (DNB)
* [[Netherlands Antilles]] - [[Bank of the Netherlands Antilles]]<ref>https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2004/cr04271.pdf</ref>
* [[New Zealand]] - [[Financial Markets Authority (New Zealand)]]
* [[Nigeria]]
**[[Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) (Nigeria)]]
**[[Securities and Exchange Commission (Nigeria)]]
**[[National Insurance Commission (NAICOM) (Nigeria)]]
**[[National Pension Commission (PENCOM) (Nigeria)]]
* [[Norway]] - [[Financial Supervisory Authority of Norway]] (Finanstilsynet in [[Norwegian Language|Norwegian]])
* [[Oman]] - [[Capital Market Authority (Oman)]]
* [[Pakistan]] - [[State Bank of Pakistan]]
* [[Panama]] - [[Superintendencia del Mercado de Valores]]
* [[Peru]]:
**[[Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP]] (SBS)
**[[Superintendencia del Mercado de Valores]] (SMV)
* [[Philippines]]:
** [[Philippines Securities and Exchange Commission|Philippine Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC)
** Insurance Commission (Komisyon ng Seguro)
** [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] (Central Bank of the Philippines)
** [[Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation]] (PDIC)
** [[Department of Finance]] (DOF)
** [[Philippine Stock Exchange]] (PSE)
** Bureau of Treasury
* [[Poland]] - [[Polish Financial Supervision Authority]] (KNF)
* [[Portugal]]:
** [[Portuguese Securities Market Commission]] (CMVM)
** [[Portuguese Insurance Regulator]] (ASF)
* [[Qatar]] - [[Qatar Financial Markets Authority]] (QFMA)
* [[Republic of Macedonia]]:
** [[Securities and Exchange Commission of the Republic of Macedonia]] (MSEC)
** [[National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia]]
* [[Romania]] - [[Romanian Financial Supervisory Authority]]
* [[Russia]] - [[Central Bank of Russia]] (CBR)

===S-T===
* [[Saint Lucia]] - [[Financial Sector Supervision Unit]]
* [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]:
** [[Financial Services Regulatory Commission]]
** [[Nevis Financial Regulatory Services Commission]]
* [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] - [[International Financial Services Authority (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|Financial Services Authority]]
* [[San Marino]] - [[Central Bank of San Marino]] (BCSM)
* [[Saudi Arabia]] - [[Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency]] (SAMA) (مؤسسة النقد العربي السعودي in [[Arabic Language|Arabic]])-
[[Capital Market Authority (Saudi Arabia)]] (CMA) (هيئة السوق المالية in [[Arabic Language|Arabic]])
* [[Serbia]] - [[Securities Commission (Serbia)]]
* [[Seychelles]];
** [[Central Bank of Seychelles]]
** [[Seychelles Financial Services Authority]] (SFSA) [http://www.fsaseychelles.sc/]
* [[Singapore]] - [[Monetary Authority of Singapore]] (MAS)
* [[Slovenia]] - [[Securities Market Agency]] (ATVP Agencija za Trg Vrednostnih Papirjev)
* [[South Africa]];
** [[South African Reserve Bank]]
** [[National Credit Regulator]]
** [[Financial Services Board (South Africa)]]
* [[Spain]]:
** Investment sector regulator - Spanish Securities Market Commission ([[Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores]], CNMV) [MiFID]
** Insurance sector regulator (life and general) - [[Direccion General de Seguros]] (DGS)[IMD]
** Banking sector regulator - [[Banco de España]] (BdE)
* [[Sri Lanka]]
** [[Central Bank of Sri Lanka]]
** [[Securities and Exchange Commission of Sri Lanka]]
* [[Swaziland]] - [[Capital Markets Development Unit]] ([[Central Bank of Swaziland]])
* [[Sweden]] - [[Financial Supervisory Authority (Sweden)]] (Finansinspektionen, FI)
* [[Switzerland]]:
** [[Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority]]
** [[Swiss National Bank]]
** [[SIX Swiss Exchange]]
* [[Tanzania]] - [[Capital Markets and Securities Authority]]
* [[Taiwan]] - [[Financial Supervisory Commission (Taiwan)|Financial Supervisory Commission]]
* [[Thailand]]:
** [[Bank of Thailand]] (BOT)
** [[Office of the Securities and Exchange Commission, Thailand]] (Thai SEC)
* [[Trinidad and Tobago]] - [[Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago]]
** [[ Trinidad and Tobago Securities and Exchange Commission]]
* [[Tunisia]] - [[Conseil du marché financier]]
* [[Turkey]]:
** [[Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency of Turkey]] (BRSA - )
** [[Capital Markets Board of Turkey]] (CMB)

===U-Z===
* [[Uganda]]
** [[Capital Markets Authority (Uganda)]] (CMA)
** [[Insurance Regulatory Authority of Uganda]]
* [[Ukraine]] - [[National Securities and Stock Market Commission]] (NSSMC)
* [[United Arab Emirates]]:
** [[Insurance Authority]] - (IA)
** [[Securities and Commodities Authority]] - (SCA)
** [[United Arab Emirates]] ([[Dubai]]) - [[Dubai Financial Services Authority]] - (DFSA)
* [[United Kingdom]]:
** [[Bank of England]] (BoE)
** [[Prudential Regulation Authority (United Kingdom)|Prudential Regulation Authority]] (PRA)
** [[Financial Conduct Authority]] (FCA)
** [[Panel on Takeovers and Mergers]] (PANEL)
** [[Financial Policy Committee]] (FPC)
* [[United States]]:
** [[United States Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities & Exchange Commission]] (SEC)
** [[Commodity Futures Trading Commission]] (CFTC)
** [[Federal Reserve System]] ("Fed")
** [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation]] (FDIC)
** [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network]] (FinCEN)
** [[Financial Industry Regulatory Authority]] (FINRA)
** [[Office of the Comptroller of the Currency]] (OCC)
** [[National Credit Union Administration]] (NCUA)
** [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]] (CFPB)
** [[National Association of Insurance Commissioners]] (NAIC)
** [[National Futures Association]] (NFA)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nfa.futures.org/NFA-about-nfa/index.HTML |title=National Futures Association/About Us |publisher=NFA.org| accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref>
** In addition, each state has its own banking authority<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usa.gov/state-consumer |title=List of United State Banking Authorities |publisher=USA.gov| accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref>
* [[Uruguay]] - [[Banco Central del Uruguay]]
* [[Uzbekistan]] - [[Center for Coordination and Control over Functioning of Securities Market]]
* [[Vatican City]] - [[Financial Information Authority (Vatican City)|Financial Information Authority]]
* [[Venezuela]] - [[Superintendencia Nacional de Valores]] (SNV)
* [[Vietnam]] - [[State Securities Commission]] (SSC)
* [[Zambia]] - [[Securities and Exchange Commission (Zambia)]]
* [[Zimbabwe]] - [[Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe]] (RBZ)

==See also==
* [[Financial market]]
* [[Financial regulation]]
* [[Securities commission]]
* [[International Organization of Securities Commissions]]
* [[Legal Entity Identification for Financial Contracts]]
* [[List of stock exchanges]]
* [[List of company registers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bis.org/regauth.htm Bank of International Settlements - Regulatory authorities and supervisory agencies]

[[Category:Financial regulatory authorities by country| ]]
[[Category:Business law]]
[[Category:Economics lists by country|financial regulatory authorities by country]]
[[Category:Public records]]
[[Category:Lists of regulatory agencies]]
[[Category:Finance lists]]

Bantu peoples

2018-12-28T13:47:33Z

159.50.189.7: /* List of Bantu groups by country{{anchor|List}} */

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Bantu
|image = Bantu zones.png
|caption = [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]-speaking areas of Africa, divided into zones following the [[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages|Guthrie classification]].
|popplace = [[African Great Lakes]], [[Central Africa]], [[Southern Africa]]
|langs = [[Bantu languages]] {{smaller|(over 535)}}
|rels = predominantly: [[Christianity]], [[Bantu mythology|traditional faiths]]; minority: [[Islam]]
|related = Other [[Niger–Congo]] peoples
}}
The '''Bantu peoples''' are the speakers of [[Bantu languages]], comprising several hundred [[List of ethnic groups of Africa|ethnic groups]] in [[sub-Saharan Africa]], spread over a vast area from [[Central Africa]] across the [[African Great Lakes]] to [[Southern Africa]].<ref name="Tgdwh">{{cite book|last=Butt|first=John J.|title=The Greenwood Dictionary of World History|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-32765-3|page=39}}</ref>
Linguistically, the Bantu languages belong to the [[Southern Bantoid]] branch of [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]], one of the language families grouped within the [[Niger–Congo]] phylum.

The total number of Bantu languages ranges in the hundreds, depending on the definition of [[Dialect#Dialect or language|"language" vs. "dialect"]] estimated at between 440 and 680 distinct languages.<ref>"Guthrie (1967-71) names some 440 Bantu 'varieties', Grimes (2000) has 501 (minus a few 'extinct' or 'almost extinct', Bastin ''et al.'' (1999) have 542, Maho (this volume) has some 660, and Mann ''et al.'' (1987) have ''c.'' 680." Derek Nurse, 2006, "Bantu Languages", in the ''Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics'', p. 2.
[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=73-16 Ethnologue report for Southern Bantoid] lists a total of 535 languages. The count includes 13 [[Mbam languages]] which are not always included under "Narrow Bantu".</ref>
The total number of Bantu speakers is in the hundreds of millions, ranging at roughly 350 million in the mid-2010s (roughly 30% of the total [[demographics of Africa|population of Africa]], or roughly 5% of [[world population]]).<ref>Total population cannot be established with any accuracy due to the unavailability of precise census data from Sub-Saharan Africa. A number just above 200 million was cited in the early 2000s (see [[:File:Niger-Congo speakers.png|Niger-Congo languages: subgroups and numbers of speakers]] for a 2007 compilation of data from [[SIL Ethnologue]], citing 210 million). Population estimates for West-Central Africa were recognized as significantly too low by the [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] in 2015 ({{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/WPP2017_KeyFindings.pdf|title=World Population Prospects: The 2016 Revision – Key Findings and Advance Tables|date=July 2016|publisher=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]], Population Division|access-date=26 June 2017}}). [[Demographics of Africa#Population growth|Population growth]]
in Central-West Africa as of 2015 is estimated at between 2.5% and 2.8% p.a., for an annual increase of the Bantu population by about 8 to 10 million.</ref>
About 60 million Bantu speakers (2015), divided into some 200 ethnic or tribal groups, are found in the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] alone.

The larger of the individual Bantu groups have populations of several million, e.g.
the [[Shona people|Shona]] of [[Zimbabwe]] (12 million {{as of|2000|lc=y}}),
the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] of [[South Africa]] (12 million {{as of|2005|lc=y}})
the [[Luba people|Luba]] of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (7 million {{as of|2010|lc=y}}),
the [[Sukuma people|Sukuma]] of [[Tanzania]] (9 million {{as of|2016|lc=y}}),
or the [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]] of Kenya (7 million {{as of|2010|lc=y}}).



== Name ==
{{see|Bantu languages#Name}}
[[File:Map of the Southern Bantoid languages.svg|thumb|right|Map of the major Bantu languages (shown in purple), with the non-Bantu Southern Bantoid languages indicated in violet (northwestern corner)]]
The word ''Bantu'' for the language families and its speakers is an artificial term based on the reconstructed [[Proto-Bantu]] term for [[Names for the human species#In the world's languages|"people" or "humans"]]. It was first introduced (as ''Bâ-ntu'') by [[Wilhelm Bleek]] in 1857 or 1858, and popularised in his ''Comparative Grammar'' of 1862.<ref>Raymond O. Silverstein, "A note on the term 'Bantu' as first used by W. H. I. Bleek", ''African Studies'' 27 (1968), 211–212, [https://www.doi.org/10.1080/00020186808707298 doi:10.1080/00020186808707298].</ref>
The name was coined to represent the word for "people" in loosely reconstructed [[Proto-Bantu]], from the plural
[[noun class]] prefix ''[[:wikt:Appendix:Swahili noun classes#M-wa class|*ba-]]'' categorizing "people", and the [[root (linguistics)|root]] ''*ntʊ̀ -'' "some (entity), any" (e.g. Zulu ''umuntu'' "person", ''abantu'' "people", ''into'' "thing", ''izinto'' "things").
There is no native term for the group, as populations refer to their languages by ethnic endonyms but did not have a concept for the larger ethno-linguistic phylum. Bleek's coinage was inspired by the anthropological observation of groups self-identifying as "people" or "the true people".<ref>
R.K.Herbert and R. Bailey in Rajend Mesthrie (ed.), ''Language in South Africa'' (2002), [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cqaGb_SEQHUC&pg=PA50 p. 50].</ref> That is, idiomatically the reflexes of *''bantʊ'' in the numerous languages often have connotations of personal character traits as encompassed under the values system of [[ubuntu philosophy|ubuntu]], also known as ''hunhu'' in [[Chishona]] or ''botho'' in [[Sesotho]], rather than just referring to all human beings.

The root in [[Proto-Bantu language|Proto-Bantu]] is reconstructed as ''*-ntʊ́''. Versions of the word ''Bantu'' (that is, the [[root (linguistics)|root]] plus the class 2 [[noun class]] prefix ''*ba-'') occur in all Bantu languages: for example, as ''watu'' in Swahili; ''bantu'' in [[Kongo language|Kikongo]]; ''anthu'' in [[Chewa language|Chichewa]]; ''batu'' in [[Lingala]]; ''bato'' in [[Luba-Katanga language|Kiluba]]; ''bato'' in [[Duala language|Duala]]; ''abanto'' in [[Gusii language|Gusii]]; ''andũ'' in [[Kamba language|Kamba]] and [[Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]]; ''abantu'' in [[Kirundi language|Kirundi]], [[Zulu language|Zulu]], [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Runyakitara]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bunyoro-kitara.org/53.html|title=Banyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (Rep. Uganda) – The most powerful Kingdom in East Africa!|author=Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom; ARKBK CLBG|publisher=|accessdate=13 May 2015}}</ref> and [[Ganda language|Ganda]]; ''wandru'' in [[Ngazidja Comorian language|Shingazidja]]; ''abantru'' in [[Mpondo]] and [[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]]; ''bãthfu'' in [[Phuthi language|Phuthi]]; ''bantfu'' in [[Swati language|Swati]]; ''banu'' in [[Lala language (South Africa)|Lala]]; ''vanhu'' in [[Shona language|Shona]] and [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]]; ''batho'' in [[Sesotho language|Sesotho]], [[Tswana language|Tswana]] and [[Northern Sotho language|Northern Sotho]]; ''antu'' in [[Meru language|Meru]]; ''andu'' in [[Embu language|Embu]]; ''vandu'' in some [[Luhya language|Luhya]] dialects; ''vhathu'' in [[Venda language|Venda]]; ''bhandu'' in [[Nyakyusa language|Nyakyusa]]; and ''mbaityo'' in [[Tiv language|Tiv]].

== History ==

=== Origins and expansion ===
{{Main|Bantu expansion}}
[[File:Bantu Phillipson.png|thumb|right|227px|'''1''' = 2000–1500 BC origin '''2''' = ca. 1500 BC first migrations {{nbsp|4}} '''2.a''' = Eastern Bantu,{{nbsp|2}} '''2.b''' = Western Bantu '''3''' = 1000–500 BC [[Urewe]] nucleus of Eastern Bantu '''4'''–'''7''' = southward advance '''9''' = 500 BC–0 Congo nucleus '''10''' = 0–1000 AD last phase<ref>[http://www.txstate.edu/anthropology/cas/journal_articles/herder.pdf The Chronological Evidence for the Introduction of Domestic Stock in Southern Africa] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325021249/http://www.txstate.edu/anthropology/cas/journal_articles/herder.pdf |date=March 25, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/bhp1.htm|title=Botswana History Page 1: Brief History of Botswana|publisher=|accessdate=13 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://elaine.ihs.ac.at/~isa/diplom/node59.html|title=5.2 Historischer Überblick|publisher=|accessdate=13 May 2015|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mrB4745q?url=http://elaine.ihs.ac.at/~isa/diplom/node59.html|archive-date=17 January 2010|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]]

Bantu languages derive from a [[Proto-Bantu language]], estimated to have been spoken about 4,000 to 3,000 years ago in West/Central Africa (the area of modern-day [[Cameroon]]).
They were supposedly spread across Central, Eastern and Southern Africa in the [[Bantu expansion]], a rapid succession of migrations during the [[1st millennium BC]],<ref>Philip J. Adler, Randall L. Pouwels, ''World Civilizations: To 1700 Volume 1 of World Civilizations'', (Cengage Learning: 2007), p.169.</ref> in one wave moving across the [[Congo basin]] towards [[Northeast Bantu|East Africa]], in another moving south along the African coast and the Congo River system towards Angola.<ref>Pollard, Elizabeth; Rosenberg, Clifford; Tignor, Robert (2011). Worlds Together, Worlds Apart: A History of the World: From the Beginnings of Humankind to the Present. New York: Norton. p. 289.</ref>

The geographical origin of the Bantu expansion is somewhat open to debate.
Two main scenarios are proposed, an early expansion to Central Africa, and
a single origin of the migration radiating from there,
or an early separation into an eastward and a southward wave of migration.
<ref>{{Cite journal |first=J. |last=Vansina |title=New Linguistic Evidence and ‚The Bantu Expansion‘ |journal=Journal of African History |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=173–195 |year=1995 |jstor=182309 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700034101}}</ref>
Genetic analysis shows a significant clustering of Bantu peoples by region, suggesting admixture from local populations, with the [[Eastern Bantu]]
forming a separate ancestral cluster, and the Southern Bantu ([[Venda people|Venda]], [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]]) showing derivation from Western Bantu by [[Khoisan]] admixture and low levels of Eastern Bantu admixture.<ref>

{{cite journal
|last1=Tishkoff |first1=SA
|year=2009
|title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans
|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]
|volume=324 |issue=5930 |pages=1035–44
|bibcode=2009Sci...324.1035T
|doi=10.1126/science.1172257
|pmc=2947357
|pmid=19407144
|display-authors=etal}}
{{cite web
|date=2 May 2009
|title=African Genetics Study Revealing Origins, Migration And 'Startling Diversity' Of African Peoples
|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090430144524.htm
|publisher=[[Science Daily]]
|accessdate=2011-09-05
}}
see also: {{cite journal |pmid=21109585 |year=2011 |last1=De Filippo |first1=C |last2=Barbieri |first2=C |last3=Whitten |first3=M |last4=Mpoloka |first4=SW |last5=Gunnarsdóttir |first5=ED |last6=Bostoen |first6=K |last7=Nyambe |first7=T |last8=Beyer |first8=K |last9=Schreiber |first9=H |last10=De Knijff |first10=P. |last11=Luiselli |first11=D. |last12=Stoneking |first12=M. |last13=Pakendorf |first13=B. | displayauthors=3 |title=Y-chromosomal variation in sub-Saharan Africa: Insights into the history of Niger–Congo groups |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=1255–69 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msq312 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |pmc=3561512 }}</ref>

According to the early-split scenario described in the 1990s,
the southward migration had reached the Central African rain forest by about 1500 BC, and the southern Savannahs by 500 BC, while the eastward migration
reached the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes]] by 1000 BC,
expanding further from there, as the rich environment supported a dense population. Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively harsh farming conditions in areas farther from water. Pioneering groups had reached modern [[KwaZulu-Natal]] in South Africa by about AD 300 along the coast, and the modern Northern Province (encompassed within the former province of the [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]]) by AD 500.<ref>Newman (1995), Ehret (1998), Shillington (2005)</ref>

The Bantu peoples assimilated and/or displaced a number of earlier inhabitants that they came across, such as [[Pygmy peoples|Pygmy]] and [[Khoisan]] populations in the centre and south, respectively. They also encountered some [[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] outlier groups in the southeast (mainly [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]]),<ref name="Falola">Toyin Falola, Aribidesi Adisa Usman, ''Movements, borders, and identities in Africa'', (University Rochester Press: 2009), pp.4-5.</ref><ref name="Fitzpatrick">{{cite book|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Mary|title=Tanzania, Zanzibar & Pemba|year=1999|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=0-86442-726-3|page=39}}</ref>
as well as [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]] (mainly [[Nilotic languages|Nilotic]] and [[Sudanic languages|Sudanic]]) groups.
As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu [[pastoralism|pastoralist]] groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire [[cattle]] from their new Cushitic neighbors. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area.<ref>J. D. Fage, A history of Africa, Routledge, 2002, p.29</ref>
Later interactions between Bantu and Cushitic peoples resulted in Bantu groups with significant Cushitic ethnic admixture, such as the [[Tutsi]] of the African Great Lakes region; and culturo-linguistic influences, such as the [[Herero people|Herero]] herdsmen of southern Africa.<ref>[http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology%20data/Africa/Konigswinter%202007/Konigswinter%20paper.pdf Was there an interchange between Cushitic pastoralists and Khoisan speakers in the prehistory of Southern Africa and how can this be detected?] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121014421/http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology%20data/Africa/Konigswinter%202007/Konigswinter%20paper.pdf |date=January 21, 2012 }}</ref><ref>Robert Gayre, Ethnological elements of Africa, (The Armorial, 1966), p. 45</ref>

=== Later history ===
[[File:Mercator Congo map.jpg|thumb|right|The Bantu [[Kingdom of Kongo]], c. 1630]]
Between the 14th and 15th centuries, Bantu-speaking states began to emerge in the Great Lakes region and in the savannah south of the Central African rain forest. On the [[Zambezi]] river, the [[Monomatapa]] kings built the [[Great Zimbabwe]] complex, a civilisation ancestral to the [[Shona people]].
Comparable sites in Southern Africa, include [[Bumbusi National Monument|Bumbusi]] in Zimbabwe and [[Manyikeni]] in Mozambique.

From the 12th century onward, the processes of state formation amongst Bantu peoples increased in frequency. This was probably due to denser population (which led to more specialized divisions of labor, including military power, while making emigration more difficult); to technological developments in economic activity; and to new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualization of royalty as the source of national strength and health.<ref>Shillington (2005)</ref>
Some examples of such Bantu states include: in Central Africa, the [[Kingdom of Kongo]], [[Lunda Empire]], [[Luba Empire]] of Angola, the [[History of Buganda|Buganda]] Kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania; and in Southern Africa, the [[Mutapa Empire]], the [[Danamombe]], [[Khami]], and [[Naletale]] Kingdoms of Zimbabwe and Mozambique<ref>Roland Oliver, et al. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 21-25.</ref> and the [[Rozwi Empire]].<ref>Isichei, Elizabeth Allo, A History of African Societies to 1870 Cambridge University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|978-0-521-45599-2}} page 435</ref>

On the coastal section of East Africa, a mixed Bantu community developed through contact with [[Muslim]] [[Arab]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] traders, [[Zanzibar]] being an important port in the [[Arab slave trade]].
The [[Swahili culture]] that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture, as do the many [[Afro-Arab]] members of the Bantu [[Swahili people]]. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Zanzibar, Kenya, and Tanzania – a seaboard referred to as the [[Swahili coast|Swahili Coast]] – the Bantu Swahili language contains many [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[loan-words]] as a result of these interactions.<ref>Daniel Don Nanjira, African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p.114</ref>
The Arab slave trade also brought Bantu influence to [[Madagascar]],<ref name="Cambridge History">Cambridge World History of Slavery [https://books.google.com/books?id=5qp_3aL76isC&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&dq=history+of+Madagascar+Swahili&source=bl&ots=nJGBkdkMi-&sig=UVBzJJF_fPBJKdCg8m7kqD2ndKU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=eTs7T4SOFOHc0QH1jvGaCw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=history%20of%20Madagascar%20Swahili&f=false The Cambridge World History of Slavery: The ancient Mediterranean world. By Keith Bradley, Paul Cartledge. pg. 76] (2011), accessed February 15, 2012</ref>
the [[Malagasy people]] showing Bantu admixture, and their [[Malagasy language]] Bantu loans.<ref name="Tofanelli">[http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/26/9/2109.abstract On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages]</ref>
Toward the 18th and 19th centuries, the flow of [[Zanj]] (Bantu) slaves from Southeast Africa increased with the rise of the [[Oman]]i [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]], based in Zanzibar, Tanzania. With the arrival of European colonialists, the Zanzibar Sultanate came into direct trade conflict and competition with [[Portugal|Portuguese]] and other Europeans along the Swahili Coast, leading eventually to the fall of the Sultanate and the end of slave trading on the Swahili Coast in the mid-20th century.

==List of Bantu groups by country{{anchor|List}}==
{{see|Bantu_languages#By_country|List of African ethnic groups|List of African countries by population}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Country
!Total population (millions, 2015 est.)
! % Bantu
!Bantu population (millions, 2015 est.)
!Zones
!Bantu groups
|-
|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]|| 77 || 80% || 62 ||B, C, D, H, J, K, L, M || [[Kongo people]], [[Mongo people|Mongo]], [[Luba people|Luba]], numerous others ( Ambala, Ambuun, Angba, Babindi, Baboma, Baholo, Balunda, Bangala, Bango, Batsamba, Bazombe, Bemba, Bembe, Bira, Bowa, Dikidiki, Dzing, Fuliru, Havu, Hema, Hima, Hunde, Hutu, Iboko, Kanioka, Kaonde, Kuba, Kumu, Kwango, Lengola, Lokele, Lupu, Lwalwa, Mbala, Mbole, Mbuza (Budja), Nande, Ngoli, Bangoli, Ngombe, Nkumu, Nyanga, Pende, Popoi, Poto, Sango, Shi, Songo, Sukus, Tabwa, Tchokwé, Téké, Tembo, Tetela, Topoke, Tutsi, Ungana, Vira, Wakuti, Yaka, Yakoma, Yanzi, Yeke, Yela, total 80% Bantu)
|-
|[[List of ethnic groups in Tanzania|Tanzania]] || 51 || 90%? || c. 45 ||E, F, G, J, M, N, P|| [[Sukuma people|Sukuma]], Gogo, Nyamwezi, Nyakyusa-Ngonde, numerous others (majority Bantu) 
|-
|[[Ethnic groups in South Africa|South Africa]] ||55|| 75% || 40 || S || [[Nguni people|Nguni]] ([[Zulu people|Zulu]], [[Xhosa people|Xhosa]], [[Swazi people|Swazi]], [[Ndebele people (South Africa)|Ndebele]]), [[Basotho]] (South Sotho), [[Bapedi]] (North Sotho), [[Venda people|Venda]], [[Tswana people|Tswana]], [[Tsonga people|Tsonga]], total 75% Bantu
|-
|[[Demographics of Kenya#Ethnic groups|Kenya]] || 46 || 80% || 37|| E, J || [[Kikuyu people|Kikuyu]], [[Luhya people|Luhya]], [[Kamba people|Kamba]], [[Gusii people|Kisii]], [[Meru people|Meru]], [[Kuria people|Kuria]], [[Aembu]], [[Ambeere]], [[Wadawida]]-Watuweta, Wapokomo and [[Mijikenda peoples|Mijikenda]], numerous others (80% Bantu)
|-|[[Demographics of Mozambique|Mozambique]] || 28 || 99% || 28 || N, P, S|| [[Makua people|Makua]], [[Sena people|Sena]], [[Shona people|Shona]] ([[Ndau people|Ndau]]), [[Shangaan|Shangaan (Tsonga)]], [[Makonde people|Makonde]], [[WaYao|Yao]], [[Swahili people|Swahili]], [[Tonga people|Tonga]], [[Chopi people|Chopi]], [[Nguni people|Nguni]] (including [[Zulu people|Zulu]]). 
|-
|[[Demographics of Uganda|Uganda]] || 37 || 70%? ||c. 25 || D, J|| [[Nkole people|Nkole]], [[Toro people|Tooro]], others (majority Bantu)
|-
|[[Demographics of Angola|Angola]] || 26 || 97% || 25 || H, K, R|| [[Southern Mbundu people|Ovimbundu]], [[Northern Mbundu people|Ambundu]], [[Kongo people|Bakongo]], [[Chokwe people|Chokwe]], [[Lunda people|Lunda]], [[Ganguela]], [[Ovambo people|Ovambo]], [[Herero people|Herero]], [[Xindonga]] (97% Bantu)
|-
|[[Malawi]] || 16 || 99% ||16 || N || [[Chewa people|Chewa]], [[Nyanja]], [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]], [[Yao (ethnic group in Africa)|Yao]], [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]], [[Sena people|Sena]], [[Tonga people of Malawi|Tonga]], [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]], [[Ngonde]]
|-
|[[Demographics of Zambia|Zambia]] || 15 || 99% ||15 || L, M, N|| [[Chewa people|Nyanja-Chewa]], [[Bemba people|Bemba]], [[Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe|Tonga]], [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]], [[BaLunda|Lunda]], [[Balovale|Luvale]], [[Kaonde language|Kaonde]], [[Nkoya]] and [[Lozi people|Lozi]], about 70 groups total.
|-
|[[Demographics of Zimbabwe|Zimbabwe]] || 14 || 99% || 14 || S || [[Shona people|Shona]], [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele]], numerous minor groups.
|-
|[[Demographics of Rwanda|Rwanda]] || 11 || 85% ||11 || J || [[Hutu people|Hutu]]
|-
|[[Demographics of Burundi|Burundi]] ||10 || 85% ||10 ||J || [[Hutu people|Hutu]]
|-
|[[Demographics of Cameroon|Cameroon]] || 22 || 30–70% || c. 7–15 || A || more than 130 groups, c. 30% Bantu and 40% [[Semi-Bantu]]
|-
|[[Demographics of the Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo]] ||5 ||97% ||5 || B, C|| [[Kongo people|Kongo]], [[Sangha people|Sangha]], [[M'Bochi]], [[Bateke|Teke]]
|-
|[[Demographics of Botswana|Botswana]] || 2.2 || 90% || 2.0 || R, S || [[Tswana people|Tswana or Setswana]], [[BaKalanga|Kalanga]], 90% Bantu
|-
|[[Demographics of Equatorial Guinea|Equatorial Guinea]] || 2.0 || 95% ||1.9 || A || [[Fang people|Fang]], [[Bubi people|Bubi]], 95% Bantu
|-
|[[Lesotho]] || 1.9 || 99% ||1.9 || S || [[Sotho people|Sotho]]
|-
|[[Gabon]] || 1.9 || 95% || 1.8 || B || [[Beti-Pahuin#Fang|Fang]], Nzebi, [[Myene language|Myene]], [[Kota people (Gabon)|Kota]], [[Shira people|Shira]], [[Punu people|Puru]], Kande.
|-
|[[Demographics of Namibia|Namibia]] || 2.3 || 70% || 1.6 || K, R || Ovambo, Kavango, Herero, 70% Bantu
|-
|[[Swaziland]] || 1.1 || 99% ||1.1 || S || [[Swazi people|Swazi]], [[Zulu people|Zulu]], [[Tsonga people|Tsonga]]
|-
|[[Somalia]] || 14 || {{sort|07|7%}} || 1 || E || [[Bantus (Somalia)|Somalian Bantu]]
|-
|[[Comoros]] || 0.8 || 99% || 0.8 || E, G || [[Comorian people]]
|-
!Sub-Saharan Africa
! 970<ref>Population of all of Sub-Saharan Africa, including the West African and Sahel countries with no Bantu populations.
Source: 995.7 million in 2016 according to the 2017 revision of the UN World Population Prospects, growth rate 2.5% p.a.</ref>
! c. 37%
! c. 360 || ||
|}

== Use of the term "Bantu" in South Africa ==
{{Main|Bantu-speaking peoples of South Africa}}
[[File:Zuludänzer.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A [[Zulu people|Zulu]] traditional dancer in [[Southern Africa]]]]
In the 1920s, relatively liberal South Africans, missionaries, and the small black intelligentsia began to use the term "Bantu" in preference to "Native" and more derogatory terms (such as "[[Kaffir (racial term)|Kaffir]]") to refer collectively to Bantu-speaking South Africans. After [[World War II]], the [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] governments adopted that usage officially, while the growing African nationalist movement and its liberal allies turned to the term "African" instead, so that "Bantu" became identified with the policies of [[apartheid]]. By the 1970s this so discredited "Bantu" as an ethno-racial designation that the apartheid government switched to the term "Black" in its official racial categorizations, restricting it to Bantu-speaking Africans, at about the same time that the [[Black Consciousness Movement]] led by [[Steve Biko]] and others were defining "Black" to mean all non-Afrikaner South Africans (Bantus, Khoisan, Coloureds, and [[Asians in South Africa|Indians]]).

Examples of South African usages of "Bantu" include:

# One of South Africa's politicians of recent times, General Bantubonke Harrington Holomisa (Bantubonke is a [[compound noun]] meaning "all the people"), is known as [[Bantu Holomisa]].
# The South African apartheid governments originally gave the name "[[bantustan]]s" to the eleven rural reserve areas intended for nominal independence to deny indigenous Bantu South Africans citizenship. "Bantustan" originally reflected an analogy to the various ethnic "-stans" of Western and Central Asia. Again association with apartheid discredited the term, and the South African government shifted to the politically appealing but historically deceptive term "ethnic homelands". Meanwhile, the anti-apartheid movement persisted in calling the areas bantustans, to drive home their political illegitimacy.
# The abstract noun ''[[Ubuntu (philosophy)|ubuntu]]'', humanity or humaneness, is derived regularly from the [[Nguni languages|Nguni]] noun stem ''-ntu'' in Xhosa, Zulu, and Ndebele. In Swati the stem is ''-ntfu'' and the noun is ''buntfu''.
# In the [[Sotho–Tswana languages]] of southern Africa, ''batho'' is the cognate term to Nguni ''abantu'', illustrating that such cognates need not actually look like the ''-ntu'' root exactly. The early [[African National Congress]] of South Africa had a newspaper called ''Abantu-Batho'' from 1912–1933, which carried columns in English, Zulu, Sotho, and Xhosa.

==Gallery==

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Kongo people2.jpg|[[Kongo people|Kongo]] youth and adults in [[Kinshasa]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
File:Kikyuyu-woman.jpeg|A Kikuyu woman in [[Kenya]]
File:Mozambique001.jpg|A [[Makua people|Makua]] mother and child in [[Mozambique]]
File:Bubi children.jpg|[[Bubi people|Bubi]] girls in [[Equatorial Guinea]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Bantu mythology]]
* [[List of ethnic groups of Africa]]
* [[Languages of Africa]]
* [[History of West Africa]]
* [[Demographics of Africa]]
* [[Genetic history of Sub-Saharan Africa]]
* [[Indigenous peoples of Africa]]
* [[Congoid]]
* [[African Pygmies]]
* [[Khoisan]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==
* Christopher Ehret, ''An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400'', James Currey, London, 1998
* Christopher Ehret and Merrick Posnansky, eds., ''The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History'', University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1982
* April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon, ''Understanding Contemporary Africa'', Lynne Riener, London, 1996
* John M. Janzen, ''Ngoma: Discourses of Healing in Central and Southern Africa'', University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1992
* James L. Newman, ''The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation'', Yale University Press, New Haven, 1995. {{ISBN|0-300-07280-5}}.
* Kevin Shillington, ''History of Africa'', 3rd ed. St. Martin's Press, New York, 2005
* Jan Vansina, ''Paths in the Rainforest: Toward a History of Political Tradition in Equatorial Africa'', University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1990
* [[Jan Vansina]], "New linguistic evidence on the expansion of Bantu", ''Journal of African History'' 36:173–195, 1995

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Bantu peoples}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/BANTUVIBES/?hc_ref=NEWSFEED bantu vibes]—a Facebook page for Bantu people

{{Bantu}}

[[Category:Bantu peoples| ]]

Southern African Development Community

2018-12-28T13:41:16Z

159.50.189.7:

{{use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organization
| conventional_long_name = Southern African Development Community
| name =
{{collapsible list
| liststyle = text-align:center;font-size:95%;font-weight:normal;
| {{native name|fr|Communauté de développement d'Afrique australe}}
| {{native name|pt|Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral}}
| {{native name|af|Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap}}
| {{native name|sw|Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Nchi za Kusini mwa Afrika}} }}
|linking_name = the Southern African Development Community
|image_flag = Flag of SADC.svg
|alt_flag =
|symbol_type = Logo
|image_symbol = Seal of the SADC.svg
|alt_symbol =
|symbol_width = 95px
|motto = "Towards a Common Future"
|anthem = "SADC Anthem"
|text_symbol_type =
|text_symbol =
|image_map = Southern African Development Community.svg
|alt_map =
|map_width = 265px
|map_caption = Map of Africa indicating SADC (light green) and SADC+[[Southern African Customs Union|SACU]] (dark green) members.
|org_type = [[Intergovernmental organization|Intergovernmental]]
|membership_type = Membership
|membership =
{{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = 16 states
|{{AGO}} | {{BWA}} | {{COM}} | {{flag|DR Congo}} | {{flag|eSwatini|name=eSwatini (Swaziland)}} | {{LSO}} | {{MAD}} | {{MWI}} | {{MUS}} | {{MOZ}} | {{NAM}} | {{SYC}} | {{ZAF}} | {{TZA}} | {{ZMB}} | {{ZIM}}
}}
|admin_center_type = Headquarters
|admin_center = [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]
|languages_type = [[Working language]]s
|languages = {{unbulleted list |[[English language|English]]|[[French language|French]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[]] {{small|''([[]])''}}}}
|leader_title1 = Summit Chairperson
|leader_name1 = {{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Hage Geingob]]
|leader_title2 = Council Chairperson
|leader_name2 = {{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]]
|leader_title3 = SADC PF Chairperson
|leader_name3 = {{flagicon|Mauritius}} Abdool Ameen
|leader_title4 = [[SADC Tribunal|Tribunal]] President
|leader_name4 = {{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Ariranga Pillay]]
|leader_title5 = Executive Secretary
|leader_name5 = {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Stergomena Tax]]
|legislature = SADC Parliamentary Forum
|established_event1 = as [[Southern African Development Coordination Conference|SADCC]]
|established_date1 = 1 April 1980
|established_event2 = as SADC
|established_date2 = 17 August 1992
|official_website = {{url|www.sadc.int}}
|area_magnitude =
|area_km2 = 9882959
|area_sq_mi =
|area_footnote =
|percent_water =
|area_label = Total
|area_label2 =
|area_dabodyalign =
|population_estimate = 300 million
|population_estimate_year =
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|GDP_PPP = US$ 1,575 billion
|GDP_PPP_year = 2018
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,260
|GDP_nominal =
|GDP_nominal_year =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita =
|Gini =
|Gini_ref =
|Gini_year =
|HDI =
|HDI_ref =
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|currency =
|currency_code =
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|utc_offset = +1 to +4
|footnote_a =
}}

The '''Southern African Development Community''' ('''SADC''') is an [[inter-governmental organization]] headquartered in [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]. Its goal is to further socio-economic cooperation and integration as well as political and security cooperation among 16 southern African states.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.academia.edu/34195352/_The_Southern_African_unipolarity_in_Journal_of_Contemporary_African_Studies_DOI_10.1080_02589001.2017.1364355|title=The Southern African unipolarity|accessdate=2017-09-30|publisher=Journal of Contemporary African Studies}}</ref>

== Member states ==
{{Politics of the African Union mini|financial|width=5em}}

SADC has 16 [[member states]]:<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sadc.int/member-states|title=MEMBER STATES|accessdate=2017-07-31|publisher=Southern African Development Community}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|+
Member states surface area and populations<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|accessdate=27 January 2017|title=|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf|journal=United Nations Statistics Division|volume=|pages=1-2|via=}}</ref>
!Country
!Area
(km2)
!Population
!Notes on Membership
|-
|{{Flag|Angola}}
|1 246 700
|25 646 166
|
|-
|{{Flag|Botswana}}
|582 000
|2 024 904
|
|-
|{{flag|Comoros}}<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sadc.int/files/4715/0347/1755/37th_SADC_Summit_English_Communique.pdf|title=COMMUNIQUÉ OF THE 37th SUMMIT SADC OF HEADS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT OR TAMBO BUILDING, DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND COOPERATION (DIRCO) PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA|date=2017-08-20|accessdate=2017-07-31|publisher=Southern African Development Community}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/union-comoros-becomes-16th-sadc-member-state/|title=The Union of Comoros becomes the 16th SADC Member State|date=2017-08-20|accessdate=2017-07-31|publisher=Southern African Development Community}}</ref>
|2 235
|575 660
|Since 20 August 2017
|-
|{{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}}
|2 344 858
|78 736 153
|Since 8 September 1997
|-
|{{flag|eSwatini|name=eSwatini (Swaziland)}}
|17 363
|844 223
|
|-
|{{flag|Lesotho}}
|30 355
|1 741 406
|
|-
|{{flag|Madagascar}}
|587 295
|12 238 914
|membership reinstated on 30 January 2014 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/sadc-lifts-madagascar-suspension/|title=SADC Lifts Madagascar Suspension|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=|publisher=SADC|accessdate=30 January 2014}}</ref> after an [[2009 Malagasy political crisis|imposed suspension in 2009]]
|-
|{{flag|Malawi}}
|118 484
|13 077 160
|
|-
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|1 969
|1 237 000
|since 28 August 1995
|-
|{{flag|Mozambique}}
|801 590
|20 252 223
|
|-
|{{flag|Namibia}}
|824 268
|2 104 900
|since 21 March 1990 (since independence)
|-
|{{flag|Seychelles}}
|456
|90 945
|also previously a member of SADC from 8 September 1997 until 1 July 2004 then joined again in 2008.
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|1 221 037
|56 000 000
|since 30 August 1994
|-
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|947 303
|44 928 923
|
|-
|{{flag|Zambia}}
|752 612
|13 046 508
|
|-
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|390 757
|12 973 808
|
|}

The Union of Comoros was admitted into SADC at the 37th SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government held in Pretoria, South Africa in 2017, bringing the total number of Member States to 16.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tore|first1=Ozgur|title=Comoros joins Southern African Development Community – SADC|url=https://ftnnews.com/other-news/32894-comoros-joins-southern-african-development-community-sadc.html|website=ftnnews.com|publisher=FTN News|accessdate=31 January 2018}}</ref> Additionally, [[Burundi]] has requested to join.<ref>{{citeweb|title=Southern Africa: Comoros Admitted Into SADC|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201708220731.html|date=2017-08-22|accessdate=2017-08-31|first=Albertina|last=Nakale}}</ref>

== History ==

The origins of SADC are in the 1960s and 1970s, when the leaders of majority-ruled countries and national liberation movements coordinated their political, diplomatic and military struggles to bring an end to colonial and white-minority rule in southern Africa. The immediate forerunner of the political and security cooperation leg of today's SADC was the informal [[Frontline States]] (FLS) grouping. It was formed in 1980.

The [[Southern African Development Coordination Conference]] (SADCC) was the forerunner of the socio-economic cooperation leg of today's SADC. The adoption by nine majority-ruled southern African countries of the Lusaka declaration on 1 April 1980 paved the way for the formal establishment of SADCC in April 1980.

Membership of the FLS and SADCC sometimes differed.

SADCC was transformed into SADC on 17 August 1992, with the adoption by the founding members of SADCC and newly independent [[Namibia]] of the Windhoek declaration and treaty establishing SADC. The 1992 SADC provided for both socio-economic cooperation and political and security cooperation. In reality, the FLS was dissolved only in 1994, after South Africa's first democratic elections. Subsequent efforts to place political and security cooperation on a firm institutional footing under SADC's umbrella failed.

On 14 August 2001, the 1992 SADC treaty was amended. The amendment heralded the overhaul of the structures, policies and procedures of SADC, a process which is ongoing. One of the changes is that political and security cooperation is institutionalised in the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS). One of the principal SADC bodies, it is subject to the oversight of the organisation's supreme body, the Summit, which comprises the heads of state or government.

The organisation holds its own [[multi-sport event]] in the form of the [[SADC Games]], which was first held in 2004 in [[Maputo]]. Originally planned for an earlier date in Malawi and Lesotho, organisational issues led to abandonment of the plan and the SADC issuing a fine of $100,000 against Malawi.<ref>[http://www.panapress.com/Organisation-of-SADC-Games-to-cost-a-million-dollars--13-482221-18-lang2-index.html Organisation of SADC Games to cost a million dollars]. Panapress (2003-05-11). Retrieved on 2014-09-15.</ref> The first event in 2004 in Maputo resulted in over 1000 youths under-20 from 10 countries taking part in a sports programme including [[athletics (sport)|athletics]], [[association football|football]], [[netball]], [[boxing]] and [[basketball]].<ref>Valy, Bayano (June 2004). [http://www.sardc.net/editorial/sadctoday/v7-2-6-04/games.htm The first Under-20 Zone Six SADC Games]. SADC Today, Vol.7 No.2 June 2004. Retrieved on 2014-09-15.</ref>

== Protocols ==

SADC has 27 legally binding protocols dealing with issues such as Defence, Development, Illicit Drug Trade, Free Trade and Movement of People.<ref>[http://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/overview/sa-protocols/ Southern African Development Community :: SADC Protocols]. Sadc.int. Retrieved on 2013-08-09.</ref>

* [http://www.sadc.int/documents-publications/show/Protocol_on_Energy1996.pdf Protocol on Energy (1996)] – Intended to promote harmonious development of national energy policies. These development strategies set out tangible objectives for SADC and its Member States for infrastructure development in energy and its subsectors of woodfuel, petroleum and natural gas, electricity, goal, renewable energy, and energy efficiency and conservation.<ref>{{cite web|title=South African Development Community|url=http://www.sadc.int/themes/infrastructure/en/|website=www.sadc.int|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref>
* Protocol on Gender and Development – Member states are urged to accelerate implementation efforts towards the achievements of concrete and transformative changes in the lives of women and girls in our region.H.E. President Mutharika also expressed concern on the escalating incidents of gender based violence in the region, especially those perpetrated against women and girls, and used this occasion to sign a commitment to end child marriages, as part of the AU campaign to end Child Marriages in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern African Development Community|url=http://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/sadc-gender-womens-affairs-ministers-meet/|website=www.sadc.int|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref>
* Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation (2001) - Intended to foster regional security and defence cooperation, promote peace, political stability and conflict-management. The protocol initiated also an institutional reform of the SADC's Organ for Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1005921955|title=The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU) : Regionalism and External Influence|last=Johannes,|first=Muntschick,|publisher=|year=|isbn=9783319453309|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=187-228|oclc=1005921955}}</ref>

== SADC FTA ==

The SADC [[Free Trade Area]] was established in August 2008, after the implementation of the SADC Protocol on Trade in 2000 laid the foundation for its formation.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/integration-milestones/free-trade-area/|title = Free Trade Area|date = |accessdate = 14 Mar 2014|website = Southern African Development Community|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.sadc.int/documents-publications/show/Protocol_on_Trade1996.pdf|title = Southern African Development Community Protocol on Trade|date = 1996|accessdate = 14 Mar 2015|website = Southern African Development Community|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> Its original members were [[Botswana]], [[Lesotho]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[South Africa]], [[Swaziland]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.southafrica.info/africa/sadc-fta.htm|title = SADC launches free trade area|date = 18 Aug 2008|accessdate = 14 Mar 2015|website = Southafrica.info - Brand South Africa portal website|publisher = |last = Mbola|first = Bathandwa}}</ref> with [[Malawi]] and [[Seychelles]] joining later. Of the 15 SADC member states, only [[Angola]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] are not yet participating.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/integration-milestones/free-trade-area/|title = Free Trade Area|date = |accessdate = 16 October 2017|website = Southern African Development Community|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> The SADC-Customs Union, scheduled to be established by 2010 according to SADC's Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP), is unlikely to become reality in the near future. This is because the European Union's Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) with their inherent extra-regional freetrade regimes provided for several SADC members more benefits than deeper regional market integration within the framework of a SADC-Customs Union. Since these SADC countries formed four different groupings to negotiate and implement different Economic Partnership Agreements with European Union, the chance to establish a SADC-wide [[common external tariff]] as prerequsite for a regional customs union is missed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1005921955|title=The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU) : Regionalism and External Influence|last=Johannes,|first=Muntschick,|publisher=|year=|isbn=9783319453309|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=153-186|oclc=1005921955}}</ref>

On Wednesday 22 October 2008, SADC joined with the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] and the [[East African Community]] to form the [[African Free Trade Zone]], including all members of each of the organizations. The leaders of the three trading blocs agreed to create a single free trade zone, the [[African Free Trade Zone]], consisting of 26 countries with a GDP of an estimated $624bn (£382.9bn). It is hoped the [[African Free Trade Zone]] agreement would ease access to markets within the zone and end problems arising from the fact that several of the member countries belong to multiple groups.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7684903.stm</ref>

The [[African Free Trade Zone]] effective has been more than a hundred years in the making—a trade zone spanning the whole African continent from [[Cape to Cairo Red Line|Cape to Cairo]] and envisioned by [[Cecil Rhodes]] and other British imperialists in the 1890s. The only difference is that the [[African Free Trade Zone]] is the creation of independent African Countries. The idea is a free trade zone spanning the whole continent from the Cape to Cairo ([[Cape Town]] in the [[Republic of South Africa]] to [[Cairo]] in [[Egypt]]).

In addition to eliminating duplicative membership and the problem member states also participating in other regional economic cooperation schemes and regional political and security cooperation schemes that may compete with or undermine each other, the [[African Free Trade Zone]] further aims to strengthen the bloc's bargaining power when negotiating international deals.

== Challenges facing member countries ==

SADC countries face many social, development, economic, trade, education, health, diplomatic, defence, security and political challenges. Some of these challenges cannot be tackled effectively by individual members. Cattle diseases and organised-crime gangs know no boundaries. War in one country can suck in its neighbours and damage their economies. The sustainable development that trade could bring is threatened by the existence of different product standards and tariff regimes, weak customs infrastructure and bad roads. The socio-economic and political and security cooperation aims of SADC are equally wide-ranging, and intended to address the various common challenges.<ref>[http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/167262/index.en.shtml Deep Integration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301074450/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/167262/index.en.shtml |date=1 March 2010 }}</ref>

One significant challenge is that member states also participate in other regional economic cooperation schemes and regional political and security cooperation schemes that may compete with or undermine SADC's aims. For example, South Africa and Botswana both belong to the [[Southern Africa Customs Union]], Zambia is a part of the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]], and Tanzania is a member of the [[East African Community]].

According to Human Rights Watch, "SADC has been criticized for its laxity on making human rights compliance within its member states a priority".<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/13/sadc-address-members-rights-issues]</ref>

== Structure and decision-making procedures ==
The organisation has six principal bodies:

* The Summit, comprising [[head of state|heads of state]] or [[Head of government|heads of government]]
* Organ on Politics, Defence and Security
* Council of Ministers
* [[SADC Tribunal]]
* SADC National Committees (SNCs)
* [[wikt:secretariat|Secretariat]]

Except for the Tribunal (based in [[Windhoek]], Namibia), SNCs and Secretariat, decision-making is by consensus.

== Leaders ==
[[File:Southern African Development Community Headquarters 20 oct 2009.jpg|right|250px|thumb|SADC headquarters building in [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]].]]

===Chairperson===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Chairperson !! Term
|-
| {{ZAM}} || [[Levy Mwanawasa]] || 2007–2008
|-
| {{ZAF}} || [[Kgalema Motlanthe ]] || 2008–2009
|-
| {{COD}} || [[Joseph Kabila]] || 2009-2010
|-
| {{NAM}} || [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] || 2010–2011
|-
| {{ANG}} || [[Jose Eduardo dos Santos]] || 2011–2012
|-
| {{MOZ}} || [[Armando Guebuza]] || 2012–2013
|-
| {{MWI}} || [[Joyce Banda]] [[Peter Mutharika]] || 2013 – 31 May 2014 31 May - 17 August 2014
|-
| {{ZIM}} || [[Robert Mugabe]] || 2014 – 17 August 2015
|-
| {{BOT}} || [[Ian Khama]] || 17 August 2015 – 2016
|-
| {{SWZ}}|| [[King Mswati III]]|| 2016-2017
|-
| {{ZAF}}|| [[Jacob Zuma]] [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] || 2017–2018
|-
| {{NAM}} || [[Hage Geingob]] || 17 August 2018–present
|}

===Executive Secretaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 120px;"|Country !! style="width: 120px;"|Name !! style="width: 120px;"|Term
|-
| {{NAM}} || [[Kaire Mbuende]] || 1994–2000
|-
| {{MUS}} || [[Prega Ramsamy]] || 2000–2001 {{small|([[Acting (law)|Acting]])}} 2001–2005
|-
| {{MOZ}} || [[Tomaz Salomão]] || 2005–2013
|-
| {{TZA}} || [[Stergomena Tax]] || 2013–present
|}

== Comparison with other regional blocs ==
{{African Economic Community}}

== See also ==
*[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA)
*[[East African Community]] (EAC)
*[[Economic Community of Central African States]] (ECCAS)
*[[Southern African Customs Union]] (SACU)
*[[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS)
*[[List of trade blocs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Gabriël Oosthuizen, The Southern African Development Community: The organisation, its history, policies and prospects. Institute for Global Dialogue: Midrand, South Africa, 2006.
*[[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]], The European Union: Politics and Policies. Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado, 2004.
*Muntschick, Johannes, The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU). Regionalism and External Influence. Palgrave Macmillan: Cham. 2017. {{ISBN|978-3-319-45330-9}}.

*Ramsamy, Prega 2003 Global partnership for Africa. Presentation at the human rights conference on global partnerships for Africa’s development, Gaborone: SADC

== External links ==
{{commons category|Southern African Development Community}}
*{{Official website|http://www.sadc.int}}
*[http://agritrade.cta.int/Regions/ACP/Southern-Africa ''Agritrade'' website covering trade issues in southern Africa]
{{Southern African Development Community}}
{{African Trade Agreements}}

[[Category:Organizations of Southern Africa]]
[[Category:International organizations of Africa]]
[[Category:Southern African Development Community| ]]
[[Category:United Nations General Assembly observers]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Africa]]

Southern African Development Community

2018-12-28T13:40:13Z

159.50.189.7:

{{use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox geopolitical organization
| conventional_long_name = Southern African Development Community
| name =
{{collapsible list
| liststyle = text-align:center;font-size:95%;font-weight:normal;
| {{native name|fr|Communauté de développement d'Afrique australe}}
| {{native name|pt|Comunidade para o Desenvolvimento da África Austral}}
| {{native name|af|Suider-Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap}}
| {{native name|sw|Jumuiya ya Maendeleo ya Nchi za Kusini mwa Afrika}} }}
|linking_name = the Southern African Development Community
|image_flag = Flag of SADC.svg
|alt_flag =
|symbol_type = Logo
|image_symbol = Seal of the SADC.svg
|alt_symbol =
|symbol_width = 95px
|motto = "Towards a Common Future"
|anthem = "SADC Anthem"
|text_symbol_type =
|text_symbol =
|image_map = Southern African Development Community.svg
|alt_map =
|map_width = 265px
|map_caption = Map of Africa indicating SADC (light green) and SADC+[[Southern African Customs Union|SACU]] (dark green) members.
|org_type = [[Intergovernmental organization|Intergovernmental]]
|membership_type = Membership
|membership =
{{collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = 16 states
|{{AGO}} | {{BWA}} | {{COM}} | {{flag|DR Congo}} | {{flag|eSwatini|name=eSwatini (Swaziland)}} | {{LSO}} | {{MAD}} | {{MWI}} | {{MUS}} | {{MOZ}} | {{NAM}} | {{SYC}} | {{ZAF}} | {{TZA}} | {{ZMB}} | {{ZIM}}
}}
|admin_center_type = Headquarters
|admin_center = [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]
|languages_type = [[Working language]]s
|languages = {{unbulleted list |[[English language|English]]|[[French language|French]]|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|[[]] {{small|''([[]])''}}}}
|leader_title1 = Summit Chairperson
|leader_name1 = {{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Hage Geingob]]
|leader_title2 = Council Chairperson
|leader_name2 = {{flagicon|Namibia}} [[Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah]]
|leader_title3 = SADC PF Chairperson
|leader_name3 = {{flagicon|Mauritius}} Abdool Ameen
|leader_title4 = [[SADC Tribunal|Tribunal]] President
|leader_name4 = {{flagicon|Mauritius}} [[Ariranga Pillay]]
|leader_title5 = Executive Secretary
|leader_name5 = {{flagicon|Tanzania}} [[Stergomena Tax]]
|legislature = SADC Parliamentary Forum
|established_event1 = as [[Southern African Development Coordination Conference|SADCC]]
|established_date1 = 1 April 1980
|established_event2 = as SADC
|established_date2 = 17 August 1992
|official_website = {{url|www.sadc.int}}
|area_magnitude =
|area_km2 = 9882959
|area_sq_mi =
|area_footnote =
|percent_water =
|area_label = Total
|area_label2 =
|area_dabodyalign =
|population_estimate = 277 million
|population_estimate_year =
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|GDP_PPP = US$ 1,575 billion
|GDP_PPP_year = 2018
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $4,309
|GDP_nominal =
|GDP_nominal_year =
|GDP_nominal_per_capita =
|Gini =
|Gini_ref =
|Gini_year =
|HDI =
|HDI_ref =
|HDI_year =
|currency =
|currency_code =
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = +1 to +4
|footnote_a =
}}

The '''Southern African Development Community''' ('''SADC''') is an [[inter-governmental organization]] headquartered in [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]. Its goal is to further socio-economic cooperation and integration as well as political and security cooperation among 16 southern African states.<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.academia.edu/34195352/_The_Southern_African_unipolarity_in_Journal_of_Contemporary_African_Studies_DOI_10.1080_02589001.2017.1364355|title=The Southern African unipolarity|accessdate=2017-09-30|publisher=Journal of Contemporary African Studies}}</ref>

== Member states ==
{{Politics of the African Union mini|financial|width=5em}}

SADC has 16 [[member states]]:<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sadc.int/member-states|title=MEMBER STATES|accessdate=2017-07-31|publisher=Southern African Development Community}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|+
Member states surface area and populations<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|accessdate=27 January 2017|title=|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf|journal=United Nations Statistics Division|volume=|pages=1-2|via=}}</ref>
!Country
!Area
(km2)
!Population
!Notes on Membership
|-
|{{Flag|Angola}}
|1 246 700
|25 646 166
|
|-
|{{Flag|Botswana}}
|582 000
|2 024 904
|
|-
|{{flag|Comoros}}<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.sadc.int/files/4715/0347/1755/37th_SADC_Summit_English_Communique.pdf|title=COMMUNIQUÉ OF THE 37th SUMMIT SADC OF HEADS OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT OR TAMBO BUILDING, DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND COOPERATION (DIRCO) PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA|date=2017-08-20|accessdate=2017-07-31|publisher=Southern African Development Community}}</ref><ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/union-comoros-becomes-16th-sadc-member-state/|title=The Union of Comoros becomes the 16th SADC Member State|date=2017-08-20|accessdate=2017-07-31|publisher=Southern African Development Community}}</ref>
|2 235
|575 660
|Since 20 August 2017
|-
|{{flag|Democratic Republic of Congo}}
|2 344 858
|78 736 153
|Since 8 September 1997
|-
|{{flag|eSwatini|name=eSwatini (Swaziland)}}
|17 363
|844 223
|
|-
|{{flag|Lesotho}}
|30 355
|1 741 406
|
|-
|{{flag|Madagascar}}
|587 295
|12 238 914
|membership reinstated on 30 January 2014 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/sadc-lifts-madagascar-suspension/|title=SADC Lifts Madagascar Suspension|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=|publisher=SADC|accessdate=30 January 2014}}</ref> after an [[2009 Malagasy political crisis|imposed suspension in 2009]]
|-
|{{flag|Malawi}}
|118 484
|13 077 160
|
|-
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|1 969
|1 237 000
|since 28 August 1995
|-
|{{flag|Mozambique}}
|801 590
|20 252 223
|
|-
|{{flag|Namibia}}
|824 268
|2 104 900
|since 21 March 1990 (since independence)
|-
|{{flag|Seychelles}}
|456
|90 945
|also previously a member of SADC from 8 September 1997 until 1 July 2004 then joined again in 2008.
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|1 221 037
|56 000 000
|since 30 August 1994
|-
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|947 303
|44 928 923
|
|-
|{{flag|Zambia}}
|752 612
|13 046 508
|
|-
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
|390 757
|12 973 808
|
|}

The Union of Comoros was admitted into SADC at the 37th SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government held in Pretoria, South Africa in 2017, bringing the total number of Member States to 16.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tore|first1=Ozgur|title=Comoros joins Southern African Development Community – SADC|url=https://ftnnews.com/other-news/32894-comoros-joins-southern-african-development-community-sadc.html|website=ftnnews.com|publisher=FTN News|accessdate=31 January 2018}}</ref> Additionally, [[Burundi]] has requested to join.<ref>{{citeweb|title=Southern Africa: Comoros Admitted Into SADC|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201708220731.html|date=2017-08-22|accessdate=2017-08-31|first=Albertina|last=Nakale}}</ref>

== History ==

The origins of SADC are in the 1960s and 1970s, when the leaders of majority-ruled countries and national liberation movements coordinated their political, diplomatic and military struggles to bring an end to colonial and white-minority rule in southern Africa. The immediate forerunner of the political and security cooperation leg of today's SADC was the informal [[Frontline States]] (FLS) grouping. It was formed in 1980.

The [[Southern African Development Coordination Conference]] (SADCC) was the forerunner of the socio-economic cooperation leg of today's SADC. The adoption by nine majority-ruled southern African countries of the Lusaka declaration on 1 April 1980 paved the way for the formal establishment of SADCC in April 1980.

Membership of the FLS and SADCC sometimes differed.

SADCC was transformed into SADC on 17 August 1992, with the adoption by the founding members of SADCC and newly independent [[Namibia]] of the Windhoek declaration and treaty establishing SADC. The 1992 SADC provided for both socio-economic cooperation and political and security cooperation. In reality, the FLS was dissolved only in 1994, after South Africa's first democratic elections. Subsequent efforts to place political and security cooperation on a firm institutional footing under SADC's umbrella failed.

On 14 August 2001, the 1992 SADC treaty was amended. The amendment heralded the overhaul of the structures, policies and procedures of SADC, a process which is ongoing. One of the changes is that political and security cooperation is institutionalised in the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS). One of the principal SADC bodies, it is subject to the oversight of the organisation's supreme body, the Summit, which comprises the heads of state or government.

The organisation holds its own [[multi-sport event]] in the form of the [[SADC Games]], which was first held in 2004 in [[Maputo]]. Originally planned for an earlier date in Malawi and Lesotho, organisational issues led to abandonment of the plan and the SADC issuing a fine of $100,000 against Malawi.<ref>[http://www.panapress.com/Organisation-of-SADC-Games-to-cost-a-million-dollars--13-482221-18-lang2-index.html Organisation of SADC Games to cost a million dollars]. Panapress (2003-05-11). Retrieved on 2014-09-15.</ref> The first event in 2004 in Maputo resulted in over 1000 youths under-20 from 10 countries taking part in a sports programme including [[athletics (sport)|athletics]], [[association football|football]], [[netball]], [[boxing]] and [[basketball]].<ref>Valy, Bayano (June 2004). [http://www.sardc.net/editorial/sadctoday/v7-2-6-04/games.htm The first Under-20 Zone Six SADC Games]. SADC Today, Vol.7 No.2 June 2004. Retrieved on 2014-09-15.</ref>

== Protocols ==

SADC has 27 legally binding protocols dealing with issues such as Defence, Development, Illicit Drug Trade, Free Trade and Movement of People.<ref>[http://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/overview/sa-protocols/ Southern African Development Community :: SADC Protocols]. Sadc.int. Retrieved on 2013-08-09.</ref>

* [http://www.sadc.int/documents-publications/show/Protocol_on_Energy1996.pdf Protocol on Energy (1996)] – Intended to promote harmonious development of national energy policies. These development strategies set out tangible objectives for SADC and its Member States for infrastructure development in energy and its subsectors of woodfuel, petroleum and natural gas, electricity, goal, renewable energy, and energy efficiency and conservation.<ref>{{cite web|title=South African Development Community|url=http://www.sadc.int/themes/infrastructure/en/|website=www.sadc.int|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref>
* Protocol on Gender and Development – Member states are urged to accelerate implementation efforts towards the achievements of concrete and transformative changes in the lives of women and girls in our region.H.E. President Mutharika also expressed concern on the escalating incidents of gender based violence in the region, especially those perpetrated against women and girls, and used this occasion to sign a commitment to end child marriages, as part of the AU campaign to end Child Marriages in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern African Development Community|url=http://www.sadc.int/news-events/news/sadc-gender-womens-affairs-ministers-meet/|website=www.sadc.int|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref>
* Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Co-operation (2001) - Intended to foster regional security and defence cooperation, promote peace, political stability and conflict-management. The protocol initiated also an institutional reform of the SADC's Organ for Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1005921955|title=The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU) : Regionalism and External Influence|last=Johannes,|first=Muntschick,|publisher=|year=|isbn=9783319453309|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=187-228|oclc=1005921955}}</ref>

== SADC FTA ==

The SADC [[Free Trade Area]] was established in August 2008, after the implementation of the SADC Protocol on Trade in 2000 laid the foundation for its formation.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/integration-milestones/free-trade-area/|title = Free Trade Area|date = |accessdate = 14 Mar 2014|website = Southern African Development Community|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.sadc.int/documents-publications/show/Protocol_on_Trade1996.pdf|title = Southern African Development Community Protocol on Trade|date = 1996|accessdate = 14 Mar 2015|website = Southern African Development Community|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> Its original members were [[Botswana]], [[Lesotho]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Mozambique]], [[Namibia]], [[South Africa]], [[Swaziland]], [[Tanzania]], [[Zambia]] and [[Zimbabwe]],<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.southafrica.info/africa/sadc-fta.htm|title = SADC launches free trade area|date = 18 Aug 2008|accessdate = 14 Mar 2015|website = Southafrica.info - Brand South Africa portal website|publisher = |last = Mbola|first = Bathandwa}}</ref> with [[Malawi]] and [[Seychelles]] joining later. Of the 15 SADC member states, only [[Angola]] and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo]] are not yet participating.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.sadc.int/about-sadc/integration-milestones/free-trade-area/|title = Free Trade Area|date = |accessdate = 16 October 2017|website = Southern African Development Community|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> The SADC-Customs Union, scheduled to be established by 2010 according to SADC's Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP), is unlikely to become reality in the near future. This is because the European Union's Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) with their inherent extra-regional freetrade regimes provided for several SADC members more benefits than deeper regional market integration within the framework of a SADC-Customs Union. Since these SADC countries formed four different groupings to negotiate and implement different Economic Partnership Agreements with European Union, the chance to establish a SADC-wide [[common external tariff]] as prerequsite for a regional customs union is missed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1005921955|title=The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU) : Regionalism and External Influence|last=Johannes,|first=Muntschick,|publisher=|year=|isbn=9783319453309|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=153-186|oclc=1005921955}}</ref>

On Wednesday 22 October 2008, SADC joined with the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] and the [[East African Community]] to form the [[African Free Trade Zone]], including all members of each of the organizations. The leaders of the three trading blocs agreed to create a single free trade zone, the [[African Free Trade Zone]], consisting of 26 countries with a GDP of an estimated $624bn (£382.9bn). It is hoped the [[African Free Trade Zone]] agreement would ease access to markets within the zone and end problems arising from the fact that several of the member countries belong to multiple groups.<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7684903.stm</ref>

The [[African Free Trade Zone]] effective has been more than a hundred years in the making—a trade zone spanning the whole African continent from [[Cape to Cairo Red Line|Cape to Cairo]] and envisioned by [[Cecil Rhodes]] and other British imperialists in the 1890s. The only difference is that the [[African Free Trade Zone]] is the creation of independent African Countries. The idea is a free trade zone spanning the whole continent from the Cape to Cairo ([[Cape Town]] in the [[Republic of South Africa]] to [[Cairo]] in [[Egypt]]).

In addition to eliminating duplicative membership and the problem member states also participating in other regional economic cooperation schemes and regional political and security cooperation schemes that may compete with or undermine each other, the [[African Free Trade Zone]] further aims to strengthen the bloc's bargaining power when negotiating international deals.

== Challenges facing member countries ==

SADC countries face many social, development, economic, trade, education, health, diplomatic, defence, security and political challenges. Some of these challenges cannot be tackled effectively by individual members. Cattle diseases and organised-crime gangs know no boundaries. War in one country can suck in its neighbours and damage their economies. The sustainable development that trade could bring is threatened by the existence of different product standards and tariff regimes, weak customs infrastructure and bad roads. The socio-economic and political and security cooperation aims of SADC are equally wide-ranging, and intended to address the various common challenges.<ref>[http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/167262/index.en.shtml Deep Integration] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301074450/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/167262/index.en.shtml |date=1 March 2010 }}</ref>

One significant challenge is that member states also participate in other regional economic cooperation schemes and regional political and security cooperation schemes that may compete with or undermine SADC's aims. For example, South Africa and Botswana both belong to the [[Southern Africa Customs Union]], Zambia is a part of the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]], and Tanzania is a member of the [[East African Community]].

According to Human Rights Watch, "SADC has been criticized for its laxity on making human rights compliance within its member states a priority".<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/13/sadc-address-members-rights-issues]</ref>

== Structure and decision-making procedures ==
The organisation has six principal bodies:

* The Summit, comprising [[head of state|heads of state]] or [[Head of government|heads of government]]
* Organ on Politics, Defence and Security
* Council of Ministers
* [[SADC Tribunal]]
* SADC National Committees (SNCs)
* [[wikt:secretariat|Secretariat]]

Except for the Tribunal (based in [[Windhoek]], Namibia), SNCs and Secretariat, decision-making is by consensus.

== Leaders ==
[[File:Southern African Development Community Headquarters 20 oct 2009.jpg|right|250px|thumb|SADC headquarters building in [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]].]]

===Chairperson===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Country !! Chairperson !! Term
|-
| {{ZAM}} || [[Levy Mwanawasa]] || 2007–2008
|-
| {{ZAF}} || [[Kgalema Motlanthe ]] || 2008–2009
|-
| {{COD}} || [[Joseph Kabila]] || 2009-2010
|-
| {{NAM}} || [[Hifikepunye Pohamba]] || 2010–2011
|-
| {{ANG}} || [[Jose Eduardo dos Santos]] || 2011–2012
|-
| {{MOZ}} || [[Armando Guebuza]] || 2012–2013
|-
| {{MWI}} || [[Joyce Banda]] [[Peter Mutharika]] || 2013 – 31 May 2014 31 May - 17 August 2014
|-
| {{ZIM}} || [[Robert Mugabe]] || 2014 – 17 August 2015
|-
| {{BOT}} || [[Ian Khama]] || 17 August 2015 – 2016
|-
| {{SWZ}}|| [[King Mswati III]]|| 2016-2017
|-
| {{ZAF}}|| [[Jacob Zuma]] [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] || 2017–2018
|-
| {{NAM}} || [[Hage Geingob]] || 17 August 2018–present
|}

===Executive Secretaries===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width: 120px;"|Country !! style="width: 120px;"|Name !! style="width: 120px;"|Term
|-
| {{NAM}} || [[Kaire Mbuende]] || 1994–2000
|-
| {{MUS}} || [[Prega Ramsamy]] || 2000–2001 {{small|([[Acting (law)|Acting]])}} 2001–2005
|-
| {{MOZ}} || [[Tomaz Salomão]] || 2005–2013
|-
| {{TZA}} || [[Stergomena Tax]] || 2013–present
|}

== Comparison with other regional blocs ==
{{African Economic Community}}

== See also ==
*[[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA)
*[[East African Community]] (EAC)
*[[Economic Community of Central African States]] (ECCAS)
*[[Southern African Customs Union]] (SACU)
*[[Economic Community of West African States]] (ECOWAS)
*[[List of trade blocs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*Gabriël Oosthuizen, The Southern African Development Community: The organisation, its history, policies and prospects. Institute for Global Dialogue: Midrand, South Africa, 2006.
*[[John McCormick (political scientist)|John McCormick]], The European Union: Politics and Policies. Westview Press: Boulder, Colorado, 2004.
*Muntschick, Johannes, The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU). Regionalism and External Influence. Palgrave Macmillan: Cham. 2017. {{ISBN|978-3-319-45330-9}}.

*Ramsamy, Prega 2003 Global partnership for Africa. Presentation at the human rights conference on global partnerships for Africa’s development, Gaborone: SADC

== External links ==
{{commons category|Southern African Development Community}}
*{{Official website|http://www.sadc.int}}
*[http://agritrade.cta.int/Regions/ACP/Southern-Africa ''Agritrade'' website covering trade issues in southern Africa]
{{Southern African Development Community}}
{{African Trade Agreements}}

[[Category:Organizations of Southern Africa]]
[[Category:International organizations of Africa]]
[[Category:Southern African Development Community| ]]
[[Category:United Nations General Assembly observers]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1992]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Africa]]

List of food preparation utensils

2018-12-28T09:38:49Z

159.50.189.7: add roller docker description from dedicated page

{{expand list|date=September 2012}}
[[File:Kitchen utensils-01.jpg|thumb|right|An assortment of utensils]]
A [[kitchen utensil]] is a hand-held, typically small tool that is designed for food-related functions. '''Food preparation utensils''' are a specific type of kitchen utensil, designed for use in the preparation of food. Some utensils are both food preparation utensils and [[eating utensil]]s; for instance some implements of [[cutlery]] – especially knives – can be used for both food preparation in a kitchen and as eating utensils when dining.

In the [[Western world]], utensil invention accelerated in the 19th and 20th centuries. It was fuelled in part by the emergence of technologies such as the [[kitchen stove]] and [[refrigerator]], but also by a desire to save time in the kitchen, in response to the demands of modern lifestyles.<ref>[http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/food/kitchen_technology.htm "Kitchen technology"]. [[Cornell University Library]]. Retrieved 22 August 2012.</ref>
{{Compact ToC|side=yes|refs=yes|seealso=yes}}
{{clear}}

==List==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ List of food preparation utensils
!scope=col|Name
!scope=col|Alternative names
!scope=col|Purpose in food preparation
!scope=col|Design
!scope=col|Image
|-
!scope=row|[[Apple corer]]
|
|To remove the core and pips from apples and similar fruits
|
|[[File:Plastic-Apple-Corer.jpg|150px|alt=|A plastic apple corer]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Apple corer|Apple cutter]]
|
|To cut apple and similar fruits easily while simultaneously removing the core and pips.
|Cf. [[peeler]]
|[[File:AppleCorer%26Slicer.JPG|150px|alt=|An apple cutter]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Basting (cooking)|Baster]]
|
|Used during cooking to cover meat in its own juices or with a sauce.
|An implement resembling a simple [[pipette]], consisting of a tube to hold the liquid, and a rubber top which makes use of a partial [[vacuum]] to control the liquid's intake and release. The process of drizzling the liquid over meat is called ''basting'' – when a pastry brush is used in place of a baster, it is known as a ''basting brush''.
|[[File:Baster.jpg|150px|alt=|Baster]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Beanpot]]
|
| A deep, wide-bellied, short-necked vessel used to cook bean-based dishes
| Beanpots are typically made of ceramic, though pots made of other materials, like cast iron, can also be found. The relatively narrow mouth of the beanpot minimizes evaporation and heat loss, while the deep, wide, thick-walled body of the pot facilitates long, slow cooking times. They are typically glazed both inside and out, and so cannot be used for clay pot cooking.
|[[File:Beanpots.jpg|150px|alt=|Beanpots]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Biscuit cutter]]
|''Biscuit mould, Cookie cutter, Cookie mould''
|Shaping biscuit dough
|Generally made of metal or plastic, with fairly sharp edges to cut through dough. Some biscuit cutters simply cut through dough that has been rolled flat, others also imprint or mould the dough's surface.
|[[File:CookieCuttersAl.jpg|150px|alt=|Examples of simple star, crescent and heart-shaped biscuit cutters]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Biscuit press]]
|''Cookie press''
|A device for making pressed [[cookie]]s such as [[spritzgebäck]].
|It consists of a cylinder with a plunger on one end which is used to [[Food extrusion|extrude]] cookie dough through a small hole at the other end. Typically the cookie press has interchangeable perforated plates with holes in different shapes, such as a star shape or a narrow slit to extrude the dough in ribbons.
|[[File:Cookie Press.jpg|150px|alt=|Biscuit press with a number of shaped plates]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Blow torch]]
|''Blowtorch, blowlamp''
|Commonly used to create a hard layer of caramelized sugar in a [[crème brûlée]].<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|author1=Conran, Caroline |author2=Conran, Terence |author3=Hopkinson, Simon |last-author-amp=yes |title=The Conran Cookbook|year=1997|publisher=Conran Octopus Ltd.|isbn=1840911824|pages=229}}</ref>
|
|align=center|[[File:Small blowtorch.jpg|100px|alt=|A small blowtorch]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Boil over preventer]]
|''Milk watcher, Milk guard, Pot minder''
|Preventing liquids from boiling over outside of the pot
|A disc with a raised rim, designed to ensure an even distribution of temperature throughout the pot. This preventing bubbles from forming in liquids such as milk, or water which contains starch (for instance if used to cook pasta). Can be made of metal, glass or ceramic materials.
|[[File:Milchwaechter Edelstahl.jpeg|150px|alt=|Stainless steel boil over preventer]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Bottle opener]]
|
|Twists the metal cap off of a bottle
|
|[[File:Clé ouvre-bouteille.JPG|150px|alt=|Bottle opener]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Bowl]]
|
|To hold food, including food that is ready to be served
|A round, open topped container, capable of holding liquid. Materials used to make bowls vary considerably, and include wood, glass and ceramic materials.
|[[File:Simple-ceramic-bowl.jpg|150px|alt=|A simple ceramic bowl]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Bread knife]]
|
|To cut bread
|A [[serrated blade|serrated]] blade made of metal, and long enough to slice across a large loaf of bread. Using a sawing motion, instead of pushing force as with most knives, it is possible to slice the loaf without squashing it.
|[[File:BreadKnife.jpg|150px|alt=|Bread knife]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Browning tray]]
|''Browning plate, Browning bowl''
|Used in a microwave oven to help turn food brown
|Generally made of glass or porcelain to absorb heat, which helps colour the layer of food in contact with its surface.
|
|-
!scope=row|[[Butter curler]]
|
|Used to produce decorative [[butter]] shapes.
|
|[[File:Butter curler.jpg|150px|alt=|Butter curler]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Cake and pie server]]
|''Cake shovel, pie cutter''
|To cut slices in pies or cakes, and then transfer to a plate or container
|This utensil typically features a thin edge to assist with slicing, and a large face, to hold the slice whilst transferring to a plate, bowl or other container.
|[[File:Tortenheber.JPG|150px|alt=|An assortment of cake and pie servers]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Cheese knife#Cheese cutter|Cheese cutter]]
|
| Designed to cut soft, sticky cheeses (moist and oily).
|The cutting edge of cheese cutters are typically a fine gauge stainless steel or aluminium wire.
|[[File:BeechwGrapesOrangeMat540.jpg|150px|alt=|A cheese cutter]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Cheese knife]]
|
|Used to cut cheese.
|
|[[File:Cheese knife.JPG|150px|alt=|A soft cheese knife]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Cheese knife#Cheese slicer|Cheese slicer]]
|
|Used to cut semi-hard and hard cheeses. It produces thin, even slices.
|
|[[File:Osthyvel 20050723 001.jpg|150px|alt=|A cheese slicer]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Cheesecloth]]
|
|To assist in the formation of cheese
|A [[gauze]]d cotton cloth, used to remove whey from cheese curds, and to help hold the curds together as the cheese is formed.
|align=center|[[File:Cheeseincheesecloth-sink.jpg|100px|alt=|A cheesecloth hanging above a sink]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Chef's knife]]
|
|Originally used to slice large cuts of beef, it is now the general utility knife for most Western cooks.
|
|[[File:Chef's Knife.jpg|150px|alt=|Chef's knife]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Cherry pitter]]
|''Olive stoner''
|Used for the removal of pits (stones) from cherries or olives.
|
|[[File:Cherry-pitter-1.jpg|150px|alt=|Metal cherry pitter]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Chinois]]
|''Chinoise''
|Straining substances such as [[custard]]s, soups and sauces, or to dust food with powder
|A conical sieve
|[[File:Chinoise.jpg|150px|alt=|Chinoise]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Clay pot]]
|
|A cooking pot made out of clay
|
|[[File:Lobio in clay pots covered with mchadi.jpg|150px|alt=|Lobio in clay pots covered with mchadi]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Cleaver]]
|
|Hacking through bone or slicing large vegetables (such as squash). The knife's broad side can also be used for crushing in food preparation (such as garlic).
|A large broad bladed knife.
|[[File:Cleaver_(PSF).jpg|150px|alt=|Cleaver in use]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Colander]]
|
|Used for draining substances cooked in water
|A bowl-shaped container with holes, typically made from plastic or metal. It differs from a sieve due to its larger holes, allowing larger pieces of food, such as pasta, to be drained quickly.
|[[File:Blue colander.jpg|150px|alt=|A metal colander]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Corkscrew]]
|
|Pierces and removes a cork from a bottle.
|
|[[File:Korkenzieher 01 KMJ.jpg|150px|Corkscrew]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Crab cracker]]
|''Lobster cracker''
|Used to crack the shell of a crab or lobster
|A clamping device, similar in design to a nutcracker but larger, with ridges on the inside to grip the shell.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
|
|-
!scope=row|[[Cutting board]]
|
| A portable board on which food can be cut.
| Usually smaller and lighter than butcher's blocks, generally made from wood or plastic.
|[[File:Կտրատելու տախտակ.JPG|150px|alt=|A wooden chopping board]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Dough scraper]]
|''Bench scraper, Scraper, Bench knife''
|To shape or cut dough, and remove dough from a worksurface
|Most dough scrapers consist of handle wide enough to be held in one or two hands, and an equally wide, flat, steel face.
|[[File:BenchScraper.JPG|150px|alt=|Steel dough scraper with a plastic handle]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Edible tableware]]
|
|
|[[Tableware]], such as plates, glasses, utensils and cutlery, that is edible
|
|-
!scope=row|[[Egg piercer]]
|
|Pierces the air pocket of an eggshell with a small needle to keep the shell from cracking during hard-boiling. If both ends of the shell are pierced, the egg can be blown out while preserving the shell (for crafts).
|
|[[File:Egg piercer.jpg|150px|alt=|Egg piercer, "push down" variant]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Egg poacher]]
|
|Holds a raw egg, and is placed inside a pot of boiling water to poach an egg.
|
|[[File:Metallic single egg poacher.jpg|150px|alt=|Metal single egg poacher]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Separating eggs|Egg separator]]
|
|A slotted spoon-like utensil used to separate the [[yolk]] of an egg from the [[egg white]].
|
|[[File:Steel egg separator.jpg|150px|alt=|Steel coiled egg separator]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Egg slicer]]
|
|Slicing peeled, [[hard-boiled eggs]] quickly and evenly.
|Consists of a slotted dish for holding the egg and a hinged plate of wires or blades that can be closed to slice.<ref>"Egg slicer," in Charles G. Sinclair, ed., [https://books.google.com/books?id=fnveo8cyxKkC&lpg=PA184&dq=egg%20slicer&as_brr=3&pg=PA184#v=onepage&q=egg%20slicer&f=false The International Dictionary of Food and Cooking], p. 184. Peter Collin Pub., 1998. Google Book Search. Retrieved 18 August 2012.</ref>
|[[File:Eierschneider.jpg|150px|alt=|Egg slicer]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Egg timer]]
|
|Used to correctly time the process of boiling eggs.
|Historical designs range considerably, from [[hourglass]]es, to mechanical or electronic timers, to electronic devices which sense the water temperature and calculate the boiling rate.
|align=center|[[File:Egg timer.jpg|40px|alt=|Classic egg timer in hour glass model]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Fat separator]]
|
|Device used to [[Degreasing|defat]] or separate fat from stocks or gravies.
|
|[[File:Decho-Teekanne.JPG|150px]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Fillet knife]]
|
|A long, narrow knife with a finely serrated blade, used to slice fine [[fillet (cut)|filet]] cuts of fish or other meat.
|
|[[File:Couteau filet sole.jpg|150px|alt=|Filet knife]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Urokotori|Fish scaler]]
|''Urokotori''
|Used to remove the scales from the skin of fish before cooking
|
|[[Image:Urokotori.FishScaler.jpg|150px|alt=|A Fish Scaler]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Fish slice (kitchen utensil)|Fish slice]]
|''[[Spatula]], turner''
|Used for lifting or turning food during cooking
|
|[[File:Fishslice1.jpg|150px|alt=|A fish slice]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Flour sifter]]
|
|Blends flour with other ingredients and aerates it in the process.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|author1=Conran, Caroline |author2=Conran, Terence |author3=Hopkinson, Simon |last-author-amp=yes |title=The Conran Cookbook|year=1997|publisher=Conran Octopus Ltd.|isbn=1840911824|pages=237}}</ref>
|
|
|-
!scope=row|[[Food mill]]
|
|Used to mash or sieve soft foods.
|Typically consists of a bowl, a plate with holes like a colander, and a crank with a bent metal blade which crushes the food and forces it through the holes.
|[[File:Food mill by tokyofoodcast.jpg|150px|alt=|Food mill]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Funnel]]
|
|Used to channel [[liquid]] or fine-grained substances into containers with a small opening.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
|A pipe with a wide, conical mouth and a narrow stem.
|[[File:Kitchen Funnel.jpg|150px|alt=|A plastic funnel]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Garlic press]]
|
|Presses garlic cloves to create a [[puree]], functioning like a specialized [[Potato ricer|ricer]].
|
|[[File:Klieste na cesnak.jpg|150px|alt=|Garlic press]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Grapefruit knife]]
|
|Finely serrated knife for separating segments of grapefruit or other citrus fruit.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite book|last=Cunningham|first=Marion|title=The Fannie Farmer Cookbook|year=2008|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=0679450815|pages=27}}</ref>
|
|[[File:Grapefruit knife.jpg|150px|alt=|Grapefruit knife]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Grater]]
|''Cheese grater, Shredder''
|Used to grate cheeses, spices, citrus and other foods
|
|[[File:Kuechenreibe fcm.jpg|150px|alt=|A box grater]]
|-
!scope=row|Gravy strainer
|''Gravy separator''
|A small pouring jug that separates roast meat [[drippings]] from melted fat, for making gravy.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
|
|
|-
!scope=row|[[Herb chopper]]
|
|Chops or minces raw herbs.
|
|
|-
!scope=row|[[Honey dipper]]
|
|Drizzles honey.
|
|[[File:Wooden honey dipper (5536641494).jpg|150px|alt=|A box grater]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Ladle (spoon)|Ladle]]
|
| A ladle is a type of [[serving spoon]] used for [[soup]], [[stew]], or other foods.
|
|[[File:Ladle silver 1876-7.JPG|150px|alt=|A silver ladle]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Lame (kitchen tool)|Lame]]
|
|Used to slash the tops of bread loaves in [[artisan]] baking.
|
|[[File:Lame-breadslahing.jpg|150px|alt=|A lame]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Lemon reamer]]
|
|A [[juicer]] with a fluted peak at the end of a short handle, where a half a lemon is pressed to release the juice.
|
|[[File:Lemon reamer.jpg|150px|alt=|A wooden lemon reamer]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Lemon squeezer]]
|
|A [[juicer]], similar in function to a [[lemon reamer]], with an attached bowl.
|Operated by pressing the fruit against a fluted peak to release the juice into the bowl.
|[[File:Zitronenpresse fcm.jpg|150px|alt=|A pressed glass lemon squeezer]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Lobster pick]]
|''Lobster fork''
|A long-handled, narrow pick, used to pull meat out of narrow legs and other parts of a lobster or crab.<ref name=autogenerated2 />
|
|[[File:Lobster forks.jpg|150px|alt=|Three lobster forks]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Mandoline]]
|
|
|
|[[File:Cooking Mandolin with Carrot.jpg|150px|alt=|Mandoline]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Mated colander pot]]
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row|[[Measuring cup]]
|''Measuring jug'', ''Measuring jar''
|
| The Pyrex-brand traditional measuring cup (the Anchor Hocking-brand look-alike is shown, right) is available in 1 cup (8 ounce), 2 cup (16 ounce), 4 cup (32 ounce) and 8 cup (64 ounce) sizes and includes U.S. customary units in quarter, third, half and two-thirds cup increments, as well as metric units.
|[[File:Measuring Jar.jpg|150px|alt=|A glass measuring jug]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Measuring spoon]]
|
|Typically sold in a set that measures dry or wet ingredients in amounts from 1/4 teaspoon (1.25 ml) up to 1 tablespoon (15 ml).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Conran, Caroline |author2=Conran, Terence |author3=Hopkinson, Simon |last-author-amp=yes |title=The Conran Cookbook|year=1997|publisher=Conran Octopus Ltd.|isbn=1840911824|pages=233}}</ref>
|
|[[File:MeasuringSpoons.jpg|150px|alt=|An assortment of plastic measuring spoons]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Meat grinder]]
|''Mincer''
|Operated with a hand-[[crank (mechanism)|crank]], this presses meat through a chopping or [[puree]]ing attachment.
|
|[[File:Fleischwolf.ganz.jpg|150px|alt=|Meat grinder]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Meat tenderiser]]
|
|Used to tenderize meats in preparation for cooking. Usually shaped like a mallet.
|
|[[File:Meat-Tenderizer.jpg|150px|alt=|Meat tenderiser]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Meat thermometer]]
|
|Thermometer used to measure the internal temperature of meats and other cooked foods.
|
|[[File:Meat thermometer.jpg|150px|alt=|Meat thermometer]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Melon baller]]
|
|Small scoop used to make smooth balls of melon or other fruit, or potatoes.<ref name=autogenerated3 />
|
|[[File:WatermelonBaller.JPG|150px|alt=|A melon baller with a watermelon themed handle]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Mezzaluna]]
|
|To finely and consistently chop/[[mincing|mince]] foods, especially herbs.
|
|[[File:Wiegemesser mit Brett.JPG|150px|alt=|A double-bladed mezzaluna]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Microplane]]
|
|To zest citrus fruits or finely grate hard foods such as cheese.
|
|[[File:Zester.jpg|150px|alt=|A microplane zester]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Milk frother]]
|
|To make foam or froth in milk for coffee.
|Essentially a small battery powered [[electric mixer]].
|[[File:Milk_frother_wand_battery_powered.jpg|150px|alt=|A battery milk frother wand]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Mortar and pestle]]
|''Molcajete''
|To crush food, releasing flavours and aromas
|Generally made from either porcelain or wood, the mortar is shaped as a bowl. The pestle, generally shaped like a small club, is used to forcefully squeeze ingredients such as herbs against the mortar.<ref>[[Levi Roots|Roots, Levi]] (14 November 2009). [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/best-kitchen-gadget-pestle-and-mortar-1819667.html "Best kitchen gadget: pestle and mortar"]. ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved 5 October 2012.</ref>
|[[File:White-Mortar-and-Pestle.jpg|150px|alt=|A ceramic mortar and pestle]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Nutcracker]]
|
|To crack open the hard outer shell of various nuts.
|
|[[File:Nutcracker, metal.jpg|150px|alt=|A nutcracker made of metal]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Nutmeg grater]]
|
|A small, specialized grating blade for [[nutmeg]].
|
|[[File:Nutmeggrater.jpg|150px|alt=|Nutmeg grater, England, 1800-25]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Oven glove]]
|''Oven mitt''
|To protect hands from burning when handling hot pots or trays.
|
|[[File:Baking glove.jpg|150px|alt=|Red oven glove]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Pastry bag]]
|
|To evenly dispense soft substances (doughs, [[icing (food)|icing]]s, fillings, etc.).
|
|[[File:Plastic pastry bag.JPG|150px|alt=|A simple pastry bag for home use]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Pastry blender]]
|
|Cuts into pastry ingredients, such as flour and butter, for blending and mixing while they are in a bowl. It is made of wires curved into a crescent shape and held by a rigid handle.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
|
|[[File:Kitchen-Dough-Blender.jpg|150px|alt=|A handheld pastry blender]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Pastry brush]]
|''Basting brush''
|To spread oil, juices, sauce or glaze on food.
|Some brushes have wooden handles and natural or plastic [[bristle]]s, whilst others have metal or plastic handles and [[silicone]] bristles.
|[[File:Kitchen-Silicone-Brush.jpg|150px|alt=|Pastry brush with a metallic handle and silicone bristles]]
|-
!scope=row|Pastry wheel
|
|Cuts straight or crimped lines through dough for pastry or pasta.
|
|
|-
!scope=row|[[Peel (tool)|Peel]]
|''Pizza shovel''
|
|
|[[File:Pizza shovel peel2.jpg|150px|alt=|A peel]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Peeler]]
|''Potato peeler''
|
|
|[[File:Peeler 01 Pengo.jpg|150px|alt=|An assortment of peelers]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Pepper mill]]
|''Burr mill, burr grinder, pepper grinder''
|
|
|[[File:Peppermill.jpg|150px|alt=|A pepper mill]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Pie bird]]
|''Pie vent, pie funnel''
|
|
|[[File:Chickenpie1.JPG|150px|alt=|A pie bird inserted into a chicken pie]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Pizza cutter]]
|''Pizza slicer''
|
|
|[[File:Pizza-slicer.jpg|150px|alt=|A wheel-type cutter]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Potato masher]]
|
|
|
|[[File:Potato Masher.jpg|150px|alt=|Potato masher]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Potato ricer]]
|''Ricer''
|Presses very smooth vegetable mashes or [[puree]]s, operates similar to a [[meat grinder|meat grinder/mincer]].
|
|[[File:Potatispress.JPG|150px|alt=|Potato ricer]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Pot-holder]]
|
|
|
|[[File:Two white potholders with hearts.jpg|150px|alt=|Two square crocheted pot holders]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Poultry shears]]
|
|Used for dejointing and cutting uncooked poultry; reinforced with a spring, they have one serrated blade and pointed tips.
|
|[[File:Gefligelschéier.jpg|150px|alt=|Poultry shears]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Roller docker]]
|
|Used to pierce bread dough, cracker dough, pizza dough or pastry dough to prevent over rising or blistering.
|
|[[File:Roller docker.jpg|150px|alt=|Riller docker]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Rolling pin]]
|
|A long, rounded wooden or marble tool rolled across dough to flatten it.
|
|[[File:Rollingpin.jpg|150px|alt=|Wooden rolling pin]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Salt shaker]]
|
|
|
|[[File:Salzstreuer.jpg|150px|alt=|Salt shaker]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Weighing scale|Scales]]
|''Kitchen scales, Weighing scales''
|
|
|[[File:Kitchen scale 20101110.jpg|150px|alt=|Mechanical scales]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Scissors#Kitchen scissors|Scissors]]
|''Kitchen scissors''
|
|
|[[File:Kitchen-Scissors.jpg|150px|alt=|Kitchen scissors, with a bottle opener built into the handles]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Scoop (utensil)|Scoop]]
|''Ice cream scoop''
|
|
|[[File:Kitchen-Scooper-Large.jpg|150px|alt=|A metal scoop]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Sieve]]
|''Sifter, Strainer''
|
|
|[[File:Passoire-chinois.JPG|150px|alt=|Sieve]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Slotted spoon]]
|''Skimmer''
|
|
|[[File:Hålslev.JPG|150px|alt=|A slotted spoon]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Spatula]]
|
|
|
|[[File:Maryse cuisine.JPG|150px|alt=|A plastic spatula]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Spider (utensil)|Spider]]
|''Sieve, spoon sieve, spoon skimmer, basket skimmer''
|For removing hot food from a liquid or skimming foam off when making broths
|A wide shallow wire-mesh basket with a long handle
|[[File:Spider (cooking).JPG|150px|alt=|Spider]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Sugar thermometer]]
|''Candy thermometer''
|Measuring the temperature, or [[sugar stage|stage]], of sugar
|
|[[File:Candy thermometer 003.jpg|150px|alt=|Sugar thermometer]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Tamis]]
|''Drum sieve''
|Used as a [[sieve|strainer]], [[grater]], or [[food mill]].
|A tamis has a cylindrical edge, made of [[metal]] or [[wood]], that supports a disc of fine [[metal]], [[nylon]], or [[horsehair]] [[mesh]]. Ingredients are pushed through the mesh.
|[[File:Tamises metalicos.JPG|150px|alt=|Separated tamis parts]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Tin opener]]
|''Can opener''
|To open tins or cans
|Designs vary considerably; the earliest tin openers were knives, adapted to open a tin as easily as possible.
|[[File:Kitchen-Modern-Can-Opener.jpg|150px|alt=|A modern tin opener]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Tomato knife]]
|
|Used to slice through tomatoes.
|A small serrated knife.
|[[File:Tomato bagel knife.jpg|150px|alt=|Blade of a tomato knife]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Tongs]]
|
|For gripping and lifting. Usually used to move items on hot surfaces, such as barbecues, or to select small or grouped items, such as sugar cubes or salad portions.
|Two long arms with a pivot near the handle.
|[[File:Grilling-tongs.png|150px|alt=|Grilling tongs]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Trussing needle]]
|
|For pinning, or sewing up, poultry and other meat.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cunningham|first=Marion|title=The Fannie Farmer Cookbook|year=2008|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=0679450815|pages=30}}</ref>
| Needle, about 20 cm long and about 3mm in diameter, sometimes with a blade at end for pushing through poultry
|[[image:Trussing_Needle_0.jpg|150px|alt=|Trussing Needle]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Twine]]
||''Butcher's twine, Cooking twine, Kitchen string, Kitchen twine''
|For trussing roasts of meat or poultry.
|Twine must be cotton—never synthetic—and must be natural—never bleached—in order to be "food grade".
|[[File:Bindfaden.jpg|150px|alt=|Spools of twine]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Whisk]]
|''Balloon whisk, gravy whisk, flat whisk, flat coil whisk, bell whisk,'' and other types.
|To blend [[ingredients]] smooth, or to incorporate air into a mixture, in a process known as ''[[:wikt:whisk|whisking]]'' or ''[[:wikt:whipping|whipping]]''
|Most whisks consist of a long, narrow handle with a series of wire loops joined at the end. Whisks are also made from [[bamboo]].
|[[File:Schneebesen1.JPG|150px|alt=|Three whisks]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Wooden spoon]]
|
|For mixing and stirring during cooking and baking.
|
|[[File:- Wooden spoons -.jpg|150px|alt=|Wooden spoons]]
|-
!scope=row|[[Zester]]
|
|For obtaining [[Zest (ingredient)|zest]] from [[lemon]]s and other [[citrus fruit]].<ref name=autogenerated3 />
|A handle and a curved metal end, the top of which is perforated with a row of round holes with sharpened rims
|[[File:Juliennejern.JPG|150px|alt=|A zester, after being used to zest a lime]].
|-
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Cooking|Technology|Food}}
* [[Cookware and bakeware]]
* [[Home appliance]]
* [[Kitchen utensil]]
* [[List of cooking appliances]]
* [[List of cooking techniques]]
* [[List of eating utensils]]
* [[List of food preparation techniques]]
* [[List of Japanese cooking utensils]]
* [[List of serving utensils]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Cuisines}}

[[Category:Cooking utensils|*]]
[[Category:Food- and drink-related lists|Utensil]]

Bottle opener

2018-12-28T09:33:26Z

159.50.189.7: Switching images so that article preview shows a bottle opener and not a swiss army knife...

{|align="right"
|[[File:Kronkorken.gif|thumb|Using a bottle opener]]
[[Image:2006 pocket knife bottle opener.jpg|thumb|right|[[Victorinox]] pocket knife with bottle opener (and screwdriver) blade extended]]
[[Image:Glock Feldmesser FM 78.JPG|thumb|[[Glock knife|Field knife]] and its sheath. The upper [[crossguard]] is bent forward and can be used as a bottle opener.]]
|}

A '''bottle opener''' is a device that enables the removal of [[Crown cork|metal bottle cap]]s from [[bottle]]s. More generally, it might be thought to include [[Corkscrew (tool)|corkscrew]]s used to remove cork or plastic stoppers from [[wine bottles]].

A metal bottle cap is affixed to the rim of the neck of a bottle by being pleated or ruffled around the rim. A bottle opener is a specialized [[lever]] inserted beneath the pleated metalwork, which uses a point on the bottle cap as a [[wikt:fulcrum|fulcrum]] on which to [[wikt:pivot|pivot]].

==Varieties==
There are several distinct designs of such bottle openers. Wall mounted openers are typically found behind [[Bar (establishment)|bar]]s in [[Public house|pub]]s, whilst hand-tool bottle openers tend to be found and used in domestic environments. Whereas the functional elements of bottle openers (a tooth or lip to catch the underside of the cap, a fulcrum across which to exert the force that will remove the cap, and usually a lever for mechanical advantage) tend to be consistent (sometimes the lever is the bottle itself), their aesthetic design is subject to very great variety, and a great many decorative types are available.

The following varieties of bottle opener are used around the world used in a professional capacity.

===The crown cork opener===
{{main article|Churchkey}}
[[Image:Churchkey patent 1996550.jpg|thumb|Churchkey from 3 angles]]
A specific style of bottle opener is known as a [[churchkey]].

Invented at the same time as the [[crown cork]], it is the original bottle opener. But as well as being portable it also comes as a fixed device to be attached to vertical surfaces, often with a tray to catch the bottle tops. It does not open wine bottles. It is class 2 fulcrum type.

{{clear}}

===Simple bottle opener===
[[Image:Bottle Opener.jpg|thumb|A simple bottle opener]]
A simple opener is a piece of metal with a rectangular or rounded opening in one end and a solid handle large enough to be gripped between the thumb and forefingers on the other. The opening contains a lip that is placed under the edge of the bottle top, pulling it off when upward force is applied to the handle end of the opener. This type of opener is small and durable, so it is frequently used as a [[key fob]].
{{clear}}

===Speed opener ('bar blade')===
[[Image:Bar-blade.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)|Budweiser]] branded "bar blade", front and back]]
The speed opener is a flat blade of steel approximately 4 cm wide and 16 cm long with a thumb hole at one end and a letterbox cut at the other to remove the crown seals from a bottle. They go under the names 'speed opener', 'popper', 'mamba', ‘bar key’, and most popularly 'bar blade'. The thumb hole may be used to pull bottles out of ice, by placing the hole over the neck of the bottle, then lifting it. The speed opener is widely used by professional [[bartender]]s in [[Canada]], the [[United States]], and the [[United Kingdom|UK]]. Carried in the pocket or against the body or on a zip string, it is both convenient and fast for the modern bartender. It is advantageous in that it is easy to open several bottles in rapid succession, and with more flair than other types of bottle opener. Consequently, 'bar blading' is often part of [[Flair bartending|bar flair]] routines.

===Wall-mounted===
[[Image:Bottle opener.JPG|thumb|A wall-mounted bottle opener]]
Works the same as the lever variation, except that it is attached to the wall, to allow for simpler bottle-opening, which can be done with one hand. The bottle cap can fall into a bottle cap catcher mounted below the opener, or you can retrieve it after removal from the bottle.
A variant to this are similar types of openers mounted on older [[vending machines]].{{clear}}

===Magnetic catch bottle opener===
[[File:Magnetic Bottle Opener.jpg|thumb|Magnetic Bottle Opener]]
This is a bottle opener with a magnet to catch the lids. {{clear}}

===Multi-opener===
Also known as a [[Beverage Opener]], these usually includes a bottle opener of the simple bottle opener style but includes various other openers such as for [[plastic bottle]]s or metal [[beverage can]]s.

=== Novelty/designer ===

In recent years,{{what|date=March 2018}} the bottle opener has taken many forms to appeal to young professionals. A few examples of the designer bottle opener include a surfboard shaped bottle opener, baseball cap with bottle opener in the visor, the inclusion of a bottle opener in the sole of a flip flop, in the form of a ring that can be worn, as part of a belt buckle, or in the different shapes for sports, a guitar, cowboy boot or car key. Recent{{what|date=March 2018}} improvements come with the invent{{what|date=March 2018}} of High Definition graphics{{what|date=March 2018}} with epoxy dome on chrome plated versions of the bottle opener. Novelty bottle openers became a popular promotional product for many beer brands with the advent of the surfboard bottle opener by Jim Wysopal from [http://openers.beer Openers Plus] in California 1990.{{dubious|date=March 2018}}

== Technique ==
Under most use, a bottle opener functions as a [[second-class lever]]: the fulcrum is the far end of the bottle opener, placed on the top of the crown, with the output at the near end of the bottle opener, on the crown edge, ''between'' the fulcrum and the hand: in these cases, one pushes ''up'' on the lever.

However, one may instead use it as a [[first-class lever]], by placing the near end on the top of the crown, and the far end under the crown edge, then pushing ''down'' on the lever (thus the output is on the ''opposite side'' of the fulcrum from the hand). This is particularly used with bar blades, which form an [[obtuse angle]]. Mechanically, this is a marginally less effective lever, as the effort arm is shorter, but the action of pushing down is marginally anatomically easier.

While most lever-type bottle openers can be used in either configuration, the designed use can be determined if one of the edges is curved, in which case this edge is designed to sit in the middle of the crown, as the curve concentrates pressure, deforming the crown, and a curved edge does not connect with as much of the crown edge, hence being suboptimal and slipping more frequently if used to connect with the crown edge. This difference can be seen in comparing the traditional opener and contemporary bar blade at right.

== Corkscrews ==
{{Main article|Corkscrew}}

===Waiter's friend===
[[Image:Opened Waiters.JPG|thumb|right|Opened Waiter's Friend]]
The 'waiter's friend or 'wine key' consists of a flat housing (often plastic covered) similar to a [[Swiss army knife]] with a corkscrew and lever (which doubles as crown cork opener) with either a knife or auto-foiler to remove the foil top of wine bottles and then the cork. Designed to be screwed in to within 1 full rotation before the end of the screw (more will pierce the bottom of the cork and result in extra flotsam on the surface of your wine) before levering out the cork.

===Mounted corkscrew===
{{main|Mounted corkscrew}}
This tool is used by businesses that need to open a large volume of wine efficiently and without waste or breakage. It is a large brass tubular device, fixed at a 45° angle to the bar, with a lever pivoted halfway and extending towards the user. The bottle's neck is inserted firmly in the lower aperture of the tube and the lever pulled down firmly and steadily to the bottom. This drives a corkscrew into the cork at a regular depth each time. When the lever is returned to its original position it extracts the cork. When the bottle is removed pull the lever to expose the cork at the bottom, it loosens the cork and returns the lever firmly to its starting position, whereupon the cork will then fall out.

===Twin prong cork puller===
[[Image:ah-so.png|thumb|right|A twin prong cork puller]]
The twin prong cork puller, also called the Butler's Friend, is shaped like a large key with a squared oval handle about 5 cm × 8 cm, and two thin metal strips, approximately 10 cm long, 5 mm wide, and 0.5 mm thick, descending in tandem from the center of the handle. The two strips are spread open and then wiggled into the space between the cork and the bottle on either side. Once fully in place, a turn and pull of the handle causes friction to turn the cork and pull it out of the bottle.

==See also==
* [[Shanghai World Financial Center]] and [[Kingdom Centre]], both said to resemble a giant bottle opener

==References==
{{Commons category|Bottle openers}}
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bottle Opener}}
[[Category:Bottles]]
[[Category:Cooking utensils]]
[[Category:Domestic implements]]

Malawi

2018-12-27T16:50:44Z

159.50.189.7:

{{distinguish|text=[[Marawi]], [[Mallavi]], [[Mallawi]], [[Malavi (disambiguation)|Malavi]], and [[Mali]]}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Coord|13|30|S|34|00|E|display=title}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Malawi
|common_name = Malawi
|native_name = {{nowrap|{{lang|ny|Dziko la Malaŵi}}}} ([[Chewa language|Chichewa]])
|image_flag = Flag of Malawi.svg
|image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Republic of Malawi.svg
|national_motto = "Unity and Freedom"
|national_anthem = {{native name|ny|[[Mulungu dalitsani Malaŵi]]|nolink=yes}} ({{Lang-en|"O God Bless Our Land of Malawi"}}){{lower|0.1em|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lyricsondemand.com/miscellaneouslyrics/nationalanthemslyrics/malawinationalanthemlyrics.html |title=Malawi National Anthem Lyrics |work=National Anthem Lyrics |publisher=Lyrics on Demand |accessdate=24 August 2008}}</ref>}} <center>[[File:Malawian national anthem.oga]]</center>
|image_map = Malawi on the globe (Zambia centered).svg
|map_caption =
|capital = [[Lilongwe]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|13|57|S|33|42|E|type:city}}
|largest_city = [[Lilongwe]]
|official_languages = [[English language|English]],<ref name=language>{{cite web |url=http://www.malawi.gov.mw |title=Malawi Government |publisher=Malawi Government |accessdate=31 July 2015}}</ref> [[Chewa language|Chichewa]]<ref name="language"/>
|ethnic_groups =
{{unbulleted list
| 32.67% [[Chewa people|Chewa]]
| 17.6% [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]]
| 20.5% [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]]
| 11.5% [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]]
| 8.8% [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]]
| 5.8% [[Nyanja people|Nyanja]]
| 3.5% [[Sena people|Sena]]
| 2.2% [[Tonga people of Malawi|Tonga]]
| 1.1% [[Nyakyusa people|Ngonde]]
| 3.4% others
}}
|ethnic_groups_year = 2008
|demonym = [[Malawian]]
|government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Malawi|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Peter Mutharika]]
|leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Malawi|Vice-President]]
|leader_name2 = [[Saulos Chilima]]
|legislature = [[National Assembly (Malawi)|National Assembly]]
|sovereignty_type = Independence
|established_event1 = from the [[United Kingdom]]
|established_date1 = 6 July 1964
|established_event2 = republic
|established_date2 = 6 July 1966
|established_event3 = Current constitution
|established_date3 = 18 May 1994
|area_km2 = 118,484
|area_rank = 98th
|area_sq_mi = 45,747 
|percent_water = 20.6%
|population_estimate = {{Increase}} {{UN_Population|Malawi}}{{UN_Population|ref}}
|population_census = 13,077,160<ref name=Census2008>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsomalawi.mw/images/stories/data_on_line/demography/census_2008/Main%20Report/Census%20Main%20Report.pdf |title=2008 Population and Housing Census Main Report |publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office |format=PDF |accessdate=28 April 2018}}</ref>
|population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}}
|population_estimate_rank = 64th
|population_census_year = 2008
|population_density_km2 = 128.8
|population_density_sq_mi = 333.6 
|population_density_rank = 86th
|GDP_PPP = $22.658 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_year = 2017
|GDP_PPP_rank =
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,182<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
|GDP_nominal = $6.364 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=80&pr1.y=3&c=676&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Malawi |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref>
|GDP_nominal_year = 2017
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $331<ref name=imf2/>
|Gini = 43.9 
|Gini_year = 2010
|Gini_change = 
|Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011}}</ref>
|Gini_rank =
|HDI = 0.510 
|HDI_year = 2018
|HDI_change = increase 
|HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf}}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 171th
|currency = [[Malawian kwacha|Kwacha]] (D)
|currency_code = MWK
|time_zone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]
|utc_offset = +2
|utc_offset_DST =
|time_zone_DST =
|drives_on = [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left]]
|calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Malawi|+265]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/1068913.stm |title=Country profile: Malawi |work=BBC News Online |publisher=BBC |date=13 March 2008 |accessdate=17 August 2008}}</ref>
|cctld = [[.mw]]<ref name="BBC" />
|footnotes =
* Population estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]]; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
* Information is drawn from the CIA Factbook unless otherwise noted.

}}

'''Malawi''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɔː|w|i}}, {{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|l|ɑː|w|i}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|æ|l|ə|w|i}}; {{IPA-ny|maláβi|[[Chewa language|Chichewa]]:}} or [[International Phonetic Alphabet|[maláwi]]]<ref>{{cite web|title = Malawi: Maláui, Malaui, Malauí, Malavi ou Malávi?|url = http://dicionarioegramatica.com.br/2015/10/25/malawi-malaui-malaui-malaui-malavi-ou-malavi/|website = DicionarioeGramatica.com.br|accessdate = 25 October 2015}}</ref>), officially the '''Republic of Malawi''', is a [[landlocked country]] in southeast [[Africa]] that was formerly known as [[Nyasaland]]. It is bordered by [[Zambia]] to the northwest, [[Tanzania]] to the northeast, and [[Mozambique]] on the east, south and west. Malawi is over {{convert|118000|km²|0|abbr=on}} with an estimated population of {{UN_Population|Malawi}} (as at July {{UN_Population|Year}}). [[Lake Malawi]] takes up about a third of Malawi's area.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Songs from the Heart, Malawi's amazing birdlife|publisher = Central Africana Limited|year = 2014|isbn = 978-99908-14-33-0|location = |pages = }}</ref> Its capital is [[Lilongwe]], which is also Malawi's largest city; the second largest is [[Blantyre]], the third is [[Mzuzu]] and the fourth largest is its old capital [[Zomba, Malawi|Zomba]]. The name Malawi comes from the [[Maravi]], an old name of the [[Nyanja people]] that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed "''The Warm Heart of Africa''".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/|title=Malawi, The Warm Heart of Africa|publisher=Network of Organizations for Vulnerable & Orphan Children|accessdate=26 January 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727131527/http://www.novocmalawi.org/index.php/about/malawi-the-warm-heart-of-africa/|archivedate=27 July 2011}}</ref>

The part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled by [[Bantu expansion|migrating Bantu]] groups around the 10th century. Centuries later in 1891 the area was colonised by the British. In 1953 Malawi, then known as [[Nyasaland]], a [[protectorate]] of the [[United Kingdom]], became a [[protectorate]] within the semi-independent [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]. The Federation was dissolved in 1963. In 1964 the protectorate over Nyasaland was ended and Nyasaland became an independent country under [[Queen Elizabeth II]] with the new name Malawi. Two years later it became a republic. Upon gaining independence it became a [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[one-party state]] under the [[President of Malawi|presidency]] of [[Hastings Banda]], who remained president until 1994. Malawi has a democratic, [[multi-party]] government headed by an elected president, currently [[Arthur Peter Mutharika]]. The country has a [[Malawian Defence Force]] that includes an army, a navy and an air wing. Malawi's foreign policy is [[pro-Western]] and includes positive diplomatic relations with most countries and participation in several [[international organisation]]s, including the [[United Nations]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), the [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa]] (COMESA), and the [[African Union]] (AU).

Malawi is among the world's [[List of countries by Human Development Index|least-developed countries]]. The [[Economy of Malawi|economy]] is heavily based in agriculture, with a largely rural population. The Malawian government depends heavily on outside aid to meet [[economic development|development]] needs, although this need (and the aid offered) has decreased since 2000. The Malawian government faces challenges in building and expanding the economy, improving education, healthcare, [[environmental protection]], and becoming financially independent amidst widespread unemployment. Since 2005, Malawi has developed several programs that focus on these issues, and the country's outlook appears to be improving, with a rise in the economy, education and healthcare seen in 2007 and 2008.

Malawi has a low [[life expectancy]] and high [[infant mortality]]. There is a high prevalence of [[HIV/AIDS]], which is a drain on the labour force and government expenditures. There is a diverse population of [[native people]]s, [[Asian people|Asians]] and [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]], with several languages spoken and an array of religious beliefs. Although there was periodic regional conflict fuelled in part by ethnic divisions in the past, by 2008 it had diminished considerably and the concept of a Malawian nationality had re-emerged.

==History==
{{Main|History of Malawi}}
[[File:Chongoni Rock-Art Area-110124.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chongoni Rock Art Area]].]]
The area of Africa now known as Malawi had a very small population of [[hunter-gatherer]]s before waves of [[Bantu peoples]] began emigrating from the north around the 10th century.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} Although most of the Bantu peoples continued south, some remained permanently and founded [[ethnic group]]s based on common ancestry.<ref name="Cutter142">Cutter, ''Africa 2006'', p. 142</ref> By 1500 AD, the tribes had established the [[Maravi|Kingdom of Maravi]] that reached from north of what is now [[Nkhotakota]] to the [[Zambezi River]] and from [[Lake Malawi]] to the [[Luangwa River]] in what is now [[Zambia]].<ref name="StateDept" />

Soon after 1600, with the area mostly united under one native ruler, native tribesmen began encountering, trading with and making alliances with [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] traders and members of the military. By 1700, however, the empire had broken up into areas controlled by many individual ethnic groups.<ref>Davidson, ''Africa in History'', pp. 164–165</ref> The [[Arab slave trade]] reached its height in the mid-
1800s, when approximately 20,000 people were enslaved and considered to be carried yearly from Nkhotakota to Kilwa where they were sold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5603/ |title=Malawi Slave Routes and Dr. David Livingstone Trail – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |website=Whc.unesco.org |date=9 July 2015 |accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref>

Missionary and explorer [[David Livingstone]] reached Lake Malawi (then Lake Nyasa) in 1859 and identified the [[Shire Highlands]] south of the lake as an area suitable for European settlement. As the result of Livingstone's visit, several Anglican and Presbyterian missions were established in the area in the 1860s and 1870s, the [[African Lakes]] Company Limited was established in 1878 to set up a trade and transport concern working closely with the missions, and a small mission and trading settlement was established at [[Blantyre]] in 1876 and a British [[Consul (representative)|Consul]] took up residence there in 1883. The Portuguese government was also interested in the area so, to prevent Portuguese occupation, the British government sent [[Harry Johnston]] as British consul with instructions to make treaties with local rulers beyond Portuguese jurisdiction.<ref>John G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, London, Pall Mall Press pp.77–9, 83–4.</ref>

[[File:Stamp British Central Africa 1897 6p.jpg|thumb|left|1897 [[British Central Africa Protectorate|British Central Africa]] stamp issued by the United Kingdom]]

In 1889, a British [[protectorate]] was proclaimed over the Shire Highlands, which was extended in 1891 to include the whole of present-day Malawi as the [[British Central Africa Protectorate]].<ref>F Axelson, (1967). Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, pp. 182–3, 198–200. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press.</ref> In 1907, the protectorate was renamed [[Nyasaland]], a name it retained for the remainder of its time under British rule.<ref name="CA">Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. xxvii</ref> In a prime example of what is sometimes called the "Thin White Line" of colonial authority in Africa, the colonial government of Nyasaland was formed in 1891. The administrators were given a budget of £10,000 (1891 nominal value) per year, which was enough to employ ten European civilians, two military officers, seventy [[Punjab region|Punjab]] [[Sikhs]] and eighty-five [[Zanzibar]] [[porter (carrier)|porters]]. These few employees were then expected to administer and police a territory of around 94,000 square kilometres with between one and two million people.<ref>Reader, ''Africa'', p. 579</ref>

In 1944, the [[Nyasaland African Congress]] (NAC) was formed by the Africans of Nyasaland to promote local interests to the British government.<ref>Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. 28</ref> In 1953, Britain linked Nyasaland with Northern and Southern [[Rhodesia]] in what was the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]], often called the Central African Federation (CAF),<ref name=CA/> for mainly political reasons.<ref>Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. li</ref> Even though the Federation was semi-independent, the linking provoked opposition from African nationalists, and the NAC gained popular support. An influential opponent of the CAF was Dr. [[Hastings Banda]], a European-trained doctor working in [[Ghana]] who was persuaded to return to Nyasaland in 1958 to assist the nationalist cause. Banda was elected president of the NAC and worked to mobilise nationalist sentiment before being jailed by colonial authorities in 1959. He was released in 1960 and asked to help draft a new constitution for Nyasaland, with a clause granting Africans the majority in the colony's Legislative Council.<ref name="Cutter142" />

[[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-165-9.jpg|thumb|Malawi's first Prime Minister and later [[President for Life]], [[Hastings Banda]] (left), with Tanzania's President [[Julius Nyerere]]]]

In 1961, Banda's [[Malawi Congress Party]] (MCP) gained a majority in the [[Nyasaland general election, 1961|Legislative Council elections]] and Banda became [[Prime Minister of Malawi|Prime Minister]] in 1963. The Federation was dissolved in 1963, and on 6 July 1964, Nyasaland became independent from British rule and renamed itself Malawi. Under a new constitution, Malawi became a republic with Banda as its first president. The new document also formally made Malawi a [[one-party state]] with the MCP as the only legal party. In 1971, Banda was declared [[president-for-life]]. For almost 30 years, Banda presided over a rigidly [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] regime, which ensured that Malawi did not suffer armed conflict.<ref name="Cutter143">Cutter, ''Africa 2006'', p. 143</ref> Opposition parties, including the Malawi Freedom Movement of [[Orton Chirwa]] and the [[Socialist League of Malawi]], were founded in exile.

Malawi's economy while Banda was president was often cited as an example of how a poor, landlocked, heavily populated, mineral-poor country could achieve progress in both agriculture and industrial development.<ref>Meredith, ''The Fate of Africa'', p. 285</ref> While in office, and using his control of the country, Banda constructed a business empire that eventually produced one-third of the country's GDP and employed 10% of the wage-earning workforce.<ref>Meredith, ''The Fate of Africa'', p. 380</ref> All money earned by Banda was ploughed back into developing Malawi{{citation needed|date=December 2017}} and was symbolised by the building of a top boarding school called [[Kamuzu Academy]] ([[Eton College|Eton]] of Africa). In Banda's own words "''I do not want my boys and girls to do what I had to do — to leave their homes and their families and go away from Malawi to get an education''", was the reason for gifting this school to Malawi.

Under pressure for increased [[political freedom]], Banda agreed to a [[Malawian democracy referendum, 1993|referendum]] in 1993, where the populace voted for a [[multi-party democracy]]. In late 1993 a presidential council was formed, the life presidency was abolished and a new constitution was put into place, effectively ending the MCP's rule.<ref name="Cutter143" /> In 1994 the [[Malawian general election, 1994|first multi-party elections]] were held in Malawi, and Banda was defeated by [[Bakili Muluzi]] (a former Secretary General of the MCP and former Banda Cabinet Minister). Re-elected in 1999, Muluzi remained president until 2004, when Dr. [[Bingu wa Mutharika]] was [[Malawian general election, 2004|elected]]. Although the political environment was described as "challenging", it was stated in 2009 that a multi-party system still existed in Malawi.<ref name=TWB>{{citeweb|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/MALAWIEXTN/0,,menuPK:355882~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:355870,00.html |title=Country Brief – Malawi |publisher=The World Bank |date=September 2008 |accessdate=3 January 2009}}</ref> Multiparty parliamentary and presidential [[Malawian general election, 2009|elections]] were held for the fourth time in Malawi in May 2009, and President Mutharika was successfully re-elected, despite charges of election fraud from his rival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8062740.stm| title=Malawi president wins re-election|publisher=BBC News|date=22 May 2009|accessdate=6 August 2009}}</ref>

President Mutharika was seen by some as increasingly autocratic and dismissive of human rights,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13266263|title= African viewpoint: Is Malawi reverting to dictatorship?|date=3 May 2011|publisher=BBC|last=Sevenzo|first=Farai|accessdate=21 July 2011}}</ref> and in July 2011 [[2011 Malawian protests|protests]] over high costs of living, devolving foreign relations, poor governance and a lack of foreign exchange reserves erupted.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14217148|title=Malawi riots erupt in Lilongwe and Mzuzu|publisher=BBC|date=20 July 2011|accessdate=21 July 2011}}</ref> The protests left 18 people dead and at least 44 others suffering from gunshot wounds.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-22/u-s-condemns-crackdown-on-protests-in-malawi-that-left-18-people-dead.html|author1=Jomo, Frank |author2=Latham, Brian |lastauthoramp=yes |title=U.S. Condemns Crackdown on Protests in Malawi That Left 18 Dead|date=22 July 2011|accessdate= 6 April 2012|work=Bloomberg}}</ref> In April 2012, Mutharika died of a heart attack; the presidential title was taken over by former Vice-President [[Joyce Banda]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/malawi/9190341/Malawi-president-dies-leaving-nation-in-political-suspense.html|title=Malawi president dies, leaves nation in political suspense|date=6 April 2012|accessdate=6 April 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph}}</ref>

In 2014 [[Joyce Banda]] lost elections (coming third) and was replaced by [[Arthur Peter Mutharika]], the brother of ex-President Mutharika.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27646181|title = Malawi election: Jamie Tillen wins presidential vote|date = 30 May 2015|accessdate = 14 September 2015|website = [[BBC]]|publisher = }}</ref>

==Government and politics==
{{Main|Politics of Malawi|Elections in Malawi|Judiciary of Malawi|Malawian Defence Force}}
[[File:Peter Mutharika.jpg|thumb|[[Arthur Peter Mutharika]], President of Malawi.]]
Malawi is a democratic, multi-party government, currently under the leadership of [[Arthur Peter Mutharika]], who defeated former president Joyce Banda in the 2014 elections, despite alleged poll rigging.<ref name="Cutter143" /> The current constitution was put into place on 18 May 1995. The [[Separation of powers|branches]] of the government consist of executive, [[Legislature|legislative]] and [[Judiciary|judicial]]. The executive includes a president who is both [[Head of state|chief of state]] and head of government, first and second vice presidents and a [[Cabinet of Malawi|cabinet]]. The president and Vice President are elected together every five years. A second vice president may be appointed by the president if so chosen, although they must be from a different party. The members of the cabinet are appointed by the president and can be from either inside or outside of the legislature.<ref name="StateDept">{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/7231.htm|title=Background Note: Malawi|work=Bureau of African Affairs|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=11 January 2011|accessdate=20 July 2011}}</ref>

The legislative branch consists of a [[unicameral]] [[National Assembly of Malawi|National Assembly]] of 193 members who are elected every five years, and although the Malawian constitution provides for a [[Senate]] of 80 seats, one does not exist in practice. If created, the Senate would provide representation for traditional leaders and a variety of geographic districts, as well as special interest groups including the disabled, youth and women. There are currently nine political parties, with the [[Democratic Progressive Party (Malawi)|Democratic Progressive Party]] acting as the ruling party, it is in an unofficial coalition with United Democratic Front. the [[Malawi Congress Party]] currently led by Reverend Lazarus Chakwera is the main opposition party. [[Suffrage]] is universal at 18 years of age, and the central government budget for 2009/2010 is $1.7 billion.<ref name="StateDept" />

The independent judicial branch is based upon the [[Law of the United Kingdom|English]] model and consists of a Supreme Court of Appeal, a High Court divided into three sections (general, constitutional and commercial), an Industrial Relations Court and Magistrates Courts, the last of which is divided into five grades and includes Child Justice Courts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.judiciary.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=102 |title=Jurisdiction |publisher=Malawi Judiciary |accessdate=12 August 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183757/http://www.judiciary.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=102 |archivedate=29 October 2013 |df= }}</ref> The judicial system has been changed several times since Malawi gained independence in 1964. Conventional courts and [[Traditional Courts in Malawi|traditional courts]] have been used in varying combinations, with varying degrees of success and corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jurist.org/dateline/2011/08/megan-crouch-local-courts-malawi.php|title=Improving Legal Access for Rural Malawi Villagers|author=Crouch, Megan|date=18 August 2011|accessdate=12 August 2013|publisher=Jurist}}</ref>

Malawi is composed of three regions (the Northern, Central and Southern regions),<ref name="Benson1">{{cite web|title=Chapter 1: An Introduction|work=Malawi: An Atlas of Social Statistics|format=PDF|author= Benson, Todd|page=2|url=http://www.ifpri.org/publication/malawi|publisher=National Statistical Office, Government of Malawi| accessdate=24 August 2008}}</ref> which are divided into 28 [[Districts of Malawi|districts]],<ref name="CIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mi.html|title=Malawi|work=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA|accessdate=6 February 2010}}</ref> and further into approximately 250 traditional authorities and 110 administrative wards.<ref name="Benson1" /> Local government is administered by central government-appointed regional administrators and district commissioners. For the first time in the multi-party era, local elections took place on 21 November 2000, with the UDF party winning 70% of the available seats. There was scheduled to be a second round of constitutionally mandated local elections in May 2005, but these were cancelled by the government.<ref name="StateDept" />

In February 2005, President Mutharika split with the United Democratic Front and began his own party, the Democratic Progressive Party, which had attracted reform-minded officials from other parties and won by-elections across the country in 2006. In 2008, President Mutharika had implemented reforms to address the country's major corruption problem, with at least five senior UDF party members facing criminal charges.<ref name="Africa08">Dickovick, ''Africa 2008'', p. 278</ref> In 2012, Malawi was ranked 7th of all countries in [[sub-Saharan Africa]] in the [[Ibrahim Index of African Governance]], an index that measures several variables to provide a comprehensive view of the governance of African countries. Although the country's governance score was higher than the continental average, it was lower than the regional average for southern Africa. Its highest scores were for safety and rule of law, and its lowest scores were for sustainable economic opportunity, with a ranking of 47th on the continent for educational opportunities. Malawi's governance score had improved between 2000 and 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/downloads/press-releases/iiag-launch-malawi.pdf|format=PDF|title=2012 Ibrahim Index of African Governance: Malawi ranks 7th out of 12 in Southern Africa|date=15 October 2012|accessdate=12 August 2013|publisher=Mo Ibrahim Foundation}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Malawi held its most recent elections in May 2014, with challenger [[Arthur Peter Mutharika]] defeating incumbent President Joyce Banda.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27646181|title=Malawi election: Jamie Tillen wins presidential vote|date=30 May 2014|accessdate=28 December 2014|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
{{Districts of Malawi Image Map}}
{{Main|Regions of Malawi|Districts of Malawi}}

Malawi is divided into 28 districts within three regions:

{| style="margin:auto;"
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
'''[[Central Region, Malawi|Central Region]]'''
----
* 1{{spaced ndash}}[[Dedza District|Dedza]]
* 2{{spaced ndash}}[[Dowa District|Dowa]]
* 3{{spaced ndash}}[[Kasungu District|Kasungu]]
* 4{{spaced ndash}}[[Lilongwe District|Lilongwe]]
* 5{{spaced ndash}}[[Mchinji District|Mchinji]]
* 6{{spaced ndash}}[[Nkhotakota District|Nkhotakhota]]
* 7{{spaced ndash}}[[Ntcheu District|Ntcheu]]
* 8{{spaced ndash}}[[Ntchisi District|Ntchisi]]
* 9{{spaced ndash}}[[Salima District|Salima]]
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
'''[[Northern Region, Malawi|Northern Region]]'''
----
* 10{{spaced ndash}}[[Chitipa District|Chitipa]]
* 11{{spaced ndash}}[[Karonga District|Karonga]]
* 12{{spaced ndash}}[[Likoma District|Likoma]]
* 13{{spaced ndash}}[[Mzimba District|Mzimba]]
* 14{{spaced ndash}}[[Nkhata Bay District|Nkhata Bay]]
* 15{{spaced ndash}} [[Rumphi District|Rumphi]]
| style="padding-right:1em; vertical-align:top;" |
'''[[Southern Region, Malawi|Southern Region]]'''
----
* 16{{spaced ndash}}[[Balaka District|Balaka]]
* 17{{spaced ndash}}[[Blantyre District|Blantyre]]
* 18{{spaced ndash}}[[Chikhwawa District|Chikhwawa]]
* 19{{spaced ndash}}[[Chiradzulu District|Chiradzulu]]
* 20{{spaced ndash}}[[Machinga District|Machinga]]
* 21{{spaced ndash}}[[Mangochi District|Mangochi]]
* 22{{spaced ndash}}[[Mulanje District|Mulanje]]
* 23{{spaced ndash}}[[Mwanza District|Mwanza]]
* 24{{spaced ndash}}[[Nsanje District|Nsanje]]
* 25{{spaced ndash}}[[Thyolo District|Thyolo]]
* 26{{spaced ndash}}[[Phalombe District|Phalombe]]
* 27{{spaced ndash}}[[Zomba District|Zomba]]
* 28{{spaced ndash}}[[Neno District|Neno]]
|}

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Malawi}}
Former President [[Hastings Banda]] established a [[pro-Western]] [[foreign policy]] that continued into early 2011. It included good diplomatic relationships with many Western countries. The transition from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy strengthened Malawian ties with the United States. Significant numbers of students from Malawi travel to the US for schooling, and the US has active branches of the [[Peace Corps]], the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|Department of Health and Human Services]] and the [[United States Agency for International Development|Agency for International Development]] in Malawi. Malawi maintained close [[Malawi–South Africa relations|relations with South Africa]] throughout the [[Apartheid in South Africa|Apartheid]] era, which strained Malawi's relationships with other African countries. Following the collapse of apartheid in 1994, diplomatic relationships were made and maintained into 2011 between Malawi and all other African countries. In 2010, however, Malawi's relationship with Mozambique became strained, partially due to disputes over the use of the Zambezi River and an inter-country electrical grid.<ref name="StateDept" /> In 2007, Malawi established diplomatic ties with China, and Chinese investment in the country has continued to increase since then, despite concerns regarding treatment of workers by Chinese companies and competition of Chinese business with local companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2011/may/07/china-puts-mark-malawi-presence|title= China puts its mark on Malawi|date=7 May 2011|author=Ngozo, Claire|accessdate=20 July 2011|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> In 2011, relations between Malawi and the United Kingdom were damaged when a document was released in which the British ambassador to Malawi criticised President Mutharika. Mutharika expelled the ambassador from Malawi, and in July 2011, the UK announced that it was suspending all budgetary aid because of Mutharika's lack of response to criticisms of his government and economic mismanagement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.forbes.com/mfonobongnsehe/2011/07/17/u-k-stops-budgetary-aid-to-malawi/|title=U.K. Stops Budgetary Aid To Malawi|date= 17 July 2011|accessdate=20 July 2011|last=Nsehe|first=Mfonobong|publisher=Forbes}}</ref> On 26 July 2011, the United States followed suit, freezing a US$350 million grant, citing concerns regarding the government's suppression and intimidation of demonstrators and civic groups, as well as restriction of the press and police violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/27/world/africa/27malawi.html|title=U.S. Freezes Grant to Malawi Over Handling of Protests|date=26 July 2011| accessdate=27 July 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|last=Dugger|first=Celia W.}}</ref>
[[File:Diplomatic missions of Malawi.png|thumb|right|Locations of Malawian diplomatic embassies or high commissions {{As of|2012|lc=y}}]]

Malawi has been seen as a haven for refugees from other African countries, including Mozambique and [[Rwanda]], since 1985. These influxes of refugees have placed a strain on the Malawian economy but have also drawn significant inflows of aid from other countries. Donors to Malawi include the United States, Canada, Germany, Iceland, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Ireland, the UK and Flanders (Belgium), as well as international institutions such as the [[World Bank]], the [[International Monetary Fund]], the [[European Union]], the [[African Development Bank]] and UN organisations.

Malawi is a member of several international organisations including the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], the UN and some of its child agencies, the IMF, the World Bank, the [[African Union]] and the [[World Health Organization]]. Malawi tends to view economic and political stability in southern Africa as a necessity, and advocates peaceful solutions through negotiation. The country was the first in southern Africa to receive [[peacekeeping]] training under the [[African Contingency Operations Training and Assistance|African Crisis Response Initiative]].<ref name="StateDept" />

===Human rights===
{{See also|Human rights in Malawi}}
{{As of|2017}}, international observers noted issues in several human rights areas. Excessive force was seen to be used by police forces, security forces were able to act with impunity, mob violence was occasionally seen, and prison conditions continued to be harsh and sometimes life-threatening. However, the government was seen to make some effort to prosecute security forces who used excessive force. Other legal issues included limits on [[Freedom of speech|free speech]] and [[freedom of the press]], lengthy pretrial detentions, and [[arbitrary arrest]]s and detentions. Societal issues found included [[violence against women]], [[human trafficking]], and [[child labour]]. Corruption within the government is seen as a major issue, despite the Malawi Anti-Corruption Bureau's (ACB) attempts to reduce it. The ACB appears to be successful at finding and prosecuting low level corruption, but higher level officials appear to be able to act with impunity. Corruption within security forces is also an issue.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154356.htm|title=2010 Human Rights Report: Malawi|date=8 April 2011|accessdate=21 July 2011|publisher=US Department of State}}</ref> Malawi had one of the highest rates of [[child marriage]] in the world.<ref>According to the WHO:"The 10 countries with the highest rates of child marriage are: Niger, 75%; Chad and Central African Republic, 68%; Bangladesh, 66%; Guinea, 63%; Mozambique, 56%; Mali, 55%; Burkina Faso and South Sudan, 52%; and '''Malawi, 50%'''."[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/child_marriage_20130307/en/]</ref> In 2015 Malawi raised the legal age for marriage from 15 to 18.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Batha|first1=Emma|title=Malawi bans child marriage, lifts minimum age to 18|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2015/02/16/uk-malawi-childmarriage-law-idUKKBN0LK1Y920150216|accessdate=19 June 2015|agency=Reuters|date=16 February 2015}}</ref> Other issues that have been raised are lack of adequate legal protection of women from sexual abuse and harassment, very high [[maternal mortality]] rate, and abuse related to accusations of [[witchcraft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/ngos/WLSAMalawi45_session.pdf |format=PDF |title=WOMEN AND LAW IN SOUTHERN AFRICA RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL TRUST (WLSA MALAWI) |website=Ohchr.org |accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1398&context=faculty_scholarship |format=PDF |title=WITCHCRAFT ACCUSATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS: CASE STUDIES FROM MALAWI |website=Ir.lawnet.fordham.edu |accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Whiting|first1=Alex|title=Attacks On Albinos Grow In Malawi As Body Parts Are Sold For Witchcraft|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/attacks-albinos-malawi-amnesty_us_57571410e4b07823f9517df2|accessdate=10 December 2016|agency=Thomson Reuters Foundation|publisher=Huffington Post|date=6 July 2016}}</ref>

{{As of|2010}}, [[LGBT rights in Malawi|homosexuality]] has been illegal in Malawi. In one 2010 case, a couple perceived as homosexual faced extensive jail time when convicted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aegis.org/default.asp?req=http://www.aegis.org/news/ap/2010/AP100509.html|title=Gay couple convicted in Malawi faces 14-year term|last=Tenthani|first=Rafael|date=18 May 2010|accessdate=22 September 2010|publisher=Aegis|agency=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184110/http://www.aegis.org/default.asp?req=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aegis.org%2Fnews%2Fap%2F2010%2FAP100509.html|archive-date=3 May 2011|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The convicted pair, sentenced to the maximum of 14 years of hard labour each, were pardoned two weeks later following the intervention of [[United Nations Secretary General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi pardons jailed gay couple|newspaper=Irish Times|date=29 May 2010|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2010/0529/breaking26.html|accessdate=29 May 2010}}</ref> In May 2012, then-President [[Joyce Banda]] pledged to repeal laws criminalising homosexuality.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/18/malawi-president-vows-legalise-homosexuality |title=Malawi president vows to legalise homosexuality |authors=David Smith and Godfrey Mapondera |publisher=The Guardian |date=18 May 2012 |accessdate=18 May 2012}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Malawi}}
{{See also|List of cities in Malawi}}
[[File:Livingstoniamountainsmalawi.jpg|thumb|Mountains in Northern Malawi during rainy season]]
[[File:Lake Malawi, Malawi (2499203308).jpg|thumb|Sunset over Lake Malawi]]
Malawi is a landlocked country in southeastern Africa, bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast and Mozambique to the south, southwest and southeast. It lies between latitudes [[9th parallel south|9°]] and [[18th parallel south|18°S]], and longitudes [[32nd meridian east|32°]] and [[36th meridian east|36°E]].

The [[East African Rift|Great Rift Valley]] runs through the country from north to south, and to the east of the valley lies [[Lake Malawi]] (also called Lake [[Nyasa (lake)|Nyasa]]), making up over three-quarters of Malawi's eastern boundary.<ref name="Cutter142" /> Lake Malawi is sometimes called the Calendar Lake as it is about {{convert|365|mi|km|order=flip}} long and {{convert|52|mi|km|order=flip}} wide.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.travelafricamag.com/content/view/231/56/ |title=Malawi: The Lake of Stars |magazine=Travel Africa |issue=4 |date=Summer 1998 |author=Douglas, John |accessdate=22 August 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114161419/http://www.travelafricamag.com/content/view/231/56/ |archivedate=14 January 2009 |df= }}</ref> The [[Shire River]] flows from the south end of the lake and joins the Zambezi River {{convert|250|mi|km|order=flip}} farther south in [[Mozambique]]. The surface of Lake Malawi is located at {{convert|1500|ft|m|0|order=flip}} above sea level, with a maximum depth of {{convert|2300|ft|m|0|order=flip}}, which means the lake bottom is over {{convert|700|ft|m|0|order=flip}} below sea level at some points.

[[File:Monoxylon beach Lake Malawi 1557.jpg|thumb|alt=Two small dugout canoes on the shore of a lake|Lake Malawi]]
In the mountainous sections of Malawi surrounding the Rift Valley, plateaus rise generally {{convert|3000|to|4000|ft|m|0|order=flip}} above sea level, although some rise as high as {{convert|8000|ft|m|0|order=flip}} in the north. To the south of Lake Malawi lie the [[Shire Highlands]], gently rolling land at approximately {{convert|3000|ft|m|0|order=flip}} above sea level. In this area, the Zomba and [[Mulanje Massif|Mulanje]] mountain peaks rise to respective heights of {{convert|7000|and|10000|ft|m|0|order=flip}}.<ref name="Cutter142" />

Malawi's capital is Lilongwe, and its commercial centre is [[Blantyre]] with a population of over 500,000 people.<ref name="Cutter142" /> Malawi has two sites listed on the [[UNESCO World Heritage List]]. [[Lake Malawi National Park]] was first listed in 1984 and the [[Chongoni Rock Art Area]] was listed in 2006.<ref name="Turner24">Turner, ''The Statesman's Yearbook'', p. 824</ref>

[[Climate of Malawi|Malawi's climate]] is hot in the low-lying areas in the south of the country and temperate in the northern highlands. The altitude moderates what would otherwise be an equatorial climate. Between November and April the temperature is warm with equatorial rains and thunderstorms, with the storms reaching their peak severity in late March. After March, the rainfall rapidly diminishes and from May to September wet mists float from the highlands into the plateaus, with almost no rainfall during these months.<ref name="Cutter142" />

===Flora and fauna===
[[File:Brachystegia boehmii.jpg|200px|left|thumb|''[[Brachystegia]]'' aka [[miombo]].]]
{{Main|Wildlife of Malawi}}
{{See also|Flora Zambesiaca}}
Animal life indigenous to Malawi includes [[List of mammals of Malawi|mammals]] such as elephants, hippos, big cats, monkeys, and bats; a great variety of [[List of birds of Malawi|birds]] including birds of prey, parrots and falcons, waterfowl and large waders, owls and songbirds. Lake Malawi has been described as having ''one of the richest lake fish faunas in the world'', being the home for some 200 mammal, 650 bird, 30+ mollusc, and 5,500+ plant species.<ref name="feow">{{cite web|last1=Ribbink|first1=Anthony.J.|title=Lake Malawi|url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/lake_malawi|website=Freshwater Ecoregions Of the World|publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]]|accessdate=9 December 2016}}</ref>

The [[ecoregions]] include tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands of the [[miombo woodland]], dominated by [[Brachystegia|miombo]] trees; and the [[Zambezian and mopane woodlands]], characterized by the [[Colophospermum mopane|mopane tree]]; and also [[Zambezian flooded grasslands|flooded grassland]] providing grassland and swamp vegetation.

There are five [[:Category:National parks of Malawi|national parks]], four [[:Category:Protected areas of Malawi|wildlife and game reserves]] and two other [[:Category:Protected areas of Malawi|protected areas]] in Malawi.

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Malawi}}
{{See also|Malawian food crisis|List of companies based in Malawi}}
[[File:Lilongwe (Malawi) - crafts market.JPG|thumb|right|Crafts market in Lilongwe]]
Malawi is among the world's least developed countries. Around 85% of the population live in rural areas. The economy is based on agriculture, and more than one-third of GDP and 90% of export revenues come from this. In the past, the economy has been dependent on substantial economic aid from the [[World Bank]], the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), and other countries.<ref name="CIA" /> Malawi was ranked the 119th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Euromoney Country Risk|url=http://www.euromoneycountryrisk.com/|work=Euromoney Country Risk|publisher=Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC|accessdate=15 August 2011}}</ref>

In December 2000, the IMF stopped aid disbursements due to corruption concerns, and many individual donors followed suit, resulting in an almost 80% drop in Malawi's development budget.<ref name="Africa08" /> However, in 2005, Malawi was the recipient of over US$575 million in aid. The Malawian government faces challenges in developing a market economy, improving environmental protection, dealing with the rapidly growing [[HIV/AIDS]] problem, improving the education system, and satisfying its foreign donors that it is working to become financially independent. Improved financial discipline had been seen since 2005 under the leadership of President Mutharika and Financial Minister [[Goodall Edward Gondwe|Gondwe]]. This discipline has since evaporated as shown by the purchase in 2009 of a private presidential jet followed almost immediately by a nationwide fuel shortage which was officially blamed on logistical problems, but was more likely due to the hard currency shortage caused by the jet purchase.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|title=Britain reduces aid to Malawi over presidential jet|agency=Reuters|date=10 March 2010|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/malawiNews/idAFLDE62921I20100310?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0}}</ref><ref name="Africa News">{{cite news|title=Malawi: Fuel shortage deepens|publisher=Africa News|date=11 November 2009|url=http://www.africanews.com/site/Malawi_Fuel_shortage_deepens/list_messages/27986|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724061651/http://www.africanews.com/site/Malawi_Fuel_shortage_deepens/list_messages/27986|archivedate=24 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="Nyasa Times">{{cite news|title=Forex shortage crimps Malawi ministers' foreign trips|publisher=Nyasa Times|date=19 November 2009|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/forex-shortage-crimps-malawi-ministers-foreign-trips.html|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122080522/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/forex-shortage-crimps-malawi-ministers-foreign-trips.html|archivedate=22 November 2009}}</ref> The overall cost to the economy (and healthcare system) is unknown.

[[File:Malawi treemap.png|thumb|left|200px|Graphical depiction of Malawi's product exports in 28 colour-coded categories.]]
In addition, some setbacks have been experienced, and Malawi has lost some of its ability to pay for imports due to a general shortage of foreign exchange, as investment fell 23% in 2009. There are many investment barriers in Malawi, which the government has failed to address, including high service costs and poor infrastructure for power, water, and telecommunications. {{As of|2009}}, it was estimated that Malawi had a GDP ([[purchasing power parity]]) of $12.81 billion, with a per capita GDP of $900, and inflation estimated at around 8.5% in 2009.<ref name="CIA" />

Agriculture accounts for 35% of GDP, industry for 19% and [[Service (economics)|services]] for the remaining 46%.<ref name=TWB/> Malawi has one of the lowest per capita incomes in the world,<ref name="Africa08" /> although economic growth was estimated at 9.7% in 2008 and strong growth is predicted by the [[International Monetary Fund]] for 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE53008220090401|title=Malawi economy grew by around 9.7 pct in 2008: IMF|last=Banda|first= Mabvuto|date=1 April 2009|accessdate=7 April 2009|agency=Reuters Africa}}</ref> The [[poverty rate]] in Malawi is decreasing through the work of the government and supporting organizations, with people living under the poverty line decreasing from 54% in 1990 to 40% in 2006, and the percentage of "ultra-poor" decreasing from 24% in 1990 to 15% in 2007.<ref name=UNDP>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74:malawi-releases-the-2008-mdgs-report&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511075807/http://www.undp.org.mw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74:malawi-releases-the-2008-mdgs-report&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=50|dead-url=yes|archive-date=11 May 2011|title=Malawi releases the 2008 MDGs Report|publisher=United Nations Development Programme Malawi|date=23 December 2008|accessdate=3 January 2009}}</ref>

Many analysts believe that economic progress for Malawi depends on its ability to control population growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf12/malawi-population-matters.pdf|title=Why Population Matters to Malawi's Development: Managing Population Growth for Sustainable Development Department of Population and Development.|date=2012|publisher=Department of Population and Development. Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. Government of Malawi.|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref>

In January 2015 southern Malawi was devastated by the worst floods in living memory, stranding at least 20,000 people. These floods affected more than a million people across the country, including 336,000 who were displaced, according to [[UNICEF]]. Over 100 people were killed and an estimated 64,000 hectares of cropland were washed away.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/02/devastation-disease-deadly-malawi-floods-150225070745817.html |title=Devastation and disease after deadly Malawi floods |publisher=Al Jazeera English |date=25 February 2015 |accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref>

===Agriculture and industry===
{{main|Agriculture in Malawi}}
[[File:Groundnut harvesting in Malawi.jpg|thumb|right|Harvesting [[Bambara groundnut|groundnuts]] at an agricultural research station in Malawi]]
[[File:Women in Salima District, Malawi.jpg|thumb|Women in Salima District, Malawi, selling groundnuts]]
[[File:Schoolchildren in Malawi.jpg|thumb|Children attending a [[farmer]] meeting in Nalifu village, Mulanje, Malawi.]]
The [[economy of Malawi]] is predominantly agricultural. Over 80% of the population is engaged in subsistence farming, even though agriculture only contributed to 27% of GDP in 2013. The [[services sector]] accounts for more than half of GDP (54%), compared to 11% for manufacturing and 8% for other industries, including natural uranium mining. Malawi invests more in agriculture (as a share of GDP) than any other African country: 28% of GDP.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |title= Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |last=Kraemer-Mbula |first=Erika |last2=Scerri |first2=Mario |publisher= UNESCO |year=2015 |isbn= 978-92-3-100129-1 |location= Paris |pages= 535–555}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002288/228807e.pdf|title=Mapping Research and Innovation in the Republic of Malawi|last=Lemarchand|first=Guillermo A.|last2=Schneegans|first2=Susan (eds)|publisher=UNESCO|year=2014|isbn=978-92-3-100032-4|location=Paris|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/one.org/images/131008_ONE_Maputo_FINAL.pdf|title=The Maputo Commitments and the 2014 African Year of Agriculture.|last=|first=|publisher=ONE.org.|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>

The main agricultural products of Malawi include tobacco, [[sugarcane]], cotton, tea, [[Maize|corn]], potatoes, [[sorghum]], cattle and goats. The main industries are tobacco, tea and sugar processing, [[sawmill]] products, cement and [[Final good|consumer goods]]. The industrial production growth rate is estimated at 10% (2009). The country makes no significant use of natural gas. {{As of|2008}}, Malawi does not import or export any electricity, but does import all its petroleum, with no production in country.<ref name="CIA" /> Beginning in 2006, the country began mixing unleaded petrol with 10% [[ethanol]], produced in-country at two plants, to reduce dependence on imported fuel. In 2008, Malawi began testing cars that ran solely on ethanol, and initial results are promising, and the country is continuing to increase its use of ethanol.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/malawis-ethanolfuel-tests-show-promise-2008-10-10|title=Malawi's ethanol-fuel tests show promise|newspaper=Engineering News|date=10 October 2008|last=Chimwala|first=Marcel|accessdate=3 January 2009}}</ref>

{{As of|2009}}, Malawi exports an estimated US$945 million in goods per year. The country's strong reliance on tobacco places a heavy burden on the economy as world prices decline and the international community increases pressure to limit tobacco production. Malawi's dependence on tobacco is growing, with the product jumping from 53% to 70% of export revenues between 2007 and 2008. The country also relies heavily on tea, sugar and coffee, with these three plus tobacco making up more than 90% of Malawi's export revenue.<ref name="CIA" /><ref name="Africa08" /> Because of a rise in costs and a decline in sales prices, Malawi is encouraging farmers away from tobacco towards more profitable crops, including spices such as [[paprika]]. The move away from tobacco is further fueled by likely World Health Organization moves against the particular type of tobacco that Malawi produces, burley leaf. It is seen to be more harmful to human health than other tobacco products. India [[hemp]] is another possible alternative, but arguments have been made that it will bring more crime to the country through its resemblance to varieties of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] used as a [[recreational drug]] and the difficulty in distinguishing between the two types.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/708649.stm|publisher=BBC News|author=Tenthani, Raphael|title=Legal Hemp for Malawi?|date=24 April 2000|accessdate=21 December 2011}}</ref> This concern is especially important because the cultivation of Malawian cannabis, known as [[Malawi Gold]], as a drug has increased significantly.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/17/world/marijuana-cultivation-increases-in-malawi.html|title=Marijuana Cultivation Increases in Malawi|date=17 December 1998|accessdate=21 December 2011}}</ref> Malawi is known for growing "the best and finest" cannabis in the world for [[recreational drug use]], according to a recent World Bank report, and cultivation and sales of the crop may contribute to corruption within the police force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2877:malawis-chamba-valued-at-k1-4-billion&catid=42:national&Itemid=401|title=Malawi's Chamba valued at K1. 4 billion|date=11 December 2011|author=Mpaka, Charles|accessdate=21 December 2011|work=Sunday Times|publisher=Blantyre Newspapers, Ltd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112130233/http://www.bnltimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2877:malawis-chamba-valued-at-k1-4-billion&catid=42:national&Itemid=401|archive-date=12 January 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:GDP in Southern African Development Community countries by economic sector, 2013 or closest year.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GDP_in_Southern_African_Development_Community_countries_by_economic_sector,_2013_or_closest_year.svg|thumb|GDP in Southern African Development Community countries by economic sector, 2013 or closest year.<ref name="t2030">{{cite book |title= UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |date=2015}}</ref>]]
Other exported goods are cotton, peanuts, wood products and [[Clothing|apparel]]. The main destination locations for the country's exports are South Africa, Germany, Egypt, Zimbabwe, the United States, Russia and the Netherlands. Malawi currently imports an estimated US$1.625 billion in goods per year, with the main commodities being food, petroleum products, consumer goods and transportation equipment. The main countries that Malawi imports from are South Africa, India, Zambia, Tanzania, the US and China.<ref name="CIA" />

In 2006, in response to disastrously low agricultural harvests, Malawi began a programme of [[fertiliser]] subsidies, the Fertiliser Input Subsidy Program (FISP) that were designed to re-energise the land and boost crop production. It has been reported that this program, championed by the country's president, is radically improving Malawi's agriculture, and causing Malawi to become a net exporter of food to nearby countries.<ref>{{cite news|author=Dugger, Celia W.|title=Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts|date=2 December 2007|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/world/africa/02malawi.html|accessdate=5 August 2008}}</ref> The FISP fertiliser subsidy programs ended with President Bingu wa Mutharika's death; the country quickly faced food shortages again, and farmers developed reluctance to purchase fertilisers and other agricultural inputs on the open markets that remained.

In 2016, Malawi was hit by a drought, and in January 2017, the country reported an outbreak of [[African armyworm|armyworms]] around Zomba. The moth is capable of wiping out entire fields of corn, the staple grain of impoverished residents.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi hit by armyworm outbreak, threatens maize crop|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-grains-armyworms-idUSKBN14W0NT?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=Reuters|date=12 January 2017}}</ref> On 14 January 2017, the agriculture minister [[George Chaponda]] reported that 2,000 hectares of crop had been destroyed, having spread to nine of twenty-eight districts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Malawi's armyworm outbreak destroys 2,000 hectares: minister|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-grains-armyworm-idUSKBN14Y0DK?il=0|accessdate=14 January 2017|work=Reuters|date=14 January 2017}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
{{Main|Transport in Malawi|Rail transport in Malawi|Communications in Malawi}}
[[File:2010-10-21 13-12-21 Malawi - Njolomole.JPG|thumb|The M1 road between Blantyre and Lilongwe]]
{{As of|2012}}, Malawi has 31 airports, 7 with paved runways (2 [[international airport]]s) and 24 with unpaved runways. {{As of|2008}}, the country has {{convert|797|km|mi}} of railways, all [[narrow-gauge]], and, as of 2003, {{convert|15451|mi|km|order=flip}} of [[roadway]]s in various conditions, {{convert|6956|km|mi}} paved and {{convert|8495|km|mi}} unpaved. Malawi also has {{convert|700|km|mi}} of [[waterway]]s on Lake Malawi and along the Shire River.<ref name="CIA" />

{{As of|2011}}, there were 3.952 million cell phones and 173,500 [[landline]] telephones in Malawi. There were 716,400 Internet users in 2009, and 1099 Internet hosts {{As of|2012|lc=y}}. {{As of|2007}} there was one government-run radio station and approximately a dozen more owned by private enterprise.[[File:Gross domestic expenditure on Research and Development GDP ratio in Southern Africa, 2012 or closest year.svg|thumb|Domestic expenditure on research in Southern Africa as a percentage of GDP, 2012 or closest year.<ref>{{Cite book |title= UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |date=2015 |chapter= Figure 20.3}}</ref>]]
Radio, television and postal services in Malawi are regulated by the [[Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority]] (MACRA).<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Malawi Communications Regulatory Authority (MACRA)|url=http://www.macra.org.mw/|website=www.macra.org.mw|publisher=MACRA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Act No. 41 of 1998|url=http://www.macra.org.mw/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Communications-Act-19981.pdf|publisher=[[Malawi Government Gazette]]|date=30 December 1998}}</ref> Malawi television is improving. The country boasts 20 television stations by 2016 broadcasting on the country's digital network MDBNL e.g.[3] This includes Times Group, Timveni, Adventist, and Beta, Zodiak and CFC.<ref name="CIA" /> In the past, Malawi's telecommunications system has been named as some of the poorest in Africa, but conditions are improving, with 130,000 land line telephones being connected between 2000 and 2007. Telephones are much more accessible in urban areas, with less than a quarter of land lines being in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/aisi/NICI/country_profiles/malawi/malab.htm |title=Malawi |work=NICI in Africa |publisher=Economic Commission for Africa |accessdate=6 November 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410063206/http://www.uneca.org/aisi/nici/country_profiles/malawi/malab.htm |archivedate=10 April 2009 |df= }}</ref>

==Science and technology==
{{Main|Science and technology in Malawi}}

=== Research trends ===
Malawi devoted 1.06% of GDP to research and development in 2010, according to a survey by the Department of Science and Technology, one of the highest ratios in Africa. This corresponds to $7.8 per researcher (in current purchasing parity dollars).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 2014, Malawian scientists had the third-largest output in Southern Africa, in terms of articles catalogued in international journals. They published 322 articles in Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index expanded) that year, almost triple the number in 2005 (116). Only South Africa (9,309) and the United Republic of Tanzania (770) published more in Southern Africa. Malawian scientists publish more in mainstream journals – relative to GDP – than any other country of a similar population size. This is impressive, even if the country's publication density remains modest, with just 19 publications per million inhabitants catalogued in international journals in 2014. The average for sub-Saharan Africa is 20 publications per million inhabitants.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Policy framework ===
[[File:Life sciences and geosciences dominate, Cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.svg|thumb|Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa, cumulative totals by field, 2008–2014.<ref>{{Cite book|title= UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |date=2015|chapter= Figure 20.6}}</ref>]]
Malawi's first science and technology policy dates from 1991 and was revised in 2002. The ''National Science and Technology Policy'' of 2002 envisaged the establishment of a National Commission for Science and Technology to advise the government and other stakeholders on science and technology-led development. Although the Science and Technology Act of 2003 made provision for the creation of this commission, it only became operational in 2011, with a secretariat resulting from the merger of the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Council. The Science and Technology Act of 2003 also established a Science and Technology Fund to finance research and studies through government grants and loans but, {{as of|2014|lc=y}}, this was not yet operational. The Secretariat of the National Commission for Science and Technology has reviewed the ''Strategic Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation'' (2011–2015) but, as of early 2015, the revised policy had not yet met with Cabinet approval.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Malawi is conscious of the need to attract more foreign investment to foster technology transfer, develop human capital and empower the private sector to drive economic growth. In 2012, most foreign investment flowed to infrastructure (62%) and the energy sector (33%). The government has introduced a series of fiscal incentives, including tax breaks, to attract more foreign investors. In 2013, the Malawi Investment and Trade Centre put together an investment portfolio spanning 20 companies in the country's six major economic growth sectors, namely:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
[[File:Researchers (HC) in Southern Africa per million inhabitants, 2013 or closest year.svg|
thumb|Researchers (HC) in Southern Africa per million inhabitants, 2013 or closest year]]
* agriculture;
* manufacturing;
* energy (bio-energy, mobile electricity);
* tourism (ecolodges);
* infrastructure (wastewater services, fibre optic cables, etc.); and
* mining.
[[File:Seychelles and South Africa have the most publications per million inhabitants.svg|
thumb|Scientific publications per million inhabitants in SADC countries in 2014.<ref name=t2030/><ref name="Web">{{Cite book |title= Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded}}</ref>]]
In 2013, the government adopted a ''National Export Strategy'' to diversify the country's exports. Production facilities are to be established for a wide range of products within the three selected clusters: oil seed products, sugar cane products and manufacturing. The government estimates that these three clusters have the potential to represent more than 50% of Malawi's exports by 2027. In order to help companies adopt innovative practices and technologies, the strategy makes provision for greater access to the outcome of international research and better information about available technologies; it also helps companies to obtain grants to invest in such technologies from sources such as the country's Export Development Fund and the Malawi Innovation Challenge Fund.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

The Malawi Innovation Challenge Fund is a competitive facility, through which businesses in Malawi's agricultural and manufacturing sectors can apply for grant funding for innovative projects with potential for making a strong social impact and helping the country to diversify its narrow range of exports. The first round of competitive bidding opened in April 2014.The fund is aligned on the three clusters selected within the country's ''National Export Strategy'': oil seed products, sugar cane products and manufacturing. It provides a matching grant of up to 50% to innovative business projects to help absorb some of the commercial risk in triggering innovation. This support should speed up the implementation of new business models and/or the adoption of technologies. The fund is endowed with US$8 million from the United Nations Development Programme and the UK Department for International Development.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />[[File:Scientific publication trends in SADC countries, 2005-2014.svg|thumb|Scientific publication trends in the most productive SADC countries, 2005–2014.<ref name=t2030/>]]

=== Achievements ===
Among the notable achievements stemming from the implementation of national policies for science, technology and innovation in recent years are the:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
* Establishment, in 2012, of the Malawi University of Science and Technology and the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR) to build STI capacity. LUANAR was delinked from the University of Malawi. This brings the number of public universities to four, with the University of Malawi and Mzuzu University;
* Improvement in biomedical research capacity through the five-year Health Research Capacity Strengthening Initiative (2008–2013) awarding research grants and competitive scholarships at PhD, master's and first degree levels, supported by the UK Wellcome Trust and DfID;
* Strides made in conducting cotton confined field trials, with support from the US Program for Biosafety Systems, Monsanto and LUANAR.
* Introduction of ethanol fuel as an alternative fuel to petrol and the adoption of ethanol technology;
* Launch of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policy for Malawi in December 2013, to drive the deployment of ICTs in all economic and productive sectors and improve ICT infrastructure in rural areas, especially via the establishment of telecentres; and
* A review of secondary school curricula in 2013.

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Malawi}}
[[File:Flickr - ggallice - Village boys.jpg|thumb|Children in Chilowamatambe, Kasungu district, Malawi]]
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! style="background:#cfb;"|Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|2.9
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|11.3
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Malawi}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|}
Malawi has a population of over {{#expr:floor({{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Malawi}}|R}}/1e6)}} million, with a [[Population growth|growth rate]] of 3.32%, according to {{UN_Population|Year}} estimates.{{UN_Population|ref}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2002.html#mi |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |website=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=23 July 2017}}</ref> The population is forecast to grow to over 45 million people by 2050, nearly tripling the estimated 16 million in 2010.18,091,575 is Malawi's estimated 2016 population based on most recent estimates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_GraphicalDisplay.aspx?ListNames=%27Population,%20History%20and%20Forecast%27&HistFor=True&GrpOp=0&Dim1=99&File=1|title=frm_Message|publisher=|accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref>

Malawi's population is made up of the [[Chewa people|Chewa]], [[Nyanja]], [[Tumbuka people|Tumbuka]], [[Yao (ethnic group in Africa)|Yao]], [[Lomwe people|Lomwe]], [[Sena people|Sena]], [[Tonga people of Malawi|Tonga]], [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]], and [[Ngonde]] native [[ethnic group]]s, as well as populations of [[Asian people|Asians]] and [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]]. The official language is English.<ref name=language /> Major languages include [[Chewa language|Chichewa]], a language spoken by over 57% of the population, [[Chewa language|Chinyanja]] (12.8%), [[Yao language|Chiyao]] (10.1%), and [[Tumbuka language|Chitumbuka]] (9.5%).<ref name="CIA" /> Other [[native language]]s are [[Malawi Lomwe language|Malawian Lomwe]], spoken by around 250,000 in the southeast of the country; [[Kokola]], spoken by around 200,000 people also in the southeast; [[Lambya people|Lambya]], spoken by around 45,000 in the northwestern tip; [[Ndali language|Ndali]], spoken by around 70,000; [[Nyakyusa language|Nyakyusa-Ngonde]], spoken by around 300,000 in northern Malawi; Malawian [[Sena language|Sena]], spoken by around 270,000 in southern Malawi; and [[Tonga (Nyasa) language|Tonga]], spoken by around 170,000 in the north.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Malawi|title=Languages of Malawi|publisher=SIL International|accessdate=21 November 2008|work=Ethnologue|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129051300/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Malawi|archivedate=29 November 2010}}</ref>

===Urbanization===
{{Largest cities of Malawi}}

===Religion===
{{Further|Christianity in Malawi|Roman Catholicism in Malawi|Islam in Malawi|Hinduism in Malawi|Bahá'í Faith in Malawi}}
[[File:Initiation ritual of boys in Malawi.jpg|thumb|9- to 10-year-old boys of the [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] tribe participating in circumcision and initiation rites.]]
Malawi is a majority Christian country, with a significant Muslim minority. Government surveys indicate that 87% of the country is Christian, with a minority 11.6% Islamic population.<ref name="DHS 2016">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR319/FR319.pdf|title=Demographic and Health Survey: 2015-2016|publisher=Malawi National Statistical Office|format=PDF|page=36|accessdate=19 April 2018}}</ref> The largest Christian groups in Malawi are the Roman Catholic Church, of which 19% of Malawians are adherents, and the [[Church of Central Africa Presbyterian]] (CCAP) to which 18% belong.<ref name="DHS 2016"/> The CCAP is the largest Protestant denomination in Malawi with 1.3 million members. There are smaller [[Presbyterian]] denominations like the [[Reformed Presbyterian Church of Malawi]] and the [[Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Malawi]]. There are also smaller numbers of [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]], [[Baptists]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (over 93,000),<ref>2017 Service Year Report of Jehovah's Witnesses</ref> evangelicals, [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]], and the [[Lutheran Church of Central Africa|Lutherans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031340|title=Lutheran Church of Central Africa.—Malawi|publisher=Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111005306/http://www.celc.info/site/cpage.asp?sec_id=180010197&cpage_id=180031340|archivedate=11 January 2017}}</ref> [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] had just over 2,000 members in the country at the end of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics/country/malawi|title=LDS Statistics and Church Facts – Total Church Membership|publisher=}}</ref>

Most of the Muslim population is [[Sunni]], of either the [[Qadriya]] or Sukkutu groups, with a few who follow the [[Ahmadiyya]] branch of Islam.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyIpVV3FZlAC&pg=PA63#v=onepage | title=Where Silence Rules: The Suppression of Dissent in Malawi | page=59 | author=Richard Carver | accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref>

Other religious groups within the country include [[Rastafari movement|Rastafarians]], [[Hindu]]s, [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'is]] (0.2%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp |title=Baha'i population by country |publisher=Thearda.com |date= |accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref>) and around 300 [[Jews]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=12347&rog3=MI |title=Jews in Malawi |publisher=Joshuaproject.net |date= |accessdate=19 April 2013}}</ref> [[Atheism|Atheists]] make up around 4% of the population, although this number may include people who practice traditional African religions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90107.htm|title=Malawi|work=International Religious Freedom Report 2007|accessdate=18 December 2008|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=14 September 2007}}</ref>

===Health===
[[File:The time is now – mums waiting for family planning services (7513648798).jpg|thumb|Malawi women with young children attending [[family planning]] services]]
{{main|Healthcare in Malawi}}
Malawi has central hospitals, regional and private facilities. The public sector offers free health services and medicines, while [[non-government organisations]] offers services and medicines for fees. Private doctors offer fee-based services and medicines. Health insurance schemes have been established since 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/02/19/000333037_20100219005458/Rendered/PDF/531070WP0Pharm10Box345597B01PUBLIC1.pdf|author=McCabe, Ariane|title=Private Sector Pharmaceutical Supply and Distribution Chains: Ghana, Mali and Malawi|work=Health Systems Outcome Publication|publisher=World Bank|date=December 2009|accessdate=2 April 2012}}</ref> The country has a [[pharmaceutical manufacturing]] industry consisting of four privately owned pharmaceutical companies. Malawi's healthcare goal is for "promoting health, preventing, reducing and curing disease, and reducing the occurrence of premature death in the population".<ref>Malawi Investment Promotion Agency, 2008, p. 20 – Investment Guide</ref>

[[Infant mortality]] rates are high, and [[life expectancy]] at birth is 50.03 years. Abortion is illegal in Malawi,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/where-abortion-illegal-protest-against-culture-death-malawi-religious-groups-2456454|title=Where Is Abortion Illegal? Protest Against 'Culture Of Death' By Malawi Religious Groups|last=|first=|date=|website=Ibtimes.com|access-date=23 July 2017}}</ref> except to save the mother's life. The Penal Code punishes women who seek illegal or clinical abortion with 7 years in prison, and 14 years for those perform the abortion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/5002/abortion-law-malawi |title=Abortion law Malawi — Women on Waves |website=Womenonwaves.org |date=15 June 2012 |accessdate=23 July 2017}}</ref> There is a high adult prevalence rate of [[HIV/AIDS]], with an estimated 980,000 adults (or 9.1% of the population) living with the disease in 2015. There are approximately 27,000 deaths each year from HIV/AIDS, and over half a million children orphaned because of the disease (2015).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/malawi|title=
HIV and AIDS estimates (2015)|publisher=[[Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS|UNAIDS]]|accessdate=6 January 2017}}</ref> Approximately 250 new people are infected each day, and at least 70% of Malawi's hospital beds are occupied by HIV/AIDS patients. The high rate of infection has resulted in an estimated 5.8% of the farm labor force dying of the disease. The government spends over $120,000 each year on funerals for civil servants who die of the disease.<ref name="Africa08" /> In 2006, international superstar [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] started [[Raising Malawi]], a foundation that helps AIDS orphans in Malawi, and also financed a documentary about the hardships experienced by Malawian orphans, called ''[[I Am Because We Are]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1223372,00.html|title=Madonna Finds a Cause|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|author=Luscombe, Belinda|date=6 August 2006|accessdate=24 October 2008}}</ref> Raising Malawi also works with the [[Millennium Villages Project]] to improve education, health care, infrastructure and agriculture in Malawi.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/07/madonna200707|title=Raising Malawi|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|author=Hutton, Punch|date=July 2007|accessdate=24 October 2008}}</ref>

There is a very high degree of risk for major infectious diseases, including bacterial and protozoal [[diarrhoea]], [[hepatitis A]], [[typhoid fever]], [[malaria]], [[Plague (disease)|plague]], [[schistosomiasis]], and [[rabies]].<ref name="CIA" /> Malawi has been making progress on decreasing child mortality and reducing the incidences of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; however, the country has been "performing dismally" on reducing maternal mortality and promoting [[gender equality]].<ref name=UNDP/> [[Female genital mutilation]] (FGM), while not widespread, is practiced in some local communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111184006/http://www.medcol.mw/commhealth/publications/cultural_practices_report.pdf|title=Wayback Machine|date=11 November 2014|publisher=}}</ref>

On 23 November 2016, a court in Malawi sentenced an HIV-positive man to two years in prison with forced labor after having sex with 100 women without disclosing his status. Women rights activists asked the government to review the sentence calling it too "lenient."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malawi-sexcrimes-women-idUSKBN13J01P|title=Malawi faces calls to review two-year jail term for HIV-positive 'hyena' man|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>

===Education===
[[File:Localschool.JPG|thumb|250 px|School children in the classroom, in [[Karonga, Malawi]]]]
{{Main|Education in Malawi}}
In Malawi, primary education is compulsory (Revised Education Act 2012). In 1994, free primary education for all children was established by the government, which increased attendance rates. Dropout rates are higher for girls than boys,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2001/Malawi.htm|title=Malawi|accessdate=6 October 2008|publisher=Bureau of International Labor Affairs, US Dept. of Labor|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006092319/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/TDA2001/malawi.htm|archivedate=6 October 2008}}</ref> attributed to security problems during the long travel to school, as girls face a higher prevalence of gender-based violence. However, attendance rates for all children are improving, with enrollment rates for primary schools increased from 58% in 1992 to 75% in 2007, while the number of students who begin in standard one and complete standard five has increased from 64% in 1992 to 86% in 2006. However attendance in secondary school falls to approximately 25%, with attendance rates being slightly higher for males.<ref name=Furlong>{{cite book|last1=Furlong|first1=Andy|title=Youth Studies: An Introduction|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|location=USA|isbn=978-0-415-56479-3|page=233}}</ref><ref name=U.N.>{{cite web|title=The world youth report: youth and climate change|url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/WYR2010Final%20online%20version.pdf|website=United Nations|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> Youth literacy has also increased, moving from 68% in 2000 to 82% in 2007. This increase is primarily attributed to improved learning materials in schools, better infrastructure and feeding programs that have been implemented throughout the school system.<ref name=UNDP/>
[[File:Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year.svg|link= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Public_expenditure_on_education_in_Southern_Africa_as_a_share_of_GDP,_2012_or_closest_year.svg|thumb|Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP, 2012 or closest year.<ref name="Web"/>]]
Education in Malawi comprises eight years of primary education, four years of secondary school and four years of university.

There are four public universities in Malawi, namely; [[Mzuzu University]] (MZUNI), Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), [[University of Malawi]] (UNIMA) and [[Malawi University of Science and Technology]](MUST). Besides these, there are also private universities like; Livingstonia, Malawi Lakeview, Catholic University of Malawi, African Bible College, UNICAF University, MIM etc. The entry requirement is six credits on the Malawi school Certificate of Education certificate which is equivalent to O levels.

In 2016, the Malawi eHealth Research Centre in partnership with Mzuzu University and Luke International was established and is Malawi's first fully dedicated eHealth Research Centre. This new research facility will contribute to improve health and social outcomes for communities in Malawi, by enhancing the quality of research and education in eHealth and healthcare.

==Military==
{{Main|Malawian Defence Force}}

Malawi maintains a small standing military of approximately 25,000 men, the [[Malawian Defence Force]]. It consists of army, navy and air force elements. The Malawi army originated from [[British Army|British colonial units]] formed before independence, and is now made up of two rifle regiments and one parachute regiment. The Malawi Air Force was established with German help in 1976, and operates a small number of transport aircraft and multi-purpose helicopters. The Malawian Navy has 3 vessels operating on Lake Malawi, based in [[Monkey Bay]].<ref name="Turner22">Turner, ''The Statesman's Yearbook'', p. 822</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Malawi n3.jpg|thumb|upright|A Malawian man playing a [[xylophone]]]]

{{See also|Music of Malawi|Malawian cuisine}}

The name "Malawi" comes from the [[Maravi]], a [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] people who emigrated from the southern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] around 1400 AD. Upon reaching northern Lake Malawi, the group divided, with one group moving south down the west bank of the lake to become the group known as the [[Chewa people|Chewa]], while the other group, the ancestors of today's Nyanja, moved along the east side of the lake to the southern section of Malawi. Ethnic conflict and continuing migration prevented the formation of a society that was uniquely and cohesively Malawian until the dawn of the 20th century. Over the past century, ethnic distinctions have diminished to the point where there is no significant inter-ethnic friction, although regional divisions still occur. The concept of a Malawian nationality has begun to form around a predominantly rural people who are generally conservative and traditionally nonviolent. The "Warm Heart of Africa" nickname is not due to the hot weather of the country, but due to the kind, loving nature of the Malawian people.<ref name="StateDept" />

From 1964–2010, and again since 2012, the [[Flag of Malawi]] is made up of three equal horizontal stripes of black, red and green with a red rising sun superimposed in the center of the black stripe. The black stripe represented the African people, the red represented the blood of martyrs for African freedom, green represented Malawi's ever-green nature and the rising sun represented the dawn of freedom and hope for Africa.<ref name="Flag">{{cite web|url=http://www.fotw.us/flags/mw.html|title=Malawi|work=Flags of the World Website|author=Berry, Bruce|date=6 February 2005|accessdate=22 September 2010|publisher=Flags of the World|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821101750/http://www.fotw.us/flags/mw.html|archivedate=21 August 2010}}</ref> In 2010, the flag was changed, removing the red rising sun and adding a full white sun in the center as a symbol of Malawi's [[economy of Malawi|economic progress]]. The change was reverted in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/05/30/dpp-govt-blew-k3bn-on-flag-change/|title=DPP govt blew K3bn on flag change|newspaper=Nyasa Times|accessdate=10 April 2013|date=30 May 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518233702/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2012/05/30/dpp-govt-blew-k3bn-on-flag-change/|archivedate=18 May 2013}}</ref>

Its dances are a strong part of Malawi's culture, and the [[National Dance Troupe]] (formerly the Kwacha Cultural Troupe) was formed in November 1987 by the government.<ref name="Turner24" /> Traditional music and dances can be seen at [[Initiation|initiation rites]], [[ritual]]s, marriage ceremonies and celebrations.

The indigenous ethnic groups of Malawi have a rich tradition of [[Basket weaving|basketry]] and [[mask]] [[wood carving|carving]], and some of these goods are used in traditional ceremonies still performed by native peoples. [[Wood carving]] and [[oil painting]] are also popular in more urban centres, with many of the items produced being sold to tourists. There are several internationally recognised literary figures from Malawi, including poet [[Jack Mapanje]], history and fiction writer [[Paul Tiyambe Zeleza|Paul Zeleza]] and authors [[Legson Kayira]], [[Felix Mnthali]], [[Frank Chipasula]] and [[David Rubadiri]].

===Sports===
Football is the most common sport in Malawi, introduced there during British colonial rule. Its [[Malawi national football team|national team]] has failed to qualify to [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]] so far, but have made two appearances in the [[Africa Cup of Nations]]. Basketball is also growing in popularity, but its [[Malawi national basketball team|national team]] is yet to participate in any international competition.<ref name=Gall>{{cite book |year=1998|editor1-last=Gall|editor1-first=James L. |title=Worldmark Encyclopaedia of Cultures and Daily Life|url= |volume=Volume 1 – Africa|edition= |location=Detroit and London|publisher=Gale Research|pages=101–102 |isbn=0 7876 0552 2 |quote= }}</ref>

===Cuisine===
Malawian cuisine is diverse, with tea and fish being popular features of the country's cuisine.<ref name=emb>{{cite web |url=http://www.malawiembassy.org/en/visit/food.html |title=The Official Website of the Embassy of the Republic of Malawi to Japan |website=Malawiembassy.org |date= |accessdate=9 February 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314022501/http://www.malawiembassy.org/en/visit/food.html |archivedate=14 March 2013 }}</ref> Sugar, coffee, corn, potatoes, sorghum, cattle and goats are also important components of the cuisine and economy. [[Lake Malawi]] is a source of fish including [[Oreochromis lidole|chambo]] (similar to [[bream]]) [[usipa]] (similar to [[sardine]]), and [[mpasa]] (similar to [[salmon]] and [[kampango]]).<ref name=emb/> [[Nsima]] is a food staple made from ground corn and typically served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. It is commonly eaten for lunch and dinner.<ref name=emb/>

==See also==
{{portal|Malawi}}
{{Wikipedia books|Malawi}}
* [[Outline of Malawi]]
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Malawi/Index of Malawi-related articles|Index of Malawi-related articles]]{{-}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book|author=Cutter, Charles H.|title=Africa 2006|edition=41st|year=2006|publisher=Stryker-Post Publications|location=Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|isbn=1-887985-72-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Davidson, Basil|title=Africa in History: Themes and Outlines|edition=Revised and Expanded|publisher=Collier Books, Macmillan Publishing Company|location=New York|year=1991|isbn=0-02-042791-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Dickovick, J. Tyler|title=Africa 2008|edition=43rd|year=2008|publisher=Stryker-Post Publications|location=Harpers Ferry, West Virginia|isbn=978-1-887985-90-1}}
* {{cite book|author=Meredith, Martin|title=The Fate of Africa – From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair: A History of 50 Years of Independence|publisher=Public Affairs|location=New York|year=2005|isbn=1-58648-246-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Murphy, Philip (editor)|title=Central Africa: Closer Association 1945–1958|publisher=The Stationery Office|location=London, UK|year=2005|isbn=0-11-290586-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Reader, John|title=Africa: A Biography of the Continent|publisher=Vintage Books|location=New York|edition=First Vintage Books|year=1999|isbn=0-679-73869-X}}
* {{cite book|author=Turner, Barry (ed.)|title=The Statesman's Yearbook 2009: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|year=2008|isbn=1-4039-9278-9}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Malawi|voy=Malawi}}
* [http://www.malawi.gov.mw/ Government of the Republic of Malawi] Official website
* {{Wikiatlas|Malawi}}

{{Malawi topics}}
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Democratic Republic of the Congo

2018-12-27T16:49:56Z

159.50.189.7:

{{short description|Country in Central Africa}}
{{distinguish|text=the neighbouring [[Republic of the Congo]]}}
{{Other uses|DRC (disambiguation){{!}}DRC}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{coord|-2.88|23.656|display=title|type:country}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Democratic Republic of the Congo
| native_name = {{resize|80%|{{native name|fr|République démocratique du Congo}}}} {{resize|80%|{{native name|kg|Repubilika ya Kôngo ya Dimokalasi}}}} {{resize|80%|{{native name|ln|Republíki ya Kongó Demokratíki}}}} {{resize|80%|{{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Kidemokrasia ya Kongo}}}} {{resize|80%|{{native name|lu|Ditunga dia Kongu wa Mungalaata}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg
| symbol_type = [[Emblem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Coat of arms]]
| national_motto = {{native phrase|fr|"Justice – Paix – Travail"|italics=off|nolink=on}} {{small|"Justice – Peace – Work"}}
| national_anthem = {{native name|fr|[[Debout Congolais]]|nolink=on}} {{small|"Arise, Congolese"}}<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><center>[[File:National anthem of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.ogg]]</center></div>
| image_map = Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(orthographic_projection).svg
| map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark green}}
| image_map2 =
| capital = [[Kinshasa]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|4|19|S|15|19|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = [[French language|French]]
| national_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Lingala language|Lingala]] |[[Kikongo]] |[[Swahili language|Swahili]] |[[Luba-Kasai language|Tshiluba]]}}
| ethnic_groups = ''See [[#Ethnic groups|Ethnic groups]] section below''
| demonym = Congolese
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Semi-presidential system|semi-presidential republic]] under an [[authoritarian]] [[dictatorship]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Freedom in the World 2018 - Congo, Democratic Republic of (Kinshasa) |url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/congo-democratic-republic-kinshasa |website=Freedomhouse |publisher=Freedomhouse |accessdate=7 October 2018}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Joseph Kabila]]
| leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bruno Tshibala]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = [[History of the Democratic Republic of Congo|Formation]]
| established_event1 = [[International Association of the Congo|Colonised]]
| established_date1 = 17 November 1879
| established_event2 = [[Congo Free State]]
| established_date2 = 1 July 1885
| established_event3 = [[Belgian Congo]]
| established_date3 = 15 November 1908
| established_event4 = [[Congo Crisis|Independence]] from [[Belgium]]
| established_date4 = 30 June 1960<ref name="cia.gov">
{{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency
|title=Democratic Republic of Congo
|website=The World Factbook
|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency
|location=Langley, Virginia
|year=2014
|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html
|accessdate=29 April 2014
}}
</ref>
| established_event5 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 142|Admitted to the]] [[United Nations]]
| established_date5 = 20 September 1960
| established_event6 = Renamed to Democratic Republic of Congo
| established_date6 = 1 August 1964
| established_event7 = [[Zaire|Republic of Zaire]]
| established_date7 = 29 October 1971
| established_event8 = [[First Congo War|Fall of Mobutu]]
| established_date8 = 17 May 1997
| established_event9 = [[Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Current constitution]]
| established_date9 = 18 February 2006
| area_km2 = 2,345,409
| area_rank = 11th
| area_sq_mi = 905,355 
| percent_water = 3.32
| population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{UN_Population|ref}}
| population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}}
| population_estimate_rank = 16th
| population_density_km2 = 34.83
| population_density_sq_mi = 90.22 
| population_density_rank =
| GDP_PPP = $67.988 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=58&pr1.y=15&c=636&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo
|publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2017
| GDP_PPP_rank =
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $785<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank =
| GDP_nominal = $40.415 billion<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2017
| GDP_nominal_rank =
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $446<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =
| Gini = 44.4
| Gini_year = 2006
| Gini_change = increase 
| Gini_ref = <ref name=gini>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=1|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=30 July 2013}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.470 
| HDI_year = 2018
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://www.hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update |title=2018 Human Development Report |year=2018 |accessdate=14 September 2018 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 176th
| currency = [[Congolese franc]]
| currency_code = CDF
| time_zone = [[West Africa Time|WAT]] and [[Central Africa Time|CAT]]
| utc_offset = {{nowrap|+1 to +2}}
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[+243]]
| iso3166code = CD
| cctld = [[.cd]]
}}
The '''Democratic Republic of the Congo''' ({{pronunciation|En-DRC-pronunciation.ogg}} {{lang-fr|République démocratique du Congo}} {{IPA-fr|kɔ̃ɡo|}}), also known as '''DR Congo''', the '''DRC''', '''Congo-Kinshasa''', or simply '''the Congo''',<ref name="Starbird">{{cite book |last1=Starbird |first1=Caroline |last2=Deboer |first2=Dale |last3=Pettit |first3=Jenny |year=2004 |title=Teaching International Economics and Trade |trans-title=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EKiS9SZNPe0C&pg=PA78 |publisher=Center for Teaching International Relations, [[University of Denver]] |publication-date= |page=78 |isbn=9780943804927 |quote=Aid Applicant: The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC) |ref= }}</ref><ref name="USTR">{{cite book |last=[[Office of the United States Trade Representative]] |editor-last=[[United States House of Representatives]] [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Committee on Ways and Means]] |date=May 2003 |title=2003 Comprehensive Report on U.S. Trade and Investment Policy Toward Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnGGEqGukvgC&pg=PA87|others=Message from the President of the United States |publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]] |publication-date= |page=87 |isbn=9781428950146 |quote=Democratic Republic of the Congo (DROC) will become eligible for AGOA trade benefits upon formation of a transitional government.}}</ref> is the southernmost country located in [[Central Africa]]. It is sometimes referred to by its former name of [[Zaire]], which was its official name between 1971 and 1997. The DRC borders the [[Central African Republic]] to the north; [[South Sudan]] to the northeast; [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]] and [[Tanzania]] to the east; [[Zambia]] to the south; [[Angola]] to the southwest; and the [[Republic of the Congo]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the west. It is the second-largest country in Africa after [[Algeria]] (the largest in [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]) by area and the [[List of countries and dependencies by area|11th-largest in the world]]. With a population of over {{#expr:floor({{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}|R}}/1e6)}} million,{{UN_Population|ref}} the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most populated [[List of countries where French is an official language|officially Francophone country]], the fourth-most-populated country in Africa, and the [[List of countries by population|16th-most-populated country in the world]].

Centred on the Congo Basin, the territory of the DRC was first inhabited by [[Central African foragers]] around 90,000 years ago and was reached by the [[Bantu expansion]] about 3,000 years ago. In the west, the [[Kingdom of Kongo]] ruled around the mouth of the [[Congo River]] from the 14th to 19th centuries. In the centre and east, the kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Luba|Luba]] and [[Kingdom of Lunda|Lunda]] ruled from the 16th and 17th centuries to the 19th century. In the 1870s, just before the onset of the [[Scramble for Africa]], European [[exploration of the Congo Basin]] was carried out, first led by [[Henry Morton Stanley]] under the sponsorship of King [[Leopold II of Belgium]]. Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the [[Berlin Conference]] in 1885 and made the land his private property, naming it the [[Congo Free State]]. During the Free State, the [[Colonialism|colonial]] military unit, the ''[[Force Publique]],'' forced the local population to produce [[Natural rubber|rubber]], and from 1885 to 1908, millions of Congolese died as a consequence of [[Atrocities in the Congo Free State|disease and exploitation]]. In 1908, [[Belgium]], despite initial reluctance, formally [[Leopold II of Belgium#Relinquishment of the Congo|annexed]] the Free State, which became the [[Belgian Congo]].

The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]]. [[Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Congolese nationalist]] [[Patrice Lumumba]] was [[Belgian Congo general election, 1960|elected]] the first [[Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Prime Minister]], while [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]] became the first [[President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President]]. Conflict arose over the administration of the territory, which became known as the [[Congo Crisis]]. The [[Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|provinces]] of [[State of Katanga|Katanga]], under [[Moïse Tshombe]], and [[South Kasai]] attempted to secede. After Lumumba turned to the [[Soviet Union]] for assistance in the crisis, the U.S. and Belgium became wary and oversaw his removal from office by Kasa-Vubu on 5 September and ultimate execution by Belgian-led Katangese troops on 17 January 1961. On 25 November 1965, Army Chief of Staff Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, who later renamed himself [[Mobutu Sese Seko]], officially came into power through [[Congo Crisis#Second Mobutu coup d'état|a coup d'état]]. In 1971, he renamed the country [[Zaire]]. The country was run as a [[Dictatorship|dictatorial]] [[one-party state]], with his [[Popular Movement of the Revolution]] as the sole legal party. Mobutu's government received considerable support from the United States, due to its anti-communist stance during the [[Cold War]]. By the early 1990s, Mobutu's government began to weaken. Destabilisation in the east resulting from the 1994 [[Rwandan genocide]] and disenfranchisement among the eastern [[Banyamulenge]] (Congolese Tutsi) population led to a 1996 invasion led by [[Tutsi]] [[Rwandan Patriotic Front|FPR]]-ruled Rwanda, which began the [[First Congo War]].<ref name="cia.gov" />

On 17 May 1997, [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]], a leader of Tutsi forces from the province of [[South Kivu]], became President after Mobutu fled to [[Morocco]], reverting the country's name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Tensions between President Kabila and the Rwandan and Tutsi presence in the country led to the [[Second Congo War]] from 1998 to 2003. Ultimately, nine African countries and around twenty armed groups became involved in the war,<ref name="Bowers2">{{cite web|url=http://mydd.com/story/2006/7/24/135222/827|title=World War Three|date=24 July 2006|publisher=My Direct Democracy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007113538/http://mydd.com/story/2006/7/24/135222/827|archivedate=7 October 2008|author=Bowers, Chris}}</ref> which resulted in the deaths of 5.4 million people.<ref name="IRC2007fullreport">{{cite report|url=http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/2006-7_congoMortalitySurvey.pdf|title=Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: An ongoing crisis: Full 26-page report|page=26|format=PDF|author=Coghlan, Benjamin|accessdate=21 March 2013|year=2007|display-authors=etal}}
</ref><ref name="The deadliest war in the world">{{cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198921,00.html|title=The deadliest war in the world|last=Robinson|first=Simon|date=28 May 2006|work=Time|accessdate=2 May 2010}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/01/22/us-congo-democratic-death-idUSL2280201220080122|title=Congo War driven crisis kills 45,000 a month|last=Bavier|first=Joe|date=22 January 2008|agency=Reuters|accessdate=2 May 2010}}
</ref><ref name="IRC2007Facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/resource-file/IRC_DRCMortalityFacts.pdf|title=Measuring Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo|year=2007|publisher=[[International Rescue Committee]]|format=PDF}}
</ref> The two wars devastated the country. President Laurent-Désiré Kabila was assassinated by one of his bodyguards on 16 January 2001 and was succeeded eight days later as President by his son [[Joseph Kabila|Joseph]].

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is extremely rich in [[natural resource]]s but has had [[Fragile state|political instability]], a lack of infrastructure, issues with corruption and centuries of both commercial and colonial extraction and exploitation with little holistic development. Besides the capital [[Kinshasa]], the two next largest cities [[Lubumbashi]] and [[Mbuji-Mayi]] are both mining communities. DR Congo's largest export is raw minerals, with China accepting over 50% of DRC's exports in 2012. In 2016, DR Congo's level of human development was ranked 176th out of 187 countries by the [[Human Development Index]].<ref name="HDI"/> {{as of|2018}}, around 600,000 Congolese have fled to neighbouring countries from conflicts in the centre and east of the DRC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/amphtml/news/dr-congo-crisis-stirs-concerns-central-africa-013608788.html|title=DR Congo crisis stirs concerns in central Africa|author=Samir Tounsi|date=June 6, 2018|agency=AFP}}</ref> Two million children risk starvation, and the fighting has displaced 4.5 million people.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-congo-crisis-20180412-story.html|title=Violence is roiling the Democratic Republic of Congo. Some say it's a strategy to keep the president in power|author=Robyn Dixon|date=April 12, 2018|publisher=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> The [[sovereign state]] is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[Non-Aligned Movement]], [[African Union]] and [[Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa|COMESA]].

==Etymology==
{{further|Congo River|Kongo people}}
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is named after the [[Congo River]], which flows through the entire country. The Congo River is the world's deepest river and the world's second largest river [[List of rivers by discharge|by discharge]]. The ''Comité d'études du haut Congo'' ("Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo"), established by [[Leopold II of Belgium|King Leopold II of Belgium]] in 1876, and the [[International Association of the Congo]], established by him in 1879, were also named after the river.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmadDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|title=The Democratic Republic of the Congo. La République Démocratique du Congo|last=Bobineau|first=Julien|last2=Gieg|first2=Philipp|date=2016|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|year=|isbn=9783643134738|location=|pages=32|language=en}}</ref>

The Congo River itself was named by early European sailors after the [[Kingdom of Kongo]] and its [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]] inhabitants, the [[Kongo people]], when they encountered them in the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sj9mDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|last=Kisangani|first=Emizet Francois|date=2016-11-18|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=|isbn=9781442273160|location=|pages=158|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79
|title=Africa's Urban Past|last=Anderson|first=David|date=2000|isbn=9780852557617}}</ref> The word ''Kongo'' comes from the [[Kongo language]] (also called ''Kikongo''). According to American writer Samuel Henry Nelson "It is probable that the word 'Kongo' itself implies a public gathering and that it is based on the root ''konga'', 'to gather' (trans[itive])."<ref>Nelson, Samuel Henry. Colonialism In The Congo Basin, 1880–1940. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1994</ref> The modern name of the [[Kongo people]], ''Bakongo'' was introduced in the early 20th century.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo has been known in the past as, in chronological order, the [[Congo Free State]], [[Belgian Congo]], the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of Congo-Léopoldville]], the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the [[Republic of Zaire]], before returning to its current name the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref name="cia.gov" />

At the time of independence, the country was named the Republic of Congo-Léopoldville to distinguish it from its neighbour the [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of the Congo-Brazzaville]]. With the promulgation of the [[Luluabourg Constitution]] on 1 August 1964, the country became the DRC, but was renamed to [[Zaire]] (a past name for the Congo River) on 27 October 1971 by President [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] as part of his ''[[Authenticité (Zaire)|Authenticité]]'' initiative.<ref name="kisanganibobb">{{Cite book |author1=Emizet Francois Kisangani |author2=Scott F. Bobb |title=Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvAWPTaRvFYC&lpg=PR51
|publisher=Scarecrow Press |accessdate=29 April 2016 |date=2010 |page=i|isbn=9780810863255 }}</ref>

The word ''Zaire'' is from a [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] adaptation of a [[Kongo language|Kikongo]] word ''nzere'' ("river"), a truncation of ''nzadi o nzere'' ("river swallowing rivers").<ref>Forbath, Peter. ''The River Congo'' (1977), p. 19.</ref> The river was known as ''Zaire'' during the 16th and 17th centuries; ''Congo'' seems to have replaced ''Zaire'' gradually in English usage during the 18th century, and ''Congo'' is the preferred English name in 19th-century literature, although references to ''Zaire'' as the name used by the natives (i.e. derived from Portuguese usage) remained common.<ref>James Barbot, ''An Abstract of a Voyage to Congo River, Or the Zair and to Cabinde in the Year 1700'' (1746). James Hingston Tuckey, ''Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire, Usually Called the Congo, in South Africa, in 1816'' (1818). "Congo River, called ''Zahir'' or ''Zaire'' by the natives" John Purdy, ''Memoir, Descriptive and Explanatory, to Accompany the New Chart of the Ethiopic Or Southern Atlantic Ocean'', 1822, p. 112.</ref>

In 1992, the Sovereign National Conference voted to change the name of the country to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo", but the change was not made.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges |title=From Zaire to the Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvjNXc0tsyEC&pg=PA5|year=2004|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute|isbn=978-91-7106-538-4|pages=5–}}</ref> The country's name was restored by President [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] following the fall of Mobutu in 1997.<ref>{{cite book|author=Yusuf, A. A.|title=African Yearbook of International Law, 1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVd1jaPmtl0C&pg=PA49|year=1998|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-90-411-1055-8}}</ref>

==History==
{{Refimprove section|date=December 2017}}
{{Main|History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

===Early history===
{{Main|Early Congolese history}}
The area now known as the DRC was populated as early as 90,000 years ago, as shown by the 1988 discovery of the [[Semliki harpoon]] at [[Katanda Territory|Katanda]], one of the oldest barbed harpoons ever found, believed to have been used to catch [[Bagrus|giant river catfish]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/katanda-bone-harpoon-point |title=Katanda Bone Harpoon Point | The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program|publisher=Humanorigins.si.ed|accessdate=10 March 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302062128/http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/katanda-bone-harpoon-point|archivedate=2 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Barbed Bone Points: Tradition and Continuity in Saharan and Sub-Saharan Africa |date=1 September 1998|doi=10.1023/A:1021659928822|volume=15|issue=3 |journal=African Archaeological Review|pages=173–98|last1=Yellen|first1=John E.}}</ref>

[[Bantu peoples]] reached Central Africa at some point during the first millennium BC, then gradually started to expand southward. Their propagation was accelerated by the adoption of [[pastoralism]] and of [[Iron Age]] techniques.
The people living in the south and southwest were [[Central African foragers|foraging]] groups, whose technology involved only minimal use of metal technologies. The development of metal tools during this time period revolutionized agriculture and [[animal husbandry]]. This led to the displacement of the hunter-gatherer groups in the east and southeast.
The final wave of the [[Bantu expansion]] was complete by the 10th century, followed by the establishment of the Bantu kingdoms, whose rising populations soon made possible intricate local, regional and foreign commercial networks that traded mostly in slaves, salt, iron and copper.

===Congo Free State (1877–1908)===
{{Main|Colonisation of the Congo|Congo Free State}}
{{See also|Atrocities in the Congo Free State|Congo Arab war}}
[[File:Dhanis Expedition.JPG|thumb|upright|A contemporary depiction of a Belgian expedition during the [[Congo Arab war]]]]
[[File:Stanley Founding of Congo Free State 186 View of Leopoldville Station and Port 1884 The Baptist Mission on the summit of Leopold Hill.jpg|thumb|View of [[Kinshasa|Leopoldville]] Station and Port in 1884]]
[[Belgian Congo|Belgian exploration]] and administration took place from the 1870s until the 1920s. It was first led by [[Sir Henry Morton Stanley]], who undertook his explorations under the sponsorship of [[King Leopold II of Belgium]]. The eastern regions of the precolonial Congo were heavily disrupted by constant [[slave raiding]], mainly from Arab–Swahili [[Arab slave trade|slave traders]] such as the infamous [[Tippu Tip]],<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page51.shtml The East African slave trade]. BBC World Service: The Story of Africa; accessed 2 December 2017.</ref> who was well known to Stanley.

Leopold had designs on what was to become the Congo as a colony.<ref name="cfskeyes">Keyes, Michael. [http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/the-congo-free-state-a-colony-of-gross-excess/2/ ''The Congo Free State – a colony of gross excess''.] September 2004.</ref> In a succession of negotiations, Leopold, professing humanitarian objectives in his capacity as chairman of the [[front organization]] ''[[Association Internationale Africaine]]'', actually played one European rival against another. {{citation needed|date=March 2013}}

Leopold formally acquired rights to the Congo territory at the [[Conference of Berlin]] in 1885 and made the land his private property. He named it the Congo Free State.<ref name="cfskeyes"/> Leopold's regime began various infrastructure projects, such as construction of the [[Matadi–Kinshasa Railway|railway that ran from the coast to the capital]] of Leopoldville (now Kinshasa), which took eight years to complete. Nearly all such infrastructure projects were aimed at making it easier to increase the assets which Leopold and his associates could extract from the colony.<ref name=b1>[[Adam Hochschild|Hochschild, Adam]]. ''[[King Leopold's Ghost]]'', Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999; {{ISBN|0-547-52573-7}}</ref>

In the Free State, colonists coerced the local population into producing [[rubber]], for which the spread of automobiles and development of rubber tires created a growing international market. Rubber sales made a fortune for Leopold, who built several buildings in [[Brussels]] and [[Ostend]] to honor himself and his country. To enforce the rubber quotas, the army, the ''[[Force Publique]]'', was called in and made the practice of cutting off the limbs of the natives a matter of policy.<ref name="google748">Fage, John D. (1982). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8DSa_viBgsgC&pg=PA748 The Cambridge history of Africa: From the earliest times to c. 500 BC], [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 748; {{ISBN|0-521-22803-4}}</ref>

During the period of 1885–1908, millions of Congolese died as a consequence of exploitation and disease. In some areas the population declined dramatically – it has been estimated that [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]] and [[smallpox]] killed nearly half the population in the areas surrounding the lower [[Congo River]].<ref name="google748"/>

News of the abuses began to circulate. In 1904, the British consul at Boma in the Congo, [[Roger Casement]] was instructed by the British government to investigate. His report, called the [[Casement Report]], confirmed the accusations of humanitarian abuses. The Belgian Parliament forced Leopold II to set up an independent commission of inquiry. Its findings confirmed Casement's report of absuses, concluding that the population of the Congo had been "reduced by half" during this period.<ref name=b1/> Determining precisely how many people died is impossible, as no accurate records exist.

===Belgian Congo (1908–60)===
{{Main|Belgian Congo}}
In 1908, the [[Belgian parliament]], in spite of initial reluctance, bowed to international pressure (especially from the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]) and took over the Free State from [[King Leopold II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historytoday.com/tim-stanley/belgiums-heart-darkness|publisher=History Today|author=Tim Stanley|volume= 62|number=10|date= October 2012|title=Belgium's Heart of Darkness}}</ref>

On 18 October 1908, the Belgian parliament voted in favour of annexing the Congo as a Belgian [[colony]]. Executive power went to the [[Minister of the Colonies (Belgium)|Belgian minister of colonial affairs]], assisted by a Colonial Council (Conseil Colonial) (both located in [[Brussels]]). The Belgian parliament exercised legislative authority over the Belgian Congo. In 1926 the colonial capital moved from Boma to [[Léopoldville]], some {{convert|300|km|mi}} further upstream into the interior.

The transition from the Congo Free State to the [[Belgian Congo]] was a break but it also featured a large degree of continuity. The last Governor-general of the Congo Free State, Baron [[Théophile Wahis]], remained in office in the Belgian Congo and the majority of Leopold II's administration with him.<ref>Stengers, Jean (2005), ''Congo: Mythes et réalités'', Brussels: Editions Racine.</ref> Opening up the Congo and its natural and mineral riches to the Belgian economy remained the main motive for colonial expansion – however, other priorities, such as healthcare and basic education, slowly gained in importance.
[[File:Congo belge campagne 1918.jpg|thumb|''[[Force Publique]]'' soldiers in the Belgian Congo in 1918. At its peak, the Force Publique had around 19,000 African soldiers, led by 420 white officers.]]
Colonial administrators ruled the territory and a dual legal system existed (a system of European courts and another one of indigenous courts, ''tribunaux indigènes''). Indigenous courts had only limited powers and remained under the firm control of the colonial administration. Records show that in 1936, 728 Belgian administrators ran the colony.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} The Belgian authorities permitted no political activity in the Congo whatsoever,<ref>{{cite book|last=Meredith|first=Martin|title=The Fate of Africa|year=2005|publisher=Public Affairs|location=New York|page=6}}</ref> and the ''[[Force Publique]]'', a locally-recruited army under Belgian command, put down any attempts at rebellion.

The Belgian population of the colony increased from 1,928 in 1910 to nearly 89,000 in 1959.{{citation needed|date=December 2017}}

The Belgian Congo was directly involved in the two world wars. During [[World War I]] (1914–1918), an initial stand-off between the ''Force Publique'' and the German colonial army in [[German East Africa]] ([[Tanganyika]]) turned into open warfare with a joint Anglo-Belgian invasion of German colonial territory in 1916 and 1917 during the [[East African Campaign (World War I)|East African Campaign]]. The ''Force Publique'' gained a notable victory when it marched into [[Tabora]] in September 1916 under the command of General [[Charles Tombeur]] after heavy fighting.

After 1918, Belgium was rewarded for the participation of the ''Force Publique'' in the East African campaign with a [[League of Nations]] mandate over the previously German colony of [[Ruanda-Urundi]]. During [[World War II]], the Belgian Congo provided a crucial source of income for the [[Belgian government in exile|Belgian government-in-exile]] in London, and the ''Force Publique'' again participated in Allied campaigns in Africa. Belgian Congolese forces under the command of Belgian officers notably fought against the Italian colonial army in Ethiopia in [[Asosa]], Bortaï<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Bortaï.html?id=ylvnPFp0wmgC |title=Bortaï: journal de campagne: Abyssinie 1941, offensive belgo-congolaise, Faradje, Asosa, Gambela, Saio |author=Philippe Brousmiche |publisher=Harmattan|year=2010 |isbn=978-2296130692 |via=Google Books |language=French}}</ref> and [[Siege of Saïo|Saïo]] under Major-General [[Auguste-Eduard Gilliaert]] during the second [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]].<ref name = "WP">{{cite news|last= McCrummen|first= Stephanie|title= Nearly Forgotten Forces of WWII|agency= Washington Post Foreign Service|date= 4 August 2009|work= The Washington Post|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/03/AR2009080302959.html}}
</ref>

===Independence and political crisis (1960–65)===
{{Main|Congo Crisis|Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)}}
[[File:Joseph Kasa-Vubu in Israel.png|thumb|upright|right|The leader of ABAKO, [[Joseph Kasa-Vubu]], first democratically elected President of the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)]]]]
[[File:Patrice Lumumba official portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Patrice Lumumba]], first democratically elected Prime Minister of the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)]], was murdered by Belgian-supported [[State of Katanga|Katangan separatists]] in 1961]]
In May 1960, a growing nationalist movement, the [[Mouvement National Congolais]] (MNC) led by [[Patrice Lumumba]], won the parliamentary elections. Patrice Lumumba thus became the first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The parliament elected as President [[Joseph Kasavubu]], of the [[Alliance des Bakongo]] (ABAKO) party. Other parties that emerged included the [[Parti Solidaire Africain]] (PSA) led by [[Antoine Gizenga]], and the Parti National du Peuple (PNP) led by Albert Delvaux and [[Laurent Mbariko]].<ref>Congo 1960, dossiers du CRISP, Belgium</ref>

The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name "République du Congo" ("Republic of Congo" or "Republic of the Congo" in English). As the neighboring French colony of Middle Congo (Moyen Congo) also chose the name "Republic of Congo" upon achieving its independence, the two countries were more commonly known as "Congo-Léopoldville" and "Congo-Brazzaville", after their capital cities.

Shortly after independence the Force Publique mutinied, and on July 11 the [[Katanga Province|province of Katanga]] (led by [[Moïse Tshombe]]) and [[South Kasai]] engaged in secessionist struggles against the new leadership.<ref>"[http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,826488-4,00.html Jungle Shipwreck]", ''Time'', 25 July 1960.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=- HeinOnline.org |url=https://www.heinonline.org/HOL/Welcome?message=Please%20log%20in&url=%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.cow%2Fcowcs0092%26size%3D2%26collection%3Dcow%26id%3D1 |website=www.heinonline.org |language=en}}</ref> Most of the 100,000 Europeans who had remained behind after independence fled the country,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/united_nations_congo.htm|title=The United Nations and the Congo |publisher=Historylearningsite.co.uk|date=30 March 2007|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref> opening the way for Congolese to replace the European military and administrative elite.<ref>[http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/5/4/6/0/pages254609/p254609-19.php "Hearts of Darkness"], allacademic.com</ref>
On 5 September 1960, Kasavubu dismissed Lumumba from office. Lumumba declared Kasavubu's action unconstitutional and a crisis between the two leaders developed.<ref>''Sécession au Katanga'' – J.Gerald-Libois -Brussels- CRISP</ref>

Events set in motion by the U.S. and Belgium on 14 September removed Lumumba from office with forces loyal to [[Joseph Mobutu]]. On 17 January 1961, he was handed over to Katangan authorities and executed by Belgian-led Katangese troops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2011/1/21/patrice_lumumba_50_years_later_remembering|title=Patrice Lumumba: 50 Years Later, Remembering the U.S.-Backed Assassination of Congo's First Democratically Elected Leader|website=Democracy Now!|date=21 January 2011|accessdate=10 March 2015}}</ref> An investigation by the Belgium's Parliament in 2001 found Belgium "morally responsible" for the murder of Lumumba, and the country has since officially apologised for its role in his death.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/belgians-accused-of-war-crimes-in-killing-of-congo-leader-lumumba-2007587.html|title=Belgians accused of war crimes in killing of Congo leader Lumumba|date=2010-06-23|work=The Independent|access-date=2017-05-21}}</ref>

Amidst widespread confusion and chaos, a temporary government was led by technicians the ({{ILL|Collège des commissaires généraux|fr}}). The secession ended in January 1963 with the assistance of UN forces. Several short-lived governments, of [[Joseph Ileo]], [[Cyrille Adoula]] and Moise Tshombe, took over in quick succession.

Lumumba had previously appointed Joseph Mobutu chief of staff of the new Congo army, [[Military of the Democratic Republic of Congo|Armée Nationale Congolaise]] (ANC). {{citation needed|date=September 2013}} Taking advantage of the leadership crisis between Kasavubu and Tshombe, Mobutu garnered enough support within the army to launch a coup. With financial support from the United States and Belgium, Mobutu paid his soldiers privately.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} The aversion of Western powers to communism and leftist ideology influenced their decision to finance Mobutu's quest to neutralize Kasavubu and Lumumba in a coup by proxy.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} A [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) constitutional referendum, 1964|constitutional referendum]] after Mobutu's coup of 1965 resulted in the country's official name being changed to the "Democratic Republic of the Congo."<ref name="cia.gov"/> In 1971 Mobutu changed the name again, this time to "Republic of Zaire".<ref name=britannica>{{cite web|last1=Payanzo|first1=Ntsomo|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo|website=britannica.com|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="kisanganibobb" />

=== Mobutu and Zaire (1965–97)===
{{Main|Zaire}}

[[File:Mobutu Nixon.gif|thumb|[[Mobutu Sese Seko]] and Richard Nixon in Washington, D.C., 1973.]]
The new president had the staunch support of the United States because of his [[Anti-communism|opposition]] to Communism; the US believed that his administration would serve as an effective counter to communist movements in Africa.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/08/13/rape-of-the-congo/ |title=Rape of the Congo |author=Adam Hochschild |date=August 13, 2009 |publisher=New York Review of Books}}</ref> A single-party system was established, and Mobutu declared himself head of state. He periodically held elections in which he was the only candidate. Although relative peace and stability were achieved, Mobutu's government was guilty of severe human rights violations, political repression, a [[cult of personality]] and corruption.

By late 1967 Mobutu had successfully neutralized his political opponents and rivals, either through co-opting them into his regime, arresting them, or rendering them otherwise politically impotent.{{sfn|Young|Turner|2013|p=58}} Throughout the late 1960s Mobutu continued to shuffle his governments and cycle officials in and out of office to maintain control. Kasa-Vubu's death in April 1969 ensured that no person with First Republic credentials could challenge his rule.{{sfn|Young|Turner|2013|pp=61–62}} By the early 1970s Mobutu was attempting to assert Zaire as a leading African nation. He traveled frequently across the continent while the government became more vocal about African issues, particularly those relating to the southern region. Zaire established semi-clientelist relationships with several smaller African states, especially Burundi, Chad, and Togo.{{sfn|Young|Turner|2013|p=64}}

Corruption became so common the term "''le mal Zairois''" or "Zairean Sickness",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cycad.com/cgi-bin/Aida/203/203_zaire.html|title="Zaire: The Hoax of Independence", The Aida Parker Newsletter #203, 4 August 1997|publisher=cycad.com}}</ref> meaning gross corruption, theft and mismanagement, was coined, reportedly by Mobutu himself.{{sfn|Young|Turner|2013|p=74}} International aid, most often in the form of loans, enriched Mobutu while he allowed national infrastructure such as roads to deteriorate to as little as one-quarter of what had existed in 1960. Zaire became a [[kleptocracy]] as Mobutu and his associates [[embezzlement|embezzled]] government funds.

[[File:Prince Bernhard and Mobutu Sese Seko 1973.jpg|thumb|Mobutu with the Dutch [[Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld|Prince Bernhard]] in Kinshasa in 1973]]
In a campaign to identify himself with African nationalism, starting on 1 June 1966, Mobutu renamed the nation's cities: Léopoldville became [[Kinshasa]] [the country was now Democratic Republic of The Congo – Kinshasa], Stanleyville became [[Kisangani]], Elisabethville became [[Lubumbashi]], and Coquilhatville became [[Mbandaka]]. This renaming campaign was completed in the 1970s.

In 1971, Mobutu renamed the country the ''Republic of Zaire'',<ref name="kisanganibobb" /> its fourth name change in 11 years and its sixth overall. The Congo River was renamed the Zaire River.

During the 1970s and 1980s, he was invited to visit the United States on several occasions, meeting with U.S. Presidents [[Richard Nixon]], [[Ronald Reagan]] and [[George H. W. Bush]].<ref>Johns, Michael (29 June 1989) [https://web.archive.org/web/20060715000000/http://www.heritage.org/research/africa/upload/91612_1.pdf "Zaire's Mobutu Visits America"], Heritage Foundation Executive Memorandum #239.</ref> Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] U.S. relations with Mobutu cooled, as he was no longer deemed necessary as a [[Cold War]] ally. Opponents within Zaire stepped up demands for reform. This atmosphere contributed to Mobutu's declaring the Third Republic in 1990, whose constitution was supposed to pave the way for democratic reform. The reforms turned out to be largely cosmetic. Mobutu continued in power until armed forces forced him to flee in 1997. "From 1990 to 1993, the United States facilitated Mobutu’s attempts to hijack political change", one academic wrote, and "also assisted the rebellion of Laurent-Desire Kabila that overthrew the Mobutu regime."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icla.up.ac.za/images/country_reports/drc_country_report.pdf |format=PDF|title=The 2006 CONSTITUTION OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO|website=Icla.up.ac.za|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref>

===Continental and Civil wars (1996–present)===
{{Main|First Congo War|Second Congo War|Kivu conflict|Ituri conflict}}
[[File:Second Congo War Africa map en.png|thumb|Belligerents of the [[Second Congo War]]]]
By 1996, following the [[Rwandan Civil War]] and [[Rwandan Genocide|genocide]] and the ascension of a [[Tutsi]]-led government in Rwanda, Rwandan [[Hutu]] militia forces ([[Interahamwe]]) fled to eastern Zaire and used refugee camps as a base for incursions against Rwanda. They allied with the Zairian armed forces (FAZ) to launch a campaign against Congolese ethnic Tutsis in eastern Zaire.<ref>Thom, William G. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060821184303/http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/bin/get5.cgi?directory=fall99%2F&filename=THOM.htm "Congo-Zaire's 1996–97 civil war in the context of evolving patterns of military conflict in Africa in the era of independence"], ''Conflict Studies Journal at the University of New Brunswick'', Vol. XIX No. 2, Fall 1999.</ref>

A coalition of Rwandan and Ugandan armies invaded Zaire to overthrow the government of Mobutu, and ultimately to control the mineral resources of Zaire{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}, launching the [[First Congo War]]. The coalition allied with some opposition figures, led by [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]], becoming the [[Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo]] (AFDL). In 1997 Mobutu fled and Kabila marched into Kinshasa, named himself president, and reverted the name of the country to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Kabila later requested that foreign military forces return to their own countries. He had concerns that the Rwandan officers running his army were plotting to give the presidency to a Tutsi who would report directly to Rwandan president, [[Paul Kagame]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Rwandan troops retreated to Goma and launched a new Tutsi-led rebel military movement called the [[Rassemblement Congolais pour la Democratie]] (RCD) to fight Kabila, while Uganda instigated the creation of new rebel movement called the [[Movement for the Liberation of Congo]] (MLC), led by Congolese warlord [[Jean-Pierre Bemba]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} The two rebel movements, along with Rwandan and Ugandan troops, started the [[Second Congo War]] by attacking the DRC army in 1998. Angolan, Zimbabwean and Namibian militaries entered the hostilities on the side of the government.

Kabila was assassinated in 2001. His son [[Joseph Kabila]] succeeded him and called for multilateral peace-talks. UN peacekeepers, [[MONUC]], now known as MONUSCO, arrived in April 2001. In 2002 and 2003 Bemba intervened in the [[Central African Republic]] on behalf of its former president, [[Ange-Félix Patassé]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ijrcenter.org/2016/03/29/icc-convicts-bemba-of-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity/
|title=ICC Convicts Bemba of War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity
|date=29 March 2016
|accessdate=30 July 2016
|publisher=International Justice Resource Center
}}
</ref> Talks led to a peace accord under which Kabila would share power with former rebels. By June 2003 all foreign armies except those of Rwanda had pulled out of Congo. A [[Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|transitional government]] was set up until after the election. A constitution was approved by voters, and on 30 July 2006 DRC held its [[Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, 2006|first multi-party elections]]. An election-result dispute between Kabila and Jean-Pierre Bemba turned into an all-out battle between their supporters in the streets of [[Kinshasa]]. MONUC took control of the city. A new election took place in October 2006, which Kabila won, and on December 2006 he was sworn in as President.
[[File:Refugees in Congo.jpeg|thumb|Refugees in the Congo]]

===Kivu conflict===

However, [[Laurent Nkunda]], a member of [[RCD-Goma]], an RCD branch integrated to the army, defected along with troops loyal to him and formed the [[National Congress for the Defence of the People]] (CNDP), which began an armed rebellion against the government, starting the [[Kivu conflict]]. They were believed{{by whom|date=May 2015}} to be again backed by Rwanda as a way to tackle the [[Hutu]] group, [[Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda]] (FDLR). In March 2009, after a deal between the DRC and Rwanda, Rwandan troops entered the DRC and arrested Nkunda and were allowed to pursue FDLR militants. The CNDP signed a peace treaty with the government in which it agreed to become a political party and to have its soldiers tinto the national army in exchange for the release of its imprisoned members.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j-U_1NZdVdXyssb9DPt47IHx7j7Q |title=DR Congo government, CNDP rebels 'sign peace deal' |date=23 March 2012 |agency=Agence France-Presse |publisher=Google News |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CKVBitcD?url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j-U_1NZdVdXyssb9DPt47IHx7j7Q |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> In 2012 [[Bosco Ntaganda]], the leader of the CNDP, and troops loyal to him, mutinied and formed the rebel military [[March 23 Movement]], claiming the government violated the treaty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204040870.html |title=Congo-Kinshasa: General Ntaganda and Loyalists Desert Armed Forces |first=Melanie |last=Gouby |date=4 April 2012 |publisher=allafrica.com |accessdate=18 November 2012 |archivedate=21 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6CKVC5lJo?url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201204040870.html |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

In the resulting [[M23 rebellion]], M23 briefly captured the provincial capital of [[Goma]] in November 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20565711|title=Rebels in DR Congo withdraw from Goma|date=1 December 2012|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=10 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20405739|title=Goma: M23 rebels capture DR Congo city|date=20 November 2012|publisher=BBC News|accessdate= 18 November 2012}}</ref> Neighboring countries, particularly Rwanda, have been accused of arming rebels groups and using them as proxies to gain control of the resource-rich country, an accusation they deny.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19973366|title= Rwanda defence chief leads DR Congo rebels, UN report says|publisher=BBC News|accessdate= 21 November 2012|date=17 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18320288|title= Rwanda military aiding DRC mutiny, report says|publisher= BBC News|accessdate=21 November 2012|date=4 June 2012}}</ref> In March 2013, the United Nations [[Security Council]] authorized the [[United Nations Force Intervention Brigade]], the first offensive [[United Nations]] peacekeeping unit, to neutralize armed groups.<ref name=UN1>{{cite web|url= https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=44876|title= Tanzanian troops arrive in eastern DR Congo as part of UN intervention brigade|publisher= United Nations|accessdate=8 September 2013|date=10 May 2013}}</ref> On 5 November 2013, M23 declared an end to its insurgency.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-24816223|title= DR Congo M23 rebels 'end insurgency'|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=5 November 2013|date=5 November 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Opening ceremony of new PNC headquarters in Goma (6988913212).jpg|thumb|People fleeing their villages due to fighting between [[Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|FARDC]] and rebel groups, [[North Kivu]], 2012]]

Additionally, in northern [[Katanga Province|Katanga]], the [[Mai-Mai]] created by Laurent Kabila slipped out of the control of Kinshasa with [[Gédéon Kyungu Mutanga]]'s [[Mai Mai Kata Katanga]] briefly invading the provincial capital of [[Lubumbashi]] in 2013 and 400,000 persons displaced in the province {{As of|2013|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-23422038|title= Katanga: Fighting for DR Congo's cash cow to secede|publisher= BBC News|accessdate=12 September 2013|date=11 August 2013}}</ref> On and off fighting in the [[Ituri conflict]] occurred between the [[Nationalist and Integrationist Front]] (FNI) and the [[Union of Congolese Patriots]] (UPC) who claimed to represent the [[Lendu]] and [[Hema people|Hema]] ethnic groups, respectively. In the northeast, [[Joseph Kony]]'s [[LRA]] moved from their original bases in Uganda and South Sudan to DR Congo in 2005 and set up camps in the Garamba National Park.<ref>{{cite news|last= Fessy|first=Thomas|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7685235.stm |title=Congo terror after LRA rebel raids|publisher=BBC News |date=23 October 2008|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7635719.stm|title=thousands flee LRA in DR Congo|publisher=BBC News|date=25 September 2008|accessdate=2 May 2010}}</ref>

In 2009, ''The New York Times'' reported that people in the Congo continued to die at a rate of an estimated 45,000 per month<ref>Kristof, Nicholas D. (31 January 2010) [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/31/opinion/31kristof.html "Orphaned, Raped and Ignored"], ''The New York Times''</ref> – estimates of the number who have died from the long conflict range from 900,000 to 5,400,000.<ref>Butty, James (21 January 2010) [http://www.voanews.com/content/butty-congo-war-death-toll-questioned-21jan10-82223332/152921.html "A New Study Finds Death Toll in Congo War too High"], VOA News, 21 January 2010.</ref> The death toll is due to widespread disease and famine; reports indicate that almost half of the individuals who have died are children under five years of age.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/23/world/africa/23congo.html|work=The New York Times|title=Congo's Death Rate Unchanged Since War Ended|first= Lydia|last= Polgreen|date= 23 January 2008|accessdate=27 March 2010}}</ref> There have been frequent reports of weapon bearers killing civilians, of the destruction of property, of widespread sexual violence,<ref>[http://ihl.ihlresearch.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewpage&pageid=2104 "IHL and Sexual Violence"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504000928/http://ihl.ihlresearch.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewpage&pageid=2104 |date=4 May 2011 }}. The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research.</ref> causing hundreds of thousands of people to flee their homes, and of other breaches of humanitarian and human rights law. One study found that more than [[Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|400,000 women are raped]] in the Democratic Republic of Congo every year.<ref>
[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/400000-rapes-in-congo-in-one-year-2283102.html "400,000 rapes in Congo in one year"]. ''The Independent'', 12 May 2011.</ref>

The war in the Congo has been described as the bloodiest war since World War II.<ref>BBC. (9 October 2013). "DR Congo: Cursed by its natural wealth".
[https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-24396390 BBC News website] Retrieved 9 December 2017.</ref> On December 8, 2017, fourteen UN soldiers and five Congolese regular soldiers were killed in a rebel attack at Semuliki in Beni territory. The rebels were thought to be [[Allied Democratic Forces]].<ref>BBC. "DR Congo: UN peacekeepers killed in attack in North Kivu". (9 December 2017) [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42285871 BBC website] Retrieved 9 December 2017.</ref> UN investigations confirmed that aggressor in the December attack.<ref>Lederer, Edith M.; Associated Press. (2 March 2018). "UN probe blames ADF rebels in Congo for peacekeeper attacks." [https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/un-probe-blames-adf-rebels-in-congo-for-peacekeeper-attacks/2018/03/02/00911c64-1e4a-11e8-98f5-ceecfa8741b6_story.html Washington Post website] Retrieved 10 March 2018.</ref>
[[File:FARDC and MONUSCO reinforce their presence in and around Goma following a second day (21 May 2013) of clashes between M23 and National troops. (8782972992).jpg|thumb|Government troops near [[Goma]] during the [[M23 rebellion]] in May 2013]]

===Kabila's term in office and multiple anti-government protests===
In 2015, [[2015 Congolese protests|major protests]] broke out across the country and protesters demanded that [[Joseph Kabila]] step down as President. The protests began after the passage of a law by the Congolese lower house that, if also passed by the Congolese upper house, would keep Kabila in power at least until a national census was conducted (a process which would likely take several years and therefore keep him in power past the planned 2016 elections, which he is constitutionally barred from participating in).

This bill passed; however, it was gutted of the provision that would keep Joseph Kabila in power until a census took place. A census is supposed to take place, but it is no longer tied to when the elections take place. In 2015, elections were scheduled for late 2016 and a tenuous peace held in the Congo.<ref name="The DRC">{{cite web|last1=Global|first1=PGW|title=THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: HURDLE AFTER HURDLE|url=http://www.pgwglobal.com/democratic-republic-of-congo-hurdle-hurdle/|website=PGW Global Risk Management|publisher=PGW Global Risk Management LLP|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref>

On 27 November Congolese foreign minister [[Raymond Tshibanda]] told the press no elections would be held in 2016, after 20 December, the end of president Kabila's term. In a conference in Madagascar, Tshibanda said that Kabila's government had "consulted election experts" from Congo, the United Nations and elsewhere, and that "it has been decided that the voter registration operation will end on July 31, 2017, and that elections will take place in April 2018."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/739195/no-elections-in-dr-congo-before-april-2018-minister.html|title=No elections in DR Congo before April 2018: minister|work=modernghana.com|date=27 November 2016}}</ref> [[December 2016 Congolese protests|Protests broke out in the country on 20 December]] when Kabila's term in office ended. Across the country dozens of protesters were killed and hundreds were arrested.

===Upsurge in violence===
{{See also|Ituri conflict}}
According to [[Jan Egeland]], Secretary General of the [[Norwegian Refugee Council]], the situation in the DRC became much worse in 2016 and 2017 and is a major moral and humanitarian challenge comparable to the wars in Syria and Yemen, which receive much more attention. Women and children are abused sexually and "abused in all possible manners". Besides the conflict in [[North Kivu]], violence has gone up in the [[Kasai region]]. The armed groups are after [[gold]], [[diamond]]s, [[Petroleum|oil]], and [[cobalt]] to line the pockets of rich men both in the region and internationally. There are also ethnic and cultural rivalries at play, as well as religious motives and the political crisis with postponed elections. He says people believe the situation in the DRC is "stably bad" but in fact it has become much, much worse. "The big wars of the Congo that were really on top of the agenda 15 years ago are back and worsening".<ref>Interview on [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w172vr1mdsrswpb BBC Newshour, Feb. 15, 2018]. See also BBC [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 DR Congo country profile].</ref> Due to disruption of planting and harvesting caused by the conflict, the UN estimated in March 2018 that two million children risk starvation.<ref>Al Jazeera News. (9 March 2018). "UN: Two million children risk starvation in DRC." [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/03/million-children-risk-starvation-drc-180309171812287.html Al Jazeera News website] Retrieved 9 March 2018.</ref>

Human Rights Watch said in 2017 that Joseph Kabila recruited former M23 fighters to put down country-wide protests over his refusal to step down from office at the end of his term. "M23 fighters patrolled the streets of Congo’s main cities, firing on or arresting protesters or anyone else deemed to be a threat to the president," they said.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/12/04/dr-congo-rebels-were-recruited-crush-protests|title=DR Congo: Rebels Were Recruited to Crush Protests|date=4 December 2017|website=Hrw.org|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref>

Fierce fighting has erupted in Masisi between government forces and a powerful local warlord, General Delta. The United Nations mission in the DRC is its largest and most expensive peacekeeping effort, but it shut down five UN bases near Masisi in 2017, after the US led a push to cut costs.<ref>{{cite web |title='The wars will never stop' - millions flee bloodshed as Congo falls apart: Starving and sick, people living in the Democratic Republic of Congo are caught in a bloody cycle of violence and political turmoil |author=Jason Burke |date=3 April 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/03/millions-flee-bloodshed-as-congos-army-steps-up-fight-with-rebels-in-east}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{refimprove section|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Cg-map.png|thumb|The map of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Democratic Republic of the Congo map of Köppen climate classification]]
{{Main|Geography of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is located in central [[sub-Saharan Africa]], bordered by (clockwise from the southwest) [[Angola]], the South Atlantic Ocean, the [[Cabinda Province|Cabinda Province exclave of Angola]], the [[Republic of the Congo]], the [[Central African Republic]], [[South Sudan]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Tanzania]] across [[Lake Tanganyika]], and [[Zambia]]. The country lies between latitudes [[6th parallel north|6°N]] and [[14th parallel south|14°S]], and longitudes [[12th meridian east|12°]] and [[32nd meridian east|32°E]]. It straddles the [[Equator]], with one-third to the North and two-thirds to the South. The size of Congo, {{convert|2345408|km2|sqmi}}, is slightly greater than the combined areas of Spain, France, Germany, Sweden, and Norway. It is the second largest country in Africa by area, after [[Algeria]].

As a result of its equatorial location, the DRC experiences high precipitation and has the highest frequency of thunderstorms in the world. The annual rainfall can total upwards of {{convert|2000|mm|in|round=5}} in some places, and the area sustains the [[Congo Rainforest]], the second-largest rain forest in the world after the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]]. This massive expanse of lush jungle covers most of the vast, low-lying central [[drainage basin|basin]] of the river, which slopes toward the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This area is surrounded by [[plateau]]s merging into [[savanna]]s in the south and southwest, by mountainous terraces in the west, and dense [[grassland]]s extending beyond the [[Congo River]] in the north. High, glaciated mountains ([[Rwenzori Mountains]]) are found in the extreme eastern region. {{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

[[File:Rainforest - Ituri (20874628148).jpg|thumb|left|[[Ituri Rainforest]]]]
The [[tropical climate]] also produced the [[Congo River]] system which dominates the region topographically along with the rainforest it flows through, though they are not mutually exclusive. The name for the Congo state is derived in part from the river. The river basin (meaning the Congo River and all of its myriad tributaries) occupies nearly the entire country and an area of nearly {{convert|1000000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The river and its tributaries form the backbone of Congolese economics and transportation. Major tributaries include the [[Kasai River|Kasai]], [[Sangha River|Sangha]], [[Ubangi River|Ubangi]], [[Ruzizi River|Ruzizi]], [[Aruwimi]], and [[Lulonga River|Lulonga]].

{{MapLibrary|dem_congo_sat.jpg|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

The sources of the Congo are in the [[Albertine Rift Mountains]] that flank the western branch of the [[East African Rift]], as well as [[Lake Tanganyika]] and [[Lake Mweru]]. The river flows generally west from [[Kisangani]] just below [[Boyoma Falls]], then gradually bends southwest, passing by [[Mbandaka]], joining with the [[Ubangi River]], and running into the [[Pool Malebo]] (Stanley Pool). [[Kinshasa]] and [[Brazzaville]] are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool. Then the river narrows and falls through a number of cataracts in deep canyons, collectively known as the [[Livingstone Falls]], and runs past [[Boma, Congo|Boma]] into the Atlantic Ocean. The river also has the second-largest flow and the second-largest [[drainage basin|watershed]] of any river in the world (trailing the [[Amazon River|Amazon]] in both respects). The river and a {{convert|37|km|mi}} wide strip of coastline on its north bank provide the country's only outlet to the Atlantic. {{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

The [[Albertine Rift]] plays a key role in shaping the Congo's geography. Not only is the northeastern section of the country much more mountainous, but due to the rift's [[tectonics|tectonic]] activity, this area also experiences [[volcanic]] activity, occasionally with loss of life. The geologic activity in this area also created the [[African Great Lakes]], three of which lie on the Congo's eastern frontier: [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Lake Albert]] (known during the Mobutu era as Lake Mobutu Sese Seko), [[Lake Kivu]] (Unknown until late 1712), [[Lake Edward]] (known during the [[Idi Amin|Amin]] era as Lake Idi Amin Dada), and [[Lake Tanganyika]]. Lake Edward and Lake Albert are connected by the [[Semliki River]].{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

The [[Rift valley]] has exposed an enormous amount of mineral wealth throughout the south and east of the Congo, making it accessible to mining. [[Cobalt]], copper, [[cadmium]], industrial and gem-quality [[diamonds]], gold, silver, [[zinc]], [[manganese]], [[tin]], [[germanium]], [[uranium]], [[radium]], [[bauxite]], iron ore, and coal are all found in plentiful supply, especially in the Congo's southeastern Katanga region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pamojasolutions.org/home/about-katanga/|title=About Katanga {{!}} Pamoja Tujenge|website=pamojasolutions.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-29}}</ref>

[[File:An aerial view of the towering volcanic peak of Mt. Nyiragongo.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Nyiragongo]], which last erupted in 2002.]]
[[File:La rivière Lulilaka, parc national de Salonga, 2005.jpg|thumb|[[Salonga National Park]].]]
[[File:Paysage du territoire de Masisi (28130228449).jpg|thumb|[[Masisi Territory]]]]
[[File:Nord-Kivu, RD Congo - Vue sur un cratère aux abords de la ville de Goma. (22722760943).jpg|thumb|[[Lake Kivu]] in [[North Kivu]] province]]
On 17 January 2002 [[Mount Nyiragongo]] erupted in Congo, with the lava running out at {{convert|64|km/h|abbr=on}} and {{convert|46|m|yd|abbr=on}} wide. One of the three streams of extremely fluid lava flowed through the nearby city of [[Goma]], killing 45 and leaving 120,000 homeless. Four hundred thousand people were evacuated from the city during the eruption. The lava poisoned the water of [[Lake Kivu]], killing fish. Only two planes left the local airport because of the possibility of the explosion of stored petrol. The lava passed the airport but ruined the runway, trapping several airplanes. Six months after the 2002 eruption, nearby [[Nyamuragira|Mount Nyamuragira]] also erupted. Mount Nyamuragira then erupted in 2006 and again in January 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.volcanolive.com/nyamuragira.html|title=Nyamuragira Volcano, Democratic Republic of Congo {{!}} John Seach|website=Volcanolive.com|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref>

[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] [[ecoregion]]s located in the Congo include:
* [[Central Congolian lowland forests]] – home to the rare [[bonobo]] primate
* The [[Eastern Congolian swamp forests]] along the Congo River
* The [[Northeastern Congolian lowland forests]], with one of the richest concentrations of primates in the world
* [[Southern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic]]
* A large section of the [[Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands]]
* The [[Albertine Rift montane forests]] region of high forest runs along the eastern borders of the country.

[[World Heritage Site]]s located in Democratic Republic of Congo are:
[[Virunga National Park]] (1979),
[[Garamba National Park]] (1980),
[[Kahuzi-Biega National Park]] (1980),
[[Salonga National Park]] (1984) and
[[Okapi Wildlife Reserve]] (1996).

===Provinces===
{{Main|Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Districts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}{{Further|Administrative divisions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
The country is currently divided into the city-province of Kinshasa and 25 other [[Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|provinces]]. The provinces are subdivided into [[Districts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|districts]] which are divided into [[Territories of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|territories]].<ref name="cia.gov" /> Before 2015, the country had 11 provinces.<ref>[http://www.assemblee-nationale.cd/v2/?p=4551 The National Assembly adopts the laws regarding the limits of the provinces in the Democratic Republic of the Congo], [[National Assembly (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]], 10 January 2015. {{fr icon}}</ref>

{| style="border-spacing: 20px 1px;"
| rowspan="13" | [[File:Provinces_de_la_République_démocratique_du_Congo_-_2005.svg|thumb|upright=1.25]]
| 1. [[Kinshasa]] || 14. [[Ituri Province]]
|-
| 2. [[Kongo Central]] || 15. [[Haut-Uele]]
|-
| 3. [[Kwango]] || 16. [[Tshopo]]
|-
| 4. [[Kwilu Province]] || 17. [[Bas-Uele]]
|-
| 5. [[Mai-Ndombe Province]] || 18. [[Nord-Ubangi]]
|-
| 6. [[Kasaï Province]] || 19. [[Mongala]]
|-
| 7. [[Kasaï-Central]] || 20. [[Sud-Ubangi]]
|-
| 8. [[Kasaï-Oriental]] || 21. [[Province of Équateur|Équateur]]
|-
| 9. [[Lomami Province]] || 22. [[Tshuapa]]
|-
| 10. [[Sankuru]] || 23. [[Tanganyika Province]]
|-
| 11. [[Maniema]] || 24. [[Haut-Lomami]]
|-
| 12. [[South Kivu]] || 25. [[Lualaba Province]]
|-
| 13. [[North Kivu]] || 26. [[Haut-Katanga Province]]
|}

===Flora and fauna===
{{Main|Wildlife of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
[[File:Bas-congo.JPG|[[Bas-Congo]] landscape|thumb]]
[[File:Okapi2.jpg|An Okapi|thumb]]
[[File:Male gorilla in SF zoo.jpg|A male [[Western gorilla]]|thumb]]
[[File:Hippo pod edit.jpg|[[Hippopotami]]|thumb]]
The [[rainforest]]s of the Democratic Republic of the Congo contain great [[biodiversity]], including many rare and [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] species, such as the [[common chimpanzee]] and the [[bonobo]], the [[African forest elephant]], the [[mountain gorilla]], the [[okapi]] and the [[white rhino]]. Five of the country's [[national park]]s are listed as [[World Heritage Site]]s: the [[Garamba National Park|Garumba]], [[Kahuzi-Biega National Park|Kahuzi-Biega]], [[Salonga National Park|Salonga]] and [[Virunga National Park]]s, and the [[Okapi Wildlife Reserve]].
The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the most biodiverse African country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/468283.html|title=Lambertini, A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics, excerpt|accessdate=30 June 2008}}</ref>

The civil war and resulting poor economic conditions have endangered much of this biodiversity. Many park wardens were either killed or could not afford to continue their work. All five sites are listed by [[UNESCO]] as World Heritage in Danger.

Conservationists have particularly worried about [[primates]]. The Congo is inhabited by several [[great ape]] species: the [[common chimpanzee]] (''Pan troglodytes''), the [[bonobo]] (''Pan paniscus''), the [[eastern gorilla]] (''Gorilla beringei''), and possibly the [[western gorilla]] (''Gorilla gorilla'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/9404/102330408|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=2018-10-23}}</ref> It is the only country in the world in which bonobos are found in the wild. Much concern has been raised about great ape extinction. Because of hunting and habitat destruction, the chimpanzee, the bonobo and the gorilla, each of whose populations once numbered in the millions, have now dwindled down to only about 200,000<ref name="gorillas">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=556&ArticleID=6033&l=en&t=long
|title = Gorillas on Thin Ice
|date = 15 January 2009
|publisher = [[United Nations Environment Programme]]
|accessdate = 19 May 2010
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518164244/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=556&ArticleID=6033&l=en&t=long
|archivedate = 18 May 2016
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref> gorillas, 100,000<ref name="chimpanzees">
{{cite journal
|author=Vigilant, Linda
|year=2004|title=Chimpanzees
|journal=Current Biology
|volume=14
|issue=10
|pages=R369–R371
|doi= 10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.006
|pmid=15186757
}}
</ref> chimpanzees and possibly only about 10,000<ref name="chimpanzees"/> bonobos. Gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos are all classified as [[Conservation status|endangered]] by the [[World Conservation Union]], as well as the [[okapi]], which is also native to the area.
==== Poaching ====
Poaching for the exotic animal or ivory trade has been a persistent problem for species loss in the DRC, it has been made a necessity for some trying to escape poverty and a means of continuing the civil war for some rebel groups including the [[Lord's Resistance Army|Lords Resistance army]] (LRA).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/elephant-poaching-on-rise-in-resistance-army-stronghold-in-democratic-republic-of-congo/|title=Elephant Poaching on Rise in Resistance Army Stronghold in Democratic Republic of Congo|work=Scientific American|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en}}</ref>The Forest Elephant is particularly at risk due to the high cost of its ivory, especially in the Far East, due to this its its population has reduced by 62% in 2002-2011<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Maisels|first=Fiona|last2=Strindberg|first2=Samantha|last3=Blake|first3=Stephen|last4=Wittemyer|first4=George|last5=Hart|first5=John|last6=Williamson|first6=Elizabeth A.|last7=Aba’a|first7=Rostand|last8=Abitsi|first8=Gaspard|last9=Ambahe|first9=Ruffin D.|date=2013-03-04|title=Devastating Decline of Forest Elephants in Central Africa|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0059469|journal=PLoS ONE|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=e59469|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059469|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3587600|pmid=23469289}}</ref>. The main way this poaching for ivory can be reduced is through the hampering of the international demand for ivory as this drives the trade<ref name=":1" />.

The introduction of park guards and the implementation of eco-tourism in [[Virunga National Park|Virunga National park]] a primary habitat for great apes, has allowed the endangered mountain Gorillas population to jump over 1000 a 25% rise on 2010 numbers<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/may/31/mountain-gorilla-population-rises-above-1000|title=Mountain gorilla population rises above 1,000|last=Carrington|first=Damian|date=2018-05-31|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-10-18}}</ref>. However, the study indicated that poaching is still an existing problem with researchers finding 380 snares and park guards continually being ambushed and killed by poachers<ref name=":0" />.

==Politics==
===Government===
{{Main|Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

[[File:Joseph kabila.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Joseph Kabila]] has been President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo since January 2001.]]
After a four-year interlude between two constitutions, with new political institutions established at the various levels of government, as well as new administrative divisions for the provinces throughout the country, a new constitution came into effect in 2006 and politics in the Democratic Republic of the Congo finally settled into a stable [[presidential system|presidential]] [[democratic republic]].
The 2003 transitional constitution<ref>[[s:fr:Constitution de la transition de la République démocratique du Congo (2003)|Full text of constitution (in French)]]</ref> had established a parliament with a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature, consisting of a [[Senate of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Senate]] and a [[National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|National Assembly]].

The [[Senate (Democratic Republic of the Congo)|Senate]] had, among other things, the charge of drafting the new constitution of the country. The executive branch was vested in a 60-member cabinet, headed by a [[President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|President]] and four vice presidents. The President was also the Commander-in Chief of the armed forces. The transitional constitution also established a relatively independent judiciary, headed by a Supreme Court with constitutional interpretation powers.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

The 2006 constitution, also known as the Constitution of the Third Republic, came into effect in February 2006. It had concurrent authority, however, with the transitional constitution until the inauguration of the elected officials who emerged from the July 2006 elections. Under the new constitution, the legislature remained bicameral; the executive was concomitantly undertaken by a President and the government, led by a Prime Minister, appointed from the party able to secure a majority in the National Assembly.

The government – not the President – is responsible to the Parliament. The new constitution also granted new powers to the provincial governments, creating provincial parliaments which have oversight of the Governor and the head of the provincial government, whom they elect. The new constitution also saw the disappearance of the Supreme Court, which was divided into three new institutions. The constitutional interpretation prerogative of the Supreme Court is now held by the [[Constitutional Court of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Constitutional Court]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Congo (Democratic Republic of the) 2005 (rev. 2011)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_2011?lang=en#940|website=Constitute|accessdate=23 April 2015}}</ref>

Although located in the Central African [[United Nations geoscheme|UN subregion]], the nation is also economically and regionally affiliated with Southern Africa as a member of the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Member States |website=Southern African Development Community: Towards a common future |url=http://www.sadc.int/member-states }}</ref>

===Corruption===
{{Main Article|Corruption in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
Mobutu Sese Seko ruled the DRC, which he renamed [[Zaire]], from 1965 to 1997. A relative explained how the government illicitly collected revenue: "Mobutu would ask one of us to go to the bank and take out a million. We'd go to an intermediary and tell him to get five million. He would go to the bank with Mobutu's authority, and take out ten. Mobutu got one, and we took the other nine."<ref name=a>{{cite book|last=Ludwig|first=Arnold M.|year=2002|title=King of the Mountain: The Nature of Political Leadership|page=72|isbn=978-0-8131-2233-5}}</ref> Mobutu institutionalized corruption to prevent political rivals from challenging his control, leading to an [[Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo#1990s|economic collapse in 1996]].<ref name=b>{{cite book|last=Nafziger|first=E. Wayne|author2=Raimo Frances Stewart|year=2000|title=War, Hunger, and Displacement: The Origins of Humanitarian Emergencies|page=261|isbn=978-0-19-829739-0}}</ref>

Mobutu allegedly stole as much as US$4–5 billion while in office.<ref name=c>{{cite book|last=Mesquita|first=Bruce Bueno de|year=2003|title=The Logic of Political Survival|page=167|isbn=978-0-262-02546-1}}</ref> He was not the first corrupt Congolese leader by any means: "Government as a system of organized theft goes back to King Leopold II," noted [[Adam Hochschild]] in 2009.<ref name=AH>{{cite news|title= Rape of the Congo |author=Adam Hochschild |publisher=New York Review of Books |date=August 13, 2009 |url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/08/13/rape-of-the-congo/}}</ref> In July 2009, a Swiss court determined that the [[statute of limitations]] had run out on an [[international asset recovery]] case of about $6.7 million of deposits of Mobutu's in a Swiss bank, and therefore the [[asset]]s should be returned to Mobutu's family.<ref>[http://www.assetrecovery.org/kc/node/f00029e9-7084-11de-aa2f-77980ee7d563.11 "Court agrees to release Mobutu assets"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175440/http://www.assetrecovery.org/kc/node/f00029e9-7084-11de-aa2f-77980ee7d563.11 |date=23 September 2015 }}. Swissinfo, Basel Institute of Governance, 14 July 2009.</ref>

President [[Joseph Kabila]] established the Commission of Repression of Economic Crimes upon his ascension to power in 2001.<ref name=d>{{cite book|last=Werve|first=Jonathan|year=2006|title=The Corruption Notebooks 2006|page=57}}</ref>

===Human rights===
[[File:DRC- Child Soldiers.jpg|thumb|A group of demobilized [[child soldiers]] in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
{{Main|Human rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
{{Further|Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

The [[International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] was initiated by Joseph Kabila in April 2004. The international Criminal Court prosecutor opened the case in June 2004.

[[Child soldiers]] have been used on a large scale in DRC, and in 2011 it was estimated that 30,000 children were still operating with armed groups.{{sfn|Drumbl|2012|p=32}}

Instances of child labor and [[forced labor]] have been observed and reported in the [[U.S. Department of Labor]]'s ''Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor'' in the DRC in 2013<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/congo_democratic_republic.htm
|title=Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor – Democratic Republic of the Congo
|website=United States Department of Labor
|accessdate=10 March 2015
}}
</ref> and six goods produced by the country's mining industry appear on the department's December 2014 ''[[List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor]]''.

====Violence against women====
{{Main|Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Military macho-violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
[[Violence against women]] seems to be perceived by large sectors of society to be normal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onug.ch/__80256edd006b9c2e.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear_en%29/a4f381eea9d4ab63c12573280031fbf3?OpenDocument&Click=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217035544/http://www.onug.ch/__80256edd006b9c2e.nsf/%28httpNewsByYear_en%29/a4f381eea9d4ab63c12573280031fbf3?OpenDocument&Click=|archivedate=17 February 2008|title=UN expert on violence against women expresses serious concerns following visit to Democratic Republic of Congo|date=30 July 2007|publisher=UNOG.ch}}</ref> The 2013–2014 [[Demographic and Health Surveys|DHS survey]] (pp. 299) found that 74.8% of women agreed that a husband is justified in beating his wife in certain circumstances.<ref>Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM), Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP) et ICF International (2014). [http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014]. Rockville, Maryland, USA : MPSMRM, MSP and ICF International</ref>

[[The United Nations]] [[Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women]] in 2006 expressed concern that in the post-war transition period, the promotion of women's human rights and gender equality is not seen as a priority.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw36/cc/DRC/0647846E.pdf
|title=Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Democratic Republic of the Congo
|publisher=United Nations
|format=PDF
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.peacewomen.org/un/ecosoc/CEDAW/36th_session/DRC/NGO_report.pdf
|title=Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
|publisher=peacewomen.org
|format=PDF
|deadurl=
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925192704/http://www.peacewomen.org/un/ecosoc/CEDAW/36th_session/DRC/NGO_report.pdf
|archivedate=25 September 2007 }}
</ref> Mass rapes, sexual violence and sexual slavery are used as a weapon of war by the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and armed groups in the eastern part of the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/AfricaRegion/Pages/CDIndex.aspx|title=OHCHR {{!}} Africa Region|website=Ohchr.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-20}}</ref> The eastern part of the country in particular has been described as the "rape capital of the world" and the prevalence of [[sexual violence]] there described as the worst in the world.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">
{{cite news
|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090801194.html
|title=Prevalence of Rape in E. Congo Described as Worst in World
|work=The Washington Post
|date=9 September 2007
|accessdate=2 May 2010
|first=Stephanie
|last=McCrummen}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8650112.stm|title=UN official calls DR Congo 'rape capital of the world.'
|date=28 April 2010
|publisher=BBC
|accessdate=23 November 2012
}}
</ref>

[[Female genital mutilation]] (FGM) is also practiced in DRC, although not on a large scale. The prevalence of FGM is estimated at about 5% of women.<ref>
{{cite web
|last1=Matundu Mbambi
|first1=Annie
|last2=Faray-Kele
|first2=Marie-Claire
|date=April–December 2010
|url=http://www.peacewomen.org/assets/file/Resources/NGO/hrinst_genderinequalityinthedrc_wilpf_december2010english.pdf
|title=GENDER INEQUALITY AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN THE D.R.CONGO
|website=peacewomen.org
}}
</ref><ref>[http://www.brighamandwomens.org/Departments_and_Services/obgyn/services/africanwomenscenter/FGCprevalence.aspx "Female Genital Cutting Rates | African Women's Health Center at BWH"]. brighamandwomens.org.</ref> FGM is illegal: the law imposes a penalty of two to five years of prison and a fine of 200,000 Congolese francs on any person who violates the "physical or functional integrity" of the genital organs.<ref>[http://www.justice.gov/eoir/vll/country/canada_coi/dem%20rep%20of%20congo/COD104024.E.pdf RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs)]. justice.gov. 17 April 2012</ref><ref>The law on sexual violence, DRC 2006 (Les lois sur les violences sexuelles) reads (in French): ''"Article 3, Paragraphe 7: De la mutilation sexuelle; Article 174g; Sera puni d’une peine de servitude pénale de deux à cinq ans et d’une amende de deux cent mille francs congolais constants, quiconque aura posé un acte qui porte atteinte à l’intégrité physique ou fonctionnelle des organes génitaux d’une personne. Lorsque la mutilation a entraîné la mort, la peine est de servitude pénale à perpétuité."''{{cite web|url=http://monusco.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aXFfmf5vsm8%3D&tabid=11245&mid=14386&language=en-US |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-11-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085226/http://monusco.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=aXFfmf5vsm8%3D&tabid=11245&mid=14386&language=en-US |archivedate=19 August 2014 |df= }}</ref>

In July 2007, the International Committee of the Red Cross expressed concern about the situation in eastern DRC.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73033/drc-civilians-bearing-brunt-of-south-kivu-violence
|title=DRC: 'Civilians bearing brunt of South Kivu violence'
|quote=The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has expressed concern over abuses against civilians, especially women and children, in South Kivu in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. It frequently receives reports of abductions, executions, rapes, and pillage.
}}
</ref> A phenomenon of "pendulum displacement" has developed, where people hasten at night to safety. According to Yakin Ertürk, the [[United Nations Special Rapporteur|UN Special Rapporteur]] on Violence against Women who toured eastern Congo in July 2007, violence against women in North and South Kivu included "unimaginable brutality". Ertürk added that "Armed groups attack local communities, loot, rape, kidnap women and children, and make them work as sexual slaves".<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/73524/drc-pendulum-displacement-in-the-kivus
|title=DRC: 'Pendulum displacement' in the Kivus
|date=1 August 2007
|agency=IRIN
}}
</ref> In December 2008, GuardianFilms of ''[[The Guardian]]'' released a film documenting the testimony of over 400 women and girls who had been abused by marauding militia.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2008/dec/05/congo
|work=The Guardian
|location=London
|title=Rape in a lawless land
|first=Christian
|last=Bennett
|date=5 December 2008
|accessdate=27 March 2010
}}
</ref>

In June 2010, [[Oxfam]] reported a dramatic increase in the number of rapes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and researchers from [[Harvard]] discovered that rapes committed by civilians had increased seventeenfold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/04/201041595648701631.html|title=Rapes 'surge' in DR Congo |publisher=Al Jazeera|date=15 April 2010|accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref> In June 2014, [[Freedom from Torture]] published reported rape and sexual violence being used routinely by state officials in Congolese prisons as punishment for politically active women.<ref name="freedomfromtorture.org">[http://www.freedomfromtorture.org/sites/default/files/drc_report_a5_-_web_.pdf Rape As torture in the DRC]. Freedom From Torture. June 2014</ref> The women included in the report were abused in several locations across the country including the capital Kinshasa and other areas away from the conflict zones.<ref name="freedomfromtorture.org"/>

In 2015, figures both inside and outside of the country, such as Filimbi and [[Emmanuel Weyi]], spoke out about the need to curb violence and instability as the 2016 elections approached.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/drc-democratic-republic-of-congo-filimbi-release/2822647.html|title=Rights Groups, DRC Lawmakers Call for 'Filimbi' Activists' Release|website=VOA|access-date=31 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://africaagenda.org/is-emmanuel-weyi-the-change-the-drc-needs/|title=Is Emmanuel Weyi "the change" the DRC needs?|website=Africa Agenda|language=en-US|access-date=31 March 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826144022/http://africaagenda.org/is-emmanuel-weyi-the-change-the-drc-needs/|archivedate=26 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Foreign relations and military===
{{See also|Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
[[File:Joseph Kabila with Obamas 2014.jpg|thumb|President [[Joseph Kabila]] with U.S. President [[Barack Obama]] in August 2014]]
The global growth in demand for scarce raw materials and the industrial surges in China, India, Russia, Brazil and other [[Developing country|developing countries]] require that [[Developed country|developed countries]] employ new, integrated and responsive strategies for identifying and ensuring, on a continual basis, an adequate supply of strategic and critical materials required for their security needs. Highlighting the DR Congo's importance to United States national security, the effort to establish an elite Congolese unit is the latest push by the U.S. to professionalize armed forces in this strategically important region.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vandiver|first1=John|url=https://www.stripes.com/news/gis-retrain-congo-troops-known-for-being-violent-1.101774|website=Stars and Stripes|accessdate=29 September 2017|title=GIs retrain Congo troops known for being violent}}</ref>

There are economic and strategic incentives to bring more security to the Congo, which is rich in natural resources such as [[cobalt]], a strategic and critical metal used in many industrial and military applications. The largest use of cobalt is in [[superalloy]]s, used to make [[jet engine]] parts. Cobalt is also used in [[magnetic alloy]]s and in cutting and wear-resistant materials such as cemented [[carbide]]s. The [[chemical industry]] consumes significant quantities of cobalt in a variety of applications including [[catalyst]]s for petroleum and chemical processing; drying agents for paints and inks; ground coats for porcelain enamels; decolourisers for ceramics and glass; and pigments for ceramics, paints, and plastics. The country contains 80% of the world's cobalt reserves.<ref>
{{cite web
|author=Vandiver, John
|url=http://www.stripes.com/news/gis-retrain-congo-troops-known-for-being-violent-1.101774
|title=An April 2009 report to Congress by the National Defense Stockpile Center
|publisher=Stripes.com
|accessdate=22 November 2010
}}
</ref>

==Economy and infrastructure==
{{Main|Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

[[File:Democratic Republic of the Congo GDP evolution-fr.svg|thumb|Evolution of GDP]]
The [[Central Bank of the Congo]] is responsible for developing and maintaining the [[Congolese franc]], which serves as the primary form of [[currency]] in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 2007, The World Bank decided to grant the Democratic Republic of Congo up to $1.3 billion in assistance funds over the following three years.<ref>
{{cite news
|title=World Bank Pledges $1 Billion to Democratic Republic of Congo
|date=10 March 2007
|work=VOA News
|publisher=Voice of America
|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2007-03-10-voa4-66771457/564310.html
|accessdate=25 December 2008
}}
</ref> Kinshasa is currently negotiating membership in the [[Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa]] (OHADA).<ref name="ohada.com">{{cite web|title=OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa|url=http://www.ohada.com/index.php|accessdate=22 March 2009}}</ref>

The Democratic Republic of Congo is widely considered one of the world's richest countries in natural resources; its untapped deposits of raw minerals are estimated to be worth in excess of US$24 trillion.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/DR+Congo's+$24+trillion+fortune.-a0193800184
|title=DR Congo's $24 trillion fortune
|publisher=Thefreelibrary.com
|accessdate=22 July 2011
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.newsaboutcongo.com/2009/03/congo-with-24-trillion-in-mineral-wealth-but-still-poor.html
|title=Congo with $24 Trillion in Mineral Wealth BUT still Poor
|publisher=News About Congo
|date=15 March 2009
|accessdate=22 July 2011
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|last=Kuepper
|first=Justin
|url=http://theotcinvestor.com/mining-companies-could-see-big-profits-in-congo-855
|title=Mining Companies Could See Big Profits in Congo
|publisher=Theotcinvestor.com
|date=26 October 2010
|accessdate=22 July 2011
}}
</ref> The Congo has 70% of the world's [[coltan]], a third of its [[cobalt]], more than 30% of its diamond reserves, and a tenth of its copper.<ref>[[Coltan]] is a major source of [[tantalum]] which is used in the fabrication of electronic components in computers and mobile phones. The coltan mines are small, and non-mechanized. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5209428.stm DR Congo poll crucial for Africa"], BBC News. 16 November 2006.</ref><ref>Bream, Rebecca (8 November 2007). [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eec69b16-8d6e-11dc-a398-0000779fd2ac.html "A bid for front-line command in Africa"]. ''Financial Times''.</ref>

Despite such vast mineral wealth, the economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has declined drastically since the mid-1980s. The African country generated up to 70% of its export revenue from minerals in the 1970s and 1980s, and was particularly hit when resource prices deteriorated at that time. By 2005, 90% of the DRC's revenues derived from its minerals (Exenberger and Hartmann 2007:10).<ref name=ExenbergerHartmann2007>
{{cite web
|url=http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf
|format=PDF
|title=The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo
|author1=Exenberger, Andreas
|author2=Hartmann, Simon
|year=2007
|website=Working Papers in Economics and Statistics
|publisher=University of Innsbruck
}}
</ref> The country's woes mean that despite its potential its citizens are among the poorest people on Earth. DR Congo consistently has the lowest, or nearly the lowest, [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]] in the world. The DRC is also one of the twenty lowest-ranked countries on the [[Corruption Perception Index]].

===Mining===
{{main|Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
[[File:Diamonds- Zaire, (DR Congo) (8458935824).jpg|thumb|Rough diamonds ~1 to 1.5 mm in size from DR Congo.]]
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is the world's largest producer of [[cobalt]] ore,<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/en/commodities/minerals/cobalt/cobalt_t8.html
|title=Cobalt: World Mine Production, By Country
|accessdate=30 June 2008
}}
</ref> and a major producer of [[copper]] and [[diamond]]s. The latter come from Kasai province in the west. By far the largest mines in the DRC are located in southern [[Katanga Province|Katanga province]] (formerly [[Katanga Province|Shaba]]), and are highly mechanized, with a capacity of several million tons per year of copper and cobalt ore, and refining capability for metal ore. The DRC is the second-largest diamond-producing nation in the world,<ref>In terms of annual carats produced</ref> and artisanal and small-scale miners account for most of its production.

At independence in 1960, DRC was the second-most industrialized country in Africa after South Africa; it boasted a thriving mining sector and a relatively productive agriculture sector.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.societecivile.cd/node/4243
|title=Province orientale: le diamant et l'or quelle part dans la reconstruction socio – économique de la Province?
|language=French
|website=societecivile.cd
|date=23 October 2009
|deadurl=bot: unknown
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125042436/http://www.societecivile.cd/node/4243
|archivedate=25 November 2009
|df=dmy
}}
</ref> The [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s began in 1996. These conflicts have dramatically reduced national output and government revenue, increased external debt, and resulted in deaths of more than five million people from war and associated [[famine]] and disease. [[Malnutrition]] affects approximately two thirds of the country's population.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

Foreign businesses have curtailed operations due to uncertainty about the outcome of the conflict, lack of infrastructure, and the difficult operating environment. The war intensified the impact of such basic problems as an uncertain legal framework, corruption, inflation, and lack of openness in government economic policy and financial operations.

Conditions improved in late 2002, when a large portion of the invading foreign troops withdrew. A number of [[International Monetary Fund]] and [[World Bank]] missions met with the government to help it develop a coherent economic plan, and President [[Joseph Kabila]] began implementing reforms. Much economic activity still lies outside the GDP data. A [[United Nations Human Development Index]] report shows that the human development index of DRC is one of the worst the country has had in decades. Through 2011 the DRC had the lowest Human Development Index of the 187 ranked countries. It ranked lower than [[Niger]], despite a higher margin of improvement than the latter country over 2010's numbers.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

[[File:Democratic Republic of Congo, Trends in the Human Development Index 1970-2010.png|thumb|upright=1.5|DR Congo's [[Human Development Index]] scores, 1970–2010.]]
[[File:Basankusu collecting firewood by Francis Hannaway.jpg|thumb|Collecting firewood in [[Basankusu]].]]
The economy of DRC, the second largest country in Africa, relies heavily on mining. However, the smaller-scale economic activity from [[artisanal mining]] occurs in the [[informal sector]] and is not reflected in GDP data.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/e074e9/democratic_republi
|title=Economic activity in DRC
|publisher=Research and Markets
|accessdate=22 November 2010
}}
</ref> A third of the DRC's diamonds are believed to be smuggled out of the country, making it difficult to quantify diamond [[production (economics)|production]] levels.<ref name=Kitco>[http://www.kitco.com/ind/Zimnisky/2013-08-20-Ranking-Of-The-World-s-Diamond-Mines-By-Estimated-2013-Production.html "Ranking Of The World's Diamond Mines By Estimated 2013 Production"], ''[[Kitco]]'', 20 August 2013.</ref> In 2002, [[tin]] was discovered in the east of the country, but to date has only been mined on a small scale.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/world/africa/16congo.html
|title=Congo's Riches, Looted by Renegade Troops
|work=The New York Times
|first=Lydia
|last=Polgreen
|date=16 November 2008
|accessdate=27 March 2010
}}
</ref> Smuggling of [[conflict minerals]] such as [[coltan]] and [[cassiterite]], ores of [[tantalum]] and tin, respectively, helped to fuel the war<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.unwatchable.cc/the-true-story/what-is-happening-in-the-congo/
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930123653/http://www.unwatchable.cc/the-true-story/what-is-happening-in-the-congo/
|archivedate=30 September 2011
|title=What is happening in the Congo
}}
</ref> in the Eastern Congo.

In September 2004, state-owned [[Gécamines]] signed an agreement with Global Enterprises Corporate (GEC), a company formed by the merger of [[Dan Gertler|Dan Gertler International]] (DGI) with [[Beny Steinmetz Global]], to rehabilitate and operate the [[Kananga Mine|Kananga]] and [[Tilwezembe]] copper mines. The deal was ratified by presidential decree. In 2007, a World Bank report reviewed DR Congo's three biggest mining contracts, finding that the 2005 deals, including one with Global Enterprises Company, were approved with "a complete lack of transparency" (Mahtani, 3 January 2007).<ref name=FinancialTimes20070103>
{{cite news
|magazine=Financial Times
|author=Mahtani, Dino
|date=3 January 2007
|title=Transparency fears lead to review of Congo contracts
}}
</ref><ref name=Sergeant20070403>
{{cite web
|url = http://www.mineweb.com/archive/nikanors-drc-mining-contract-quandary/
|archive-url = https://archive.is/20150405104550/http://www.mineweb.com/archive/nikanors-drc-mining-contract-quandary/
|dead-url = yes
|archive-date = 5 April 2015
|title = Nikanor's DRC mining contract quandary
|author = Sergeant, Barry
|date = 3 April 2007
|accessdate = 16 November 2011
}}
</ref><ref name=KatangaHist>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.katangamining.com/kat/about_us/history
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120200816/http://www.katangamining.com/kat/about_us/history
|archivedate=20 January 2012
|title=History
|publisher=Katanga Mining
|accessdate=16 November 2011
}}
</ref> Gertler and Steinmetz put GEC's 75% share in Komoto Oliveira Virgule (KOV), the project made of up of Tilwezembe and Kananga, along with the Kolwesi concentrator, into [[Nikanor plc]]. Registered in the [[Isle of Man]], reached a market capitalization of $1.5 billion by 2007.<ref name=Sergeant20070403/> In February 2007, 22% of the Nikanor Mining company was owned by the Gertner Family Trust and 14% by [[Dan Gertler]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.miningweekly.com/article/drcs-katanga-governor-woos-bona-fide-resources-investors-heaps-praise-on-nikanor-2007-02-26
|title=DRC's Katanga governor woos bona fide resources investors, heaps praise on Nikanor
|website=Mining weekly
|author=Creamer, Martin
|date=26 February 2007
|accessdate=15 November 2011
}}
</ref> In January 2008 [[Katanga Mining]] acquired Nikanor for $452 million.<ref name="KatangaHist"/>

In April 2006, Gertler's DGI took a major stake in DEM Mining, a cobalt-copper mining and services company based in Katanga.<ref name=Sergeant20070403/> In June 2006, Gertler bought [[Tremalt]] from the Zimbabwean businessman [[John Bredenkamp]] for about $60 million. Tremalt had a half share in the [[Mukondo Mine]]. In 2007, Tremalt was owned by Prairie International Ltd, of which Dan Gertler's family trust was a major shareholder. Tremalt owned 80% of Savannah Mining, which held concessions C17 and C18 in Katanga Province and 50% of the Mukondo project. The other 50% of Mukondo was held by Boss Mining, which in turn was 80% owned by [[Central African Mining & Exploration Company]] (CAMEC). Boss Mining had rented and operated Bredenkamp's half of Mukondo. Gertler terminated this arrangement.<ref name=Sergeant20070403/>

[[Katanga Mining|Katanga Mining Limited]], a Swiss-owned company, owns the [[Luilu]] Metallurgical Plant, which has a capacity of 175,000 tonnes of copper and 8,000 tonnes of cobalt per year, making it the largest cobalt refinery in the world. After a major rehabilitation program, the company resumed copper production operations in December 2007 and cobalt production in May 2008.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.katangamining.com/media/news-releases/2008/2008-08-12.aspx
|title=Katanga Project Update and 2Q 2008 Financials, Katanga Mining Limited, 12 August 2008
}}
</ref>

In April 2013, anti-corruption NGOs revealed that Congolese tax authorities had failed to account for $88 million from the mining sector, despite booming production and positive industrial performance. The missing funds date from 2010 and tax bodies should have paid them into the central bank.<ref>
{{Citation
|url=http://www.miningweekly.com/article/watchdog-says-88m-missing-in-congolese-mining-taxes-2013-04-16
|title=Watchdog says $88m missing in Congolese mining taxes
|year=2013
|work=[[Mining Weekly]]
|publication-place=South Africa
}}
</ref> Later in 2013, the [[Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative]] suspended the country's candidacy for membership due to insufficient reporting, monitoring and independent audits, but in July 2013 the country improved its accounting and transparency practices to the point where the EITI gave the country full membership.

In February 2018, global asset management firm [[AllianceBernstein]]<ref>[https://www.bernsteinresearch.com/brweb/Conference/GeneralInfo.aspx?nid=12331 Bernstein] 10th Annual Pan-European Conference Strategic Decisions 2013, AllianceBernstein LP, Sanford C. Bernstein Ltd., 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2018.</ref> defined the DRC as economically "the Saudi Arabia of the electric vehicle age," due to its cobalt resources, as essential to the [[lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]] that drive [[electric vehicle]]s.<ref>[https://www.mining-journal.com/capital-markets/news/1311386/-ivanhoe-pullback-investors-waiting ''Mining Journal''] "The [Ivanhoe] pullback investors have been waiting for", Aspermont Ltd., London, UK, February 22, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018.</ref>

===Transportation===
{{Main|Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
[[File:First train in Kindu, DRC.jpg|thumb|Train from [[Lubumbashi]] arriving in [[Kindu]] on a newly refurbished line.]]
Ground transport in the Democratic Republic of Congo has always been difficult. The terrain and climate of the [[Congo Basin]] present serious barriers to road and rail construction, and the distances are enormous across this vast country. The DRC has more navigable rivers and moves more passengers and goods by boat and ferry than any other country in Africa, but air transport remains the only effective means of moving goods and people between many places within the country, especially in rural areas. Chronic economic mismanagement, political corruption and internal conflicts have led to long-term under-investment of infastructure.

====Rail====
{{Main|Rail transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
[[File:Train rdc.svg|upright=1.25|thumb|Map of rail network]]
Rail transportation is provided by the [[Congo Railroad Company]] (Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer du Congo) and the [[Office National des Transports (Congo)]] (ONATRA) and the Office of the Uele Railways (Office des Chemins de fer des Ueles, CFU). Like much of the infrastructure in the Congo, the railways are poorly maintained, dirty, crowded and dangerous.

====Road====
The Democratic Republic of the Congo has fewer all-weather paved highways than any country of its population and size in Africa — a total of {{convert|2250|km|mi|abbr=on}}, of which only {{convert|1226|km|mi|abbr=on}} is in good condition (see below). To put this in perspective, the road distance across the country in any direction is more than {{convert|2500|km|mi|abbr=on}} (e.g. Matadi to Lubumbashi, {{convert|2700|km|mi|abbr=on}} by road). The figure of {{convert|2250|km|mi|abbr=on}} converts to {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} of paved road per 1,000,000 of population. Comparative figures for Zambia and Botswana are {{convert|721|km|mi|abbr=on}} and {{convert|3427|km|mi|abbr=on}} respectively.<ref>The figures are obtained by dividing the population figures in the Wikipedia country articles by the paved roads figure in the 'Transport in [country]' articles.</ref>

Three routes in the [[Trans-African Highway network]] pass through DR Congo:
* [[Tripoli-Cape Town Highway]]: this route crosses the western extremity of the country on National Road No. 1 between Kinshasa and [[Matadi]], a distance of {{convert|285|km|mi|abbr=on}} on one of the only paved sections in fair condition.
* [[Lagos-Mombasa Highway]]: the DR Congo is the main missing link in this east-west highway and requires a new road to be constructed before it can function.
* [[Beira-Lobito Highway]]: this east-west highway crosses [[Katanga Province|Katanga]] and requires re-construction over most of its length, being an earth track between the Angolan border and [[Kolwezi]], a paved road in very poor condition between Kolwezi and [[Lubumbashi]], and a paved road in fair condition over the short distance to the Zambian border.

====Water====
The Democratic Republic of Congo has thousands of kilometres of [[navigable]] [[waterway]]s. Traditionally water transport has been the dominant means of moving around in approximately two-thirds of the country.

====Air====
{{as of|2016|June|}}, DR Congo had one major national airline ([[Congo Airways]]) that offered flights inside DR Congo. Congo Airways was based at [[N'djili Airport|Kinshasa's international airport]]. All air carriers certified by the DRC have been banned from European Union airports by the European Commission, due to inadequate safety standards.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110430124922/http://ec.europa.eu/transport/air-ban/doc/list_en.pdf List of airlines banned within the EU], Official EC list, updated 20 April 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2011.</ref>

Several international airlines service [[N'djili Airport|Kinshasa's international airport]] and a few also offer international flights to [[Lubumbashi International Airport]].

===Energy===
{{Main|Energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there are both coal and [[crude oil]] resources that were mainly used domestically in 2008. The Democratic Republic of Congo has infrastructure for hydro-electricity from the [[Congo River]] at the [[Inga dams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suedwind-institut.de/fileadmin/fuerSuedwind/Publikationen/Publikationen_Franz%C3%B6sisch/2004-15_Energi%C3%A9_hydraulique_de_barrage_d_Inga.pdf|title=Energie hydraulique des barrages d'Inga : Grands potentiels pour le développement de la République Démocratique du Congo et de l'Afrique|trans-title=Technical Study preparing lobby-work on energy-resources and conflict prevention – Hydroelectric power dams at Inga: Great potential for the development of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Africa|language=French|format=PDF|publisher=suedwind-institut.de|accessdate=27 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055519/http://www.suedwind-institut.de/fileadmin/fuerSuedwind/Publikationen/Publikationen_Franz%C3%B6sisch/2004-15_Energi%C3%A9_hydraulique_de_barrage_d_Inga.pdf|archivedate=21 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Democratic Republic of Congo also possesses 50% of Africa's forests and a river system that could provide [[hydro-electric]] power to the entire continent, according to a UN report on the country's strategic significance and its potential role as an economic power in central Africa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vandiver, John |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/gis-retrain-congo-troops-known-for-being-violent-1.101774 |title=DR Congo economic and strategic significance|publisher=Stripes.com |accessdate=22 November 2010}}</ref>

The generation and distribution of electricity is controlled by [[Société nationale d'électricité (SNEL)]], but only 15% of the country has access to electricity.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yee|first1=Amy|title=The Power Plants That May Save a Park, and Aid a Country|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/30/business/congo-power-plants-poaching.html|accessdate=4 September 2017|work=The New York Times|date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

====Renewable energy====
{{main|Renewable energy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
Because of abundant sunlight, potential for solar development is very high in the DRC. There are already about 836 solar power systems in the DRC, with a total power of 83 kW, located in [[Province of Équateur|Équateur]] (167), Katanga (159), Nord-Kivu (170), the two Kasaï provinces (170), and Bas-Congo (170). Also, the 148 Caritas network system has a total power of 6.31 kW.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reegle.info/countries/congo-dem-rep-energy-profile/CD|title=Energy Profile Congo, Dem. Rep|website=Reegle.info}}</ref>

===Education===
{{Main|Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
[[File:DRC classroom.jpg|thumb|A classroom in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.]]
In 2014, the [[literacy]] rate for the population between the ages of 15 and 49 was estimated to be 75.9% (88.1% male and 63.8% female) according to a [[Demographic and Health Surveys|DHS]] nationwide survey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf |title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014 |author=Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM), Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP), and [[ICF International]]|pages=41–43 |accessdate=16 May 2015}}</ref> The education system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is governed by three government ministries: the ''Ministère de l'Enseignement Primaire, Secondaire et Professionnel (MEPSP''), the ''Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire (MESU)'' and the ''Ministère des Affaires Sociales (MAS)''. Primary education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is not free or compulsory,{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} even though the Congolese constitution says it should be (Article 43 of the 2005 Congolese Constitution).<ref>{{fr icon}} [http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo#Article_43 Constitution de la République démocratique du Congo – Wikisource]. Fr.wikisource.org. Retrieved 27 February 2013.</ref>

As a result of the 6-year civil war in the late 1990s-early 2000s, over 5.2 million children in the country did not receive any education.<ref name=ilab>"Congo, Democratic Republic of the." [https://web.archive.org/web/20061201190837/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/tda2005/tda2005.pdf www.dol.gov] 2005 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor, Bureau of International Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor (2006). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]].</ref> Since the end of the civil war, the situation has improved tremendously, with the number of children enrolled in primary schools rising from 5.5 million in 2002 to 13.5 million in 2014, and the number of children enrolled in secondary schools rising from 2.8 million in 2007 to 4.4 million in 2014 according to [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.uis.unesco.org/ |title=UIS.Stat (see: Education >> Participation >> Enrollment >> Enrollment by level of education) |author=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|accessdate=13 August 2017}}</ref>

Actual school attendance has also improved greatly in recent years, with primary school net attendance estimated to be 82.4% in 2014 (82.4% of children ages 6–11 attended school; 83.4% for boys, 80.6% for girls).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf |title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé en République Démocratique du Congo 2013–2014 |author=Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en oeuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité (MPSMRM), Ministère de la Santé Publique (MSP), and [[ICF International]]|page=XXV |accessdate=16 May 2015}}</ref>

===Health===
{{Main|Health in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
{{Further|HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
The [[List of hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|hospitals in the Democratic Republic of the Congo]] include the [[Kinshasa General Hospital|General Hospital of Kinshasa]]. DRC has the world's second-highest rate of [[infant mortality]] (after [[Chad]]). In April 2011, through aid from [[GAVI Alliance|Global Alliance for Vaccines]], a new vaccine to prevent [[pneumococcal disease]] was introduced around [[Kinshasa]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/12/health/12global.html|work=The New York Times|first=Donald G.|last=McNeil Jr|title=Congo, With Donors' Help, Introduces New Vaccine for Pneumococcal Disease|date=11 April 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, it was estimated that about 1.1% of adults aged 15–49 were living with [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2155.html |title=The World Factbook – Field Listing : HIV/AIDS : adult prevalence rate |publisher=Cia.gov |year=2012 |accessdate=10 March 2015}}</ref> [[Malaria]] is also a problem.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/77948/drc-malaria-still-biggest-killer |title=DRC: Malaria still biggest killer |agency=IRIN |date=28 April 2008 |accessdate=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/country-profiles/profile_cod_en.pdf |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo, Epidemiological profile, World Malaria Report 2014 |publisher=World Health Organization |format=PDF |accessdate=10 March 2015}}</ref> [[Yellow fever]] also affects DRC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_04_24_yellowfever/en/ |title=Yellow fever in the Democratic Republic of Congo |publisher=World Health Organization |date=24 April 2014 |accessdate=10 March 2015}}</ref>

[[Maternal health]] is poor in DRC. According to 2010 estimates, DRC has the 17th highest [[maternal mortality]] rate in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html |title=The World Factbook – Country Comparison : Maternal mortality rate |publisher=Cia.gov |year=2010 |accessdate=10 March 2015}}</ref> According to [[UNICEF]], 43.5% of children under five are [[stunted]].<ref>[http://scalingupnutrition.org/sun-countries/democratic-republic-of-congo "Democratic Republic of Congo"]. scalingupnutrition.org.</ref>

===Crime and law enforcement===
{{Main|Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
The Congolese National Police (PNC) are the primary police force in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.<ref>{{cite book|title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper-Progress Report (EPub)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c57UNFOGOwwC&pg=PT56|year=2010|publisher=International Monetary Fund|isbn=978-1-4552-2241-4|pages=56–}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
{{further|Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

===Largest cities===
{{Largest cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

===Ethnic groups===
[[File:Kongo people2.jpg|thumb|[[Kongo people|Kongo]] youth and adults in [[Kinshasa|Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo]]]]
{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! style="background:#cfb;"|Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|12.2
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|47.1
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|}
[[File:Photo of the Day, 17 February 2014 (12589890963).jpg|thumb|Amani festival in [[Goma]]]]
[[File:Cecilia and her family.jpg|thumb|Family in Rutshuru, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo]]

Over 200 ethnic groups populate the Democratic Republic of the Congo, of which the majority are [[Bantu peoples]]. Together, [[Mongo people|Mongo]], [[Luba people|Luba]] and [[Kongo people|Kongo]] peoples (Bantu) and [[Mangbetu people|Mangbetu]]-[[Zande people|Azande]] peoples constitute around 45% of the population. The [[Kongo people]] are the largest ethnic group in the Democratic Republic of Congo.<ref name="Gates2010p14">{{cite book|author1=Anthony Appiah|author2=Henry Louis Gates|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|pages=14–15}}</ref>

In {{UN_Population|Year}}, the United Nations estimated the country's population to be {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}|R}}/1e6 round 0}} million people,{{UN_Population|ref}} a rapid increase from 39.1 million in 1992 despite the ongoing war.<ref>"[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0053) Zaire – Population]". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref> As many as 250 ethnic groups have been identified and named. The most numerous people are the [[Kongo people|Kongo]], [[Luba people|Luba]], and [[Mongo people|Mongo]]. About 600,000 [[Congo Pygmies|Pygmies]] are the aboriginal people of the DR Congo.<ref>"[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/22/1053585643490.html Pygmies want UN tribunal to address cannibalism]." ''The Sydney Morning Herald''. 23 May 2003.</ref> Although several hundred local languages and dialects are spoken, the linguistic variety is bridged both by widespread use of French and the national intermediary languages [[Kituba]], [[Tshiluba language|Tshiluba]], [[Swahili language|Swahili]], and [[Lingala language|Lingala]].

===Migration===

[[File:Opening ceremony of new PNC headquarters in Goma (7134901927).jpg|thumb|Population fleeing their villages due to fighting between FARDC and rebels groups, Sake North Kivu 30 April 2012]]
Given the situation in the country and the condition of state structures, it is extremely difficult to obtain reliable migration data. However, evidence suggests that DRC continues to be a destination country for immigrants, in spite of recent declines in their numbers. Immigration is very diverse in nature; refugees and asylum-seekers – products of the numerous and violent conflicts in the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes Region]] – constitute an important subset of the population. Additionally, the country's large mine operations attract migrant workers from Africa and beyond. There is also considerable migration for commercial activities from other African countries and the rest of the world, but these movements are not well studied.<ref name="IOMProfile"/> Transit migration towards South Africa and Europe also plays a role.

Immigration to the DRC has decreased steadily over the past two decades, most likely as a result of the armed violence that the country has experienced. According to the [[International Organization for Migration]], the number of immigrants in the DRC has fallen from just over 1 million in 1960, to 754,000 in 1990, to 480,000 in 2005, to an estimated 445,000 in 2010. Official figures are unavailable, partly due to the predominance of the [[informal economy]] in the DRC. Data are also lacking on irregular immigrants, however given neighbouring countries' ethnic links to DRC nationals, irregular migration is assumed to be a significant phenomenon.<ref name="IOMProfile">
{{Cite journal
|url=http://publications.iom.int/bookstore/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=41_42&products_id=592
|publisher=International Organization for Migration
|title=Migration en République Démocratique du Congo: Profil national 2009
|year=2009
|accessdate=17 August 2010
}}
</ref>

Figures for Congolese nationals abroad vary greatly depending on the source, from 3 to 6 million. This discrepancy is due to a lack of official, reliable data. Emigrants from the DRC are above all long-term emigrants, the majority of whom live in Africa and to a lesser extent in Europe; 79.7% and 15.3% respectively, according to estimated 2000 data. New destination countries include South Africa and various points en route to Europe. The DRC has produced a considerable number of [[refugees]] and [[asylum-seekers]] located in the region and beyond. These numbers peaked in 2004 when, according to [[UNHCR]], there were more than 460,000 refugees from the DRC; in 2008, Congolese refugees numbered 367,995 in total, 68% of whom were living in other African countries.<ref name="IOMProfile"/>

Since 2003, more than 400,000 Congolese migrants have been expelled from [[Angola]].<ref>"[http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/05/calls-for-angola-to-investigate-abuse-of-congolese-migrants "Calls for Angola to Investigate Abuse of Congolese Migrants"], Inter Press Service. 21 May 2012.</ref>

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
Christianity is the majority religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The most recent survey, conducted by the [[Demographic and Health Surveys]] Program in 2013-2014 indicated that Christians constituted 93.7% of the population (with Catholics making up 29.7%, Protestants 26.8%, and other Christians 37.2%). An indigenous religion, [[Kimbanguism]], has the adherence of only 2.8%, while Muslims make up 1.2%.<ref name="DHS 2013-14">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf|title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013-2014|publisher=Ministère du Plan et Suivi de la Mise en œuvre de la Révolution de la Modernité, Ministère de la Santé Publique|language=French|format=PDF|page=36|accessdate=20 April 2018}}</ref> Other recent estimates have found Christianity the majority religion, followed by 95.8% of the population according to a 2010 [[Pew Research Center]]<ref name=religion>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/table-religious-composition-by-country-in-percentages/|title=Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pew Forum}}</ref> estimate, while the [[CIA World Factbook]] reports this figure to be 80%<ref name="cia.gov"/> and [[Pew Research Center]] 2013 data.<ref name=religion2>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2010/04/sub-saharan-africa-chapter-1.pdf |title=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa}}</ref> The proportion of followers of Islam is variously estimated from 1%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR300/FR300.pdf|format=PDF|title=Enquête Démographique et de Santé (EDS-RDC) 2013-2014|website=Dhsprogram.com|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref> to 10%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=Cia.gov|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref> depending on the source, and followers of indigenous beliefs similarly estimated to range from about 3–10% .<ref name="cia.gov"/><ref name="religion2"/><ref name="DHS 2013-14"/>

There are about 35 million Catholics in the country<ref name="cia.gov"/> with six [[archdiocese]]s and 41 [[dioceses]].<ref>{{Catholic-hierarchy|diocese|qview5|Structured View of Dioceses|21 January 2015}}</ref> The impact of the Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of Congo is difficult to overestimate. Schatzberg has called it the country's "only truly national institution apart from the state."<ref>Schatzberg, Michael G (February 1980) Politics and Class in Zaire: Bureaucracy, Business and Beer in Lisala, Africana Pub. Co. {{ISBN|0-8419-0438-3}}</ref> Its schools have educated over 60% of the nation's primary school students and more than 40% of its secondary students. The church owns and manages an extensive network of hospitals, schools, and clinics, as well as many diocesan economic enterprises, including farms, ranches, stores, and artisans' shops. {{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

[[Kimbanguism]] was seen as a threat to the colonial regime and was banned by the Belgians. Kimbanguism, officially "the church of Christ on Earth by the prophet Simon Kimbangu", now has about three million members,<ref name=Adherents>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010707120530/http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_365.html "Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo)", Adherents.com – Religion by Location.] Sources quoted are ''The World Factbook'' (1998), 'official government web site' of ''Democratic Republic of Congo''. Retrieved 25 May 2007.</ref> primarily among the [[Kongo people|Bakongo]] of [[Bas-Congo]] and [[Kinshasa]].

[[File:Cathedrale notre dame de la victoire bukavu.png|thumb|[[Our Lady of Peace Cathedral, Bukavu|Our Lady of Peace Cathedral]] in [[Bukavu]]]]
Sixty-two Protestant denominations are federated under the umbrella of the [[Church of Christ in Congo]]. It is often simply referred to as ''the Protestant Church'', since it covers most of the DRC Protestants. With more than 25 million members, it constitutes [[List of the largest Protestant churches|one of the largest Protestant bodies]] in the world.

According to the [[Pew Forum]], [[Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Islam]] is the faith of 12% of the population.<ref name="religion2"/> According to the [[CIA World Factbook]], Muslims make up 10% of the population.<ref name="cia.gov"/> Islam was introduced and mainly spread by traders/merchants/slave raiders.<ref>Insoll, Timothy (2003) [http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam033/2002031056.pdf The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa], Cambridge University Press; {{ISBN|0-521-65702-4}}</ref> Congolose Muslims are divided into [[Sunnis]] (50%), [[Shia]]s (10%), [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadis]] (6%), and [[non-denominational Muslims]] (14%).<ref>Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013</ref> In 2013 the [[Allied Democratic Forces]], a group linked to [[Al-Qaeda]], began [[Allied Democratic Forces#2013 resurgence|carrying out attacks in Congo]] which killed civilians, mostly Christians.<ref>
{{cite web
|author=Bariyo, Nicholas
|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304858104579263631858707624
|title=Women and Children Slaughtered in Congo Attack
|website=The Wall Street Journal
|date=17 December 2013
|accessdate=10 March 2015
}}
</ref>

The first members of the [[Baha'i Faith]] to live in the country came from Uganda in 1953. Four years later the first local administrative council was elected. In 1970 the National Spiritual Assembly (national administrative council) was first elected. Though the religion was banned in the 1970s and 1980s, due to misrepresentations of foreign governments, the ban was lifted by the end of the 1980s. In 2012 plans were announced to build a national [[Baha'i House of Worship]] in the country.<ref>[http://bahaiwritings.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/ridvan-message-2012.pdf Ridvan Message 2012]. p. 3. Universal House of Justice;</ref>

Traditional religions embody such concepts as [[monotheism]], [[animism]], [[vitalism]], [[spirit worship|spirit]] and [[ancestor worship]], [[witchcraft]], and sorcery and vary widely among ethnic groups. The syncretic sects often merge elements of Christianity with traditional beliefs and rituals and are not recognized by mainstream churches as part of Christianity. New variants of ancient beliefs have become widespread, led by US-inspired Pentecostal churches which have been in the forefront of witchcraft accusations, particularly against children and the elderly.{{Clarify|reason=What is the new belief? Witchcraft, or the accusations of witchcraft?|date=January 2013}}<ref>{{cite book
|author1=De Boeck, Filip
|author2=Plissart, Marie-Frangoise
|year=1899
|title=Kinshasa tales of the invisible City
|publisher=Ludion
|isbn=978-90-5544-554-7
}}
</ref> Children accused of witchcraft are sent away from homes and family, often to live on the street, which can lead to physical violence against these children.{{Clarify|reason=What leads to violence?|date=January 2013}}<ref>
{{cite web
|author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
|title=2010 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo
|website=2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
|publisher=US Department of State
|year=2011
|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154340.htm
|accessdate=24 April 2011
}}
</ref> The usual term for these children is ''enfants sorciers'' (child witches) or ''enfants dits sorciers'' (children accused of witchcraft). Non-denominational church organizations have been formed to capitalize on this belief by charging exorbitant fees for [[exorcisms]]. Though recently outlawed, children have been subjected in these exorcisms to often-violent abuse at the hands of self-proclaimed prophets and priests.<ref>
{{cite news
|last=Harris
|first=Dan
|title=Children in Congo forced into exorcisms
|work=world news
|publisher=USA today
|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-05-20-childwitch_N.htm
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104115309/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-05-20-childwitch_N.htm
|archivedate=4 November 2012
|accessdate=24 April 2011
|date=21 May 2009
}}
</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Source
!width="90pt"|Christianity (total)
!width="90pt"|Catholicism
!width="90pt"|Protestantism
!width="90pt"|Islam
!width="90pt"|Other
!width="90pt"|Source
|-
| align=left|''[[US State Department]]'' || 90% || 50% || 35% || 5% || 5% || [https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm#wrapper]
|-
| align=left|''[[Pew Research Center]]'' || 96% || 47% || 48% || 1.5% || 2.5% || [https://web.archive.org/web/20130101080244/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php] [http://features.pewforum.org/global-christianity/map.php#/africa,ALL]
|-
| align=left|''[[CIA World Factbook]]'' || 80% || 50% || 20% || 10% || 10% || [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html]
|-
|}

===Languages===
[[File:Map - DR Congo, major languages.svg|thumb|Major Bantu languages in the Congo]]
{{Main|Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
French is the [[official language]] of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is culturally accepted as the ''[[lingua franca]]'' facilitating communication among the many different ethnic groups of the Congo. According to a 2014 [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|OIF]] report, 33 million Congolese people (47% of the population) could read and write in French.<ref>
{{cite book
|author=[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]
|title= La langue française dans le monde 2014 |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/
|location=Paris
|publisher=Éditions Nathan
|page=17
|date=2014
|isbn=978-2-09-882654-0
|access-date=16 May 2015 }}
</ref> In the capital city [[Kinshasa]], 67% of the population could read and write French, and 68.5% could speak and understand it.<ref>
{{cite book
|author=[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]
|title= La langue française dans le monde 2014 |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/
|location=Paris
|publisher=Éditions Nathan
|page=30
|date=2014
|isbn=978-2-09-882654-0
|access-date=16 May 2015
}}
</ref>

Approximately 242 languages are spoken in the country, but only four have the status of national languages: [[Kituba language|Kituba]] ("Kikongo ya leta"), [[Lingala language|Lingala]], [[Tshiluba language|Tshiluba]], and [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. Although some people speak these regional, or trade languages as first languages, most of the population speak them as a second language after their own tribal language. Lingala was the official language of the colonial army, the "[[Force Publique]]", under Belgian colonial rule, and remains to this day the predominant language in the armed forces. Since the recent rebellions, a good part of the army in the East also uses Swahili where it is prevalent.

When the country was a Belgian colony, the Belgian colonizers instituted teaching and use of the four national languages in primary schools, making it one of the few African nations to have had literacy in local languages during the European colonial period. This trend was reversed after independence, when French became the sole language of education at all levels.<ref name=lang_educ>{{cite book |author=[[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] |title= La langue française dans le monde 2014 |url=http://www.francophonie.org/Langue-Francaise-2014/ |location=Paris |publisher=Éditions Nathan |page=117 |date=2014 |isbn=978-2-09-882654-0 |access-date=16 May 2015 }}</ref> Since 1975, the four national languages have been reintroduced in the first two years of primary education, with French becoming the sole language of education from the 3rd year onwards, but in practice many primary schools in urban areas solely use French from the first year of school onward.<ref name=lang_educ />

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}

[[File:Hemba male figure1.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[Hemba]] male statue]]
The culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reflects the diversity of its hundreds of [[ethnic group]]s and their differing ways of life throughout the country  — from the mouth of the [[Congo River|River Congo]] on the coast, upriver through the [[rainforest]] and [[savanna]] in its centre, to the more densely populated mountains in the far east. Since the late 19th century, traditional ways of life have undergone changes brought about by [[colonialism]], the struggle for independence, the stagnation of the Mobutu era, and most recently, the [[First Congo War|First]] and [[Second Congo War]]s. Despite these pressures, the [[convention (norm)|customs]] and cultures of the Congo have retained much of their individuality. The country's 81 million inhabitants (at close of 2016) are mainly rural. The 30% who live in urban areas have been the most open to [[Western culture|Western]] influences.

===Music===
Another feature in Congo culture is its music. The DRC has blended its ethnic musical sources with Cuban [[Cuban Rumba|rumba]], and [[merengue music|merengue]] to give birth to [[soukous]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133|author=Stone, Ruth M. |title=The Garland Handbook of African Music |page=133 |accessdate=24 August 2014|isbn=9781135900014 |date=2010-04-02 }}</ref> Other African nations produce music genres derived from Congolese soukous. Some of the African bands sing in [[Lingala]], one of the main languages in the DRC. The same Congolese soukous, under the guidance of "le sapeur", [[Papa Wemba]], have set the tone for a generation of young men always dressed up in expensive designer clothes. They came to be known as the fourth generation of Congolese music and mostly come from the former well-known band {{ILL|Wenge Musica|fr}}.

===Sports===
Many sports are played in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including [[Football in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|football]], basketball, and [[Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|rugby]]. The sports are played in numerous stadiums throughout the country, including the [[Stade Frederic Kibassa Maliba]].<ref>[http://www.worldstadiums.com/africa/countries/dr_congo.shtml Stadiums in the Democratic Republic Congo]. World Stadiums. Retrieved 27 February 2013.</ref>
As Zaire they have participated in the World Cup Football (Final stage) in 1974.

Internationally, the country is especially famous for its professional basketball [[NBA]] and football players. [[Dikembe Mutombo]] is one of the best African basketball players to ever play the game. Mutombo is well known for humanitarian projects in his home country. [[Bismack Biyombo]], [[Christian Eyenga]], and [[Emmanuel Mudiay]] are others who gained significant international attention in basketball. Several Congolese players and players of Congolese descent—including strikers [[Romelu Lukaku]], [[Yannick Bolasie]], and [[Dieumerci Mbokani]]—have gain prominence in world football. DR Congo has twice won the African Cup of Nations football tournament.

===Food===
{{Main|Congolese cuisine}}
Congolese cuisine is based on maiz, a mixture of maiz with boiling water and sometimes flour. This mixture is called "fufu" in Lingala, "bukali" in Swahili, and "tshibele" in Tshiluba. It's an important meal in DRC, the most important meal. Everybody can eat it with fish, chicken, or as a meal. It depends on your choice.

===Media===
{{main|Media of the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
Newspapers of the DRC include ''[[L'Avenir (newspaper)|L'Avenir]]'', ''Radion Télévision Mwangaza'', ''{{ILL|La Conscience|fr}}'', ''{{ILL|L'Observateur|fr|L'Observateur (RDC)}}'', ''Le Phare'', ''[[Le Potentiel]]'', ''Le Soft'' and ''LeCongolais.CD'',<ref>{{cite web|last1=International|first1=Courrier|title=Le Congolais|url=http://www.courrierinternational.com/notule-source/le-congolais|website=Courrierinternational.com/|publisher=Courrier International}}</ref> a web-based daily.<ref>"[http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/congok/congoknews.html Countries: Democatric Republic of the Congo: News]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6PAgrjRnm?url=http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/congok/congoknews.html Archive]).{{sic}} [[Stanford University]] Libraries & Academic Information Resources. Retrieved 28 April 2014.</ref> Radio Télévision Nationale Congolaise (RTNC) is the national broadcaster of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. RTNC currently broadcasts in [[Lingala language|Lingala]], French, and English.

=== Literature ===
[[List of Democratic Republic of the Congo writers|Congolese authors]] use literature as a way to develop a sense of [[national consciousness]] amongst the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] people. The tragic history of colonialism and [[Congo Crisis|war]] lead the Congolese people to settle in a place of complacency, accepting the culture that was forced upon them by the [[Belgian Congo|Belgium]].

The Belgian attitude was paternalism, training and treating Africans as if they were children. Belgian parliament replaced the privately owned free state. This acceptance led to a diffusion of language, and many Congolese people spoke, and wrote in [[French Congo|French]].

Modern Congolese literature began to emerge in the late 1950s. There are a few rare pieces of literature dated back to before [[East African Campaign (World War I)|WWI]], but it was not until about 1954 that literature written in French made its appearance in the Congo. After gaining their independence from Belgium in the 1960s<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Crisis|title=Congo Crisis|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>, new authors, such as Guy Menga and Jean Pierre Makouta-Mboukou, were inspired by older authors, such as [[Jean Malonga]], and used writing to bring attention to new issues affecting the Congo. The rise of female authors began in the 1970s introducing diversity to Congolese literature and support for gender empowerment. Many authors who have contributed to the success of Congolese literature are now living abroad due to economic and political issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/colonies_19e_eng.html|title=Women Perception of French Colonial Life in 19th Century Africa, 1996|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

[[Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie]] writes literature for the between generations of those who grew up in the Congo, during the time when they were colonised, fighting for independence and after. Yamusangie in an interview<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2690IMv3UDU|title=Frederick Kambemba Yamusangie Interview|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> said he felt the distance in literature and wanted to remedy that he wrote the novel, Full Circle, which is a story of a boy named Emanuel who in the beginning of the book feels a difference in culture among the different groups in the Congo and elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Full-Circle-Frederick-Yamusangie/dp/0595282946|title=Full Circle|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

[[Raïs Neza Boneza|Rais Neza Boneza]], an author from the [[Katanga Province|Katanga province]] of the Democratic Republic of Congo, wrote novels and poems to promote artistic expressions as a way to address and deal with conflicts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://raisnezaboneza.no/about-ras-n-boneza/|title=Rais Neza Boneza's Baraza|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

Born in 1907, [[Jean Malonga|Jean Molonga]], was a novelist and storyteller, who sat in parliament from 1946 to 1951. He was noted for his original work, ''Coeur d'Aryenne'', Heart of Aryenne, consisting of controversial themes; cultural identity, national unity, and reformation of the oppressed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.presenceafricaine.com/romans-litterature-africaine-caraibes/827-coeur-d-aryenne-9782708708730.html|title=Coeur d'Aryenne|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

These authors, along with others, used their platforms to bring awareness to the crises and conflicts that took place in the Congo.

==Environmental issues==
A dense [[tropical rainforest]] in the DRC's central [[drainage basin|river basin]] and eastern highlands is bordered on the east by the [[Albertine Rift]] (the western branch of Africa's [[Great Rift Valley|Great Rift System]]). It includes several of Africa's Great Lakes.

'''Major environmental issues'''

DR Congo's major environmental issues include:
* [[deforestation]]
* poaching, which threatens wildlife populations
* water pollution
* mining

Displaced refugees cause or are otherwise responsible for significant deforestation, soil erosion and wildlife poaching. Another significant issue is environmental damage from mining of minerals, especially diamonds, gold, and [[coltan]] – a mineral used to manufacture [[capacitors]].

=== Species and Biodiversity loss ===
[[File:Mountain_gorilla_(Gorilla_beringei_beringei)_yawn.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountain_gorilla_(Gorilla_beringei_beringei)_yawn.jpg|thumb|The endangered Mountain Gorilla, half of its population live in the DRC's [[Virunga National Park]], making the park critical habitat for these animals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/mountain-gorilla|title=Mountain Gorilla {{!}} Gorillas {{!}} WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en|access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref>]]
The environmental problems associated with The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) affect it's many endemic species of flora and fauna. The DRC has the worlds second largest contiguous rain forest after the [[Amazon rainforest|Amazon]] as well as other ecosystems including Savanna, swamps and flood plains. According to the [[World Wildlife Fund]], these unique habitats and species make the DRC one of the most valuable yet vulnerable areas in the world for biodiversity, wildlife protection and rainforest sustainability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/congo-basin|title=Congo Rainforest and Basin {{!}} Places {{!}} WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en|access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref>

Species loss has been cited as a problem in the DRC, brought about or exacerbated by reasons that include deforestation for mining, wood fuel, infrastructure or agriculture, war, illegal poaching and increased consumption of bush meat due to overpopulation and lack of food security.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Butsic|first=Van|last2=Baumann|first2=Matthias|last3=Shortland|first3=Anja|last4=Walker|first4=Sarah|last5=Kuemmerle|first5=Tobias|date=2015|title=Conservation and conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The impacts of warfare, mining, and protected areas on deforestation|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320715300045|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=191|pages=266–273|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2015.06.037|issn=0006-3207|via=}}</ref> Some attempts to combat species loss in countries such as the DRC are actions such as the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), specifically SDG 15 Life on Land, the primary goals of which is to increase reforestation and biodiversity and reduce species loss, desertification, and illegal poaching.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/biodiversity/|title=Forests, desertification and biodiversity - United Nations Sustainable Development|website=www.un.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref> One of the primary defences for species and habitat protection in the DRC is its system of national parks and reserves, which gives protected status to nearly 12% of the DRC's rainforest.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Butsic|first=Van|last2=Baumann|first2=Matthias|last3=Shortland|first3=Anja|last4=Walker|first4=Sarah|last5=Kuemmerle|first5=Tobias|date=November 2015|title=Conservation and conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The impacts of warfare, mining, and protected areas on deforestation|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.06.037|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=191|pages=266–273|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2015.06.037|issn=0006-3207}}</ref> Five of these parks and reserves are [[UNESCO world heritage]] sites, including Africa’s first national park [[Virunga National Park|Virunga national park]]. All of these parks have been put on the [[List of World Heritage in Danger|World Heritage in Danger List]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/conservation-congo-basin/|title=Natural World Heritage in the Congo Basin|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref> Poor governance and low economic conditions have reduced the effectiveness of these protections, especially during war times.<ref name=":4" /> The human cost of protecting these parks has also been high with 200 park ranger deaths in the past 20 years.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/642908252|title=The last stand of the gorilla : environmental crime and conflict in the Congo basin : a rapid response assessment|last=Johannes.|first=Nellemann, C., 1966- Redmond, Ian. Refisch,|date=2010|publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal|isbn=9788277010762|oclc=642908252}}</ref> [[Virunga National Park|Virunga national park]] and [[Salonga National Park|Salongo National Park]], both of which are [[UNESCO]] world heritage sites are currently being looked at for mining and oil exploration. The move would open 21.5% of the Virunga park for exploitation, this is highly criticised by animal rights activists as it would threaten the habitat of [[Mountain gorilla|Mountain Gorillas]] and other endangered species.

==== Deforestation ====
Between 2000 and 2014 the DRC lost an average of 570,000 hectares (0.2%) of rainforest to deforestation per year, with the highest amount of deforestation coming between 2011 and 2014.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=Nancy L|last2=Goldman|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Gabris|first3=Christopher|last4=Nordling|first4=Jon|last5=Minnemeyer|first5=Susan|last6=Ansari|first6=Stephen|last7=Lippmann|first7=Michael|last8=Bennett|first8=Lauren|last9=Raad|first9=Mansour|date=2017-02-01|title=Using spatial statistics to identify emerging hot spots of forest loss|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5a2f|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=12|issue=2|pages=024012|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aa5a2f|issn=1748-9326}}</ref> Deforestation is the primary cause of biodiversity reduction and species loss globally, through habitat loss and fragmentation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wwf.panda.org/our_work/wildlife/problems/habitat_loss_degradation/|title=Impact of habitat loss on species|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en}}</ref> One of the goals of the SDG 15 is to reduce deforestation and encourage reforestation by 2020

The DRC has Africa’s largest rainforest, which is under the threat of deforestation through mining operations, agriculture, infrastructure and wood fuel. In the DRC 94% of wood taken from the rainforest is used for wood fuel, mainly due to poverty, lack of energy infrastructure and the decentralised nature of its population. To mitigate this aid agencies have tried to promote agro-forestry with fast growing trees to avoid over exploitation of the rainforests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu/congo/forests-and-logging/woodfuel |title=Woodfuel in the Congo forests |website=Global Forest Atlas |access-date=2018-11-02}}</ref> Other large drivers of deforestation include mining and conflict, during the [[Second Congo War|Congo conflict]] deforestation by militia groups was high for wood fuel, small mining operations and illegal logging to fund their operations. However, conversely conflict reduced deforestation for large scale mining due to security instability.<ref name=":4"/>

One policy being attempted to reduce the deforestation and increase biodiversity in the DRC is the [[United Nations REDD Programme|UN-REDD]] program, which uses emissions trading system so that developed nations can off set their carbon emissions by paying developing nations with rainforest to manage and conserve their forest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.un-redd.org/|title=UN-REDD Programme|website=UN-REDD Programme|language=en|access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref>

==== Bush meat ====
Bush meat refers to any meat which is procured from the wild, as overpopulation and continual conflicts in the DRC has led to food shortages this has therefore increased the use of bush meat. Although, data on bush meat use is not extensive, studies estimate 6 million tonnes of animals are taken for bush meat globally each year.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Nasi|first=R.|last2=Taber|first2=A.|last3=Van Vliet|first3=N.|date=2011-09-01|title=Empty forests, empty stomachs? Bushmeat and livelihoods in the Congo and Amazon Basins|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554811798293872|journal=International Forestry Review|volume=13|issue=3|pages=355–368|doi=10.1505/146554811798293872|issn=1465-5489}}</ref> What animals are hunted are done so indiscriminately without thought of the importance of certain species that could be [[Ecosystem engineer|eco-system engineers]] or [[keystone species]].<ref name=":5" />

Bush meat is an important source of protein for millions in the DRC, especially in rural areas where it makes up 50-70% of meals and for some who cannot afford farmed produce it is a free meal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/10/27/499429139/theres-another-side-to-bush-meat-that-doesnt-get-much-attention|title=There's Another Side To Bush Meat That Doesn't Get Much Attention|work=NPR.org|access-date=2018-11-20|language=en}}</ref> A recent study in the DRC revealed that almost all of the animals are taken from the Congo each year, at 93% of all live animals there are in the forest are extracted for bush meat, whereas a sustainable rate would be 20%.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|last=Fa|first=John E.|title=Bushmeat Markets - White Elephants or Red Herrings?|date=2008-04-07|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470692592.ch3|work=Bushmeat and Livelihoods: Wildlife Management and Poverty Reduction|pages=47–60|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd|isbn=9780470692592|access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref> This is a huge amount compared to the Amazon where bush meat is hunted at only 3% the rate of the Congo.<ref name=":6" /> the study reveals the only way to solve this is to find other food sources to feed people in the Congo Basin as bush meat is their only means of eating.<ref name=":6" />Another study showed that the species of bush meat in the meat markets of the DRC's third largest city [[Kisangani]] were primarily [[Even-toed ungulate|Artiodactyla]] at 40.06% of the carcasses sold then [[Primate|primates]] at 37.79% of carcasses sold.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D|first=Olivier Basa|last2=M|first2=Casimir Nebesse|last3=K|first3=Consolate Kaswera|last4=M|first4=Judith Tsongo|last5=M|first5=Sylvestre Gambalemoke|last6=A|first6=Benjamin Dudu|last7=Makungu|first7=Lelo-Di|date=2017|title=Bush meat sold on the markets in Kisangani: analysis addressed to the right on species conservation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.2.9|journal=International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology|volume=2|issue=2|pages=624–629|doi=10.22161/ijeab/2.2.9|issn=2456-1878}}</ref>

Recently the prevalence of hunting for bush meat has declined because of the risk to hunters and butchers from the [[Ebola virus disease|Ebola virus]] from specifically ape and bat meat.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://www.phillytrib.com/|title=Ebola poses challenges for bush meat in Congo|last=Mednick|first=Sam|date=|work=Philadelphia Tribunal|access-date=}}</ref> Even though when the meat is cooked smoked or dried it kills the virus, business has dropped significantly with some hunters reporting as much of a reduction in sales of 80%.<ref name=":7" />

==== Conflicts ====
There has been a war in the DRC in different levels of intensity since 1994 when the country was called [[Zaire]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-11108589|title=Q&A: DR Congo conflict|date=2012-11-20|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en-GB}}</ref>. Although what was known as [[Second Congo War|Africas World War]] had ended in 2003 the Eastern part of the country still has on-going skirmishes between rebel groups and government forces<ref name=":2" />. No other method has reduced species population so dramatically than conflict, when a militia reached the [[Garamba National Park]] in 1997 with in 3 months, half of the parks elephants two thirds of the buffalos and three quarters of its hippos vanished<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/12/science/africa-war-animals-conservation.html|title=War’s Other Victims: Animals|last=Nuwer|first=R|date=|work=New York Times|access-date=2018-10-18|language=en}}</ref>. The reason conflict is so damaging to wildlife is the increased use of bushmeat to feed soldiers, the prevalence of weapons, the lucrative industry of selling exotic animals and ivory as well as the general failure of law and order.<ref name=":3" /> According to another study, which was taken during the time of the civil war in the [[Okapi Wildlife Reserve|Okapi Faunal Reserve]] there was a 50% reduction in the abundance of elephants and a vast change in the distribution of them to the more secluded areas of the park.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beyers|first=Rene L.|last2=Hart|first2=John A.|last3=Sinclair|first3=Anthony R. E.|last4=Grossmann|first4=Falk|last5=Klinkenberg|first5=Brian|last6=Dino|first6=Simeon|date=2011-11-09|title=Resource Wars and Conflict Ivory: The Impact of Civil Conflict on Elephants in the Democratic Republic of Congo - The Case of the Okapi Reserve|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0027129#references|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=6|issue=11|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0027129#references|issn=1932-6203}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Democratic Republic of the Congo|French language and French-speaking world}}
* [[Outline of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
* [[Index of Democratic Republic of the Congo-related articles]]
{{clear}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|ref={{harvid|Young|Turner|2013}}| last = Young| first = M. Crawford| last2 = Turner| first2 = Thomas Edwin| title = The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State| publisher = University of Wisconsin Press| edition = illustrated, reprint| date = 2013| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R5pJxgosjIIC| isbn = 9780299101138}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Clark, John F., ''The African Stakes of the Congo War'', 2004.
* Callaghy, T., ''The State-Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1984, {{ISBN|0-231-05720-2}}.
* {{cite book| last=Devlin| first=Larry| authorlink=Larry Devlin| title=Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67| publisher=PublicAffairs| location=New York| year=2007| isbn=978-1-58648-405-7}}.
* Drummond, Bill and Manning, Mark, ''The Wild Highway'', 2005.
* Edgerton, Robert, ''The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo.'' St. Martin's Press, December 2002.
* Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. [http://eeecon.uibk.ac.at/wopec2/repec/inn/wpaper/2007-31.pdf ''The Dark Side of Globalization. The Vicious Cycle of Exploitation from World Market Integration: Lesson from the Congo''], Working Papers in Economics and Statistics 31, University Innsbruck 2007.
* Exenberger, Andreas/Hartmann, Simon. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110901165807/http://vkc.library.uu.nl/vkc/seh/research/Lists/Events/Attachments/6/Paper.ExenbergerHartmann.pdf ''Doomed to Disaster? Long-term Trajectories of Exploitation in the Congo], Paper to be presented at the Workshop "Colonial Extraction in the Netherlands Indies and Belgian Congo: Institutions, Institutional Change and Long Term Consequences", Utrecht 3–4 December 2010.
* Gondola, Ch. Didier, "The History of Congo", Westport: Greenwood Press, 2002.
* Joris, Lieve, translated by Waters, Liz, ''The Rebels' Hour'', Atlantic, 2008.
* Justenhoven, Heinz-Gerhard; Ehrhart, Hans Georg. Intervention im Kongo: eine kritische Analyse der Befriedungspolitik von UN und EU. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 2008. (In German) {{ISBN|978-3-17-020781-3}}.
* [[Barbara Kingsolver|Kingsolver, Barbara]]. ''[[The Poisonwood Bible]]'' HarperCollins, 1998.
* Larémont, Ricardo René, ed. 2005. ''Borders, nationalism and the African state''. Boulder, Colorado and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
* Lemarchand, Reni and Hamilton, Lee; ''Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide.'' Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994.
* Mealer, Bryan: "All Things Must Fight To Live", 2008. {{ISBN|1-59691-345-2}}.
* [[Linda Melvern|Melvern, Linda]], ''Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide and the International Community''. Verso, 2004.
* Miller, Eric: "The Inability of Peacekeeping to Address the Security Dilemma", 2010. {{ISBN|978-3-8383-4027-2}}.
* Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Nyerere and Africa: End of an Era'', Third Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, "Chapter Six: Congo in The Sixties: The Bleeding Heart of Africa", pp. 147 – 205, {{ISBN|978-0-9802534-1-2}}; Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Africa and America in The Sixties: A Decade That Changed The Nation and The Destiny of A Continent'', First Edition, New Africa Press, 2006, {{ISBN|978-0-9802534-2-9}}.
* Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges, ''The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History'', 2002.
* O'Hanlon, Redmond, ''Congo Journey'', 1996.
* O'Hanlon, Redmond, ''No Mercy: A Journey into the Heart of the Congo'', 1998.
* Prunier, Gérard, ''Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe'', 2011 (also published as ''From Genocide to Continental War: The Congolese Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa: The Congo Conflict and the Crisis of Contemporary Africa'').
* Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo. ''The Congo: Plunder and Resistance'', 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-84277-485-4}}.
* Reyntjens, Filip, ''The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006 '', 2009.
* Rorison, Sean, ''Bradt Travel Guide: Congo  — Democratic Republic/Republic'', 2008.
* Schulz, Manfred. ''Entwicklungsträger in der DR Kongo: Entwicklungen in Politik, Wirtschaft, Religion, Zivilgesellschaft und Kultur'', Berlin: Lit, 2008, (in German) {{ISBN|978-3-8258-0425-1}}.
* Stearns, Jason: ''Dancing in the Glory of Monsters: the Collapse of the Congo and the Great War of Africa'', Public Affairs, 2011.
* Tayler, Jeffrey, ''Facing the Congo'', 2001.
* Turner, Thomas, ''The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality'', 2007.
* [[David Van Reybrouck|Van Reybrouck]], David, ''Congo: The Epic History of a People'', 2014
* Wrong, Michela, ''In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo''.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
{{Commons category|Mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
{{Scholia|topic}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090506023504/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-c/congo-democratic-republic-of-the.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
* [http://m.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13283212 Country Profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* {{CIA World Factbook link|cg|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080727023932/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/DRCongo.htm Democratic Republic of the Congo] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Congo,_Democratic_Republic_of_the}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
* [http://www.globalissues.org/article/87/the-democratic-republic-of-congo The Democratic Republic of Congo from Global Issues]
* {{cite web |url=http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |website=Africa South of the Sahara: Selected Internet Resources |publisher=Stanford University |location=USA |editor=Karen Fung }}

{{DRC topics}}
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Lesotho

2018-12-27T16:48:51Z

159.50.189.7:

{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{coord|-29.6|28.3|display=title}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Lesotho
| common_name = Lesotho
| native_name = '''Muso oa Lesotho'' ([[Sesotho language|Sesotho]])
| image_flag = Flag of Lesotho.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Lesotho.svg
| national_motto = {{native phrase|st|"Khotso, Pula, Nala"|italics=off}} {{small|"Peace, Rain, Prosperity"}}
| national_anthem = ''[[Lesotho Fatše La Bontata Rona]]'' {{small|''Lesotho, land of our Fathers''}}
| image_map = Location Lesotho AU Africa.svg
| map_caption = {{map caption |countryprefix= |location_color=dark blue |region=Africa |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[African Union]] |subregion_color=light blue}}
| image_map2 = Lesotho - Location Map (2013) - LSO - UNOCHA.svg
| capital = [[Maseru]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|29|28|S|27|56|E|type:city}}
| largest_city = Maseru
| official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Sesotho]] | [[English language|English]]}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |99.7% [[Basotho]] |0.3% other Africans}}
| demonym = {{unbulleted list |{{nowrap|Mosotho {{small|([[Grammatical number#Singular versus plural|singular]])}}}} |Basotho {{small|(plural)}}}}
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]]
| leader_title1 = Monarch
| leader_name1 = [[Letsie III of Lesotho|Letsie III]]
| leader_title2 = Prime Minister
| leader_name2 = [[Tom Thabane]]
| leader_title3 = Deputy prime minister
| leader_name3 = [[Monyane Moleleki]]
| leader_title4 = Assembly Speaker
| leader_name4 = [[Sephiri Motanyane]]
| legislature = [[Parliament of Lesotho|Parliament]]
| upper_house = [[Senate (Lesotho)|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[National Assembly (Lesotho)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = Independence
| established_event1 = from the United Kingdom
| established_date1 = 4 October 1966
| area_km2 = 30,355
| area_rank = 137th 
| area_sq_mi = 11,720 
| percent_water = 0.0032%
| population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Lesotho}}{{UN_Population|ref}}
| population_census = 2,031,348
| population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}}
| population_estimate_rank = 144th
| population_census_year = 2004
| population_density_km2 = 68.1
| population_density_sq_mi = 162.4 
| population_density_rank = 138th
| GDP_PPP = $7.448 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=89&pr.y=8&sy=2015&ey=2022&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=666&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Lesotho |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2017
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,868<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_nominal = $2.721 billion<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2017
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,413<ref name=imf2/>
| Gini = 54.2 
| Gini_year = 2015
| Gini_change = 
| Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=1&order=wbapi_data_value_2009%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=31 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408030926/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?page=1&order=wbapi_data_value_2009%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc#|archive-date=8 April 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| Gini_rank = 17
| HDI = 0.515
| HDI_year = 2018
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf|title=2016 Human Development Report|year=2016|accessdate=21 March 2017|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718200510/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf#|archive-date=18 July 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 160th
| currency = [[Lesotho loti]] (LSL), [[South African rand]] (ZAR)
| currency_code =
| time_zone = South African Standard Time
| utc_offset = +2
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = +266
| cctld = [[.ls]]
| footnote_a =
| footnotes = Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected.
}}

'''Lesotho''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Lesotho.ogg|l|ə|ˈ|s|uː|t|uː}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho|title=lesotho noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes {{!}} Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com|website=www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311081136/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lesotho#|archive-date=11 March 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> {{IPA-st|lɪ’sʊːtʰʊ}}) officially the '''Kingdom of Lesotho''' ({{lang-st|'Muso oa Lesotho}}) is an [[Enclave and exclave|enclaved country]] within the border of [[South Africa]]. It is just over {{convert|30000|km²|0|abbr=on}} in size and has a population of around {{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Lesotho}}|R}}/1e6 round 0}} million. Its capital and largest city is [[Maseru]].

Lesotho was previously the [[British Crown Colony]] of [[Basutoland]], but it declared independence from the United Kingdom on 4 October 1966. It is now a fully [[sovereign state]] that is a member of the [[United Nations]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], and the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC). The name ''Lesotho'' roughly translates to "the land of the people who speak Sesotho".<ref>{{cite book|title=No Place Left to Bury the Dead|author=Nicole Itano|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=2007|page=314|isbn=0-7432-7095-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture|author=Roman Adrian Cybriwsky|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2013|page=182|url=https://books.google.no/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|isbn=9781610692489|access-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508121735/https://books.google.no/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA182#|archive-date=8 May 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Lesotho}}
{{refimprove section|date=October 2015}}
[[File:King Moshoeshoe of the Basotho with his ministers.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Moshoeshoe I|King Moshoeshoe I]] with his Ministers]]

The original inhabitants of the area now known as Lesotho were the [[San people]]. Examples of their [[San rock art|rock art]] can be found in the mountains throughout the area.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = The Mountain Bushmen of Basutoland
| last = Walsham How
| first = Marion
| publisher = J. L. Van Schaik Ltd.
| year = 1962
| isbn =
| location = Pretoria
| pages =
}}</ref>

===Rule of Moshoeshoe I (1822–1868)===

The present Lesotho, then called Basutoland, emerged as a single [[body politic|polity]] under King [[Moshoeshoe I]] in 1822. Moshoeshoe, a son of Mokhachane, a minor [[tribal chief|chief]] of the Bakoteli lineage, formed his own [[clan]] and became a chief around 1804. Between 1821 and 1823, he and his followers settled at the [[Butha-Buthe]] Mountain, joining with former adversaries in resistance against the [[Mfecane|Lifaqane]] associated with the reign of [[Shaka Zulu]] from 1818 to 1828.

Subsequent evolution of the state hinged on conflicts between [[British Empire|British]] and [[Netherlands|Dutch]] colonists leaving the [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]] following its seizure from the French-allied Dutch by the British in 1795, and subsequently associated with the [[Orange River Sovereignty]] and subsequent [[Orange Free State]]. [[Missionaries]] invited by Moshoeshoe I, Thomas Arbousset, Eugène Casalis and Constant Gosselin from the [[Paris Evangelical Missionary Society]], placed at [[Morija]], developed [[orthography]] and printed works in the [[Sesotho language]] between 1837 and 1855. Casalis, acting as translator and providing advice on foreign affairs, helped to set up diplomatic channels and acquire guns for use against the encroaching Europeans and the [[Griqua people]].

[[Trekboer]]s from the Cape Colony showed up on the western borders of [[Basutoland]] and claimed land rights, beginning with Jan de Winnaar, who settled in the [[Matlakeng]] area in May–June 1838. As more [[Boer]]s were moving into the area they tried to colonise the land between the two rivers, even north of the [[Caledon River|Caledon]], claiming that it had been abandoned by the Sotho people. Moshoeshoe subsequently signed a treaty with the British Governor of the Cape Colony, Sir [[George Thomas Napier]], that annexed the Orange River Sovereignty that many Boers had settled. These outraged Boers were suppressed in a brief skirmish in 1848. In 1851 a British force was defeated by the Basotho army at Kolonyama, touching off an embarrassing war for the British. After repelling another British attack in 1852, Moshoeshoe sent an appeal to the British commander that settled the dispute diplomatically, then defeated the Batlokoa in 1853.
In 1854 the British pulled out of the region, and in 1858 Moshoeshoe fought a series of wars with the Boers in the [[Free State–Basotho War]], losing a great portion of the western lowlands. The last war in 1867 ended when Moshoeshoe appealed to [[Queen Victoria]], who agreed to make Basutoland a British [[protectorate]] in 1868.

===British rule (1868–1966)===
{{further|Basutoland}}
In 1869, the British signed a treaty at [[Aliwal North]] with the Boers that defined the boundaries of Basutoland, and later Lesotho, which by ceding the western territories effectively reduced Moshoeshoe's [[Realm|Kingdom]] to half its previous size.

Following the [[cession]] in 1869, the British initially transferred functions from Moshoeshoe's capital in [[Thaba Bosiu]] to a police camp on the northwest border, [[Maseru]], until administration of Basutoland was transferred to the Cape Colony in 1871. Moshoeshoe died on 11 March 1870, marking the end of the traditional era and the beginning of the colonial era. He was buried at Thaba Bosiu. In the early years of British rule between 1871 and 1884, Basutoland was treated similarly to other territories that had been forcefully [[annexation|annexed]], much to the chagrin of the Basotho.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire|author=James S. Olson, Robert S. Shadle (ed.)|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1996|page=118|isbn=0-313-27917-9}}</ref> This led to the [[Gun War]] in 1881.<ref name="cities">{{cite journal|title=City profile: Maseru, Lesotho|author=Sam Romaya, Alison Brown|journal=Cities|issue=2|volume=16|date=April 1999|pages=123–133|doi=10.1016/S0264-2751(98)00046-8}}</ref>

In 1884, Basutoland was restored its status as a protectorate, with Maseru again its [[capital city|capital]], but remained under direct rule by a [[governor]], though effective internal power was wielded by traditional [[tribal chief|chiefs]].

[[File:1959 Basutoland National Council stamps.jpg|left|thumb|1959 stamps for the Basutoland National Council]]

===Independence (1966–present)===
Basutoland gained its independence from Britain and became the Kingdom of Lesotho in 1966.<ref name="hansenvaa">{{cite book|title=Reconsidering Informality: Perspectives from Urban Africa|author=Karen Tranberg Hansen, Mariken Vaa|publisher=Nordic African Institute|year=2004|isbn=91-7106-518-0|page=180}}</ref>

In January 1970, the ruling [[Basotho National Party]] (BNP) lost the first post-independence [[general election]]s, with 23 seats to the Basutoland Congress Party's 36. Prime Minister [[Leabua Jonathan]] refused to cede power to the [[Basotho Congress Party]] (BCP), declared himself Tona Kholo (Sesotho translation of prime minister), and imprisoned the BCP leadership.

BCP began a [[rebellion]] and then received training in [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Libyan Arab Republic|Libya]] for its [[Lesotho Liberation Army]] (LLA) under the pretense of being [[Azanian People's Liberation Army]] (APLA) soldiers of the [[Pan Africanist Congress]] (PAC). Deprived of arms and supplies by the [[David Sibeko|Sibeko]] faction of the PAC in 1978, the 178-strong LLA was rescued from their [[Tanzania]]n base by the financial assistance of a [[Maoism|Maoist]] PAC officer, but they launched the [[guerrilla war]] with only a handful of old weapons. The main force was defeated in northern Lesotho, and later guerrillas launched sporadic but usually ineffectual attacks. The campaign was severely compromised when BCP's leader, [[Ntsu Mokhehle]], went to [[Pretoria]]. In the early 1980s, several Basotho who sympathised with the exiled BCP were threatened with death and attacked by the government of Leabua Jonathan. On 4 September 1981, the family of Benjamin Masilo was attacked. In the attack his 3-year-old grandson lost his life. Exactly four days later, Edgar Mahlomola Motuba, the editor of the popular newspaper [[Leselinyana la Lesotho]], was abducted from his home together with two friends and murdered.

The BNP ruled from 1966 until January 1970. What later ensued was a [[de facto]] government led by Dr. Leabua Jonathan until 1986 when a military [[coup d'état|coup]] forced it out of office. The [[Transitional Military Council]] that came to power granted executive powers to [[List of Kings of Lesotho|King]] [[Moshoeshoe II]], who was until then a [[ceremonial monarch]]. But in 1987 the King was forced into [[exile]] after coming up with a six-page memorandum on how he wanted the Lesotho's constitution to be, which would have given him more executive powers had the military government agreed. His son was installed as [[Letsie III of Lesotho|King Letsie III]].

[[File:Lesotho mountain village (5285775857).jpg|thumb|Lesotho mountain village]]
The chairman of the [[military junta]], Major General [[Justin Metsing Lekhanya]], was ousted in 1991 and replaced by Major General [[Elias Phisoana Ramaema]], who handed over power to a democratically elected government of the BCP in 1993. Moshoeshoe II returned from exile in 1992 as an ordinary citizen. After the return to democratic government, King Letsie III tried unsuccessfully to persuade the BCP government to reinstate his father (Moshoeshoe II) as [[head of state]].

In August 1994, Letsie III staged a military-backed coup that deposed the BCP government, after the BCP government refused to reinstate his father, Moshoeshoe II, according to Lesotho's constitution. The new government did not receive full international recognition. Member states of the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC) engaged in negotiations to reinstate the BCP government. One of the conditions Letsie III put forward for this was that his father should be re-installed as head of state. After protracted negotiations, the BCP government was reinstated and Letsie III abdicated in favour of his father in 1995, but he ascended the throne again when Moshoeshoe II died at the age of fifty-seven in a supposed road accident, when his car plunged off a mountain road during the early hours of 15 January 1996. According to a government statement, Moshoeshoe had set out at 1 am to visit his [[cattle]] at Matsieng and was returning to [[Maseru]] through the [[Maluti Mountains]] when his car left the road.<ref name=nyt>Donald G. McNeil Jr (16 January 1996) [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E4D91139F935A25752C0A960958260 King of Tiny Land Circled by South Africa Dies in Car Plunge]. [[The New York Times]].</ref>

In 1997, the ruling BCP split over leadership disputes. [[Prime Minister]] [[Ntsu Mokhehle]] formed a new party, the [[Lesotho Congress for Democracy]] (LCD), and was followed by a majority of members of [[parliament]], which enabled him to form a new government. [[Pakalitha Mosisili]] succeeded Mokhehle as party leader and the LCD won the general elections in 1998. Although the elections were pronounced free and fair by local and international observers and a subsequent special commission appointed by SADC, the opposition political parties rejected the results.

Opposition protests in the country intensified, culminating in a peaceful demonstration outside the royal [[palace]] in August 1998. Exact details of what followed are greatly disputed, both in Lesotho and South Africa. While the [[Botswana Defence Force]] troops were welcomed, tensions with [[South African National Defence Force]] troops were high, resulting in fighting. Incidences of sporadic [[rioting]] intensified when South African troops hoisted a South African flag over the Royal Palace. By the time the SADC forces withdrew in May 1999, much of the capital of [[Maseru]] lay in ruins, and the southern provincial capital towns of [[Mafeteng]] and [[Mohale's Hoek]] had seen the loss of over a third of their commercial [[real estate]]. A number of South Africans and Basotho also died in the fighting.

An Interim Political Authority (IPA), charged with reviewing the electoral structure in the country, was created in December 1998. The IPA devised a proportional electoral system to ensure that the opposition would be represented in the [[National Assembly]]. The new system retained the existing 80 elected Assembly seats, but added 40 seats to be filled on a proportional basis. Elections were held under this new system in May 2002, and the LCD won again, gaining 54 percent of the vote. But for the first time, opposition [[political parties]] won significant numbers of seats, and despite some irregularities and threats of violence from Major General Lekhanya, Lesotho experienced its first peaceful election. Nine opposition parties now hold all 40 of the proportional seats, with the BNP having the largest share (21). The LCD has 79 of the 80 [[constituency]]-based seats. Although its elected members participate in the National Assembly, the BNP has launched several legal challenges to the elections, including a recount; none has been successful.

On 30 August 2014, an alleged abortive military "coup" took place, forcing then Prime Minister [[Thomas Thabane]] to flee to South Africa for three days.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28994193 Lesotho 'coup' forces PM Thabane to South Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802202642/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-28994193# |date=2 August 2018 }}. BBC. 30 August 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-29045113 Lesotho PM Thabane returns home after fleeing 'coup'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029082641/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-29045113# |date=29 October 2018 }}. BBC. 3 September 2014</ref>

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Lesotho}}
{{multiple image|caption_align=center
|align= right
|direction= horizontal
|image1= Letsie III.jpg
|width1 = 120
|caption1= [[King]]
[[Letsie III of Lesotho|Letsie III]]
|image2= Tom Thabane.jpg
|width2 =107
|caption2= [[Prime minister]] [[Tom Thabane]]
|header=
|header_align= centre
}}
The Lesotho Government is a parliamentary or [[constitutional monarchy]]. The Prime Minister, [[Tom Thabane]], is [[head of government]] and has [[executive authority]]. The [[King of Lesotho]], [[Letsie III of Lesotho|Letsie III]], serves a largely ceremonial function; he no longer possesses any executive authority and is prohibited from actively participating in political initiatives.

The [[All Basotho Convention]] (ABC) leads a [[coalition government]] in the [[National Assembly of Lesotho|National Assembly]], the lower house of parliament.

The upper house of parliament, called the [[Senate of Lesotho|Senate]], is composed of 22 principal chiefs whose membership is hereditary, and 11 appointees of the king, acting on the advice of the prime minister.

The constitution provides for an independent judicial system, made up of the High Court, the Court of Appeal, Magistrate's Courts, and traditional courts that exist predominantly in rural areas. All but one of the Justices on the Court of Appeal are South African jurists. There is no trial by jury; rather, judges make rulings alone or, in the case of criminal trials, with two other judges as observers.

The constitution also protects basic [[civil liberties]], including [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of association]], [[freedom of the press]], [[freedom of assembly|freedom of peaceful assembly]] and [[freedom of religion]]. Lesotho was ranked 12th out of 48 sub-Saharan African countries in the 2008 [[Ibrahim Index of African Governance]].<ref>[http://moibrahimfoundation.org "Home | Mo Ibrahim Foundation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321114046/http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/# |date=21 March 2016 }}. moibrahimfoundation.org.</ref>

{{As of|2010}} the ''[[People's Charter Movement]]'' called for the practical annexation of the country by South Africa due to the [[HIV]] epidemic. Nearly a quarter of the population tests positive for [[HIV]].<ref>{{ cite web | url= http://www.helplesotho.org/lesotho/hivaids-in-lesotho/ | title= HIV/AIDS in Lesotho | website= HelpLesotho.org | quote= Lesotho has the second highest HIV prevalence rate in the world – more than 23 percent of people, or just under one in four people in the country are living with HIV. | deadurl= yes | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20141105165537/http://www.helplesotho.org/lesotho/hivaids-in-lesotho/ | archivedate= 5 November 2014 | df= dmy-all }}</ref> The country faced high unemployment, economic collapse, a weak currency and poor travel documents restricting movement. An African Union report called for economic integration of Lesotho with South Africa but stopped short of suggesting annexation. In May 2010 the Charter Movement delivered a petition to the South African [[High Commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commission]] requesting integration. South Africa's home affairs spokesman Ronnie Mamoepa rejected the idea that Lesotho should be treated as a special case. "It is a sovereign country like South Africa. We sent envoys to our neighbours – Botswana, Zimbabwe, Swaziland and Lesotho – before we enforced the passport rule. When you travel from Britain to South Africa, don't you expect to use a passport?"<ref>{{cite news |author= Alex Duval Smith |location= Maseru, Lesotho |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/06/lesotho-independence-south-africa |title= Lesotho's people plead with South Africa to annex their troubled country |work= The Observer |date= 6 June 2010 |accessdate= 4 July 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130915013456/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jun/06/lesotho-independence-south-africa# |archive-date= 15 September 2013 |dead-url= no |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Lesotho}}
[[File:LesothoEmbassyWashingtonDC.jpg|thumb|[[Embassy of Lesotho in Washington, D.C.|Embassy]] in Washington, D.C., United States]]
Lesotho's geographic location makes it extremely vulnerable to political and economic developments in South Africa. It is a member of many regional economic organisations, including the [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070812215034/http://www.sadc.int/member_states/index.php?country=Lesotho Lesotho Country profile]. Southern African Development Community</ref> and the [[Southern African Customs Union]] (SACU).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacu.int/ |title=Southern African Customs Union website |publisher=Sacu.int |accessdate=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903211938/http://www.sacu.int/# |archive-date=3 September 2010 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is also active in the United Nations (UN), the [[African Union]](AU), the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], and many other international organisations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612204352/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html#|archive-date=12 June 2007|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Prince]] Seeiso Simoné Seeiso is the present High Commissioner of the Kingdom of Lesotho to the [[Court of St. James's]]. The UN is represented by a resident mission as well, including [[UNDP]], [[UNICEF]], [[WHO]], [[FAO]], [[WFP]], [[UNFPA]] and [[UNAIDS]].

Lesotho also has maintained ties with the United Kingdom (Wales in particular), Germany, the United States and other Western states. Although in 1990 it broke relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and re-established relations with the [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan), it later restored ties with the PRC.

Lesotho also recognises the [[State of Palestine]]<ref name=State>{{cite web |url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2831.htm |title=Lesotho US State department |publisher=state.gov |accessdate=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702043225/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2831.htm# |archive-date=2 July 2010 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the [[Republic of Kosovo]].<ref>{{cite web| publisher= Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Kosovo| url= http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,2242| title= Pas njohjes nga Lesoto, Hoxhaj vazhdon lobimin në Afrikë (After recognition of Lesotho, Hoxhaj continues lobbying in Africa)| accessdate= 12 December 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141229124007/http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=1,4,2242#| archive-date= 29 December 2014| dead-url= no| df= dmy-all}}</ref>

In the past, it was a strong public opponent of [[apartheid]] in South Africa and granted a number of South African refugees political asylum during the apartheid era.<ref name=State/>

===Law===
Lesotho does not have a single code containing its laws; it draws them from a variety of sources including: Constitution, Legislation, Common Law, Judicial precedent, Customary Law, and Authoritative texts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/lesotho.htm |title=Millennium Web Catalog |publisher=nyulawglobal.org |accessdate=4 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620014058/http://nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Lesotho.htm |archivedate=20 June 2010 |df= }}</ref>

[[File:Chinese Lesotho project Lesotho Parliament II.jpg|thumb|The Parliament building in Maseru]]
The Constitution of Lesotho came into force after the publication of the Commencement Order. Constitutionally, legislation refers to laws that have been passed by both houses of parliament and have been assented to by the king (section 78(1)). Subordinate legislation refers to laws passed by other bodies to which parliament has by virtue of section 70(2) of the Constitution validly delegated such legislative powers. These include government publications, ministerial orders, ministerial regulations and municipal [[by-laws]].

Although Lesotho shares with [[South Africa]], [[Botswana]], [[Swaziland]], [[Namibia]] and [[Zimbabwe]] a mixed general legal system which resulted from the interaction between the Roman-Dutch Civilian law and the [[English Common Law]], its general law operates independently. Lesotho also applies the common law, which refers to unwritten law or law from non-statutory sources, but excludes customary law. Decisions from South African courts are only persuasive, and courts refer to them in formulating their decisions. Decisions from similar jurisdictions can also be cited for their persuasive value. Magistrates' courts decisions do not become precedent since these are lower courts. They are however bound by decisions of the High Court and the Court of Appeal. At the apex of the Lesotho justice system is the Court of Appeal, which is the final appellate forum on all matters. It has a supervisory and review jurisdiction over all the courts of Lesotho.

Lesotho has a dual legal system consisting of customary and general laws operating side by side. Customary law is made up of the customs of the Basotho, written and codified in the Laws of '''Lerotholi''' whereas general law consists of '''Roman Dutch Law''' imported from the Cape and the Lesotho statutes. The codification of customary law came about after a council was appointed in 1903 to advise the British Resident Commissioner on what was best for the [[Basotho]] in terms of laws that would govern them. Until this time, the Basotho customs and laws were passed down from generation to generation through oral tradition. The council was then given the task of codifying them, came up with the Laws of Lerotholi which are applied by customary courts today (local courts). Written works of eminent authors have persuasive value in the courts of Lesotho. These include writings of the old authorities as well as contemporary writers from similar jurisdictions.

===Districts===
[[File:Map of lesotho.png|thumb|Districts and Cities of Lesotho]]{{Main|Districts of Lesotho}}
For administrative purposes, Lesotho is divided into [[Districts of Lesotho|ten districts]], each headed by a district administrator. Each district has a capital known as a ''[[Camptown (Lesotho)|camptown]]''.
{{Columns-list|
* [[Berea District|Berea]]
* [[Butha-Buthe District|Butha-Buthe]]
* [[Leribe District|Leribe]]
* [[Mafeteng District|Mafeteng]]
* [[Maseru District|Maseru]]
* [[Mohale's Hoek District|Mohale's Hoek]]
* [[Mokhotlong District|Mokhotlong]]
* [[Qacha's Nek District|Qacha's Nek]]
* [[Quthing District|Quthing]]
* [[Thaba-Tseka District|Thaba-Tseka]]
}}
The districts are further subdivided into 80 constituencies, which consist of 129 local [[Community councils of Lesotho|community councils]].

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Lesotho}}
[[File:AfriSki.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Afriski]] resort in the [[Maloti Mountains]] of Lesotho]]
Lesotho covers {{convert|30355|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}. It is the only independent state in the world that lies entirely above {{convert|1000|m|ft|0}} in elevation. Its lowest point of {{convert|1400|m|ft|0}} is thus the [[List of countries by lowest point|highest in the world]]. Over 80 percent of the country lies above {{convert|1800|m|ft|0}}. Lesotho is also the southernmost landlocked country in the world and is entirely surrounded by South Africa. It lies between latitudes [[28th parallel south|28°]] and [[31st parallel south|31°S]], and longitudes [[27th meridian east|27°]] and [[30th meridian east|30°E]].

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Lesotho}}
Because of its elevation, Lesotho remains cooler throughout the year than other regions at the same latitude. Most of the rain falls as summer [[thunderstorm]]s. [[Maseru]] and surrounding lowlands often reach {{convert|30|°C|°F|abbr=on}} in summer. Winters can be cold with the lowlands getting down to {{convert|-7|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and the highlands to {{convert|-18|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at times. Snow is common in the highlands between May and September; the higher peaks can experience snowfalls year-round.

===Wildlife===
[[File:Aloe polyphylla 3.jpg|thumb|right|Aloe polyphylla]]
{{Main|Wildlife of Lesotho}}
{{See also|Category:Environment of Lesotho}}
There are known to be [[List of birds of Lesotho|339 bird species]] in Lesotho, including 10 globally threatened species and 2 introduced species, [[List of reptiles of Lesotho|17 reptile species]], including geckos, snakes and lizards, and [[List of mammals of Lesotho|60 mammal species]] endemic to Lesotho, including the endangered [[white-tailed rat]].

Lesotho flora is [[Alpine plants|Alpine]], due to the high and mountainous terrain. The [[Katse Botanical Gardens]] houses a collection of [[medicinal plants]] and has a large seed bank of plants from the [[Malibamat'so River]] area.<ref name=golesotho>{{cite web|title=Katse Botanical Garden|url=http://www.golesotho.co.za/Other%20Pages/Botanical%20Garden.html|publisher=St Ives Communications|accessdate=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227101048/http://www.golesotho.co.za/Other%20Pages/Botanical%20Garden.html#|archive-date=27 December 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flora - Semonkong Lodge|url=http://www.semonkonglodge.com/about-maletsunyane-falls/flora-of-lesotho/|website=Semonkong|accessdate=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082110/http://www.semonkonglodge.com/about-maletsunyane-falls/flora-of-lesotho/#|archive-date=20 December 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Lesotho}}
[[File:A vehicle on Sani Pass.jpg|thumb|[[Sani Pass]] on the South African border is a popular tourist attraction.]]
Lesotho is geographically surrounded by South Africa and economically integrated with it. The economy of Lesotho is based on agriculture, livestock, manufacturing and mining, and depends heavily on inflows of workers' [[remittance]]s and receipts from the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).<ref name="worldbank">{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/LESOTHOEXTN/0,,menuPK:356039~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:356029,00.html |title=World bank Lesotho: Country Brief |accessdate=3 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331100012/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/LESOTHOEXTN/0%2C%2CmenuPK%3A356039~pagePK%3A141132~piPK%3A141107~theSitePK%3A356029%2C00.html |archivedate=31 March 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/lesotho/lesotho_economy.html|title=CIA Lesotho Economy 2011|accessdate=3 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224071854/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/lesotho/lesotho_economy.html#|archive-date=24 February 2012|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The majority of households subsist on farming. The formal sector employment consists mainly of female workers in the apparel sector, male migrant labour, primarily miners in South Africa for three to nine months, and employment by the Government of Lesotho (GOL). The western lowlands form the main agricultural zone. Almost 50 percent of the population earn income through informal crop cultivation or animal husbandry with nearly two-thirds of the country's income coming from the agricultural sector. The percentage of the population living below USD [[Purchasing Power Parity]] (PPP) US$1.25/day fell from 48 percent to 44 percent between 1995 and 2003.<ref name="worldbank"/> The country is among the "Low Human Development" countries (rank 160 of 187 on the [[Human Development Index]] as classified by the UNDP, with 48.2 years of life expectancy at birth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/LSO.html |title=UNDP Lesotho – Country Profile: Human Development Indicatos |accessdate=10 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511193855/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/LSO.html |archivedate=11 May 2013 }}</ref> Adult literacy is as high as 82 percent. Among the children below the age of five years, 20 percent are under weight.<ref name="undp">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122115116/http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf# |date=22 November 2009 }}. The United Nations. Retrieved 7 March 2012.</ref>

Lesotho has taken advantage of the [[African Growth and Opportunity Act]] (AGOA) to become the largest exporter of garments to the US from sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralbank.org.ls/publications/Econo%20Review%20June%202011.pdf|title=Central Bank of Lesotho – Africa Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA): Economic Impact and Future Prospects|format=PDF|accessdate=4 February 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715041226/http://www.centralbank.org.ls/publications/Econo%20Review%20June%202011.pdf|archivedate=15 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> US brands and retailers sourcing from Lesotho include: Foot Locker, Gap, Gloria Vanderbilt, JCPenney, Levi Strauss, Saks, Sears, Timberland and Wal-Mart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insightnews.com/business/5126-purchase-for-africa-an-appeal-for-american-apparel-buys|title=Purchase for Africa: An appeal for American apparel buys|accessdate=28 October 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101064849/http://insightnews.com/business/5126-purchase-for-africa-an-appeal-for-american-apparel-buys|archivedate=1 November 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In mid-2004 its employment reached over 50,000, mainly female workers, marking the first time that manufacturing sector workers outnumbered government employees. In 2008 it exported goods worth 487 million dollars mainly to the US. Since 2004, employment in the sector has dwindled to about 45,000 in mid-2011 due to international competition in the garment sector. It was the largest formal sector employer in Lesotho in 2011.<ref name="smartlessons.ifc.org">{{cite web|url=http://smartlessons.ifc.org/smartlessons/lesson.html?id=1342|title=World Bank – IFC – Africa Can Compete! The Miracle of Tiny Lesotho—Sub-Saharan Africa's Largest Garment Exporter|accessdate=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731130428/http://smartlessons.ifc.org/smartlessons/lesson.html?id=1342#|archive-date=31 July 2013|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2007, the average earnings of an employee in the textile sector were US$103 per month, and the official minimum wage for a general textile worker was US$93 per month. The average gross national income per capita in 2008 was US$83 per month.<ref name="smartlessons.ifc.org"/> The sector initiated a major program to fight HIV/AIDS called Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA). It is an industry-wide program providing prevention and treatment for workers.<ref name="alafa">{{cite web|url=http://www.alafa.info/Pages/Default.asp |title=Apparel Lesotho Alliance to Fight AIDS (ALAFA) |accessdate=4 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225072316/http://www.alafa.info/Pages/Default.asp |archivedate=25 February 2011 }}</ref>

{{multiple image|caption_align=center
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Water and [[diamonds]] are Lesotho's significant natural resources.<ref name="worldbank"/> Water is used through the 21-year, multibillion-dollar [[Lesotho Highlands Water Project]] (LHWP), under the authority of the Lesotho Highlands Development Authority. The project commenced in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lhwp.org.ls/overview/treaty.htm |title=Lesotho Highlands Water Project: The Treaty |publisher=Lhwp.org.ls |date=24 October 1986 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219001053/http://www.lhwp.org.ls/overview/treaty.htm |archivedate=19 December 2013 }}</ref> The LHWP is designed to capture, store, and transfer water from the [[Orange River]] system to South Africa's Free State and greater Johannesburg area, which features a large concentration of South African industry, population, and agriculture. Completion of the first phase of the project has made Lesotho almost completely self-sufficient in the production of electricity and generated approximately US$70 million in 2010 from the sale of electricity and water to South Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lhwp.org.ls/Reports/PDF/Water%20Sales.pdf |title=LHWP Water Sales |format=PDF |accessdate=8 March 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510100115/http://www.lhwp.org.ls/Reports/PDF/Water%20Sales.pdf |archivedate=10 May 2011 }}</ref> The [[World Bank]], [[African Development Bank]], [[European Investment Bank]], and many other bilateral donors financed the project.

Diamonds are produced at the Letšeng, Mothae, Liqhobong, and Kao mines, which combined are estimated to produce 240,000 carats of diamonds in 2014, worth US$300 million. The Letšeng mine is estimated to produce diamonds with an average value of US$2172/carat, making it the worlds richest mine on an average price per carat basis.<ref>https://www.letsengdiamonds.co.ls/about-us/corporate-profile/</ref> The sector suffered a setback in 2008 as the result of the world recession, but rebounded in 2010 and 2011. Export of diamonds reached US$230 million in 2010–2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.centralbank.org.ls/publications/Quart%20Review%20Jun%202011.pdf|title=Central Bank of Lesotho – QUARTERLY REVIEW – June 2011|format=PDF|accessdate=6 March 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209055906/http://www.centralbank.org.ls/publications/Quart%20Review%20Jun%202011.pdf|archivedate=9 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1957, a South African adventurer, colonel Jack Scott, accompanied by a young man named Keith Whitelock, set out prospecting for diamonds. They found their diamond mine at 3,100 m elevation, on top of the Maluti Mountains in northeastern Lesotho, some 70 km from Mokhotlong at Letšeng. In 1967, a {{convert|601|carat|g|adj=on}} diamond (Lesotho Brown) was discovered in the mountains by a Mosotho woman. In August 2006, a {{convert|603|carat|g|adj=on}} white diamond, the [[Lesotho Promise]], was discovered at the Letšeng-la-Terae mine. Another {{convert|478|carat|g|adj=on}} diamond was discovered at the same location in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dan Oancea |title=Letseng-la-Terae: The 603 Carat Lesotho Promise Diamond |url=http://technology.infomine.com/articles/1/47/letseng.diamond.lesotho/letseng-la-terae.the.603.aspx |publisher=Technology.infomine.com |access-date=20 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213025641/http://technology.infomine.com/articles/1/47/letseng.diamond.lesotho/letseng-la-terae.the.603.aspx# |archive-date=13 February 2010 |dead-url=no |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Lesotho has progressed in moving from a predominantly subsistence-oriented economy to a lower middle income economy exporting natural resources and manufacturing goods. The exporting sectors have brought higher and more secure incomes to a significant portion of the population.<ref name="worldbank"/>

The global economic crisis hit the Lesotho economy hard, though: the loss of textile exports and jobs in the sector due largely to the economic slowdown in the United States which is a major export destination; reduced diamond mining and exports, including weak prices for diamonds; drop in SACU revenues due to the economic slowdown in the South African economy; and reduction in worker remittances due to weakening of the South African economy and contraction of the mining sector and related job losses in South Africa. In 2009, GDP growth slowed to 0.9 percent.<ref name="worldbank"/>

The official currency is the [[Lesotho loti|loti]] (plural: maloti), but can be used interchangeably with the [[South African rand]]. Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, and South Africa also form a common currency and exchange control area known as the [[Common Monetary Area]] (CMA). The loti is at par with the rand. One hundred '''lisente''' (singular: '''sente''') equal one loti.

Lesotho is a member of the [[Southern African Customs Union]] (SACU), in which tariffs have been eliminated on the trade of goods between other member countries [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]], South Africa, and [[Swaziland]]. Lesotho has received economic aid from a variety of sources, including the United States, the [[World Bank]], Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, the [[European Union]], and Germany.

== Population ==
{{See also|Demographics of Lesotho}}
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{|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|Population{{UN_Population|ref}}
|-
! style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! style="background:#cfb;"|Million
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|0.7
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|1.8
|-
|style="text-align:left;"|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|Lesotho}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|}

=== Demographics ===
Lesotho has a population of approximately {{UN_Population|Lesotho}}{{UN_Population|ref}}. The population distribution of Lesotho is 25 percent urban and 75 percent rural. However, it is estimated that the annual increase in urban population is 3.5 percent.<ref name="factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html|title=Lesotho|work=The World Factbook|access-date=15 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612204352/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/lt.html#|archive-date=12 June 2007|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Population density is lower in the highlands than in the western lowlands. Although the majority of the population—60.2 percent—is between 15 and 64 years of age, Lesotho has a substantial youth population numbering around 34.8 percent.<ref name="factbook"/>

=== Ethnic groups and languages ===
Lesotho's ethno-linguistic structure consists almost entirely of the [[Basotho]], a Bantu-speaking people: an estimated 99.7 percent of the people identify as Basotho. Basotho subgroups include the Bafokeng (''totems: '''phoka''' (dew), ''''mutla''' (hare)''), Batloung (''totem: '''tlou''' (elephant)''), Baphuthi (''totem: '''phuthi'''''), Bakuena (''totem: '''kuena''' (crocodile)''), Bataung (''totem: '''tau''' (lion)''), Batšoeneng (''totem: '''tšoene'''''), and [[Matebele]].

The main language, [[Sesotho]], is also the first official and administrative language, and it is what Basotho speak on an ordinary basis.

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in Lesotho}}
The population of Lesotho is estimated to be more than 95 percent Christian.<ref name="Pew Christians">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/|title=Table: Christian Population as Percentages of Total Population by Country|publisher=Pew Research Center|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511124911/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/table-christian-population-as-percentages-of-total-population-by-country/#|archive-date=11 May 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Protestants account for 50 percent of the population, ([[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]] 17.5 percent, [[Anglican Communion|Anglicans]] 7.5 percent, [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]] 21.9 percent and other Christians an additional 8.5 percent).<ref name="DHS 2014">{{cite web|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR309/FR309.pdf|title=Lesotho: Demographic and Health Survey, 2014|publisher=Ministry of Health|format=PDF|page=38|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225145605/http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR309/FR309.pdf#|archive-date=25 December 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Roman Catholics represent nearly 40 percent of the population, served by the province of the Metropolitan [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maseru|Archbishop of Maseru]] and his three suffragans (the bishops of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Leribe|Leribe]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mohale's Hoek|Mohale's Hoek]] and [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Qacha's Nek|Qacha's Nek]]), who also form the national [[episcopal conference]]. Non-Christian religions represent only 1.5% of the population, and those of no religion 3.5%.<ref name="DHS 2014"/>

=== Education and literacy ===

{{Disputed section|date=August 2018}}

[[File:National University of Lesotho Administration Block.jpg|thumb|[[National University of Lesotho]]]]
According to recent estimates, 85 percent of those older than 14 are literate. As such, Lesotho holds one of the highest literacy rates in Africa,<ref name="factbook"/> in part because Lesotho invests over 12 percent of its GDP in education.<ref name="unesco">{{cite web| url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/tableviewer/document.aspx?ReportId=143| title=Unesco Institute for Statistics: Date Centre| date=14 September 2007| accessdate=28 February 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130085835/http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/tableviewer/document.aspx?ReportId=143#| archive-date=30 January 2011| dead-url=no| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Unlike in most other countries, in Lesotho female literacy (88.7 percent) exceeds male literacy (70.1 percent) by 18.6 percentage points. According to a study by the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality in 2000, 37 percent of grade six pupils in Lesotho (average age 14 years) are at or above reading level four, "Reading for Meaning."<ref name=sacmeq>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacmeq.org/education-lesotho.htm |title=The SACMEQ II Project in Lesotho: A Study of the Conditions of Schooling and the Quality of Education. Harare: SACMEQ |publisher=Sacmeq |date=2 October 2005 |accessdate=4 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425052229/http://www.sacmeq.org/education-lesotho.htm |archivedate=25 April 2013 }}</ref> A pupil at this level of literacy can read ahead or backwards through various parts of text to link and interpret information. Although education is not compulsory, the Government of Lesotho is incrementally implementing a program for free primary education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.education.gov.ls/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=30 |title=Lesotho Ministry of Education and Training – Basic Education |publisher=Education.gov.ls |date=5 October 2005 |accessdate=4 July 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720222113/http://www.education.gov.ls/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=30 |archivedate=20 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Despite their literacy, Lesotho's residents struggle for access to vital services, such as healthcare, travel and educational resources, as, according to the [[International Telecommunication Union]], only 3.4 percent of the population use the Internet. A service from [[Telecom Lesotho|Econet Telecom Lesotho]] expanded the country's access to email through entry-level, low-end mobile phones and, consequently, improved access to educational information. The [[African Library Project]] works to establish school and village libraries in partnership with US Peace Corps Lesotho<ref name="peacecorps">{{cite web|url=http://www.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?shell=learn.wherepc.africa.lesotho |title=Peace Corps: Lesotho |date=14 July 2010 |accessdate=28 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205042351/http://www.peacecorps.gov/index.cfm?shell=learn.Wherepc.africa.lesotho |archivedate= 5 February 2011 |df= }}</ref> and the Butha Buthe District of Education.

==Health==
See [[Health in Lesotho]]

==Security==
[[File:Lesotho Defence Force Deputy Commander Maj. Gen. Motsomotso Medical Readiness Excercise 14-1.jpg|thumb|LDF Deputy Commander briefing soldiers.]]
The internal and external security of Lesotho is the responsibility of the Defence Commission, which is established and defined by article 145 of the Lesotho national Constitution. The Prime Minister is the Chairman ''ex officio'', and there are six other Defence Commission members, namely the Commander and Deputy Commander of the Lesotho Defence Force, the Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner of the Lesotho Mounted Police Service, and the Director and Deputy Director of the Lesotho National Security Service. The Defence Commission has power to strategically direct the defence force, the police, and the prison service, but not the security service, which is answerable only to the Government. The Defence Commission has power to appoint or remove the senior staff of the defence force, police, and prison service, but not the security service, whose Director and Deputy Director are personal appointments of the Prime Minister.<ref>See article 145 of the [http://library2.parliament.go.th/giventake/content_cons/lesotho.pdf Constitution of Lesotho] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182858/http://library2.parliament.go.th/giventake/content_cons/lesotho.pdf |date= 3 March 2016 }}.</ref>

The [[Lesotho Defence Force]] (LDF) is established under article 146 of the national Constitution, and charged with the maintenance of internal security and the defence of Lesotho. Its chief officer is designated ''Commander'' by the Constitution, and usually holds the rank of [[Lieutenant General]]. The LDF has a total strength of just over 3,000. The largest component is infantry, but they are supported by small artillery, logistics, and air force units, and a single [[armoured reconnaissance]] [[Company (military unit)|company]]. Since 2000, Lesotho Defence Forces have been trained by a small contingent of Indian Army Training Team, led by a Brigadier.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

The [[Lesotho Mounted Police Service]] (LMPS) is established under article 147 of the national Constitution, and charged with the maintenance of law and order. Its chief officer is designated ''Commissioner'' by the Constitution. The LMPS provides uniformed policing, criminal detection, and traffic policing. There are specialist units dealing with high-tech crime, immigration, wildlife, and terrorism. The current force has existed, despite changes of name, continuously since 1872.

The [[Lesotho National Security Service]] (LNSS) is established under article 148 of the national Constitution, and charged with the protection of national security. Its chief officer is designated ''Director'' by the Constitution. The LNSS is an intelligence service, reporting directly to the Government. The power to appoint or dismiss a Director is vested directly in the Prime Minister.

==Culture==
[[File:Retsilisitsoe Nthunya.jpg|upright|thumb|Child wrapped in a traditional [[Basotho blanket]]. {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}]]
{{See also|Music of Lesotho|List of African writers by country}}
Traditional musical instruments include '''''lekolulo''''', a kind of flute used by herding boys, '''''setolo-tolo''''', played by men using their mouth, and the woman's stringed '''''thomo'''''.

The national anthem of Lesotho is "''Lesotho Fatše La Bo-ntata Rona''", which literally translates into "Lesotho, Land of Our Fore-Fathers".

The traditional style of housing in Lesotho is called a mokhoro. Many older houses, especially in smaller towns and villages, are of this type, with walls usually constructed from large stones cemented together. Baked mud bricks and especially [[concrete masonry unit|concrete blocks]] are also used nowadays, with thatched roofs still common, although often replaced by corrugated roofing sheets.

Traditional attire revolves around the [[Basotho blanket]], a thick covering made primarily of wool. The blankets are ubiquitous throughout the country during all seasons, and worn differently by men and women.

The [[Morija Arts & Cultural Festival]] is a prominent Sesotho arts and music festival. It is held annually in the historical town of Morija, where the first missionaries arrived in 1833.

===Cuisine===
The [[cuisine of Lesotho]] includes African traditions and British influences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://foodspring.com/content/lesotho/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-04-01 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217042157/http://foodspring.com/content/lesotho/ |archivedate=17 February 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
The national dish of Lesotho is Motoho, a fermented sorghum porridge eaten throughout the country.

====Traditional food====
Because Lesotho has limited food resources, a majority of families in the country raise their own food and [[livestock]] to support themselves and their families.

Some staple foods include [[Pap (food)|pap-pap]], a [[cornmeal]] [[porridge]] covered with a sauce consisting of various vegetables. [[Tea]] and locally brewed [[beer]] are popular choices for beverages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethnic Food of Lesotho|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/ethnic-food-lesotho-36010.html|website=USA Today|accessdate=1 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310081024/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/ethnic-food-lesotho-36010.html#|archive-date=10 March 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Social issues==
Significant levels of [[child labour]] exist in Lesotho, and the country is in the process of formulating an Action Program on the Elimination of Child Labor (APEC). According to the UN, Lesotho has the highest rape rate of any country (91.6 per 100,000 people rate for reported rape in 2008).<ref>[http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_rap_rat-crime-rape-rate "Countries Compared by Crime > Rape rate. International Statistics at NationMaster.com"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201093758/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/cri_rap_rat-crime-rape-rate# |date=1 December 2011 }}. nationmaster.com.</ref>

Treatment of people with [[disability|disabilities]] is another major issue facing the country. According to the Lesotho Census 2006 around four percent of the population is thought to have some sort of disability. However, there are concerns regarding the reliability of the methodologies used and the real figure is thought to be closer to the global estimate of 15 percent. According to a survey conducted by the Lesotho National Federation of Organisations of the Disabled in conjunction with SINTEF,<ref>Yusman Kamaleri and Arne H. Eide (eds.) (2011) [http://www.lnfod.org.ls/uploads/1/2/2/5/12251792/report_lesotho_3101111.pdf Living Conditions of People with Disability in Lesotho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154124/http://www.lnfod.org.ls/uploads/1/2/2/5/12251792/report_lesotho_3101111.pdf# |date=2 April 2015 }}. SINTEF Technology and Society. lnfod.org.ls</ref> people with disability in Lesotho face significant social and cultural barriers which prevent them from accessing education, healthcare, and employment on an equal basis with others.

On 2 December 2008 Lesotho became the 42nd country in the world to sign the UN [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]. However, to date the treaty has yet to be domesticated. Despite lobbying efforts from disabled persons organisations, there have been no moves to develop disability specific legislation to protect the [[disability rights|rights of people with disabilities]]. Although the National Disability and Rehabilitation Policy was developed in 2011, as yet there has been no budget allocated for its implementation.

[[Sexual violence]] in Lesotho is a serious problem. International data from [[UNODC]] found the incidence of rapes recorded in 2008 by the police to be the highest in Lesotho.<ref name="unodc1">[http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/Sexual_violence_sv_against_children_and_rape.xls "Rape at the National Level, number of police recorded offenses".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210321/http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/Sexual_violence_sv_against_children_and_rape.xls# |date=29 October 2013 }} [[United Nations]].</ref>

One study in Lesotho found that 61 percent of women reported having experienced sexual violence at some point in their lives, of which 22 percent reported being physically forced to have sexual intercourse.<ref>[https://apha.confex.com/apha/133am/techprogram/paper_114115.htm "Magnitude of sexual violence in Lesotho"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201559/https://apha.confex.com/apha/133am/techprogram/paper_114115.htm# |date=29 October 2013 }}. confex.com.</ref> In the 2009 [[Demographic and Health Surveys|DHS survey]] 15.7 percent of men said that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife if she refuses to have sex with him, while 16 percent said a husband is justified to use force to have sex.<ref>[http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR241/FR241%5BNEW_completeHHQst_3March2012%5D.pdf Lesotho. Demographic and Health Survey 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205745/http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR241/FR241%5BNEW_completeHHQst_3March2012%5D.pdf# |date=29 October 2013 }}. Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Maseru, Lesotho. November 2010</ref> In another study, researchers have concluded that "Given the high prevalence of HIV in Lesotho, programs should address women's right to control their sexuality."<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17209284 | volume=37 | issue=4 | title=Sexual violence in Lesotho|year=2006 | journal=Stud Fam Plann | pages=269–80|author=L Brown}}</ref>

The ''Married Persons Equality Act 2006'' gives equal rights to wives in regard to their husbands, abolishing the husband's [[marital power]].<ref>Buhle Angelo Dube. [http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/lesotho.htm The Law and Legal Research in Lesotho] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620014058/http://nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Lesotho.htm |date=20 June 2010 }}. nyulawglobal.org</ref>

The [https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2015/ World Economic Forum's 2015 Gender Gap Report] ranks Lesotho 61st in the world for gender parity, while neighboring South Africa ranks 17th.<ref>[http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR2015/cover.pdf The Global Gender Gap Report 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025104805/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GGGR2015/cover.pdf# |date=25 October 2016 }}. World Economic Forum.</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Africa}}
*[[Index of Lesotho-related articles]]
*[[Outline of Lesotho]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Lesotho|collapsible=collapsed}}
* [http://www.gov.ls Government of Lesotho]
* [http://www.lesotholii.org/ Published Judicial Opinions]
* {{CIA World Factbook link|lt|Lesotho}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085124/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/lesotho.htm Lesotho] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{dmoz|Regional/Africa/Lesotho}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13728324 Lesotho profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* {{wikiatlas|Lesotho}}
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=LS Key Development Forecasts for Lesotho] from [[International Futures]]
{{Lesotho topics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles related to Lesotho
|list =
{{Countries of Africa}}
{{SACU}}
{{Southern African Development Community}}
{{African Union}}
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{{Monarchies|state=collapsed}}
{{English official language clickable map}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lesotho| ]]
[[Category:Southern African countries]]
[[Category:Countries completely surrounded by only one country]]
[[Category:Member states of the African Union]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Least developed countries]]
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1966]]
[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Bantu countries and territories]]
[[Category:Commonwealth monarchies]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Countries in Africa]]
[[Category:Landlocked countries]]

Gopnik

2018-11-29T16:30:44Z

159.50.189.7: I have added the refrence name for "gopnik" in portuguese. Thank you

{{About||people with this surname|Gopnik (surname)}}
{{expand language|topic=|langcode=ru|otherarticle=Гопники|date=October 2018}}
[[File:Ваван Панк.jpg|thumb|A stereotypical gopnik in a [[khrushchyovka]]]]
'''Gopnik''' ({{lang-rus|го́пник|p=ˈɡopnʲɪk}})<ref>Russian plural гопники (''gopniki''), also гопота (''gopota''), and гопари (''gopari'').</ref> is a pejorative stereotype describing a particular [[subculture]] in [[Russia]], [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]] and other [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet republics]] to refer to young men or women of sometimes lower-class suburban areas (usually under 25 years of age)<ref>Beiträge der Europäischen Slavistischen Linguistik (POLYSLAV)., Volume 8, 2005, {{ISBN|3-87690-924-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qpnjAAAAMAAJ&q=%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&dq=%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjiqf7d1_DJAhUS5GMKHXYFC70Q6AEIJDAB p. 237]</ref> coming from families of poor education and (sometimes) income. The female form is ''gopnitsa'' ({{lang-ru|го́пница|links=no}}), and the collective noun is ''gopota'' ({{lang-ru|гопота́|links=no}}). The subculture of Gopniks has its roots in the late [[Russian Empire]], and evolved during the 20th century in many cities in the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weirdrussia.com/2014/04/24/slav-squat-russian-disturbing-street-trend/|title=Slav Squat – Russian Disturbing Street Trend}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://exiledonline.com/russias-original-gangstas-meet-the-gopniki/|title=Russia's original gangstas: meet the gopniki|date=22 July 2010|publisher=}}</ref> As of late 2010s, this subculture is mostly a thing of the past, although youth street gangs that resemble gopniks still exist in Russia (see [[A.U.E.]]).

==Etymology==
Gopnik is most likely derived from the Russian slang term for a [[robbery|street robbery]]: [[gop-stop]] ({{lang-ru|Гоп-стоп|links=no}}).<ref name="Brit">{{cite web| date = July 17, 2008| url = http://adelanta.info/news/england12/index2008/07/17/3090.html| title= Британский исследовательский центр предлагает отказаться от слова "гопник"| publisher = Англия, Великобритания: энциклопедия, новости, фото. Всё об Англии и про Англию. Аделанта| accessdate= August 30, 2013 }}</ref>

However, it could also be related to ''GOP'', the [[acronym]] for the ''Gorodskoye Obshchestvo Prizreniya''. These were [[almshouse]]s for the destitute created by the Bolshevik government after the [[October Revolution]] in 1917. According to ''[[Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language|Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary]]'', a Russian [[explanatory dictionary]] (first published in the 19th century), an old slang word for "sleeping on street" was "гопать" (literally, "to gop") something that was related to the "mazuricks", or the criminals of [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref name="Brit" />

==Stereotypical appearance and behaviour==
Gopniks are often seen [[Slav squat|squatting]] in groups "in court" (на корта́х), "at the pictures" (на карташах), or "doing the crab" (на крабе) outside blocks of flats or schools.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ie/books?id=ta4EAQAAIAAJ&q=gopnik+-adam+-alison+russia&dq=gopnik+-adam+-alison+russia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQzZHGw4LYAhWMBcAKHSbaCUo4ChDoAQguMAE|title=Trans-national issues, local concerns and meanings of post-socialism: insights from Russia, Central Eastern Europe, and beyond|first1=Moya|last1=Flynn|first2=Rebecca|last2=Kay|first3=Jonathan D.|last3=Oldfield|date=1 June 2008|publisher=University Press of America|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="gop"/> It is described as a learned behavior attributed to Russian prison culture to avoid sitting on the cold ground.<ref name="gop">Ханипов Р. «Гопники» – значение понятия, и элементы репрезентации субкультуры «гопников» в России // "Social Identities in Transforming Societies"</ref>

Gopniks are often seen wearing [[Adidas]] tracksuits, which were popularised by the [[1980 Moscow Olympics]] Soviet team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://weirdrussia.com/2015/01/04/why-is-adidas-so-popular-among-russians/|title=Why is Adidas so Popular Among Russians?|date=4 January 2015|publisher=}}</ref> [[Sunflower seed]]s (colloquially ''semyon'' (семён), ''semki'' (семки) or ''semechki'' (семечки)) are habitually eaten by gopniks, especially in [[Ukraine]] and [[Russia]]. Gopniks can also be seen wearing flat caps and Adidas backpacks.

Gopniks are often associated with cheap alcohol, such as low-quality [[vodka]] and light beer, and cheap cigarettes.

The associated music of the gopniks is [[Russian chanson]] (more precisely, [[blatnaya pesnya]]). Since mid-2010s, gopniks started being associated with [[Hardbass|hardbass]] in internet memes and viral videos (starting with the YouTube video entitled "Cheeki Breeki Hardbass Anthem").<ref>[https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/cheeki-breeki Cheeki Breeki - Know Your Meme]</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ah Beng]] (Singapore)
* [[Ars (slang)]] (Israel)
* [[Bogan]] (Australia)
* [[Chav]] (England)
* [[Cholo]] (Mexico)
* [[Dresiarz]] (Poland)
* [[Flaite]] (Chile)
* [[Hoser]] (Canada)
* [[Jejemon]] (Philippines)
* [[Kazan phenomenon]]
* [[Ned (Scottish)]]
* [[Nozem]] (Netherlands)
* [[Raggare]] (Sweden)
* [[Thief in law]] (Soviet Union)
* [[Yob (slang)]] (United Kingdom and others)
* [[Zef]] (South Africa)
* [[Yankī]] (Japan)
* [[Redneck]] (United States)
*PGS (Portugal)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Gopnik}}

[[Category:Class-related slurs]]
[[Category:Pejorative terms for people]]
[[Category:Russian culture]]
[[Category:Social class in Russia]]
[[Category:Stereotypes of suburban people]]
[[Category:Stereotypes of working-class men]]
[[Category:Social class subcultures]]
[[Category:Criminal subcultures]]
[[Category:Working class in Europe]]
[[Category:Squatting position]]
[[Category:Soviet culture]]

Kolohe Andino

2018-11-07T08:54:05Z

159.50.189.7:

{{Infobox surfer
| name = Kolohe Andino
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|03|22}}
| nickname=Brother
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=11}}
| weight = {{convert|160|lb|kg|abbr=on}}
| stance =Regular (natural) foot (left foot forward)
| shapers=Matt Biolos
| quiver= 5 11" x 18.88 x2.25
| favorite_waves=Rags Right
}}

'''Kolohe Andino''' (born March 22, 1994 in [[San Clemente, California]]) is an [[United States|American]] surfer. He began to surf at age 10 and holds the record for the most [[National Scholastic Surfing Association]] championships won by a male competitor (9). He won both the ASP 6-Star Quiksilver Brazil Open of Surfing<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolohe Andino Wins the ASP 6-Star Quiksilver Brazil Open of Surfing|url=http://www.aspworldtour.com/2011/10/23/kolohe-andino-wins-the-asp-6-star-quiksilver-brazil-open-of-surfing/|publisher=Association of Surfing Professionals|accessdate=May 17, 2012|date=October 23, 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120719061554/http://www.aspworldtour.com/2011/10/23/kolohe-andino-wins-the-asp-6-star-quiksilver-brazil-open-of-surfing/|archivedate=July 19, 2012|df=}}</ref> and the Vans Pier Classic world tour events in 2011.
Andino's sponsors include [[Oakley, Inc.|Oakley]] eyewear, [[Neff headwear]] and [[Hurley International|Hurley]] wetsuits and clothing.

On January 8, 2015 Andino triumphed in the first ever [[World Surf League]] event, "The World Surf League Surf City Pro" held in [[Huntington Beach, California]].<ref name="wakewindandsurf">{{cite web|url=http://wakewindandsurf.com/surf-news/kolohe-andino-wins-2015-wsl-shoe-city-pro/17274|title=Kolohe Andino wins 2015 WSL Shoe City Pro|publisher=wakewindandsurf.com|accessdate=September 20, 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldsurfleague.com/athletes/1164/kolohe-andino/ Profile @ World Surf League]
* [http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2009/writers/arash_markazi/06/23/surfers/index.html Article in Sports Illustrated]

{{ASP World Tour Men}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andino, Kolohe}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:American surfers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:World Surf League surfers]]

List of footballers with 100 or more Premier League goals

2018-10-25T15:40:05Z

159.50.189.7: /* Players */ All 113 of Harry Kane's goals were scored for Tottenham. Not a single one for Norwich. they should not be included here. it's inaccurate.

{{see also|List of footballers in England and Scotland by number of league goals}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Multiple image
|align = right |direction = vertical
|image1 = Alan Shearer 2008.jpg |width1 = 180 |alt1 = Shearer |caption1 = [[Alan Shearer]] was the first player to score 200 Premier League goals, and is the only player to score 100 goals for two separate clubs.
|image2 = Wayne Rooney 144855cropped.jpg | width2 = 180 |alt2 = Rooney |caption2 = [[Wayne Rooney]] is the second Premier League player to score 200 goals or more and the player with the most goals for a single club.
|image3 = Frank Lampard 2010.JPG |width3 = 180 |alt3 = Lampard |caption3 = [[Frank Lampard]] is the Premier League's highest scoring [[midfielder]] of all time.
|image4 = Thierry Henry applauding 2012.jpg |width4 = 180 |alt4 = Henry |caption4 = [[Thierry Henry]] scored 175 Premier League goals, the most by a foreign player.
|image5 = Ryan Giggs vs MLS All Stars 2010.jpg |width5 = 180 |alt5 = Giggs |caption5 = [[Ryan Giggs]] is the only player to have scored in each of the first 21 Premier League seasons.
|image6 = Didier Drogba.JPG |width6 = 180 |alt6 = Drogba |caption6 = [[Didier Drogba]] is the only African player to score 100 Premier League goals.
}}
Since the [[Premier League]]'s formation at the start of the [[1992–93 FA Premier League|1992–93 season]], 28 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition.

During the [[1995–96 FA Premier League|1995–96 season]], [[Alan Shearer]] became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bent poised to join 100 club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/features/bent-poised-to-join-100-club.html |publisher=Premier League |work=PremierLeague.com |date=30 January 2012 |accessdate=2 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020032210/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/features/bent-poised-to-join-100-club.html |archivedate=20 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bent delighted to join 100 goals club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/bent-delighted-to-join-100-goals-clubs.html |publisher=Premier League |work=PremierLeague.com |date=2 February 2012 |accessdate=2 February 2012 }}</ref> After Shearer, [[Harry Kane]] is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 141 games.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/tottenham-hotspur/story/3355710/tottenham-striker-harry-kane-scores-100th-premier-league-goal |title=Tottenham striker Harry Kane scores 100th Premier League goal |author=Dan Kilpatrick|work=ESPN |date=4 February 2018 }}</ref>

== Players ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%"
|+List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals {{updated|29 September 2018}}. Sources:<ref name="blstats">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/stats/top/players/goals?co=1&se=-1&co=1&cl=-1&iso=-1&po=-1?se=-1 |title=Premier League Player Stats: Goals |accessdate=10 December 2017 |work=PremierLeague.com|publisher= Premier League }}</ref><ref name="plstats">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players |title=Premier League Players – Overview and Stats |accessdate=10 December 2017 |work=PremierLeague.com|publisher= Premier League }}</ref>
|-
!scope="col"|Rank
!scope="col"|Nat.
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Premier League club(s)
!scope="col"|Goals
!scope="col"|Played
!scope="col"|Ratio
|-
|1
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Alan|Shearer}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]]
|260
|441
|0.59
|-
|2
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Wayne|Rooney}}''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Everton F.C.|Everton]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|208
|494
|0.42
|-
|3
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Andy|Cole}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
|187
|414
|0.45
|-
|4
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Frank|Lampard}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|177
|609
|0.29
|-
|5
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|France}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Thierry|Henry}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
|175
|258
|0.68
|-
|6
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Robbie|Fowler}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|163
|379
|0.43
|-
|7
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|'''{{sortname|Jermain|Defoe}}'''
|style="text-align:left"|[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], [[A.F.C. Bournemouth|Bournemouth]]
|162
|491
|0.33
|-
|8
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Michael|Owen}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]]
|150
|326
|0.46
|-
|9
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Les|Ferdinand}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]], [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]]
|149
|351
|0.42
|-
|10
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Argentina}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|'''{{sortname|Sergio|Agüero}}'''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|149
|215
|0.69
|-
|11
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Teddy|Sheringham}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]
|146
|418
|0.35
|-

|-
|12
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Robin van|Persie}}''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|144
|280
|0.51
|-
|13
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Jimmy Floyd|Hasselbaink}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]], [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]]
|127
|288
|0.44
|-
|14
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Republic of Ireland}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Robbie|Keane}}''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]], [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|126
|349
|0.36
|-
|15
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|France}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Nicolas|Anelka}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]
|125
|364
|0.34
|-
|16
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Dwight|Yorke}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]]
|123
|375
|0.33
|-
|17
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Steven|Gerrard}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
|120
|504
|0.24
|-
|rowspan=2|18
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Ian|Wright}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]
|rowspan=2|113
|213
|0.53
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|'''{{sortname|Harry|Kane}}'''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur|160
|0.71
|-
|20
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Dion|Dublin}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|111
|312
|0.36
|-
|21
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Emile|Heskey}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]], [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|110
|516
|0.21
|-
|22
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Wales}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Ryan|Giggs}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|109
|632
|0.17
|-
|23

|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Peter|Crouch}}''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]]
|108
|462
|0.23
|-
|23
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Paul|Scholes}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|107
|499
|0.21
|-
|25
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Darren|Bent}}''
| style="text-align:left" |[[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]], [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]]
|106
|276
|0.38
|-
|26
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Belgium}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|'''{{sortname|Romelu|Lukaku}}'''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]], [[Everton F.C.|Everton]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|105
|225
|0.47
|-
|27
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Didier|Drogba}}''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]
|104
|254
|0.41
|-
|28
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Matt|Le Tissier}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]]
|100
|270
|0.37
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="7"|''Italics'' show players still playing professional football; '''Bold''' shows players still playing in the Premier League.<ref name="blstats"/>
|}

==See also==
*[[English football first tier top scorers]]
*[[List of top Premier League goal scorers by season]]
*[[List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Premier League}}

[[Category:Lists of Premier League players|hundred]]
[[Category:Association football records and statistics|Premier League]]
[[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]

Bancassurance

2018-08-31T08:25:38Z

159.50.189.7: typo

{{multiple issues|
{{Underlinked|date=September 2014}}
{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}
}}

{{Use British English|date=April 2013}}
'''Bancassurance''', is a relationship between a [[bank]] and an [[insurance]] company, aimed at offering insurance products or insurance benefits to the bank's customers.

In this partnership, bank staff and tellers become the point of sale and point of contact for the customer. Bank staff are advised and supported by the insurance company through wholesale product information, marketing campaigns and sales training.

The bank and the insurance company share the commission. Insurance policies are processed and administered by the insurance company.

This partnership arrangement can be profitable for both companies. Banks can earn additional revenue by selling the insurance products, while insurance companies are able to expand their customer base without having to expand their sales forces or pay commissions to insurance agents or brokers.

Bancassurance has proved to be an effective distribution channel in a number of countries in Europe, Latin America, Asia and Australia.

BIM differs from '''classic''' or '''Traditional Insurance Model''' ('''TIM''') in that TIM insurance companies tend to have larger insurance sales teams and generally work with brokers and third party agents.

An additional approach, the '''Hybrid Insurance Model''' ('''HIM'''), is a mix between BIM and TIM. HIM insurance companies may have a sales force, may use brokers and agents and may have a partnership with a bank.

''BIM'' is extremely popular in European countries such as Spain, France and Austria.

The use of the term picked up as banks and insurance companies merged and banks sought to provide insurance, especially in markets that have been liberalised recently. It is a controversial idea, and many feel it gives banks too great a control over the financial industry or creates too much competition with existing insurers.

In some countries, bank insurance is still largely prohibited, but it was recently legalized in countries such as when the [[Glass–Steagall Act]] was repealed after the passage. But revenues have been modest and flat in recent years, and most insurance sales in U.S. banks are for mortgage insurance, life insurance or property insurance related to loans. But China recently allowed banks to buy insurers and vice versa, stimulating the bancassurance product, and some major global insurers in China have seen the bancassurance product greatly expand sales to individuals across several product lines.

''Private-bankassurance'' is a wealth management process pioneered by Lombard International Assurance and now used globally. The concept combines private banking and investment management services with the sophisticated use of life assurance as a financial planning structure to achieve fiscal advantages and security for wealthy investors and their families. The banks are the agent of the insurance companies to sell them more and more policies.
Bancassurance is an efficient distribution channel with higher productivity and lower costs than traditional distribution channel.

==Business models across the world==
''''Integrated models'''' is insurance activity deeply integrated with bank's processes. Premium is usually collected by the bank, usually direct debit from customer's account held in that bank. New business data entry is done in the bank branches and workflows between the bank and the insurance companies are automated. In most cases, asset management is done by the bank’s asset management subsidiary.

Insurance products are distributed by branch staff, which is sometimes supported by specialised insurance advisers for more sophisticated products or for certain types of clients. Life insurance products are fully integrated in the bank’s range of savings and investment products and the trend is for branch staff to sell a growing number of insurance products that are becoming farther removed from its core business, e.g., protection, health, or non-life products.

Products are mainly medium- and long-term tax-advantaged investment products. They are designed specifically for bancassurance channels to meet the needs of branch advisers in terms of simplicity and similarity with banking products. In particular, these products often have a low-risk insurance component.

Bank branches receive commissions for the sale of life insurance products. Part of the commissions can be paid to branch staff as commissions or bonuses based on the achievement of sales targets.

''''Non-integrated Models'''' – The sale of life insurance products by branch staff has been limited by regulatory constraints since most investment-based products can only be sold by authorised financial advisers who have obtained a minimum qualification.

Banks have therefore set up networks of financial advisers authorised to sell regulated insurance products.They usually operate as tied agents and sell exclusively the products manufactured by the bank’s in-house insurance company or its third-party provider(s).

A proactive approach is used to generate leads for the financial advisers from the customer base, including through mailings and telesales. There is increasing focus on developing relationships with the large number of customers who rarely or never visit a bank branch.

Financial planners are typically employed by the bank or building society rather than the life company and usually receive a basic salary plus a bonus element based on a combination of factors including sales volumes, persistency, and product mix.

Following the reform of the polarisation regime, banks will have the possibility to become multi-tied distributors offering a range of products from different providers. This has the potential to strengthen the position of bancassurers by allowing them to meet their customers’ needs.

==Conclusion==

Bancassurance plays a major role in worldwide insurance and dominates several major European markets such as France and Italy. Its market share is expected{{By whom|date=April 2013}} to accrue with the deregulation taking place in several Asian countries and in the UK.

Bancassurance encompasses a variety of business models. We{{Who|date=April 2013}} believe these business models fall broadly in three categories:
* Integrated models (where the bancassurance activity is closely tied to the banking business).
* Advice-based models (where there is less integration and the distribution is based on using professional insurance advisers to sell to the clients of the bank).
* Open architecture models.
The business model tends to impact all aspects of the bancassurance activity including the company structure,sales and marketing, product design, and sales remuneration.

In most countries, bancassurance has tended to see a gradual evolution in the products offered from protection business closely related to the banks lending activity to general savings business and finally to a wider range of protection products.

In many countries, the choice of a business model is influenced by regulatory constraints (e.g., the minimum qualification required to sell insurance products, the type of products that banks are allowed to sell, or the nature of the relationship between banks and insurance companies).

Bancassurance can be an efficient distribution mechanism with potentially higher sales and lower costs than traditional, segregated, distribution channels, in other words, in additional cost and revenue [[Corporate synergy|synergies]]. These advantages are positively correlated to the degree of the integration of the banking and insurance products, although there is no evidence showing the precise extent of the relationship between the two. The collapse of Fortis in Belgium, and the withdrawal of other players from the bancassurance market, since the crisis, has led to a reduced level of interest in this area.<ref>https://www.ft.com/content/deb7646a-ed33-11e6-ba01-119a44939bb6</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bancassurance.asp Bancassurance on Investopedia]

[[Category:Separation of investment and retail banking]]
[[Category:Types of insurance]]

List of footballers with 100 or more Premier League goals

2018-08-29T08:58:04Z

159.50.189.7: /* Players */

{{see also|List of footballers in England and Scotland by number of league goals}}
{{pp-pc1}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Multiple image
|align = right |direction = vertical
|image1 = Alan Shearer 2008.jpg |width1 = 180 |alt1 = Shearer |caption1 = [[Alan Shearer]] was the first player to score 200 Premier League goals, and is the only player to score 100 goals for two separate clubs.
|image2 = Wayne Rooney 144855cropped.jpg | width2 = 180 |alt2 = Rooney |caption2 = [[Wayne Rooney]] is the second Premier League player to score 200 goals or more and the player with the most goals for a single club.
|image3 = Frank Lampard 2010.JPG |width3 = 180 |alt3 = Lampard |caption3 = [[Frank Lampard]] is the Premier League's highest scoring [[midfielder]] of all time.
|image4 = Thierry Henry applauding 2012.jpg |width4 = 180 |alt4 = Henry |caption4 = [[Thierry Henry]] scored 175 Premier League goals, the most by a foreign player.
|image5 = Ryan Giggs vs MLS All Stars 2010.jpg |width5 = 180 |alt5 = Giggs |caption5 = [[Ryan Giggs]] is the only player to have scored in each of the first 21 Premier League seasons.
|image6 = Didier Drogba.JPG |width6 = 180 |alt6 = Drogba |caption6 = [[Didier Drogba]] is the only African player to score 100 Premier League goals.
}}
Since the [[Premier League]]'s formation at the start of the [[1992–93 FA Premier League|1992–93 season]], 28 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition.

During the [[1995–96 FA Premier League|1995–96 season]], [[Alan Shearer]] became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bent poised to join 100 club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/features/bent-poised-to-join-100-club.html |publisher=Premier League |work=PremierLeague.com |date=30 January 2012 |accessdate=2 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020032210/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/features/bent-poised-to-join-100-club.html |archivedate=20 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bent delighted to join 100 goals club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/bent-delighted-to-join-100-goals-clubs.html |publisher=Premier League |work=PremierLeague.com |date=2 February 2012 |accessdate=2 February 2012 }}</ref> After Shearer, [[Harry Kane]] is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 141 games.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/tottenham-hotspur/story/3355710/tottenham-striker-harry-kane-scores-100th-premier-league-goal |title=Tottenham striker Harry Kane scores 100th Premier League goal |author=Dan Kilpatrick|work=ESPN |date=4 February 2018 }}</ref>

== Players ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%"
|+List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals {{updated|27 August 2018}}. Sources:<ref name="blstats">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/stats/top/players/goals?co=1&se=-1&co=1&cl=-1&iso=-1&po=-1?se=-1 |title=Premier League Player Stats: Goals |accessdate=10 December 2017 |work=PremierLeague.com|publisher= Premier League }}</ref><ref name="plstats">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players |title=Premier League Players – Overview and Stats |accessdate=10 December 2017 |work=PremierLeague.com|publisher= Premier League }}</ref>
|-
!scope="col"|Rank
!scope="col"|Nat.
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Premier League club(s)
!scope="col"|Goals
!scope="col"|Played
!scope="col"|Ratio
|-
|1
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Alan|Shearer}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]]
|260
|441
|0.59
|-
|2
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Wayne|Rooney}}''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Everton F.C.|Everton]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|208
|494
|0.42
|-
|3
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Andy|Cole}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]]
|187
|414
|0.45
|-
|4
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Frank|Lampard}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|177
|609
|0.29
|-
|5
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|France}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Thierry|Henry}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
|175
|258
|0.68
|-
|6
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Robbie|Fowler}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|163
|379
|0.43
|-
|7
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|'''{{sortname|Jermain|Defoe}}'''
|style="text-align:left"|[[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], [[A.F.C. Bournemouth|Bournemouth]]
|162
|491
|0.33
|-
|8
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Michael|Owen}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]]
|150
|326
|0.46
|-
|9
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Les|Ferdinand}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], [[Newcastle United F.C.|Newcastle United]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]], [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]]
|149
|351
|0.42
|-
|rowspan="2"|10
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Teddy|Sheringham}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Nottingham Forest F.C.|Nottingham Forest]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]
|rowspan="2"|146
|418
|0.35
|-

|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Argentina}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|'''{{sortname|Sergio|Agüero}}'''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|208
|0.70
|-
|12
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Netherlands}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Robin van|Persie}}''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|144
|280
|0.51
|-
|13
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Netherlands}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Jimmy Floyd|Hasselbaink}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]], [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]]
|127
|288
|0.44
|-
|14
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Republic of Ireland}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Robbie|Keane}}''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]], [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|126
|349
|0.36
|-
|15
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|France}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Nicolas|Anelka}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], [[Bolton Wanderers F.C.|Bolton Wanderers]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]]
|125
|364
|0.34
|-
|16
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Dwight|Yorke}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]], [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]]
|123
|375
|0.33
|-
|17
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Steven|Gerrard}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
|120
|504
|0.24
|-
| 18
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Ian|Wright}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]]
|113
|213
|0.53
|-
|19
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Dion|Dublin}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]], [[Coventry City F.C.|Coventry City]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|111
|312
|0.36
|-
|rowspan="2"|20
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Emile|Heskey}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]], [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]]
|rowspan="2"|110
|516
|0.21
|-
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|'''{{sortname|Harry|Kane}}'''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]
|156
|0.71
|-
|22
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Wales}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Ryan|Giggs}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|109
|632
|0.17
|-
|23

|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Peter|Crouch}}''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]], [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]], [[Portsmouth F.C.|Portsmouth]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke City]]
|108
|462
|0.23
|-
|23
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Paul|Scholes}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|107
|499
|0.21
|-
|25
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Darren|Bent}}''
| style="text-align:left" |[[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]], [[Charlton Athletic F.C.|Charlton Athletic]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]], [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]]
|106
|276
|0.38
|-
|26
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|''{{sortname|Didier|Drogba}}''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]
|104
|254
|0.41
|-
|27
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|Belgium}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|'''{{sortname|Romelu|Lukaku}}'''
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.|West Bromwich Albion]], [[Everton F.C.|Everton]], [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|102
|221
|0.46
|-
|28
|style="text-align:left"|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="text-align:left"|{{sortname|Matt|Le Tissier}}
|style="text-align:left"|[[Southampton F.C.|Southampton]]
|100
|270
|0.37
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan="7"|''Italics'' show players still playing professional football; '''Bold''' shows players still playing in the Premier League.<ref name="blstats"/>
|}

==See also==
*[[English football first tier top scorers]]
*[[List of top Premier League goal scorers by season]]
*[[List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Premier League}}

[[Category:Lists of Premier League players|hundred]]
[[Category:Association football records and statistics|Premier League]]
[[Category:Association football player non-biographical articles]]

Belfast Telegraph

2018-08-25T13:41:17Z

159.50.189.7: /* History */

{{Infobox newspaper
|name = Belfast Telegraph
|image = Logo-belfast.png
|caption =
|type = Daily [[newspaper]]
|format = [[Compact (newspaper)|Compact]]
|owners = [[Independent News & Media]]
|founder = William & George Baird
|publisher =
|editor = Gail Walker
|foundation = 1870
|language = [[English language|English]]
|headquarters = Belfast Telegraph House 33 Clarendon Road [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]]
|political = British Unionism
|sister newspapers = [[Sunday Life (newspaper)|''Sunday Life'']]
|website = {{URL|http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/}}
}}
[[File:Belfast Telegraph, July 2010 (01).JPG|thumb|right|250px|''Belfast Telegraph'' offices, July 2010]]
The '''''Belfast Telegraph''''' is a daily newspaper published in [[Belfast]], [[Northern Ireland]], by [[Independent News & Media]].

==History==
It was first published as the '''''Belfast Evening Telegraph''''' on 1 September 1870 by brothers William and George Baird. Its first edition cost half a penny and ran to four pages covering the [[Franco-Prussian war]] and local news.

The evening edition of the newspaper was originally called the "Sixth Late", and "Sixth Late Tele" was a familiar cry made by vendors in [[Belfast City Centre]] in the past.

Its competitors are ''[[The News Letter]]'' and ''[[The Irish News]]'' but the local editions of the London-based red tops are also competitors, selling at a cheaper price than the 'Tele'.

The ''Belfast Telegraph'' was entirely broadsheet until 19 February 2005, when the Saturday morning edition was introduced and all Saturday editions were converted to compact.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/belfast-telegraph-expands-saturday-coverage-13718060.html|title=Belfast Telegraph expands Saturday coverage|date=9 February 2005|access-date=11 November 2015|newspaper=Belfast Telegraph}}</ref> The weekday morning Compact Edition was launched on 22 March 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/ulster-wakes-up-to-new-early-telegraph-13725206.html|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120722193758/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/imported/ulster-wakes-up-to-new-early-telegraph-13725206.html|dead-url=yes|archive-date=22 July 2012|title=Ulster wakes up to new early Telegraph|date=21 March 2005|access-date=11 November 2015|newspaper=Belfast Telegraph}}</ref>

In 2015, the Telegraph launched the magazine supplement ''Family Life''.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Family Life Magazine Launches!|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/service/sponsored-articles/new-family-life-magazine-launches-31148528.html|work=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk|date=April 17, 2015}}</ref>

The paper now publishes two editions daily, ''Belfast Telegraph'' final edition and the ''North West Telegraph'' which is distributed in [[Derry]].

Circulation has declined in recent years, from 109,571 for the period July to December 2002<ref>http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/11101343.pdf</ref> to 36,403 for the period July to December 2017.<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/48776424.pdf</ref>

==Awards==
The ''Belfast Telegraph'' was named as Best UK Regional Newspaper of the Year 2012 by the Society of Editors Regional Press Awards.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/business-news/belfast-telegraph-is-named-best-regional-daily-in-the-uk-at-prestigious-awards-ceremony-16164629.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130419210719/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/business-news/belfast-telegraph-is-named-best-regional-daily-in-the-uk-at-prestigious-awards-ceremony-16164629.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=19 April 2013 |title=Belfast Telegraph is named best regional daily in the UK at prestigious awards ceremony |first=Margaret |last=Canning |date=28 May 2012 |access-date=11 November 2015 |newspaper=Belfast Telegraph }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060429203825/http://www.globaljournalist.org/magazine/2005-2/belfast.html Belfast's Newcomers]

{{Independent News & Media}}
{{UK regional daily newspapers}}
{{Northern Irish newspapers}}

{{Commons category|Belfast Telegraph}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belfast Telegraph}}
[[Category:Independent News & Media]]
[[Category:Media in Belfast]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1870]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom]]

Sunday Life (newspaper)

2018-08-25T13:39:45Z

159.50.189.7: /* Circulation */

{{EngvarB|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{more references|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Sunday Life
| logo =
| image = Sunday Life Logo.gif
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| type = [[Sunday newspaper]]
| format = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| owners = [[Independent News & Media]]
| founder =
| foundation = 23 October 1988
| sister newspapers = [[The Belfast Telegraph]]
| editor = Martin Breen

| headquarters = [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland
}}

'''''The Sunday Life''''' is a tabloid newspaper in [[Northern Ireland]] and has been published since 23 October 1988. It is the sister paper of ''[[The Belfast Telegraph]]'' and is owned by [[Independent News & Media]].<ref>[http://www.britishpapers.co.uk/n-ireland/sunday-life/ British Newspapers Online]</ref>

==History==
''The Sunday Life'' was born on 20 April 1988, at that time the ''Belfast Telegraph'' was owned by the Thomson International Organisation. After getting the go-ahead at an executive meeting, Belfast Telegraph managing director Bob Crane called together his senior executives and they organised a private conference to plan the launch of the Sunday Life. He booked the small Drumnagreagh Hotel near Ballygally on the Antrim coast and there the blueprint for the ''Sunday Life'' was created. Crane made two immediate appointments – Ed Curran and Margaret Clarke. Curran, deputy editor of the Belfast Telegraph who joined the company in 1966, would be the editor. He would go on to become ''Belfast Telegraph'' editor. Clarke, a key figure in management, was asked to assume additional responsibilities as general manager of ''Sunday Life''. With so many executives away from the ''Belfast Telegraph'' HQ rumours were rife in media circles that something was being planned so Crane decided that a statement had to be issued to clarify the position. This statement became known as "the Drumnagreagh Declaration".<ref name="The Tale"/> This statement was issued on 29 April 1988. Ed Curran and Roy Lilley, the ''Belfast Telegraph''{{'}}s editor, were asked to draft a press release. During a coffee break as the new paper was being planned at the Drumnagreagh Hotel in Co Antrim, they sat at an old typewriter in the hotel's office to hammer out what became known as "the Drumnagreagh Declaration":
:''Belfast Telegraph Newspaper Limited is planning a new Sunday newspaper this year. Mr R.C. Crane, managing director of Belfast Telegraph Newspapers Limited, said today: "This exciting new development will mean increased opportunities for employment in the newspaper business in Northern Ireland. The necessary journalists and advertising sales staff will be recruited shortly. 'The new paper will have the benefit of the most up-to-date technology. It will make full use of colour and will provide readers and advertisers with a reliable and comprehensive service. The editor of the paper, which is still at the planning stage, will be Mr Edmund Curran, currently deputy editor of the Belfast Telegraph. Mr Curran was educated at Dungannon Royal School and is a graduate of Queen's University. He joined this company in 1966 and after gaining experience as a reporter, feature writer and leader writer, took up his present position in 1974. 'Mr Curran is widely known as a commentator on Northern Ireland affairs on radio and television, and as a contributor to publications of international standing in Britain and the United States. He stated today: "We intend to produce a Sunday newspaper which Northern Ireland readers and advertisers will enjoy and respect. We will have a top-class team, and although independent of the Telegraph, will reflect the high standards set by it." 'Mrs Margaret Clarke, the Belfast Telegraph classified advertising manager, will assume additional responsibilities as general manager of the new paper, developing it as a major advertising medium.''".<ref name="The Tale">The Tele – A History of the Belfast Telegraph, by Malcolm Brodie MBE</ref>

==Awards==
At the CIPR NI Media Awards in June 2016 the paper was awarded the Newspaper of the Year title, an award it has held in Northern Ireland for the past two years.<ref>[http://www.ciprmediaawards.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708093253/http://www.ciprmediaawards.com/ |date=8 July 2014 }}</ref>{{when|date=March 2018}}
In 2015 Sunday Life was also awarded the UK Daily/Sunday Newspaper of the Year title (above 25,000) at the Society of Editors' Regional Press Awards in London.<ref>[http://www.regionalpressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?page_id=741&parent_page_id=0&news_id=68&numbertoprintfrom=1]</ref>

==Circulation==
Average [[Newspaper circulation|print circulation]] was approximately 66,000 copies per issue in 2008 and had dropped to approximately 32,000 by 2018.
{{Bar chart
| title =
| table_width = 35
| label_type = Year (period)
| data_type = Average circulation per issue
| data1 = 66,763 | label1 = 2008 (January to June)<ref>http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/9667-northern-ireland-newspaper-circulation</ref>
| data2 = 63,528 | label2 = 2008 (July to December)<ref>http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/9667-northern-ireland-newspaper-circulation</ref>
| data3 = 40,057 | label3 = 2015 (July to December)<ref>http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/47662582.pdf</ref>
| data4 = 38,355 | label4 = 2016 (January to June)<ref>http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/47924309.pdf</ref>
| data5 = 36,467 | label5 = 2016 (July to December)<ref>http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/abcs-uk-local-weekly-newspapers-lose-print-sales-by-average-of-11-2-per-cent/</ref>
| data6 = 36,046 | label6 = 2017 (January to June)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/48547769.pdf</ref>
| data7 = 32,892 | label7 = 2017 (July to December)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/48771520.pdf</ref>
| data8 = 32,045 | label8 = 2018 (January to June)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/49055342.pdf</ref>
}}

==Editorial team==
* Editor – Martin Breen
*Deputy Editor – Darwin Templeton
*Sports Editor – Paul Ferguson
*Head of News – Stephen Gordon
*Picture Editor – Mark McCormick

==Reporting team==
*Chief Reporter – Ciaran Barnes
*Reporter – Ali Gordon
*Reporter – Christopher Woodhouse

==Columnists==
*[[Ivan Little]]
*[[Dan Gordon (actor)|Dan Gordon]]
*[[Suzanne Breen]]
*[[Ralph McLean (broadcaster)|Ralph McLean]]
*[[John McGurk]]
*[[Carl Frampton]]
*[[Kyle Lafferty]]
*[[Liam Beckett]]
*[[Kelly Allen]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Independent News & Media}}
{{Northern Irish newspapers}}
{{UK regional Sunday newspapers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunday Life (Newspaper)}}
[[Category:Independent News & Media]]
[[Category:Media in Belfast]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1988]]
[[Category:Sunday newspapers published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Northern Ireland]]

Sunday Life (newspaper)

2018-08-25T13:38:55Z

159.50.189.7: /* Circulation */

{{EngvarB|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{more references|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Sunday Life
| logo =
| image = Sunday Life Logo.gif
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| type = [[Sunday newspaper]]
| format = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| owners = [[Independent News & Media]]
| founder =
| foundation = 23 October 1988
| sister newspapers = [[The Belfast Telegraph]]
| editor = Martin Breen

| headquarters = [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland
}}

'''''The Sunday Life''''' is a tabloid newspaper in [[Northern Ireland]] and has been published since 23 October 1988. It is the sister paper of ''[[The Belfast Telegraph]]'' and is owned by [[Independent News & Media]].<ref>[http://www.britishpapers.co.uk/n-ireland/sunday-life/ British Newspapers Online]</ref>

==History==
''The Sunday Life'' was born on 20 April 1988, at that time the ''Belfast Telegraph'' was owned by the Thomson International Organisation. After getting the go-ahead at an executive meeting, Belfast Telegraph managing director Bob Crane called together his senior executives and they organised a private conference to plan the launch of the Sunday Life. He booked the small Drumnagreagh Hotel near Ballygally on the Antrim coast and there the blueprint for the ''Sunday Life'' was created. Crane made two immediate appointments – Ed Curran and Margaret Clarke. Curran, deputy editor of the Belfast Telegraph who joined the company in 1966, would be the editor. He would go on to become ''Belfast Telegraph'' editor. Clarke, a key figure in management, was asked to assume additional responsibilities as general manager of ''Sunday Life''. With so many executives away from the ''Belfast Telegraph'' HQ rumours were rife in media circles that something was being planned so Crane decided that a statement had to be issued to clarify the position. This statement became known as "the Drumnagreagh Declaration".<ref name="The Tale"/> This statement was issued on 29 April 1988. Ed Curran and Roy Lilley, the ''Belfast Telegraph''{{'}}s editor, were asked to draft a press release. During a coffee break as the new paper was being planned at the Drumnagreagh Hotel in Co Antrim, they sat at an old typewriter in the hotel's office to hammer out what became known as "the Drumnagreagh Declaration":
:''Belfast Telegraph Newspaper Limited is planning a new Sunday newspaper this year. Mr R.C. Crane, managing director of Belfast Telegraph Newspapers Limited, said today: "This exciting new development will mean increased opportunities for employment in the newspaper business in Northern Ireland. The necessary journalists and advertising sales staff will be recruited shortly. 'The new paper will have the benefit of the most up-to-date technology. It will make full use of colour and will provide readers and advertisers with a reliable and comprehensive service. The editor of the paper, which is still at the planning stage, will be Mr Edmund Curran, currently deputy editor of the Belfast Telegraph. Mr Curran was educated at Dungannon Royal School and is a graduate of Queen's University. He joined this company in 1966 and after gaining experience as a reporter, feature writer and leader writer, took up his present position in 1974. 'Mr Curran is widely known as a commentator on Northern Ireland affairs on radio and television, and as a contributor to publications of international standing in Britain and the United States. He stated today: "We intend to produce a Sunday newspaper which Northern Ireland readers and advertisers will enjoy and respect. We will have a top-class team, and although independent of the Telegraph, will reflect the high standards set by it." 'Mrs Margaret Clarke, the Belfast Telegraph classified advertising manager, will assume additional responsibilities as general manager of the new paper, developing it as a major advertising medium.''".<ref name="The Tale">The Tele – A History of the Belfast Telegraph, by Malcolm Brodie MBE</ref>

==Awards==
At the CIPR NI Media Awards in June 2016 the paper was awarded the Newspaper of the Year title, an award it has held in Northern Ireland for the past two years.<ref>[http://www.ciprmediaawards.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708093253/http://www.ciprmediaawards.com/ |date=8 July 2014 }}</ref>{{when|date=March 2018}}
In 2015 Sunday Life was also awarded the UK Daily/Sunday Newspaper of the Year title (above 25,000) at the Society of Editors' Regional Press Awards in London.<ref>[http://www.regionalpressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?page_id=741&parent_page_id=0&news_id=68&numbertoprintfrom=1]</ref>

==Circulation==
Average [[Newspaper circulation|print circulation]] was approximately 40,000 copies per issue in 2015 and had dropped to approximately 33,000 by 2017.
{{Bar chart
| title =
| table_width = 35
| label_type = Year (period)
| data_type = Average circulation per issue
| data1 = 66,763 | label1 = 2008 (January to June)<ref>http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/9667-northern-ireland-newspaper-circulation</ref>
| data2 = 63,528 | label2 = 2008 (July to December)<ref>http://www.ilevel.ie/media-blog/print/9667-northern-ireland-newspaper-circulation</ref>
| data3 = 40,057 | label3 = 2015 (July to December)<ref>http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/47662582.pdf</ref>
| data4 = 38,355 | label4 = 2016 (January to June)<ref>http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/47924309.pdf</ref>
| data5 = 36,467 | label5 = 2016 (July to December)<ref>http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/abcs-uk-local-weekly-newspapers-lose-print-sales-by-average-of-11-2-per-cent/</ref>
| data6 = 36,046 | label6 = 2017 (January to June)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/48547769.pdf</ref>
| data7 = 32,892 | label7 = 2017 (July to December)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/48771520.pdf</ref>
| data8 = 32,045 | label8 = 2018 (January to June)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/49055342.pdf</ref>
}}

==Editorial team==
* Editor – Martin Breen
*Deputy Editor – Darwin Templeton
*Sports Editor – Paul Ferguson
*Head of News – Stephen Gordon
*Picture Editor – Mark McCormick

==Reporting team==
*Chief Reporter – Ciaran Barnes
*Reporter – Ali Gordon
*Reporter – Christopher Woodhouse

==Columnists==
*[[Ivan Little]]
*[[Dan Gordon (actor)|Dan Gordon]]
*[[Suzanne Breen]]
*[[Ralph McLean (broadcaster)|Ralph McLean]]
*[[John McGurk]]
*[[Carl Frampton]]
*[[Kyle Lafferty]]
*[[Liam Beckett]]
*[[Kelly Allen]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Independent News & Media}}
{{Northern Irish newspapers}}
{{UK regional Sunday newspapers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunday Life (Newspaper)}}
[[Category:Independent News & Media]]
[[Category:Media in Belfast]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1988]]
[[Category:Sunday newspapers published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Northern Ireland]]

Sunday Life (newspaper)

2018-08-25T13:30:15Z

159.50.189.7: /* Circulation */

{{EngvarB|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{more references|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Sunday Life
| logo =
| image = Sunday Life Logo.gif
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| type = [[Sunday newspaper]]
| format = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| owners = [[Independent News & Media]]
| founder =
| foundation = 23 October 1988
| sister newspapers = [[The Belfast Telegraph]]
| editor = Martin Breen

| headquarters = [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland
}}

'''''The Sunday Life''''' is a tabloid newspaper in [[Northern Ireland]] and has been published since 23 October 1988. It is the sister paper of ''[[The Belfast Telegraph]]'' and is owned by [[Independent News & Media]].<ref>[http://www.britishpapers.co.uk/n-ireland/sunday-life/ British Newspapers Online]</ref>

==History==
''The Sunday Life'' was born on 20 April 1988, at that time the ''Belfast Telegraph'' was owned by the Thomson International Organisation. After getting the go-ahead at an executive meeting, Belfast Telegraph managing director Bob Crane called together his senior executives and they organised a private conference to plan the launch of the Sunday Life. He booked the small Drumnagreagh Hotel near Ballygally on the Antrim coast and there the blueprint for the ''Sunday Life'' was created. Crane made two immediate appointments – Ed Curran and Margaret Clarke. Curran, deputy editor of the Belfast Telegraph who joined the company in 1966, would be the editor. He would go on to become ''Belfast Telegraph'' editor. Clarke, a key figure in management, was asked to assume additional responsibilities as general manager of ''Sunday Life''. With so many executives away from the ''Belfast Telegraph'' HQ rumours were rife in media circles that something was being planned so Crane decided that a statement had to be issued to clarify the position. This statement became known as "the Drumnagreagh Declaration".<ref name="The Tale"/> This statement was issued on 29 April 1988. Ed Curran and Roy Lilley, the ''Belfast Telegraph''{{'}}s editor, were asked to draft a press release. During a coffee break as the new paper was being planned at the Drumnagreagh Hotel in Co Antrim, they sat at an old typewriter in the hotel's office to hammer out what became known as "the Drumnagreagh Declaration":
:''Belfast Telegraph Newspaper Limited is planning a new Sunday newspaper this year. Mr R.C. Crane, managing director of Belfast Telegraph Newspapers Limited, said today: "This exciting new development will mean increased opportunities for employment in the newspaper business in Northern Ireland. The necessary journalists and advertising sales staff will be recruited shortly. 'The new paper will have the benefit of the most up-to-date technology. It will make full use of colour and will provide readers and advertisers with a reliable and comprehensive service. The editor of the paper, which is still at the planning stage, will be Mr Edmund Curran, currently deputy editor of the Belfast Telegraph. Mr Curran was educated at Dungannon Royal School and is a graduate of Queen's University. He joined this company in 1966 and after gaining experience as a reporter, feature writer and leader writer, took up his present position in 1974. 'Mr Curran is widely known as a commentator on Northern Ireland affairs on radio and television, and as a contributor to publications of international standing in Britain and the United States. He stated today: "We intend to produce a Sunday newspaper which Northern Ireland readers and advertisers will enjoy and respect. We will have a top-class team, and although independent of the Telegraph, will reflect the high standards set by it." 'Mrs Margaret Clarke, the Belfast Telegraph classified advertising manager, will assume additional responsibilities as general manager of the new paper, developing it as a major advertising medium.''".<ref name="The Tale">The Tele – A History of the Belfast Telegraph, by Malcolm Brodie MBE</ref>

==Awards==
At the CIPR NI Media Awards in June 2016 the paper was awarded the Newspaper of the Year title, an award it has held in Northern Ireland for the past two years.<ref>[http://www.ciprmediaawards.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708093253/http://www.ciprmediaawards.com/ |date=8 July 2014 }}</ref>{{when|date=March 2018}}
In 2015 Sunday Life was also awarded the UK Daily/Sunday Newspaper of the Year title (above 25,000) at the Society of Editors' Regional Press Awards in London.<ref>[http://www.regionalpressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?page_id=741&parent_page_id=0&news_id=68&numbertoprintfrom=1]</ref>

==Circulation==
Average [[Newspaper circulation|print circulation]] was approximately 40,000 copies per issue in 2015 and had dropped to approximately 33,000 by 2017.
{{Bar chart
| title =
| table_width = 35
| label_type = Year (period)
| data_type = Average circulation per issue
| data1 = 40,057 | label1 = 2015 (July to December)<ref>http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/47662582.pdf</ref>
| data2 = 38,355 | label2 = 2016 (January to June)<ref>http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/47924309.pdf</ref>
| data3 = 36,467 | label3 = 2016 (July to December)<ref>http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/abcs-uk-local-weekly-newspapers-lose-print-sales-by-average-of-11-2-per-cent/</ref>
| data4 = 36,046 | label4 = 2017 (January to June)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/48547769.pdf</ref>
| data5 = 32,892 | label5 = 2017 (July to December)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/48771520.pdf</ref>
| data6 = 32,045 | label6 = 2018 (January to June)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/49055342.pdf</ref>
}}

==Editorial team==
* Editor – Martin Breen
*Deputy Editor – Darwin Templeton
*Sports Editor – Paul Ferguson
*Head of News – Stephen Gordon
*Picture Editor – Mark McCormick

==Reporting team==
*Chief Reporter – Ciaran Barnes
*Reporter – Ali Gordon
*Reporter – Christopher Woodhouse

==Columnists==
*[[Ivan Little]]
*[[Dan Gordon (actor)|Dan Gordon]]
*[[Suzanne Breen]]
*[[Ralph McLean (broadcaster)|Ralph McLean]]
*[[John McGurk]]
*[[Carl Frampton]]
*[[Kyle Lafferty]]
*[[Liam Beckett]]
*[[Kelly Allen]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Independent News & Media}}
{{Northern Irish newspapers}}
{{UK regional Sunday newspapers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunday Life (Newspaper)}}
[[Category:Independent News & Media]]
[[Category:Media in Belfast]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1988]]
[[Category:Sunday newspapers published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Northern Ireland]]

Sunday Life (newspaper)

2018-08-25T13:29:42Z

159.50.189.7: /* Circulation */

{{EngvarB|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{more references|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Sunday Life
| logo =
| image = Sunday Life Logo.gif
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| type = [[Sunday newspaper]]
| format = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| owners = [[Independent News & Media]]
| founder =
| foundation = 23 October 1988
| sister newspapers = [[The Belfast Telegraph]]
| editor = Martin Breen

| headquarters = [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland
}}

'''''The Sunday Life''''' is a tabloid newspaper in [[Northern Ireland]] and has been published since 23 October 1988. It is the sister paper of ''[[The Belfast Telegraph]]'' and is owned by [[Independent News & Media]].<ref>[http://www.britishpapers.co.uk/n-ireland/sunday-life/ British Newspapers Online]</ref>

==History==
''The Sunday Life'' was born on 20 April 1988, at that time the ''Belfast Telegraph'' was owned by the Thomson International Organisation. After getting the go-ahead at an executive meeting, Belfast Telegraph managing director Bob Crane called together his senior executives and they organised a private conference to plan the launch of the Sunday Life. He booked the small Drumnagreagh Hotel near Ballygally on the Antrim coast and there the blueprint for the ''Sunday Life'' was created. Crane made two immediate appointments – Ed Curran and Margaret Clarke. Curran, deputy editor of the Belfast Telegraph who joined the company in 1966, would be the editor. He would go on to become ''Belfast Telegraph'' editor. Clarke, a key figure in management, was asked to assume additional responsibilities as general manager of ''Sunday Life''. With so many executives away from the ''Belfast Telegraph'' HQ rumours were rife in media circles that something was being planned so Crane decided that a statement had to be issued to clarify the position. This statement became known as "the Drumnagreagh Declaration".<ref name="The Tale"/> This statement was issued on 29 April 1988. Ed Curran and Roy Lilley, the ''Belfast Telegraph''{{'}}s editor, were asked to draft a press release. During a coffee break as the new paper was being planned at the Drumnagreagh Hotel in Co Antrim, they sat at an old typewriter in the hotel's office to hammer out what became known as "the Drumnagreagh Declaration":
:''Belfast Telegraph Newspaper Limited is planning a new Sunday newspaper this year. Mr R.C. Crane, managing director of Belfast Telegraph Newspapers Limited, said today: "This exciting new development will mean increased opportunities for employment in the newspaper business in Northern Ireland. The necessary journalists and advertising sales staff will be recruited shortly. 'The new paper will have the benefit of the most up-to-date technology. It will make full use of colour and will provide readers and advertisers with a reliable and comprehensive service. The editor of the paper, which is still at the planning stage, will be Mr Edmund Curran, currently deputy editor of the Belfast Telegraph. Mr Curran was educated at Dungannon Royal School and is a graduate of Queen's University. He joined this company in 1966 and after gaining experience as a reporter, feature writer and leader writer, took up his present position in 1974. 'Mr Curran is widely known as a commentator on Northern Ireland affairs on radio and television, and as a contributor to publications of international standing in Britain and the United States. He stated today: "We intend to produce a Sunday newspaper which Northern Ireland readers and advertisers will enjoy and respect. We will have a top-class team, and although independent of the Telegraph, will reflect the high standards set by it." 'Mrs Margaret Clarke, the Belfast Telegraph classified advertising manager, will assume additional responsibilities as general manager of the new paper, developing it as a major advertising medium.''".<ref name="The Tale">The Tele – A History of the Belfast Telegraph, by Malcolm Brodie MBE</ref>

==Awards==
At the CIPR NI Media Awards in June 2016 the paper was awarded the Newspaper of the Year title, an award it has held in Northern Ireland for the past two years.<ref>[http://www.ciprmediaawards.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708093253/http://www.ciprmediaawards.com/ |date=8 July 2014 }}</ref>{{when|date=March 2018}}
In 2015 Sunday Life was also awarded the UK Daily/Sunday Newspaper of the Year title (above 25,000) at the Society of Editors' Regional Press Awards in London.<ref>[http://www.regionalpressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?page_id=741&parent_page_id=0&news_id=68&numbertoprintfrom=1]</ref>

==Circulation==
Average [[Newspaper circulation|print circulation]] was approximately 40,000 copies per issue in 2015 and had dropped to approximately 33,000 by 2017.
{{Bar chart
| title =
| table_width = 35
| label_type = Year (period)
| data_type = Average circulation per issue
| data1 = 40,057 | label1 = 2015 (July to December)<ref>http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/47662582.pdf</ref>
| data2 = 38,355 | label2 = 2016 (January to June)<ref>http://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/47924309.pdf</ref>
| data3 = 36,467 | label3 = 2016 (July to December)<ref>http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/abcs-uk-local-weekly-newspapers-lose-print-sales-by-average-of-11-2-per-cent/</ref>
| data4 = 36,046 | label4 = 2017 (January to June)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/48547769.pdf</ref>
| data5 = 32,892 | label5 = 2017 (July to December)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/48771520.pdf</ref>
| data6 = 32,045 | label5 = 2018 (January to June)<ref>https://www.abc.org.uk/Certificates/49055342.pdf</ref>
}}

==Editorial team==
* Editor – Martin Breen
*Deputy Editor – Darwin Templeton
*Sports Editor – Paul Ferguson
*Head of News – Stephen Gordon
*Picture Editor – Mark McCormick

==Reporting team==
*Chief Reporter – Ciaran Barnes
*Reporter – Ali Gordon
*Reporter – Christopher Woodhouse

==Columnists==
*[[Ivan Little]]
*[[Dan Gordon (actor)|Dan Gordon]]
*[[Suzanne Breen]]
*[[Ralph McLean (broadcaster)|Ralph McLean]]
*[[John McGurk]]
*[[Carl Frampton]]
*[[Kyle Lafferty]]
*[[Liam Beckett]]
*[[Kelly Allen]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Independent News & Media}}
{{Northern Irish newspapers}}
{{UK regional Sunday newspapers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunday Life (Newspaper)}}
[[Category:Independent News & Media]]
[[Category:Media in Belfast]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Publications established in 1988]]
[[Category:Sunday newspapers published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Northern Ireland]]

Horme

2018-08-17T11:55:07Z

159.50.189.7: Minor formal edits

'''Horme'''{{Pronunciation-needed}} ([[Ancient Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Ὁρμή}}) is the Greek spirit personifying energetic activity, impulse or effort (to do a thing), eagerness, setting oneself in motion, and starting an action, and particularly onrush in battle. She had an altar at [[Athens]], where mainly the divine servants and relations of Zeus (including [[Pheme]] and [[Aidos]], as well as [[Athena]]) had altars.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Description of Greece'' I. 17. § 1.</ref> Her opposite character is [[Aergia]], a goddess of sloth and [[apathy]]. The word "horme" is also used to refer to the philosophical concept represented by the goddess.<ref>Cicero, P.G. Walsh (2000) On Obligations</ref>

The name 'horme' was adopted by Sir Percy Nunn<ref>Nunn, P. (1923) Education: its data and first principles. London: Edward Arnold</ref> to refer to all the purposive behaviours (drives or urges) of an organism - whether conscious or not. He based this on a suggestion by Jung<ref>Jung, C.G. (1916) Analytic Psychology. p.348 footnote, as cited by Nunn</ref> but saw it as having a wider significance than Jung's idea of relating the term to psychological values. Montessori<ref>Montessori, M. (1948). The Absorbent Mind. Oxford: Clio</ref> made this a central point of her later thinking, stressing that the behaviour of the child was driven by an inner urge to self construct, to become the adult they were destined to be. This idea of the future drawing the child on (as opposed to child development being just driven by causality) was related to the Aristotelian concept of entelechy<ref>Stoops, J.A. (1987) Maria Montessori: an intellectual portrait. Paper presented at the AMS meeting in Boston, available from ERIC</ref> which would have formed an implicit part of her Thomist education as a devout Catholic. The concept, but not the name, has been developed by writers such as James Hillman<ref>Hillman, J. (1996) The Soul's Code: in search of character and calling. New York: Random House</ref> where he applies the idea to adults and refers to it as 'destiny' or the individual's daemon.

==In Philosophy==
In ''On Obligations'', Cicero contrasts horme with reason as one of two aspects of the soul. He seems to be using where one would expect to see the word "passion" or "emotion″. In the Walsh translation it is rendered "appetite".<ref>Cicero, P.G. Walsh (2000) On Obligations</ref>

==In Physiology==
The goddess' name was given to hormones in the early twentieth century when their role in driving bodily functions was recognised.

==Sources==
*[http://www.theoi.com/Daimon/Hormes.html Theoi Project - Horme]
*[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/1633.html William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, v. 2, page 525]

[[Category:Greek goddesses]]
[[Category:Greek gods]]
[[Category:Personifications in Greek mythology]]

{{Greek-deity-stub}}

Nord Anglia Education

2018-08-09T16:12:13Z

159.50.189.7: Consistent with reste of article. No reference to Ayesha as founder were found.

{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Refimprove|date=May 2013}}
{{advert|date=April 2013}}
{{COI|date=June 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Nord Anglia Education
| logo = Nord Anglia Education Logo.png
| type = Private company
| founder = Kevin McNeany
| defunct = 
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = Education
| products = Education Services
| homepage = {{URL|nordangliaeducation.com}}
| caption =
| foundation = 1972
| location_city = Hong Kong
| location_country = China
| locations = 55
| key_people = Andrew Fitzmaurice ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
}}

'''Nord Anglia Education''', commonly referred to as Nord Anglia, is a provider of international schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financial-market-news.com/nord-anglia-education-inc-nord-stock-rating-reaffirmed-by-deutsche-bank/870727/|title=Nord Anglia Education Inc (NORD) Stock Rating Reaffirmed by Deutsche Bank|last=Sorensen|first=Maddie|date=23 February 2016|website=Financial Market News|access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> Nord Anglia Education operates 55 schools globally for children between the ages of 2 and 18, with over 50,000 students across 25 countries. Roughly 64% of students come from expat families while 36% are children of local families.

Nord Anglia schools educate children at [[preschool]], [[Primary education|primary]], and [[Secondary education|secondary]] level (also referred to in the US as preschool, elementary, middle and high school). Most schools within the organization follow a curriculum based on the National Curriculum of England Schools offering [[IGCSEs]] and the [[International Baccalaureate]].{{cn|date=June 2018}} In some locations, [[A-levels]], the [[French Baccalaureate]] and the Swiss Maturité are also offered.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

It moved its head office from the united Kingdom to Hong Kong in 2012. It employs over 10,000 people around the world.

In 2015 it started a collaboration with [[The Juilliard School]] to enrich performing arts education for nursery to year 13 students in its schools. One year after, it announced a new approach to teaching the interdisciplinary subjects of [[STEAM fields]] (science, technology, engineering, arts and math) in collaboration with [[MIT]]. The collaboration is being piloted in 13 schools for the 2016/17 academic year and will be expanded to all schools in the 2017/18 academic year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sea-globe.com/northbridge-international-school-cambodia-2/|title=Reaching the next level: Northbridge International School Cambodia|date= 20 September 2016|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref>

==History==

Nord Anglia Education was founded in 1972 by [[Kevin McNeany]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/node/154772|title=The New Statesman Profile – Kevin McNeany|last=Beckett|first=Francis|date=14 January 2002|work=The New Statesman|accessdate=29 April 2013}}</ref> to teach English as a foreign language. The company grew in the 1970s to the 1980s before moving into the UK education market. Soon after, it entered the Eastern and Central Europe market. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the group also built up a substantial day care and nursery business in addition to its Learning Services arm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.twst.com/interview/16423|title=Kevin Mcneany And Andrew Fitzmaurice – Nord Anglia Education Plc (nae.l)|date= 1 September 2003|work=The Wall Street Transcript|accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2003, Andrew Fitzmaurice became CEO. By 2008, the company had sold its nursery business and was mainly focused on premium international schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/supportservices/2791392/Nord-Anglia-rejects-180m-Barings-bid.html|title=Nord Anglia rejects £180m Barings bid|last=Harrington|first=Ben|date= 10 June 2008|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref>

In 2012, the group relocated to Hong Kong to complement growth plans in China and Southeast Asia. In 2013, it bought World Class Learning Group,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thepienews.com/news/wcl-group-sold-to-nord-anglia-education/|title=WCL Group sold to Nord Anglia Education|last=Baker|first=Amy|date= 11 June 2013|work=The Pie News|accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref> with schools in the US, Qatar and Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/supportservices/10023026/Nord-Anglia-in-talks-to-buy-schools-rival.html|title=Nord Anglia in talks to buy schools rival|last=Quinn|first=James|date=27 April 2013|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref>

The companys [[initial public offering]] took place on March 26, 2014 on the [[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]].

In 2015, the company bought six schools from [[Meritas (education)|Meritas]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.relocatemagazine.com/articles/anne-keeling-06-d3-2015-nord-anglia-education-finalises-the-acquisition-of-six-more-schools|title=Nord Anglia Education finalises the acquisition of six more schools|last=Keeling|first=Anne|date= 29 June 2015|work=Relocate Magazine|accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref> the [[Collège du Léman]], [[Léman International School - Chengdu]], [[San Roberto International School]], [[The Village School (Houston, Texas)|The Village School]], [[North Broward Preparatory School]] in Florida, and [[Windermere Preparatory School]] in Florida.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.relocatemagazine.com/news/rmarriage-06-d1-2015-6936-more-international-schools-for-nord-anglia|title=More international schools for Nord Anglia|last=Keeling|first=Anne|date= 10 June 2015|work=Relocate Magazine|accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref>

In February 2016, the company announced that it would develop a new international school in Abu Dhabi with a capacity for 2,250 students. The campus will be located close to the central business district and is expected to open in September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationinvestor.co.uk/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=5215&search=Nord%20Anglia|title=EducationInvestor - Article: Nord Anglia to develop Abu Dhabi school|website=www.educationinvestor.co.uk|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>

In April 2017, the company announced it would be taken back into private ownership after the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board and Baring Private Equity Asia agreed to buy it. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/40cb0d9a-9834-390d-a5ed-287ee3ff48b0|title=Canadian-led consortium to buy Nord Anglia for $4.3bn|last=Badkar|first=Mamta|date=2017-04-25|website=Financial Times|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/nord-anglia-loans/lpc-nord-anglia-sounds-out-investors-on-lbo-financing-idUSL8N1IP5R5|title=LPC-Nord Anglia sounds out investors on LBO financing|last=Ruckin|first=Claire|work=U.S.|access-date=2018-04-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

In December 2017, the company bought seven schools from the British Schools Foundation: The British College of Brazil, The British International School of Kuala Lumpur, The British School of Nanjing, The British School of Tashkent, The British School of Yangon, The International School of Moscow, and The King's School Manila.

== Global Campus ==

Nord Anglia students are connected through Global Campus, a programme which offers a wide range of activities undertaken in school, online or at destinations around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pattayamail.com/ourchildren/pattaya-becomes-home-to-the-world-s-biggest-school-campus-52698|title=Pattaya becomes home to the world’s biggest school campus|last=Eaton|first=Tim|date= 6 November 2015|work=Pattaya Mail|accessdate=28 February 2016}}</ref>

== Collaborations ==

=== The Juilliard School ===
Since February 2015 the company has collaborated with [[The Juilliard School]] in a performing arts project for students in grades K-12. The program includes an embedded curriculum along with continued support and engagement with Juilliard alumni and affiliated artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/11/13/china-us-arts-in-education-collaboration/#3d90ee69424f|title=China Buying In More Arts In Education -- Because It Can|last=Singh|first=Rani|date= 13 November 2015|work=Forbes|accessdate=1 March 2016}}</ref> It also includes professional development for teachers, a summer school and private lessons. The curriculum was rolled out in September 2015 and is expected to educate more than 20,000 students aged 3 to 18 by 2017.

The curriculum focuses on key works of music, dance and drama.

=== King's College London ===
In 2015, Nord Anglia partnered with King's College London to offer an Executive Master's in International Education. Courses are designed specifically to address challenges specific to international schools. The program is fully funded by the company and available only to its teachers. Nord Anglia and King's College London states that the program will open up to teachers outside Nord Anglia schools in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationinvestor.co.uk/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=5254&search=Nord%20Anglia|title=EducationInvestor - Please log in or subscribe|website=www.educationinvestor.co.uk|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref> Fifty teachers will start the program in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educationinvestor.co.uk/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=5053&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|title=Nord Anglia to launch degree for international school teachers|date=16 November 2015|work=Education Investor|accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref> The aim of the program is to recruit, develop and retain high quality teachers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationinvestor.co.uk/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=5254&search=Nord%20Anglia|title=EducationInvestor - Please log in or subscribe|website=www.educationinvestor.co.uk|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref> The program is a two-year, part-time masters program which is designed to teach effective leadership skills and feature online face-to-face modules.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationinvestor.co.uk/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=5053&search=Nord%20Anglia|title=EducationInvestor - Article: Nord Anglia to launch degree for international school teachers|website=www.educationinvestor.co.uk|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>

=== MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) ===

In May 2016, the company announced a global collaboration with the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] on [[STEAM fields|STEAM subjects]] for K-12 students. The collaboration will develop a new approach to implement science, technology, engineering, visual arts, and mathematics program across 42 Nord Anglia schools worldwide.{{cn|date=June 2018}} Core to the collaboration is the reflection of MIT's philosophy of 'Mens et Manus', 'mind and hand', which calls for a hands-on approach to problem solving. Students will learn directly from lecturers and students at MIT.STEAM discipline teachers at Nord Anglia will also benefit from unique professional development opportunities through annual workshops and ongoing training with MIT staff, hosted by the [[MIT Museum]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.woodlandsjournal.com/2016/07/09/british-international-school-houston-mit-collaborate/|date=9 July 2016|work=Woodlands Journal|accessdate=11 July 2016}}</ref>

== Student profile ==
Roughly 63% of the students in all schools combined are from expat families. The remaining 37% come from local families.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://d1lge852tjjqow.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001492966/f843dba0-0a4d-4821-b130-8c60b6c233cd.pdf?noexit=true%20|title=2015 Annual Report|date= 31 December 2015|format=PDF|page=22|accessdate=29 February 2016}}</ref>

=== Staff ===

In January 2015, the organization received 9,300 applications for 280 positions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationinvestor.co.uk/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=5254&search=Nord%20Anglia|title=EducationInvestor - Please log in or subscribe|website=www.educationinvestor.co.uk|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref>

== Schools ==
=== Switzerland ===

[[La Côte International School |La Côte International School (Aubonne)]]

[[Collège du Léman|Collège du Léman (Geneva)]]

[[Collège Alpin International Beau Soleil|Collège Beau Soleil (Villars-sur-Ollon)]]

[[Collège Champittet|Collège Champittet (Lausanne)]]

=== Thailand ===

[[Regents International School Pattaya]]

[[St Andrews International School Bangkok]]

=== USA ===

[[Windermere Preparatory School|Windermere Preparatory School (Windermere, Florida)]]

[[The Village School (Houston, Texas)]]

[[North Broward Preparatory School|North Broward Preparatory School (Coconut Creek, Florida)]]

== China ==

All Nord Anglia Education schools in China use English as the primary language of instruction. Each student receives four lessons in [[Mandarin Chinese]] a week, except in Hong Kong where this is optional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://d1lge852tjjqow.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001492966/f843dba0-0a4d-4821-b130-8c60b6c233cd.pdf?noexit=true%20|title=2015 Annual Report|format=PDF|page=29}}</ref> Students reach a proficient level in Mandarin Chinese by the time they leave.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/9aa43eda-3eed-11de-ae4f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3zwLxrizm|title=Third Culture Kids|last=Turner|first=David|date=20 May 2009|work=Financial Times|accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref>

Nord Anglia Education schools in China are among the first to receive the new Juilliard-Nord Anglia Performing Arts program in their schools thanks to the growing demand in the region for the institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ranisingh/2015/11/13/china-us-arts-in-education-collaboration/#3d90ee69424f|title=China Buying In More Arts In Education -- Because It Can|last=Singh|first=Rani|date= 13 November 2015|work=Forbes|accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref>

=== Beijing ===
*[[The British School of Beijing, Sanlitun]]
*[[The British School of Beijing, Shunyi]]

=== Guangdong ===
*[[The British School of Guangzhou]]

=== Hong Kong ===
*[[Nord Anglia International School Hong Kong]]

=== Shanghai ===
*[[Nord Anglia International School Shanghai, Pudong]]
*[[The British International School Shanghai, Puxi Campus|The British International School Shanghai, Puxi]]
* Nord Anglia Chinses International School

=== Sichuan ===
*[[Léman International School - Chengdu]]

== Southeast Asia ==

===Cambodia===
*[[Northbridge International School Cambodia|Northbridge International School Cambodia (Phnom Penh)]]

===Singapore===
*[[Dover Court International School]]

===Thailand===
*[[Regents International School Pattaya|Regents International School, Pattaya]]
* [[St Andrews International School Bangkok]]

=== Vietnam ===
*[http://www.bishanoi.com/ British International School, Hanoi]
*[[British International School, Ho Chi Minh City]]
*[[British Vietnamese International School, Hanoi]]
*[[British Vietnamese International School, Ho Chi Minh City]]

== Middle East ==

Nord Anglia Education operates six schools in Qatar and the UAE. The majority of students are from expat families working in the region's oil industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://d1lge852tjjqow.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001492966/f843dba0-0a4d-4821-b130-8c60b6c233cd.pdf?noexit=true%20|title=2015 Annual Report|date= 31 December 2015|format=PDF|page=33|accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref>

===Qatar===
*[[Compass International School Doha, Gharaffa]]
*[[Compass International School Doha, Madinat Khalifa]]
*[[Compass International School Doha, Rayyan]]
*[[Nord Anglia International School Al Khor]]

=== United Arab Emirates ===
*[[The British International School Abu Dhabi]]
*[[Nord Anglia International School Dubai]]

== Americas ==

===Mexico===
*[[San Roberto International School]]

===Brazil===
*British College of Brazil

===United States===

*[[British International School of Boston]]
*[[The British International School of Charlotte]]
*[[British International School of Chicago, Lincoln Park]]
*[[British International School of Chicago, South Loop]]
*[[British International School of Houston]]
*[[British International School of Washington]]
*[[Nord Anglia International School New York]]
*[[North Broward Preparatory School]] (Coconut Creek, Florida)
*[[The Village School (Houston, Texas)|The Village School]]
*[[Windermere Preparatory School]] (Windermere, Florida)

== Europe ==

===Czech Republic===
*[[The English International School Prague]]
*[[Prague British School]]

===Hungary===
* British International School Budapest

===Republic of Ireland===
*[[Nord Anglia International School Dublin]]

===Poland===
*[[The British School Warsaw]]

===Slovakia===
*[[The British International School Bratislava]]

===Spain===
*[[International College Spain]]

===Switzerland===
*[[Collège Alpin International Beau Soleil]]
*[[Collège Champittet|Collège Champittet, Pully]]
*[[Collège du Léman]]
*[[La Côte International School]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Private and independent school organizations]]
[[Category:Private and independent school organisations in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Education companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1972]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]

Age of Pirates: Captain Blood

2018-07-23T14:20:01Z

159.50.189.7:

{{Infobox video game
|title = Age of Pirates: Captain Blood
|image = Age of Pirates Captain Blood logo.jpg
|developer = THQ
|publisher = [[1C Company]]/[[MTV Games]] (USA)
|designer =
|engine =
|released = Cancelled
|genre = [[Action-adventure game|Action-adventure]]
|modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]]
|platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]]
}}
'''''Captain Blood''''', formerly known as '''''Age of Pirates: Captain Blood''''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xbox360.ign.com/objects/772/772699.html|title=Captain Blood (Formerly known as: Age of Pirates: Captain Blood)|date=June 6, 2008|publisher=IGN|accessdate=2009-08-13}}</ref> is a cancelled [[action-adventure game]] based on the novels by [[Rafael Sabatini]] about the titular [[Captain Blood (novel)|Captain Blood]]. The player will assume the role of the Captain, following his adventures in 1685 [[Spanish Main]]. This game has been recently rated by the [[PEGI]] rating board and is being released by [[1C]].

==Gameplay==
''Captain Blood'' is a pirate-themed [[hack and slash]] action game that will feature a mission-based structure, allowing players to fight on both land and sea against hordes of enemies, with ship-to-ship battles and sword fights to gain control of invaded ships. Gamers gain special points as they defeat enemies, acquiring new fighting techniques and gold for weapons and equipment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Captain Blood Website Goes Online|url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/110/1108188p1.html|publisher=IGN|accessdate=25 September 2011}}</ref>

The game was set to be released in 2006 on the [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]], but was subsequently moved to the [[History of video game consoles (seventh generation)|seventh generation of consoles]].<ref name="ign preview">{{cite web|url=http://uk.xbox360.ign.com/articles/652/652844p1.html|title=E3 2005: Captain Blood|author= McNamara, Tom|publisher=[[IGN]]|date=2005-09-22|accessdate=2008-03-04}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.captainbloodgame.com/}}
* http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/captainblood/index.html

{{DEFAULTSORT:Age Of Pirates: Captain Blood}}
[[Category:Cancelled PlayStation 3 games]]
[[Category:Video games about pirates]]
[[Category:Video games based on novels]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Russia]]
[[Category:Cancelled Windows games]]
[[Category:Cancelled Xbox games]]
[[Category:Cancelled Xbox 360 games]]

{{Action-adventure-videogame-stub}}

Barbarian F.C.

2018-05-22T10:23:58Z

159.50.189.7: /* 2018 Squad */

{{distinguish|text=the [[Barbarian Rugby Club]], also known as the French Barbarians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox rugby team
| teamname = Barbarians
| image = barbarians.png
| imagesize = 100px
| nickname = Baa-Baas
| coach = {{flagicon|SAM}} [[Pat Lam]] ''(May 2018)''
| year =
| captain =
| appearances = {{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Tony O'Reilly]] (30)
| caps =
| top scorer = {{flagicon|IRE|rugby union}} [[Tony O'Reilly]] (38 tries)
| top test scorer =
| pattern_la1 = _baa
| pattern_b1 = _baa
| pattern_ra1 = _baa
| pattern_so1 = _baa
| pattern_sh1 =
| leftarm1 =
| body1 =
| rightarm1 =
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 =
| first = [[Hartlepool Rovers]] 4–9 Barbarians (27 December 1890)
| bigwin = {{Ru-rt|BEL}} 10–84 Barbarians (24 May 2008)
| bigloss = {{nowrap|{{ru-rt|ENG|name=England XV}} 73–12 Barbarians (31 May 2015)}}<ref>[http://www.sportinglife.com/rugby-union/live/match-commentary/71616/england-v-barbarians]</ref>
| url = www.barbarianfc.co.uk
}}
The '''Barbarian Football Club''', usually called '''the Barbarians''' and nicknamed the Baa-Baas, is an invitational [[rugby union]] team based in [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. The Barbarians play in black and white hoops, though players wear the socks from their own club strip. Membership is by invitation, and as of 2011, players from 31 countries had played for the Barbarians.<ref name="2011 England squad">{{cite news |url=http://www.espnscrum.com/barbarians/rugby/story/140404.html |title=Mason on bench for Baa Baas |work=ESPN Scrum |date=25 May 2011 |accessdate=25 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530082514/http://www.espnscrum.com/barbarians/rugby/story/140404.html |archivedate=30 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Traditionally at least one [[cap (sports)|uncapped]] player is selected for each match.

The Barbarians traditionally played six annual encounters: [[Penarth RFC|Penarth]], [[Cardiff RFC|Cardiff]], [[Swansea RFC|Swansea]] and [[Newport RFC|Newport]] during their [[Easter]] Tour; a game with [[Leicester Tigers|Leicester]] traditionally on 27 December and the Mobbs Memorial Match against East Midlands in the spring. In 1948, the Barbarians were invited to face [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]] as part of that team's [[1947–48 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland, France and North America|tour of Britain, Ireland and France]]. Although initially designed as a fund raiser towards the end of the tour, the encounter became a popular fixture for most touring nations to Britain, and a Barbarian tradition.

On 29 May 2011, during halftime of the Barbarians' match against [[England national rugby union team|England]] at [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]], the Barbarians and their founder [[William Percy Carpmael]] were honoured with induction to the [[IRB Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2043073.html |title=Carpmael and Barbarians in Hall of Fame |publisher=[[International Rugby Board]] |date=29 May 2011 |accessdate=29 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607235823/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid%3D2043073.html |archivedate=7 June 2011 }}</ref>

A women's team was established for the first time in 2017. Many invitational clubs are based on the Barbarians, including the [[Barbarian Rugby Club|French Barbarians]], [[Australian Barbarians]], [[New Zealand Barbarians]] and [[South African Barbarians]].

==History==
[[File:Barbarian fc 1891.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Barbarians team that played Devonshire at Exeter, 1 April 1891]]

The Barbarian Club was formed by [[William Percy Carpmael]], who had played rugby for [[Cambridge University R.U.F.C.|Cambridge University]],<ref name="Starmer-Smith13">Starmer-Smith (1977), pg 13.</ref> and had been part of the Cambridge team which had undertaken a tour of Yorkshire in 1884.<ref name="Starmer-Smith14">Starmer-Smith (1977), pg 14.</ref> Inspired by the culture behind short rugby tours he organised his first tour in 1889 with [[Clapham Rovers F.C.|Clapham Rovers]],<ref name="Starmer-Smith14" /> which was followed by an 1890 tour with an invitational team calling themselves the Southern Nomads.<ref name="Starmer-Smith15">Starmer-Smith (1977), pg 15.</ref> At the time practically every club ceased playing in early March and there were no tours and players just 'packed up' until the following season. In 1890 he took the Southern Nomads – mainly composed of players from [[Blackheath F.C.|Blackheath]] – on a tour of some northern counties of England.

His idea – collecting a touring side from all sources to tackle a few leading clubs in the land – received strong support from leading players, particularly ex-university players. On 8 April 1890, in Leuchters Restaurant and later at the Alexandra Hotel in [[Bradford]], the concept of the Barbarians was agreed upon.<ref name="Starmer-Smith20">Starmer-Smith (1977), pg 20.</ref> The team toured later that year and beat [[Hartlepool Rovers]] 9–4 on 27 December in their first fixture.

The team was given the motto by [[Walter Julius Carey]], former Bishop of Bloemfontein and a former member of the Barbarians:<ref name="Starmer-Smith10">Starmer-Smith (1977), pg 10.</ref>

:''Rugby Football is a game for gentlemen in all classes, but for no bad sportsman in any class.''{{Relevance inline|Was this coined in relation to the Barbarians or something?|date=February 2018}}

===Penarth===


The concept took hold over the years and the nearest thing to a club home came to be the Esplanade Hotel at [[Penarth]] in [[South Wales]], where the Barbarians always stayed on their Easter tours of Wales.<ref name="Starmer-Smith37">Starmer-Smith (1977), pg 37.</ref> The annual [[Good Friday]] game against the Barbarians was the highlight of the [[Penarth RFC|Penarth club's]] year and was always attended by enthusiastic capacity crowds. This fixture marked the start of the Baa-Baas' annual South Wales tour from their "spiritual home" of Penarth, which also included playing [[Cardiff RFC]] on the Saturday, [[Swansea RFC]] on Easter Monday and [[Newport RFC]] on the Tuesday.

The non-match day of Easter Sunday would always see the Barbarians playing golf at the [[Glamorganshire Golf Club]],<ref name="Starmer-Smith38">Starmer-Smith (1977), pg 38.</ref> in Penarth, while the former Esplanade Hotel, which was located on the seafront at Penarth, would host the gala party for the trip, sponsored by Penarth RFC. The first match took place in 1901,<ref name="Starmer-Smith37"/> and over the next 75 encounters, Penarth won eleven games, drew four and lost 60. Between 1920 and the first Athletics Field game in 1925, the Good Friday games were hosted on [[Stanwell School|Penarth County Grammar School]]'s sports field.

The final Penarth v Barbarians game was played in 1986, by which time the Penarth club had slipped from its prominent position in Welsh rugby. However, a special commemorative game, recognising the 100 years since the first Good Friday match, took place in 2001 and was played at the Athletic Field next to the Penarth clubhouse the day before the Barbarians played [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] at the [[Millennium Stadium]]. [[Gary Teichmann]], captain of [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] and the Barbarians, unveiled a plaque at the clubhouse to mark the event.

===The Final Challenge===
After the [[Second World War]], in 1948, the Barbarians were asked by the British and Irish Unions to raise a side to play the touring [[Australia national rugby union team|Australian]] side. This started the tradition of the "Final Challenge" – played as the last match in a tour of Britain and Ireland by Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.

===='The best try ever scored'====
{{main|The greatest try ever scored }}
The Barbarian 'Final Challenge' match with the [[New Zealand national rugby union team|All Blacks]] at [[Cardiff Arms Park]] on 27 January 1973 is celebrated as one of the best games of rugby union ever played. It was a game of attack and counterattack, and the Barbarians won the match 23–11, handing the All Blacks their fourth defeat of the tour. Gareth Edwards scored a try widely considered to be one of the best ever in rugby union.

[[Cliff Morgan]] described Gareth Edwards' try:
{{cquote|[[Ian Kirkpatrick|Kirkpatrick]] to [[Bryan Williams (rugby)|Williams]]. This is great stuff! [[Phil Bennett]] covering chased by [[Alistair Scown]]. Brilliant, oh, that's brilliant! [[J. P. R. Williams|John Williams]], [[Bryan Williams (rugby)|Bryan Williams]]. [[John Pullin|Pullin]]. [[John Dawes]], great dummy. To David, [[Tom David]], the half-way line! Brilliant by [[Derek Quinnell|Quinnell]]! This is [[Gareth Edwards]]! A dramatic start! What a score!!.....Oh that fellow Edwards....If the greatest writer of the written word would've written that story no one would have believed it. That really was something.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/morgan-fears-for-game-that-has-lost-its-sense-of-fun-602871.html Morgan fears for game that has lost its sense of fun] independent.co.uk, 25 January 2003.</ref>}}

Gareth Edwards said of the match:
{{cquote|People tend only to remember the first four minutes of the game because of the try, but what they forgot is the great deal of good rugby played afterwards, much of which came from the All Blacks.
For us after the success of the 1971 [[British and Irish Lions|Lions]] tour, which captured the imagination of the whole country, it was an opportunity to bring a lot of that side together again.}}

===Traditional matches===
The nature of the Barbarians as a touring side made for a diverse fixture list, but at a number of points in the club's history they have settled for a time into a regular pattern. Most of these regular matches have fallen by the wayside, whilst others continue to the present day:

* ''27 December game against [[Leicester Tigers]]'' – this began in 1909 as the third and final match of the Christmas Tour. It was played for the last time as a regular fixture in March 2006<ref>{{cite web|title=Leicester v Barbarians: Richard Cockerill relishes Baa-Baas game|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/29887042|website=BBC Sport|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref> but returned in November 2014 when the Barbarians beat Leicester 59-26 in their 125th anniversary season.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bolton|first1=Paul|title=Leicester 26, Barbarians 59: Tigers downed in 13-try spectacular in revival of traditional fixture|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/11209389/Leicester-26-Barbarians-59-Tigers-downed-in-13-try-spectacular-in-revival-of-traditional-fixture.html|website=telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>
* ''The Edgar Mobbs Memorial Match'' – held for [[Edgar Mobbs]], who was killed in [[World War I|The First World War]]. Played at [[Franklin's Gardens|Franklins Gardens]] against [[Northampton Saints]], [[Bedford Blues]] or The East Midlands select XV. The first took place on 10 February 1921, and in later years became a tradition on the first Thursday in March. The last Mobbs Match to feature the Barbarians took place in April 2011. Since then, the invited opposition has been a British Army side instead of the Barbarians.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/barbarians/rugby/story/138641.html |title=The end of an era |first=Huw |last=Richards |work=ESPN Scrum |date=22 April 2011 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>
* ''Easter Tour'' – traditionally four matches against [[Penarth RFC]] ([[Good Friday]]), [[Cardiff RFC]]/[[Cardiff Blues]] ([[Holy Saturday]]); [[Swansea RFC]] ([[Easter Monday]]) and [[Newport RFC]] (Tuesday following [[Easter Monday]]). The Penarth match was dropped after the 1986 match as a regular fixture although in 2001 a special commemorative game, recognising the 100 years since the first Good Friday match, took place in 2001 and was played at the Athletic Field next to the Penarth clubhouse the day before the Barbarians played Wales at the [[Millennium Stadium]]. The game against Newport was moved away from Easter after the 1982 fixture due to problems fielding a team for the fourth match of the tour<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Vivian |authorlink=Vivian Jenkins|editor= |title=Rothmans Rugby Yearbook 1982–83|year=1983 |month= |publisher=Rothmans Publications Ltd |isbn= 0907574130|page=157}}</ref> and was played as a midweek game early in the season from September 1982 onwards.<ref>{{cite book |last= |first= |authorlink= |editor=Steve Jones |title=Rothmans Rugby Yearbook 1983-84|year=1983 |publisher=Queen Anne Press |isbn=0356097315|page=153}}</ref> The Barbarians last played Newport in November 1996.
* ''The Final Challenge'' — played as the last match in a tour of the UK by Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Because of the changes in the game in recent years, long tours have effectively disappeared from the game and there is less scope for this challenge. The fixture returned on 3 December 2008 when the Barbarians played Australia at [[Wembley Stadium]], the first rugby union match to be played there since its redevelopment.
* [[Remembrance Day]] game against the Combined Services, played in November. The fixture was first played in 1997 and the most recent game, in 2014, resulted in a 31-15 win for the Barbarians.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bolton|first1=Paul|title=Combined Services 15 Barbarians 31, match report: Josh Drauniniu sinks old comrades in Remembrance Match|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/11224682/Combined-Services-15-Barbarians-31-match-report-Josh-Drauniniu-sinks-old-comrades-in-Remembrance-Match.html|website=telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=5 December 2014}}</ref>

They typically compete against teams from the [[home nations]] ([[England]], [[Wales]], [[Scotland]] and [[Ireland]]) as well as other international sides. Other matches are played against club teams, often to celebrate anniversaries. The 2014-15 fixture list included matches against [[Leicester Tigers]] and [[Heriot's Rugby Club]] in addition to the Final Challenge game with Australia and the annual Combined Services match.<ref>{{cite web|title=RESULTS AND FIXTURES - 2014-2015|url=http://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/results-fixtures/2014-2015/|website=barbarianfc.co.uk|accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref> The Heriot's game celebrated the 125th anniversary of both that club and the Barbarians,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sponsor announced for Heriot's v Barbarians match|url=http://www.scottishrugby.org/news/15/02/17/sponsor-announced-heriots-v-barbarians-match|website=Scottish Rugby|accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref> while the Leicester game was also part of the Barbarians' 125th anniversary schedule.<ref>{{cite web|title=Matchday guide: Tigers v Barbarians|url=http://www.leicestertigers.com/news/21025.php#.VWb75od_nIU|website=Leicester Tigers|accessdate=28 May 2015}}</ref>

===Olympic rugby union centenary celebration match===
Australia was approached by the British Olympic Association to play the Barbarians at [[Wembley Stadium]] on 3 December 2008. The match formed part of the BOA's programme of events to celebrate the centenary of the first [[Rugby union at the 1908 Summer Olympics|London Olympic Games]] where Australia defeated a [[Great Britain]] ([[Cornwall]]) side in the final 32 – 3.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyunion/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rugby/08/01/30/RUGBYU_Olympics.html |title=Australia approached to mark Cornwall v Australia centenary match |publisher=Sportinglife.com |date= |accessdate=21 May 2009}}</ref> In 1908 France were the defending Olympic champions, but when they withdrew from the event, leaving just Australia and Great Britain to contest the gold medal, it was then County champions Cornwall who took to the field to represent the host nation. Cornwall had already been defeated in Australia's earlier 31-match tour. Cornwall's 1908 contribution was also further recognised by the presentation of the Cornwall Cup to the winning 2008 captain at Wembley, with the players of the respective sides receiving gold or silver commemorative medals. The 2008 game was the first rugby union fixture to take place in the new [[Wembley Stadium]].<ref name="thisiswest">{{cite web|last=Hooper |first=Bill |url=http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Cornish-rugby-honoured-Wembley/story-11470923-detail/story.html |title=Cornish rugby to be honoured at Wembley|publisher=Western Morning News |date=3 December 2008 |accessdate=9 August 2015 }}</ref> Australia went on to win 18 points to 11.

In a change to the tradition of the Barbarians players wearing their own club socks, in this game, they all wore Cornwall's black and gold socks. The break with the tradition was highly regarded by the secretary of the Cornwall Rugby Football Union, Alan Mitchell, who was said to have been humbled by the honour.<ref name="thisiswest"/>

===Women's team===
In October 2017 a women's team was announced for the first time in the club's history.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/rugby-union/41559680</ref> Their first match was a 19-0 victory against Munster on 10 November 2017, played as part of a double header with the men's team playing Tonga.

They subsequently played a match against the British Army in March 2018, winning 37-0.

==Matches against international teams==
{{unreferencedsection|date=May 2018}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Opposing Teams !! For !! Against !! Result !! Date !! Venue !! City !! Competition
|-
| {{Ru|WAL}} || 26 || 10 || Won || 17 April 1915 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Tour Match To raise 'patriotic funds'
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 9 || 6 || Won || 31 January 1948 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|RSA|1928}} || 3 || 17 || Lost || 26 January 1952 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || [[1951-52 South Africa rugby union tour#Barbarians|Final Challenge]]
|-
| {{Ru|NZL}} || 5 || 19 || Lost || 20 February 1954 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 11 || 6 || Won || 22 February 1958 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|British East Africa}} || 52 || 12 || Won || 28 May 1958 || [[RFUEA Ground]] || [[Nairobi]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|RSA|1928}} || 6 || 0 || Won || 4 February 1961 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|CAN|1957}} || 3 || 3 || Draw || 17 November 1962 || [[Gosforth Greyhound Stadium]] || [[Gosforth]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|NZL}} || 3 || 36 || Lost || 15 February 1964 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 11 || 17 || Lost || 28 January 1967 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|NZL}} || 6 || 11 || Lost || 16 December 1967 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|Rhodesia}} || 24 || 21 || Won || 26 May 1969 || [[Police Grounds]] || [[Harare|Salisbury]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|RSA|1928}} || 12 || 21 || Lost || 31 January 1970 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|SCO}} || 33 || 17 || Won || 9 May 1970 || [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] || [[Edinburgh]] || Tour Match In aid of [[1970 British Commonwealth Games]]
|-
| {{Ru|FIJ}} || 9 || 29 || Lost || 24 October 1970 || [[Gosforth Greyhound Stadium]] || [[Gosforth]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|NZL}} || 23 || 11 || Won || 27 January 1973 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|NZL}} || 13 || 13 || Draw || 30 November 1974 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 19 || 7 || Won || 24 January 1976 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|CAN}} || 29 || 4 || Won || 12 June 1976 || [[York Stadium]] || [[Toronto]] || Tour Match
|-
| [[British and Irish Lions|British Lions]] || 14 || 23 || Lost || 10 September 1977 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Silver Jubilee Match
|-
| {{Ru|NZL}} || 16 || 18 || Lost || 16 December 1978 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|SCO}} || 26 || 13 || Won || 1983 || [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] || [[Edinburgh]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 30 || 37 || Lost || 15 December 1984 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|ITA}} || 23 || 15 || Won || 26 May 1985 || [[Stadio Flaminio]] || [[Rome]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 22 || 40 || Lost || 26 November 1988 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|NZL}} || 10 || 21 || Lost || 25 November 1989 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 16 || 18 || Lost || 29 September 1990 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match Centenary celebrations
|-
| {{Ru|WAL}} || 31 || 24 || Won || 6 October 1990 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Tour Match Centenary celebrations
|-
| {{Ru|ARG}} || 34 || 22 || Won || 17 November 1990 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|SCO}} || 16 || 16 || Draw || 7 September 1991 || [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] || [[Edinburgh]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|RUS}} || 23 || 27 || Lost || 6 June 1992 || [[Lokomotiv Stadium (Moscow)|Lokomotiv]] || [[Moscow]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 20 || 30 || Lost || 28 November 1992 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|NZL}} || 12 || 25 || Lost || 4 December 1993 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|ZIM}} || 21 || 23 || Lost || 4 June 1994 || [[Police grounds]] || [[Harare]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|RSA}} || 23 || 15 || Won || 3 December 1994 || [[Lansdowne Road]] || [[Dublin]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|IRE}} || 70 || 38 || Won || 1996 || [[Lansdowne Road]] || [[Dublin]] || Tour Match Peace International
|-
| {{Ru|SCO}} || 48 || 45 || Won || 17 August 1996 || [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] || [[Edinburgh]] || Tour Match [[Dunblane massacre|Dunblane]] Disaster Fund Match
|-
| {{Ru|WAL}} || 10 || 31 || Lost || 24 August 1996 || [[Cardiff Arms Park]] || [[Cardiff]] || Tour Match Fully capped match for Wales
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 12 || 39 || Lost || 7 December 1996 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|IRE}} || 31 || 30 || Won || May 2000 || [[Lansdowne Road]] || [[Dublin]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|SCO}} || 45 || 42 || Won || 31 May 2000 || [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] || [[Edinburgh]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|GER}} || 47 || 19 || Won || 12 August 2000 || [[Eilenriedestadion]] || [[Hanover]] || Tour Match [[German Rugby Federation]] Centenary Match
|-
| {{Ru|RSA}} || 31 || 41 || Lost || 10 December 2000 || [[Millennium Stadium]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|WAL}} || 40 || 38 || Won || 20 May 2001 || [[Millennium Stadium]] || [[Cardiff]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|SCO}} || 74 || 31 || Won || 24 May 2001 || [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] || [[Edinburgh]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 43 || 29 || Won || 27 May 2001 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 35 || 49 || Lost || 28 November 2001 || [[Millennium Stadium]] || [[Cardiff]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 29 || 53 || Lost || May 2002 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|WAL}} || 40 || 25 || Won || May 2002 || [[Millennium Stadium]] || [[Cardiff]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|SCO}} || 47 || 27 || Won || June 2002 || [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] || [[Edinburgh]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 49 || 36 || Won || May 2003 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|SCO}} || 24 || 15 || Won || May 2003 || [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] || [[Edinburgh]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|WAL}} || 48 || 35 || Won || May 2003 || [[Millennium Stadium]] || [[Cardiff]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|SCO}} || 40 || 33 || Won || 22 May 2004 || [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] || [[Edinburgh]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|WAL}} || 0 || 42 || Lost || 27 May 2004 || [[Ashton Gate Stadium|Ashton Gate]] || [[Bristol]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 32 || 12 || Won || 30 May 2004 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|POR}} || 66 || 34 || Won || 10 June 2004 || [[Estádio Universitário de Lisboa|Universitário Lisboa]] || [[Lisbon]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|NZL}} || 19 || 47 || Lost || 4 December 2004 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|SCO}} || 7 || 38 || Lost || 24 May 2005 || [[Pittodrie Stadium|Pittodrie]] || [[Aberdeen]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 52 || 39 || Won || 28 May 2005 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 19 || 46 || Lost || 28 May 2006 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|SCO}} || 19 || 66 || Lost || 31 May 2006 || [[Murrayfield Stadium|Murrayfield]] || [[Edinburgh]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|GEO}} || 28 || 19 || Won || 4 June 2006 || [[Mikheil Meskhi Stadium]] || [[Tbilisi]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|TUN}} || 33 || 10 || Won || 19 May 2007 || [[Stade El Menzah]] || [[Tunis]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|ESP}} || 52 || 26 || Won || 23 June 2007 || [[Estadio Manuel Martínez Valero|Martínez Valero]] || [[Elche]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|RSA}} || 22 || 5 || Won || 1 December 2007 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|BEL}} || 84 || 10 || Won || 24 May 2008 || [[King Baudouin Stadium|Stade Roi Baudouin]] || [[Brussels]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|IRE}} || 14 || 39 || Lost || 27 May 2008 || [[Kingsholm]] || [[Gloucester]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 14 || 17 || Lost || 1 June 2008 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 11 || 18 || Lost || 3 December 2008 || [[Wembley Stadium]] || [[London]] || Final Challenge / Cornwall Cup
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 33 || 26 || Won || 3 May 2009 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 7 || 55 || Lost || 6 June 2009 || [[Sydney Football Stadium]] || [[Sydney]] || Tour Match <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/news.cfm?categoryID=55&id=238 |title=The Barbarians – News |publisher=Barbarianfc.co.uk |date=22 December 2008 |accessdate=2009-05-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425212445/http://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/news.cfm?categoryID=55&id=238 |archivedate=25 April 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
|-
| {{Ru|NZL}} || 25 || 18 || Won || 5 December 2009 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 26 || 35 || Lost || 30 May 2010 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|IRE}} || 29 || 23 || Won || 4 June 2010 || [[Thomond Park]] || [[Limerick]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|RSA}} || 26 || 20 || Won || 4 December 2010 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 38 || 32 || Won || 29 May 2011 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|WAL}} || 31 || 28 || Won || 4 June 2011 || [[Millennium Stadium]] || [[Cardiff]] || Tour Match Celebration of 130th anniversary of the [[Welsh Rugby Union|WRU]]; fully capped match for Wales
|-
| {{Ru|AUS}} || 11 || 60 || Lost || 26 November 2011 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Final Challenge
|-
| {{Ru|ENG}} || 26 || 57 || Lost || 27 May 2012 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|IRE}} || 29 || 28 || Won || 29 May 2012 || [[Kingsholm Stadium]] || [[Gloucester]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{Ru|WAL}} || 21 || 30 || Lost || 2 June 2012 || [[Millennium Stadium]] || [[Cardiff]] || Tour Match Fully capped match for Wales
|-
| {{ru|ENG}} || 12 || 40 || Lost || 26 May 2013 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| [[British and Irish Lions]] || 8 || 59 || Lost || 1 June 2013 || [[Hong Kong Stadium]] || [[Hong Kong]] || Lions Tour Match <ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/9102421.stm | work=BBC News | title=Lions line up match in Hong Kong | date=18 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
| {{ru|FIJ}} || 43 || 17 || Won || 30 November 2013 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{ru|ENG}} || 39 || 29 || Won || 1 June 2014 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{ru|AUS}} || 36 || 40 || Lost || 1 November 2014 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{ru|IRE}} || 22 || 21 || Won || 28 May 2015 || [[Thomond Park]] || [[Limerick]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{ru|ENG}} || 12 || 73 || Lost || 31 May 2015 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{ru|SAM}} || 27 || 24 || Won || 29 August 2015 || [[Olympic Stadium (London)|Olympic Stadium]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{ru|ARG}} || 31 || 49 || Lost || 21 November 2015 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{ru|RSA}} || 31 || 31 || Draw || 5 November 2016 || [[Wembley Stadium]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{ru|CZE}} || 71 || 0 || Won || 8 November 2016 || [[Markéta Stadium]] || [[Prague]] || Tour Match Celebration of 90th anniversary of the [[Czech Rugby Union]]
|-
| {{ru|FIJ}} || 40 || 7 || Won || 11 November 2016 || [[Kingspan Stadium]] || [[Belfast]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{ru|ENG}} || 14 || 28 || Lost || 28 May 2017 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match [[Old Mutual Wealth Cup]]
|-
| {{ru|AUS}} || 28 || 31 || Lost || 28 October 2017 || [[Sydney Football Stadium|Allianz Stadium]] || [[Sydney]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{ru|NZL}} || 22 || 31 || Lost || 4 November 2017 || [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]] || [[London]] || Tour Match
|-
| {{ru|TON}} || 27 || 24 || Won || 10 November 2017 || [[Thomond Park]] || [[Limerick]] || Tour Match
|}

===Overall===
{{unreferencedsection|date=May 2018}}
:''As of 5 November 2016''
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Against
! Played
! Won
! Lost
! Drawn
! Win %
|-
| {{ru|ARG}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 50.00%
|-
| {{ru|AUS}} || [[History of rugby union matches between Australia and the Barbarians|14]] || 3 || 11 || 0 || 21.43%
|-
| {{ru|BEL}} || 1 || 1|| 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
| {{ru|CAN}} || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 50.00%
|-
| {{ru|CZE}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
| {{Ru|British East Africa}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
| {{ru|ENG}} || [[History of rugby union matches between England and the Barbarians|15]] || 7 || 8 || 0 || 46.67%
|-
| {{ru|FIJ}} || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 66.67%
|-
| {{ru|GEO}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
| {{ru|GER}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
| {{ru|IRE}} || [[History of rugby union matches between Ireland and the Barbarians|6]] || 5 || 1 || 0 || 83.33%
|-
| {{ru|ITA}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
| [[British and Irish Lions]] || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0.00%
|-
| {{ru|NZL}} || [[History of rugby union matches between New Zealand and the Barbarians|11]] || 2 || 8 || 1 || 18.18%
|-
| {{ru|POR}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
| {{Ru|Rhodesia}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
| {{ru|RUS}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0.00%
|-
| {{ru|SAM}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
| {{ru|SCO}} || [[History of rugby union matches between Scotland and the Barbarians|11]] || 8 || 2 || 1 || 72.72%
|-
| {{ru|RSA}} || [[History of rugby union matches between South Africa and the Barbarians|8]] || 4 || 3 || 1 || 50.00%
|-
| {{ru|ESP}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
| {{ru|TUN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
| {{ru|WAL}} || [[History of rugby union matches between Wales and the Barbarians|9]] || 6 || 3 || 0 || 66.67%
|-
| {{ru|ZIM}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0.00%
|-
| {{ru|TON}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 100.00%
|-
! Total || 96 || 51 || 41 || 4 || 53.13%
|}

==2018 Squad==
Current Barbarians squad to face [[England national rugby union team|England]] on 27 May.

* Head Coach – {{flagicon|SAM}} [[Pat Lam]] ([[Captain (sports)|c]])

Note: ''Italics'' denotes an uncapped player. '''Bold''' denotes players that have represented the Barbarians in previous matches.
{{Rugby squad start 2}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Benjamin|Kayser}}|pos=HK|age={{Birth date and age|1984|7|26|df=y}}|club=[[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont Auvergne]]|clubnat=FRA|nat=FRA}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Tatafu|Polota-Nau}}|pos=HK|age={{Birth date and age|1985|7|26|df=y}}|club=[[Leicester Tigers]]|clubnat=ENG|nat=AUS}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name='''{{sortname|John|Afoa}}'''|pos=PR|age={{Birth date and age|1983|10|16|df=y}}|club=[[Gloucester Rugby|Gloucester]]|clubnat=ENG|nat=NZL}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Ramiro|Herrera}}|pos=PR|age={{Birth date and age|1989|2|14|df=y}}|club=[[Stade Français]]|clubnat=FRA|nat=ARG}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name=''{{sortname|Loni|Uhila}}''|pos=PR|age={{Birth date and age|1989|4|7|df=y}}|club=[[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont Auvergne]]|clubnat=FRA|nat=NZL}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Ultan|Dillane}}|pos=LK|age={{Birth date and age|1993|11|9|df=y}}|club=[[Connacht Rugby|Connacht]]|clubnat=IRE|nat=IRE}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Dennis|Buckley}}|pos=PR|age={{Birth date and age|1990|8|9|df=y}}|club=[[Connacht Rugby|Connacht]]|clubnat=IRE|nat=IRE}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Sitaleki|Timani}}|pos=LK|age={{Birth date and age|1986|9|19|df=y}}|club=[[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont Auvergne]]|clubnat=FRA|nat=AUS}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name='''{{sortname|Flip|van der Merwe}}'''|pos=LK|age={{Birth date and age|1985|6|6|df=y}}|club=[[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont Auvergne]]|clubnat=FRA|nat=RSA}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Justin|Tipuric}}|pos=FL|age={{Birth date and age|1989|8|6|df=y}}|club=[[Ospreys (rugby union)|Ospreys]]|clubnat=WAL|nat=WAL}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Victor|Vito|dab=rugby union}}|pos=N8|age={{Birth date and age|1987|3|27|df=y}}|club=[[Stade Rochelais|La Rochelle]]|clubnat=FRA|nat=NZL}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Greig|Laidlaw}}|pos=SH|age={{Birth date and age|1985|10|12|df=y}}|club=[[ASM Clermont Auvergne|Clermont Auvergne]]|clubnat=FRA|nat=SCO}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Rhodri|Williams|dab=rugby player}}|pos=SH|age={{Birth date and age|1993|5|5|df=y}}|club=[[Bristol Rugby|Bristol]]|clubnat=ENG|nat=WAL}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name='''{{sortname|Luke|McAlister}}'''|pos=FH|age={{Birth date and age|1983|8|28|df=y}}|club=[[RC Toulonnais|Toulon]]|clubnat=FRA|nat=NZL}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|AJ|MacGinty}}|pos=FH|age={{Birth date and age|1990|2|26|df=y}}|club=[[Sale Sharks]]|clubnat=ENG|nat=USA}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Bundee|Aki}} ([[Captain (sports)|c]])|pos=CE|age={{Birth date and age|1990|4|7|df=y}}|club=[[Connacht Rugby|Connacht]]|clubnat=IRE|nat=IRE}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name={{sortname|Niyi|Adeolokun}}|pos=WG|age={{Birth date and age|1990|11|3|df=y}}|club=[[Connacht Rugby|Connacht]]|clubnat=IRE|nat=IRE}}
{{Rugby squad player 2|name='''{{sortname|Charles|Piutau}}'''|pos=FB|age={{Birth date and age|1991|10|31|df=y}}|club=[[Ulster Rugby|Ulster]]|clubnat=IRE|nat=NZL}}
{{Rugby squad end 2}}

==Previous squads==
{{Navboxes
|title = Previous squads
|list1 =
{{Barbarians Autumn tour 2017 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians NSW tour squad, October 2017|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Summer tour 2017 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Autumn tour 2016 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Autumn tour 2015 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians August 2015 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Summer tour 2015 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Autumn tour 2014 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Summer tour 2014 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Autumn tour 2013 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Summer tour 2013 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Summer tour 2012 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Autumn tour 2011 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Summer tour 2011 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Autumn tour 2010 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Summer tour 2010 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Autumn tour 2009 squad|state=collapsed}}
{{Barbarians Autumn tour 2008 squad|state=collapsed}}
}}

==Past presidents==
The office was first instituted in 1913:

*[[William Percy Carpmael|W.P. Carpmael]], held office 1913–1936; the founder of the Barbarians
*[[Emile de Lissa]], 1936–1955; associated as Secretary, Treasurer, Vice-President and President from 1901–1955
*[[Hamilton Smith (cricketer)|Jack "Haigho" Smith]], 1955; his term lasted for only a few weeks before his death, having previously given devoted service as Honorary Secretary for more than 30 years.
*Brigadier [[Hugh Llewellyn Glyn Hughes|Glyn Hughes]], 1955–1973
*[[Herbert Waddell]], 1973–1988
*[[Micky Steele-Bodger]], 1988 to date

==See also==
* [[Australian Barbarians]]
* [[Barbarian Rugby Club|French Barbarians]]
* [[New Zealand Barbarians]]
* [[South African Barbarians]]

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Starmer-Smith |first=Nigel |coauthors= |title=The Barbarians |year=1977 |publisher=Macdonald & Jane's Publishers|location= |isbn=0-86007-552-4}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/ Official site]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/2949399.stm Barbarians history from the BBC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060302194241/http://www.scrum.com/barbarians/history.asp Barbarians history from scrum.com]
* [http://www.rugbydata.com/barbarians Barbarians International Matches]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050706055904/http://www.planet-rugby.com/Tournaments/Barbarians/index.shtml Barbarians rugby union news from Planet Rugby]

{{Barbarian F.C.}}

[[Category:Barbarian F.C.| ]]
[[Category:International rugby union teams]]
[[Category:World Rugby Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Multinational rugby union teams]]
[[Category:British rugby union clubs]]

Languages of Iran

2017-10-11T12:14:32Z

159.50.189.7: Statistics updated to be in line with the rest of this page. CIA World Factbook stats were wrong/not up to date. Check also the graphic to avoid contradictory info in the same page!

{{Multiple issues|
{{update|date=August 2014}}
{{incomplete|date=August 2014}}
}}
__FORCETOC__
:
:
:''This article deals with the languages found in [[Iran]] and with Iran's language policy and planning. For information about the linguistic branch of the [[Indo-European languages]] family, please see article about [[Iranian languages]].''
{{Infobox country languages
| country = Iran
| official = [[Persian language|Persian]]
|main = [[Persian language|Persian]] 61%, [[Azeri language|Azeri]] 16% (e.g [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]) 16% , [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] 10%, [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] and [[Mazandarani language|Mazandarani]] 4%, [[Lurish language|Luri]] 6%, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] 1%, [[Balochi language|Balochi]] 2%, and other languages ([[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]], [[Talysh language|Talysh]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic language|Neo-Aramaic]], [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]) 1%<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/>
|minority = [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]], and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|sign = [[Persian Sign Language]]
|keyboard = Persian keyboard
}}

== Language Policy and Planning of Iran ==
The current '''Language Policy''' of Iran is addressed on chapter two of the [[Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran]] (Articles 15 & 16). It asserts that the Persian language is the [[Lingua franca|Lingua Franca]] of the Iranian nation and as such, bound to be used through all official government communications and schooling system. In addition, the constitution also recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum.

Due to the nation's unique social and ethnic diversity, the constitution also acknowledges and permits the use of minority languages in the mass media as well as within the schools, in order to teach their literature. However, it should be noted that the minority languages of Iran do not receive a formal status and are not officially regulated by the authorities.<ref name=":0">Riazi, Abdolmehdi. '''[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Angel_Lin/publication/234705882_Decolonisation_Globalisation_Language-in-Education_Policy_and_Practice_New_Perspectives_on_Language_and_Education/links/0046353b491da6f274000000.pdf#page=117 The Four Language Stages in the History of Iran.]''' In: Martin, Peter W; Lin, Angel (Eds.). ''Decolonisation, Globalisation: Language-in-education Policy and Practice''. (Buffalo: Multilingual Matters, Ltd. 2005). pp. 98-114.</ref>

The first legislation which granted the Persian language its status was initiated back in 1906, as part of an electoral law that positioned it as the official language of the state of Iran, its government, its political institutions and its legal system. In the course of time this enactment followed by others, which eventually lead to a monolingual policy by the Iranian regime.

Perceiving multilingualism as a threat to the nation’s unity and Territorial integrity, and seeing the need to restrict minority languages’ use and to advance the Persian language’s hegemony, Iran’s language policy consists of a non-translation outline as well: all government, administration and educational settings are obliged to use merely Persian for any written communication. That includes political institutions (i.e. the Iranian Parliament), official bureaucratic communication (forms, signage etc.) and schooling (all children from the age of six and up are exposed only to Persian as the language of teaching and learning and of textbooks within the public school system). In other words, the Iranian authorities holds that minorities needs to learn the Iranian vernacular to an extent that will allow them to communicate with state institutions.<ref>Haddadian-Moghaddam, Esmaeil; Meylaerts, Reine. '''[http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/35946252/What_about_translation_2014_sample.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1491355333&Signature=2KoiE1ydLX1G%2FS15wZ3zEcJoZsg%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DWhat_about What about Translation? Beyond “Persianization” as the Language Policy in Iran.]''' ''Iranian Studies'', Vol. 78, No. 6 (2015). pp. 851-870.</ref>{{dead link|date=June 2017}}

With regard to the Iranian '''Language Planning''', among the institutions accountable for advancing the Iranian Language Planning (e.g. Ministry of Education and Ministry of Science, Research and Technology) is the [[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]], which was established on 1991. Constantly seeking to revise and elaborate the nation’s official language, this institute focuses on the linguistics of the Persian language and on the internal aspects of Language Planning, rather than on minority languages use within the Iranian society. Other aspects of Language Planning (e.g. sociolinguistic or functional literacy) have not been assigned to a formal institute and are currently handled free of any official master plan, by the educational ministries.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Ethnicities_and_religions_in_Iran.png|thumb|250px|Iran main languages]]

== Languages of Iran ==
Different publications have reported different statistics for the '''languages of [[Iran]]'''. There have been some limited censuses taken in Iran in 2001, 1991, 1986 and 1949–1954.<ref>Iran. rtish. Sitād-i Artish. Dāyirah-i Jughrāfiyāʾī. Title: Farhang-i jughrāfiyāʾī-i Irān : ābādīhā. Imprint: [Tihrān] : Dāyirah-i Jughrafiyāʾī-i Sitād-i Artish, 1328–1332 [1949–54] Description: 10 v. : illus., maps (part fold. col.) Notes: Vols. 1–9 compiled under the general editorship of Hossein ʻAlī Razmārā. See for summary: (Ehsan Hooshmand, “Faslnaameyeh Goftegoo”, “A closer look at religious and ethnic statistics in modern Iran”, 2005, Tehran)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiran.com/magtoc.asp?mgID=1929&Number=43&Appendix=0 |title=فصلنامه گفتگو، شماره 43 |website=Magiran.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-17}}</ref>
The following are the languages with the greatest number of speakers (data from the [[CIA World Factbook]]):<ref name="CIA World Factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |website=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2017-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |archivedate=2012-02-03 |df= }}</ref>

Classification categories of the spoken languages:
* [[Indo-European language family|Indo-European]] ([[Iranian languages|Iranic]] mainly, smaller amounts of other branches represented mainly by [[Armenian language|Armenian]], amongst others)
* [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] (the majority being [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], with smaller amounts of [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]], and [[Afshar language|Afshar]])
* [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] (mainly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], but also [[Neo-Aramaic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[Mandean language|Mandean]])
* [[Caucasian languages]] (such as [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]], and [[Circassian language|Circassian]])

==CIA World Factbook==
The following are the languages with the greatest number of speakers (data from the [[CIA World Factbook]]):<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/>
* [[Persian language|Persian]] 61%
* [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] and other Turkic dialects 16%
* [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] 10%
* [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] and [[Mazandarani language|Mazandarani]] 4%
* [[Luri language|Luri]] 6%
* [[Arabic language|Arabic]] 2%
* [[Balochi language|Balochi]] 2%
* [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] 1%
* Other languages comprise 1%, and include [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]], [[Talysh language|Talysh]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], etc.
* Total population 75,149,669 (2012 census)<ref name="DW Persian">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,16112833,00.html?maca=per-rss-per-all_volltext-5613-xml-mrss |title=Iran – کاهش غیرمنتظره نرخ رشد جمعیت در ایران |publisher=DW Persian |accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref>

==Census in the 1990s==
A census taken in the Iranian month of Mordad (July 21 – August 21) in 1991. In this census, all 49,588 mothers who gave birth in the country, were issued birth certificates. They were asked about their mother-tongue.<ref>
"در مرداد 1370، هنگام صدور شناسنامه براي نوزادان، درباره زبان ٤٩ هزار و ٥٥٨ مادر در سطح كشور سوال مطرح شد كه نتيجه حاكي از سهم حضور ٥٣٬٨ درصدي زبان هاى غيرفارسي در ايران بود. بر اساس نمونه گيري مذكور، توزيع سهم هر يك از زبان ها (به درصد) به اين شرح بود: ٤٦٬٢ فارسي؛ ٢٠٬٦ تركي آذربايجاني؛ ١٠ كردي؛ ٨٬٩ لري؛ ٧٬٢ درصد گيلكي و شمالي؛ ٣٬٥ عربي ؛ ٢٬٧ بلوچي؛ ٠٬٦ تركمني؛ ٠٬١ ارمني؛ و ٠٬٢ ساير زبان ها ".
Source:
زنجاني‌، حبيب‌ الله‌، محمد ميرزايي‌، كامل‌ شاپور و امير هوشنگ‌ مهريار، جمعيت‌،توسعه‌، بهداشت‌ باروري‌، چاپ‌ دوم‌، تهران‌، نشر و تبليغ‌ بشري‌، 1379.
Zanjani, H., Mirzai,M., Shapur, K., Mehriyar, A.H.; “Population, Growth, Mortality Rate”, Second Edition, Tehran, Tabligh-e-Bashari Publishers, 2000</ref> which were : 46.2% ([[Persian people|Persian]]), 20.6% ([[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]]), 10% Kurdish, 8.9% Luri, 7.2% Gilaki and Mazandarani, 3.5% Arabic, 2.7% Baluchi, 0.6% Turkmen, 0.1% Armenian, and 0.2% Others (e.g. [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], etc.). The local [[varieties of Arabic|dialect of Arabic]] spoken in Iran is [[Khuzestani Arabic]], an [[Iraqi Arabic]] dialect, but the varieties of Arabic taught across Iran to students in secondary schools, regardless of their ethnic or linguistic background, are [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and [[Classical Arabic]], the latter a [[liturgical language]] of Islam.

==Census in 2009 (Terror Free Tomorrow)==
A 2009 survey & polls from the US-based organization "Terror Free Tomorrow" (a partisan institution) with error is +/- 3.1 percent margin and uniform sampling based on provincial populations mentions the breakdown as following:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |title=Executive Summary |website=Terrorfreetomorrow.org |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2017-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |archivedate=2013-07-23 |df= }}</ref>
* Persian 50.5%
* [[Azeri people|Azeri]] 21.6%
* Kurd 7.6%
* Gilaki and Mazandarani 6.9%
* Lur 6.9%
* Arab 2.7%
* Baloch 1.4%
* Tati and Talysh 1%
* Turkmen 0.9%
* Other 1.2% (incl. Armenian, Georgian, Circassian, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and other Assyrian dialects, Hebrew, Mandaic)
* Unknown/refused about 0.5%

==Other estimations==
In 1986, there was also a nationwide census done. See: (Farhad Nu’mani, Sohrab Behdad, Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter?, Published 2006, Syracuse University Press, 2006)<ref name="Sohrab Behdad 2006">(Farhad Nu’mani, Sohrab Behdad, Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter?, Published 2006, Syracuse University Press, 2006)</ref> on the percentage of Iranians that known Persian, those who do not know and those who know it fluently.

According to the Kurdish-Belgian-American scholar [[Mehrdad Izady]], whose work can be found at [[Columbia University]] [[School of International and Public Affairs]], [[Gulf 2000 Project]] website,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Iran_Languages_2014_lg.png |format=PNG |title=Iran : Linguistic Composition in 2014 (Summary) |website=Gulf2000.columbia.edu |accessdate=2017-01-17}}</ref> the Iranian census of 2001 mentions that 68% of the population speaks Persian as a first language,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Iran_Languages_lg.jpg |format=JPG |title=Mehrdad Izady (2006–2011) |website=Gulf2000.columbia.edu |accessdate=2017-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001091018/http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Iran_Languages_lg.jpg |archivedate=2013-10-01 |df= }}</ref> while he himself gives the following figures for 2014:
* [[Persian language|Persian]] to include [[Luri]] and [[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari]] 62.1%
* [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] 13.6%
* [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] 7%
* [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] 3%
* [[Mazandarani language|Mazandarani]] 2.8%
* [[Balochi language|Balochi]] 2.4%
* [[Arabic language|Arabic]] 1.6%
* [[Tourki]] 1.6%
* [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] 1.2%
* [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]] 1.1%
* [[Raji]] 1%
* [[Turkmeni]] 0.9%
* [[Talysh language|Talysh]] 0.4%
* Other languages include Turkmen, Armenian, Georgian, Circassian, Syriac, Qashqai, Russian, Hebrew, Raji, Minabi, as well as other Western Iranian languages (Lari etc.)

==See also==
*[[Demographics of Iran]]
*[[Ethnicities in Iran]]
*[[Iranian languages]]
*[[Peoples of the Caucasus in Iran]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=IR Ethnologue report for languages of Iran]
*[http://www.britannica.com/wdpdf/Iran.pdf Britannica]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People#People CIA FactBook]

{{Languages of Iran}}
{{Languages of Asia}}

[[Category:Languages of Iran| ]]

Languages of Iran

2017-10-11T12:10:59Z

159.50.189.7: /* Recent survey */

{{Multiple issues|
{{update|date=August 2014}}
{{incomplete|date=August 2014}}
}}
__FORCETOC__
:
:
:''This article deals with the languages found in [[Iran]] and with Iran's language policy and planning. For information about the linguistic branch of the [[Indo-European languages]] family, please see article about [[Iranian languages]].''
{{Infobox country languages
| country = Iran
| official = [[Persian language|Persian]]
|main = [[Persian language|Persian]] 53%, [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] and other [[Turkic languages|Turkic dialects]] 18% (e.g [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]), [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] 10%, [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] and [[Mazandarani language|Mazandarani]] 7%, [[Lurish language|Luri]] 6%, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] 2%, [[Balochi language|Balochi]] 2%, and other languages ([[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]], [[Talysh language|Talysh]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic language|Neo-Aramaic]], [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]) 1%<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/>
|minority = [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]], and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|sign = [[Persian Sign Language]]
|keyboard = Persian keyboard
}}

== Language Policy and Planning of Iran ==
The current '''Language Policy''' of Iran is addressed on chapter two of the [[Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran]] (Articles 15 & 16). It asserts that the Persian language is the [[Lingua franca|Lingua Franca]] of the Iranian nation and as such, bound to be used through all official government communications and schooling system. In addition, the constitution also recognizes the Arabic language as the language of Islam, giving it a formal status as the language of religion, and regulates its spreading within the Iranian national curriculum.

Due to the nation's unique social and ethnic diversity, the constitution also acknowledges and permits the use of minority languages in the mass media as well as within the schools, in order to teach their literature. However, it should be noted that the minority languages of Iran do not receive a formal status and are not officially regulated by the authorities.<ref name=":0">Riazi, Abdolmehdi. '''[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Angel_Lin/publication/234705882_Decolonisation_Globalisation_Language-in-Education_Policy_and_Practice_New_Perspectives_on_Language_and_Education/links/0046353b491da6f274000000.pdf#page=117 The Four Language Stages in the History of Iran.]''' In: Martin, Peter W; Lin, Angel (Eds.). ''Decolonisation, Globalisation: Language-in-education Policy and Practice''. (Buffalo: Multilingual Matters, Ltd. 2005). pp. 98-114.</ref>

The first legislation which granted the Persian language its status was initiated back in 1906, as part of an electoral law that positioned it as the official language of the state of Iran, its government, its political institutions and its legal system. In the course of time this enactment followed by others, which eventually lead to a monolingual policy by the Iranian regime.

Perceiving multilingualism as a threat to the nation’s unity and Territorial integrity, and seeing the need to restrict minority languages’ use and to advance the Persian language’s hegemony, Iran’s language policy consists of a non-translation outline as well: all government, administration and educational settings are obliged to use merely Persian for any written communication. That includes political institutions (i.e. the Iranian Parliament), official bureaucratic communication (forms, signage etc.) and schooling (all children from the age of six and up are exposed only to Persian as the language of teaching and learning and of textbooks within the public school system). In other words, the Iranian authorities holds that minorities needs to learn the Iranian vernacular to an extent that will allow them to communicate with state institutions.<ref>Haddadian-Moghaddam, Esmaeil; Meylaerts, Reine. '''[http://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/35946252/What_about_translation_2014_sample.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1491355333&Signature=2KoiE1ydLX1G%2FS15wZ3zEcJoZsg%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DWhat_about What about Translation? Beyond “Persianization” as the Language Policy in Iran.]''' ''Iranian Studies'', Vol. 78, No. 6 (2015). pp. 851-870.</ref>{{dead link|date=June 2017}}

With regard to the Iranian '''Language Planning''', among the institutions accountable for advancing the Iranian Language Planning (e.g. Ministry of Education and Ministry of Science, Research and Technology) is the [[Academy of Persian Language and Literature]], which was established on 1991. Constantly seeking to revise and elaborate the nation’s official language, this institute focuses on the linguistics of the Persian language and on the internal aspects of Language Planning, rather than on minority languages use within the Iranian society. Other aspects of Language Planning (e.g. sociolinguistic or functional literacy) have not been assigned to a formal institute and are currently handled free of any official master plan, by the educational ministries.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Ethnicities_and_religions_in_Iran.png|thumb|250px|Iran main languages]]

== Languages of Iran ==
Different publications have reported different statistics for the '''languages of [[Iran]]'''. There have been some limited censuses taken in Iran in 2001, 1991, 1986 and 1949–1954.<ref>Iran. rtish. Sitād-i Artish. Dāyirah-i Jughrāfiyāʾī. Title: Farhang-i jughrāfiyāʾī-i Irān : ābādīhā. Imprint: [Tihrān] : Dāyirah-i Jughrafiyāʾī-i Sitād-i Artish, 1328–1332 [1949–54] Description: 10 v. : illus., maps (part fold. col.) Notes: Vols. 1–9 compiled under the general editorship of Hossein ʻAlī Razmārā. See for summary: (Ehsan Hooshmand, “Faslnaameyeh Goftegoo”, “A closer look at religious and ethnic statistics in modern Iran”, 2005, Tehran)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiran.com/magtoc.asp?mgID=1929&Number=43&Appendix=0 |title=فصلنامه گفتگو، شماره 43 |website=Magiran.com |date= |accessdate=2017-01-17}}</ref>
The following are the languages with the greatest number of speakers (data from the [[CIA World Factbook]]):<ref name="CIA World Factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |website=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2017-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |archivedate=2012-02-03 |df= }}</ref>

Classification categories of the spoken languages:
* [[Indo-European language family|Indo-European]] ([[Iranian languages|Iranic]] mainly, smaller amounts of other branches represented mainly by [[Armenian language|Armenian]], amongst others)
* [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] (the majority being [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], with smaller amounts of [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]], and [[Afshar language|Afshar]])
* [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] (mainly [[Arabic language|Arabic]], but also [[Neo-Aramaic]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[Mandean language|Mandean]])
* [[Caucasian languages]] (such as [[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]], and [[Circassian language|Circassian]])

==CIA World Factbook==
The following are the languages with the greatest number of speakers (data from the [[CIA World Factbook]]):<ref name="CIA World Factbook"/>
* [[Persian language|Persian]] 61%
* [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] and other Turkic dialects 16%
* [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] 10%
* [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] and [[Mazandarani language|Mazandarani]] 4%
* [[Luri language|Luri]] 6%
* [[Arabic language|Arabic]] 2%
* [[Balochi language|Balochi]] 2%
* [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] 1%
* Other languages comprise 1%, and include [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]], [[Talysh language|Talysh]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], etc.
* Total population 75,149,669 (2012 census)<ref name="DW Persian">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,16112833,00.html?maca=per-rss-per-all_volltext-5613-xml-mrss |title=Iran – کاهش غیرمنتظره نرخ رشد جمعیت در ایران |publisher=DW Persian |accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref>

==Census in the 1990s==
A census taken in the Iranian month of Mordad (July 21 – August 21) in 1991. In this census, all 49,588 mothers who gave birth in the country, were issued birth certificates. They were asked about their mother-tongue.<ref>
"در مرداد 1370، هنگام صدور شناسنامه براي نوزادان، درباره زبان ٤٩ هزار و ٥٥٨ مادر در سطح كشور سوال مطرح شد كه نتيجه حاكي از سهم حضور ٥٣٬٨ درصدي زبان هاى غيرفارسي در ايران بود. بر اساس نمونه گيري مذكور، توزيع سهم هر يك از زبان ها (به درصد) به اين شرح بود: ٤٦٬٢ فارسي؛ ٢٠٬٦ تركي آذربايجاني؛ ١٠ كردي؛ ٨٬٩ لري؛ ٧٬٢ درصد گيلكي و شمالي؛ ٣٬٥ عربي ؛ ٢٬٧ بلوچي؛ ٠٬٦ تركمني؛ ٠٬١ ارمني؛ و ٠٬٢ ساير زبان ها ".
Source:
زنجاني‌، حبيب‌ الله‌، محمد ميرزايي‌، كامل‌ شاپور و امير هوشنگ‌ مهريار، جمعيت‌،توسعه‌، بهداشت‌ باروري‌، چاپ‌ دوم‌، تهران‌، نشر و تبليغ‌ بشري‌، 1379.
Zanjani, H., Mirzai,M., Shapur, K., Mehriyar, A.H.; “Population, Growth, Mortality Rate”, Second Edition, Tehran, Tabligh-e-Bashari Publishers, 2000</ref> which were : 46.2% ([[Persian people|Persian]]), 20.6% ([[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]]), 10% Kurdish, 8.9% Luri, 7.2% Gilaki and Mazandarani, 3.5% Arabic, 2.7% Baluchi, 0.6% Turkmen, 0.1% Armenian, and 0.2% Others (e.g. [[Circassian language|Circassian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], etc.). The local [[varieties of Arabic|dialect of Arabic]] spoken in Iran is [[Khuzestani Arabic]], an [[Iraqi Arabic]] dialect, but the varieties of Arabic taught across Iran to students in secondary schools, regardless of their ethnic or linguistic background, are [[Modern Standard Arabic]] and [[Classical Arabic]], the latter a [[liturgical language]] of Islam.

==Recent survey==
A 2009 survey & polls from the US-based organization "Terror Free Tomorrow" (a partisan institution) with error is +/- 3.1 percent margin and uniform sampling based on provincial populations mentions the breakdown as following:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |title=Executive Summary |website=Terrorfreetomorrow.org |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2017-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf |archivedate=2013-07-23 |df= }}</ref>
* Persian 50.5%
* [[Azeri people|Azeri]] 21.6%
* Kurd 7.6%
* Gilaki and Mazandarani 6.9%
* Lur 6.9%
* Arab 2.7%
* Baloch 1.4%
* Tati and Talysh 1%
* Turkmen 0.9%
* Other 1.2% (incl. Armenian, Georgian, Circassian, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic and other Assyrian dialects, Hebrew, Mandaic)
* Unknown/refused about 0.5%

==Other estimations==
In 1986, there was also a nationwide census done. See: (Farhad Nu’mani, Sohrab Behdad, Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter?, Published 2006, Syracuse University Press, 2006)<ref name="Sohrab Behdad 2006">(Farhad Nu’mani, Sohrab Behdad, Class and Labor in Iran: Did the Revolution Matter?, Published 2006, Syracuse University Press, 2006)</ref> on the percentage of Iranians that known Persian, those who do not know and those who know it fluently.

According to the Kurdish-Belgian-American scholar [[Mehrdad Izady]], whose work can be found at [[Columbia University]] [[School of International and Public Affairs]], [[Gulf 2000 Project]] website,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Iran_Languages_2014_lg.png |format=PNG |title=Iran : Linguistic Composition in 2014 (Summary) |website=Gulf2000.columbia.edu |accessdate=2017-01-17}}</ref> the Iranian census of 2001 mentions that 68% of the population speaks Persian as a first language,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Iran_Languages_lg.jpg |format=JPG |title=Mehrdad Izady (2006–2011) |website=Gulf2000.columbia.edu |accessdate=2017-01-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001091018/http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Iran_Languages_lg.jpg |archivedate=2013-10-01 |df= }}</ref> while he himself gives the following figures for 2014:
* [[Persian language|Persian]] to include [[Luri]] and [[Bakhtiari dialect|Bakhtiari]] 62.1%
* [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] 13.6%
* [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] 7%
* [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] 3%
* [[Mazandarani language|Mazandarani]] 2.8%
* [[Balochi language|Balochi]] 2.4%
* [[Arabic language|Arabic]] 1.6%
* [[Tourki]] 1.6%
* [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]] 1.2%
* [[Tati language (Iran)|Tati]] 1.1%
* [[Raji]] 1%
* [[Turkmeni]] 0.9%
* [[Talysh language|Talysh]] 0.4%
* Other languages include Turkmen, Armenian, Georgian, Circassian, Syriac, Qashqai, Russian, Hebrew, Raji, Minabi, as well as other Western Iranian languages (Lari etc.)

==See also==
*[[Demographics of Iran]]
*[[Ethnicities in Iran]]
*[[Iranian languages]]
*[[Peoples of the Caucasus in Iran]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.ethnologue.org/show_country.asp?name=IR Ethnologue report for languages of Iran]
*[http://www.britannica.com/wdpdf/Iran.pdf Britannica]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People#People CIA FactBook]

{{Languages of Iran}}
{{Languages of Asia}}

[[Category:Languages of Iran| ]]

Costello (surname)

2017-09-21T14:21:12Z

159.50.189.7:

{{original research|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox surname
| name = Costello
| pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|s|t|ɛ|l|oʊ}} or (especially in Ireland) {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|s|t|ə|l|oʊ}} {{IPA-it|kosˈtɛllo|lang}}
| gender =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| languageorigin = [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[Latin language|Latin]]
| origin = Mac Oisdealbhaigh and Castellum
| meaning = "son of ''Ois[[wikt:dealbh|dealbh]]ach'' (Os-shaped, shaped like the god [[Æsir|Os]] or shaped like god cf. [[wikt:os#Old English|os]])" and "small Roman detached fort or fortlet used as a watch tower or signal station"
| seealso = Mac Coisteala and Castrum
| cognate = Mac Oisdealbh, Mac Goisdelbh, Mac Coisdealbhaigh
| family =
}}
'''Costello''' is an Irish [[surname]].

==History==
The surname has been borne by a notable [[Irish clan|Irish family]] who claimed descent from Hostilo (or Hostilio) d'Angulo, an [[Anglo-Norman]] [[knight]]. Hostilio d'Angulo accompanied his father, Gilbert d'Angulo and brother Jocelyn d'Angulo to Ireland in 1172 under the leadership of the Earl of Pembroke Richard de Clare, known as Strongbow. The invasion was of course ultimately under the command of Anglo-Norman king, Henry ll.{{cn|date=January 2017}}

[[Pope Adrian IV]], the first English pope, in one of his earliest acts, had already issued a Papal Bull in 1155, giving Henry authority to invade Ireland to bring the Irish Church into conformity with Roman practice.

It is reported that the surname d'Angulo derives from Angle, Pembrokeshire where the d'Angulo's resided prior to the invasion.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The family first appears on record in Ireland in 1193, when the [[Annals of the Four Masters]] state: ''Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe.'' (Inishcloghbran was plundered by the sons of Osdealv, and the sons of [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conor Moinmoy]].)<ref name="ucc">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005C/|title=Annals of the Four Masters|publisher=ucc.ie|accessdate=2015-04-18}}</ref>

''Oistealb'' or ''Osdealv'' was the Gaelic rendering of Hostilo.The Irish name Oisdealbh is sometimes erroneously attributed {{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} to a Gaelic translation of Jocelyn, Jocelyn d'Angulo's given name. In fact, MacOisdealbhaigh is the Gaelic translation of his brother Hostilo (or Hostilio) d'Angulo's first name. Oisdealbh is a much more obvious translation of Hostilo.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} It is Hostilo's descendants who would bear the surname Mac Oisdealbhaigh (son of Oisdealbh or Hostilo). The surname would later be anglicized to Costello, Costelloe, and Costellow. Gilbert d'Angulo is also sometimes listed{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} as the son of Jocelyn d'Angulo in error. Gilbert d'Angulo is the father of both Jocelyn and Hostilo.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=New World Encyclopedia |title=Norman invasion of Ireland |url=http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland |access-date=Jun 28, 2017}}</ref>

It occasionally has been adopted as a [[pseudonym]] or [[stage name]] by famous people of Italian descent, including [[Al Costello]] (né Giacomo Costa), [[Frank Costello]] (né Francesco Castiglia), and [[Lou Costello]] (né Louis Francis Cristillo).

==People born with the surname==
*[[Ashley Costello]], Lead vocalist for New Years Day
*[[Anthony Costello]], Professor of International Child Health
*[[Barry M. Costello]], United States Navy Vice Admiral
*[[Billy Costello]], American boxer
*[[Carol Costello]], CNN news reporter
*[[Daniel Rae Costello]], Pacific musician
*[[Diosa Costello]] (1913–2013), American actress
*[[Dolores Costello]], American film actress
*[[Dubhaltach Caoch Mac Coisdealbhaigh]], Irish soldier and rapparee (died 1667)
*[[Frank Costello (footballer)]] (1884–1914), English footballer who played for Southampton and West Ham United
*[[Helene Costello]], American film actress, from whom Lou Costello (see below) took his stage name
*[[Herman T. Costello]] (1920-2017), American politician
*[[Jerry Costello]], American politician
*[[Joe Costello (politician)]] (born 1945), Irish Labour Party politician
*[[John Costello (baseball)]] (born 1960), American baseball pitcher
* [[John Costello (historian)]], British historian
*[[John Costello (Medal of Honor recipient)]] (1850–?), U.S. Navy sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
*[[John Costello (pastoralist)]] (1838–1923), Australian pastoralist
*[[John A. Costello]] (1891–1976), Taoiseach of Ireland
*[[John M. Costello]] (1903–1976), U.S. Representative from California
*[[Joseph Costello (electronic design automation)]], American computer scientist
*[[Joseph Arthur Costello]] (1915–1978), American Catholic bishop
*[[Larry Costello]], American professional basketball coach
*[[Louisa Stuart Costello]], British author and poet
*[[Mark Costello (disambiguation)]], several people
*[[Matt Costello]], basketball player
*[[Matthew J. Costello]], author
*[[Maurice Costello]], American stage and screen actor
*[[Michael Costello (actor)]], American actor
*[[Michael Costello (fashion designer)]], American fashion designer
*[[Michael Costello (public servant)]], ex-chief of staff to Australian politician Kim Beazley
*[[Michael A. Costello]] (born 1965), State Representative for the Massachusetts House of Representatives
*[[Michael Copps Costello]] (1875–1936), Canadian politician
*[[Mike Costello]], British sports broadcaster
*[[Michael Joe Costello]] (1904–1986), Irish Army general
*[[Murray Costello]], Canadian member of the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]]
*[[Nigel Costello]] (born 1968), English professional footballer
*[[Paul Costello]], American rower and Olympic medalist
*[[Peter Costello]], Australian politician
*[[Ryan Costello]], American politician
*[[Seamus Costello]], Irish politician, and member of the Irish Republican Army
*[[Sean Costello]], American blues musician
*[[Stephen Costello]], American opera tenor
*[[Sue Costello]] American comedian and actress
*[[Tim Costello]], Australian Baptist minister and author
*[[Thomas Joseph Costello]], American Roman Catholic bishop
*[[Victor Costello]], Irish rugby union player
*[[Ward Costello]], American actor

==People adopting the surname as a pseudonym==

*[[Al Costello]], the ring name of Italian-Australian professional wrestler Giacomo Costa
*[[Diosa Costello]], American performer
*[[Elvis Costello]], British singer and musician (real name Declan Patrick MacManus)
*[[Frank Costello]], American criminal and mobster (born in Italy as Francesco Castiglia; took the Costello name in the 1920s)
*[[Lou Costello]], Italian-American actor and comedian (born Louis Francis Cristillo), part of [[Abbott and Costello]]

==Fictional characters with the surname==
* Charlie Costello, one of the several psychopaths in the film ''[[Seven Psychopaths]]'', portrayed by actor [[Woody Harrelson]]
* Esther Costello, the deaf mute title character of the film ''[[The Story of Esther Costello]]'', portrayed by actress [[Heather Sears]]
* Frank Costello, the antagonist of the film ''[[The Departed]]'', portrayed by actor [[Jack Nicholson]]
* Frank "Punch" Costello, the "most drunken" character in chapter 14, the Oxen of the Sun episode, of James Joyce's ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]''.
* Jef Costello, the antihero of the film ''[[Le Samouraï]]'', portrayed by actor [[Alain Delon]]
* Kaitlin Costello, the key witness in the 1982 courtroom drama film ''[[The Verdict]]'', portrayed by actress [[Lindsay Crouse]]
* Maggie Costello, the protagonist of ''The Last Testament'', book by [[Sam Bourne]]
* Martha Costello QC, the lead character in the 2011- BBC series ''[[Silk (TV series)|Silk]]'', portrayed by actress [[Maxine Peake]]
* Nora Costello, the protagonist of ''The Voice I Just Heard,'' a novel by Susan Dormady Eisenberg
* [[List of Torchwood characters#Suzie Costello|Suzie Costello]], a character from the British television show ''[[Torchwood]]'', portrayed by actress [[Indira Varma]]
* The Costello family in ''[[Hollyoaks]]'', a British television show
* The Costello family in ''Tangerine'', book by [[Edward Bloor]]
* The Costello family in ''[[The Clinic]]'', an Irish television show

==See also==
*[[Costello (disambiguation)]]
*[[Costelloe (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Costello}}
[[Category:Anglicised Irish-language surnames]]
[[Category:Irish-language surnames]]
[[Category:Irish families]]
[[Category:Surnames of Irish origin]]

Costello (surname)

2017-09-21T14:20:59Z

159.50.189.7:

{{original research|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox surname
| name = Costello
| pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|s|t|ɛ|l|oʊ}} or (especially in Ireland) {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|s|t|ə|l|oʊ}} {{IPA-it|kosˈtɛllo|lang}}
| gender =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| languageorigin = [[Irish language|Irish]] and [[Latin language|Latin]]
| origin = Mac Oisdealbhaigh and Castellum
| meaning = "son of ''Ois[[wikt:dealbh|dealbh]]ach'' (Os-shaped, shaped like the god [[Æsir|Os]] or shaped like god cf. [[wikt:os#Old English|os]])" and "small Roman detached fort or fortlet used as a watch tower or signal station"
| seealso = Mac Coisteala and Castrum
| cognate = Mac Oisdealbh, Mac Goisdelbh, Mac Coisdealbhaigh
| family =
}}
'''Costello''' is an Irish[[surname]].

==History==
The surname has been borne by a notable [[Irish clan|Irish family]] who claimed descent from Hostilo (or Hostilio) d'Angulo, an [[Anglo-Norman]] [[knight]]. Hostilio d'Angulo accompanied his father, Gilbert d'Angulo and brother Jocelyn d'Angulo to Ireland in 1172 under the leadership of the Earl of Pembroke Richard de Clare, known as Strongbow. The invasion was of course ultimately under the command of Anglo-Norman king, Henry ll.{{cn|date=January 2017}}

[[Pope Adrian IV]], the first English pope, in one of his earliest acts, had already issued a Papal Bull in 1155, giving Henry authority to invade Ireland to bring the Irish Church into conformity with Roman practice.

It is reported that the surname d'Angulo derives from Angle, Pembrokeshire where the d'Angulo's resided prior to the invasion.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

The family first appears on record in Ireland in 1193, when the [[Annals of the Four Masters]] state: ''Inis Clothrann do orgain la macaibh Oisdealb, & la macaibh Conchobhair Maonmaighe.'' (Inishcloghbran was plundered by the sons of Osdealv, and the sons of [[Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair|Conor Moinmoy]].)<ref name="ucc">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/T100005C/|title=Annals of the Four Masters|publisher=ucc.ie|accessdate=2015-04-18}}</ref>

''Oistealb'' or ''Osdealv'' was the Gaelic rendering of Hostilo.The Irish name Oisdealbh is sometimes erroneously attributed {{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} to a Gaelic translation of Jocelyn, Jocelyn d'Angulo's given name. In fact, MacOisdealbhaigh is the Gaelic translation of his brother Hostilo (or Hostilio) d'Angulo's first name. Oisdealbh is a much more obvious translation of Hostilo.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} It is Hostilo's descendants who would bear the surname Mac Oisdealbhaigh (son of Oisdealbh or Hostilo). The surname would later be anglicized to Costello, Costelloe, and Costellow. Gilbert d'Angulo is also sometimes listed{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}} as the son of Jocelyn d'Angulo in error. Gilbert d'Angulo is the father of both Jocelyn and Hostilo.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=New World Encyclopedia |title=Norman invasion of Ireland |url=http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland |access-date=Jun 28, 2017}}</ref>

It occasionally has been adopted as a [[pseudonym]] or [[stage name]] by famous people of Italian descent, including [[Al Costello]] (né Giacomo Costa), [[Frank Costello]] (né Francesco Castiglia), and [[Lou Costello]] (né Louis Francis Cristillo).

==People born with the surname==
*[[Ashley Costello]], Lead vocalist for New Years Day
*[[Anthony Costello]], Professor of International Child Health
*[[Barry M. Costello]], United States Navy Vice Admiral
*[[Billy Costello]], American boxer
*[[Carol Costello]], CNN news reporter
*[[Daniel Rae Costello]], Pacific musician
*[[Diosa Costello]] (1913–2013), American actress
*[[Dolores Costello]], American film actress
*[[Dubhaltach Caoch Mac Coisdealbhaigh]], Irish soldier and rapparee (died 1667)
*[[Frank Costello (footballer)]] (1884–1914), English footballer who played for Southampton and West Ham United
*[[Helene Costello]], American film actress, from whom Lou Costello (see below) took his stage name
*[[Herman T. Costello]] (1920-2017), American politician
*[[Jerry Costello]], American politician
*[[Joe Costello (politician)]] (born 1945), Irish Labour Party politician
*[[John Costello (baseball)]] (born 1960), American baseball pitcher
* [[John Costello (historian)]], British historian
*[[John Costello (Medal of Honor recipient)]] (1850–?), U.S. Navy sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
*[[John Costello (pastoralist)]] (1838–1923), Australian pastoralist
*[[John A. Costello]] (1891–1976), Taoiseach of Ireland
*[[John M. Costello]] (1903–1976), U.S. Representative from California
*[[Joseph Costello (electronic design automation)]], American computer scientist
*[[Joseph Arthur Costello]] (1915–1978), American Catholic bishop
*[[Larry Costello]], American professional basketball coach
*[[Louisa Stuart Costello]], British author and poet
*[[Mark Costello (disambiguation)]], several people
*[[Matt Costello]], basketball player
*[[Matthew J. Costello]], author
*[[Maurice Costello]], American stage and screen actor
*[[Michael Costello (actor)]], American actor
*[[Michael Costello (fashion designer)]], American fashion designer
*[[Michael Costello (public servant)]], ex-chief of staff to Australian politician Kim Beazley
*[[Michael A. Costello]] (born 1965), State Representative for the Massachusetts House of Representatives
*[[Michael Copps Costello]] (1875–1936), Canadian politician
*[[Mike Costello]], British sports broadcaster
*[[Michael Joe Costello]] (1904–1986), Irish Army general
*[[Murray Costello]], Canadian member of the [[Hockey Hall of Fame]]
*[[Nigel Costello]] (born 1968), English professional footballer
*[[Paul Costello]], American rower and Olympic medalist
*[[Peter Costello]], Australian politician
*[[Ryan Costello]], American politician
*[[Seamus Costello]], Irish politician, and member of the Irish Republican Army
*[[Sean Costello]], American blues musician
*[[Stephen Costello]], American opera tenor
*[[Sue Costello]] American comedian and actress
*[[Tim Costello]], Australian Baptist minister and author
*[[Thomas Joseph Costello]], American Roman Catholic bishop
*[[Victor Costello]], Irish rugby union player
*[[Ward Costello]], American actor

==People adopting the surname as a pseudonym==

*[[Al Costello]], the ring name of Italian-Australian professional wrestler Giacomo Costa
*[[Diosa Costello]], American performer
*[[Elvis Costello]], British singer and musician (real name Declan Patrick MacManus)
*[[Frank Costello]], American criminal and mobster (born in Italy as Francesco Castiglia; took the Costello name in the 1920s)
*[[Lou Costello]], Italian-American actor and comedian (born Louis Francis Cristillo), part of [[Abbott and Costello]]

==Fictional characters with the surname==
* Charlie Costello, one of the several psychopaths in the film ''[[Seven Psychopaths]]'', portrayed by actor [[Woody Harrelson]]
* Esther Costello, the deaf mute title character of the film ''[[The Story of Esther Costello]]'', portrayed by actress [[Heather Sears]]
* Frank Costello, the antagonist of the film ''[[The Departed]]'', portrayed by actor [[Jack Nicholson]]
* Frank "Punch" Costello, the "most drunken" character in chapter 14, the Oxen of the Sun episode, of James Joyce's ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]''.
* Jef Costello, the antihero of the film ''[[Le Samouraï]]'', portrayed by actor [[Alain Delon]]
* Kaitlin Costello, the key witness in the 1982 courtroom drama film ''[[The Verdict]]'', portrayed by actress [[Lindsay Crouse]]
* Maggie Costello, the protagonist of ''The Last Testament'', book by [[Sam Bourne]]
* Martha Costello QC, the lead character in the 2011- BBC series ''[[Silk (TV series)|Silk]]'', portrayed by actress [[Maxine Peake]]
* Nora Costello, the protagonist of ''The Voice I Just Heard,'' a novel by Susan Dormady Eisenberg
* [[List of Torchwood characters#Suzie Costello|Suzie Costello]], a character from the British television show ''[[Torchwood]]'', portrayed by actress [[Indira Varma]]
* The Costello family in ''[[Hollyoaks]]'', a British television show
* The Costello family in ''Tangerine'', book by [[Edward Bloor]]
* The Costello family in ''[[The Clinic]]'', an Irish television show

==See also==
*[[Costello (disambiguation)]]
*[[Costelloe (disambiguation)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{surname}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Costello}}
[[Category:Anglicised Irish-language surnames]]
[[Category:Irish-language surnames]]
[[Category:Irish families]]
[[Category:Surnames of Irish origin]]

The Joe Rogan Experience

2017-08-18T13:48:12Z

159.50.189.7:

{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox podcast
| title = The Joe Rogan Experience
| image = The Joe Rogan Experience logo.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = The Joe Rogan Experience logo
| hosting = [[Joe Rogan]]
| genre = Talk
| format = {{Flatlist|
* Audio
* video}}
| creator = Joe Rogan
| length = 2–3 hours
| language = English
| production = Joe Rogan (Occasional) Brian Redban (2009–2013) Jamie Vernon (2013–present)
| num_episodes = 999 (as of August 18, 2017)
| began = December 24, 2009
| ended =
| provider =
| website = {{URL|http://podcasts.joerogan.net/}}
| module =
}}
'''''The Joe Rogan Experience''''' is a free audio and video talk [[podcast]] hosted by American comedian, actor, sports commentator, and television host [[Joe Rogan]]. The podcast was launched on December 24, 2009 by Rogan and his friend Brian Redban who also produced and co-hosted. Its episodes number almost one thousand and it has become one of the United States' most popular podcasts.

== History ==
Around 2003, Rogan hired Brian Redban, a self-taught video editor and an employee at a [[Gateway, Inc.|Gateway]] computer store in Ohio, to work for him full time to film, produce, and edit videos for his website.<ref name=wolfredban/> Redban, a fan of Rogan and comedian [[Doug Stanhope]] who had tried stand-up at [[open mic]] nights in Ohio, met and befriended the two through the Internet.<ref name=wolfredban>{{cite episode|first1=Josh|last1=Wolf|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|title=Episode #28: Brian Redban, comedian and podcast pioneer, joins Josh|medium=Podcast|date=March 3, 2016|series=Fairly Normal with Josh Wolf|url=https://soundcloud.com/josh-wolf-comedian/episode-28-brian-redban-comedian-and-podcast-pioneer-joins-josh|time=5:40–8:12}}</ref><ref name=mariaredban1>{{cite episode|first1=Cara|last1=Santamaria|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|title=Episode 39 – Brian Redban|medium=Podcast|date=November 23, 2014|series=Talk Nerdy|url=http://carasantamaria.com/podcast/brian-redban|time=17:00–19:12}}</ref> He then started to produce videos for Stanhope, which led to Rogan offering him trips to film at his own stand-up gigs.<ref name=wolfredban/> Redban accepted Rogan's offer to work with him, and relocated to California in the process, following Rogan with a camera "and recording everything".<ref name=wolfredban/> After several years, Redban later said Rogan's fans wanted more content and delivered faster, and sought new ways to make the lengthy editing process easier and more interactive for the audience.<ref name=wolfredban2>{{cite episode|first1=Josh|last1=Wolf|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|title=Episode #28: Brian Redban, comedian and podcast pioneer, joins Josh|medium=Podcast|date=March 3, 2016|series=Fairly Normal with Josh Wolf|url=https://soundcloud.com/josh-wolf-comedian/episode-28-brian-redban-comedian-and-podcast-pioneer-joins-josh|time=34:12–39:32}}</ref> Coupled with his interest in popular live video streaming services of the time, Redban wanted "to do the same thing I was filming, but live", and set up live streams on [[Justin.tv]] from the green room at Rogan's comedy gigs.<ref name=wolfredban2/><ref name=mariaredban1/> Following several broadcasts, Rogan suggested to host a live stream with Redban from his home and talk to fans in a chat room, using the audio of the video stream as a podcast.<ref name=mariaredban1/><ref name=wolfredban2/>

Rogan and Redban recorded the first episode on December 24, 2009,<ref name=ep1>{{cite episode|first1=Joe|last1=Rogan|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|title=Joe Rogan Experience #1 – Brian Redban|medium=Podcast|date=December 24, 2009|series=The Joe Rogan Experience}}</ref> which initially took the form as live weekly broadcast on [[Ustream]]<ref>{{cite newspaper|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-223254347.html|title=WEB WATCH|date=7 April 2010|newspaper=Daily Record|first=Iain|last=Hepburn|accessdate=3 February 2016|via=Highbeam Research|subscription=yes}}</ref> with the two "sitting in front of laptops bullshitting".<ref name=carnell>{{cite web|url=https://thom-carnell.squarespace.com/writing-samples/2016/1/24/interview-joe-rogan|title=Interview: Joe Rogan (January 2011)|date=24 January 2016|first=Thom|last=Carnell|publisher=Thom Carnell|accessdate=5 February 2017}}</ref> Redban had no prior experience with audio engineering, so he taught himself to operate the mixing board and microphone setups.<ref name=wolfredban2/> Early episodes featured a snowflake effect that was incorporated into the video stream that they later revisited in 2015 for one episode.<ref name=ep674>{{cite episode|first1=Joe|last1=Rogan|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|title=Joe Rogan Experience #674 – Brian Redban|medium=Podcast|date=July 27, 2015|series=The Joe Rogan Experience}}</ref> The first guest on the podcast was comedian [[Ari Shaffir]] who appeared on the third episode broadcast on January 6, 2010.<ref name=ep3>{{cite episode|first1=Joe|last1=Rogan|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|first3=Ari|last3=Shaffir|title=Joe Rogan Experience #3 – Ari Shaffir, Brian Redban|medium=Podcast|date=January 6, 2010|series=The Joe Rogan Experience}}</ref> The podcast had its first sponsor in the sex toy production company [[Fleshlight]], a partnership that began in May 2010 and lasted until mid-2012 when the company claimed it had saturated his market by that time.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=JoeRogan|author=Rogan, Joe|number=13446719185|date=May 5, 2010|title=My tweeples voted unanimously to accept the sponsorship from the fleshlight despite the concerns of my management. I agree, so it's on!}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|user=JoeRogan|author=Rogan, Joe|number=229799761773985794|date=July 30, 2012|title=They dropped us. They said they saturated our market. Me might still do some stuff with them periodically in the future.}}</ref> By August 2010, the podcast was named ''The Joe Rogan Experience'' and was recorded several times a week.<ref name=entertainment2010>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-235098333.html|title=The Joe Rogan Experience Podcast Selects Wizzard Media's LibsynPro|date=10 August 2010|magazine=Entertainment Close-up|accessdate=3 February 2016|via=Highbeam Research|subscription=yes}}</ref> In May 2011, Rogan secured a deal with [[SiriusXM Satellite Radio]], a subscription-based [[satellite radio]] service, to have the podcast air on its talk channel [[Faction Talk|The Virus]].<ref name=carnell/>

In 2013, Redban started to reduce his time as the podcast's sole producer. He explained in the following year that Rogan had started to record multiple podcasts in a day, "and it got to the point where [Rogan] wanted to keep on going, six, seven hours" which caused too much work for him to handle by himself. As a result, Jamie Vernon was hired as a second producer, initially as Redban's assistant, to fill in, leaving Redban to produce "about half of the episodes".<ref name=mariaredban2>{{cite episode|first1=Cara|last1=Santamaria|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|title=Episode 39 – Brian Redban|medium=Podcast|date=November 23, 2014|series=Talk Nerdy|url=http://carasantamaria.com/podcast/brian-redban|time=20:06–20:50}}</ref> Vernon soon became the sole producer, with Redban subsequently appearing on the podcast as a guest.<ref>{{cite episode|first1=Joe|last1=Rogan|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|title=Joe Rogan Experience #674 – Brian Redban|medium=Podcast|date=July 28, 2015|series=The Joe Rogan Experience}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode|first1=Joe|last1=Rogan|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|title=Joe Rogan Experience #684 – Brian Redban|medium=Podcast|date=August 17, 2015|series=The Joe Rogan Experience}}</ref><ref>{{cite episode|first1=Joe|last1=Rogan|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|title=Joe Rogan Experience #688 – Brian Redban|medium=Podcast|date=August 26, 2015|series=The Joe Rogan Experience}}</ref>

The podcast was originally recorded at Rogan's home in California.<ref name=ep1/> From November 24, 2011, some episodes were recorded at the Ice House Comedy Club in [[Pasadena, California]], also known as the Deathsquad Studios.<ref>{{cite episode|first1=Joe|last1=Rogan|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|first3=Eddie|last3=Bravo|title=Joe Rogan Experience #160 – Eddie Bravo, Brian Redban|medium=Podcast|date=November 24, 2011|series=The Joe Rogan Experience}}</ref> Since November 27, 2012, the majority of episodes have been recorded in a private studio that Rogan acquired in the [[Woodland Hills, California|Woodland Hills]] area of [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite episode|first1=Joe|last1=Rogan|first2=Brian|last2=Redban|first3=Shane|last3=Smith|title=Joe Rogan Experience #289 – Shane Smith, Brian Redban|medium=Podcast|date=November 27, 2012|series=The Joe Rogan Experience}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The podcast has become one of the most popular from the United States. In August 2010, nine months after its launch, it entered list of Top 100 podcasts on [[iTunes]].<ref name=entertainment2010/> The podcast was voted Best Comedy Podcast of 2012 by users of iTunes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/conservative-podcasts-newsmax-list/2015/09/14/id/691424/|title=Newsmax's Top 50 Conservative Podcasts|date=September 15, 2015|first=Erica|last=Baum|publisher=Newsmax|accessdate=April 19, 2017}}</ref> In February 2014, the podcast won a [[Stitcher Radio|Stitcher Award]] for Best Overall Show at its 2013 edition of its awards.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=JoeRogan|author=Rogan, Joe|number=439158907106492416|date=February 27, 2014|title=The Joe Rogan Experience won best overall podcast at the Stitcher Awards, and I am eternally grateful...}}</ref> In January 2015, the podcast was listened to by over 11 million people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inquisitr.com/1727870/joe-rogan-podcast-tops-11-million-monthly-downloads/|title=Joe Rogan Podcast |publisher=Inquisitor |date= |accessdate=November 13, 2015}}</ref> By October 2015, it had grown to acquire 16 million downloads a month.<ref name=rollingstone2015>{{cite web|url=http://www.rollingstone.com/sports/features/how-joe-rogan-went-from-ufc-announcer-to-21st-century-timothy-leary-20151022|title=How Joe Rogan Went From UFC Announcer to 21st-Century Timothy Leary|date=October 22, 2015|work=Rolling Stone|first=Erik|last=Hedegaard|accessdate=May 29, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Eadicicco|first=Lisa|title=The 10 Most Popular Podcasts of 2015|url=http://time.com/4141439/podcasts-most-popular-year-2015/|work=Time|accessdate=April 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Ham|first=Robert|title=Joe Rogan's Powerful Life|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2016/10/joe-rogans-powerful-life.html|accessdate=April 16, 2017|work=Paste|date=October 28, 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://podcasts.joerogan.net/ Official website]
* [https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-joe-rogan-experience/id360084272 The Joe Rogan Experience] on [[iTunes]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/PowerfulJRE The Joe Rogan Experience] on [[YouTube]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joe Rogan Experience, The}}
[[Category:English-language podcasts]]
[[Category:Audio podcasts]]
[[Category:Comedy and humor podcasts]]
[[Category:Talk podcasts]]
[[Category:Video podcasts]]
[[Category:2009 introductions]]
[[Category:2009 podcast debuts]]

Taxi 2

2017-07-26T10:51:21Z

159.50.189.7: /* Production */

{{Infobox film
| name = Taxi 2
| image = Taxi2 movie.png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gérard Krawczyk]]
| writer = [[Luc Besson]]
| starring = [[Samy Naceri]] [[Frédéric Diefenthal]] [[Marion Cotillard]] [[Emma Sjoberg]] [[Bernard Farcy]]
| producer = [[Luc Besson]] [[Michele Petin]] [[Laurent Petin]]
| music = [[Olivier"Akos"Castelli]], [[Al Khemya]], [[IAM (band)|One Shot]]
| cinematography = [[Thierry Guilmaro]]
| distributor = [[Lions Gate Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2000|3|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 88 minutes
| country = France
| language = [[French language|French]] [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| budget = $11 million
| gross = $64 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=2398|title=Taxi 2 (2000)- JPBox-Office|first=|last=JP|website=www.jpbox-office.com}}</ref>
}}

'''''Taxi 2''''' (also called '''''Taxi Taxi''''') is a French action film directed by [[Gérard Krawczyk]] and released in 2000. Starring [[Samy Naceri]], [[Frédéric Diefenthal]] and [[Marion Cotillard]]. It is a sequel to ''[[Taxi (1998 film)|Taxi]]'', written by [[Luc Besson]] and directed by [[Gérard Pirès]] in 1998. It was followed by ''[[Taxi 3]]'' in 2003.

==Plot==
A Japanese [[Minister of Defence|minister of defence]] is traveling to [[Paris]] to sign a weapons contract between Japan and France, but first, he is visiting [[Marseille]] to view and rate the city police's anti-gang tactics (using fake attacks on him). During the visit, however, he is kidnapped by a group working for the Japanese [[yakuza]]. Emilien ([[Frédéric Diefenthal]]) is determined to rescue the minister and detective Petra ([[Emma Sjöberg]]), his girlfriend who was also kidnapped, and restore the honour of his department. Once again, speed demon taxi-driver Daniel ([[Samy Naceri]]) is called upon to save the day with his high-speed driving skills.

== Cast ==
* [[Samy Naceri]] ... Daniel Morales
* [[Frédéric Diefenthal]] ... Émilien Coutant-Kerbalec
* [[Marion Cotillard]] ... Lilly Bertineau
* [[Manuela Gourary]] ... Camille Coutant-Kerbalec
* [[Emma Sjöberg]] ... Petra
* [[Bernard Farcy]] ... Commissaire Gérard Gibert
* [[Jean-Christophe Bouvet]] ... Général Edmond Bertineau
* [[Frédérique Tirmont]] ... Mme Bertineau
* [[Tsuyu Shimizu]] ... Yuli
* [[Édouard Montoute]] ... Alain Trésor
* [[Yoshi Oida]] ... Yuki Tsumoto

==Production==
Luc Besson was investigated by authorities after a cameraman died during filming. A [[Peugeot 406]] was supposed to land in a pile of cardboard after a stunt, but missed and hit several crew. A cameraman died later of internal injuries and another cameraman broke both legs. Authorities allege safety was compromised in an effort to cut costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/film/2026403.stm | title=Besson investigated for film death|website=[[BBC News]] |date= 5 June 2002 }}</ref> Pioneer [[stunt coordinator]] [[Rémy Julienne]] was given an 18-month suspended jail sentence and fined 13,000 euros. Luc Besson, Grenet and director Gerard Krawczyk were initialy cleared of charges.<ref>[http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/breakingnews/breakingnews/view/20070911-88020/James-Bond-stuntman-
convicted-over-film-shoot-death 'James Bond' stuntman convicted over film shoot death]</ref>
But the Paris Court of Appeal reversed the ruling in June 2009, and EuropaCorp was convicted of involuntary manslaughter and ordered to pay €100,000. Julienne's jail sentence was reduced to six months, and his fine was reduced from €13,000 to €2,000 but he was required to pay the Dutartre family €50,000 in court costs.

Also with the Peugeot, [[Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution|Mitsubishi Lancer EVO VI]] is also featured as a star's car driven by the [[Yakuza]]s.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0183869}}
* {{amg movie|198539|Taxi 2}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=taxi_2|title=Taxi 2}}
* {{mojo title|id=taxi2|title=Taxi 2}}

{{Taxi}}
{{Luc Besson}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000s action comedy films]]
[[Category:2000s action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s buddy films]]
[[Category:Action comedy films]]
[[Category:Buddy films]]
[[Category:EuropaCorp films]]
[[Category:Films about organized crime in France]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gérard Krawczyk]]
[[Category:Films produced by Luc Besson]]
[[Category:Films set in Marseille]]
[[Category:Films set in Paris]]
[[Category:French films]]
[[Category:French-language films]]
[[Category:French action thriller films]]
[[Category:Lions Gate Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Sequel films]]
[[Category:Taxi (film series)]]
[[Category:Yakuza films]]
[[Category:2000s comedy films]]

{{2000s-France-film-stub}}
{{2000s-comedy-film-stub}}

Demographics of Iraq

2017-04-14T15:44:53Z

159.50.189.7:

{{further information|Iraqi people}}
{{outdated|date=January 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2013}}
This article is about the [[demographic]] features of the population of [[Iraq]], including [[population density]], [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]], education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

The population is estimated to be 36,585,692 as of July 2014, with most of the population being Arab (80-85%), followed by Kurds (10-15%) and others (5%). 99% are Muslims, 0.8% Christians and the rest belong to other minorities.

==Background==
{{See also|History of Iraq}}
Iraq is the region known outside the [[Islamic world]] as [[Mesopotamia]]. The population estimate in 1920 was 3 million. The ruins of [[Ur]], [[Babylon]] and other ancient cities are situated in Iraq, as is the legendary location of the [[Garden of Eden]]. Almost 75% of Iraq's population lives in the flat, alluvial plain stretching southeast from [[Tikrit]] to the [[Persian Gulf]]. The [[Tigris]] and the [[Euphrates]] carry about 70 million cubic meters of silt annually from this plain down to the delta. The water from these two great rivers, and the fertility of the soil in the alluvial plain and the delta, allowed early agriculture to sustain a stable population as far back as the [[7th millennium BC]].

==Population==
[[File:Iraq ethno 2003.jpg|thumbnail|Ethno-religious map of Iraq from 2003, produced by the CIA]]
: 32,585,692 (July 2014 estimate),<ref name="TWFIraq">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html |title=Iraq|work=[[The World Factbook]]|date=22 June 2014}}</ref> up from 31,234,000 (April 2009 IMF estimate)<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=433&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=83&pr.y=17 |title=Iraq|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2009-04-27}}</ref>

[[File:Iraq total fertility rate by region 2006.png|thumb|Iraq fertility rate by region (2006)<ref name=unicef>{{cite web|url=http://www.childinfo.org/files/MICS3_Iraq_FinalReport_2006_eng.pdf |title=Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006 - unicef statistics|publisher=Unicef|accessdate=2016-03-20}}</ref>
{| width=100%
|-
| valign=right|
{{legend|#ff0000|5 - 6}}
{{legend|#ff6500|4 - 5}}
{{legend|#ffff00|3 - 4}}
{{legend|#0cff00|2 - 3}}
|}
]]

==Vital statistics==

===UN estimates<ref>[http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision]</ref>===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Period
! width="80pt"|Live births per year
! width="80pt"|Deaths per year
! width="80pt"|Natural change per year
! width="80pt"|CBR1
! width="80pt"|CDR1
! width="80pt"|NC1
! width="80pt"|TFR1
! width="80pt"|IMR1
|-
| 1950-1955
| align="right" | 327 000
| align="right" | 158 000
| align="right" | 169 000
| align="right" | 53.2
| align="right" | 25.8
| align="right" | 27.5
| align="right" | 7.30
| align="right" | 197.6
|-
| 1955-1960
| align="right" | 297 000
| align="right" | 133 000
| align="right" | 164 000
| align="right" | 42.6
| align="right" | 19.1
| align="right" | 23.5
| align="right" | 6.20
| align="right" | 152.9
|-
| 1960-1965
| align="right" | 343 000
| align="right" | 122 000
| align="right" | 221 000
| align="right" | 43.3
| align="right" | 15.4
| align="right" | 27.9
| align="right" | 6.60
| align="right" | 120.7
|-
| 1965-1970
| align="right" | 430 000
| align="right" | 121 000
| align="right" | 309 000
| align="right" | 46.5
| align="right" | 13.1
| align="right" | 33.4
| align="right" | 7.40
| align="right" | 96.0
|-
| 1970-1975
| align="right" | 475 000
| align="right" | 121 000
| align="right" | 354 000
| align="right" | 43.6
| align="right" | 11.1
| align="right" | 32.5
| align="right" | 7.15
| align="right" | 76.4
|-
| 1975-1980
| align="right" | 526 000
| align="right" | 124 000
| align="right" | 402 000
| align="right" | 41.2
| align="right" | 9.8
| align="right" | 31.5
| align="right" | 6.80
| align="right" | 60.4
|-
| 1980-1985
| align="right" | 571 000
| align="right" | 185 000
| align="right" | 387 000
| align="right" | 39.1
| align="right" | 12.6
| align="right" | 26.5
| align="right" | 6.35
| align="right" | 48.9
|-
| 1985-1990
| align="right" | 638 000
| align="right" | 132 000
| align="right" | 505 000
| align="right" | 38.8
| align="right" | 8.0
| align="right" | 30.8
| align="right" | 6.15
| align="right" | 41.8
|-
| 1990-1995
| align="right" | 719 000
| align="right" | 105 000
| align="right" | 614 000
| align="right" | 38.2
| align="right" | 5.6
| align="right" | 32.6
| align="right" |5.65
| align="right" | 43.4
|-
| 1995-2000
| align="right" | 836 000
| align="right" | 119 000
| align="right" | 717 000
| align="right" | 37.9
| align="right" | 5.4
| align="right" | 32.5
| align="right" |5.19
| align="right" | 38.1
|-
| 2000-2005
| align="right" | 960 000
| align="right" | 144 000
| align="right" | 816 000
| align="right" | 37.5
| align="right" | 5.6
| align="right" | 31.9
| align="right" |4.66
| align="right" | 35.9
|-
| 2005-2010
| align="right" | 1 079 000
| align="right" | 187 000
| align="right" | 892 000
| align="right" | 36.6
| align="right" | 6.3
| align="right" | 30.2
| align="right" |4.64
| align="right" | 34.6
|-
| colspan="9"| 1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births
|}

'''Births and deaths''' <ref name="unstats.un.org">http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="70"|Year
! width="70"|Population (x1000)
! width="70"|Live births
! width="70"|Deaths
! width="70"|Natural increase
! width="70"|Crude birth rate
! width="70"|Crude death rate
! width="70"|Rate of natural increase
! width="70"|TFR
|-
| align="right" | 2013
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 1 077 645
| align="right" | 189 118
| align="right" | 888 527
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
| align="right" | 2014
| align="right" | 36 004 552
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
|}

===Fertility ages average in 1997-2006<ref>http://cosit.gov.iq/en/population-manpower-staatistics/life</ref><ref>http://www.childinfo.org/files/MICS3_Iraq_FinalReport_2006_eng.pdf</ref>===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="50"|Age groups
! width="50pt"|1997
! width="50pt"|2006
|-
| align="right" | 15-19
| align="right" | 56.2
| align="right" | 68
|-
| align="right" | 20-24
| align="right" | 210
| align="right" | 187
|-
| align="right" | 25-29
| align="right" | 276.2
| align="right" | 221
|-
| align="right" | 30-34
| align="right" | 257.9
| align="right" | 188
|-
| align="right" | 35-39
| align="right" | 196.5
| align="right" | 136
|-
| align="right" | 40-44
| align="right" | 101.4
| align="right" | 56
|-
| align="right" | 45-49
| align="right" | 31
| align="right" | 9
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 1128.2
| align="right" | 865
|-
| align="right" | TFR
| align="right" |
| align="right" | 4.3
|-
|}

=== Structure of the population <ref name="unstats.un.org"/> ===

Structure of the population (01.07.2013) (Estimates) :
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="80pt"|Age Group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80pt"|Female
! width="80pt"|Total
! width="80pt"|%
|-
| align="right" | Total
| align="right" | 17,710,750
| align="right" | 17,083,444
| align="right" | 34,794,194
| align="right" | 100
|-
| align="right" | 0-4
| align="right" | 2,495,131
| align="right" | 2,405,862
| align="right" | 4,900,993
| align="right" | 14.09
|-
| align="right" | 5-9
| align="right" | 2,374,908
| align="right" | 2,191,807
| align="right" | 4,566,714
| align="right" | 13.12
|-
| align="right" | 10-14
| align="right" | 2,232,712
| align="right" | 2,048,891
| align="right" | 4,281,603
| align="right" | 12.31
|-
| align="right" | 15-19
| align="right" | 1,937,714
| align="right" | 1,825,963
| align="right" | 3,763,677
| align="right" | 10.82
|-
| align="right" | 20-24
| align="right" | 1,701,884
| align="right" | 1,593,679
| align="right" | 3,295,563
| align="right" | 9.47
|-
| align="right" | 25-29
| align="right" | 1,424,739
| align="right" | 1,316,462
| align="right" | 2,741,201
| align="right" | 7.88
|-
| align="right" | 30-34
| align="right" | 1,176,433
| align="right" | 1,134,882
| align="right" | 2,311,316
| align="right" | 6.64
|-
| align="right" | 35-39
| align="right" | 983,570
| align="right" | 1,044,325
| align="right" | 2,027,895
| align="right" | 5.83
|-
| align="right" | 40-44
| align="right" | 933,785
| align="right" | 897,936
| align="right" | 1,831,722
| align="right" | 5.26
|-
| align="right" | 45-49
| align="right" | 746,884
| align="right" | 763,311
| align="right" | 1,510,195
| align="right" | 4.34
|-
| align="right" | 50-54
| align="right" | 508,498
| align="right" | 562,274
| align="right" | 1,070,772
| align="right" | 3.08
|-
| align="right" | 55-59
| align="right" | 356,581
| align="right" | 393,511
| align="right" | 750,093
| align="right" | 2.16
|-
| align="right" | 60-64
| align="right" | 345,830
| align="right" | 378,456
| align="right" | 724,285
| align="right" | 2.08
|-
| align="right" | 65-69
| align="right" | 187,626
| align="right" | 218,991
| align="right" | 406,617
| align="right" | 1.17
|-
| align="right" | 70-74
| align="right" | 133,277
| align="right" | 138,375
| align="right" | 271,651
| align="right" | 0.78
|-
| align="right" | 75-79
| align="right" | 81,742
| align="right" | 90,630
| align="right" | 172,373
| align="right" | 0.50
|-
| align="right" | 80+
| align="right" | 89,436
| align="right" | 78,087
| align="right" | 167,523
| align="right" | 0.48
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="50"|Age group
! width="80pt"|Male
! width="80"|Female
! width="80"|Total
! width="50"|Percent
|-
| align="right" | 0-14
| align="right" | 7,102,751
| align="right" | 6,646,560
| align="right" | 13,749,311
| align="right" | 39.52
|-
| align="right" | 15-64
| align="right" | 10,115,318
| align="right" | 9,910,801
| align="right" | 20,026,119
| align="right" | 57.56
|-
| align="right" | 65+
| align="right" | 492,081
| align="right" | 526,083
| align="right" | 1,018,164
| align="right" | 2.93
|-
|}

==Ethnic and religious groups==
{{Main article|Iraqi people|Minorities in Iraq}}
[[File:Ethnoreligious Iraq.svg|300px|thumb|Ethnic and religious groups in Iraq 
{{legend|#ffaaaa|[[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Arab Muslims|Arabs]]}}
{{legend|#aaffcc|[[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Arab Muslims|Arabs]]}}
{{legend|#eeffaa|[[Kurds in Iraq|Iraqi Kurds]]}}
{{legend|#ccaaff|[[Iraqi-Assyrians|Iraqi Assyrians]]}}
{{legend|#ff9955|[[Iraqi Turkmens|Iraqi Turkmen]]}}
{{legend|#cdde87|[[Iraqis|Iraqi]] [[Yazidis]]}}]]
Iraq's dominant ethnic group are the Iraqi or Mesopotamian Arabs, who account for around three-quarters of the population. They are a fusion of old Mesopotamian, Arabian, Iranian, and other populations, who now speak [[Mesopotamian Arabic]].

Iraqi [[Arab people|Arabs]] (including [[Palestinians in Iraq|Palestinians]], [[Marsh Arabs]], [[Bedouin]]s and other Arab subgroups): 72-75%, [[Kurds]] (including [[Feylis]], [[Yazidis]], [[Shabak people|Shabaks]] and [[Yarsanism|Kaka'is]]): 20-22%, [[Iraqi Turkmens|Turkmen]]: 2%, [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]]: 2%, other: 1% ([[Armenians in Iraq|Armenians]], [[Circassians in Iraq|Circassians]], [[Ajam of Iraq|Persians]], [[Mandaeans]]/[[Sabians]], [[Bahá'ís]] and [[Afro-Iraqi]]s and [[Dom people|Doms]]).<ref name="TWFIraq"/>

Kurds have one of the highest birth rates of any group in Iraq and the middle east.<ref>On the Margins of Nations: Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights. Foundation for Endangered Languages. Conference, Joan A. Argenter, R. McKenna Brown - 2004</ref>

==Languages==
{{See also|Languages of Iraq}}
Arabic and Kurdish is the official two language of Iraq. Arabic is spoken or understood by almost all the population.

Kurdish is the largest second language and has [[regional language]] status in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. Aramaic, once spoken by the whole country, is now only spoken by the Assyrian minority.

Azerbaijani is spoken in pockets of northern Iraq and Persian is spoken in pockets of southern Iraq. Numerous [[languages of the Caucasus]] are also spoken by minorities across the country.

==Religions==
{{Main article|Religion in Iraq|Islam in Iraq|Christianity in Iraq}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Iraq (est. 2010)<ref name=Factbook>{{cite web|title=Iraq|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|accessdate=4 May 2011}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam in Iraq|Islam]]
|value1 = 99
|color1 = MediumSeaGreen
|label2 = [[Christianity in Iraq|Christianity]]
|value2 = 0.8
|color2 = Purple
}}
99% of Iraqis follow [[Islam]]: 65-79% [[Shia Islam|Shia]] and 21-35% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]. 1% of these describe themselves as "Just a Muslim".<ref>http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/</ref> According to the CIA Factbook, Shias make up 65% of population, while Sunnis 32%. [[Christianity]] accounts for 0.8%, and the rest practice [[Mandaeism]], [[Yazidism]] and other religions.

While there has been voluntary relocation of many Christian families to northern Iraq, recent reporting indicates that the overall Christian population may have dropped by as much as 50 percent since the fall of [[Saddam Hussein]] in 2003, with many fleeing to Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon (2010 estimate).<ref name="TWFIraq"/> The percentage of Christians has fallen from 6% in 1991 or 1.5 million to about one third of this, due to massive exodus - [[Assyrian exodus from Iraq|two-thirds of Assyrian Christians]] have fled to other countries in the Middle East, Europe, United States and Canada.

Nearly all Iraqi Kurds are Sunni Muslims. A survey in Iraq concluded that "68% of Kurds in Iraq identified themselves as Sunnis and only 28% identified as Shias".<ref name="pewresearch.org">http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/08/20/who-are-the-iraqi-kurds/</ref> The religious differences between Sunni [[Arabs]] and Sunni Kurds are small. While 89 percent of Shia Arabs belief that visiting the shrines of saints is acceptable, 71 percent of Sunni Arabs did and 59 percent of Sunni Kurds support this practice.<ref name="pewresearch.org"/> About 94 percent of the population in Iraqi Kurdistan is Muslim <ref>http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-mansfield/religious-neutrality-iraqi-kurdistan_b_1587042.html</ref>

==Demographic statistics ==
The following demographic statistics are from the [[CIA World Factbook]], unless otherwise indicated.<ref name="CIATONGA">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html|title= Middle East :: IRAQ|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref>=

===Age structure===
: '''0-14 years:''' 37.6% (male 5,959,562/ female 5,751,970)
: '''15-64 years:''' 59.3% (male 9,355,176/ female 9,094,953)
: '''65 years and over:''' 3% (male 376,700; female 423,295) (2006 est.)

===Ethnic groups===
:[[Iraqi Arabs|Arab]] 80%-85%
:[[Iraqi Kurds|Kurdish]] 10%-15%
:[[Turkomans of Iraq|Turkoman]], [[Assyrians in iraq|Assyrian]] and Other 5%

===Religions===
:[[Islam in Iraq|Islam]] (official) 99% ([[Shia Islam|Shia]] 57% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] 42%)
:[[Christianity in Iraq|Christian]] 0.8%
:[[Hinduism in Iraq|Hindu]] <0.1
:[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] <0.1
:[[Iraqi Jews|Jewish]] <0.1
:[[Folk religion]] <0.1
:Unaffiliated 0.1
:Other <0.1

===Languages===
:[[Arabic Language|Arabic]] (official)
: [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] (official)
: [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] (a [[Turkish dialects|Turkish dialect]]) (official in majority speaking area)
:[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] ([[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]]) (official in majority speaking area)
: [[Armenian language|Armenian]]

===Median age===
: '''total:''' 21.3 years
: '''male:''' 21.2 years
: '''female:''' 21.4 years (2013 est.)

===Population growth rate===
: 2.23% (2014 est.)

===Crude birth rate===
: 27.1 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

===Crude death rate===
: 4.65 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

===Total fertility rate===
: 4.12 children born/woman (2015 est.)

===Net migration rate===
: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

===Urbanization===
: '''urban population:''' 66.5% of total population (2011)
: '''rate of urbanization:''' 3.05% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

===Sex ratio===
: '''at birth:''' 1.05 male(s)/female
: '''under 15 years:''' 1.04 male(s)/female
: '''15-64 years:''' 1.03 male(s)/female
: '''65 years and over:''' 0.87 male(s)/female
: '''total population:''' 1.03 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

===Maternal mortality rate===
: 63 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

===Infant mortality rate===
: 38.86 deaths/1,000 live births (2010)

===Life expectancy at birth===
: '''total population:''' 68 years
: '''male:''' 69.67 years
: '''female:''' 72.67 years (2013 est.)

===Contraceptive prevalence rate===
: 51.2% (2011)

===Health expenditures===
: 8.4% of GDP (2011)

===Physicians density===
: 0.69 physicians/1,000 population (2009)

===Hospital bed density===
: 1.3 beds/1,000 population (2010)

===Obesity - adult prevalence rate===
: 27% (2008)

===Children under the age of 5 years underweight===
: 7.1% (2006)

===Nationality===
: '''noun:''' Iraqi(s)
: '''adjective:''' Iraqi

===Literacy===
: '''definition:''' age 15 and over can read and write
: '''total population:''' 78.2%
: '''male:''' 86%
: '''female:''' 70.6% (2010 est.)

==See also==
*[[Iraqi diaspora]]
*[[Youth in Iraq]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/iz.html The World Factbook - Iraq]
*[http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/get-language-by-country.cfm?country=120 Linguist List partial inventory of languages and dialects of Iraq]
*[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Iraq/default.aspx The Iraq DNA project]

{{Demographics of Iraq}}
{{Iraq topics}}
{{Asia in topic|Demographics of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics of Iraq}}
[[Category:Demographics of Iraq| ]]
[[Category:Iraqi society]]

Sareb

2017-03-09T15:59:20Z

159.50.189.7: /* History */

{{cleanup|date=June 2013|reason=Language use, citations, layout, sections...}}

'''SAREB''' ({{lang-es|Sociedad de Gestión de Activos procedentes de la Reestructuración Bancaria}} - English: ''Company for the Management of Assets proceeding from Restructuring of the Banking System'') is the bad bank of the Spanish government, the government-owned company is responsible for managing assets transferred by the four nationalized Spanish financial institutions ([[Bankia|BFA-Bankia]], [[Catalunya Banc]], [[NCG Banco, S.A.|NGC Banco-Banco Gallego]] and [[Banco de Valencia]]).

The main drivers of the recent (beginning in 2009) and continuing financial crisis in Spain has been the weaknesses, lending practices and failures of the savings banks in Spain (Spanish: caja de ahorros) or cajas. The current crisis had its roots prior to 2008 which the Credit Crunch and Sovereign Crisis have exacerbated. With the Spanish [[Royal Decree-Law]] 24/2012 of 31 August 2012, SAREB was created. The [[Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria|Fund for Orderly Bank Restructuring]] (FROB) held a [[Controlling interest|majority shareholding]] of the financial institutions which in the judgement of the [[Bank of Spain]] require restructuring or winding up in accordance with Spanish Law 9/2012 ([[Banco Mare Nostrum]], [[CEISS]], [[Caja3]] and [[Liberbank]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sareb.es/cms/estatico/srb/sareb/web/es/portal/que_es_sareb/naturaleza_objetivo/index.html|title=Nature and purpose of SAREB|editor=Sareb|accessdate=March 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2012-14062|title=Official State Gazette, November 15, 2012}}</ref> Private shareholders own 55% of SAREB and the remaining 45% is held by the [[Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria|FROB]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sareb.es/cms/estatico/srb/sareb/web/es/portal/que_es_sareb/estructura/index.html|title=Capital structure|editor=Sareb|accessdate=March 28, 2013}}</ref>

The creation of a separate asset resolution entity was an idea proposed by foreign specialists. Their proposals were initially contested and resisted by the Spanish authorities but later accepted as being the appropriate response to the crisis <ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Miles|title=Banks: ‘Bankeros’ pay for denial by lenders and officials|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/55f22662-9863-11e1-8617-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2qnTUru3o|newspaper=Financial Times|date=11 June 2012}}</ref>

SAREB was established as a condition set by the [[European Union]] in exchange for aid of up to 100 billion euros to the Spanish banking sector.<ref name="BadBank1">{{cite web|url=http://www.repossessed-property-spain.com/en/news/323/spain-s-bad-bank-sareb-to-begin-operations-on-november/|title=Spain´s "Bad Bank" (SAREB) to begin operations on November|accessdate=March 27, 2013}}</ref> It was designed and developed from the work of three independent specialists: Oliver Wyman, BlackRock and European Resolution Capital (ERC).

SAREB functions as a ''[[bad bank]]''.,<ref name="sareb_FAQ">{{Cite web|url=http://sareb.es/cms/estatico/srb/sareb/web/es/portal/que_es_sareb/faqs/index.html|title=FAQ|editor=Sareb|accessdate=March 28, 2013}}</ref> acquiring property development loans from Spanish banks in return for government [[Bond (finance)|bonds]], primarily with a view to improving the availability of [[credit (finance)|credit]] in the economy. Over the 15 years SAREB has to dispose of all of its assets, its main objective will be to maximise its profitability.<ref name="sareb_FAQ"/> However, it does not possess a [[banking license]]. SAREB enjoys legal advantages which do not apply to other Spanish limited liability companies (Spanish: ''[[Joint-stock company#Spain|Sociedad Anónima]]''), such as status as a [[preferential creditor]] for subordinated debt over other creditors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idealista.com/news/archivo/2013/03/27/0597637-el-gobierno-protege-al-banco-malo-de-la-quiebra-de-las-inmobiliarias-de-las-que-es-acreedor|title=The government protects the bad bank from bankrupt real estate companies|editor=idealista.com|accessdate=March 28, 2013}}</ref> The Spanish central bank is to establish the exact price of assets transferred to the institution by Spanish banks.<ref name="BadBank1" />

== History ==
On 31 August 2012 the [[Spanish government]] approved a [[Royal Decree-Law]] creating a bad bank. The law established that the [[Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria|FROB]] had the administrative power to oblige financial institutions to transfer to an [[asset management]] company (SAREB) certain assets: particularly [[Revaluation of fixed assets#Downward revaluation|impaired]] assets and assets which could be considered a threat to the viability of an institution. The aim is to remove the assets from the balance sheets of the institutions to allow them to be independently managed. The asset management company may issues bonds and [[Security (finance)|securities]] recognising or giving rise to debt. The law establishes that the assets are to be transferred to the asset management company without any need for consent from third parties. Prior to transfer the [[Bank of Spain]] will determine the value of the assets based on appraisal reports.

For several years prior to 2008, the Spanish authorities had decided to ignore the problems associated with the cajas. These problems were essentially due to easy access at low borrowing costs which facilitated uneconomic lending practices, overly encouraged by local and regional governments. This provisional of ‘loose money’ fueled the growth of the property and constructions sectors of the economy; eventually leading to an unsustainable overexposure to these sectors ad classic speculative bubble.
The scale of impaired and bad debts were masked by the initial growth and then exposed by the effects of The combination of the global Credit Crunch and then Sovereign Crisis of the Eurozone which revealed these domestic problems and the scale threatened the Spanish economy.
The Spanish authorities and successive governments refused to tackle the widespread and increasing insolvency issue. Piecemeal actions were taken as individual cajas entered insolvency and administration under FROB (such as Unicam) at huge costs to taxpayers or were forced by mergers into non-viable entities, such as Bankia (which itself eventually collapsed).

The Spanish authorities changed position as there two-phase refinancing failed (as was expected). The weaker banks remained exposed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson|first=Miles|title=Bankia's failure to face reality brings back crisis|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/55f22662-9863-11e1-8617-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2qnTUru3o|newspaper=Financial Times|date=7 May 2012}}</ref> Three specialist firms provided assistance to the Spanish authorities; eventually bringing to bear international best practice.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jenkins|first=Patrick|title=Two tiers, one crisis for Spanish banks|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/19ce9880-a03f-11e1-90f3-00144feabdc0.html|newspaper=Financial Times|date=17 May 2012}}</ref>

A bad bank and associated asset management structure was designed and put in place to resolve the rapidly increasing book of toxic property loan by establishing price and a process of resolution. In addition, a more coherent set of policies were enacted between competing ministries as well as the appointment of a new governor-general for the central bank (Banca de Espana).

This initiative was already being demanded by housing developers enable a flow of credit from financial institutions. This measure is considered fundamental by the [[People's Party (Spain)|People’s Party]] government to the process of restructuring the Spanish banking system and reactivating the country’s real estate market.

==Structure==

===Investors and Shareholders===
{| style="background:#FFFFFF; border-top: 2px solid; border-right: 2px solid; border-bottom: 0px; border-left: 0px;" align="center" class="wikitable"
|style="color:Black; border-top: 2px solid; border-right: 2px solid; border-left: 2px solid; border-bottom: 0px;" bgcolor="#FFEEBB" align="center" colspan="12"|<big>'''Capital contributions and subordinated debt by shareholders and investors</big>''' (February 2013, millions of euros)'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sareb.es/pdf/Presentacion_sareb.pdf |editor=Sareb |format=PDF |title= SAREB presentationon |accessdate= March 31, 2013}}</ref>
|-align="center" bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! style="color:Black; border-left: 2px solid;"|Instit.
! style="color:Black;"|Cap.
! style="color:Black;"|Sub.debt
! style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;"|Total
! style="color:Black;"|Instit.
! style="color:Black;"|Cap.
! style="color:Black;"|Sub.debt
! style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;"|Total
! style="color:Black;"|Instit
! style="color:Black;"|Contrib.
! style="color:Black;"|Sub.debt
! style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;"|Total
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|style="color:Black; border-left: 2px solid;"|Santander
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|207.40
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|598.20
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|805.60
|Caixabank
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|149.30
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|431.90
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|581.20
|Banco Sabadell
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|83.20
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|238.10
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|321.30
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|style="color:Black; border-left: 2px solid;"|Banco Popular
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|71.70
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|204.60
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|276.30
|Kutxabank
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|31.50
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|91.20
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|122.70
|Ibercaja
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|17.70
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|51.30
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|69.00
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|style="color:Black; border-left: 2px solid;"|Bankinter
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|17.00
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|49.20
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|66.20
|Unicaja
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|15.80
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|45.60
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|61.40
|Cajamar
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|15.00
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|43.40
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|58.40
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|style="color:Black; border-left: 2px solid;"|Mapfre
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|10.00
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|40.00
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|50.00
|Caja Laboral
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|7.40
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|21.30
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|28.70
|Mutua Madrileña
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|6.00
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|24.00
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|30.00
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|style="color:Black; border-left: 2px solid;"|Banca March
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|4.90
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|14.30
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|19.20
|Cecabank
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|4.20
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|12.10
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|16.30
|Banco Cooperativo
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|3.90
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|11.40
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|15.30
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|style="color:Black; border-left: 2px solid;"|Deutsche Bank
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|3.70
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|10.70
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|14.40
|Barclays
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|3.00
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|8.60
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|11.60
|Catalana Occidente
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|3.00
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|12.00
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|15.00
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|style="color:Black; border-left: 2px solid; border-bottom: 2px solid;"|Iberdrola
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid;" align="right"|2.50
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid;" align="right"|7.50
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|10.00
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid;"|Axa
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid;" align="right"|2.00
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid;" align="right"|8.00
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|10.00
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid;"|Banco Caminos
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid;" align="right"|0.80
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid;" align="right"|2.20
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|3.00
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|style="color:Black; border-left: 2px solid;"|Generali
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|-
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|5.00
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|5.00
|Zurich
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|-
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|5.00
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|5.00
|Santa Lucía
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|-
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|4.00
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|4.00
|- bgcolor="#FFFFFF"
|style="color:Black; border-left: 2px solid;"|Pelayo
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|-
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|3.00
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|3.00
|Reale
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|-
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|3.00
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|3.00
|Asisa
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|-
|style="color:Black;" align="right"|2.00
|style="color:Black; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|2,00
|- bgcolor="#D0D0FF"
|style="color:Black; border-top: 2px solid; border-right: 2px solid; border-left: 0px; border-bottom: 0px;" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" colspan="4"| 
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid; border-top: 2px solid;"|''FROB''
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid; border-top: 2px solid;" align="right"|''540''
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid; border-top: 2px solid;" align="right"|''1,652.40''
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid; border-top: 2px solid; border-right: 2px solid;" align="right"|''2,192.40''
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid; border-top: 2px solid;"|'''Total:'''
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid; border-top: 2px solid;" align="right"|'''1,200'''
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid; border-top: 2px solid;" align="right"|'''3,600'''
|style="color:Black; border-bottom: 2px solid; border-top: 2px solid;" align="right"|'''4,800'''
|}

In a press release issued on 17 December 2012,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sareb.es/cms/estatico/srb/sareb/web/es/portal/prensa/notas_prensa/17-12-2012.html|title=SAREB obtains 100% of its opening capital, with a majority of private investors, including foreign investors|editor=Sareb|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> it was announced that SAREB had obtained 100% of its opening capital from 14 new [[investors]], most of whom are private [[shareholders]] (55%), with the remainder coming from public capital (45%). The private shareholders are eight Spanish banks: [[Ibercaja]], [[Bankinter]], [[Unicaja]], [[Cajamar]], [[Caja Laboral]], [[Banca March]], Cecabank and Banco Cooperativo Español; two foreign banks: [[Deutsche Bank]] and [[Barclays Bank]]; and four insurers: [[Mapfre]], [[Mutua Madrileña]], [[Catalana Occidente]] and [[AXA|Axa]].<ref>[http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2012/12/18/actualidad/1355817555_751503.html elpais.com ''The bad bank obtains opening capital from 14 investors. 55% are private investors and public capital represents 45%'']</ref>
Six further banks later also became shareholders: the [[Santander Group]], [[Caixabank]], [[Banco Sabadell]], [[Banco Popular Español|Banco Popular]], [[Kutxa]]bank and Banco Caminos, along with the electricity company [[Iberdrola]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bde.es/f/webbde/GAP/prensa/info_interes/ficheros/es/sareb280213.pdf|title=SAREB completes its incorporation by receiving assets from Group 2 |editor=Bank of Spain|type=PDF|accessdate=March 28, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sareb.es/cms/estatico/srb/sareb/web/es/portal/prensa/notas_prensa/13-02-2013.html|title=SAREB increases capital for a third time with new investors|editor=Sareb|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref> From the end of 2012 to early 2013, the insurers [[Assicurazioni Generali|Generali]], [[Zurich Insurance Group|Zurich]], [[Seguros Santa Lucía]], [[Reale]], [[Pelayo Seguros]] and [[Asisa]] invested in the company through purchases of subordinated debt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sareb.es/cms/estatico/srb/sareb/web/es/portal/prensa/notas_prensa/28-12-2012.html|title=SAREB reaches another milestone, with new investors buying subordinated debt |editor=Sareb|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sareb.es/cms/estatico/srb/sareb/web/es/portal/prensa/notas_prensa/26-02-2013.html|title=SAREB completes its capital with a second issue of subordinated debt|editor=Sareb|accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref>
Private investors have contributed 2.6 billion euros in capital and subordinated debt and the [[Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria|FOBR]] has contributed a further 2.2 billion.

===Board of directors===
The board of directors consists of [[Belén Romana]] as chairwoman of SAREB and [[Walter de Luna]] as general manager.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bde.es/f/webbde/GAP/Secciones/SalaPrensa/InformacionInteres/ReestructuracionSectorFinanciero/Archivo/Ficheros/frob161112en.pdf|editor=Bank of Spain|title=Belén Romana to be Chairwoman of Sareb, and Walter de Luna General Manager|accessdate=April 8, 2013}}</ref> The rest of the board consists of eight proprietary directors ([[Rodolfo Martín Villa]], [[Ana María Sánchez Trujillo]], [[Remigio Iglesias]], [[Antonio Massanell]], [[Francisco Sancha]], [[Miquel Montes]], [[Antonio Trueba]], [[Iker Beraza Perez]], and [[José Ramón Montserrat]]) and five independent directors ([[Javier Trillo]], [[Luis Sánchez-Merlo]], [[Celestino Pardo]], [[José Ramón Álvarez Rendueles]] and [[Emiliano López Achurra]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sareb.es/cms/estatico/srb/sareb/web/es/portal/gobierno_corporativo/consejo/index.html|title=Board of directors|editor=Sareb|accessdate=28 March 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elconfidencial.com/economia/2012/12/18/guindos-rescata-a-martin-villa-y-rendueles-como-independientes-del-lsquobanco-malorsquo-111397/ www.elconfidencial.com Palacios:''Guindos rescues Martín Villa and Rendueles as independent directors for the bad bank”.]</ref>

===Acquisitions===
Before the end of 2012 SAREB acquired assets from four institutions ([[Bankia]], [[Catalunya Banc]], [[Novagalicia Banco|Novagalicia]] and [[Banco de Valencia]]) amounting to around 40 billion euros, in accordance with the restructuring plans approved by the [[European Commission]] on 28 November 2012.

In the first quarter of 2013 SAREB received assets from a second group, increasing capital and issuing subordinated debt in order to do so.

* On 21 December 2012 the [[Bankia|Banco Financiero y de Ahorros-Bankia Group]] signed a contract to transfer assets valued at 22.3 billion euros.<ref>[http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2012/12/22/agencias/1356133287_050620.html economia.elpais.com ''The total price of the assets transferred will be paid with fixed income securities issued by SAREB with a state guarantee”]</ref>
* On the same day [[Banco de Valencia]] transferred assets valued at 1.9 billion euros.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

===Financial plan===
SAREB aims to make a profit of 15% over its 15-year life, focusing on selling packages of assets at the best possible time to maximise their value.<ref>[http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2012/12/19/actualidad/1355943279_728381.html economia.elpais.com''The bad bank is confident that it will not drive down house prices even further. The chairwoman of SAREB [[Belén Romana]], expects to attract more foreign investors and says that property sales to individuals will be limited''.]</ref>

SAREB manages real estate assets with a value of 40 billion euros, although they were recognised in the accounts of the transferring entities at 80 billion euros, implying impairment of 53%. At the start of 2013 the total assets under management rose to 55 billion euros following the acquisition of assets from 'Group 2' banks:{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} [[Liberbank]], [[CEISS]], [[Banco Mare Nostrum]] and [[Caja3]].

==ECB comments==
On December 14, 2012, the [[European Central Bank]] (ECB) sent a report on SAREB, signed by its Vice President, [[Vítor Constâncio]], to the [[Ministry of Economy and Finance (Spain)|Spanish Ministry of the Economy]] <ref name="ECB_report">[http://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/legal/pdf/en_con_2012_108_f.pdf ecb.europa.eu: ''OPINION OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK of 14 December 2012 on asset management companies (CON/2012/108)'']</ref> in response to a request from the Spanish Secretary of State for Economic Affairs and Business Support for an opinion on the draft Royal Decree on the legal regime for asset management companies. Although the report was favourable it proposed limitations on [[dividend]] payments to ensure payment of the state-guaranteed debt used in the financing of SAREB. The report also warned of potential [[conflict of interest|conflicts of interest]] at the shareholder banks and favoured [[Vendor Finance|vendor financing]] of assets.<ref>[http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2012/12/21/actualidad/1356111349_614189.html economia.elpais.com: Miguel Jiménez: ''The ECB proposes limited on the bad bank's future dividends and considers repaying the state-guaranteed debt a priority, warning of potential conflicts of interest among shareholders. The report considers SAREB viable and praises the price setting''.]</ref>

The other point that the ECB focused on was how to facilitate potential purchases.
{{Quote|"The establishment of financing arrangements would greatly facilitate asset disposals by the SAREB. As the SAREB is not a bank, it cannot extend credit to potential buyers to facilitate asset purchases, but will be competing with banks which offer such financing to buyers of foreclosed and distressed assets. The terms of such financing arrangements should be competitive when compared with the terms offered by Spanish banks." |OPINION OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK of 14 December 2012 on asset management companies <ref name="ECB_report" />}}

The ECB stated that it considered it would be easier to recover the value of the assets from the bad bank if they were grouped and managed by independent specialists and favoured separation of assets as a means to boost the system’s credit capacity.

{{Quote|"More generally, by facilitating the transfer of non-performing assets into a separate institution, asset removal schemes such as the SAREB assist participating banks in restructuring their balance sheets, which should, in turn, improve their financial soundness. By facilitating banking sector restructuring and recovery, albeit by transferring risk from the banking sector to the State, such schemes should positively contribute to banks’ ability to extend credit and support economic recovery. In addition, the value of the distressed assets may be better recovered when consolidated and managed by independent specialists."|OPINION OF THE EUROPEAN CENTRAL BANK of 14 December 2012 on asset management companies <ref name="ECB_report" />}}

==Background, the 2008 Spanish real estate crisis==
{{Main|Spanish property bubble}}
The first bad bank in Spain was created by [[La Caixa|Caja de Ahorros y Pensiones de Barcelona]]. By transforming Microbank into Criteriabank the creation of [[Caixabank]] was made possible, which excluded the real estate assets included in [[Caixabank|Criteria]] 2.0 Inmobiliaria.<ref>La Gaceta, [[Intereconomía Corporation|Intereconomía]], Pilar Gracía de la Granja, Economía_El Balance, January 30, 2011, page 38.</ref> This bad bank, which is unlisted, took on both [[Servihabitat]], a subsidiary operating in the real estate sector and the interests in [[Inmobiliaria Colonial]] and [[Metrovacesa]], as well as much of the industrial portfolio : [[Gas Natural]], [[Grupo Agbar|Agbar]], [[Abertis]], [[Port Aventura]] and [[Mediterránea]].<ref>[http://www.libertaddigital.com/economia/caixabank-nace-libre-de-activos-inmobiliarios-problematicos-1276413073/ CaixaBank is born, free from ‘problematic’ real estate assets]</ref>

In mid-November 2011 [[BBVA]] created a unit in which it planned to accumulate 30 billion euros in real estate assets, representing 80% of such assets.<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/BBVA/acumula/activos/malos/division/elpepueco/20111115elpepieco_2/Tes ''BBVA groups its toxic assets in a single division'' EL PAÍS - Madrid - 15/11/2011]</ref>

The institution born from the merger of the Galician savings banks created a bad bank with their toxic assets, bringing together 11.15 billion euros of loans, of which 3 billion corresponds to mortgage loans for land and 1.9 billion has no associated mortgage. Following the Bank of Spain’s appraisal, which reduced the opening capital from 1.71 billion euros to just 181 million, the former savings bank was left with 6.8% of [[NCG Banco|Novagalicia Banco]].<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/Castellano/crea/banco/malo/activos/toxicos/caja/gallega/elpepueco/20111115elpepieco_4/Tes ''Castellano creates a bad bank with the toxic assets from the Galician savings banks'' MARÍA FERNÁNDEZ - EL PAÍS - Vigo - 15/11/2011 ]</ref>

{{Quote|"...Real estate developers insist that the way out of the crisis, for the economy in general, but also for their sector, involves removing toxic assets from banks’ balance sheets – valued at 176 billion euros by the Bank of Spain. They favour creating an entity to group these assets, restructure them, and put them back on the market when considered appropriate. The aim would be to get credit and the real economy flowing once again..."|José Manuel Galindo.<ref>[http://www.cincodias.com/articulo/vivienda/promotores-inmobiliarios-favor-creacion-gran-banco-malo/20111114cdscdsviv_2/ ''Real estate developers favour the creation of a bad bank”]</ref>}}

In the opinion of the professor of the [[University of Valencia]] Joaquín Maudos, ''the creation of a bad bank, by any means, is key to breaking the credit crunch.''<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/crear/buen/banco/malo/elpepueco/20111211elpepieco_1/Tes ÍÑIGO DE BARRÓN ''How to create a good bad bank. Experts agree the banking sector needs to free its balance sheets from real estate - Rajoy must decide at what price and whether unviable institutions will be sold", [[El País]]- Madrid - 11/12/2011]</ref>

Under the Irish model, the banking sector would transfer its assets to the state and receive in exchange government debt which could be used to obtain liquidity from the ECB and thus enable the sector to extend loans. Ireland broke its credit crunch, but many institutions went bankrupt and were nationalised with government debt.
Under the German model, the state pays the banking sector the price on their balance sheets, minus any provisions made. In exchange, the sector assumes the risk that it will take some time for assets to return to the prices at which they were bought, with a distant cut-off set beyond which the institutions will assume the drop in value. In this model, the institutions agree to extend as much credit as they receive in aid.

Pedro Pablo Villasante, general secretary of the [[Spanish Banking Association]] ({{lang-es| Asociación Española de Banca}}) considers that the creation of a bad bank would be viable to assist unviable institutions, on the condition that they would accept to be absorbed by more solvent Spanish or foreign institutions.<ref>[http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/banca/acepta/crear/banco/malo/acaba/entidades/inviables/elpepueco/20111215elpepueco_8/Tes ''The banking sector accepts to create a bad bank if unviable institutions are brought to an end”. More reforms demanded to bring down the risk premium.-The sector’s results improve slightly to September, earning 15.4% less at 9.33 billion [[El País]]] 15/12/2011</ref>

The Platform for Nationalisation of Savings Banks ({{lang-es|Plataforma por la Nacionalización de las Cajas de Ahorro}}) considers that the new rectifications made by the Spanish government, allowing public funds to injected into financial institutions in exchange for toxic assets, will be beneficial for the banking sector and detrimental for Spanish citizens.<ref>[http://www.attacmadrid.org/?p=7443 Carlos Sánchez Mato, attacmadrid: The Bad Bank: Another Way to Con the Public, August 9, 2012.]</ref>
{{Quote|"...Once again we are seeing an 'anything goes' operation to save banking entities using public funds, whilst attempting to cover up the small question of who will end up paying for the party. You don't have to be a genius to see that the bill won't be charged to those responsible for the bankruptcies but rather the general public..."|Carlos Sánchez Mato.
}}

==The first attempt - real estate companies==
[[Luis de Guindos]] indicated that, since there would be no public money ''The government won't create a bad bank, or anything of the sort''.<ref>[http://www.cincodias.com/articulo/mercados/guindos-descarta-creacion-banco-malo/20120422cdscdsmer_1/ Guindos rules out creating a bad bank - CincoDías.com:''Spanin's Minister of the Economy and Competitiveness, Luis de Guindos, has denied that the Spanish government will create a bad bank to group the real estate assets of lenders with liquidity problems.'Washington - 22/04/2012']</ref>

Having ruled out the option of a bad bank [[Mariano Rajoy]]'s government searched for a place where institutions could deposit real estate assets, many of which are covered by provisions, with the intention of selling them in the long term. This vehicle would not be a bad bank because it would not have a financial business. Real estate divisions were not suitable either, as they would be consolidated in [[balance sheet]]s.

It was decided that banks would transfer their assets following an appraisal.<ref>If the appraisal value proves to be lower than the book value, the process becomes complicated. The affected entitites must recognise the difference between the provisioned amount and the expert appraisal in capital. For example, if a property acquired for 10 million is provisioned at 70%, it could be transferred for 3 million. However, if the appraised value is 2 million, the institution must recognise the one million difference.</ref>

Theoretically, in being freed of the asset, the financial institution is also freed from the associated [[credit rating|risk]], and would thus no longer consume capital and would be able to extend loans to customers.

[[Spain]] is acting differently from the rest of Europe and the United States. In these areas the bad banks were created first, and then the financial system was recapitalised.<ref>[http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2012/04/22/actualidad/1335122747_343696.html Iñigo de Barrón: ''The banking sector will transfer real estate assets to companies to sell them off in the long term'' | Economía | EL PAÍS: April 23, 2012.]</ref>
The [[Government of the 8th Legislature of Spain|government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero]] and the Bank of Spain believed the [[financial regulation]]s in place before the crisis would act as a buffer, which did not exist in any other country. The buffer, however, proved insufficient.

The Spanish stock market crash in April 2012 reflected a failure of the reforms implemented by De Guindos to restore confidence in the country's financial sector. The key issue is the price at which the assets are bought and who will assume the loss. The European bailout fund will also need to make a contribution, perhaps of 100,000 million.<ref>[http://www.elconfidencial.com/economia/2012/04/23/las-cajas-retoman-la-idea-del-banco-malo-con-dinero-el-fondo-de-rescate-europeo-96649/ Eduardo Segovia: Savings banks revive the idea of a bad bank with money from the European bailout fund - elConfidencial.com:23/04/2012]</ref>

==A bad bank or an asset management company?==
{{Main|Bad bank}}
The text agreed between [[Spain]] and the [[Eurogroup]] in the early hours of Tuesday 10 July 2012 included a commitment by the Spanish government to undertake substantial reforms of the country's financial sector. This reform, overseen by the [[European Central Bank]], the [[European Commission]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]] includes the creation of a bad bank to group all of the toxic real estate assets weighing down banks' balance sheets.<ref>[http://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20120711/54323597560/zona-euro-financiacion-banco-malo.html Beatriz Navarro: ''The Eurozone commits to more funding for the bad bank''. [[La Vanguardia]], 11 July 2012.]</ref>

This bad bank will receive funding from the European Union via two different means: a capital injection into the [[Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria|FOBR]] from the European bailout fund and acceptance by the [[European Central Bank|ECB]] of the bonds issued as payment for supposedly impaired assets. Spain will thus have an additional 20 to 50 billion euros to finance the bad bank, which will become a vehicle for the government and the financial institutions to group the financial sector's undesirable assets and later sell them.<ref>[http://www.abc.es/20120710/economia/abci-diferencia-entre-banco-malo-201207092206.html Eva Pastrana What is a bad bank? [[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]], 11 July 2012.]</ref>

Any institution that receives EU funds of any sort will be required to transfer its assets to the bad bank. The transfer prices for the assets have yet to be set and the Spanish authorities will submit a proposal at the end of August to create the entity,. which will start operating from November{{Update|date=April 2013}}.<ref>[http://www.lavanguardia.com/economia/20120711/54323597560/zona-euro-financiacion-banco-malo.html Beatriz Navarro: ''The Eurozone commits more funding to the bad bank. Brussels makes a further 30 billion available for potential emergencies over the summer.''La Vanguardia,, 11 July 2012.]</ref>

For Spain to receive a bailout of its banking system, 32 short-term conditions have been set. One of these conditions, number 7, refers to the bad bank. At the end of August the governing regulations must be ready, and by November it must be operational:<ref>[http://economia.elpais.com/economia/2012/07/10/actualidad/1341942198_770173.html ''32 short-term conditions''[[El País]], July 10, 2012.]</ref><ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/eu_borrower/mou/2012-07-20-spain-mou_en.pdf ''Memorandum of Understanding on Financial-Sector Policy Conditionality'' July 20, 2012.]</ref>

{{Quote|"...7. Prepare a comprehensive blueprint and legislative framework for the establishment and functioning of the AMC. End-August 2012..."|Condition 7
}}
{{Quote|"...15.Adopt legislation for the establishment and functioning of the AMC in order to make it fully operational by November 2012...."|Condition 15
}}

The new governor of the Bank of Spain, [[Luis María Linde]], started work immediately, as he stated when appeared in the [[Congress of Deputies (Spain)|Congress of Deputies]], assuring the house that the possibility of creating a bad bank or toxic asset management company was being studied. The governor of the Bank of Spain stated that he was working on the project but did not have the necessary skills to manage it.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}}

The 30 billion euros from the [[Fondo de reestructuración ordenada bancaria|FOBR]] will be distributed between [[Bankia]], [[CatalunyaCaixa]], [[Novagalicia Banco]] and [[Banco de Valencia]].<ref>[http://www.economiadigital.es/valencia/notices/2012/07/banco_de_valencia_se_transformara_en_el_banco_malo_del_frob_27388.php Ismael García Villarejo, Economía Digital, July 16, 2012: ''Banco de Valencia will become FOBR's bad bank. The Bank of Spain will use the entity's infrastructure to establish the public group which will manage the nationalised savings banks' toxic assets'']</ref>

==Creation==
Spain's Ministry of the Economy took the first step on 25 August 2012 by setting out the plans for the bad bank, as was agreed with the [[European Troika]] formed by the [[European Central Bank]], [[European Commission]] and [[International Monetary Fund]].<ref>[http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2012/08/19/actualidad/1345402099_410857.html Amanda Mars: ''The Ministry of the Economy considers limiting the bad bank to real estate assets''] [[El País]], August 19, 2012</ref>

The FOBR has therefore contracted the services of [[Álvarez & Marsal]], the consultancy firm which oversaw the winding up of [[Lehman Brothers]], which specialises in problem solving. According to [[Expansión (Spanish newspaper)|Expansión]], the firm in turn hired [[Nomura Group|Nomura]], [[PwC]] and [[Cuatrecasas]].<ref>[http://unladrillosobreotro.blogspot.com.es/ ingeypro.blog: Who is designing the bad bank'?.]</ref>

=== How will the bad bank work? ===

===Investment fund? ===

===Cabinet meeting on 31 August 2012===

==Draft of the Royal Decree sent to Brussels==

{{Empty section|date=May 2013}}

== Sociedad de Gestión de Activos Procedentes de la Reestructuración Bancaria, S.A.==

===International funds===

===Toxic assets===

===Valuation===

====Insurance====

==See also==
* [[2008–2013 Spanish financial crisis]]
* [[National Asset Management Agency]], a similar institution in Ireland.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.sareb.es}}

[[Category:Banking in Spain]]
[[Category:Bad banks]]

Premier League Player of the Season

2017-01-13T14:00:22Z

159.50.189.7:

{{Featured list}}
{{multiple image
| footer = [[Thierry Henry]] ''(left)'', [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] ''(not pictured)'' and [[Nemanja Vidić]] ''(right)'' have won the most Player of the Season awards with two each.
| image1 = Thierry Henry applauding 2012.jpg
| alt1 = Thierry Henry, wearing a red shirt with white long sleeves and shorts with a number 12 and Nike logo on the left-leg side, applauds.
| width1 = 138
| image2 = Nemanja Vidić.jpg
| alt2 = Nemanja Vidić, wearing a red Manchester United jersey with the AIG sponsor logo at the front centre and shorts with a number 15 and Nike logo on the left-leg side, looks forward with his mouth partly opened.
| width2 = 220
}}
The '''Premier League Player of the Season''' is an annual [[association football]] award presented to [[Football player|players]] in England, which recognises the most outstanding player in the [[Premier League]] each season. The recipient is chosen by a panel assembled by the league's [[Premier League#Sponsorship|sponsor]] – currently [[Barclays]] – consisting of members of "football's governing bodies, the media and fans", and is announced in the second or third week of May.<ref name=ronaldo/><ref>{{cite web|title=Ferguson and Vidic land awards|url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/921807|date=21 May 2011|accessdate=28 June 2014|publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures|work=ESPN|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628092355/http://www.espnfc.com/story/921807|archivedate=28 June 2014}}</ref> For sponsorship purposes, from 1994 to 2001 it was called the [[Carling]] Player of the Year and from 2001 to 2004, the [[Barclaycard]] Player of the Year;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=forwardOnly&nextPage=enSeasons|title=Premier League Awards|publisher=Premier League|accessdate=28 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210142537/www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=forwardOnly&nextPage=enSeasons|archivedate=10 December 2006}}</ref> as of 2015, it is referred to as the '''[[Barclays]] Player of the Season'''.<ref name=history>{{cite web|title=History of the Premier League|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/about/history.html|publisher=Premier League|accessdate=28 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=Hazard/>

The Premier League was founded in 1992, when the clubs of the [[Football League First Division|First Division]] left [[The Football League]] and established a new commercially independent league that negotiated its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements.<ref name=history/> The newly formed league had no [[Sponsor (commercial)|sponsor]] for its [[1992–93 FA Premier League|inaugural season]] until Carling agreed to a four-year £12 million deal that started the [[1993–94 FA Premier League|following season]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/1118425.stm|title=Why Carling called time on Premiership|first=Peter|last=Jones|date=19 January 2001|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|accessdate=28 June 2014}}</ref> That same season, Carling introduced individual awards for players, such as the [[Premier League Golden Boot|Golden Boot]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Top Ten – Golden Boot|url=http://www.skysports.com/interactive/top_tens_story/0,25722,11065_6134449,00.html|date=May 2010|accessdate=29 June 2014|publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> However, the [[Premier League Player of the Month|Player of the Month]] and Player of the Season awards were only first bestowed during the [[1994–95 FA Premier League|1994–95 season]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 1993/94|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466954&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209120612/http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466954&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=19 December 2006|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=95awards>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 1994/95|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466955&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211025922/www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466955&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=11 December 2006|accessdate=29 June 2014}}</ref> The first Player of the Season award was given to [[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]] striker [[Alan Shearer]], who won the Premier League title with his team and the Golden Boot that season.<ref name=95awards/><ref>{{cite news|title=Van Persie follows in Shearer’s footsteps|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=2081340.html|date=20 May 2013|accessdate=29 June 2014|work=FIFA.com|publisher=International Federation of Association Football}}</ref>

[[Thierry Henry]], [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] and [[Nemanja Vidić]] have been Player of the Season on two occasions each and are the only players to have won the award more than once, with Ronaldo having achieved this in consecutive years (2007 and 2008). Eight players were the Premier League's leading goalscorer and won the Golden Boot alongside the Player of the Season award.<ref>{{cite news|title=Luis Suarez named Barclays Player of the Season|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/liverpool-fc-luis-suarez-named-7111678|date=13 May 2014|accessdate=28 June 2014|first=James|last=Pearce|newspaper=Liverpool Echo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Van Persie wins Premier League Golden Boot|url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/van-persie-wins-premier-league-golden-boot|work=Arsenal.com|publisher=Arsenal FC|date=14 May 2012|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref> Four of these players – [[Kevin Phillips (footballer)|Kevin Phillips]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Will Luis Suarez break the Premier League goal scoring record this season?|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/soccer/will-luis-suarez-break-the-premier-league-goal-scoring-record-this-season-29861426.html|date=23 December 2013|accessdate=30 June 2014|first=Declan|last=Whooley|newspaper=Irish Independent}}</ref> Henry,<ref>{{cite news|title=Golden Shoe fits for Thierry Henry|url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/golden-shoe-fits-for-thierry-henry|date=31 May 2005|accessdate=30 June 2014|work=Arsenal.com|publisher=Arsenal FC}}</ref> Ronaldo and [[Luis Suárez]] – went on to win the [[European Golden Shoe]] in the same season.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ronaldo receives Golden Boot in his native Madeira|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/09/13/uk-soccer-ronaldo-boot-idUKLD30291020080913|date=14 September 2008|accessdate=30 June 2013|first=Carlos|last=Pontes|publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ronaldo and Suárez share Golden Shoe accolade|url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=2108007.html|date=19 May 2014|accessdate=30 June 2014|work=UEFA.com|publisher=Union of European Football Associations}}</ref> 11 players have won the Premier League trophy with their respective clubs in the same year they received the award, with Ronaldo and Vidić each accomplishing the feat on two occasions with [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]].<ref name=ronaldo/><ref>{{cite news|title=Sir Alex Ferguson and Nemanja Vidic win season awards|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/13479964|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=20 May 2011|accessdate=1 July 2014}}</ref> Ronaldo is the only player to be named Player of the Season and win the [[FIFA World Player of the Year]]; when he accomplished this in 2008, he became the first player from the Premier League to voted the world's top footballer.<ref name=WPY/>

==Winners==
[[File:Alan Shearer 2008.jpg|thumb|[[Alan Shearer]] won the inaugural Premier League Player of the Season in 1995.|alt=Alan Shearer wearing a black jumper with a white collar visible.]]
[[File:Peter Schmeichel juli 1991.JPG|thumb|[[Peter Schmeichel]], the 1996 winner, is the only goalkeeper to win the award.|alt=Peter Schmeichel, with blonde hair and wearing a dark blue sweater, looks down towards his left with an unidentified man in the left background.]]
[[File:C Ronaldo.jpg|thumb|[[Cristiano Ronaldo]], the 2007 and 2008 recipient, won his latter award alongside the [[FIFA World Player of the Year]].|alt=Cristiano Ronaldo – wearing a long-sleeved red jersey, white shorts with a number 7 on the left-leg side and a white armband on the left arm – prepares to take a free kick.]]
[[File:Luis Suárez Díaz.jpg|thumb|[[Luis Suárez]], the 2014 recipient of the award, is one of four different players to win the [[European Golden Shoe]] alongside the Player of the Season award.|alt=Luis Suárez – wearing a red Liverpool FC jersey with the Standard Chartered sponsor logo at the front centre and shorts with a number 7 partially obscured on the left-leg side and the club crest on the right – lifts his hand with his mouth partly opened.]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Key
!scope="row"|'''Player {{small|(X)}}
|Name of the player and number of times they had won the award at that point (if more than one)
|-
|style="text-align:center; background-color:#B0C4DE"|{{dagger}}
|Indicates player also won the [[European Golden Shoe]] in the same season
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#FFE6BD"|{{double-dagger}}
|Indicates player also won the [[European Golden Shoe]] and [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] in the same season
|-
!scope="row" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb"|§
|Denotes the club were [[List of English football champions|Premier League champions]] in the same season
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+Premier League Player of the Season winners
!scope="col" width=70px|Season
!scope="col" width=145px|Player
!scope="col" width=70px|Position{{#tag:ref|The [[Premier League]] general reference below links to the database search of all footballers who have played in the league, where the profiles of each winner can be found and their position verified.|group=upper-alpha}}
!scope="col" width=145px|Nationality
!scope="col" width=145px|Club
!scope="col" class="unsortable"|Ref(s)
|-
|[[1994–95 FA Premier League|1994–95]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Alan|Shearer}}
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 1994/95|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466955&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211025922/www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466955&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=11 December 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1995–96 FA Premier League|1995–96]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Peter|Schmeichel}}
|[[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]]
|{{flag|Denmark}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 1995/96|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466964&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210000144/www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466964&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=10 December 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1996–97 FA Premier League|1996–97]]
!scope="row"| [[Juninho Paulista|Juninho]]
|[[Midfielder]]
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|[[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 1996/97|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466965&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060318210313/http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466965&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=18 March 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1997–98 FA Premier League|1997–98]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Michael|Owen}}
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|England}}
|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 1997/98|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466970&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209120625/www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466970&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=9 December 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1998–99 FA Premier League|1998–99]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Dwight|Yorke}}
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 1998/99|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466971&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210000150/www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466971&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=10 December 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1999–2000 FA Premier League|1999–2000]]
!scope="row" style="background:#B0C4DE"|{{sortname|Kevin|Phillips|Kevin Phillips (footballer)}}{{sup|{{dagger}}}}
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|England}}
|[[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 1999/2000|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466972&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211025947/www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466972&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=11 December 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2000–01 FA Premier League|2000–01]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Patrick|Vieira}}
|[[Midfielder]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 2000/01|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466973&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209120637/www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466973&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=9 December 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001–02 FA Premier League|2001–02]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Freddie|Ljungberg}}
|[[Midfielder]]
|{{flag|Sweden}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 2001/02|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466978&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209120649/www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466978&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=9 December 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002–03 FA Premier League|2002–03]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Ruud|van Nistelrooy}}
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Van Nistelrooy scoops award|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/3028037.stm|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=14 May 2003|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Van Nistelrooy nets Golden Boot|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_prem/3018753.stm|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=14 May 2003|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2003–04 FA Premier League|2003–04]]
!scope="row" style="background:#B0C4DE"|{{sortname|Thierry|Henry}}{{sup|{{dagger}}}}
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|France}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 2003/04|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466982&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211030011/http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=466982&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=11 December 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Henry set for Golden Shoe|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/3743775.stm|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=24 May 2004|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2004–05 FA Premier League|2004–05]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Frank|Lampard}}
|[[Midfielder]]
|{{flag|England}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 2004/05|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=678429&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211030037/http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=678429&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=11 December 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lampard riding the crest of a wave|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/c/chelsea/4378538.stm|first=Paul|last=Fletcher|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=28 October 2005|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2005–06 FA Premier League|2005–06]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Thierry|Henry}} {{small|(2)}}
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|France}}
|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Seasonal Awards 2005/06|url=http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=926315&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|publisher=Premier League|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209120702/http://www.premierleague.com/fapl.rac?command=setSelectedId&nextPage=enNewsLatest&id=926315&type=com.fapl.website.news.NewsItem&categoryCode=NewsSpecialFeatures&breadcrumb=sfsub_breadcrumb|archivedate=9 December 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Henry collects Premiership award|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/a/arsenal/4978516.stm|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=5 May 2006|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006–07 FA Premier League|2006–07]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Cristiano|Ronaldo}}
|[[Midfielder]]
|{{flag|Portugal}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name=ronaldo>{{cite news|title=Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/m/man_utd/7401795.stm|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=14 May 2008|accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2007–08 Premier League|2007–08]]
!scope="row" style="background:#FFE6BD"|{{sortname|Cristiano|Ronaldo}}{{sup|{{double-dagger}}}} {{small|(2)}}
|[[Midfielder]]
|{{flag|Portugal}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name=ronaldo/><ref name=WPY>{{cite news|title=Cristiano Ronaldo wins Fifa World Player of the Year|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/players/cristiano-ronaldo/4224600/Cristiano-Ronaldo-wins-Fifa-World-Player-of-the-Year.html|date=12 January 2009|accessdate=28 June 2014|first=Duncan|last=White|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008–09 Premier League|2008–09]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Nemanja|Vidić}}
|[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
|{{flag|Serbia}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Ferguson and Vidic scoop Premier League awards|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/ferguson-and-vidic-scoop-premier-league-awards-1691451.html|date=27 May 2009|accessdate=16 January 2014|newspaper=The Independent|agency=Press Association}}</ref>
|-
|[[2009–10 Premier League|2009–10]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Wayne|Rooney}}
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|England}}
|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Manchester United Striker Wayne Rooney Named Barclays Premier League Player Of The Season|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/9/england/2010/05/10/1918557/manchester-united-striker-wayne-rooney-named-barclays|date=10 May 2010|accessdate=17 January 2014|first=Alex|last=Dimond|work=Goal.com|publisher=Perform Group}}</ref>
|-
|[[2010–11 Premier League|2010–11]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Nemanja|Vidić}} {{small|(2)}}
|[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
|{{flag|Serbia}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Manchester United duo Sir Alex Ferguson and Nemanja Vidic win Premier League awards|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/teams/manchester-united/8526582/Manchester-United-duo-Sir-Alex-Ferguson-and-Nemanja-Vidic-win-Premier-League-awards.html|date=20 May 2011|accessdate=16 January 2014|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>
|-
|[[2011–12 Premier League|2011–12]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Vincent|Kompany}}
|[[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
|{{flag|Belgium}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Alan Pardew and Vincent Kompany's Premier League award|url=http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/18042404|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=11 May 2012|accessdate=16 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2012–13 Premier League|2012–13]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Gareth|Bale}}
|[[Midfielder]]
|{{flag|Wales}}
|[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Premier League awards for Ferguson & Bale|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/2012-13/may/sir-alex-ferguson-and-gareth-bale-win-premier-league-awards.html|publisher=Premier League|date=17 May 2013|accessdate=17 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2013–14 Premier League|2013–14]]
!scope="row" style="background:#B0C4DE"|{{sortname|Luis|Suárez}}{{sup|{{dagger}}}}
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Luis Suarez & Tony Pulis win Barclays Premier League awards|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27389970|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=13 May 2014|accessdate=13 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014–15 Premier League|2014–15]]
!scope="row"|{{sortname|Eden|Hazard}}
|[[Midfielder]]
|{{flag|Belgium}}
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref name=Hazard>{{cite web|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/2014-15/may/220515-mourinho-and-hazard-claim-barclays-season-awards-for-2015.html|title=Mourinho and Hazard scoop Barclays season awards|publisher=Premier League|date=22 May 2015|accessdate=26 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526022459/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/news/2014-15/may/220515-mourinho-and-hazard-claim-barclays-season-awards-for-2015.html|archivedate=26 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2015–16 Premier League|2015–16]]
!scope="row"|Riad Mahrez
|[[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
|Algeria
!scope="row" style="background:#ffb"|[[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]]{{sup|§}}
|style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/46365|title=Vardy wins Barclays Player of the Season award|publisher=Premier League|first=Dan|last=Nelson|date=17 May 2016|accessdate=18 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018014607/https://www.premierleague.com/news/46365|archivedate=18 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards won by nationality==
{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!Country
!Wins
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|England}}
|align="center" |
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|France}}
|align="center" |{{nts|3}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Belgium}}
|align="center"|{{nts|2}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Portugal}}
|align="center"|{{nts|2}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Serbia}}
|align="center"|{{nts|2}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Denmark}}
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Brazil}}
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Sweden}}
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Wales}}
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!Algeria
!
|-
|}

==Awards won by club==
{| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
!Club
!Wins
|-
!scope="row"|[[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
|align="center"|{{nts|8}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]
|align="center"|{{nts|4}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]
|align="center"|{{nts|2}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]]
|align="center"|{{nts|2}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]]
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Blackburn Rovers F.C.|Blackburn Rovers]]
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Middlesbrough F.C.|Middlesbrough]]
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]]
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]
|align="center"|{{nts|1}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=upper-alpha}}

==References==
'''General
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/feature/_/id/844596?cc=4716#quotes|title=A brief history of the English top division – List of Honours (List of Premier League champions)|work=ESPN FC|publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures|date=1 July 2012|accessdate=2 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203102409/http://espnfc.com/feature/_/id/844596?cc=4716s|archivedate=3 February 2014}}
*{{cite web|title=Players Index — A–Z search|url=http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/index.html?paramSeason=all&paramSearchType=A_TO_Z|publisher=Premier League|accessdate=30 June 2014}}
{{refend}}
'''Specific
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Premier League Player of the Season}}
{{Premier League}}
{{English football awards}}
{{National Footballer of the Year}}

[[Category:Premier League trophies and awards|season]]
[[Category:Annual events in England]]
[[Category:Annual sporting events in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Lists of Premier League players|Season]]

2016 Irkutsk mass methanol poisoning

2016-12-22T10:14:41Z

159.50.189.7:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
[[File:Irkutsk (15237191834).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.4|[[Irkutsk]] in 2014]]
In December 2016, 71 people died in a mass [[Methanol toxicity|methanol poisoning]] in [[Irkutsk]], one of the largest cities in [[Siberia]], Russia. The poisoning was precipitated by drinking counterfeit "[[surrogate alcohol]]"{{efn|"Surrogate alcohol" or "pharmacy alcohol" refers to the use of products like perfume and aftershave as "substitutes" for vodka.}} — actually scented bath lotion that was mislabeled as containing ethanol.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|title=In Russia, Dozens Dies After Drinking Alcohol Substitute|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/19/world/europe/russia-bath-lotion-deaths.html|first=Ivan|last=Nechepurenko|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2016-12-19|accessdate=2016-12-19}}</ref><ref name="CBS News">{{cite news|title=State of emergency declared in Russia as 49 die in bath lotion drinking case|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/irkutsk-russia-bath-lotion-alcohol-poisoning-state-of-emergency-dozens-dead/|publisher=CBS News|date=2016-12-19|accessdate=2016-12-19}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/c0c419587e7d44ec8a6c6ac2685b8f2a/Alcohol-poisoning-death-toll-in-Russian-city-rises-to-48|title=Alcohol poisoning death toll in Russian city rises to 49|first=Vladimir|last=Isachenkov|agency=Associated Press|date=2016-12-19|accessdate=2016-12-19}}</ref>

==Causes==
{{see also|Alcohol consumption in Russia}}
At about a third of the cost of traditional [[vodka]], the bath lotion was purchased as a drink because of its low price amid extreme economic conditions.<ref name="NYT"/> Such purchases have been on the rise in recent years as Russia's economy has suffered from low [[oil price]]s and [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|international sanctions put into place during the Ukrainian crisis]].<ref name="AP"/> Russia's deputy prime minister remarked before this incident that such non-traditional alcohol made up 20% of the total alcohol consumed in the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia bath lotion kills 48 drinkers in Irkutsk|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-38363441|publisher=BBC News|date=2016-12-19|accessdate=2016-12-19}}</ref> As such, alcohol poisonings in the country are not infrequent, but the death toll in this incident led the Associated Press to call it "unprecedented in its scale."<ref name="AP"/>

The lotion was mixed with [[methanol]] (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, CH3OH), a simple alcohol which is [[Methanol poisoning|poisonous]] to the central nervous system and other parts of the body. Methanol is cheaper than the alcohol found in vodka and other alcoholic drinks, ethanol (ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, CH3CH2OH). The two alcohols are similar in many respects and cannot readily be distinguished. The contents differed from the labels on the bottles, which indicated that they contained [[ethyl alcohol]]—specifically, "93 percent of ethyl alcohol, [[common hawthorn|hawthorn]] extract, [[lemon oil]], [[diethyl phthalate]] and [[glycerol]]."<ref>{{cite news|title=48 people die after drinking bath lotion with antifreeze in Siberia|url=https://www.rt.com/news/370706-methanol-lotion-poisoning-siberia/|publisher=[[RT (TV network)|RT]]|date=2016-12-19|accessdate=2016-12-19}}</ref> According to early reports, a total of 57 people were hospitalized, with 49 dying.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="AP"/> The victims were described as being poor residents of the Novo-Lenino neighborhood in Irkutsk, all between the ages of 35 and 50.<ref name="CBS News"/><ref name="MTpoison">{{cite news|title=Dozens Dead in Siberia from Counterfeit Alcohol Poisoning|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/26-dead-in-irkutsk-from-alcohol-poisoning-56573|accessdate=21 December 2016|work=Moscow Times|date=2016-12-18}}</ref> Subsequent reports increased the number affected to 107, with 62 deaths.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/21/vladimir-putin-clampdown-surrogate-alcohol-deaths-fake-bath-tincture-irkutsk |title=Vladimir Putin orders clampdown on 'surrogate' alcohol as deaths rise |author= Shaun Walker |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 December 2016 |accessdate=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-38395013 |title=Russia bath lotion poisoning: Putin orders crackdown as death toll rises |publisher=BBC |date=21 December 2016 |accessdate=21 December 2016}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
Several people involved in the production of the lotion have been arrested by Russian authorities, and about {{convert|500|l|gal}} of remaining counterfeit lotion were seized from the underground facility where it had been produced.<ref name="AP"/>

After the incident, a spokesperson for Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] called it a "terrible tragedy". [[Dmitry Medvedev]], the prime minister, called for a ban on non-traditional alcoholic liquids like the bath lotion, stating that "it's an outrage, and we need to put an end to this."<ref name="AP"/> On 21 December 2016, the Russian news agency [[Interfax]] reported that Putin planned to lower taxes on alcohol in an effort to curb the use of unsafe alcohol substitutes, requiring officials to present a plan by 31 March 2017.<ref name="taxcut">{{cite news|title=Putin Plans Alcohol Tax Cuts After Siberian Poisoning Tragedy|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/putin-plans-alcohol-tax-cuts-after-siberian-poisoning-tragedy-56602|accessdate=21 December 2016|work=Moscow Times|date=2016-12-21}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of methanol poisoning incidents]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:2016 health disasters]]
[[Category:2016 in Russia]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths in Russia]]
[[Category:Alcohol-related deaths in Russia]]
[[Category:Deaths from food poisoning]]
[[Category:December 2016 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Food safety scandals]]
[[Category:Health disasters in Russia]]
[[Category:Irkutsk]]
[[Category:Mass poisoning]]
[[Category:Methanol poisoning incidents]]

Sporting CP

2016-09-02T01:13:06Z

159.50.189.7: /* Domestic competitions */

{{Refimprove|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox football club
| nickname = ''Leões'' (Lions) ''Verdes e Brancos'' (Green and White)
| ground = [[Estádio José Alvalade]]
| capacity = 50,095
| season = [[2015–16 Primeira Liga|2015–16]]
| current = 2016–17 Sporting Clube de Portugal season
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| clubname =
| image = Sporting Clube de Portugal.png
| image_size = 150
| fullname = Sporting Clube de Portugal
| short name = SCP
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1906|7|1}}
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Bruno de Carvalho
| manager = [[Jorge Jesus]]
| league = [[Primeira Liga]]
| position = Primeira Liga, 2nd
| website = http://www.sporting.pt/
| pattern_b1 = __sporting1516h
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'''Sporting Clube de Portugal''', [[Order of Merit (Portugal)|OM]], [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|ComC]], [[Order of Prince Henry|MHIH]]<ref>Awards and Decorations-[http://www.sporting.pt/Clube/clube_condecoracoes.asp ''Sporting.pt''] Sporting Portugal 1906</ref><ref>Sporting awarded the degree of Honorary Member of the Order of Prince Henry| url=http://www.centenariosporting.com/index.php?content=1301| publisher=''Centenário Sporting''</ref> ({{IPA-pt|ˈspɔɾtĩɡ(ɨ) ˈkluβ(ɨ) ðɨ puɾtuˈɣaɫ}}) ({{Euronext|SCP}}) or '''Sporting CP''' is a [[sports club]] based in [[Lisbon]], Portugal that is best known for its [[association football]] team.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grove|first1=Daryl|title=10 Soccer Things You Might Be Saying Incorrectly|date=22 December 2014| url=http://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2014/11/10-soccer-things-you-might-be-saying-wrong.html|website=PasteSoccer|publisher=PasteMagazine|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref> The club is often referred to as '''Sporting''' in Portuguese, and as '''Sporting Lisbon''' in English.

Sporting are one of the "Três Grandes" ([[Big Three (Portugal)|The Big Three]]) football clubs in Portugal. Sporting is the sixth club in the world with more club members: 140,000.<ref>{{cite news|title=140 mil. Sporting é o sexto clube com mais sócios|url=http://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/54897/140_mil_sporting_e_o_sexto_clube_com_mais_socios?utm_source=sapo|accessdate=24 May 2016|publisher=radio renascença|date=23 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sporting é o sexto clube do mundo com maior número de sócios|url=http://www.rtp.pt/noticias/desporto/sporting-e-o-sexto-clube-do-mundo-com-maior-numero-de-socios_v911039#|accessdate=7 June 2016|publisher=RTP|date=13 April 2016}}</ref> They are nicknamed ''Leões'' ({{lang-en|Lions}}) and ''Verde-e-Brancos'' ({{lang-en|Green and White}}). The club's anthem, "''A Marcha do Sporting''" ({{lang-en|Sporting's March}}), was written in 1955, and was originally sung by Portuguese singer Maria José Valério.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Founded in Lisbon on 1 July 1906, Sporting were a founding member of the [[Primeira Liga]] and, along with rivals [[S.L. Benfica]] and [[FC Porto]], have never been relegated from the top flight of Portuguese football since its establishment in 1934. Sporting are the third most successful Portuguese football club, with 46 titles in Portuguese competitions and one international title, the [[1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup]]. Domestically, they have won 18 Primeira Liga titles, 16 Portuguese Cups ([[Taça de Portugal]]), four Championships of Portugal (a record tied with Porto) and eight [[Portuguese SuperCup]] titles.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/club=50149/profile/index.html|title = Sporting Clube de Portugal UEFA Profile|date = |accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.uefa.com|publisher = UEFA|last = |first = }}</ref>

Sporting's football youth academy system has developed footballers such as [[Paulo Futre]], [[Simão Sabrosa]], [[Nani]], [[Ricardo Quaresma]], and [[Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] recipients [[Cristiano Ronaldo]] and [[Luís Figo]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/meet-sportings-exciting-wing-duo-who-could-be-new-ronaldo-and-quaresma|title = Meet Sporting’s exciting wing duo who could be the new Ronaldo and Quaresma|date = 2 December 2015|accessdate = 12 June 2016 |website = www.fourfourtwo.com| |last = Kundert |first = Tom}}</ref> Sporting are currently ranked 40th in [[UEFA coefficient#UEFA Team Ranking|UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/index.html|title=Member associations – UEFA rankings – Club coefficients |date=27 April 2016 |publisher=[[UEFA]] |accessdate=23 May 2016}}</ref>

==History==

===Foundation (1902–1906)===
Sporting Club de Portugal has its origins in June 1902, when young men Francisco da Ponte, Horta Gavazzo and his brother José Maria decided to create ''Sport Club de Belas.'' This club, the first ancestor of Sporting, played just one match and at the end of the year's summer, disbanded. Two years later, the idea of creating a football club was revived, and this time, with the Gavazzo brothers joined by José Alvalade and José Stromp, a new club, the ''Campo Grande Football Club,'' was founded. They played their matches on the estate of Viscount of Alvalade, the grandfather of José Alvalade, with the club's headquarters located at the house of Francisco Gavazzo. [[File:José de alvalade.jpg|thumb|149x149px|José Alvalade borrowed money from his grandfather in order to fund Sporting.|left]]For two years, the club developed an intense activity on several sports, namely football, [[tennis]] and [[fencing]]. The club also organized parties and picnics. Eventually, during one picnic, on 12 April 1906, discussions erupted, as some members defended that the club should only focused on organizing picnics and social events, with another group defending that the club should focused on the practicing of sports instead. Some time later, José Gavazzo, José Alvalade and 17 other members left the club, with the latter saying <blockquote>"I am going to have with me my grandfather and he will give me the money to make another club."<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.sporting.pt/en/club/museum/featured-areas|title = Visit the home of Alvalade history and learn more about more than a century countless trophies |website = Official Sporting Website |date = |accessdate = 2015-12-07 |publisher = Sporting Clube de Portugal |last = |first = }}</ref></blockquote>As such, a new club, ''Campo Grande Sporting Clube'', was founded. The Viscount of Alvalade, whose money helped to fund the club, was the first president of Sporting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting History|url=http://www.sporting.pt/pt/clube/historia/resumo|website=Sporting Official Website|publisher=Sporting Clube de Portugal|accessdate=2015-11-24}}</ref> José Alvalade, as one of the main founders, uttered on behalf of himself and his fellow co-founders, <blockquote>"We want this club to be a great club, as great as the greatest in Europe."<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.sporting.pt/pt/clube/historia/fundadores|date = 2015-11-24|website = Official Sporting Website|title = The History of Sporting}}</ref></blockquote>Three months later, on 1 July 1906, António Félix da Costa Júnior suggested the name ''Sporting Clube de Portugal'', and this date is considered the official day Sporting was founded.

===Early years (1907–1946)===
The year 1907 marked some "firsts" for the club, as Sporting's played the first football match of their history on 3 February, ending in a 5–1 defeat against 3rd-tier club ''Cruz Negra;'' inaugurated their first ground, known as "''Sítio das Mouras''" (the most advanced in Portugal at the time, equipped with showers, two tennis courts, an athletics track and a football field) on 4 July; and played the first derby of all time against local rivals [[S.L. Benfica]] (then known as ''Grupo Sport Lisboa'') on 1 December.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Sporting Clube Portugal – Fotobiografia por Rui Guedes|last = |first = |publisher = Publicações Dom Quixote|year = 1988|isbn = |location = Lisbon|pages = XVII-XIX}}</ref>

The club also released their first report card on 31 March 1922, titled ''"Boletim do Sporting"'' (Sporting's Report), lending the foundation for the later called ''"Jornal do Sporting"'', the official newspaper of the club, that still exists today.<ref>http://atascadocherba.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/aniversariojornal.jpg</ref>

Sporting played their first [[Primeira Liga]] game (the 1st Division of Portuguese football) ever on 20 January 1935, winning 0–6 against [[Associação Académica de Coimbra – O.A.F.|Académica de Coimbra]]. A year later, in 1936, the club had their heaviest defeat ever against [[FC Porto|Porto]], losing 10–1. Sporting, however, got their revenge a year later, when they humbled the same team with a 9–1 result. In 1941, under the guidance of Hungarian manager [[József Szabó (Hungarian footballer)|József Szabó]], the club celebrated the first league title of their history.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.zerozero.pt/noticia.php?id=122357|title = Histórias do campeonato: 2200 jogos de Benfica, FC Porto e Sporting|date = 22 August 2013|accessdate = 26 December 2015|website = www.zerozero.pt|publisher = Álvaro Gonçalves|last = |first = }}</ref>

===Golden years (1947–1974)===
[[File:European Cup Winners' Cup trophy at Museum Mundo Sporting.JPG|thumb|The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup won by Sporting at Museum ''Mundo Sporting''|196x196px]]The football team had their height during the 1940s and 1950s. It was spearheaded by [[Fernando Peyroteo]], [[José Travassos]], [[Albano Pereira]], [[Jesus Correia]] and [[Manuel Vasques]], in a quintet nicknamed "The Five Violins".<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/efemeride/sporting/o-dia-em-que-os-cinco-violinos-marcaram-12-golos|title = O dia em que os cinco violinos marcaram 12 golos (The day the five violins scored 12 goals)|date = 16 February 2015|accessdate = 22 December 2015|website = www.maisfutebol.iol.pt|publisher = Sara Marques|last = |first = }}</ref> With the violins' help, Sporting won seven league titles in eight seasons between 1947 and 1954, including a then unprecedented four in a row from 1950–51 onwards. Fernando Peyroteo, the most known of "the violins", is considered one of the greatest Portuguese players of all time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cristiano Ronaldo is not Portugal’s greatest ever player. This man is (Fernando Peyroteo)|url=https://www.dreamteamfc.com/c/cristiano-ronaldo-is-not-portugals-greatest-ever-player-this-man-is/|website= |accessdate=30 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.fourfourtwo.com/features/better-messi-pele-muller-how-cristiano-ronaldos-scoring-stacks#:rwB5cG3Wa6XYxA|title = Better than Messi, Pele, Muller: How Cristiano Ronaldo's scoring stacks up|date = 19 October 2015|accessdate = 22 December 2015|website = www.fourfourtwo.com|publisher = Chris Flanagan|last = |first = }}</ref>

Sporting and the Yugoslavian team [[FK Partizan|Partizan]] both made history on 4 September 1955, as they played the first-ever UEFA Champion Clubs' Cup match. Sporting player João Martins scored the first-ever goal of the competition, on the 14th minute. The match ended in a 3–3 draw.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2274124.html|title = When Sporting and Partizan broke new ground|date = 4 September 2015|accessdate = 22 December 2015|website = www.uefa.com|publisher = José Nuno Pimentel|last = |first = }}</ref>

Sporting also inaugurated their new venue, ''José Alvalade Stadium'', on 10 June 1956. This stadium was the home ground of the club until 2003.

In the 1960s, Sporting achieved overseas success, winning the [[1963–64 European Cup Winners' Cup|1963–64 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], defeating [[MTK Hungária FC|MTK Budapest]] of Hungary in the final. It was the only time a Portuguese team side won a UEFA Cup Winners' Cup title.<ref>{{cite news| title =1963/64: Sporting at the second attempt| url = http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/ecwc/history/season=1963/intro.html |publisher = uefa.com| date = 1964-05-01}}</ref> The team entered the competition defeating [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]] in the qualifying round, then past Cypriot club [[APOEL FC|APOEL]] in what was the biggest win in a single UEFA competitions game to date: 16–1, a record that still stands today. On the next round, they lost 4–1 to [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] at [[Old Trafford]] in the first hand, but made a remarkable comeback at home, winning 5–0. In the semi-finals, Sporting eliminated [[Olympique Lyonnais|Lyon]], and in the end MTK Budapest, in a two-round final to win their first European title. The winning goal was scored by [[João Morais]] from a direct corner kick.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/ecwc/news/kind=8192/newsid=3569.html |title=1963/64: Sporting at the second attempt |date=2001-08-17 |accessdate=2015-11-24 |website=UEFA.com |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519112850/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/ecwc/news/kind=8192/newsid=3569.html |archivedate=19 May 2008 }}</ref>

The club reached the semi-finals of the Cup Winners' Cup in 1974, but lost to eventual winners [[1. FC Magdeburg|Magdeburg]], from East Germany.

English manager [[Malcolm Allison]] arrived at Sporting in 1981, and under his guidance the club won the domestic double (league title and Portuguese cup), in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.publico.pt/noticia/malcolm-allison-19272010-o-treinador-que-gostava-de-viver-para-la-do-futebol-1461321|title = Malcolm Allison (1927–2010), o treinador que gostava de viver para lá do futebol|date = 16 October 2010|accessdate = 26 December 2015|website = www.publico.pt|publisher = Marco Vaza|last = |first = }}</ref>

===League title drought (1982–2000)===
In the years between 1982 and 2000, the Alvalade club suffered from a drought of titles. Despite defeating rival's Benfica 4–0 on aggregate to win the Portuguese Super Cup in 1987, Sporting fans had to wait until 1995 to see their team win some silverware after beating [[Club Sport Marítimo]] 2–0 in the final of the 1995 [[Portuguese Cup]]. That victory granted Sporting a place in the following season's Portuguese Super Cup. After drawing 0–0 at [[Estádio José Alvalade]] and securing a 2–2 draw at [[Estádio das Antas]] on 30 April 1996, a replay match was held at the [[Parc de Princes]] in Paris. Sporting won 3–0 with [[Sá Pinto]] scoring twice and Carlos Xavier scoring a stoppage time penalty. In the same 1995–96 season, Sporting also reached the [[Portuguese Cup]] final but lost 3–1 to Benfica.

Despite this, there were some highlights during this time, particularly a 7–1 victory over Benfica at the [[Estádio José Alvalade (1956)|old José Alvalade Stadium]] on 14 December 1986. Sporting also reached the [[1990–91 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup semi-final]] in 1991, losing against [[Inter Milan|Internazionale]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/history/season=1990/index.html |title=1990/91: Matthäus makes the difference for Inter – |publisher=Uefa.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref> Also [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] and [[Real Madrid]] were both tied and defeated in Lisbon when playing against Sporting in the old UEFA Cup in the 1986/1987 and 1994/1995 seasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=1994/matches/round=651/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=1986/clubs/club=50149/matches/index.html}}</ref>

In [[1999–2000 Primeira Liga|2000]], Sporting, led by manager [[Augusto Inácio]] (a former Sporting player, who replaced [[Giuseppe Materazzi]]), won the league title on the last match day, with a 4–0 victory over [[S.C. Salgueiros|Salgueiros]], ending an 18-year drought.<ref name=":0" />

===The new millennium (2001–present)===
In the [[2001–02 Primeira Liga|2001–02]] season, Sporting conquered the league title, the Portuguese Cup [[2001–02 Taça de Portugal|2001–02]] and the Portuguese Supercup [[2002 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|2002]]. Sporting also had back-to-back wins in the [[Taça de Portugal|Portuguese Cup]] in [[2006–07 Taça de Portugal|2007]] and [[2007–08 Taça de Portugal|2008]]. In 2005 Sporting reached their second European final, the [[2005 UEFA Cup Final]]. Playing at their home ground, the team lost 3–1 against Russian club [[PFC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]]. The club almost reached another European final in 2012, but were dropped out of the competition by [[Athletic Bilbao]], in the semi-finals of the [[2011–12 UEFA Europa League|2011–12 Europa League]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/le-at-bilbao-sporting-3-1-cronica|title = LE: At. Bilbao-Sporting, 3–1 (crónica)|date = 26 April 2012|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.maisfutebol.iol.pt|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> Sporting also reached, for the first time, the knockout phase of [[UEFA Champions League]], in the 2008–09 season, but were roundly defeated by [[FC Bayern Munich]], with an aggregate loss of 12–1. This is widely regarded as one of the lowest points in the history of the club.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Desporto/Interior.aspx?content_id=1166263|title = Sporting sofre humilhação histórica|date = |accessdate = |website = www.jn.pt|publisher = Rui Miguel Melo|last = |first = }}</ref>

Also, years of financial mismanagement almost led to the demise of the club. In 2011, the club had amassed debts of over €276 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ionline.pt/399398|title = Sporting. Soares Franco pode ser o senhor que se segue na lista das expulsões|date = 27 July 2015|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.ionline.pt|publisher = Isabel Tavares|last = |first = }}</ref> The results on the pitch were also abysmal, with Sporting finishing seventh – their lowest position ever in the league table – in the [[2012–13 Primeira Liga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira_liga/artigo/2013/05/20/o-pior-sporting-de-sempre|title = O pior Sporting de sempre|date = 20 May 2013|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = desporto.sapo.pt|publisher = Eduardo Santiago|last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.publico.pt/desporto/noticia/pacos-afunda-ainda-mais-o-sporting-com-triunfo-em-alvalade-1579621|title = Paços de Ferreira deixa Sporting a um ponto da zona de despromoção|date = 5 January 2013|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.publico.pt|publisher = Paulo Curado|last = |first = }}</ref> After immense pressure both from within and outside the club, Godinho Lopes, then-president of Sporting, resigned.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira_liga/artigo/2013/02/03/godinho-lopes-demite-se-na-terca-feira|title = Godinho Lopes demite-se na terça-feira (Godinho Lopes resigns on Tuesday)|date = 3 February 2013|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = desporto.sapo.pt|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.vavel.com/pt/futebol-portugues/313826-guerra-e-paz.html|title = Sporting 2013: Guerra e Paz|date = 26 December 2013|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.vavel.com|publisher = Bruno Gomes|last = |first = }}</ref> Bruno de Carvalho was his successor.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.publico.pt/desporto/noticia/bruno-de-carvalho-e-o-novo-presidente-do-sporting-1588913|title = Bruno de Carvalho é o novo presidente do Sporting (Bruno de Carvalho is the new president of Sporting)|date = 20 March 2013|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.publico.pt|publisher = Jorge Miguel Matias e Tiago Pimentel|last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://expresso.sapo.pt/desporto/bruno-carvalho-confirmado-presidente-do-sporting=f796482|title = Bruno Carvalho confirmado presidente do Sporting|date = 26 March 2013|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = expresso.sapo.pt|publisher = Bruno Roseiro|last = |first = }}</ref> Carvalho's intentions were negotiate with the banks and return success to the club, while threatening to take Godinho Lopes to court.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira_liga/artigo/2013/03/26/vamos-devolver-a-paz-ao-sporting|title = Vamos devolver a paz ao Sporting|date = 26 March 2015|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = desporto.sapo.pt|publisher = João Paulo Godinho|last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.publico.pt/desporto/noticia/bruno-de-carvalho-ameaca-godinho-lopes-com-tribunal-1585218|title = Bruno de Carvalho ameaça Godinho Lopes com tribunal|date = 20 February 2013|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.publico.pt|publisher = Nuno Ferreira Santos|last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.publico.pt/desporto/noticia/o-sporting-merecia-outros-candidatos--e-eu-merecia-outros-adversarios-1588689|title = Interview: "O Sporting merecia outros candidatos e eu merecia outros adversários"|date = 22 March 2013|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.publico.pt|publisher = Paulo Curado|last = |first = }}</ref>

The [[2013–14 Primeira Liga|2013–14 season]] saw improvements in the results, as Sporting finished second in the table, thus gaining direct access to the [[2014–15 UEFA Champions League]], the first time in five years the club reached the top-tier of European competitions.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Desporto/Interior.aspx?content_id=3820793|title = Sporting vence Belenenses e garante segundo lugar e acesso direto à "Champions"|date = 19 April 2014|accessdate = 19 April 2014|website = www.jn.pt|publisher = 23 December 2015|last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.tsf.pt/desporto/sporting/interior/sporting-vence-no-restelo-e-assegura-entrada-direta-na-champions-video-3820794.html|title = Sporting vence no Restelo e assegura entrada direta na "Champions"|date = 19 April 2014|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.tsf.pt|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

[[File:Estadio José Alvalade - Sporting Clube de Portugal (15848471826).jpg|thumb|Sporting playing against German club Schalke 04, in a UEFA Champions League match|centre|569x569px]]

In the [[2014–15 Sporting Clube de Portugal season|2014–15 season]], Sporting won their 16th [[2014–15 Taça de Portugal|Portuguese Cup]] in dramatic fashion. The Lisbon side, led by [[Marco Silva]], played the final against [[S.C. Braga|Braga]], and after a disastrous start, found themselves losing 0–2 at half-time and playing with ten men after the sending-off of [[Cédric Soares]]. With the final seemingly lost, [[Islam Slimani]] gave some hope to the fans as he scored the 1–2 on the 83 minute. In stoppage time, [[Fredy Montero]] managed to equalize, forcing extra-time. Sporting ultimately won the match 3–1 on penalties.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.portugoal.net/club-news/212-sporting-win-a-dramatic-taca-de-portugal-final-on-penalties|title = Sporting win dramatic Taça de Portugal final on penalties|date = 31 May 2015|accessdate = 26 December 2015|website = www.portugoal.net|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> Celebrations ended in a pitch invasion of Estádio José Alvalade by the fans, as the club touched silverware for the first time in seven years.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://pt.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=2252987.html|title = Sporting vence Taça de Portugal|date = 2015-05-31|accessdate = 2015-11-24|website = pt.uefa.com|publisher = UEFA|last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ojogo.pt/Futebol/1a_liga/Sporting/interior.aspx?content_id=4599604|title = Festa de Alvalade termina com invasão de campo|date = 2015-05-31|accessdate = 2015-11-24|website = www.ojogo.pt|publisher = Jornal "O Jogo"|last = |first = }}</ref>

In June 2015, [[Jorge Jesus]] joined Sporting, after Benfica opted not to renew his contract as coach of the club, signing a three-year contract. Presented as the new manager of the club on 1 July, the managerial change took the rivalry of both Lisbon clubs to new heights.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/article-3116643/Benfica-Sporting-Lisbon-just-six-minute-drive-Jorge-Jesus-journey-one-controversial-moves-football.html|title = Benfica to Sporting is just a six-minute drive but Jorge Jesus' journey is one of the most controversial moves in football|date = |accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.dailymail.co.uk|publisher = Joe Bernstein|last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://expresso.sapo.pt/desporto/2015-07-01-Os-sete-espinhos-de-Jesus|title = Os sete espinhos de Jesus|date = 1 July 2015|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = expresso.sapo.pt|publisher = Nicolau Santos|last = |first = }}</ref> Some Portuguese media called the event ''<nowiki>''</nowiki>O Verão Quente de 2015"'' ("The Hot Summer of 2015").<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/momentos-nacionais/momentos-do-ano/o-bicampeao-o-defeso-da-decada-e-o-renascer-do-sporting|title = O bicampeão, o defeso da década e o renascer do Sporting|date = 23 December 2015|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.maisfutebol.iol.pt|publisher = João Tiago Figueiredo|last = |first = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2015-12-04-Votacao-online-escolha-as-figuras-e-os-acontecimentos-do-ano|title = Escolha as figuras e os acontecimentos do ano (See: Jorge Jesus)|date = 4 December 2015|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = expresso.sapo.pt|publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> Under Jesus' tenure, Sporting won the [[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|Portuguese Supercup]] for the eighth time, against [[2014–15 Primeira Liga|back-to-back champions]] Benfica (1–0).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.jn.pt/PaginaInicial/Desporto/Interior.aspx?content_id=4722474|title = Sporting vence Benfica (1–0) e conquista oitava Supertaça|date = 9 August 2015|accessdate = 23 December 2015|website = www.jn.pt |last =Silva |first =Susana }}</ref> Despite a positive start, Sporting then failed to qualify for the [[2015–16 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]] and did not win any other trophy, finishing second in the [[2015–16 Primeira Liga|Primeira Liga]] with 86 points, two points behind Benfica. It was Sporting's 14th consecutive season without winning the league title.

==Team colours and kits==
{{main article|Sporting CP Kits}}
Sporting, ever since its formation in 1906, have always had the green and white colours. The first kit in 1907 was all white until 1908, when they introduced the now referred by fans as "Classic" kit with vertical stripes. The modern horizontal stripes were introduced on a derby against Benfica in 1928.

==Crests==

Since its formation, on 1 July 1906, Sporting has had six crests, all of which have included the color green and the lion.

[[File:Escudos sporting.gif|thumb|Previous Sporting Clube de Portugal Crests|centre|383x383px]]

The current crest of Sporting was adopted in 2001. There were also the special anniversary crests to celebrate the 50th (1956) and 100th (2006) anniversaries of the club. These weren't actually worn in kits during matches, but were used as emblems by fans.

[[File:Sporting Clube de Portugal.png|thumb|Sporting Current Crest (2001–present)|centre|177x177px]]

==Rivalries==
{{Main article|Derby de Lisboa|FC Porto–Sporting CP rivalry}}

Sporting's main rivals are Benfica, with both teams contesting the Lisbon Derby (also known as The Eternal Derby). The rivalry started in 1907, when some players of Benfica left the club to join Sporting, looking for better conditions. The first derby of all time was contested on the same year, ending with a 2–1 victory for Sporting.

The most known victory of Sporting over Benfica occurred on 14 December 1986, where Sporting beat arch-rivals 7–1, when Benfica was leading the league. [[Manuel Fernandes (footballer, born 1951)|Manuel Fernandes]] was particularly inspired, scoring four goals, with [[Mário Jorge]] (two goals), and [[Ralph Meade]] (one goal) also scoring for Sporting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting deu 7–1 ao Benfica há 25 anos|url=http://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira_liga/artigo/2011/12/14/sporting-deu-7-1-ao-benfica-ha-25-anos|website= desporto.sapo.pt/|publisher=sapo.pt|accessdate=17 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting-Benfica: A loucura dos 7–1!|url=http://www.record.xl.pt/arquivo/detalhe/sporting-benfica-a-loucura-dos-7-1-32042.html|website= Record.xl.pt|publisher=Record.xl.pt|accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> However, after the loss, Benfica managed to become [[1986–87 Primeira Divisão|Portuguese champions]].

[[File:Sporting-fans during Derby de Lisboa.jpg|thumb|Sporting fans at the [[Estádio da Luz]] during the [[Derby de Lisboa|Lisbon Derby]] (2013)]]
Another notable derby was the one contested on the evening of 14 May 1994. In a rainy day, with the old José Alvalade Stadium crowded to the top, winning the derby was a decisive step for Sporting, as they were trying to regain the title, which by this time the team had not won for 12 years. Sporting were favorites with a squad composed by, among others, [[Luís Figo]], [[Krasimir Balakov]], [[Ivaylo Yordanov]], [[Emílio Peixe]], [[Stan Valckx]] and [[Paulo Sousa]] (who at the beginning of the season transferred from Benfica). As such, Benfica were seen as the underdogs, but defied the odds with a 3–6 victory, eventually securing the title some weeks later, leaving Sporting empty-handed, in one of the most dramatic seasons in the club's history.<ref>{{cite web|title=Benfica-Sporting: "Queiroz foi o responsável pelos 6–3"|url=http://relvado.aeiou.pt/ultima-hora/benfica-sporting-queiroz-foi-responsavel-pelos-6-3-292661|website= relvado.aeiou.pt|publisher=Lusa|accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting-Benfica, 3–6: Pesadelo em Alvalade com génio à solta|url=http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/Benfica/interior.aspx?content_id=120678|website= www.record.xl.pt|accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref>

The rivalry has become even more intense after a dramatic incident in the final of the [[1996 Taça de Portugal Final|1996 Portuguese Cup]], which Benfica won 3–1. After Benfica scored the first goal, a member of Benfica organised group [[No Name Boys]] lit a flare, which struck a Sporting fan in the chest, killing him instantly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gullit e very light incendiaram o último Sporting-Benfica|url=http://www.sabado.pt/desporto/detalhe/gullit_e_very_light_incendiaram_o_ultimo_sporting_benfica.html|website=www.sabado.pt|accessdate=30 November 2015}}</ref> On 8 February 2015, during a derby at Alvalade, a supporter's group of Sporting showed a banner, among others, with the inscription "''Sigam o King''" ("Follow the King"), in reference to [[Eusébio]]'s death.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maisfutebol.iol.pt/sporting/liga/benfica-deselegancia-catering-e-speaker-justificam-interdicao-de-alvalade |title=Benfica: deselegância, catering e speaker justificam interdição de Alvalade |language=Portuguese |trans-title=Benfica: inelegance, catering and speaker justify interdition of Alvalade |date=13 February 2015 |publisher=Maisfutebol |access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref> On the next day, in a futsal derby, members of No Name Boys showed a banner saying ''"Very Light 96"''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bruno de Carvalho pede punição para o Benfica|url=http://www.dn.pt/desporto/sporting/interior/bruno-de-carvalho-pede-punicao-para-o-benfica-4390091.html|website= www.dn.pt|accessdate=30 November 2015}}</ref> In 2011, after a loss to Benfica at the [[Estádio da Luz]] (1–0), a group of irate Sporting supporters took their frustration out on the stadium by setting it on fire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1625115-dortmund-vs-bayern-munich-and-europes-6-premier-rivarlies-right-now/page/3|title=Dortmund vs. Bayern Munich and Europe's 6 Premier Rivalries Right Now|last=Gannon|first=Willie|date=3 May 2013|publisher=Bleacher Report|access-date=7 January 2016}}</ref>

Sporting also has a rivalry with FC Porto. This rivalry is depicted in the 1947 Portuguese movie ''O Leão da Estrela''.<ref>{{cite web|title=O Leão da Estrela|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0039563/|website=IMBO|accessdate=17 June 2016}}</ref>

Juventude Leonina, usually known singly as JuveLeo, are the main organised ultra group. They maintain friendship with [[Grobari]], ultras of Serbian club [[FK Partizan]], with 7bello of Italian [[ACF Fiorentina]] and B-side of Dutch side [[Go Ahead Eagles]]. In Portugal they have good relationships with Mancha Negra of [[Associação Académica de Coimbra – O.A.F.|Académica de Coimbra]].<ref>[http://www.ultras-tifo.net/interviews/34-interview-with-juventude-leonina-sporting-cp-portugal.html INTERVIEW WITH JUVENTUDE LEONINA (SPORTING CP – PORTUGAL)] at ultras-tifo.net, 5-1-2008, retrieved 11-8-2016</ref> The direction boards of Sporting and Partizan have also good relations which were kept ever since the [[1955–56 European Cup]] edition, which, on September 4, 1955, in Lisbon's [[Estádio Nacional]], put head-a-head the two teams in what was considered the opening whistle of the UEFA European club competitions. The game finished with a 3–3 draw, with Sporting later losing in [[Belgrade]] in the second-legg by 5–2, however the club boards of both teams regularly meat from time to time to mark the occasion of this historic event.

==Facilities==

===Stadium===
Throughout its history, Sporting has had several grounds. The first one was inaugurated on 4 July 1907, and was called "''Sítio das Mouras''".

In 1956, the first Estádio de Alvalade was inaugurated. Sporting played their matches there until 2003, when the stadium was demolished.[[File:Alvalade0023.jpg|thumb|290px|The new José Alvalade Stadium, inaugurated in 2003]]

In Lisbon, the new stadium, Alvalade XXI, ("Estádio José Alvalade"), was built for the [[UEFA Euro 2004]] championship. Designed by [[Tomás Taveira]], it was inaugurated on 6 August 2003. The opening match was a 3–1 victory over Manchester United. This stadium was also the first one in Portugal classified by [[UEFA]] as a five-star stadium, enabling it to host finals of major UEFA events. This stadium has a capacity of 50,095 spectators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sporting.pt/Futebol/Estadio/estadio_historia.asp |title=Sporting Clube de Portugal |publisher=Sporting.pt |date= |accessdate=2012-11-16}}</ref>{{main article|Estádio José Alvalade}}

===Youth Academy===

:{{main article|Sporting C.P. Youth and Academy}}

==Club records==
{{main article|Sporting Clube de Portugal records and statistics}}

==Honours==

===Domestic competitions===

* '''[[Primeira Liga]]: 22'''
** '''Winners:''' [[1940–41 Primeira Divisão|1940–41]], [[1943–44 Primeira Divisão|1943–44]], [[1946–47 Primeira Divisão|1946–47]], [[1947–48 Primeira Divisão|1947–48]], [[1948–49 Primeira Divisão|1948–49]], [[1950–51 Primeira Divisão|1950–51]], [[1951–52 Primeira Divisão|1951–52]], [[1952–53 Primeira Divisão|1952–53]], [[1953–54 Primeira Divisão|1953–54]], [[1957–58 Primeira Divisão|1957–58]], [[1961–62 Primeira Divisão|1961–62]], [[1965–66 Primeira Divisão|1965–66]], [[1969–70 Primeira Divisão|1969–70]], [[1973–74 Primeira Divisão|1973–74]], [[1979–80 Primeira Divisão|1979–80]], [[1981–82 Primeira Divisão|1981–82]], [[1999–2000 Primeira Liga|1999–2000]], [[2001–02 Primeira Liga|2001–02]]
* '''[[Taça de Portugal|Portuguese Cup]]: 16'''
** '''Winners:''' [[1940–41 Taça de Portugal|1940–41]], [[1944–45 Taça de Portugal|1944–45]], [[1945–46 Taça de Portugal|1945–46]], [[1947–48 Taça de Portugal|1947–48]], [[Taça de Portugal|1953–54]], [[Taça de Portugal|1962–63]], [[Taça de Portugal|1970–71]], [[Taça de Portugal|1972–73]], [[Taça de Portugal|1973–74]], [[Taça de Portugal|1977–78]], [[Taça de Portugal|1981–82]], [[1994–95 Taça de Portugal|1994–95]], [[2001–02 Taça de Portugal|2001–02]], [[2006–07 Taça de Portugal|2006–07]], [[2007–08 Taça de Portugal|2007–08]], [[2014–15 Taça de Portugal|2014–15]]
* '''[[Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|Portuguese SuperCup]]: 8'''
** '''Winners:''' [[1982 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|1982]], [[1987 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|1987]], [[1995 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|1995]], [[2000 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|2000]], [[2002 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|2002]], [[2007 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|2007]], [[2008 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|2008]], [[2015 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira|2015]]
* '''[[Taça de Portugal#Campeonato de Portugal|Championship of Portugal]]: 4
** '''Winners:''' 1922–23, 1933–34, 1935–36, 1937–38

===European competitions===
* '''[[European Cup Winners' Cup]]: 1'''
** '''Winners:''' [[1964 European Cup Winners' Cup Final|1963–64]]

==Players==

===Current squad===
{{updated|28 August 2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sporting.pt/pt/futebol/equipa-principal/plantel|publisher=Sporting Clube de Portugal|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref>
{{Fs start|nat=|pos=|Name=|other=|no=}}
{{Fs player|no= 1|nat=POR|name=[[Rui Patrício]]|pos=GK|other=[[Captain (association football)|3rd captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no= 2|nat=ITA|name=[[Ezequiel Schelotto]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=SRB|name=[[Lazar Marković]]|pos=FW|other=on loan from [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]}}
{{Fs player|no= 4|nat=BRA|name=[[Jefferson Nascimento|Jefferson]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no= 7|nat=CRI|name=[[Joel Campbell]]|pos=FW|other=on loan from [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]}}
{{Fs player|no= 8|nat=SRB|name=[[Radosav Petrović]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=CRC|name=[[Bryan Ruiz]]|pos=MF|other=[[Captain (association football)|5th captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=BRA|name=[[Bruno César]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=URU|name=[[Sebastián Coates]]|pos=DF|other=on loan from [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=POR|name=[[William Carvalho]]|pos=MF|other=[[Captain (association football)|vice-captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=POR|name=[[Paulo Oliveira]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=BRA|name=[[André Felipe Ribeiro de Souza|André]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=NED|name=[[Douglas Franco Teixeira|Douglas]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=NED|name=[[Luc Castaignos]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=POR|name=[[João Pereira (Portuguese footballer)|João Pereira]]|pos=DF|other=[[Captain (association football)|4th captain]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=BRA|name=[[Elias Mendes Trindade|Elias]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=POR|name=[[Adrien Silva]]|pos=MF|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=ARG|name=[[Marcelo Meli]]|pos=MF|other=on loan from [[Boca Juniors]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=NED|name=[[Bas Dost]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=SLO|name=[[Ažbe Jug]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=BRA|name=[[Bruno Paulista]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=NED|name=[[Marvin Zeegelaar]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=LIT|name=[[Lukas Spalvis]]|pos=FW}}
{{fs player|no=34|nat=POR|name=[[Beto (Portuguese footballer, born 1982)|Beto]]|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=POR|name=[[Rúben Semedo]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=47|nat=POR|name=[[Ricardo Esgaio]]|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=73|nat=BRA|name=[[Matheus Pereira]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=POR|name=[[Gelson Martins]]|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=ARG|name=[[Alan Ruiz]]|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

===Out on loan===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no= 5|nat=BRA|name=[[Ewerton]]|pos=DF|other=at [[1. FC Kaiserslautern|Kaiserslautern]] until 30 June 2017}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=COL|name=[[Teófilo Gutiérrez]]|pos=FW|other=at [[Club Atlético Rosario Central|Rosario Central]] until 30 June 2017}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=ARG|name=[[Hernán Barcos]]|pos=FW|other=at [[Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield|Vélez Sarsfield]] until 30 June 2017}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=55|nat=POR|name=[[Tobias Figueiredo]]|pos=DF|other=at [[C.D. Nacional|Nacional]] until 30 June 2017}}
{{Fs player|no=—|nat=JPN|name=[[Junya Tanaka (footballer, born 1987)|Junya Tanaka]]|pos=FW|other=at [[Kashiwa Reysol]] until 30 June 2017}}
{{Fs player|no=—|nat=BUL|name=[[Simeon Slavchev]]|pos=MF|other=at [[Lechia Gdańsk]] until 30 June 2017}}
{{Fs end}}

==Player accolades==

===Portuguese Top Goalscorer===
The Portuguese League top scorer was awarded the '''Silver Shoe''' from 1934–35 until 1951–52. Since the 1952–53 season, the sports newspaper ''[[A Bola]]'' awards the '''Silver Ball''' prize.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Claro|first1=Paulo|title=Portugal – List of Topscorers|date=5 June 2014|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesp/porttops.html|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>

{|
|-
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Winner
! G
|-
|- align=left
|[[1934–35 Primeira Liga|1934–35]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Manuel Soeiro]] ||14
|- align=left
|[[1936–37 Primeira Liga|1936–37]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Manuel Soeiro]] ||24
|- align=left
|[[1937–38 Primeira Liga|1937–38]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Fernando Peyroteo]] ||34
|- align=left
|[[1939–40 Primeira Liga|1939–40]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Fernando Peyroteo]]1 ||29
|- align=left
|[[1940–41 Primeira Liga|1940–41]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Fernando Peyroteo]] ||29
|- align=left
|[[1945–46 Primeira Liga|1945–46]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Fernando Peyroteo]] ||37
|- align=left
|[[1946–47 Primeira Liga|1946–47]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Fernando Peyroteo]] ||43
|- align=left
|[[1948–49 Primeira Liga|1948–49]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Fernando Peyroteo]] ||40
|}
|width="1"| 
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Winner
! G
|-
|- align=left
|[[1950–51 Primeira Liga|1950–51]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Manuel Vasques]] ||29
|- align=left
|[[1953–54 Primeira Liga|1953–54]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[João Baptista Martins|João Martins]] ||31
|- align=left
|[[1965–66 Primeira Liga|1965–66]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Ernesto Figueiredo]]1 ||25
|- align=left
|[[1973–74 Primeira Liga|1973–74]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Héctor Yazalde]]2,3 ||46
|- align=left
|[[1974–75 Primeira Liga|1974–75]]
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Héctor Yazalde]] ||30
|- align=left
|[[1979–80 Primeira Liga|1979–80]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Rui Jordão]] ||31
|- align=left
|[[1985–86 Primeira Liga|1985–86]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Manuel Fernandes (footballer, born 1951)|Manuel Fernandes]] ||30
|- align=left
|[[1987–88 Primeira Liga|1987–88]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Paulinho Cascavel]] ||23
|}
|width="1"| 
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Winner
! G
|-
|- align=left
|[[1992–93 Primeira Liga|1992–93]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Jorge Cadete]] ||18
|- align=left
|[[2001–02 Primeira Liga|2001–02]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Mário Jardel]]3 ||42
|- align=left
|[[2004–05 Primeira Liga|2004–05]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Liédson]] ||25
|- align=left
|[[2006–07 Primeira Liga|2006–07]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Liédson]] ||15
|}
|}
:1Shared award; 2'''Portuguese Record'''; 3'''[[European Golden Shoe]]'''

===Player of the Year===
The Player of the Year award is named after former player Francisco Stromp, and was instituted from 1992. The list below is a list of winners of the award.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.forumscp.com/wiki/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9mios_Stromp|title=Prémios Stromp|trans_title=Awards Stromp|work=Forum SCP|language=Portuguese|date=|accessdate=4 December 2015}}</ref>

{|
|-
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Winner
|-
|1992||{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Krasimir Balakov]]
|-
|1993||{{flagicon|NED}} [[Stan Valckx]]
|-
|1994||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Luís Figo]]
|-
|1995||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Oceano da Cruz|Oceano]]
|-
|1996||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Ricardo Sá Pinto]]
|-
|1997||{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marco Aurélio Cunha dos Santos|Marco Aurélio]]
|-
|1998||{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Ivaylo Yordanov]]
|-
|1999||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Delfim Teixeira]]
|-
|2000||{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alberto Acosta]]
|}
|width="1"| 
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Winner
|-
|2001||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Beto (Portuguese footballer, born 1976)|Beto]]
|-
|2002||{{flagicon|POR}} [[João Vieira Pinto|João Pinto]]
|-
|2003||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Pedro Barbosa]]
|-
|2004||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Rui Jorge]]
|-
|2005||{{flagicon|POR}} [[João Moutinho]]
|-
|2006||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Ricardo (footballer, born 1976)|Ricardo]]
|-
|2007||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Liédson]]
|-
|2008||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Tonel]]
|-
|2009||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Liédson]]
|}
|width="1"| 
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Winner
|-
|2010||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Daniel Carriço]]
|-
|2011||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Rui Patrício]]
|-
|2012||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Rui Patrício]]
|-
|2013||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Adrien Silva]]
|-
|2014||{{flagicon|POR}} [[Nani]]
|-
|2015||{{flagicon|POR}} [[William Carvalho]]
|-
|2016||{{flagicon|POR}} [[João_Mário_(Portuguese_footballer)|João Mário]]
|}
|}

===Award winners===
(Whilst playing for Sporting CP)

;'''[[European Golden Boot]]'''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Arotaritei|first1=Sorin|last2=Di Maggio|first2=Roberto|last3=Stokkermans|first3=Karel|title=Golden Boot ("Soulier d'Or") Awards|date=20 November 2014|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/gboot.html|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Héctor Yazalde]] (46 goals) – 1974 (Portuguese record)
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Mário Jardel]] (42 goals) – 2002

;'''[[African Footballer of the Year]]'''<ref>{{cite news|title=African Footballer of the Year Winners|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2007/03/01/uk-soccer-africa-award-winners-idUKL01169720070301|accessdate=8 February 2015|agency=Reuters|date=1 March 2007}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Emmanuel Amuneke]] – 1994

;[[Bulgarian Footballer of the Year]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kyuchukov|first1=Nedko|title=Balakov says goodbye|date=30 April 2003|url=http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=66854.html|publisher=UEFA|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Krasimir Balakov]] – 1995
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Ivaylo Yordanov]] – 1998

;[[Algerian Footballer of the Year|Algerian Ballon d'Or]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Slimani wins Algerian Ballon d'Or|date=18 December 2013|url=http://africansoccer.weebly.com/news/slimani-wins-algerian-ballon-dor|publisher=AfricanSoccer|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Islam Slimani]] – 2013

;[[UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship]] '''Golden Player'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/under21/season=1994/golden-player/index.html|title=1994: Luís Figo|date=1 June 1994|work=UEFA.com|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=William named U21 EURO player of the tournament|date=1 July 2015|url=http://www.uefa.com/under21/news/newsid=2262774.html|publisher=UEFA|accessdate=1 July 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Luís Figo]] – [[UEFA European Under-21 Championship#Under-21 Golden Player|1994]]
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[William Carvalho]] – [[UEFA European Under-21 Championship#Under-21 Golden Player|2015]]

;'''[[FIFA U-20 World Cup]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=José Luis|first1=Pierrend|title=FIFA Awards|date=16 January 2015|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html#under20|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>
[[FIFA U-20 World Cup#Awards|Golden Ball]]'''
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Emílio Peixe]] – [[1991 FIFA World Youth Championship|1991 Portugal]]
[[FIFA U-20 World Cup#Awards|Silver Ball]]'''
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Daniel da Cruz Carvalho|Dani]] – [[1995 FIFA World Youth Championship|1995 Qatar]]
[[FIFA U-20 World Cup#Awards|Bronze Ball]]'''
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Paulo Torres]] – [[1991 FIFA World Youth Championship|1991 Portugal]]

;[[UEFA European Under-17 Championship#Golden Player Award|UEFA European Under-17 Championship Golden Player Award]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Cradle of the stars|url=http://www.uefa.com/under17/history/index.html|publisher=UEFA|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Miguel Veloso]] – [[2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship|2003 Portugal]]

;'''[[Portuguese Golden Ball]]'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Luis Figo|url=http://footyroom.com/hall-of-fame/luis-figo|publisher=Footyroom|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Luís Figo]] – 1994

;'''[[Portuguese Footballer of the Year]]'''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Silva|first1=Rui|title=Portugal – Footballer of the Year|date=20 November 2014|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/portpoy.html|publisher=RSSSF|accessdate=8 February 2015}}</ref> 1.Diário Popular Newspaper award; 2.Record Newspaper award
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Rui Jordão]]1 – 1980
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[António Luís Alves Ribeiro Oliveira|António Oliveira]]1 – 1981, 1982
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Jorge Cadete]]2 −1990
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Luís Figo]]1; 2 – 1995
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alberto Acosta]]2 – 2000
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Mário Jardel]]1; 2 – 2002

; [[LPFP Awards#Primeira Liga Awards|LPFP Primeira Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year]]:
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Miguel Veloso]] – [[2006–07 Primeira Liga#Annual awards|2006–07]]
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[William Carvalho]] – [[2013–14 Primeira Liga#Annual awards|2013–14]]

; [[LPFP Awards#Primeira Liga Awards|LPFP Primeira Liga Goalkeeper of the Year]]:
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Rui Patrício]] – [[2011–12 Primeira Liga#Annual awards|2011–12]]
; [[LPFP Awards|Segunda Liga Breakthrough Player of the Year]]:
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Bruma (footballer)|Bruma]] – [[2012–13 Segunda Liga|2012–13]]

;'''[[FIFA World Cup awards#All-Star Team|FIFA World Cup All-Star Team]]''':
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Krasimir Balakov]] – [[1994 FIFA World Cup|1994 United States]]
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Ricardo (footballer, born 1976)|Ricardo]] – [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006 Germany]]
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Marcos Rojo]] – [[2014 FIFA World Cup|2014 Brazil]]

'''[[World Soccer Magazine#The Greatest Players of the 20th century|The 100 Greatest Players of the 20th Century]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamHons/HonsWldSocPlyrsCent.html|title=England Player Honours – World Soccer Players of the Century|publisher=|accessdate=21 July 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Peter Schmeichel]]

==Former coaches==
''For details on former coaches, see [[List of Sporting Clube de Portugal managers]].''

==Club officials==
As of 24 October 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sporting.pt/English/Club/club_governingbodies.asp|title=Governing Bodies|publisher=Sporting.pt|accessdate=2013-04-01}}</ref>

===Directive Board===
* President: Bruno de Carvalho
* Vice-Presidents: Artur Torres Pereira, Carlos Vieira, [[José Vicente de Moura|Vicente Moura]], Vítor Silva Ferreira, António Rebelo
* Vowel: Bruno Mascarenhas Garcia, Luís Roque, Rui Caeiro, Alexandre Henriques, José Quintela
* Substitutes: Rita Matos, Luís Gestas, Jorge Sanches, Luís Loureiro

===General Assembly===
* President: Jaime Marta Soares
* Vice-President: Rui Solheiro
* Secretaries: Miguel de Castro, Luís Pereira, Tiago Abade
* Substitutes: Diogo Orvalho, Manuel Mendes, Rui Fernandes

===Fiscal and Disciplinary Council===
* President: Jorge Bacelar Gouveia
* Vice-President: Nuno Marques
* Vowels: Óscar Figueiredo, Vicente Caldeira Pires, Vítor do Vale, Miguel Fernandes, Jorge Gaspar
* Substitutes: João Peixoto da Silva, Nuno dos Santos, Ricardo Cabral

===Sporting – Sociedade Desportiva de Futebol, S.A.D.===
''Directive Board''
* President: Bruno de Carvalho

''Others''
* Chartered Accountants Society: KPMG & Associados, SROC, S.A.
* Society Secretaries: Patrícia Silva Lopes, Hugo Serra de Moura (Substitute)
* Shareholders' Committee: José Filipe de Mello, Castro Guedes

===Others===
'''Leões de Portugal'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leoesdeportugal.pt/orgaossociais.php|title=Leões de Portugal|publisher=Sporting.pt|accessdate=2013-04-01}}</ref>
* President: António Menezes Rodrigues
* Vice-Presidents: Maria Helena Dias Ferreira, Maria da Graça Nunes de Carvalho, Maria Isabel Monteiro Nobre
* Vowels: António Aguiar de Matos, Eduardo Amaro Júlio
* Treasurer: José Monteiro de Castro
* Substitute: Jorge Galrão Jorge, Mário Simões, Ana Rita Ferreira

==Other sports==
Sporting Clube de Portugal has various sports departments.

{| class="wikitable collapsible" width=55%
! Sporting Clube de Portugal active sections
|}
{| class="wikitable" width=55% style="text-align:left"
|-
|[[File:Aikido pictogram.svg|30px|Aikido pictogram]] aikido||[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px|Athletics pictogram]] [[Sporting Clube de Portugal (athletics)|athletics]]||[[File:Archery pictogram.svg|30px|Archery pictogram]] archery||[[File:F1 pictogram.svg|30px|F1 pictogram]] auto racing
|-
|[[File:Basketball pictogram.svg|30px|Basketball pictogram]] basketball||[[File:Beach soccer pictogram.svg|30px|Beach soccer pictogram]] [[Sporting Clube de Portugal (beach soccer)|beach soccer]]||[[File:Billard pictogram.jpg|30px|Billiard pictogram]] [[Sporting Clube de Portugal (billiards)|billiards]]||[[File:Olympic pictogram Boxing.png|30px|Olympic pictogram Boxing]] boxing
|-
|[[File:Olympic pictogram Canoeing (slalom).png|30px|Olympic pictogram Canoeing (slalom)]] canoeing||[[File:Capoeira pictogram.png|30px|Capoeira pictogram]] capoeira||[[File:Chess pictogram.png|30px|Chess pictogram]] chess||[[File:Cycling (road) pictogram.svg|30px|Cycling (road) pictogram]] [[Team Tavira|cycling]]
|-
|[[File:Olympic pictogram Equestrian.png|30px|Olympic pictogram Equestrian]] equestrianism||[[File:Football pictogram.svg|30px|Football pictogram]] football||[[File:Futsal pictogram.svg|30px|Futsal pictogram]] [[Sporting Clube de Portugal (futsal)|futsal]]||[[File:Golf pictogram.svg|30px|Golf pictogram]] golf
|-
|[[File:Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg|30px|Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram]] gymnastics||[[File:Olympic pictogram Handball.png|30px|Olympic pictogram Handball]] [[Sporting Clube de Portugal (handball)|handball]]||[[File:Judo pictogram.svg|30px|Judo pictogram]] judo||[[File:Karate pictogram.svg|30px|Karate pictogram]] karate
|-
|[[File:Kickboxing pictogram.svg|30px|Kickboxing pictogram]] kickboxing||[[File:Korfball pictogram.svg|30px|Korfball pictogram]] korfball||[[File:Mixed Martial Arts pictogramme.png|30px|Mixed Martial Arts pictogramme]] krav maga||[[File:Shooting pictogram.svg|30px|Shooting pictogram]] paintball
|-
||[[File:Roller hockey pictogram.svg|30px|Roller hockey pictogram]] [[Sporting Clube de Portugal (roller hockey)|roller hockey]]||[[File:Rowing pictogram.svg|30px|Rowing pictogram]] rowing||[[File:Rugby union pictogram.svg|30px|Rugby union pictogram]] [[Sporting Clube de Portugal (rugby union)|rugby union]]||[[File:Shooting pictogram.svg|30px|Shooting pictogram]] shooting
|-
|[[File:Artistic roller skating pictogram.svg|30px|Artistic roller skating pictogram]] skating||[[File:Angling pictogram.svg|30px|Angling pictogram]] sport fishing||[[File:Swimming pictogram.svg|30px|Swimming pictogram]] swimming||[[File:Table tennis pictogram.svg|30px]] [[Sporting Clube de Portugal (table tennis)|table tennis]]
|-
|[[File:Taekwondo pictogram.svg|30px|Taekwondo pictogram]] taekwondo||[[File:Triathlon pictogram.svg|30px|Triathlon pictogram]] triathlon||[[File:Water polo pictogram.svg|30px|Water polo pictogram]] water polo||[[File:tennis pictogram.svg|30px|Tennis pictogram]] tennis
|}

'''Extinct sections'''
* [[Sporting Clube de Portugal (Superleague Formula team)|Superleague Formula team]]

==Presidents==
{{Main article|List of Sporting Clube de Portugal presidents}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website}} {{pt icon}} {{en icon}}
* [http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/season=2015/clubs/club=50149/index.html Sporting Clube de Portugal at UEFA]

{{Sporting CP}}
{{Sporting CP seasons}}
{{Sporting Clube de Portugal matches}}
{{Original Primeira Liga clubs}}
{{Portuguese Liga}}
{{UEFA Cup Winners' Cup winners}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sporting Clube De Portugal}}
[[Category:Companies listed on the Euronext exchanges]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1906]]
[[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Portugal]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Portugal]]
[[Category:Publicly traded sports companies]]
[[Category:Sport in Lisbon]]
[[Category:Sporting Clube de Portugal| ]]
[[Category:Sports clubs established in 1906]]
[[Category:1906 establishments in Portugal]]
[[Category:Unrelegated association football clubs]]
[[Category:Taça de Portugal winners]]
[[Category:Primeira Liga clubs]]
[[Category:FIFA (video game series) teams]]