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Kansai dialect

2024-04-24T14:40:08Z

170.64.198.105: /* Verbs */

{{Short description|Japanese dialect}}
{{More footnotes|date=March 2008}}
{{Infobox language
|name = Kansai Japanese
|nativename = 関西弁
|states = [[Japan]]
|region = [[Kansai region|Kansai]]
|speakers =?
|date =
|ref =
|familycolor = Altaic
|fam1 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]]
|fam2 = [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
|fam3 = [[Western Japanese]]
|fam4 =
|isoexception = dialect
|glotto = kink1238
|glottorefname = Kinki
|lingua =
|map = Kansai_dialect_(outline).png
|mapcaption = Kansai-dialect area
|notice = IPA
}}

[[File:いわしを食べなあかん！.jpg|thumb|A label in Kansai dialect. The advertisement, {{transl|ja|Iwashi o tabena akan!}}, translates as "You must eat sardines!"]]
[[File:Chikan akan.jpg|thumb|A poster written in Kansai dialect. The warning, {{transl|ja|Chikan wa akan de. Zettai akan de}}, translates as "[[Chikan_(body_contact)|Groping]] is out. Absolutely out."]]
[[File:Osaka-ben hittakuri caution.jpg|thumb|A caution written in Kansai dialect. The warning, {{transl|ja|Kii tsuke yā, Anta no koto ya de, Sono baggu}}, translates as "Take care! Do not let your bag get [[snatch theft|snatched]]!"]]

The {{Nihongo|'''Kansai dialect'''|関西弁|Kansai-ben|also known as {{Nihongo||関西方言|Kansai-hōgen}}}} is a group of [[Japanese dialects]] in the [[Kansai region]] (Kinki region) of Japan. In Japanese, {{transl|ja|Kansai-ben}} is the common name and it is called {{Nihongo|'''Kinki dialect'''|近畿方言|Kinki-hōgen}} in technical terms. The dialects of [[Kyoto]] and [[Osaka]] are known as {{Nihongo|'''Kamigata dialect'''|上方言葉|[[Kamigata]] kotoba|or {{Nihongo||上方語|Kamigata-go}}}}, and were particularly referred to as such in the [[Edo period]]. The Kansai dialect is typified by the speech of Osaka, the major city of Kansai, which is referred to specifically as {{transl|ja|Osaka-ben}}. It is characterized as being both more melodic and harsher by speakers of the standard language.<ref name="omusubi">[http://www.jpf.org.au/06_newsletter/hitokuchi_3new.pdf Omusubi: Japan's Regional Diversity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214022535/http://www.jpf.org.au/06_newsletter/hitokuchi_3new.pdf |date=2006-12-14 }}, retrieved January 23, 2007</ref>

== Background ==
Since Osaka is the largest city in the region and its speakers received the most media exposure over the last century, non-Kansai-dialect speakers tend to associate the dialect of Osaka with the entire Kansai region. However, technically, Kansai dialect is not a single dialect but a group of related dialects in the region. Each major city and prefecture has a particular dialect, and residents take some pride in their particular dialectal variations.

The common Kansai dialect is spoken in [[Keihanshin]] (the metropolitan areas of the cities of Kyoto, Osaka and [[Kobe]]) and its surroundings, a radius of about {{convert|50|km|abbr=on}} around the Osaka-Kyoto area (see [[#Regional differences|regional differences]]).<ref name="Okumura 1968">Mitsuo Okumura (1968). {{nihongo||関西弁の地理的範囲|Kansaiben no chiriteki han'i}}. {{nihongo||言語生活|Gengo seikatsu}} 202 number. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo.</ref> This article mainly discusses the Keihanshin version of the Kansai dialect in the [[Shōwa period|Shōwa]] and [[Heisei period]]s.

Dialects of other areas have different features, some archaic, in common with the common Kansai dialect. [[Tajima Province|Tajima]] and [[Tango Province|Tango]] (except [[Maizuru, Kyoto|Maizuru]]) dialects in northwest Kansai are too different to be regarded as Kansai dialects and are thus usually included in the [[Chūgoku dialect]]. Dialects spoken in Southeastern [[Kii Peninsula]] including [[Totsukawa, Nara|Totsukawa]] and [[Owase, Mie|Owase]] are also far different from other Kansai dialects, and considered a [[language island]]. The [[Shikoku dialect]] and the [[Hokuriku dialect]] share many similarities with the Kansai dialects, but are classified separately.

== History ==
The Kansai dialect has over a thousand years of history. When [[Kinai]] cities such as [[Nara, Nara|Nara]] and Kyoto were Imperial capitals, the Kinai dialect, the ancestor of the Kansai dialect, was the ''de facto'' standard Japanese. It had an influence on all of the nation including the [[Edo]] dialect, the predecessor of modern [[Tokyo dialect]]. The literature style developed by the intelligentsia in [[Heian-kyō]] became the model of [[Classical Japanese language]].

When the political and military center of Japan was moved to [[Edo]] under the [[Tokugawa Shogunate]] and the [[Kantō region]] grew in prominence, the Edo dialect took the place of the Kansai dialect. With the [[Meiji Restoration]] and the transfer of the imperial capital from Kyoto to Tokyo, the Kansai dialect became fixed in position as a provincial dialect. See also [[Early Modern Japanese]].

As the Tokyo dialect was adopted with the advent of a national education/media standard in Japan, some features and intraregional differences of the Kansai dialect have diminished and changed. However, Kansai is the second most populated urban region in Japan after Kantō, with a population of about 20 million, so Kansai dialect is still the most widely spoken, known and influential non-standard Japanese dialect. The Kansai dialect's idioms are sometimes introduced into other dialects and even standard Japanese. Many Kansai people are attached to their own speech and have strong regional rivalry against Tokyo.<ref>Fumiko Inoue (2009). {{nihongo||関西における方言と共通語|Kansai ni okeru hōgen to Kyōtsūgo}}. {{nihongo||月刊言語|Gekkan gengo}} 456 number. Tokyo: Taishukan Shoten.</ref>

Since the [[Taishō period]], the {{transl|ja|[[manzai]]}} form of Japanese comedy has been developed in Osaka, and a large number of Osaka-based comedians have appeared in Japanese media with Osaka dialect, such as [[Yoshimoto Kogyo]]. Because of such associations, Kansai speakers are often viewed as being more "funny" or "talkative" than typical speakers of other dialects. Tokyo people even occasionally imitate Kansai dialect to provoke laughter or inject humor.<ref>Masataka Jinnouchi (2003). ''Studies in regionalism in communication and the effect of the Kansai dialect on it''.</ref>

== Phonology ==
{{See also|Japanese phonology}}
In phonetic terms, Kansai dialect is characterized by strong vowels and contrasted with Tokyo dialect, characterized by its strong consonants, but the basis of the phonemes is similar. The specific phonetic differences between Kansai and Tokyo are as follows:<ref name="Umegaki 1962">Umegaki (1962)</ref>

=== Vowels ===
[[File:Icoca de ikoka.jpg|thumb|200px|A signboard written in Kansai dialect at [[Kusatsu Station (Shiga)|Kusatsu Station]] in [[Kusatsu, Shiga]]. The message, ''[[ICOCA]] de iko ka!'', translates as "Let's go with ICOCA!" ICOCA is a rechargeable contactless [[smart card]]. Its name is a play on the Kansai phrase ''"iko ka!"'' ("Let's go!").]]
*{{IPA|/u/}} is nearer to {{IPAblink|u}} than to {{IPAblink|ɯ}}, as it is in Tokyo.
*In Standard, [[vowel reduction]] frequently occurs, but it is rare in Kansai. For example, the polite copula {{nihongo||です|desu}} is pronounced nearly as {{IPA|[des]}} in standard Japanese, but Kansai speakers tend to pronounce it distinctly as {{IPA|/desu/}} or even {{IPA|/desuː/}}.
*In some registers, such as informal Tokyo speech, [[Hiatus (linguistics)|hiatuses]] {{lang|ja|あい、あえ、おい}} {{IPA|/ai, ae, oi/}} often fuse into {{lang|ja|ええ}} {{IPA|/eː/}}, as in {{lang|ja|うめえ}} {{IPA|/umeː/}} and {{lang|ja|すげえ}} {{IPA|/suɡeː/}} instead of {{lang|ja|旨い}} {{IPA|/umai/}} "yummy" and {{lang|ja|凄い}} {{IPA|/suɡoi/}} "great", but {{IPA|/ai, ae, oi/}} are usually pronounced distinctly in Kansai dialect. In Wakayama, {{lang|ja|えい}} {{IPA|/ei/}} is also pronounced distinctly; it usually fuses into {{lang|ja|ええ}} {{IPA|/eː/}} in standard Japanese and almost all other dialects.
*A recurring tendency to lengthen vowels at the end of [[Mora (linguistics)|monomoraic]] nouns. Common examples are {{lang|ja|きい}} {{IPA|/kiː/}} for {{lang|ja|木}} {{IPA|/ki/}} "tree", {{lang|ja|かあ}} {{IPA|/kaː/}} for {{lang|ja|蚊}} {{IPA|/ka/}} "mosquito" and {{lang|ja|めえ}} {{IPA|/meː/}} for {{lang|ja|目}} {{IPA|/me/}} "eye".
*Contrarily, long vowels in Standard inflections are sometimes shortened. This is particularly noticeable in the volitional conjugation of verbs. For instance, {{lang|ja|"行こうか？"}} {{IPA|/ikoː ka/}} meaning "shall we go?" is shortened in Kansai to {{lang|ja|'行こか？'}} {{IPA|/iko ka/}}. The common phrase of agreement, {{lang|ja|"そうだ"}} {{IPA|/soː da/}} meaning "that's it", is pronounced {{lang|ja|'そや'}} {{IPA|/so ja/}} or even {{lang|ja|'せや'}} {{IPA|/se ja/}} in Kansai.
*When vowels and semivowel {{IPA|/j/}} follow {{IPA|/i, e/}}, they sometimes [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalize]] with {{IPA|/N/}} or {{IPA|/Q/}}. For example, {{lang|ja|"好きやねん"}} {{IPA|/sukija neN/}} "I love you" becomes {{lang|ja|'好っきゃねん'}} {{IPA|/suQkja neN/}}, 日曜日 {{IPA|/nitijoːbi/}} "Sunday" becomes にっちょうび {{IPA|/niQtjoːbi/}} and 賑やか {{IPA|/niɡijaka/}} "lively, busy" becomes にんぎゃか {{IPA|/niNɡjaka/}}.

=== Consonants ===
*The syllable ひ {{IPA|/hi/}} is nearer to {{IPA|[hi]}} than to {{IPA|[çi]}}, as it is in Tokyo.
*The ''[[yotsugana]]'' are two distinct syllables, as they are in Tokyo, but Kansai speakers tend to pronounce じ {{IPA|/zi/}} and ず {{IPA|/zu/}} as {{IPA|[ʑi]}} and {{IPA|[zu]}} in place of Standard {{IPA|[dʑi]}} and {{IPA|[dzɯ]}}.
*Intervocalic {{IPA|/ɡ/}} is pronounced either {{IPA|[ŋ]}} or {{IPA|[ɡ]}} in free variation, but {{IPA|[ŋ]}} is declining now.
*In a provocative speech, {{IPA|/r/}} becomes {{IPAblink|r}}, similar to the [[Tokyo dialect|Tokyo Shitamachi dialect]].
*The use of {{IPA|/h/}} in place of {{IPA|/s/}}. Some [[debuccalization]] of {{IPA|/s/}} is apparent in most Kansai speakers, but it seems to have progressed more in morphological suffixes and inflections than in core vocabulary. This process has produced はん {{IPA|/-haN/}} for さん ''-[[Japanese titles#San|san]]'' "Mr., Ms.", まへん {{IPA|/-maheN/}} for ません {{IPA|/-maseN/}} (formal negative form), and まひょ {{IPA|/-mahjo/}} for ましょう {{IPA|/-masjoː/}} (formal volitional form), ひちや {{IPA|/hiti-ja/}} for 質屋 {{IPA|/siti-ja/}} "pawnshop", among other examples.
*The change of {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/b/}} in some words such as さぶい {{IPA|/sabui/}} for 寒い {{IPA|/samui/}} "cold".
*Especially in the rural areas, {{IPA|/z, d, r/}} are sometimes harmonized or metathesized. For example, でんでん {{IPA|/deNdeN/}} for 全然 {{IPA|/zeNzeN/}} "never, not at all", かだら {{IPA|/kadara/}} or からら {{IPA|/karara/}} for 体 {{IPA|/karada/}} "body". A play on words around these sound changes goes as follows: 淀川の水飲んれ腹らら下りや {{IPA|/joroɡawa no miru noNre hara rarakurari ja/}} for 淀川の水飲んで腹だだ下りや {{IPA|/jodoɡawa no mizu noNde hara dadakudari ja/}} "I drank water of [[Yodo River]] and have the trots".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.osaka-info.jp/ja/model/osakaben/html/0034.html|script-title=ja:大阪弁完全マスター講座第三十四話よろがわ|trans-title=Osaka-ben perfect master lecture No. 34 Yoro River|language=ja|publisher=Osaka Convention Bureau|access-date=July 19, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320101838/http://www.osaka-info.jp/ja/model/osakaben/html/0034.html|archive-date=March 20, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*The {{IPA|/r/}} + vowel in the verb conjugations is sometimes changed to {{IPA|/N/}} as well as colloquial Tokyo speech. For example, 何してるねん？ {{IPA|/nani siteru neN/}} "What are you doing?" often changes 何してんねん？ {{IPA|/nani siteN neN/}} in fluent Kansai speech.

=== Pitch accent ===
{{See also|Japanese pitch accent}}
[[File:Japanese pitch accent map-ja.png|thumb|300px|Map of Japanese pitch accents. The Kyoto-Osaka type accent is used in the orange area while the Tokyo type accent is used in the blue area.]]
The [[Pitch-accent language|pitch accent]] in Kansai dialect is very different from the standard Tokyo accent, so non-Kansai Japanese can recognize Kansai people easily from that alone. The Kansai pitch accent is called the Kyoto-Osaka type accent ([[:ja:京阪式アクセント|京阪式アクセント]], ''Keihan-shiki akusento'') in technical terms. It is used in most of Kansai, [[Shikoku]] and parts of western [[Chūbu region]]. The Tokyo accent distinguishes words only by [[downstep (phonetics)|downstep]], but the Kansai accent distinguishes words also by initial tones, so Kansai dialect has more pitch patterns than standard Japanese. In the Tokyo accent, the pitch between first and second [[mora (linguistics)|mora]]e usually changes, but in the Kansai accent, it does not always.

Below is a list of simplified Kansai accent patterns. H represents a high pitch and L represents a low pitch.
# {{nihongo|High-initial accent|高起式|kōki-shiki}} or {{nihongo|Flat-straight accent|平進式|Heishin-shiki}}
#* The high pitch appears on the first mora and the others are low: H-L, H-L-L, H-L-L-L, etc.
#* The high pitch continues for the set mora and the rest are low: H-H-L, H-H-L-L, H-H-H-L, ''etc.''
#* The high pitch continues to the last: H-H, H-H-H, H-H-H-H, ''etc.''
# {{nihongo|Low-initial accent|低起式|teiki-shiki}} or {{nihongo|Ascent accent|上昇式|Jōshō-shiki}}
#* The pitch rises drastically the middle set mora and falls again: L-H-L, L-H-L-L, L-L-H-L, ''etc.''
#* The pitch rises drastically the last mora: L-L-H, L-L-L-H, L-L-L-L-H, ''etc.''
#** If particles attach to the end of the word, all moras are low: L-L-L(-H), L-L-L-L(-H), L-L-L-L-L(-H)
#* With two-mora words, there are two accent patterns. Both of these tend to be realized in recent years as L-H, L-H(-L).<ref>NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute (1998). {{nihongo|NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典||NHK Nihongo Hatsuon Akusento Jiten}}. pp149-150. {{ISBN|978-4-14-011112-3}}</ref>
#** The second mora rises and falls quickly. If particles attach to the end of the word, the fall is sometimes not realized: L-HL, L-HL(-L) or L-H(-L)
#** The second mora does not fall. If particles attach to the end of the word, both moras are low: L-H, L-L(-H)

{| class="wikitable" align="center" cellpadding="7" style="clear:both;"
|-align="center"
!!!!!Kansai!!Tokyo!!English
|-
!rowspan=3|hashi
|{{wt|ja|橋}}
|H-L
|L-H(-L)
|bridge
|-
|{{wt|ja|箸}}
|L-H
|H-L
|chopsticks
|-
|{{wt|ja|端}}
|H-H
|L-H(-H)
|edge
|-
!Nihon
|{{wt|ja|日本}}
|H-L-L
|L-H-L
|Japan
|-
!nihon
|{{wt|ja|二本}}
|L-L-H
|H-L-L
|2-[[Japanese counter word|''hon'']]
|-
!konnichi wa
|{{wt|ja|今日は}}
|L-H-L-L-H
|L-H-H-H-H
|good afternoon
|-
!arigatō
|{{wt|ja|ありがとう}}
|L-L-L-H-L
|L-H-L-L-L
|thanks
|}

== Grammar ==
{{See also|Japanese grammar|Japanese verb conjugation|Japanese dialects#Eastern and Western Japanese}}
Many words and grammar structures in Kansai dialect are contractions of their [[classical Japanese]] equivalents (it is unusual to contract words in such a way in standard Japanese). For example, ''chigau'' (to be different or wrong) becomes ''chau'', ''yoku'' (well) becomes ''yō'', and ''omoshiroi'' (interesting or funny) becomes ''omoroi''. These contractions follow similar inflection rules as their standard forms so ''chau'' is politely said ''chaimasu'' in the same way as ''chigau'' is inflected to ''chigaimasu''.

=== Verbs ===
Kansai dialect also has [[Japanese godan and ichidan verbs|two types of regular verb]], 五段 ''godan verbs'' (''-u'' verbs) and 一段 ''ichidan verbs'' (''-ru'' verbs), and two irregular verbs, 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} ("to come") and する {{IPA|/suru/}} ("to do"), but some conjugations are different from standard Japanese.

The geminated consonants found in godan verbs of standard Japanese verbal inflections are usually replaced with long vowels (often [[shortening|shortened]] in 3 morae verbs) in Kansai dialect (See also [[Late Middle Japanese#Onbin|Onbin]], [[u-onbin]]). Thus, for the verb 言う {{IPA|/iu, juː/}} ("to say"), the past tense in standard Japanese 言った {{IPA|/iQta/}} ("said") becomes 言うた {{IPA|/juːta/}} in Kansai dialect. This particular verb is a dead giveaway of a native Kansai speaker, as most will unconsciously say 言うて {{IPA|/juːte/}} instead of 言って {{IPA|/iQte/}} or {{IPA|/juQte/}} even if well-practiced at speaking in standard Japanese. Other examples of geminate replacement are 笑った {{IPA|/waraQta/}} ("laughed") becoming 笑うた {{IPA|/waroːta/}} or わろた {{IPA|/warota/}} and 貰った {{IPA|/moraQta/}} ("received") becoming 貰うた {{IPA|/moroːta/}}, もろた {{IPA|/morota/}} or even もうた {{IPA|/moːta/}}.

An [[auxiliary verb]]] -てしまう {{IPA|/-te simau/}} (to finish something or to do something in unintentional or unfortunate circumstances) is contracted to -ちまう {{IPA|/-timau/}} or -ちゃう {{IPA|/-tjau/}} in colloquial Tokyo speech but to -てまう {{IPA|/-temau/}} in Kansai speech. Thus, しちまう {{IPA|/sitimau/}}, or しちゃう {{IPA|/sitjau/}}, becomes してまう {{IPA|/sitemau/}}. Furthermore, as the verb しまう {{IPA|/simau/}} is affected by the same sound changes as in other 五段 godan verbs, the past tense of this form is rendered as -てもうた {{IPA|/-temoːta/}} or -てもた {{IPA|/-temota/}} rather than -ちまった {{IPA|/-timaQta/}} or -ちゃった {{IPA|/-tjaQta/}}: 忘れちまった {{IPA|/wasuretimaQta/}} or 忘れちゃった {{IPA|/wasuretjaQta/}} ("I forgot [it]") in Tokyo is 忘れてもうた {{IPA|/wasuretemoːta/}} or 忘れてもた {{IPA|/wasuretemota/}} in Kansai.

The long vowel of the volitional form is often shortened; for example, 使おう {{IPA|/tukaoː/}} (the volitional form of ''tsukau'') becomes 使お {{IPA|/tukao/}}, 食べよう {{IPA|/tabejoː/}} (the volitional form of 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}}) becomes 食べよ {{IPA|/tabejo/}}. The irregular verb する {{IPA|/suru/}} has special volitional form しょ（う） {{IPA|/sjo(ː)/}} instead of しよう {{IPA|/sijoː/}}. The volitional form of another irregular verb 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} is 来よう {{IPA|/kojoː/}} as well as the standard Japanese, but when 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} is used as an auxiliary verb -てくる {{IPA|/-te kuru/}}, -てこよう {{IPA|/-te kojoː/}} is sometimes replaced with -てこ（う） {{IPA|/-te ko(ː)/}} in Kansai.

The [[causative]] verb ending {{IPA|/-aseru/}} is usually replaced with {{IPA|/-asu/}} in Kansai dialect; for example, させる {{IPA|/saseru/}} (causative form of {{IPA|/suru/}}) changes さす {{IPA|/sasu/}}, 言わせる {{IPA|/iwaseru/}} (causative form of 言う {{IPA|/juː/}}) changes 言わす {{IPA|/iwasu/}}. Its -te form {{IPA|/-asete/}} and perfective form {{IPA|/-aseta/}} change to {{IPA|/-asite/}} and {{IPA|/-asita/}}; they also appear in transitive ichidan verbs such as 見せる {{IPA|/miseru/}} ("to show"), e.g. 見して {{IPA|/misite/}} for 見せて {{IPA|/misete/}}.

The potential verb endings {{IPA|/-eru/}} for 五段 godan and -られる {{IPA|/-rareru/}} for 一段 ichidan, recently often shortened -れる {{IPA|/-reru/}} ([[ra-nuki kotoba]]), are common between the standard Japanese and Kansai dialect. For making their negative forms, it is only to replace -ない {{IPA|/-nai/}} with -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} or -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} (See [[#Negative|Negative]]). However, mainly in Osaka, potential negative form of 五段 godan verbs {{IPA|/-enai/}} is often replaced with {{IPA|/-areheN/}} such as 行かれへん {{IPA|/ikareheN/}} instead of 行けない {{IPA|/ikenai/}} and 行けへん {{IPA|/ikeheN/}} "can't go". This is because {{IPA|/-eheN/}} overlaps with Osakan negative conjugation. In western Japanese including Kansai dialect, a combination of an adverb よう {{IPA|/joː/}} and -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} negative form is used as a negative form of the personal impossibility such as よう言わん {{IPA|/joː iwaN/}} "I can't say anything (in disgust or diffidence)".

==== Existence verbs ====
In Standard Japanese, the verb ''[[Japanese possessives#Iru and Aru|iru]]'' is used for reference to the existence of an [[animacy|animate]] object, and ''iru'' is replaced with ''oru'' in [[Honorific speech in Japanese#Humble language|humble language]] and some written language. In western Japanese, ''oru'' is used not only in humble language but also in all other situations instead of ''iru''.

Kansai dialect belongs to western Japanese, but いる {{IPA|/iru/}} and its variation, いてる {{IPA|/iteru/}} (mainly Osaka), are used in Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga and so on. People in these areas, especially Kyoto women, tend to consider おる {{IPA|/oru/}} an outspoken or contempt word. They usually use it for mates, inferiors and animals; avoid using for elders (exception: respectful expression ''orareru'' and humble expression ''orimasu''). In other areas such as Hyogo and Mie, いる {{IPA|/iru/}} is hardly used and おる {{IPA|/oru/}} does not have the negative usage. In parts of Wakayama, いる {{IPA|/iru/}} is replaced with ある {{IPA|/aru/}}, which is used for inanimate objects in most other dialects.

The verb おる {{IPA|/oru/}} is also used as a [[suffix]] and usually pronounced {{IPA|/-joru/}} in that case. In Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga, northern Nara and parts of Mie, mainly in masculine speech, -よる {{IPA|/-joru/}} shows annoying or contempt feelings for a third party, usually milder than -やがる {{IPA|/-jaɡaru/}}. In Hyogo, southern Nara and parts of Wakayama, -よる {{IPA|/-joru/}} is used for progressive aspect (See [[#Aspect|Aspect]]).

==== Negative ====
In informal speech, the negative verb ending, which is -ない {{IPA|/-nai/}} in standard Japanese, is expressed with -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} or -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}}, as in 行かん {{IPA|/ikaN/}} and 行かへん {{IPA|/ikaheN/}} "not going", which is 行かない {{IPA|/ikanai/}} in standard Japanese. -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} is a transformation of the classical Japanese negative form -ぬ {{IPA|/-nu/}} and is also used for some idioms in standard Japanese. -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} is the result of contraction and phonological change of はせん {{IPA|/-wa seN/}}, the emphatic form of {{IPA|/-N/}}. -やへん {{IPA|/-jaheN/}}, a transitional form between はせん {{IPA|/-wa seN/}} and へん {{IPA|/-heN/}}, is sometimes still used for 一段 ichidan verbs. The godan verbs conjugation before ''-hen'' has two varieties: the more common conjugation is {{IPA|/-aheN/}} like 行かへん {{IPA|/ik'''a'''heN/}}, but ''-ehen'' like 行けへん {{IPA|/ik'''e'''heN/}} is also used in Osaka. When the vowel before -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} is {{IPA|/-i/}}, -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} often changes to -ひん {{IPA|/-h'''i'''N/}}, especially in Kyoto. The past negative form is -んかった {{IPA|/-NkaQta/}} and {{IPA|/-heNkaQta/}}, a mixture of -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} or -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} and the standard past negative form -なかった {{IPA|/-nakaQta/}}. In traditional Kansai dialect, -なんだ {{IPA|/-naNda/}} and -へなんだ {{IPA|/-henaNda/}} is used in the past negative form.

* 五段 godan verbs: 使う {{IPA|/tukau/}} ("to use") becomes 使わん {{IPA|/tukawaN/}} and 使わへん {{IPA|/tukawaheN/}}, 使えへん {{IPA|/tukaeheN/}}
* 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる {{IPA|/okiru/}} ("to wake up") becomes 起きん {{IPA|/okiN/}} and 起きやへん {{IPA|/okijaheN/}}, 起きへん {{IPA|/okiheN/}}, 起きひん {{IPA|/okihiN/}}
** one mora verbs: 見る {{IPA|/miru/}} ("to see") becomes 見ん {{IPA|/miN/}} and 見やへん {{IPA|/mijaheN/}}, 見えへん {{IPA|/meːheN/}}, 見いひん {{IPA|/miːhiN/}}
* 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}} ("to eat") becomes 食べん {{IPA|/tabeN/}} and 食べやへん {{IPA|/tabejaheN/}}, 食べへん {{IPA|/tabeheN/}}
** one mora verbs: 寝る {{IPA|/neru/}} ("to sleep") becomes 寝ん {{IPA|/neN/}} and 寝やへん {{IPA|/nejaheN/}}, 寝えへん {{IPA|/neːheN/}}
* s-irregular verb: する {{IPA|/suru/}} becomes せん {{IPA|/seN/}} and しやへん {{IPA|/sijaheN/}}, せえへん {{IPA|/seːheN/}}, しいひん {{IPA|/siːhiN/}}
* k-irregular verb: 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} becomes 来ん {{IPA|/koN/}} and きやへん {{IPA|/kijaheN/}}, けえへん {{IPA|/keːheN/}}, きいひん {{IPA|/kiːhiN/}}
** 来おへん {{IPA|/koːheN/}}, a mixture けえへん {{IPA|/keːheN/}} with standard 来ない {{IPA|/konai/}}, is also used lately by young people, especially in Kobe.

Generally speaking, -へん {{IPA|/-heN/}} is used in almost negative sentences and -ん {{IPA|/-N/}} is used in strong negative sentences and idiomatic expressions. For example, -んといて {{IPA|/-N toite/}} or -んとって {{IPA|/-N toQte/}} instead of standard -ないで {{IPA|/-nai de/}} means "please do not to do"; -んでもええ {{IPA|/-N demo eː/}} instead of standard -なくてもいい {{IPA|/-nakutemo iː/}} means "need not do";-んと（あかん） {{IPA|/-N to (akaN)/}} instead of standard -なくちゃ（いけない） {{IPA|/-nakutja (ikenai)/}} or -なければならない {{IPA|/-nakereba (naranai)/}} means "must do". The last expression can be replaced by -な（あかん）{{IPA|/-na (akaN)/}} or -んならん {{IPA|/-N naraN/}}.

==== Imperative ====
Kansai dialect has two imperative forms. One is the normal imperative form, inherited from [[Late Middle Japanese]]. The -ろ {{IPA|/-ro/}} form for ichidan verbs in standard Japanese is much rarer and replaced by {{IPA|/-i/}} or {{IPA|/-e/}} in Kansai. The normal imperative form is often followed by よ {{IPA|/jo/}} or や {{IPA|/ja/}}. The other is a soft and somewhat feminine form which uses the {{nihongo|adverbial|連用形|ren'yōkei}} (ます {{IPA|/-masu/}} stem), an abbreviation of {{nihongo|adverbial|連用形|ren'yōkei}} + {{IPA|/nasai/}}. The end of the soft imperative form is often elongated and is generally followed by や {{IPA|/ja/}} or な {{IPA|/na/}}. In Kyoto, women often add よし {{IPA|/-josi/}} to the soft imperative form.

* godan verbs: 使う {{IPA|/tukau/}} becomes 使え {{IPA|/tukae/}} in the normal form, 使い（い） {{IPA|/tukai(ː)/}} in the soft one.
* 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる {{IPA|/okiru/}} becomes 起きい {{IPA|/okiː/}} (L-H-L) in the normal form, 起き（い） {{IPA|/oki(ː)/}} (L-L-H) in the soft one.
* 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}} becomes 食べえ {{IPA|/tabeː/}} (L-H-L) in the normal form, 食べ（え） {{IPA|/tabe(ː)/}} (L-L-H) in the soft one.
* s-irregular verb: する {{IPA|/suru/}} becomes せえ {{IPA|/seː/}} in the normal form, し（い） {{IPA|/si(ː)/}} in the soft one.
* k-irregular verb: 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} becomes こい {{IPA|/koi/}} in the normal form, き（い） {{IPA|/ki(ː)/}} in the soft one.

In the negative imperative mood, Kansai dialect also has the somewhat soft form which uses the ''ren'yōkei'' + な {{IPA|/na/}}, an abbreviation of the ''ren'yōkei'' + なさるな {{IPA|/nasaruna/}}. な {{IPA|/na/}} sometimes changes to なや {{IPA|/naja/}} or ないな {{IPA|/naina/}}. This soft negative imperative form is the same as the soft imperative and な {{IPA|/na/}}, Kansai speakers can recognize the difference by accent, but Tokyo speakers are sometimes confused by a command ''not to do'' something, which they interpret as an order to ''do'' it. Accent on the soft imperative form is flat, and the accent on the soft negative imperative form has a downstep before ''na''.

* 五段 godan verbs: 使う {{IPA|/tukau/}} becomes 使うな {{IPA|/tukauna/}} in the normal form, 使いな {{IPA|/tukaina/}} in the soft one.
* 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる {{IPA|/okiru/}} becomes 起きるな {{IPA|/okiruna/}} in the normal form, 起きな {{IPA|/okina/}} in the soft one.
* 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる {{IPA|/taberu/}} becomes 食べるな {{IPA|/taberuna/}} in the normal form, 食べな {{IPA|/tabena/}} in the soft one.
* s-irregular verb: する {{IPA|/suru/}} becomes するな {{IPA|/suruna/}} or すな {{IPA|/suna/}} in the normal form, しな {{IPA|/sina/}} in the soft one.
* k-irregular verb: 来る {{IPA|/kuru/}} becomes 来るな {{IPA|/kuruna/}} in the normal form, きな {{IPA|/kina/}} in the soft one.

=== Adjectives ===
The [[Stem (linguistics)|stem]] of adjective forms in Kansai dialect is generally the same as in standard Japanese, except for regional vocabulary differences. The same process that reduced the Classical Japanese terminal and attributive endings (し {{IPA|/-si/}} and き {{IPA|/-ki/}}, respectively) to {{IPA|/-i/}} has reduced also the ren'yōkei ending く {{IPA|/-ku/}} to {{IPA|/-u/}}, yielding such forms as 早う {{IPA|/hajoː/}} (contraction of 早う {{IPA|/hajau/}}) for 早く {{IPA|/hajaku/}} ("quickly"). Dropping the consonant from the final mora in all forms of adjective endings has been a frequent occurrence in Japanese over the centuries (and is the origin of such forms as ありがとう {{IPA|/ariɡatoː/}} and おめでとう {{IPA|/omedetoː/}}), but the Kantō speech preserved く {{IPA|/-ku/}} while reducing し {{IPA|/-si/}} and き {{IPA|/-ki/}} to {{IPA|/-i/}}, thus accounting for the discrepancy in the standard language (see also [[Late Middle Japanese#Onbin|Onbin]])

The {{IPA|/-i/}} ending can be dropped and the last vowel of the adjective's stem can be stretched out for a second [[mora (linguistics)|mora]], sometimes with a tonal change for emphasis. By this process, ''omoroi'' "interesting, funny" becomes ''omorō'' and ''atsui'' "hot" becomes ''atsū'' or ''attsū''. This use of the adjective's stem, often as an exclamation, is seen in classical literature and many dialects of modern Japanese, but is more often used in modern Kansai dialect.

There is not a special conjugated form for presumptive of adjectives in Kansai dialect, it is just addition of やろ {{IPA|/jaro/}} to the plain form. For example, 安かろう {{IPA|/jasukaroː/}} (the presumptive form of 安い {{IPA|/jasui/}} "cheap") is hardly used and is usually replaced with the plain form + やろ {{IPA|/jaro/}} likes 安いやろ {{IPA|/jasui jaro/}}. Polite suffixes です/だす/どす {{IPA|/desu, dasu, dosu/}} and ます {{IPA|/-masu/}} are also added やろ {{IPA|/jaro/}} for presumptive form instead of でしょう {{IPA|/desjoː/}} in standard Japanese. For example, 今日は晴れでしょう {{IPA|/kjoː wa hare desjoː/}} ("It may be fine weather today") is replaced with 今日は晴れですやろ {{IPA|/kjoː wa hare desu jaro/}}.

=== Copulae ===
[[File:Ja da ya.png|thumb|220px|''Ya'' is used mainly in the zone colored in yellow.]]
The standard Japanese [[copula (linguistics)|copula]] ''da'' is replaced by the Kansai dialect copula ''ya''. The inflected forms maintain this difference, resulting in ''yaro'' for ''darō'' (presumptive), ''yatta'' for ''datta'' (past); ''darō'' is often considered to be a masculine expression, but ''yaro'' is used by both men and women. The negative copula ''de wa nai'' or ''ja nai'' is replaced by ''ya nai'' or ''ya arahen/arehen'' in Kansai dialect. ''Ya'' originated from ''ja'' (a variation of ''dearu'') in late Edo period and is still commonly used in other parts of western Japan like [[Hiroshima]], and is also used stereotypically by old men in fiction.

''Ya'' and ''ja'' are used only informally, analogically to the standard ''da'', while the standard ''desu'' is by and large used for the polite (teineigo) copula. For polite speech, -''masu'', ''desu'' and ''gozaimasu'' are used in Kansai as well as in Tokyo, but traditional Kansai dialect has its own polite forms. ''Desu'' is replaced by ''dasu'' in Osaka and ''dosu'' in Kyoto. There is another unique polite form ''omasu'' and it is often replaced by ''osu'' in Kyoto. The usage of ''omasu/osu'' is same as ''gozaimasu'', the polite form of the verb ''aru'' and also be used for polite form of adjectives, but it is more informal than ''gozaimasu''. In Osaka, ''dasu'' and ''omasu'' are sometimes shortened to ''da'' and ''oma''. ''Omasu'' and ''osu'' have their negative forms ''omahen'' and ''ohen''.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ The politeness levels of copula
|-
!
!impolite
!informal
!polite1
!polite2
!polite formal
|-
!Osaka
|rowspan=2|''ja''
|rowspan=2|''ya''
|''dasu''
|''de omasu''
|rowspan=2|''de gozaimasu''
|-
!Kyoto
|colspan=2|''dosu''
|}

When some sentence-final particles and a presumptive inflection ''yaro'' follow -''su'' ending polite forms, ''su'' is often combined especially in Osaka. Today, this feature is usually considered to be dated or exaggerated Kansai dialect.
* -n'na (-su + na), emphasis. e.g. ''Bochi-bochi den'na.'' ("So-so, you know.")
* -n'nen (-su + nen), emphasis. e.g. ''Chaiman'nen.'' ("It is wrong")
* -ngana (-su + gana), emphasis. e.g. ''Yoroshū tanomimangana.'' ("Nice to meet you")
* -kka (-su + ka), question. e.g. ''Mōkarimakka?'' ("How's business?")
* -n'no (-su + no), question. e.g. ''Nani yūteman'no?'' ("What are you talking about?")
* -sse (-su + e, a variety of yo), explain, advise. e.g. ''Ee toko oshiemasse!'' ("I'll show you a nice place!")
* -ssharo (-su + yaro), surmise, make sure. e.g. ''Kyō wa hare dessharo.'' ("It may be fine weather today")

=== Aspect ===
In common Kansai dialect, there are two forms for the [[continuous and progressive aspects]] -''teru'' and -''toru''; the former is a shortened form of -''te iru'' just as does standard Japanese, the latter is a shortened form of -''te oru'' which is common to other western Japanese. The proper use between -''teru'' and -''toru'' is same as [[#Existence verbs|''iru'' and ''oru'']].

In the expression to the condition of inanimate objects, -''taru'' or -''taaru'' form, a shortened form of -''te aru''. In standard Japanese, -''te aru'' is only used with [[transitive verb]]s, but Kansai -''taru'' or -''taaru'' is also used with [[intransitive verb]]s. One should note that -''te yaru'', "to do for someone," is also contracted to -''taru'' (-''charu'' in Senshu and Wakayama), so as not to confuse the two.

Other Western Japanese as Chūgoku and Shikoku dialects has the discrimination of [[grammatical aspect]], -''yoru'' in [[Continuous and progressive aspects|progressive]] and -''toru'' in [[Perfect (grammar)|perfect]]. In Kansai, some dialects of southern Hyogo and Kii Peninsula have these discrimination, too. In parts of Wakayama, -''yoru'' and -''toru'' are replaced with -''yaru'' and -''taaru/chaaru''.

=== Politeness ===
[[File:Okoshiyasu in Gion.jpg|thumb|''Okoshi yasu'' "Welcome" on a billboard for visitors in [[Gion]], Kyōto]]
{{See also|Honorific speech in Japanese}}
Historically, extensive use of keigo (honorific speech) was a feature of the Kansai dialect, especially in Kyōto, while the Kantō dialect, from which standard Japanese developed, formerly lacked it. Keigo in standard Japanese was originally borrowed from the medieval Kansai dialect. However, keigo is no longer considered a feature of the dialect since Standard Japanese now also has it. Even today, keigo is used more often in Kansai than in the other dialects except for the standard Japanese, to which people switch in formal situations.

In modern Kansai dialect, -''haru'' (sometimes -''yaharu'' except ''godan'' verbs, mainly Kyōto) is used for showing reasonable respect without formality especially in Kyōto. The conjugation before -''haru'' has two varieties between Kyōto and Ōsaka (see the table below). In Southern Hyōgo, including Kōbe, ''-te ya'' is used instead of -''haru''. In formal speech, -''naharu'' and -''haru'' connect with -''masu'' and -''te ya'' changes -''te desu''.

-''Haru'' was originally a shortened form of -''naharu'', a transformation of -''nasaru''. -''Naharu'' has been dying out due to the spread of -''haru'' but its imperative form -''nahare'' (mainly Ōsaka) or -''nahai'' (mainly Kyōto, also -''nai'') and negative imperative form -''nasan'na'' or -''nahan'na'' has comparatively survived because -''haru'' lacks an imperative form. In more honorific speech, ''o- yasu'', a transformation of ''o- asobasu'', is used especially in Kyōto and its original form is same to its imperative form, showing polite invitation or order. ''Oide yasu'' and ''okoshi yasu'' (more respectful), meaning "welcome", are the common phrases of sightseeing areas in Kyōto. -''Te okun nahare'' (also -''tokun nahare'', -''toku nahare'') and -''te okure yasu'' (also -''tokure yasu'', -''tokuryasu'') are used instead of -''te kudasai'' in standard Japanese.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ The honorific form of Kansai dialect
|-
!
! use
! see
! exist
! eat
! do
! come
! -te form
|-
! original
| tsukau
| miru
| iru, oru
| taberu
| suru
| kuru
| -teru
|-
! o- yasu
| otsukaiyasu
| omiyasu
| oiyasu
| otabeyasu
| oshiyasu
| okoshiyasu, oideyasu
| -toiyasu
|-
! -naharu
| tsukainaharu
| minaharu
| inaharu
| tabenaharu
| shinaharu
| kinaharu
| -tenaharu
|-
! -haru in Kyōto
| tsukawaharu
|rowspan="2"| miharu
|rowspan="2"| iharu<br>iteharu (mainly Ōsaka)
|rowspan="2"| tabeharu
|rowspan="2"| shiharu
|rowspan="2"| kiharu
| -taharu
|-
! -haru in Ōsaka
| tsukaiharu
| -teharu
|-
! -yaharu
|
| miyaharu
| iyaharu<br>yaharu
| tabeyaharu
| shiyaharu<br>shaharu
| kiyaharu<br>kyaharu
| -teyaharu
|-
! -te ya
| tsukōte ya
| mite ya
| otte ya
| tabete ya
| shite ya
| kite ya
| -totte ya
|}

=== Particles ===
{{See also|Japanese particles}}

There is some difference in the particles between Kansai dialect and standard Japanese. In colloquial Kansai dialect, {{nihongo|case markers|格助詞|kaku-joshi}} are often left out especially the [[accusative case]] ''o'' and the quotation particles ''to'' and ''te'' (equivalent to ''tte'' in standard). The ellipsis of ''to'' and ''te'' happens only before two verbs: ''yū'' (to say) and ''omou'' (to think). For example, ''Tanaka-san to yū hito'' ("a man called Mr. Tanaka") can change to ''Tanaka-san yū hito''. And ''to yū'' is sometimes contracted to ''chū'' or ''tchū'' instead of ''te'', ''tsū'' or ''ttsū'' in Tokyo. For example, ''nanto yū koto da!'' or ''nante kotta!'' ("My goodness!") becomes ''nanchū kotcha!'' in Kansai.

The {{nihongo|interjectory particle|間投助詞|kantō-joshi}} ''na'' or ''naa'' is used very often in Kansai dialect instead of ''ne'' or ''nee'' in standard Japanese. In standard Japanese, ''naa'' is considered rough masculine style in some context, but in Kansai dialect ''naa'' is used by both men and women in many familiar situations. It is not only used as interjectory particle (as emphasis for the imperative form, expression an admiration, and address to listeners, for example), and the meaning varies depending on context and voice intonation, so much so that ''naa'' is called the world's third most difficult word to translate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3830521.stm|title=Congo word 'most untranslatable'|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=June 22, 2004|access-date=September 19, 2011}}</ref> Besides ''naa'' and ''nee'', ''noo'' is also used in some areas, but ''noo'' is usually considered too harsh a masculine particle in modern Keihanshin.

''Kara'' and ''node'', the {{nihongo|conjunctive particles|接続助詞|setsuzoku-joshi}} meaning "because," are replaced by ''sakai'' or ''yotte''; ''ni'' is sometimes added to the end of both, and ''sakai'' changes to ''sake'' in some areas. ''Sakai'' was so famous as the characteristic particle of Kansai dialect that a special saying was made out of it: {{nihongo|"''Sakai'' in Osaka and ''Berabō'' in Edo"|大阪さかいに江戸べらぼう|Ōsaka sakai ni Edo berabō}}". However, in recent years, the standard ''kara'' and ''node'' have become dominant.

''Kate'' or ''katte'' is also characteristic particle of Kansai dialect, transformation of ''ka tote''. ''Kate'' has two usages. When ''kate'' is used with conjugative words, mainly in the past form and the negative form, it is the equivalent of the English "even if" or "even though", such as ''Kaze hiita kate, watashi wa ryokō e iku'' ("Even if [I] catch a cold, I will go on the trip"). When ''kate'' is used with nouns, it means something like "even", "too," or "either", such as ''Ore kate shiran'' ("I don't know, either"), and is similar to the particle ''mo'' and ''datte''.

==== Sentence final particles ====
The {{nihongo|[[sentence-final particle]]s|終助詞|shū-joshi}} used in Kansai differ widely from those used in Tokyo. The most prominent to Tokyo speakers is the heavy use of ''wa'' by men. In standard Japanese, it is used exclusively by women and so is said to sound softer. In western Japanese including Kansai dialect, however, it is used equally by both men and women in many different levels of conversation. It is noted that the feminine usage of ''wa'' in Tokyo is pronounced with a rising intonation and the Kansai usage of ''wa'' is pronounced with a falling intonation.

Another difference in sentence final particles that strikes the ear of the Tokyo speaker is the ''nen'' particle such as ''nande ya nen!'', "you gotta be kidding!" or "why/what the hell?!", a stereotype [[Manzai#Boke and tsukkomi|tsukkomi]] phrase in the manzai. It comes from ''no ya'' (particle ''no'' + copula ''ya'', also ''n ya'') and much the same as the standard Japanese ''no da'' (also ''n da''). ''Nen'' has some variation, such as ''neya'' (intermediate form between ''no ya'' and ''nen''), ''ne'' (shortened form), and ''nya'' (softer form of ''neya''). When a copula precedes these particles, ''da'' + ''no da'' changes to ''na no da'' (''na n da'') and ''ya'' + ''no ya'' changes to ''na no ya'' (''na n ya''), but ''ya'' + ''nen'' does not change to ''na nen''. ''No da'' is never used with polite form, but ''no ya'' and ''nen'' can be used with formal form such as ''nande desu nen'', a formal form of ''nande ya nen''. In past tense, ''nen'' changes to ''-ten''; for example, "I love you" would be ''suki ya nen'' or ''sukkya nen'', and "I loved you" would be ''suki yatten.''

In the interrogative sentence, the use of ''nen'' and ''no ya'' is restricted to emphatic questions and involves [[interrogative word]]s. For simple questions, ''(no) ka'' is usually used and ''ka'' is often omitted as well as standard Japanese, but ''no'' is often changed ''n'' or ''non'' (somewhat feminine) in Kansai dialect. In standard Japanese, ''kai'' is generally used as a masculine variation of ''ka'', but in Kansai dialect, ''kai'' is used as an emotional question and is mainly used for rhetorical question rather than simple question and is often used in the forms as ''kaina'' (softer) and ''kaiya'' (harsher). When ''kai'' follows the negative verb ending -''n'', it means strong imperative sentence. In some areas such as Kawachi and Banshu, ''ke'' is used instead of ''ka'', but it is considered a harsh masculine particle in common Kansai dialect.

The emphatic particle ''ze'', heard often from Tokyo men, is rarely heard in Kansai. Instead, the particle ''de'' is used, arising from the replacement of ''z'' with ''d'' in words. However, despite the similarity with ''ze'', the Kansai ''de'' does not carry nearly as heavy or rude a connotation, as it is influenced by the lesser stress on formality and distance in Kansai. In Kyoto, especially feminine speech, ''de'' is sometimes replaced with ''e''. The particle ''zo'' is also replaced to ''do'' by some Kansai speakers, but ''do'' carries a rude masculine impression unlike ''de''.

The emphasis or [[tag question]] particle ''jan ka'' in the casual speech of Kanto changes to ''yan ka'' in Kansai. ''Yan ka'' has some variations, such as a masculine variation ''yan ke'' (in some areas, but ''yan ke'' is also used by women) and a shortened variation ''yan'', just like ''jan'' in Kanto. ''Jan ka'' and ''jan'' are used only in informal speech, but ''yan ka'' and ''yan'' can be used with formal forms like ''sugoi desu yan!'' ("It is great!"). Youngsters often use ''yan naa'', the combination of ''yan'' and ''naa'' for tag question.

== Vocabulary ==
[[File:Osaka dialect signboard in Tenjinbashi.JPG|thumb|300px|A signboard utilizing Osakan words; from top left: ''irau'' "to touch", ''sukatan'' "foolish", ''hotaeru'' "to be noisy", ''kotekote'' "thickly", ''gonta'' "mischievous person", ''chokeru'' "to be silly", ''gera'' "merry drinker", ''yatsushi'' "smart dresser", ''anjō'' "well", ''nannato'' "whatever" and ''ikezu'' "spiteful"]]
In some cases, Kansai dialect uses entirely different words. The verb ''hokasu'' corresponds to standard Japanese ''suteru'' "to throw away", and ''metcha'' corresponds to the standard Japanese slang ''chō'' "very". ''Chō,'' in Kansai dialect, means "a little" and is a contracted form of ''chotto.'' Thus the phrase ''chō matte'' "wait a minute" by a Kansai person sounds strange to a Tokyo person.

Some Japanese words gain entirely different meanings or are used in different ways when used in Kansai dialect. One such usage is of the word ''naosu'' (usually used to mean "correct" or "repair" in the standard language) in the sense of "put away" or "put back." For example, ''kono jitensha naoshite'' means "please put back this bicycle" in Kansai, but many standard speakers are bewildered since in standard Japanese it would mean "please repair this bicycle".

Another widely recognized Kansai-specific usage is of ''aho''. Basically equivalent to the standard ''baka'' "idiot, fool", ''aho'' is both a term of reproach and a term of endearment to the Kansai speaker, somewhat like English ''twit'' or ''silly''. ''Baka'', which is used as "idiot" in most regions, becomes "complete moron" and a stronger insult than ''aho''. Where a Tokyo citizen would almost certainly object to being called ''baka'', being called ''aho'' by a Kansai person is not necessarily much of an insult. Being called ''baka'' by a Kansai speaker is however a much more severe criticism than it would be by a Tokyo speaker. Most Kansai speakers cannot stand being called ''baka'' but don't mind being called ''aho''.

=== Well-known words ===
Here are some words and phrases famous as part of the Kansai dialect:

{| class="wikitable" align="center" cellpadding="7" style="clear:both;"
|-align="center"
!Kansai dialect!!accent!!Standard Japanese!!English!!Note!!Example
|-
|'''[[wikt:明かん|akan]]''' or '''akahen'''
|H-H-H, H-L-L-L
|''dame'', ''ikemasen'', ''shimatta''
|wrong, no good, must, oh no!
|abbreviation of "''[[wikt:埒が明く|rachi ga akanu]]''"; '''akimasen''' or '''akimahen''' (H-H-H-H-H) for polite speech; ''-ta(ra) akan'' means "must not ..."; ''-na akan'' and ''-nto akan'' means "must ...".
|''Tabetara akan.'' = "You must not eat." : ''Tabena/Tabento akan'' = "You must eat."
|-
|'''[[wiktionary:阿呆|aho]]''', '''ahō'''
|L-HL, L-H-L
|''baka''
|silly, idiot, fool
|sometimes used friendly with a joke; this accompanies a stereotype that ''baka'' is considered a much more serious insult in Kansai; '''Ahondara''' (L-L-L-H-L) is strong abusive form; '''Ahokusai''' (L-L-H-L-L) and '''Ahorashii'''(L-L-H-L-L) are adjective form; originally ''ahau'' and said to derive from a Chinese word {{zh|c=阿呆|p=ā dāi|labels=no}} in [[Muromachi period]].<ref>Osamu Matsumoto (1993). {{nihongo|全国アホ・バカ分布考―はるかなる言葉の旅路|Zenkoku Aho Baka Bunpu-kō}}. {{ISBN|4872331168}}</ref>
|''Honma aho ya naa.'' = "You are really silly."
|-
|'''[[wikt:別嬪|beppin]]'''
|H-H-H
|''bijin''
|beautiful woman
|Originally written 別品, meaning a product of exceptional quality; extrapolated to apply to women of exceptional beauty, rewritten as 別嬪. Often appended with ''-san''.
|''Beppin-san ya na.'' = "You are a pretty woman."
|-
|'''charinko''', '''chari'''
|
|''jitensha''
|bicycle
|said to derive either from [[onomatopoeia]] of the bell, or corrupted from ''jajeongeo'', a [[Korean language|Korean]] word for "bicycle" used by [[Zainichi Korean|Osaka-born Koreans]]. Has spread out to most of Japan in recent decades.
|''Eki made aruite ikun?'' ''Uun, chari de iku wa.'' ("Are you walking to the station?" "No, I'm going by bike.")
|-
|'''[[wikt:ちゃう|chau]]'''
|H-H
|''chigau'', ''de wa nai'', ''janai''
|that isn't it, that isn't good, nope, wrong
|[[reduplication]] ''chau chau'' is often used for informal negative phrase
|''Are, chauchau chau?'' ''Chau chau, chauchau chau n chau?'' = "It is a [[Chow Chow]], isn't it?" "No, it isn't a Chow Chow, is it?" (a famous pun with Kansai dialect)
|-
|'''dabo'''
|L-HL
|''baka''
|silly, idiot, fool
|used in Kobe and Banshu; harsher than ''aho''
|
|-
|'''donai'''
|H-H-H
|''donna'', ''dō''
| how ([[demonstrative]])
|'''konai''' means ''konna'' (such, like this); '''sonai''' means ''sonna'' (such, like it); '''anai''' means ''anna'' (such, like that)
|''Donai yatta?'' = "How was it?"
|-
|'''do'''
|
|
|excessively ([[prefix]])
|often used with bad meanings; also used in several dialects and recently standard Japanese
|''do-aho'' = "terribly fool" ''do-kechi'' = "terribly miser"
|-
|'''dotsuku'''
|H-H-H
|''naguru''
|to clobber somebody
|''do'' + ''tsuku'' (突く; prick, push); also ''dozuku''
|''Anta, dotsuku de!'' = "Hey, I'll clobber you!"
|-
|'''donkusai'''
|L-L-H-L-L
|''manuke'', ''nibui''
|stupid, clumsy, inefficient, lazy
|literally "slow-smelling" ({{linktext|鈍}}臭い)
|
|-
|'''ee'''
|L-H
|''yoi'', ''ii''
|good, proper, all right
|used only in Plain form; other conjugations are same as ''yoi'' (Perfective form ''yokatta'' generally does not change ''ekatta''); also used in other western Japan and Tohoku
|''Kakko ee de.'' = "You look cool."
|-
|'''egetsunai'''
|H-H-H-L-L
|''akudoi'', ''iyarashii'', ''rokotsu-na''
|indecent, vicious, obnoxious
|
|''Egetsunai yarikata'' = "Indecent way"
|-
|'''erai'''
|H-L-L
|''erai'', ''taihen''
|great, high-status, terrible, terribly
|the usage as meaning "terrible" and "terribly" is more often in Kansai than in Tokyo; also sometimes used as meaning "tired" as ''shindoi'' in Chubu and western Japan
|''Erai kotcha!'' (< ''erai koto ja'') = "It is a terrible/difficult thing/matter!"
|-
|'''gotsui'''
|H-L-L
|''ikatsui'', ''sugoi''
|rough, huge
|a variation of the adjective form ''gottsu'' is used as "very" or "terribly" like ''metcha''
|''[[Downtown no Gottsu Ee Kanji|Gottsu ee kanji]]'' = "feelin' real good"
|-
|'''gyōsan'''
|H-L-L-L or L-L-H-L
|''takusan''
|a lot of, many
|also '''yōsan''', may be a mixture of ''gyōsan'' and ''yōke''; also used in other western Japan; {{linktext|仰}}{{linktext|山}} in kanji
|''Gyōsan tabe ya.'' = "Eat heartily."
|-
|'''hannari'''
|H-L-L-L or L-L-H-L
|''hanayaka'', ''jōhin''
|elegant, splendid, graceful
|mainly used in Kyoto
|''Hannari-shita kimono'' = "Elegant kimono"
|-
|'''hiku'''
|H-H
|''shiku''
|to spread on a flat surface (e.g. bedding, butter)
|A result of the palatalization of "s" occurring elsewhere in the dialect.
|''Futon hiitoite ya.'' = "Lay out the futons, will you?"
|-
|'''hokasu'''
|H-H-H
|''suteru''
|to throw away, to dump
|also '''horu''' (H-H). Note particularly that the phrase "''gomi (o) hottoite''" means "throw out the garbage" in Kansai dialect, but "let the garbage be" in standard Japanese.
|''Sore hokashitoite.'' = "Dump it."
|-
|'''honde'''
|H-H-H
|''sorede''
|and so, so that ([[Grammatical conjunction|conjunction]])
|
|''Honde na, kinō na, watashi na...'' = "And, in yesterday, I..."
|-
|'''honnara''', '''hona'''
|H-H-L-L, H-L
|''(sore)dewa'', ''(sore)ja'', ''(sore)nara''
|then, in that case, if that's true (conjunction)
|often used for informal good-by.
|''Hona mata.'' = "Well then."
|-
|'''[[wikt:ほんま|honma]]'''
|L-L-H, H-H-H
|''hontō''
|true, real
|'''honma-mon''', equivalent to Standard ''honmono'', means "genuine thing"; also used in other western Japan; {{linktext|本}}{{linktext|真}} in kanji
|''Sore honma?'' = "Is that true?"
|-
|'''ikezu'''
|L-H-L
|''ijiwaru''
|spiteful, ill-natured
|
|''Ikezu sentoitee na.'' = "Don't be spiteful to me."
|-
|'''itemau''', '''itekomasu'''
|H-H-H-H, H-H-H-H-H
|''yattsukeru'', ''yatchimau''
|to beat, to finish off
|
|''Itemau do, ware!'' = "I'll finish you off!" (typical fighting words)
|-
|'''kamahen''' or '''kamehen'''
|H-L-L-L
|''kamawanai''
|never mind; it doesn't matter
|abbreviation of "''kamawahen''"
|''Kamahen, kamahen.'' = "It doesn't matter: it's OK."
|-
|'''kanawan'''
|H-H-L-L
|''iya da'', ''tamaranai''
|can't stand it; unpleasant; unwelcome
|also '''kanan''' (H-L-L)
|''Kō atsui to kanawan naa.'' = "I can't stand this hot weather."
|-
|'''kashiwa'''
|L-H-L
|''toriniku''
|[[chicken (food)]]
|compared the colour of plumage of chickens to the colour of leaves of the ''[[Quercus dentata|kashiwa]]''; also used in other western Japan and Nagoya
|''Kashiwa hito-kire chōdai.'' = "Give me a cut of chicken."
|-
|'''kattaa shatsu''', '''kattā'''
|H-H-H L-L, H-L-L
|''wai shatsu'' ("Y-shirt")
|[[dress shirt]]
|[[wasei-eigo]]. originally a brand of [[Mizuno Corp.|Mizuno]], a sportswear company in Osaka. ''kattaa'' is a [[pun]] of "cutter" and "''katta''" (won, beat, overcame).
|
|-
|'''kettai-na'''
|H-L-L-L
|''kimyō-na'', ''hen-na'', ''okashi-na'', ''fushigi-na''
|strange
|
|''Kettai-na fuku ya na.'' = "They are strange clothes."
|-
|'''kettakuso warui'''
|H-H-H-H H-L-L
|''imaimashii'', ''haradatashii''
|damned, stupid, irritating
|''kettai'' + ''kuso'' "shit" + ''warui'' "bad"
|
|-
|'''kii warui'''
|H-H H-L-L
|''kanji ga warui'', ''iyana kanji''
|be not in a good feeling
|''kii'' is a lengthened vowel form of ''ki'' ({{linktext|気}}).
|
|-
|'''kosobai''' or '''koshobai'''
|H-H-L-L
|''kusuguttai''
|ticklish
|shortened form of ''kosobayui''; also used in other western Japan
|
|-
|'''maido'''
|L-H-L
|''dōmo''
| commercial greeting
|the original meaning is "Thank you always". {{linktext|毎}}{{linktext|度}} in kanji.
|''Maido, irasshai!'' = "Hi, may I help you?"
|-
|'''makudo'''
|L-H-L
|''makku''
|[[McDonald's]]
|abbreviation of ''makudonarudo'' (Japanese pronunciation of "McDonald's")
|''Makudo iko.'' = "Let's go to McDonald's."
|-
|'''mebachiko'''
|L-H-L-L
|''monomorai''
|[[stye]]
|'''meibo''' (H-L-L) in Kyoto and Shiga.
|
|-
|'''metcha''' or '''messa''' or '''mutcha'''
|L-H
|''totemo'', ''chō''
|very
|mostly used by younger people. also '''bari''' (L-H) in southern Hyogo, adopted from Chugoku dialect.
|''Metcha omoroi mise shitteru de.'' = "I know a really interesting shop."
|-
|'''nanbo'''
|L-L-H
|''ikura'', ''ikutsu''
|how much, no matter how, how old, how many
|transformation of ''nanihodo'' ({{linktext|何}}{{linktext|程}}); also used in other western Japan, Tohoku and Hokkaido.
|''Sore nanbo de kōta n?'' = "How much did you pay for it?"
|-
|'''nukui'''
|H-L-L
|''atatakai'', ''attakai''
|warm
|also used in other western Japan
|
|-
|'''ochokuru'''
|H-H-H-H
|''karakau'', ''chakasu''
|to make fun of, to tease
|
|''Ore ochokuru no mo eekagen ni see!'' = "That's enough to tease me!"
|-
|'''okan''', '''oton'''
|L-H-L, L-H-L
|''okaasan'', ''otōsan''
|mother, father
|very casual form
|
|-
|'''[[wiktionary:おおきに|ōkini]]'''
|H-L-H-L or L-L-H-L
|''arigatō''
|thanks
|abbreviation of "''ōki ni arigatō''" (thank you very much, ''ōki ni'' means "very much"); of course, ''arigatō'' is also used; sometimes, it is used ironically to mean "No thank you"; also '''ōkeni'''
|''Maido ōkini!'' = "Thanks always!"
|-
|'''otchan'''
|H-H-H
|''ojisan''
|uncle, older man
|a familiar term of address for a middle-aged man; also used as a first personal pronoun; the antonym "aunt, older woman" is ''obachan'' (also used in standard Japanese); also '''ossan''' and '''obahan''', but ruder than ''otchan'' and ''obachan''
|''Otchan, takoyaki futatsu!'' ''Aiyo!'' = (conversation with a takoyaki stall man) "Two takoyaki please, mister!" "All right!"
|-
|'''shaanai'''
|H-H-L-L
|''shōganai'', ''shikata ga nai''
|it can't be helped
|also used some other dialects
|
|-
|'''shibaku'''
|H-H-H
|''naguru'', ''tataku''
|to beat somebody (with hands or rods)
|sometimes used as a vulgar word meaning "to go" or "to eat" such as ''Chaa shibakehen?'' "Why don't you go to cafe?"
|''Shibaitaro ka!'' ( < ''shibaite yarō ka'') = "Do you want me to give you a beating?"
|-
|'''shindoi'''
|L-L-H-L
|''tsukareru'', ''tsurai'', ''kurushii''
|tired, exhausted
|change from ''shinrō'' ({{linktext|辛労}}; hardship); ''shindoi'' has come to be used throughout Japan in recent years.
|''Aa shindo.'' = "Ah, I'm tired."
|-
|'''shōmonai'''
|L-L-H-L-L
|''tsumaranai'', ''omoshirokunai'', ''kudaranai''
|dull, unimportant, uninteresting
|change from ''shiyō mo nai'' (仕様も無い, means "There isn't anything"); also used some other dialects
|
|-
|'''sunmasen''' or '''sunmahen'''
|L-L-L-L-H
|''sumimasen'', ''gomen nasai''
|I'm sorry, excuse me, thanks
|'''suman''' (H-L-L) in casual speech; also '''kan'nin''' ({{linktext|堪}}{{linktext|忍}}, L-L-H-L) for informal apology instead of standard ''kanben'' ({{linktext|勘弁}})
|''Erai sunmahen.'' = "I'm so sorry."
|-
|'''[[wiktionary:炊く|taku]]'''
|H-H
|''niru''
|to boil, to simmer
|in standard Japanese, ''taku'' is used only for cooking rice; also used in other western Japan
|''Daikon yō taketa.'' = "The [[daikon]] was boiled well."
|-
|'''waya'''
|H-L
|''mucha-kucha'', ''dainashi'', ''dame''
|going for nothing, fruitless
|also used in other western Japan, Nagoya and Hokkaido
|''Sappari waya ya wa.'' = "It's no good at all."
|-
|'''yaru'''
|H-H
|''yaru'', ''ageru''
|to give (informal)
|used more widely than in standard Japanese towards equals as well as inferiors; when used as helper auxiliaries, -''te yaru'' usually shortened -''taru''
|
|-
|'''yome'''
|H-H
|''tsuma'', ''okusan'', ''kamisan'', ''kanai''
|wife
|originally means "bride" and "daughter-in-law" in standard, but an additional meaning "wife" is spread from Kansai; often used as ''yome-san'' or ''yome-han''
|''anta toko no yome-han'' = "your wife"
|-
|'''yōke'''
|H-L-L
|''takusan''
|a lot of, many
|change from ''yokei'' (余計, means "extra, too many"); a synonymous with ''gyōsan''
|
|}

=== Pronouns and honorifics ===
{{See also|Japanese pronouns|Japanese honorifics}}
Standard first-person pronouns such as ''watashi'', ''boku'' and ''ore'' are also generally used in Kansai, but there are some local pronoun words. ''Watashi'' has many variations: ''watai'', ''wate'' (both gender), ''ate'' (somewhat feminine), and ''wai'' (masculine, casual). These variations are now archaic, but are still widely used in fictitious creations to represent stereotypical Kansai speakers especially ''wate'' and ''wai''. Elderly Kansai men frequently use ''washi'' as well as other western Japan. ''Uchi'' is famous for the typical feminine first-person pronoun of Kansai dialect and it is still popular among Kansai girls.

In Kansai, ''omae'' and ''anta'' are often used for the informal second-person pronoun. ''Anata'' is hardly used. Traditional local second-person pronouns include ''omahan'' (''omae'' + ''-han''), ''anta-han'' and ''ansan'' (both are ''anta'' + ''-san'', but ''anta-han'' is more polite). An archaic first-person pronoun, ''ware'', is used as a hostile and impolite second-person pronoun in Kansai. ''Jibun'' ({{linktext|自分}}) is a Japanese word meaning "oneself" and sometimes "I", but it has an additional usage in Kansai as a casual second-person pronoun.

In traditional Kansai dialect, the honorific suffix ''-san'' is sometimes pronounced -''han'' when -''san'' follows ''a'', ''e'' and ''o''; for example, ''okaasan'' ("mother") becomes ''okaahan'', and ''Satō-san'' ("Mr. Satō") becomes ''Satō-han''. It is also the characteristic of Kansai usage of honorific suffixes that they can be used for some familiar inanimate objects as well, especially in Kyoto. In standard Japanese, the usage is usually considered childish, but in Kansai, ''o-[[Sweet potato|imo]]-san'', ''o-[[Bean|mame]]-san'' and ''[[Candy|ame]]-chan'' are often heard not only in children's speech but also in adults' speech. The suffix ''-san'' is also added to some familiar greeting phrases; for example, ''ohayō-san'' ("good morning") and ''omedetō-san'' ("congratulations").

== Regional differences ==
Since Kansai dialect is actually a group of related dialects, not all share the same vocabulary, pronunciation, or grammatical features. Each dialect has its own specific features discussed individually here.
[[File:Kansai dialect.png|thumb|300px|Okumura's division theory. {{Color|orangered|■}} Inner Kansai dialect, {{Color|skyblue|■}} Northern Kansai dialect, {{Color|Chocolate|■}} Western Kansai dialect, {{Color|yellow|■}} Eastern Kansai dialect and {{Color|yellowgreen|■}} Southern Kansai dialect.]]

Here is a division theory of Kansai dialects proposed by Mitsuo Okumura in 1968;<ref name="Okumura 1968"/> ■ shows dialects influenced by Kyoto dialect and □ shows dialects influenced by Osaka dialect, proposed by Minoru Umegaki in 1962.<ref name="Umegaki 1962"/>
* Inner Kansai dialect
** ■Kyoto dialect (southern part of [[Kyoto Prefecture]], especially the city of [[Kyoto]])
*** Gosho dialect (old court dialect of [[Kyoto Gosho]])
*** Machikata dialect (Kyoto citizens' dialect including several social dialects)
*** Tanba dialect (southeastern part of former [[Tanba Province]])
*** Southern Yamashiro dialect (southern part of former [[Yamashiro Province]])
** □Osaka dialect ([[Osaka Prefecture]], especially the city of [[Osaka]])
*** Settsu dialect (Northern part of Osaka Prefecture, former [[Settsu Province]])
**** Senba dialect (old merchant dialect in the central area of the city of Osaka)
*** Kawachi dialect (eastern part of Osaka Prefecture, former [[Kawachi Province]])
*** Senshū dialect (southwestern part of Osaka Prefecture, former [[Izumi Province]])
** □Kobe dialect (the city of [[Kobe]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture]])
** □Northern Nara dialect (northern part of [[Nara Prefecture]])
** ■Shiga dialect (main part of [[Shiga Prefecture]])
** ■Iga dialect (northwestern part of Mie Prefecture, former [[Iga Province]])
* Outer Kansai dialect
** Northern Kansai dialect
*** ■Tanba dialect (northern part of former Tanba Province and [[Maizuru, Kyoto|Maizuru]])
*** ■Southern Fukui dialect (southern part of [[Fukui Prefecture]], former [[Wakasa Province]] and [[Tsuruga, Fukui|Tsuruga]])
*** ■Kohoku dialect (northeastern part of Shiga Prefecture)
** Western Kansai dialect
*** □Banshū dialect (southwestern part of Hyōgo Prefecture, former [[Harima Province]])
*** ■Tanba dialect (southwestern part of former Tanba Province)
** Eastern Kansai dialect
*** ■Ise dialect (northern part of Mie Prefecture, former [[Ise Province]])
** Southern Kansai dialect
*** Kishū dialect ([[Wakayama Prefecture]] and southern part of Mie Prefecture, former [[Kii Province]])
*** Shima dialect (southeastern part of Mie Prefecture, former [[Shima Province]])
*** □[[Awaji dialect]] ([[Awaji Island]] in Hyōgo Prefecture)
* Totsukawa-Kumano dialect (southern part of [[Yoshino District, Nara|Yoshino]] and [[Owase, Mie|Owase]]-[[Kumano, Mie|Kumano]] area in southeastern [[Kii Peninsula]])

=== Osaka ===
'''Osaka-ben''' ([[:ja:大阪弁|大阪弁]]) is often identified with Kansai dialect by most Japanese, but some of the terms considered to be characteristic of Kansai dialect are actually restricted to Osaka and its environs. Perhaps the most famous is the term ''mōkarimakka?'', roughly translated as "how is business?", and derived from the verb ''mōkaru'' (儲かる), "to be profitable, to yield a profit". This is supposedly said as a greeting from one Osakan to another, and the appropriate answer is another Osaka phrase, ''maa, bochi bochi denna'' "well, so-so, y'know".

The idea behind ''mōkarimakka'' is that Osaka was historically the center of the merchant culture. The phrase developed among low-class shopkeepers and can be used today to greet a business proprietor in a friendly and familiar way but is not a universal greeting. The latter phrase is also specific to Osaka, in particular the term ''bochi bochi'' (L-L-H-L). This means essentially "so-so": getting better little by little or not getting any worse. Unlike ''mōkarimakka'', ''bochi bochi'' is used in many situations to indicate gradual improvement or lack of negative change. Also, ''bochi bochi'' (H-L-L-L) can be used in place of the standard Japanese ''soro soro'', for instance ''bochi bochi iko ka'' "it is about time to be going".<ref>Kazuo Fudano (2006). {{nihongo||大阪弁「ほんまもん」講座|Ōsaka "Honmamon" Kōza}}. Tokyo: Shinchosha</ref>

In the Edo period, '''Senba-kotoba''' (船場言葉), a social dialect of the wealthy merchants in the [[central business district]] of Osaka, was considered the standard Osaka-ben. It was characterized by the polite speech based on Kyoto-ben and the subtle differences depending on the business type, class, post etc. It was handed down in [[Meiji period|Meiji]], [[Taishō period|Taishō]] and [[Shōwa period|Shōwa]] periods with some changes, but after the [[Pacific War]], Senba-kotoba became nearly an obsolete dialect due to the modernization of business practices. Senba-kotoba was famous for a polite copula ''gowasu'' or ''goasu'' instead of common Osakan copula ''omasu'' and characteristic forms for shopkeeper family mentioned below.

{{chart top|An example of forms of address for shopkeeper family in Senba<ref>Isamu Maeda (1977). {{nihongo||大阪弁|Ōsaka-ben}}. Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun</ref>}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | |Gm|~|y|~|Gf| |Gm=''oesan, oehan'' (keeper's mother) |Gf=''oyadansan'' (keeper's father)}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | |Mo|y|Fa|Mo=''goryonsan'' (keeper's wife)<br/>''inkyo no oehan'' (after retiring)<br/>''okohittsan'' (widow)|Fa=''dansan, danahan'' (shopkeeper)<br/>''goinkyohan'' (after retiring)}}
{{chart| | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{chart| | | | | | |Da| | | | | | | | | | | |So|~|SoWi|Da=''itosan, itohan, tōhan'' (keeper's daughter)|So=''bonsan, bonbon'' (keeper's son)<br/>''wakadansan'' (keeper's heir)|SoWi=''wakagoryonsan'' (son's wife)}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|Da1| |Da2| |Da3| |Da4| |So1| |So2| |So3|Da1=''aneitosan'' (eldest daughter)|Da2=''nakaitosan'' (2nd daughter)|Da3=''koitosan, koisan'' (3rd　daughter)|Da4=''koikoisan'' (youngest daughter)|So1=''anibonsan'' (eldest son)|So2=''nakabonsan'' (2nd son)|So3=''kobonsan'' (youngest son)}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

Southern branches of Osaka-ben, such as '''[[Izumi Province|Senshū]]-ben''' ([[:ja:泉州弁|泉州弁]]) and '''[[Kawachi Province|Kawachi]]-ben''' ([[:ja:河内弁|河内弁]]), are famous for their harsh locution, characterized by trilled "r", the question particle ''ke'', and the second person ''ware''. The farther south in Osaka one goes, the cruder the language is considered to be, with the local Senshū-ben of [[Kishiwada, Osaka|Kishiwada]] said to represent the peak of harshness.<ref>Riichi Nakaba (2005). ''Kishiwada Shonen Gurentai''. Kodansha. {{ISBN|4-06-275074-0}}</ref>

=== Kyoto ===
[[File:Kyoto dialect banner in Demachi.JPG|thumbnail|A banner in Kyoto dialect. The advertisement of shopping street, ''Maido okoshiyasu. Kyō mo ē mon arimasu e'' translates as "Welcome. We have nice goods every day"]]
'''Kyōto-ben''' (京都弁) or '''Kyō-kotoba''' ([[:ja:京言葉|京言葉]]) is characterized by development of politeness and indirectness expressions. Kyoto-ben is often regarded as elegant and feminine dialect because of its characters and the image of [[Gion]]'s ''[[geisha]]'' (''geiko-han'' and ''[[Maiko (geiko)|maiko]]-han'' in Kyoto-ben), the most conspicuous speakers of traditional Kyoto-ben.<ref name="Sato 2009">Ryoichi Sato ed (2009). {{nihongo|都道府県別全国方言辞典|Todōfuken-betsu Zenkoku Hōgen Jiten}}.</ref> Kyoto-ben is divided into the court dialect called ''Gosho kotoba'' (御所言葉) and the citizens dialect called ''Machikata kotoba'' (町方言葉). The former was spoken by court noble before moving the Emperor to Tokyo, and some phrases inherit at a few [[monzeki]]. The latter has subtle difference at each social class such as old merchant families at [[Nakagyō-ku, Kyoto|Nakagyo]], craftsmen at [[Nishijin]] and [[geiko]] at [[Hanamachi]] ([[Gion]], [[Miyagawa-chō]] etc.)

Kyoto-ben was the ''de facto'' standard Japanese from 794 until the 18th century and some Kyoto people are still proud of their accent; they get angry when Tokyo people treat Kyoto-ben as a provincial accent.<ref name="Sato 2009"/> However, traditional Kyoto-ben is gradually declining except in the world of ''geisha'', which prizes the inheritance of traditional Kyoto customs. For example, a famous Kyoto copula ''dosu'', instead of standard ''desu'', is used by a few elders and ''geisha'' now.<ref>Nobusuke Kishie and Fumiko Inoue (1997). {{nihongo|京都市方言の動態|Kyōto-shi Hōgen no Dōtai}}</ref>

The verb inflection ''-haru'' is an essential part of casual speech in modern Kyoto. In Osaka and its environs, ''-haru'' has a certain level of politeness above the base (informal) form of the verb, putting it somewhere between the informal and the more polite ''-masu'' conjugations. However, in Kyoto, its position is much closer to the informal than it is to the polite mood, owing to its widespread use. Kyoto people, especially elderly women, often use -''haru'' for their family and even for animals and weather.<ref>Kayoko Tsuji (2009). {{nihongo|「ハル」敬語考京都語の社会言語史|Haru Keigo-kō Kyōto-go no Shakaigengo-shi}}. {{ISBN|978-4-89476-416-3}}。</ref>

'''Tango-ben''' ([[:ja:丹後弁|丹後弁]]) spoken in northernmost Kyoto Prefecture, is too different to be regarded as Kansai dialect and usually included in Chūgoku dialect. For example, the copula ''da'', the Tokyo-type accent, the honorific verb ending -''naru'' instead of -''haru'' and the peculiarly diphthong {{IPA|[æː]}} such as {{IPA|[akæː]}} for ''akai'' "red".

=== Hyogo ===

[[Hyōgo Prefecture]] is the largest prefecture in Kansai, and there are some different dialects in the prefecture. As mentioned above, '''Tajima-ben''' ([[:ja:但馬弁|但馬弁]]) spoken in northern Hyōgo, former [[Tajima Province]], is included in [[Chūgoku dialect]] as well as Tango-ben. Ancient vowel sequence /au/ changed {{IPA|[oː]}} in many Japanese dialects, but in Tajima, [[Tottori Prefecture|Tottori]] and [[Izumo Province|Izumo]] dialects, /au/ changed {{IPA|[aː]}}. Accordingly, Kansai word ''ahō'' "idiot" is pronounced ''ahaa'' in Tajima-ben.

The dialect spoken in southwestern Hyōgo, former [[Harima Province]] alias Banshū, is called '''[[Banshū dialect|Banshū-ben]]'''. As well as Chūgoku dialect, it has the discrimination of aspect, ''-yoru'' in progressive and ''-toru'' in perfect. Banshū-ben is notable for transformation of ''-yoru'' and ''-toru'' into ''-yō'' and ''-tō'', sometimes ''-yon'' and ''-ton''. Another feature is the honorific copula ''-te ya'', common in [[Tanba Province|Tanba]], [[Maizuru, Kyoto|Maizuru]] and [[San'yō region|San'yō]] dialects. In addition, Banshū-ben is famous for an emphatic final particle ''doi'' or ''doiya'' and a question particle ''ke'' or ''ko'', but they often sound violent to other Kansai speakers, as well as Kawachi-ben. '''Kōbe-ben''' ([[:ja:神戸弁|神戸弁]]) spoken in [[Kobe]], the largest city of Hyogo, is the intermediate dialect between Banshū-ben and Osaka-ben and is well known for conjugating ''-yō'' and ''-tō'' as well as Banshū-ben.

'''[[Awaji dialect|Awaji-ben]]''' ([[:ja:淡路弁|淡路弁]]) spoken in [[Awaji Island]], is different from Banshū/Kōbe-ben and mixed with dialects of Osaka, Wakayama and [[Tokushima Prefecture]]s due to the intersecting location of sea routes in the [[Seto Inland Sea]] and the [[Tokushima Domain]] rule in Edo period.

=== Mie ===
The dialect in [[Mie Prefecture]], sometimes called '''Mie-ben''' ([[:ja:三重弁|三重弁]]), is made up of '''[[Ise Province|Ise]]-ben''' ([[:ja:伊勢弁|伊勢弁]]) spoken in mid-northern Mie, '''[[Shima Province|Shima]]-ben''' ([[:ja:志摩弁|志摩弁]]) spoken in southeastern Mie and '''[[Iga Province|Iga]]-ben''' ([[:ja:伊賀弁|伊賀弁]]) spoken in western Mie. Ise-ben is famous for a sentence final particle ''ni'' as well as ''de''. Shima-ben is close to Ise-ben, but its vocabulary includes many archaic words. Iga-ben has a unique request expression ''-te daako'' instead of standard ''-te kudasai''.

They use the normal Kansai accent and basic grammar, but some of the vocabulary is common to the [[Nagoya dialect]]. For example, instead of -''te haru'' (respectful suffix), they have the Nagoya-style -''te mieru''. Conjunctive particles ''de'' and ''monde'' "because" is widely used instead of ''sakai'' and ''yotte''. The similarity to Nagoya-ben becomes more pronounced in the northernmost parts of the prefecture; the dialect of [[Nagashima, Mie|Nagashima]] and [[Kisosaki, Mie|Kisosaki]], for instance, could be considered far closer to Nagoya-ben than to Ise-ben.

In and around [[Ise, Mie|Ise city]], some variations on typical Kansai vocabulary can be found, mostly used by older residents. For instance, the typical expression ''ōkini'' is sometimes pronounced ''ōkina'' in Ise. Near the [[Isuzu River]] and [[Ise Grand Shrine|Naikū shrine]], some old men use the first-person pronoun ''otai''.

=== Wakayama ===
'''[[Kishū dialect|Kishū-ben]]''' ([[:ja:紀州弁|紀州弁]]) or '''Wakayama-ben''' (和歌山弁), the dialect in old province [[Kii Province]], present-day [[Wakayama Prefecture]] and southern parts of Mie Prefecture, is fairly different from common Kansai dialect and comprises many regional variants. It is famous for heavy confusion of ''z'' and ''d'', especially on the southern coast. The ichidan verb negative form ''-n'' often changes ''-ran'' in Wakayama such as ''taberan'' instead of ''taben'' ("not eat"); ''-hen'' also changes ''-yan'' in Wakayama, Mie and Nara such as ''tabeyan'' instead of ''tabehen''. Wakayama-ben has specific perticles. ''Yō'' is often used as sentence final particle. ''Ra'' follows the volitional conjugation of verbs as ''iko ra yō!'' ("Let's go!"). ''Noshi'' is used as soft sentence final particle. ''Yashite'' is used as tag question. Local words are ''akana'' instead of ''akan'', ''omoshai'' instead of ''omoroi'', ''aga'' "oneself", ''teki'' "you", ''tsuremote'' "together" and so on. Wakayama people hardly ever use keigo, which is rather unusual for dialects in Kansai.

=== Shiga ===
[[Shiga Prefecture]] is the eastern neighbor of Kyoto, so its dialect, sometimes called '''Shiga-ben''' (滋賀弁) or '''Ōmi-ben''' ([[:ja:近江弁|近江弁]]) or '''Gōshū-ben''' (江州弁), is similar in many ways to Kyoto-ben. For example, Shiga people also frequently use ''-haru'', though some people tend to pronounce ''-aru'' and ''-te yaaru'' instead of ''-haru'' and ''-te yaharu''. Some elderly Shiga people also use ''-raru'' as a casual honorific form. The demonstrative pronoun ''so-'' often changes to ''ho-''; for example, ''so ya'' becomes ''ho ya'' and ''sore'' (that) becomes ''hore''. In [[Nagahama, Shiga|Nagahama]], people use the friendly-sounding auxiliary verb ''-ansu'' and ''-te yansu''. Nagahama and [[Hikone, Shiga|Hikone]] dialects has a unique final particle ''hon'' as well as ''de''.

=== Nara ===
The dialect in [[Nara Prefecture]] is divided into northern including [[Nara, Nara|Nara city]] and southern including [[Totsukawa, Nara|Totsukawa]]. The northern dialect, sometimes called '''Nara-ben''' ([[:ja:奈良弁|奈良弁]]) or '''Yamato-ben''' (大和弁), has a few particularities such as an interjectory particle ''mii'' as well as ''naa'', but the similarity with Osaka-ben increases year by year because of the economic dependency to Osaka. On the other hand, southern Nara prefecture is a [[language island]] because of its geographic isolation with mountains. [[Okuyoshino dialect|The southern dialect]] uses Tokyo type accent, has the discrimination of grammatical aspect, and does not show a tendency to lengthen vowels at the end of monomoraic nouns.

== Example ==
An example of Kyoto women's conversation recorded in 1964:
[[File:Kyoto women conversation in 1964.ogg]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Original Kyoto speech !! Standard Japanese !! English
|-
| Daiichi, anta kyoo nande? Monossugo nagai koto mattetan e. || Daiichi, anata kyoo nande? Monosugoku nagai koto matteita no yo. || In the first place, today you... what happened? I've been waiting for a very long time.
|-
| Doko de? || Doko de?|| Where?
|-
| Miyako hoteru no ue de. Ano, robii de. || Miyako hoteru no ue de. Ano, robii de. || At the top of the Miyako hotel. Uh, in the lobby.
|-
| Iya ano, denwa shitan ya, honde uchi, goji kitchiri ni. || Iya ano, denwa shitan da, sorede watashi, goji kitchiri ni. || Well, I called, just at 5 o'clock.
|-
| Okashii. Okashii na. || Okashii. Okashii na. || That's strange. Isn't that strange?
|-
| Hona tsuujihinkattan ya. || Jaa tsuujinakattan da. || And I couldn't get through.
|-
| Monosugo konsen shiteta yaro. || Monosugoku konsen shiteita desho. || The lines must have gotten crossed.
|-
| Aa soo ya. || Aa soo da yo. || Yes.
|-
| Nande yaro, are? || Nande daroo, are? || I wonder why?
|-
| Shiran. Asoko denwadai harootaharahen no chaunka te yuutetan e. Ookii shi. || Shiranai. Asoko denwadai o haratteinain janainoka tte itteita no yo. Ookii shi. || I don't know. "Maybe they haven't paid for the phone," I said. Because it's a big facility.
|-
| Soo ya. Mattemo mattemo anta kiihin shi, moo wasureteru shi, moo yoppodo denwa shiyo kana omotan ya kedo, moo chotto mattemiyo omotara yobidasahattan. || Soo da yo. Mattemo mattemo anata konai shi, moo wasureteiru shi, moo yoppodo denwa shiyoo kana to omottan da kedo, moo chotto mattemiyoo to omottara yobidashita no. || Yes. Even after I waited for a long time, you didn't come, so I thought you'd forgotten, so I thought about calling you, but just when I'd decided to wait a little longer the staff called my name.
|-
| Aa soo ka. Atashi. Are nihenme? Anta no denwa kiitan. || Aa soo. Watashi. Are nidome? Anata ga denwa o kiita no. || Is that so. I... Was it the second time when you heard about the phone?
|-
| Honma... Atashi yobidasaren no daikirai ya. || Honto.... Watashi yobidasareru no daikirai da. || Really, I hate having my name called out.
|-
| Kan'nin e. || Gomen ne. || Sorry.
|-
| Kakkowarui yaro. || Kakkowarui desho. || It's awkward, right?
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Japan|Languages}}

=== Kansai dialect in Japanese culture ===
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Bunraku]] - a traditional puppet theatre played in the early modern Osaka dialect
* [[Kabuki]] - Kamigata style kabuki is played in Kansai dialect
* [[Rakugo]] - Kamigata style rakugo is played in Kansai dialect
* [[Mizuna]] - ''mizuna'' is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word ''kyōna''
* [[Shichimi]] - ''shichimi'' is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word ''nanairo''
* [[Tenkasu]] - ''tenkasu'' is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word ''agedama''
* [[Hamachi (fish)|Hamachi]] - ''hamachi'' is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word ''inada''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sushiencyclopedia.com/sushi_fish/yellowtail.html|title=Yellowtail - Sushi Fish|publisher=Sushiencyclopedia|access-date=March 14, 2016}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Related dialects ===
* [[Hokuriku dialect]]
* [[Shikoku dialect]]
* [[Mino dialect]]

== References ==

=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
For non-Japanese speakers, learning environment of Kansai dialect is richer than other dialects.
* Palter, DC and Slotsve, Kaoru Horiuchi (1995). ''Colloquial Kansai Japanese: The Dialects and Culture of the Kansai Region''. Boston: Charles E. Tuttle Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8048-3723-6}}.
** {{Google books|lAOok_cfZC8C|Colloquial Kansai Japanese}}
** {{Google books|z0nRi62_iIwC|Kinki Japanese}}
* Tse, Peter (1993). ''Kansai Japanese: The language of Osaka, Kyoto, and western Japan''. Boston: Charles E. Tuttle Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8048-1868-1}}.
** {{Google books|LdeyQyS6IAQC|Kansai Japanese}}
* Takahashi, Hiroshi and Kyoko (1995). ''How to speak Osaka Dialect''. Kobe: Taiseido Shobo Co. Ltd. {{ISBN|978-4-88463-076-8}}
* Minoru Umegaki (Ed.) (1962). {{nihongo|近畿方言の総合的研究||Kinki hōgen no sōgōteki kenkyū}}. Tokyo: Sanseido.
* Isamu Maeda (1965). {{nihongo|上方語源辞典||Kamigata gogen jiten}}. Tokyo: Tokyodo Publishing.
* Kiichi Iitoyo, Sukezumi Hino, Ryōichi Satō (Ed.) (1982). {{nihongo|講座方言学7 -近畿地方の方言-||Kōza hōgengaku 7 -Kinki chihō no hōgen-}}. Tokyo: Kokushokankōkai
* Shinji Sanada, Makiko Okamoto, Yoko Ujihara (2006). {{nihongo|聞いておぼえる関西(大阪)弁入門||Kiite oboeru Kansai Ōsaka-ben nyūmon}}. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo Publishing. {{ISBN|978-4-89476-296-1}}.

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary|Category:Kansai Japanese}}
{{Commons category|Kansai dialects}}
* [http://www.kansaiben.com/ Kansai Dialect Self-study Site for Japanese Language Learner]
* [https://sites.google.com/view/kvjcorpus The Corpus of Kansai Vernacular Japanese]
* [http://www.nihongoresources.com/language/dialects/kansaiben.html The Kansai and Osaka dialects] - nihongoresources.com
* [http://thejapanesepage.com/culture/kansai_ben Kansai Ben] - TheJapanesePage.com
* [http://www.eastudies.org/guide_kansaiben.html Kansai Japanese Guide] - Kansai-ben texts and videos made by [[Ritsumeikan University]] students
* [http://hougen.u-biq.org/osakaben.html Osaka-ben Study Website], [http://hougen.u-biq.org/kyotoben.html Kyoto-ben Study Website] - U-biq
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141106133018/http://www.city.osaka.lg.jp/contents/wdu020/english/osaka_dialect/index.html A Course in Osaka-ben] - Osaka city
{{Japanese language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kansai Dialect}}
[[Category:Japanese dialects]]
[[Category:Kansai region]]
[[Category:Culture of the Kinki region]]

Margrethe II

2024-04-24T14:28:06Z

170.64.198.105: /* Monograms */

{{Short description|Queen of Denmark from 1972 to 2024}}
{{Other people||Margaret of Denmark (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Margrethe II
| image = Drottning Margrethe av Danmark.jpg
| caption = Margrethe II in 2012
| succession = [[Queen of Denmark]]
| reign = 14 January 1972 – {{nowrap|14 January 2024}}
| predecessor = [[Frederik IX of Denmark|Frederik IX]]
| successor = [[Frederik X]]
| reg-type = {{nowrap|[[Prime Minister of Denmark|Prime ministers]]}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|4|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amalienborg, Copenhagen]], Denmark
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Henri de Laborde de Monpezat]]|10 June 1967|13 February 2018|end=d.}}
| spouse-type = Spouse
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Frederik X]]
* [[Prince Joachim of Denmark|Prince Joachim]]
}}
| issue-link = #Family
| full name = Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid
| house = [[House of Glücksburg|Glücksburg]]<ref>{{cite web| title=150 years of the House of Glücksborg| date=15 November 2013| url=http://kongehuset.dk/english/Menu/news/150-years-of-the-house-of-glcksborg| access-date=25 October 2014| archive-date=8 December 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208013734/http://kongehuset.dk/english/Menu/news/150-years-of-the-house-of-glcksborg}}</ref>
| father = [[Frederik IX of Denmark]]
| mother = [[Ingrid of Sweden]]
| signature = Margrethe II - signature.svg
| religion = [[Church of Denmark]]
}}
{{Danish Royal Family}}
'''Margrethe II''' ({{IPA-da|mɑˈkʁeˀtə|lang}}; Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid, born 16 April 1940) is a member of the [[Danish royal family]] who reigned as [[Queen of Denmark]] from 14 January 1972 until [[Abdication of Margrethe II|her abdication]] on 14 January 2024. Having reigned for exactly 52 years, she was the second-longest reigning Danish monarch after [[Christian IV]].

Margrethe was born into the [[House of Glücksburg]], a [[cadet branch]] of the [[House of Oldenburg]] during the reign of her paternal grandfather, [[King Christian X]]. She is the eldest child of [[King Frederik IX]] and [[Queen Ingrid]]. She became [[heir presumptive]] to her father in 1953, when [[Act of Succession (Denmark)|a constitutional amendment]] allowed women to inherit the throne. In 1967, she married [[Henri de Laborde de Monpezat]], with whom she had two sons, [[Frederik X|Frederik]] and [[Prince Joachim of Denmark|Joachim]]. Margrethe succeeded her father upon his death in January 1972.

As [[sovereign]], Margrethe received 42 official [[state visit]]s and she undertook 55 foreign state visits herself.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=4 August 2020|title=Stats- og officielle besøg|trans-title=State and official visits|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/kongehuset/monarkiet-i-danmark/stats-og-officielle-besoeg|access-date=23 June 2021|website=Kongehuset|language=da|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625030552/https://www.kongehuset.dk/kongehuset/monarkiet-i-danmark/stats-og-officielle-besoeg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 September 2021|title=Statsbesøg til Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland|trans-title=State visit to the Federal Republic of Germany|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/nyheder/statsbesoeg-til-forbundsrepublikken-tyskland|access-date=11 November 2021|website=Kongehuset|language=da|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111194524/https://www.kongehuset.dk/nyheder/statsbesoeg-til-forbundsrepublikken-tyskland|url-status=live}}</ref> Margrethe has worked as a [[scenographer]], a [[costume design]]er, and an [[Illustrating Tolkien#Margrethe II of Denmark|illustrator of works by J. R. R. Tolkien]]. She and [[Danish royal family|the royal family]] have made several other foreign visits.<ref name=":1" /> During her reign, support for the [[monarchy in Denmark]] remained consistently high at around 82%, as did Margrethe's personal popularity.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Stjer|first=Christian|date=2 June 2012|title=Danskerne er vilde med kongehuset {{!}} Voxmeter|url=https://voxmeter.dk/danskerne-er-vilde-kongehuset/|access-date=23 June 2021|language=da-DK|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005020321/https://voxmeter.dk/danskerne-er-vilde-kongehuset/}}</ref> She was succeeded by her elder son, Frederik X.

==Early life and education==
[[File:Het Deense Koninklijk gezin in hun woning in paleis Brockdorff in Slot Amalienbo, Bestanddeelnr 252-8594.jpg|thumb|left|Margrethe (left) with her parents and sisters, 1954]]
Margrethe was born on 16 April 1940 at 10:10 [[Central European Time|CET]] at [[Amalienborg#Frederik VIII's Palace|Frederik VIII's Palace]], in her parents' residence at [[Amalienborg]], the principal residence of the [[Danish royal family]] in the district of [[Frederiksstaden]] in central [[Copenhagen]].<ref name="facts"/> She was the first child of the Crown Prince and Crown Princess (later [[King Frederik IX]] and [[Queen Ingrid]]). Her father was the elder son of the then-reigning [[King Christian X]], while her mother was the only daughter of the then Crown Prince of Sweden (who would later reign as [[King Gustaf VI Adolf]]). Margrethe's birth took place just one week after [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[German invasion of Denmark (1940)|invasion of Denmark]] on 9 April 1940.<ref name=r1/>

Princess Margrethe was [[baptised]] on 14 May in the [[Holmen Church]] in Copenhagen.<ref name="kongeligedaab">{{cite book|first1=Lone|last1=Hindø|first2=Else|last2=Boelskifte|title=Kongelig Dåb. Fjorten generationer ved Rosenborg-døbefonten|trans-title=Royal Baptisms. Fourteen generations at the Rosenborg baptismal font|publisher=Forlaget Hovedland|year=2007|isbn=978-87-7070-014-6|language=da|page=113-116}}</ref> Her godparents were her grandfathers, King Christian X of Denmark and [[Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf]] of Sweden; her maternal great-grandfathers, [[King Gustaf V of Sweden]] and [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]]; her uncles [[Prince Knud of Denmark]] and [[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten]]; as well as her first cousin twice removed, [[Prince Axel of Denmark]].<ref name="facts">{{cite web |url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/nyheder/80-fakta-om-hm-dronningen |title=80 fakta om H.M. Dronningen |language=Danish |date=15 April 2020 |website=Kongehuset.dk |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102063229/https://www.kongehuset.dk/nyheder/80-fakta-om-hm-dronningen |url-status=live }}</ref> She was named Margrethe – the Danish variation of her late maternal grandmother [[Princess Margaret of Connaught|Crown Princess Margareta of Sweden]]'s name – Alexandrine after her paternal grandmother, [[Queen Alexandrine]], and Ingrid after her mother. Since her paternal grandfather was also [[King of Iceland]] at the time of her birth, she was given the [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] name Þórhildur.<ref>{{cite web | title = Navnet til den ny prinsesse... | website = nfi.ku.dk | publisher = Nordisk Forskningsinstitut, [[University of Copenhagen]] | date = 18 May 2012 | url = http://nfi.ku.dk/nyheder/prinsessenavn2012/ | access-date = 23 January 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202083411/http://nfi.ku.dk/nyheder/prinsessenavn2012/ | archive-date = 2 February 2017 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Like her maternal grandmother, Margrethe is known affectionately as "Daisy" to her family and close friends.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16537659|title=Denmark's Queen Margrethe marks 40 years|first=Chris|last=Morris|date=13 January 2012|website=BBC News|access-date=11 May 2020|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919124536/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16537659|url-status=live}}</ref>

The birth of Margrethe's younger sisters [[Princess Benedikte of Denmark|Benedikte]] and [[Queen Anne-Marie of Greece|Anne-Marie]] followed in 1944 and 1946 respectively. The princesses grew up in apartments at Frederik VIII's Palace at Amalienborg in Copenhagen and in [[Fredensborg Palace]] in [[North Zealand]]. Margrethe spent summer holidays with the royal family in her parents' summer residence at [[Gråsten Palace]] in [[Southern Jutland]]. On 20 April 1947, following the death of King Christian X, Margrethe's father ascended the throne as ''King Frederik IX''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-X |title=Christian X |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120002951/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-X |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Education===
Margrethe was educated at the private school [[N. Zahle's School]] in Copenhagen, from which she graduated in 1959. She spent a year at [[North Foreland Lodge]], a boarding school for girls in [[Hampshire]], England,<ref name=ILN>{{cite news|work=The Illustrated London News|volume=227|issue=2 |year=1955|page=552|title=Princess Margrethe, who is fifteen and is heir presumptive to the Danish throne, is to study for a year in England at North Foreland Lodge, a girls' boarding school near Basingstoke, in Hampshire...}}</ref> and later studied [[prehistoric]] [[archaeology]] at [[Girton College, Cambridge]], during 1960–1961, [[political science]] at [[Aarhus University]] between 1961 and 1962, attended the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] in 1963, and was at the [[London School of Economics]] in 1965.<ref name="Margrethe and Henrik Biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.royalinsight.net/content/margrethe-henrik-biography |title= Margrethe and Henrik Biography |website=Royalinsight.net |date=16 April 1940 |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111030181923/http://www.royalinsight.net/content/margrethe-henrik-biography |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}</ref> She is a [[Fellow]] of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London]].<ref name=r1/>

Margrethe is fluent in [[Danish language|Danish]], French, English, [[Swedish language|Swedish]] and German, and has a limited knowledge of [[Faroese language|Faroese]].<ref name=r1/><ref name="Margrethe and Henrik Biography"/>

==Heir presumptive==
[[File:Troonopvolgster prinses Margrethe, Bestanddeelnr 254-7690.jpg|thumb|right|Princess Margrethe in August 1966]]
At the time of her birth, only males could ascend the throne of Denmark, owing to the changes in succession laws enacted in the 1850s when the [[Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg|Glücksburg]] branch was chosen to succeed. As Margrethe had no brothers, it was assumed that her uncle [[Prince Knud]] would one day assume the throne.<ref>{{cite news|work=The New York Times|title=PRINCE KNUD DIES; DANISH CLAIMANT|date=15 June 1976|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/15/archives/prince-knud-dies-danish-claimant-he-lost-direct-succession-to-the.html|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114065337/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/15/archives/prince-knud-dies-danish-claimant-he-lost-direct-succession-to-the.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The process of changing the constitution started in 1947, not long after Margrethe's father ascended the throne and it became clear that Queen Ingrid would have no more children. The popularity of Frederik and his daughters and the more prominent role of women in Danish life started the complicated process of altering the constitution. The law required that the proposal be passed by two successive Parliaments and then by a referendum, which occurred on 27 March 1953. The new [[Act of Succession (Denmark)|Act of Succession]] permitted female [[Order of succession|succession]] to the throne of Denmark, according to [[male-preference cognatic primogeniture]], where a female can ascend to the throne only if she does not have a brother. Princess Margrethe therefore became [[heir presumptive]].<ref name=r1/> In 2009, the law of succession was modified into absolute primogeniture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-royal-house|website=www.kongehuset.dk|publisher=Danish Royal Court|title=The Royal House – The Danish Monarchy|access-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208201408/http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-royal-house|archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref>

Margrethe attended the traditional New Year Courts for the first time in 1956.<ref name="facts"/> On her eighteenth birthday, 16 April 1958, Margrethe was given a seat in the [[Danish Council of State|Council of State]]. She subsequently chaired the meetings of the Council in the absence of the King.<ref name=r1/> In 1960, together with her first cousin, [[Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler|Princess Margaretha of Sweden]], and [[Princess Astrid of Norway]], she travelled to the United States, which included a visit to Los Angeles, and to the [[Paramount Studios]], where they met several celebrities, including [[Dean Martin]], [[Jerry Lewis]] and [[Elvis Presley]].<ref name=Elvis>{{cite web|title=Elvis Presley with Princesses Margrethe of Denmark, Astrid of Norway, and Margaretha of Sweden|url=http://www.elvispresleymusic.com.au/pictures/1960_june_7.html#sthash.ORaSOwgy.dd9JxPDB.dpbs|website=Elvispresleymusic.com.au|date=7 June 1960|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909182159/http://www.elvispresleymusic.com.au/pictures/1960_june_7.html#sthash.ORaSOwgy.dd9JxPDB.dpbs|archive-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>

She paid her first visit to the Faroe Islands in 1959, alongside her parents and sisters, and to Greenland in 1960.<ref name="facts"/>

===Marriage and family===
{{See also|Wedding of Princess Margrethe and Henri de Laborde de Monpezat}}
[[File:Henrik-Prince-Consort-of-Denmark-and-Margrethe-II-engagement-391769175131.jpg|thumb|left|Margrethe and Henri in 1966]]
While Margrethe studied in London, she met the French diplomat, [[Henri de Laborde de Monpezat]], who was legation secretary at the [[Embassy of France, London|French Embassy]] in London. Their engagement was announced on 5 October 1966. They were married on 10 June 1967, at the [[Holmen Church]] in Copenhagen, and the wedding reception was held at [[Fredensborg Palace]].<ref name=r1/> Laborde de Monpezat received the style and title of "His Royal Highness Prince Henrik of Denmark" because of his new position as the spouse of the heir presumptive to the Danish [[throne]].<ref name=r1/> They were married for over fifty years, until his death on 13 February 2018.<ref name=r1/>

Less than a year after the wedding, Margrethe gave birth to her first child, a son, on 26 May 1968. By tradition, Danish kings were alternately named either Frederik or Christian. She chose to maintain this by assuming the position of a Christian, and thus named her elder son [[Frederik X|Frederik]]. The following year, a second child, named [[Prince Joachim of Denmark|Joachim]], was born on 7 June 1969.<ref name=r1/>

[[File:Monarchy Of Denmark April 2010.jpg|thumb|Margrethe surrounded by her family waving to crowds on her 70th birthday in April 2010]]

In 1974, she and Henrik purchased [[Château de Cayx]] in the wine district of [[Cahors]] in [[Southern France]].<ref name="facts"/>

Margrethe announced in 2008 that her male-line descendants would bear the additional title of ''Count'' or ''Countess of Monpezat'' in recognition of her husband's ancestry.<ref name=monpezat>{{cite web|title=Monpezat til Frederik og Joachim|trans-title=Monpezat for Frederik and Joachim|work=[[Berlingske Tidende]]|date=30 April 2008|url=http://www.berlingske.dk/article/20080430/danmark/804300370/|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=4 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504140925/http://www.berlingske.dk/article/20080430/danmark/804300370/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, the Queen announced that, from the start of 2023, the descendants of Prince Joachim will only be able to use their titles of Count and Countess of Monpezat, their previous titles of Prince and Princess of Denmark ceasing to exist. To allow the children, who were never expected to hold an official role within the royal family, to have normal lives, the Queen wanted "to create a framework for the four grandchildren, to a much greater degree, to be able to shape their own existence without being limited by the special considerations and obligations that a formal affiliation with the Royal House as an institution implies".<ref>{{Cite web  |date=28 September 2022 |title=Denmark's Queen Margrethe strips four grandchildren of royal titles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/29/denmarks-queen-margrethe-strips-four-grandchildren-of-royal-titles |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Her son, Joachim, daughter-in-law, [[Princess Marie of Denmark|Marie]], former daughter-in-law, [[Alexandra, Countess of Frederiksborg|Alexandra]], and eldest grandson, [[Count Nikolai of Monpezat|Nikolai]], publicly expressed shock and confusion because of the decision,<ref>[https://www.euronews.com/2022/09/29/shocked-and-confused-denmarks-queen-strips-royal-titles-from-grandchildren 'Shocked and confused': Denmark's queen strips royal titles from grandchildren] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930000333/https://www.euronews.com/2022/09/29/shocked-and-confused-denmarks-queen-strips-royal-titles-from-grandchildren |date=30 September 2022 }}, Euronews, 29 September 2022.</ref> after which Margrethe released a statement in which she said that it saddened her that she had upset Joachim's family.<ref>[https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/04/denmark-queen-margrethe-sorry-family-upset-grandchildren-royal-titles Denmark's Queen says sorry for family upset caused by taking away titles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019015542/https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/04/denmark-queen-margrethe-sorry-family-upset-grandchildren-royal-titles |date=19 October 2022 }}, The Guardian, 4 October 2022.</ref>

Along with her late husband, Margrethe has kept [[dachshund]]s since the 1970s.<ref name="facts"/> She currently has one dog, the dachshund Tilia, who was Prince Henrik's dog until his death in 2018.

==Reign==

===Accession===
Shortly after [[King Frederik IX]] delivered his New Year's Address to the Nation at the 1971/72 turn of the year, he fell ill, and died 14 days later on 14 January 1972. Margrethe succeeded to the throne at the age of 31, becoming the first female [[Danish Realm|Danish]] [[monarch|sovereign]] under the new Act of Succession. She was proclaimed Queen from the balcony of [[Christiansborg Palace]] 15 January 1972 by Prime Minister [[Jens Otto Krag]]. Queen Margrethe II relinquished all the monarch's former titles except the title to [[Denmark]], hence her style "[[By the Grace of God]], Queen of Denmark" ({{lang-da|Margrethe den Anden, af Guds Nåde Danmarks Dronning}}). The Queen chose the [[Royal mottos of Danish monarchs|motto]]: ''God's help, the love of The People, Denmark's strength.''<ref name="Margrethe and Henrik Biography"/> She chose to be known as Margrethe '''II''' in recognition of the 14th century Danish regent, [[Margaret I of Denmark|Margrethe]], who has been publicly known as ''Queen Margrethe'' despite never being crowned.<ref name="facts"/>

In her first address to the people, Queen Margrethe II said: {{blockquote|My beloved father, our King, is dead. The task that my father had carried for nearly 25 years is now resting on my shoulders. I pray to God to give me help and strength to carry the heavy heritage. May the trust that was given to my father also be granted to me.<ref name="radical royalist">{{cite web|url=http://radicalroyalist.blogspot.com.br/2012_01_01_archive.html#post-body-3282259268133616607|work=Radical Royalist|title=Queen Margrethe II of Denmark 40 years on the Throne|date=13 January 2012|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807021558/http://radicalroyalist.blogspot.com.br/2012_01_01_archive.html#post-body-3282259268133616607|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

===Constitutional role===
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in Denmark 27 April 2010-4.jpeg|thumb|left|Margrethe hosting Russian President Dmitry Medvedev in Denmark, April 2010]]

The Queen's main tasks were to represent the Kingdom abroad and to be a unifying figure at home. She performs the latter by opening exhibitions, attending anniversaries and inaugurating bridges, among other things. She receives foreign ambassadors and awards honours and medals.

As a constitutional sovereign, the Queen took no part in party politics and does not express any political opinions. Although she had the right to vote, she opted not to do so to avoid even the appearance of partisanship.<ref name=r1/>

The Queen held a meeting with the [[Prime Minister of Denmark|prime minister]] and the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Denmark)|foreign affairs minister]] every Wednesday, unless she or the prime minister was outside of the [[Kingdom of Denmark|kingdom]].

After an election where the incumbent prime minister does not have a majority behind him or her, the Queen held a "Dronningerunde" (Queen's meeting) in which she met the chairmen of each of the [[Danish political parties]].<ref name=Todays>{{cite web |url=http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-monarchy-in-denmark/the-monarchy-today |title=The Monarchy today |publisher=Kongehuset.dk |access-date=11 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215082552/http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-monarchy-in-denmark/the-monarchy-today |archive-date=15 February 2015 }}</ref>

[[File:P060811SA-0016 (5813178454).jpg|thumb|Margrethe with Michelle Obama at the White House, June 2011]]

Each party has the choice of selecting a royal investigator to lead these negotiations or alternatively, give the incumbent prime minister the mandate to continue his or her government as is. In theory each party could choose its own leader as royal investigator, as the social liberal {{Lang|da|[[Det Radikale Venstre]]|italic=no}} did in 2006, but often only one royal investigator is chosen plus the prime minister, before each election. The leader who, at that meeting succeeds in securing a majority of the seats in the [[Folketing]], is by royal decree charged with the task of forming a new government. (No party has held an absolute majority in the Folketing since 1903.)

Once the government had been formed, it was formally appointed by the Queen. Officially, it was the Queen who was the [[head of state]], and she therefore presided over the Council of State ([[privy council]]), where the acts of legislation which have been passed by the parliament are signed into law. In practice, nearly all of the Queen's formal powers were exercised by the [[Cabinet of Denmark]].

It was customary for Margrethe as the Danish monarch to host annual New Year [[Levee (ceremony)|levées]]. Every year on 1 January, a banquet was held for the government, the Speaker of the [[Danish Parliament]], representatives of official Denmark and the Royal Court at Christian VIII's Palace at [[Amalienborg]]. On day 2, a levée was held at Christian VIII's Palace for the justices of [[Supreme Court of Denmark]] and the Officer Corps of [[Royal Life Guards (Denmark)|The Royal Life Guards]] and [[Guard Hussar Regiment (Denmark)|The Guard Hussar Regiment]], while a levée for the diplomatic corps will be held at [[Christiansborg Palace]] afterwards. On day 3, a New Year's levee was held for officers from the Defence and the Danish Emergency Management Agency, the I., II. and III. ranking classes as well as invited representatives of major national organisations and the royal patronages.<ref name=nytår>{{cite web |url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/monarkiet-i-danmark/begivenheder-i-kongehuset/nytarstafler-og-kure |title=Nytårstafler og -kure |publisher=Kongehuset.dk |language=Danish |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102070641/https://www.kongehuset.dk/monarkiet-i-danmark/begivenheder-i-kongehuset/nytarstafler-og-kure |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Official duties===

Up to the end of her reign, she held 72 Danish and 8 foreign patronages as Queen, including [[Aarhus Festuge]], [[ARoS Aarhus Kunstmuseum]], [[DaneAge Association]], [[Danes Worldwide]], the {{ill|Dyrenes Beskyttelse|da|lt=Danish Animal Welfare Society}}, the {{ill|Kræftens Bekæmpelse|da|lt=Danish Cancer Society}}, [[Den Gamle By]], [[Det Classenske Fideicommis]], the {{ill|Det Danske Bibelselskab|da|lt=Danish Bible Society}}, [[Det Kongelige Vajsenhus]], [[Diakonissestiftelsen]], [[Foreningen Norden]], [[Land of Legends (Sagnlandet Lejre)]], [[M/S Maritime Museum of Denmark]], [[Moesgaard Museum]], [[National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark]], [[Nyborg Slot]], [[Rebild National Park]], the [[Royal Danish Academy of Music]], [[Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters]], [[Royal Danish Yacht Club]], {{ill|Rungstedlundfonden|da|lt=Rungstedlund Foundation}}, [[Sankt Lukas Stiftelsen]], [[Vallø stift]] and [[Vemmetofte]].<ref name=patron>{{cite web |url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/den-kongelige-familie/h-m-dronningen#protektioner-og-aereshverv |title=Protektioner og æreshverv |publisher=Kongehuset.dk |language=Danish |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102045718/https://www.kongehuset.dk/den-kongelige-familie/h-m-dronningen#protektioner-og-aereshverv |url-status=live }}</ref>

A pillar of Margrethe's reign was an intricate knowledge of and connection to all parts of the [[Danish Realm]]. In 2016, she contributed to a book about Denmark's history.<ref name=hist>{{cite web |url=https://www.thelocal.dk/20161019/danish-queen-writes-history-of-her-nation |title=Denmark's Queen to publish history of the nation |publisher=[[The Local]] |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102045718/https://www.thelocal.dk/20161019/danish-queen-writes-history-of-her-nation |url-status=live }}</ref>

Queen Margrethe is [[colonel-in-chief]] of the [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment (Queen's and Royal Hampshires)]], an infantry regiment of the [[British Army]], following a tradition dating back to 1906 when [[Edward VII]], married to [[Alexandra of Denmark]], appointed his brother-in-law, [[Frederik VIII of Denmark]], colonel-in-chief of the then [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)]].<ref name=r1/><ref name=CiC>{{cite web |url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/connection-with-the-princess-of-wales-royal-regiment |title=Connection with The Princess of Wales Royal Regiment |publisher=Kongehuset.dk |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701032854/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/connection-with-the-princess-of-wales-royal-regiment |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Residences===

As Queen, her official residences were [[Amalienborg Palace]] (where she resides in Christian IX's Palace) in Copenhagen and [[Fredensborg Palace]] near [[Hillerød]]. Her summer residences were [[Marselisborg Palace]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2011|title=Marselisborg Slot|trans-title=Marselisborg Castle|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/slotte-og-kongeskibet/marselisborg-slot|access-date=16 April 2021|website=Kongehuset.dk|language=da|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416170302/https://www.kongehuset.dk/slotte-og-kongeskibet/marselisborg-slot|url-status=live}}</ref> near [[Aarhus]] and [[Gråsten Palace]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 December 2011|title=Graasten Slot|trans-title=Graasten Castle|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/slotte-og-kongeskibet/grasten-slot|access-date=16 April 2021|website=Kongehuset.dk|language=da|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416165902/https://www.kongehuset.dk/slotte-og-kongeskibet/grasten-slot|url-status=live}}</ref> near [[Sønderborg]], the former home of her mother, Queen Ingrid, who died in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kongeligeslotte.dk/en/palaces-and-gardens/graasten-palace-and-palace-gardens.html |title=Graasten Palace and Palace Gardens |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114065503/https://kongeligeslotte.dk/en/palaces-and-gardens/graasten-palace-and-palace-gardens.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Silver and Ruby Jubilees===

{{multiple image
|align = right
|total_width = 230
|perrow =
|image1 = Faroe stamp 302 Queen Margrethe.jpg
|image2 = Stamps of the Faroe Islands-2012-01.jpg
|footer = Faroese stamps marking the Queen's silver jubilee in 1997 (left), and her ruby jubilee in 2012 (right)
}}

Queen Margrethe II marked her [[Silver Jubilee]] in 1997 with a religious service and a gala dinner attended by fellow Scandinavian royals.<ref name="central-jubilee">{{cite web|url=https://royalcentral.co.uk/europe/the-other-queen-celebrating-a-jubilee-in-2022-152719/|title=The other Queen celebrating a jubilee in 2022|work=Royal Central|first=Jess|last=Ilse|date=20 November 2020|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414181317/https://royalcentral.co.uk/europe/the-other-queen-celebrating-a-jubilee-in-2022-152719/|url-status=live}}</ref> She celebrated her [[Ruby Jubilee]], the 40th year on the throne, on 14 January 2012.<ref name=BBC40>{{cite news |title=Queen Margrethe II of Denmark marks 40 years on the throne |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16531823 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314221949/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-16531823 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was marked by a church service, concert, carriage procession, gala banquet at [[Christiansborg Palace]] and numerous TV interviews.<ref name="central-jubilee"/>

===Immigration debate===

In her annual New Year's Eve address in 1984, the Queen addressed the [[xenophobia]] experienced by many immigrants in Denmark: {{blockquote|We have the peace, the free political life and social relations that make our country a sought-after haven for many. Refugees from very different backgrounds come here, sometimes injured in both mind and body. We welcome them and are probably also a little proud that they have chosen our little paradise, but when we see them fumbling with our way of life and our language, hospitality becomes difficult all too quickly, and disappointment sets in on both sides. There are also others who have felt that, namely the [[Guest worker program|guest workers]] and their families (...) Then we come with our 'Danish humour' and little cocky remarks. Then we meet them with coolness, and then it is not far to harassment and rougher methods – we cannot allow that. If we want the new year to be better than the old, then here is a good place to start.}}

The term "dumsmarte bemærkninger" ("cocky remarks", or directly translated "dumb-slick remarks") has since become an integrated part of the Danish vocabulary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=dumsmart — Den Danske Ordbog |url=https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=dumsmarte |language=Danish |access-date=2 January 2024 |website=ordnet.dk |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102052509/https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=dumsmarte |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an interview within the 2016 book ''De dybeste rødder'' (''The Deepest Roots''), according to historians at the [[South Campus (University of Copenhagen)|Saxo Institute]] of the [[University of Copenhagen]] she showed a change in attitude to immigration towards a more conservative stance. She stated that the Danish people should have more explicitly clarified the rules and values of [[Danish culture]] in order to be able to teach them to new arrivals. She further stated that the Danes in general have underestimated the difficulties involved in successful integration of immigrants, exemplified with the rules of a democracy not being clarified to Muslim immigrants and a lack of readiness to enforce those rules. This was received as a change in line with the attitude of the Danish people.<ref name="tv2_dk_23October2016">{{cite news|title=Historiker om Margrethes danskheds-udtalelse: – Hun har fulgt folkesjælens bekymringer|url=http://nyheder.tv2.dk/politik/2016-10-23-historiker-om-margrethes-danskheds-udtalelse-hun-har-fulgt-folkesjaelens|access-date=25 October 2016|publisher=[[TV2 (Denmark)]]|date=23 October 2016|archive-date=10 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610175255/https://nyheder.tv2.dk/politik/2016-10-23-historiker-om-margrethes-danskheds-udtalelse-hun-har-fulgt-folkesjaelens|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="b_dk_22October2016">{{cite news|title=Dronning Margrethe om integration: "Det er ikke en naturlov, at man bliver dansker af at bo i Danmark"|url=http://www.b.dk/politiko/dronning-margrethe-om-integration-det-er-ikke-en-naturlov-at-man-bliver-dans|access-date=25 October 2016|newspaper=[[Berlingske Tidende]]|date=22 October 2016|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803074024/https://www.b.dk/politiko/dronning-margrethe-om-integration-det-er-ikke-en-naturlov-at-man-bliver-dans|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Golden Jubilee===
{{Main|Golden Jubilee of Margrethe II}}
[[File:Dronning Margrethe og Sophie Hæstorp Andersen på Københavns Rådhus 03.jpg|thumb|Margrethe waving to the crowd from balcony of the Town Hall of Copenhagen during her Golden Jubilee celebrations, 2022]]

The Queen's [[Golden Jubilee]] was marked on 14 January 2022, with celebrations to take place later in the year. In September, following the [[death of Queen Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom, it was announced by the Royal House that it was "Her Majesty The Queen's wish that a number of adjustments be made" to the upcoming celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/modified-celebration-of-the-50th-jubilee-of-hm-the-queen%E2%80%99s-accession-to-the-throne|title=Modified celebration of the 50th Jubilee of HM The Queen's Accession to the Throne|work=The Royal House|date=9 September 2022|access-date=1 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205175653/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/modified-celebration-of-the-50th-jubilee-of-hm-the-queen%E2%80%99s-accession-to-the-throne|url-status=live}}</ref>

From Elizabeth II's death until her abdication, Margrethe was Europe's longest-reigning current monarch, the world's only [[queen regnant]], and the longest-serving incumbent female head of state.<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|title=Margrethe II: Who is the chain-smoking, fashion-forward Queen of Denmark?|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/queen-margrethe-ii-denmark-who-b2471599.html|date=1 January 2024|work=Independent|access-date=2 January 2024|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101015706/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/queen-margrethe-ii-denmark-who-b2471599.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sitting reign record ===
In July 2023, the [[Danish royal family|Danish Royal House]] recognized Margrethe II as Denmark's longest reigning sitting monarch.<ref name=reign>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/queen-margrethe-makes-history-longest-reigning-monarch-denmark-7562644|title=Queen Margrethe Just Made History as Denmark's Longest-Reigning Monarch — See the New Record|first=David|last=Chiu|publisher=People|date=18 July 2023|access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref><ref name=sittingmonarch>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/queen-margrethe-denmarks-uniting-figure-set-step-down-throne-2024-01-11/|title=Queen Margrethe, Denmark's uniting figure, set to step down from throne|first1=Louise|last1=Rasmussen|first2=Johannes|last2=Birkebaek|publisher=Reuters|date=January 11, 2024|access-date=January 15, 2024}}</ref> Though [[Christian IV]] reigned for over 59 years between 1588 and 1648, he was not officially installed until 1596, ruling with a "guardian government" up until then.<ref name=reign />

=== Abdication ===
{{main|Abdication of Margrethe II}}

In her annual live broadcast New Year's Eve address on 31 December 2023, Margrethe announced her abdication, which took place on 14 January 2024, the 52nd anniversary of her accession to the throne.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67854395 |title=Queen of Denmark announces abdication live on TV |date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231173513/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67854395 |url-status=live }}</ref> She said that time had taken its "toll", that her number of "ailments" had increased, and that she cannot undertake as many duties as in the past. She cited her extensive back surgery in February 2023, and said that the operation made her reassess her position and consider "whether now would be an appropriate time to pass on the responsibility to the next generation".<ref name=speech>{{cite web|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/read-hm-the-queens-new-year-address-2023|title=Read HM The Queen's New Year Address 2023|date=31 December 2023|work=kongehuset.dk|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101040453/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/read-hm-the-queens-new-year-address-2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

She was succeeded by her elder son, Frederik, as King [[Frederik X]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nrk.no/norge/dronning-margrethe-av-danmark-gar-av-1.16697543 |title=Dronning Margrethe av Danmark går av |first=Silja Björklund |last=Einarsdóttir |date=31 December 2023 |website=NRK |access-date=31 December 2023 |archive-date=31 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231174727/https://www.nrk.no/norge/dronning-margrethe-av-danmark-gar-av-1.16697543 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2023 |title=Missede du det store øjeblik? Se hele dronning Margrethes tale her |url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/seneste/missede-du-det-store-oejeblik-se-hele-dronning-margrethes-tale-her |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=DR |language=da-DK |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101235323/https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/seneste/missede-du-det-store-oejeblik-se-hele-dronning-margrethes-tale-her |url-status=live }}</ref> Mirroring her first New Year Address in 1972, she said of the succession: "The support and assistance which I have received throughout the years, have been crucial to the success of my task. It is my hope that the new King and Queen will be met with the same trust and devotion which have fallen to my lot."<ref name=speech/>

Since her abdication, she has been referred to as "Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II" or "Her Majesty Queen Margrethe".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-queen-margrethe/|title=HM Queen Margrethe|date=15 January 2024|work=kongehuset.dk|access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/changes-in-the-titles-of-the-royal-family|title=Changes in the titles of The Royal Family|date=2 January 2024|work=kongehuset.dk|access-date=3 January 2024|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103011235/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/changes-in-the-titles-of-the-royal-family|url-status=live}}</ref> Margrethe is eligible to serve as regent in the event of the incapacity or absence of the King and Crown Prince Christian. As regent, Margrethe can perform the duties of the head of state on certain occasions, for example during Frederik and Christian's stays abroad.<ref>{{cite web|title=HM The Queen will be able to be installed as acting regent|date=10 January 2024|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/hm-the-queen-will-be-able-to-be-installed-as-acting-regent|work=kongehuset.dk|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114235451/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/hm-the-queen-will-be-able-to-be-installed-as-acting-regent|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Health==

Queen Margrethe has had a number of health issues. During the 1990s and early 2000s, she underwent several operations on her right knee due to injuries and [[osteoarthritis]]. In 1994, she was treated for [[cervical cancer]].<ref>{{cite news | title=Slidgigt, allergi og kræft | url=https://www.bt.dk/nyheder/slidgigt-allergi-og-kraeft | publisher=BT | date=27 December 2001 | access-date=27 September 2022 | archive-date=26 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926232245/https://www.bt.dk/nyheder/slidgigt-allergi-og-kraeft | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, she underwent a 4.5 hour long operation for [[spinal stenosis]].<ref name="spinalstenose">{{Cite web|title=Dronning Margrethe er begyndt genoptræning|url=https://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE15144930/dronning-margrethe-er-begyndt-genoptraening/|access-date=24 February 2023|website=Berlingske|date=23 February 2023|archive-date=23 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223234443/https://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE15144930/dronning-margrethe-er-begyndt-genoptraening/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 9 February 2022, the Danish court disclosed in a press release that the Queen had contracted [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=HM The Queen has tested positive for COVID-19|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/her-majesty-the-queen-has-tested-positive-for-covid-19|access-date=9 February 2022|website=www.kongehuset.dk|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421114143/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/her-majesty-the-queen-has-tested-positive-for-covid-19|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13 February, the Queen could leave home isolation after having had a mild case of the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=H.M. Dronningen kan ophæve sin isolation|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/nyheder/h-m-dronningen-kan-ophaeve-sin-isolation|access-date=13 February 2022|website=www.kongehuset.dk|trans-title=HM The Queen can lift her isolation|archive-date=13 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213200234/https://www.kongehuset.dk/nyheder/h-m-dronningen-kan-ophaeve-sin-isolation|url-status=live}}</ref> On 21 September 2022, the Danish Royal House disclosed in a press release that Margrethe had again contracted COVID-19, after attending the [[funeral of Elizabeth II]], her third cousin, in London.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2022 |title=Queen of Denmark tests positive to COVID-19 after attending funeral of Queen Elizabeth II |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-22/queen-denmark-tests-positive-covid/101464642 |access-date=21 September 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921234234/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-22/queen-denmark-tests-positive-covid/101464642 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Danish queen tests positive after UK monarch's funeral |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/danish-queen-tests-positive-uk-monarchs-funeral-90259444 |access-date=21 September 2022 |website=ABC News |language= |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921234230/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/danish-queen-tests-positive-uk-monarchs-funeral-90259444 |url-status=live }}</ref> She left home isolation on 26 September and resumed her official duties immediately, stating that she felt fine.<ref>{{cite news | title=Dronning Margrethe er ude af coronaisolation – har det "fint, fint" | url=https://nyheder.tv2.dk/samfund/2022-09-26-dronning-margrethe-er-ude-af-coronaisolation-har-det-fint-fint | publisher=TV2 | date=26 September 2022 | access-date=27 September 2022 | archive-date=26 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926232246/https://nyheder.tv2.dk/samfund/2022-09-26-dronning-margrethe-er-ude-af-coronaisolation-har-det-fint-fint | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 22 February 2023, the Queen underwent "major back surgery" at [[Rigshospitalet]] due to continued back pain.<ref name="back-surgery">{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/crown-prince-frederik-queen-margrethe-ii-denmark-europe-2d4d5120ec84520dd6e2d6d72031459b|title=Danish queen to undergo 'major back surgery'|work=AP News|date=8 February 2023|access-date=8 February 2023|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208162357/https://apnews.com/article/crown-prince-frederik-queen-margrethe-ii-denmark-europe-2d4d5120ec84520dd6e2d6d72031459b|url-status=live}}</ref> In a statement the following day, a representative for the Queen said that the surgery had gone well and that she had already been up for a walk.<ref name="spinalstenose"/> She was discharged from the hospital on 2 March,<ref name="back-surgery"/><ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Danish queen discharged from hospital after back surgery |url=https://apnews.com/article/denmark-queen-margrethe-surgery-7aa7f5d8f5946660c8cf7b3fc59afb9a |work=AP News |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511031803/https://apnews.com/article/denmark-queen-margrethe-surgery-7aa7f5d8f5946660c8cf7b3fc59afb9a |url-status=live }}</ref> and returned from sick leave on her birthday on 16 April.

[[File:Crown-princess Margrethe and Henri de Monpezat 1966.jpg|thumb|Henrik lighting a cigarette for Margrethe, 1966]]

Margrethe has been a [[chain smoker]] and is well known for her tobacco habit.<ref name=cancer>{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1235946.stm|title= Danish royals angry at cancer accusation|work= bbc.co.uk|publisher= BBC News|date= 23 March 2001|first= Julian|last= Isherwood|access-date= 11 December 2014|archive-date= 7 August 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170807025601/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1235946.stm|url-status= live}}</ref> On 23 November 2006, the Danish newspaper ''B.T.'' printed an announcement from the Royal Court that the Queen would henceforth smoke only in private. She has not smoked since her spinal surgery in February 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bt.dk/article/20061123/ROYALT/111230530/1058 |title=Margrethe skruer ned for røgen | website= bt.dk| date= 26 November 2006 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071016113125/http://www.bt.dk/article/20061123/ROYALT/111230530/1058 |archive-date=16 October 2007| access-date=7 May 2014}}</ref>

==Public image and style==
[[File:Hendes Majestæt Dronningen i Kolding 01.jpg|thumb|Margrethe wearing her famous yellow and floral raincoat, which was sewn out of a waxy outdoor tablecloth<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billedbladet.dk/kongelige/danmark/hemmeligheden-bag-dronning-margrethes-blomstrede-regnfrakke|date=19 July 2017|title=Hemmeligheden bag dronning Margrethes blomstrede regnfrakke|work=Billed Bladet|access-date=2 January 2024|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102151140/https://www.billedbladet.dk/kongelige/danmark/hemmeligheden-bag-dronning-margrethes-blomstrede-regnfrakke|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=As Queen Margrethe Of Denmark Announces Her Surprise Abdication, A Look Back At Her Eccentric Royal Style|work=British Vogue|date=2 January 2024|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/queen-margrethe-of-denmark-style|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419180110/https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/queen-margrethe-of-denmark-style|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Margrethe wears designs by former [[Pierre Balmain]] designer Erik Mortensen, [[Jørgen Bender]], and Birgitte Taulow.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} In March 2013, ''[[The Guardian]]'' listed her as one of the fifty best-dressed over 50s.<ref name= Guardian>{{cite news|title=The 50 best-dressed over 50s|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2013/mar/29/50-best-dressed-over-50s|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|location=[[Manchester]], UK|first1=Jess|last1=Cartner-Morley|first2=Helen|last2=Mirren|first3=Arianna|last3=Huffington|first4=Valerie|last4=Amos|date=28 March 2013|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-date=20 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420140223/http://www.theguardian.com/fashion/gallery/2013/mar/29/50-best-dressed-over-50s|url-status=live}}</ref> In connection with her 80th birthday, [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']] published an article calling her "An Unsung Style Heroine."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Madsen |first1=Anders Christian |title=Meet Queen Margrethe Of Denmark, An Unsung Style Heroine |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/queen-margrethe-of-denmark-style |access-date=26 April 2021 |work=[[British Vogue]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419180110/https://www.vogue.co.uk/fashion/article/queen-margrethe-of-denmark-style |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Queen has been depicted on the annual [[Julemærkefonden|Christmas seal]] twice. As a child in 1942 and after her accession to the throne in 1972.<ref name="facts"/> In 1985, [[Andy Warhol]] depicted Margrethe on [[silkscreen]] as a part of his [[Reigning Queens]] series.

==Personal interests==
===Archaeology===

Margrethe is known for her strong [[archaeological]] passion and has participated in several [[excavations]], including in Italy, Egypt, Denmark and South America.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scocozza|first=Benito|title=Politikens bog om danske monarker|date=1997|publisher=Politiken|isbn=87-567-5772-7|edition=1. udg|location=København|pages=204–205|oclc=57288915}}</ref> She shared this interest with her grandfather, [[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden]], with whom she spent some time unearthing [[Artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] near [[Etruria]] in 1962.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Burke's Royal Families of the World.|publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited|year=1977|isbn=0-85011-023-8|editor-last=Montgomery-Massingberd|editor-first=Hugh|series=MCMLXXVII|volume=I|location=London|pages=62–63|oclc=18496936}}</ref>

===Church textiles===

Since the 1970s, Margrethe has designed and embroidered several vestments and church textiles for churches in Denmark, Greenland, Germany and England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/church-textiles/ |title=Church textiles |work=Kongehuset.dk |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102061310/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/church-textiles/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She has designed a [[chasuble]] for [[Fredensborg Palace]] Church which was since embroidered by her mother, Queen Ingrid, and [[Appliqué|appliquéd]] by her sister, Princess Benedikte. The textile was presented to the church on its 250th anniversary in 1976. In 1989, Margrethe designed the bishop's robe for the [[Diocese of Viborg]]. In 2017, she designed the antependium for the [[All Saints' Church, Wittenberg|All Saints' Church]] in [[Wittenberg]], Germany. In 2020, she designed the chasuble for the [[Nordic churches in London#Danish Church|Danish Church of St Katharine]] in [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], London.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/hm-the-queen-has-created-a-new-chasuble-for-the-danish-church-in-london |title=HM The Queen has created a new chasuble for the Danish Church in London |work=Kongehuset.dk |date=6 December 2020 |access-date=2 January 2024 |archive-date=2 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102061315/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/hm-the-queen-has-created-a-new-chasuble-for-the-danish-church-in-london |url-status=live }}</ref>

In addition to the church textiles, Margrethe has various other things, including an altarpiece for Skei Mountain Church in Norway, a Christmas spoon, the annual Danish Christmas seals in 1970, 2003 and 2015, and Greenland's Christmas seal in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/decorations-and-design/|access-date=2 January 2024|title=Decorations and design|work=kongehuset.dk|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102145047/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/decorations-and-design/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Découpage===

Since the mid-1970s, Margrethe has been using the découpage technique, which involves combining clippings from periodicals and books for new motifs. This technique is used in auction catalogues, home magazines, and furniture decorations. The découpage often references literary, mythological, or art-historical topics, and is often displayed in royal palaces, particularly Christian VII's Palace at Amalienborg. Sealed with a protective lacquer, the Queen's découpage works generally have references to literary, mythological or art-historical topics.<ref name=decou>{{cite web|title=Découpage|date=2 January 2024|work=kongehuset.dk|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/decoupage/|access-date=2 January 2024|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102145047/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/decoupage/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Margrethe's découpage works have also been used in various books and films, including Prince Henrik's poetry collections ''Cantabile'' (2000) and ''Frihjul'' (2010).<ref name=decou/>

===Embroidery===

As a child, Margrethe preferred drawing rather than needlework, but since 1960, numerous embroideries have been presented as gifts or used in the Queen's own rooms. The embroideries are made from patterns that Margrethe herself creates on graph paper, which includes twining shapes and the recipient's monogram. The Queen has designed several embroideries for the Danish Handcraft Guild, including patterns for calendars, cushion covers and dinner mats. Margrethe has also designed evening bags and spectacle cases for friends and family members, including Christmas calendars for all of the grandchildren, cushion covers and furniture covers for the palaces, and fireplace screens for Fredensborg Palace.<ref name=emb>{{cite web|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/embroideries/|work=kongehuset.dk|access-date=2 January 2024|title=Embroideries|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102145047/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/embroideries/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Queen's private embroideries were exhibited at Koldinghus Castle in 2021.<ref name=emb/>

===Films===

The Queen has worked as a screenwriter alongside Per Brink Abrahamsen on the two [[Hans Christian Andersen]] adaptations {{ill|Snedronningen (film fra 2000)|da|lt=''The Snow Queen''}} from 2000 and {{ill|De vilde svaner (film fra 2009)|da|lt=''The Wild Swans''}} from 2009. Additionally, she narrated the former and made an uncredited acting cameo as a "member of the mob" in the latter.

Using [[decoupage]] as her primary craft, she has also been a set designer for:

* ''{{ill|Snedronningen (film fra 2000)|da|lt=The Snow Queen}}'' (2000)
* ''{{ill|De vilde svaner (film fra 2009)|da|lt=The Wild Swans}}'' (2009)
* ''[[Ehrengard: The Art of Seduction]]'' (2023)

For her work on ''Ehrengard: The Art of Seduction'', Margrethe won the [[Robert Awards|Robert Award]] for [[Robert Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] at the 41st Robert Awards on 3 February 2024. She was also nominated in the category [[Robert Award for Best Production Design|Best Production Design]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.billedbladet.dk/kongelige/danmark/vild-nyhed-lige-inden-tronskifte-dronning-margrethe-nomineret-til-stor-pris |title=Vild nyhed lige inden tronskifte: Dronning Margrethe nomineret til stor pris |date=9 January 2024 |website=[[Billed Bladet]] |language=Danish |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109124052/https://www.billedbladet.dk/kongelige/danmark/vild-nyhed-lige-inden-tronskifte-dronning-margrethe-nomineret-til-stor-pris |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Monograms===

{{multiple image
|align = right
|total_width = 230
|perrow =
|image1 = Royal Monogram of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark.svg
|image2 = Private Monogram of Queen Margrethe of Denmark.svg
|footer = Margrethe's royal monogram (left) and her personal monogram (right)
}}

In 2004, Margrethe designed the official monogram of her second cousin twice removed, [[Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/jP9bl9/dronning-margrethe-tegnet-ingrid-alexandras-monogram |title=Dronning Margrethe tegnet Ingrid Alexandras monogram |website=[[Verdens Gang|VG]] |date=13 April 2004 |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225075010/https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/jP9bl9/dronning-margrethe-tegnet-ingrid-alexandras-monogram |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also designed her own personal monogram; the personal monograms of her son [[Frederik X]], daughter-in-law [[Queen Mary of Denmark|Mary]] and grandson [[Christian, Crown Prince of Denmark|Christian]]; as well as the joint monograms of the Danish Crown Prince couple as well as the Norwegian Crown Prince couple, her godson [[Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway]], and his wife [[Mette-Marit]].

===Scenography and costume design===

Over the years, Margrethe has become involved in ballet as a scenographer and costume designer.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2 January 2024|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/scenography-and-costume-design/|title=Scenography and costume design|work=kongehuset.dk|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102145048/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/scenography-and-costume-design/|url-status=live}}</ref> She designed the costumes for the [[Royal Danish Ballet]]'s production of ''[[A Folk Tale]]'' and for the 2009 [[Peter Flinth]] film, ''De vilde svaner'' (''The Wild Swans'').<ref name=r1>{{cite web|url=http://kongehuset.dk/english/the-royal-house/Regentparret/hm-the-queen|website=Kongehuset.dk|title=Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=7 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207154028/http://kongehuset.dk/english/The-Royal-House/Regentparret/hm-the-queen}}</ref><ref name=Imdb>{{cite web| url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1499643/| title= De vilde svaner (2009)| website= [[Internet Movie Database]]| access-date= 11 December 2014| archive-date= 15 September 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140915135055/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1499643/| url-status= live}}</ref> She also designs her own clothes and is known for her colourful and sometimes eccentric clothing choices. The Queen designed 51 costumes for the 2023 film ''[[Ehrengard: The Art of Seduction]]'' as well as 81 decoupages that were the basis for the sets.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/aug/31/queen-of-denmark-margrethe-ii-set-designer-netflix-ehrengard-karen-blixen ''The Guardian'', "Queen of Denmark hired as set designer on new Netflix film", 31 August 2021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027171352/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/aug/31/queen-of-denmark-margrethe-ii-set-designer-netflix-ehrengard-karen-blixen |date=27 October 2023 }}. Retrieved 27 October 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/style/ehrengard-queen-margrethe-netflix.html ''The New York Times'', "Scream Queen? More Like Steam Queen", 10 October 2023] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027171352/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/style/ehrengard-queen-margrethe-netflix.html |date=27 October 2023 }}. Retrieved 27 October 2023.</ref>

Margrethe has designed sets and costumes for numerous ballets. Since 2001, she has worked with the [[Tivoli Gardens|Tivoli]] Ballet Theatre:<ref>{{cite news |title=Scenografi og kostumer |url=https://www.tivoli.dk/da/kultur-og-program/teater/2023/snedronningen?tab=scenografiogkostumer |work=Tivoli |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214233107/https://www.tivoli.dk/da/kultur-og-program/teater/2023/snedronningen?tab=scenografiogkostumer |url-status=live }}</ref>

* 1991: ''[[A Folk Tale]]'', [[Royal Danish Theatre]]
* 2005 & 2011: ''[[Thumbelina]]'', [[Pantomimeteatret]]
* 2007, 2013 & 2018: ''[[The Tinderbox]]'', [[Pantomimeteatret]]
* 2009: ''[[The Swineherd]]'', [[Pantomimeteatret]]
* 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 & 2022: ''[[The Nutcracker]]'', [[Tivoli Concert Hall]]
* 2013: ''[[The Steadfast Tin Soldier]]'', [[Pantomimeteatret]]
* 2016: ''[[Cinderella]]'', [[Pantomimeteatret]]
* 2019, 2021 & 2023: ''[[The Snow Queen]]'', [[Tivoli Concert Hall]]
* 2024: ''[[Blockhead Hans]]'', [[Pantomimeteatret]] (upcoming)<ref>{{cite news |title=Denmark's recently abdicated Queen Margrethe designs the costumes and set for a ballet |url=https://apnews.com/article/denmark-queen-margrethe-tivoli-ballet-f0a7fadd2a99f37cde7f5e0ae0c39f38 |work=Associated Press |access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>

===Visual art===
{{anchor|Ingahild Grathmer}}

{{further|Illustrating Tolkien#Margrethe II of Denmark}}

Margrethe is an accomplished painter and has exhibited many of her works over the years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/visual-art/|work=kongehuset.dk|title=Visual art|access-date=2 January 2024|archive-date=2 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102145048/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/hm-the-queen-s-artistic-work/visual-art/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2000, she illustrated Prince Henrik's [[Cantabile (book)|poetry collection ''Cantabile'']]. Under the title ''From mountains to coast'', she and her close friend, [[Queen Sonja of Norway]], exhibited selected works inspired by nature at the [[Barony Rosendal]] in 2015.

Under the pseudonym ''Ingahild Grathmer'' (the latter being an [[anagram]] for Margrethe and the former made up of her secondary names '''Ing'''rid, '''A'''lexandrine and Þór'''hild'''ur), her illustrations were used for Danish editions of ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', which she was encouraged to illustrate in the early 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/danish-queen-set-designer-on-a-new-netflix-film-ehrengard-1235005709/|title=The Danish Queen Will Be the Set Designer on a New Netflix Film|work=The Hollywood Reporter|first=Scott|last=Roxborough|date=31 August 2021|access-date=31 August 2021|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831110528/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/danish-queen-set-designer-on-a-new-netflix-film-ehrengard-1235005709/|url-status=live}}</ref> She sent them to [[J. R. R. Tolkien]], who was struck by the similarity of her drawings to his own style.<ref>{{cite web|title=One Queen to Rule Them All: Margrethe II of Denmark|url=https://nmwa.org/blog/artist-spotlight/one-queen-to-rule-them-all-margrethe-ii-of-denmark/|publisher=[[National Museum of Women in the Arts]]|access-date=1 January 2024|date=25 February 2013|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101160114/https://nmwa.org/blog/artist-spotlight/one-queen-to-rule-them-all-margrethe-ii-of-denmark/|url-status=live}}</ref> 

==Honours==
{{See also|List of honours of the Danish royal family by country}}

===National===
* {{flag|Denmark}}:
** 20 April 1947: Knight of the [[Order of the Elephant]] (R.E.)<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
*** 14 January 1972 – 14 January 2024: Sovereign of the Order of the Elephant
** 14 January 1972: Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Dannebrog]] (S.Kmd.)
*** 14 January 1972 – 14 January 2024: Sovereign of the Order of the Dannebrog
** Knight of the [[Dannebrogordenens Hæderstegn|Decoration of the Cross of Honour of the Dannebrog]] ('''D.Ht.''')<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage">{{cite web|website=Kongehuset.dk|url=http://kongehuset.dk/den-kongelige-familie/regentparret/hm-dronningen%3Fqt-view__node_revision__panel_pane_4%3D1&usg=ALkJrhiawHe9kVNevR1HE9jKFJNEXCIW_Q#qt-view__node_revision__panel_pane_4|title= Dekorationer|access-date= 24 June 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200616142812/http://kongehuset.dk/den-kongelige-familie/regentparret/hm-dronningen?qt-view__node_revision__panel_pane_4=1|archive-date= 16 June 2020}}</ref>
** [[List of orders, decorations, and medals of the Kingdom of Denmark#Royally Approved Orders and Medals|Homeguard Medal of Merit]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** [[Long Service Awards (Denmark)|25 years of Homeguard Service Medal]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** [[Badge of Honor of the League of Civil Defense|Medal of Honour of the League of Civil Defence]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** [[List of orders, decorations, and medals of the Kingdom of Denmark#Royally Approved Orders and Medals|Medal of Honour of the Reserve Officers League]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** [[List of orders, decorations, and medals of the Kingdom of Denmark|100th Anniversary Medal of the Birth of King Christian X]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** [[List of orders, decorations, and medals of the Kingdom of Denmark|50th Anniversary Medal of the arrival of Queen Ingrid to Denmark]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** [[List of orders, decorations, and medals of the Kingdom of Denmark|100th Anniversary Medal of the Birth of King Frederik IX]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** [[List of orders, decorations, and medals of the Kingdom of Denmark|Queen Ingrid Commemorative Medal]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Greenland}}:
** [[Nersornaat|Nersornaat Medal for Meritorious Service, 1st Class]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />

===Foreign===
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flag|Argentina}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Liberator San Martín]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Austria}}: Grand Cross, Special Class of the [[Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria|Order of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" /><ref>{{cite web| title=Bundeskanzler Anfragebeantwortung An die Präsidentin des Nationalrats| url=http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf| trans-title=Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour| language=de| website=Parlament.gv.at| page=168| access-date=1 November 2012| archive-date=7 August 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807055319/http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf| url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Belgium}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of Leopold I]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Brazil}}: Grand Cross Collar of the [[Order of the Southern Cross]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Stara Planina]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Chile}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Merit of Chile|Order of Merit]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Estonia}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Egypt}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Nile]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Finland}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|France}}: Grand Cross of the [[Legion of Honour|Order of the Legion of Honour]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Germany}}: Grand Cross, Special Class of the [[Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* Greece:
** {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece}} [[Greek Royal Family]]: Dame Grand Cross, Special Class of the [[Order of Saints Olga and Sophia|Royal Order of Saints Olga and Sophia]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** {{flag|Greece}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Redeemer]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Iceland}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Falcon]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" /><ref name=Iceland>{{cite web| title=Fálkaorðuhafar| trans-title=Holders of the Commander's Cross| url=http://falkadb.forseti.is/orduskra/fal03.php?term=Margrethe&sub=Leita| publisher=The President of Iceland| access-date=11 December 2014| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220225908/http://falkadb.forseti.is/orduskra/fal03.php?term=Margrethe&sub=Leita| archive-date=20 December 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Iran|1964}} [[Pahlavi Dynasty|Iranian Imperial Family]]: Dame Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Pleiades (Iran)|Imperial Order of the Pleiades]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Italy}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Japan}}:
** Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** Paulownia Dame Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Precious Crown]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Jordan}}: Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the [[Order of Al-Hussein bin Ali]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Latvia}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Three Stars]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Lithuania}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of Vytautas the Great]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" /><ref name=Lithuania>{{cite web|title=Apdovanojimai |trans-title=Awards Database |url=http://www.lrp.lt/lt/prezidento_veikla/apdovanojimai/apdovanojimai_256/p40.html |publisher=President of the Republic of Lithuania |access-date=11 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419212238/http://www.lrp.lt/lt/prezidento_veikla/apdovanojimai/apdovanojimai_256/p40.html |archive-date=19 April 2014}}</ref>
* {{flag|Luxembourg}}: Knight of the [[Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Mexico}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Aztec Eagle]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" /><ref name=Mexico>{{cite web|title=ACUERDO por el que se otorga a Su Majestad Margrethe II Reina de Dinamarca, la Condecoración de la Orden Mexicana del Aguila Azteca en el grado de Collar|trans-title=AGREEMENT that the Collar of the Order of the Aztec Eagle is awarded to Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II of Denmark|url=http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5029819&fecha=13/02/2008|date=13 February 2008|publisher=Secretariat of the Interior|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429184126/http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5029819&fecha=13/02/2008|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Morocco}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Ouissam Alaouite]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Netherlands Lion|Order of the Lion of the Netherlands]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Kingdom of Nepal}}: Member of the [[Nepal Pratap Bhaskara|Order of Honour]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Norway}}:
** Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of St. Olav|Order of Saint Olav]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** Recipient of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Norway|Silver Jubilee Medal of King Olav V]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** Recipient of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Norway|Silver Jubilee Medal of King Harald V]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Tildeling av Kong Harald Vs jubileumsmedalje 1991–2016|url=http://www.kongehuset.no/binfil/download2.php?tid=133159|website=Kongehuset|access-date=20 January 2016|language=no|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125143313/http://www.kongehuset.no/binfil/download2.php?tid=133159|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Poland}}:
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Order of the White Eagle]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** Grand Cross of the [[Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Portugal}}:
** Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Military Order of Saint James of the Sword]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Prince Henry]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Romania}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of the Star of Romania]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}: Collar of the [[Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Slovakia}}: Grand Cross of the [[Order of the White Double Cross]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Slovenia}}: Member 1st Class of the [[Order of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Spain}}:
** Knight of the [[Order of the Golden Fleece]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" /><ref name=Fleece>{{cite journal|title=REAL DECRETO 1948/1985. de 23 de octubre. por el Que se concede el Collar de la Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro a Su Majestad Margarita ll, Reina de Dinamarca|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1985/10/24/pdfs/A33619-33619.pdf|journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado|date=24 October 1985|trans-title=Her Majesty Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark is awarded the Collar of the Illustrious Order of the Golden Fleece|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002701/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1985/10/24/pdfs/A33619-33619.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
** Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Charles III]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" /><ref name=Carlos>{{cite journal|title=REAL DECRETO 738/1980, de 15 de marzo, por el que se concede el Collar de la Real y Muy Distinguida Orden de Carlos Ill a Su Majestad Margarita ll, Reina de Dinamarca|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1980/04/24/pdfs/A08890-08890.pdf|journal=Boletín Oficial del Estado|date=24 April 1980|trans-title=Royal Decree 738/1980 of 15 March, granting the Collar of the Royal and Most Distinguished Order of Carlos III Margarita ll to Her Majesty, Queen of Denmark|access-date=11 December 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101805/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1980/04/24/pdfs/A08890-08890.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sweden}}:
** Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Royal Order of the Seraphim]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** Recipient of the [[Swedish Royal Jubilee Commemorative Medals|85th Birthday Medal of King Gustaf VI Adolf]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** Recipient of the [[Swedish Royal Jubilee Commemorative Medals|40th Birthday Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** Recipient of King Carl XVI Gustaf's 70th Birthday Commemorative Sign<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|South Africa}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Order of Good Hope]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|South Korea}}: Grand Cross with Collar of the [[Grand Order of Mugunghwa]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|Thailand}}:
** Knight of the [[Order of the Rajamitrabhorn]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** Knight of the [[Order of the Royal House of Chakri]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}: Grand Cordon of the [http://medals.org.uk/abu-dhabi/abu-dhabi001.htm Order of Al Kamal]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
* {{flag|United Kingdom}}:
** Stranger Lady Companion of the [[Order of the Garter]] (7th Lady since 1901; 1979)<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
** Recipient of the [[Royal Victorian Chain]] (1974)<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
*{{flag|Yugoslavia}}: Great Star of the [[Order of the Yugoslav Star]]<ref name="QueenMargretheOrdersPage" />
}}

===Awards===

* '''2004:''' The Hans Christian Andersen Award Committee's Honorary Award<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/dronningen-faar-hcandersen-pris |title=Dronningen får H.C.Andersen-pris |date=23 January 2004 |website=[[DR (broadcaster)|DR]] |language=Danish |access-date=12 March 2024 }}</ref>
* '''2022:''' [[Foreningen Norden]]'s Nordic Language Prize<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://foreningen-norden.dk/dronning-margrethe-tildeles-foreningen-nordens-sprogpris/ |title=Dronning Margrethe tildeles Foreningen NORDENs sprogpris |date=8 September 2022 |website=[[Foreningen Norden]] |language=Danish |access-date=12 March 2024 }}</ref>
* '''2024:''' [[Robert Award for Best Costume Design|The Robert Award for Best Costume Design]] at the 41st Robert Awards<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://jyllands-posten.dk/kultur/film/ECE16816107/dronning-margrethe-modtager-robertpris/ |title=Dronning Margrethe modtager Robert-pris |date=3 February 2024 |website=[[Jyllands-Posten]] |language=Danish |access-date=12 March 2024 }}</ref>

===Honorific eponyms===

====Awards====

* {{flag|Denmark}}: {{ill|Dronning Margrethe II's Videnskabspris|da|lt=Queen Margrethe II's Science Award}} (2015)

====Geographic locations====

* {{flag|Denmark}}: {{ill|Dronningens Boulevard|da|lt=The Queen's Boulevard}} (1979)
* {{flag|Greenland}}: [[Queen Margrethe II Land]] in Northeast [[Greenland]] was named in her honour on 16 April 1990 on the occasion of her 50th birthday<ref name="cat">{{cite book |chapter=Catalogue of place names in northern East Greenland |title=Exploration history and place names of northern East Greenland |last=Higgins |first=Anthony K. |year=2010 |publisher=Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland |chapter-url=http://www.eng.geus.dk/media/12136/nr21_p001-368.pdf |access-date=22 August 2019 |page=158 |archive-date=18 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518130601/http://www.eng.geus.dk/media/12136/nr21_p001-368.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Objects====

* {{flag|Denmark}}: {{ill|Margretheskålen|da|lt=The Margrethe Bowl}} designed by her uncle, [[Sigvard Bernadotte]], for {{ill|Rosti|da|lt=Rosti}} in 1947

====Structures====

* {{flag|Denmark}}: {{ill|Margrethekirken (Københavns Kommune)|da|lt=Margrethe's Church}} in Valby (1968)

===Honorary military appointments===
* {{flagicon|UK}} 1972–1992: Colonel-in-Chief of the [[Queen's Regiment]]<ref name="military-appointments">{{cite web|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/connection-with-the-princess-of-wales-royal-regiment|title=Connection with The Princess of Wales Royal Regiment|work=The Danish Royal House|date=22 April 2023|access-date=30 June 2023|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701032854/https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/news/connection-with-the-princess-of-wales-royal-regiment|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UK}} 1992–1997: Allied Colonel-in-Chief (with [[Diana, Princess of Wales]]) of the [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]<ref name="military-appointments"/>
* {{flagicon|UK}} 1997–2024: Colonel-in-Chief of the [[Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment]]<ref name="military-appointments"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Denmark|Faroe Islands}}
* [[Monarchy of Denmark]]
* [[List of monarchs who abdicated]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book|last=Andersen |first=Jens|editor1-last=Nørholm|editor1-first=Elise H.|year=2011|title=M, 40 år på tronen|edition=1st|language=da |location=[[Copenhagen]]|publisher=[[Lindhardt og Ringhof]]|isbn=978-87-11-41969-4}}
*{{Cite book|last=Bloch Skipper|first=Jon|year=2008|title=Tre søstre: samtaler mellem dronning Margrethe, prinsesse Benedikte og dronning Anne-Marie|trans-title=Three sisters: conversations between Queen Margrethe, Princess Benedikte and Queen Anne-Marie|publisher=Lindhardt og Ringhof|location=Copenhagen|isbn=978-87-11-30060-2|language=da}}
*{{cite book|last=Bramsen|first=Bo|year=1992|title=Huset Glücksborg. Europas svigerfader og hans efterslægt.|trans-title=The House of Glücksburg. The Father-in-law of Europe and his descendants|edition=2nd|publisher=Forlaget Forum|location=Copenhagen|isbn=87-553-1843-6|language=da}}
*{{cite book|last=Dehn-Nielsen|first=Henning|year=2005|title=Margrethe 2., Danmarks dronning|edition=3rd|language=da|location=[[Copenhagen]] |publisher=[[Aschehoug]]|isbn=87-11-22283-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Fabricius Møller |first=Jes |year=2013 |title=Dynastiet Glücksborg, en Danmarkshistorie |trans-title=The Glücksborg Dynasty, a history of Denmark |language=da |publisher=Gad |location=Copenhagen |isbn=978-87-12-04841-1 }}
*{{Cite book|last1=Lerche|first1=Anna|last2=Mandal|first2=Marcus|year=2003|title=A royal family: the story of Christian IX and his European descendants|location=Copenhagen|publisher=Aschehoug|isbn=978-87-15-10957-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Lyding|first=Henrik|date=2009 |title=Dronningens teater|language=da|location=[[Copenhagen]]|publisher=[[Gyldendal]] |isbn=978-87-02-07878-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Margrethe II |editor1-last=Andersen|editor1-first=Jens|year=2012|title=Om man så må sige, 350 Dronning Margrethe-citater |language=da|location=[[Copenhagen]]|publisher=[[Lindhardt og Ringhof]]|isbn=978-87-11-39416-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Rubinstein|first=Mogens|date=1996|title=Dronning Margrethe II, 25 år som regent|language=da|location=[[Copenhagen]] |publisher=Møntergården|isbn=87-7553-552-1}}
*{{cite book|last1=Scocozza|first1=Benito|chapter=Margrethe 2.|title=Politikens bog om danske monarker|trans-title=Politiken's book about Danish monarchs|year=1997|publisher=Politikens Forlag|location=Copenhagen|isbn=87-567-5772-7|pages=204–209|language=da}}
*{{cite book|last=Skipper|first=Jon Bloch|date=2008|title=Tre søstre, samtaler mellem dronning Margrethe, prinsesse Benedikte og dronning Anne-Marie |language=da|location=[[Copenhagen]]|publisher=[[Lindhardt og Ringhof]]|isbn=978-87-11-30060-2}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Margrethe II of Denmark}}
{{Wikiquote|Margrethe II of Denmark|Margrethe II}}
* [https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-queen-margrethe/ Queen Margrethe's Homepage]
* [http://arslonga.dk/DRONNINGENS_GOBELINER_Vikingetid.htm Tapestries for HM The Queen of Denmark]
* {{C-SPAN|17136}}


{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Glücksburg]]|16 April|1940|||[[House of Oldenburg]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Frederik IX]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Queen of Denmark]]|years=14 January 1972 – 14 January 2024}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Frederik X]]|heir-type=Heir apparent}}
{{s-end}}

{{Monarchs of Denmark}}
{{Danish princesses}}
{{Members of the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece}}
{{Members of the Order of the Garter}}
{{Middle-earth}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Margrethe 02 of Denmark}}
[[Category:Margrethe II| ]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aarhus University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:Danish Lutherans]]
[[Category:20th-century monarchs of Denmark]]
[[Category:21st-century monarchs of Denmark]]
[[Category:Danish people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Danish people of Swedish descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Danish translators]]
[[Category:English–Danish translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Danish women writers]]
[[Category:House of Glücksburg (Denmark)]]
[[Category:House of Monpezat]]
[[Category:People educated at North Foreland Lodge]]
[[Category:Queens regnant in Europe]]
[[Category:Tolkien artists]]
[[Category:Translators to Danish]]

[[Category:Extra Ladies of the Order of the Garter]]
[[Category:Grand Collars of the Order of Prince Henry]]
[[Category:Grand Collars of the Order of Saint James of the Sword]]
[[Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Precious Crown]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nersornaat]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Collar of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Star of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Freedom of the Republic of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:First Class of the Order of the Star of Romania]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)]]
[[Category:Daughters of kings]]
[[Category:20th-century queens regnant]]
[[Category:21st-century queens regnant]]
[[Category:Monarchs who abdicated]]
[[Category:Robert Award winners]]

List of retronyms

2024-04-24T12:29:42Z

170.64.198.105: /* R–Z */

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=January 2009}}
{{tone|date=April 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}

A [[retronym]] is a newer name for an existing subject, that differentiates the original form or version from a subsequent one. Retronyms are typically used as a self-explanatory adjective for a subject. Retronyms are introduced so as to differentiate the already existing things from the newer ones.

==Retronymic adjectives==
; ''[[Analog signal|Analog]]'': Describes non-[[Digital data|digital]] devices:
* ''[[Analog clock]]'': Before digital clocks, most clocks had faces and hands. See also: Analog watch.
* ''[[drawing|Analog drawing]]'': Drawing with conventional tools on a paper or canvas, as opposed to drawing on a computer using a software
* ''[[Analog synthesizer]]'': Before synthesizers contained microchips, every stage of the internal electronic signal flow was analogous to a sound that would eventually be produced at the output stage, and this sound was shaped and altered as it passed through each filter and envelope.
* ''[[Analog watch]]'': Before the advent of the [[digital watch]], all watches had faces and hands. After the advent of the digital watch, watches with faces and hands became known as analog watches.<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Safire |author-link=William Safire |title=Retronym Watch |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEEDB153AF932A35752C1A964958260 |work=[[New York Times Magazine]] |date=1 November 1992 |access-date=2015-08-03 }}</ref>
* ''[[Analog recording]]''
; ''Conventional'', ''classic'', or ''traditional'': Describes devices or methods that have been largely replaced or significantly supplemented by new ones. For example, ''conventional'' (non-microwave) ''oven'', or ''conventional weapon'' (one which does not incorporate chemical, biological or nuclear payloads).
* ''[[Doctor Who|Classic Doctor Who]]'': Used to distinguish the original series of the classic show from the 21st century sequel, ''[[Doctor Who (series 1)|New Doctor Who]]''. This retronym is used by the [[BBC]] when both of these shows air.
* ''[[Leave It to Beaver|Classic Leave It to Beaver]]'': Used to distinguish the original series of the classic sitcom from the 1980s sequel, ''[[The New Leave It To Beaver]]''. This retronym was used by [[Turner Broadcasting System|TBS]] when both of these shows aired.
* ''[[Coca-Cola]] Classic'': Originally called Coca-Cola, the name was changed when the original recipe was reintroduced after [[New Coke]] failed to catch on. This is an example of a retronym officially coined by a product's manufacturer.
* ''Conventional airplane'': In the late 1940s and early 1950s, this term was used to distinguish piston-engined aircraft from the new jet types.
* ''Conventional landing gear'': Term used to distinguish the traditional landing gear arrangement of two main wheels and a tail wheel (also referred to as the "tail-dragger" type) from the newer tricycle landing gear (two main wheels and a nose wheel).
* ''[[Conventional memory]]'': term coined when [[MS-DOS]] and other [[operating system]]s for the [[IBM PC]] and other [[IBM]]-like [[x86]] machines went over the 640k memory limit with tricks to access extra memory with different code to address it.
* ''[[iPod classic ]]'': Suffix added from its 6th generation. Referring to the original iPod model that still used a hard drive as opposed to the flash-based iPod shuffle and iPod nano, and a click wheel as opposed to the touch screen-based iPod touch.
* ''[[Oven|Conventional oven]]'': Before the development of the [[microwave oven]], this term was not used. Now it is commonly found in cooking instructions for prepared foods.
* ''[[Conventional war]]'': Before the development of [[nuclear weapons]], this term was not used. (''War'', Gwynne Dyer)
* ''[[Dental braces|Traditional braces]]'': Used to refer to braces that are metal and crafted by hand, as opposed to Invisalign, and other new technologies.
* ''[[Traditional Chinese characters]]'': Used to contrast with [[Simplified Chinese characters]].
* ''[[Traditional animation]]'': With the rise of [[computer animation]], hand-drawn, cel-based (or "2D") animation is now referred to as this.
; ''Civilian'': Used to refer to items that are not of military quality or for military use, to differentiate them from the military version.:
; ''First'', ''I'', ''1'', ''part 1'', ''version 1'', ''Senior'', '' the Elder'', etc.: Used when there is a second, third, fourth, etc. version/incarnation of something. This is not a retronym if it is used from the start in the anticipation of subsequent versions. When a dynastic ruler has or adopts the same name as a predecessor, the original is often retrospectively given the [[regnal number|Roman numeral ''I'']] if he did not already use one in his lifetime. For example, the Dutch prince [[William I of Orange]] was just William during his lifetime. On the other hand, e.g. emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] was so entitled even though there were no subsequent emperors of that name. In the United States, names (typically of males) may also follow this convention, or the father may be given the suffix ''Senior'' (''Sr.''), with ''Junior'' (''Jr.'') for the son; Roman numerals would be used if the name is repeated again. In some cases, such as [[President of the United States|US President]] [[George H. W. Bush|George Bush]] and [[Major League Baseball]] player [[Ken Griffey, Sr.|Ken Griffey]], well-known people have become retroactively referred to as "Senior" after namesake sons rose to prominence in their own right. Also sometimes used to refer to the first incarnation of a movie, video game, etc. after sequels have been created, although such works are seldom renamed in this way officially. When [[Sony]] released the [[PlayStation 2]], a redesigned version of the original [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] was also released under the name [[PlayStation (console)#PS one|PSone]]. However, the word "One" doesn't always refer to version 1 of a product, such as in [[Xbox One]].
;''Freebase nicotine'': The liquid, if containing nicotine, that is vaporised by electronic cigarettes with regular use. Nicotine strength levels would typically be measured and sold in mg/ml. This term would not be in regular use, and would therefore not become a retronym until liquid containing nicotine salts, sold in strength levels as a percentage composition, had entered the market.
; ''Manual'': Used to distinguish from automatic or electric versions.
* ''[[Manual transmission]]s'' in vehicles were just called "transmissions" until the invention of [[automatic transmissions]]. Sometimes they are called "standard" transmissions, but that adjective has become a [[misnomer]] in the United States since automatic transmissions have become the standard feature for most models today.
* ''[[Manual typewriter]]s'' were likewise just called "typewriters" until the invention of [[electric typewriter]]s.
; ''Natural'': Use to distinguish from artificial versions.
*''[[Natural dye]]s'' like [[Isatis tinctoria|woad]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[Use of saffron|saffron]] and [[Rose madder|madder]] were simply "dyes" until synthetic dyes were developed in the mid-19th century.
*''[[Natural gum]]s'' were just "gums" until synthetic gums were invented.
*''[[Natural language]]s'' are those which evolved naturally in humans through use and repetition without conscious planning or premeditation, as opposed to recently developed [[constructed languages]] and [[formal languages]].
*''[[Natural rope]]s'' or ''plant ropes'', such as those made from [[hemp]] or [[sisal]], were just "ropes" until ropes made of synthetic materials became common.
* ''[[Natural satellite]]s'' were just called "satellites" until the launch of [[Sputnik 1]].
*''[[Natural skin care]]'' involves the use of topical creams and lotions made of ingredients available in nature; all skin care was natural until synthetic cosmetics were invented.
*''[[Natural sponge (disambiguation)|Natural sponge]]'': all [[Sponge (tool)|sponges]] were natural (either made from ''[[Luffa aegyptiaca]]'' or animal [[sponge]]s) until [[polyester]] and [[polyurethane]] sponges came on the market in the mid-20th century.
*''[[Natural rubber]]'' or ''India rubber'' was simply called "rubber" until [[synthetic rubber]] was invented in 1909.
; ''Old'':
* Naturally used when there is officially a "new" version of anything, to refer to the previous version. For example, when British money was [[decimalisation|decimalized]] and the ''new [[penny]]'' of 1/100 [[pound Sterling|pound]] was adopted, the previous penny of 1/240 pound became known as the old penny.
* ''Old-fashioned'' refers to any practice which is no longer customary, e.g. in the context of dress sense, hairstyle or wording, as opposed to ''(the) fashion'', which refers to anything which is at present customary. In popular music and the wider popular culture, the term ''old school'' (originally only used in hip-hop, but now in many other genres) has developed a similar meaning, and this has spread to other areas as well.
; ''Offline'': Computer users will sometimes agree to meet ''offline'', i.e. face to face in the real world, as opposed to ''online'' in an Internet-based [[chat room]] or other such means of electronic communication. Before the Internet became widely used, this was of course the only way to "meet" someone and the term ''to meet offline'' was unheard of. [[Stephen Colbert]], on his 4 February 2016 broadcast of ''[[The Late Show with Stephen Colbert]]'', remarked on the strangeness of so-called "offline shopping", regarding [[Amazon.com]]'s retail bookstore endeavor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbs.com/shows/the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert/video/pqH93j5jB3CB4M0mfWEb00wrbuNyFs_o/the-late-show-2-4-2016-michael-strahan-samantha-bee-wilco-/|title = The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (Official Site) Watch on CBS|website = [[CBS]]}}</ref>
; ''Real'': Often used in a derogatory manner to signify that the original product is the "real" product, as if the new alternative is "fake". For example, "Real instruments" for instruments other than the synth; "Real car" for a fuel-burning car, as opposed to an [[electric car]].
; ''Regular'' or ''plain'': Used to refer to an original product after new versions are released. For example, one could formerly just ask for a [[Pepsi]]. But with the advent of multiple versions like [[Diet Pepsi]] and [[Pepsi Max]], one might ask for a ''regular'' Pepsi when one wants the original drink. Similarly, ''regular'' [[Oreo]] cookies were called that after Double Stuf Oreos and other varieties were released. Another example is that in the United States regular gasoline (petrol or petroleum spirit outside the U.S.) has now come to mean 87 octane-rated unleaded (ratings in other countries vary). In the United States almost all gasoline had tetraethyl lead additive and was sold as either regular gasoline (octane rating of 89) or high test (octane ratings of 91 or higher) until leaded petrol was phased out starting in the late 1970s; all new cars made since 1975 have catalytic converters.
* ''Plain [[M and ms|M&M's]]'': Plain M&M's candies (now ''Milk Chocolate'') would not have been called that until 1954, when Peanut M&M's were introduced.
* ''[[Plain old telephone service]] (POTS)'': The term refers to the telephone service still available after the advent of more advanced forms of telephony, such as [[ISDN]], mobile phones, and [[VoIP]]
* ''[[Plain text]]'': Before word processing programs for computers with functions such as support for multiple fonts, underlining, bold/italic and other function came along, [[text file]]s were simply just known as text. "Plain text" is also used in contrast to ciphered text.
* ''Regular cab [[pickup truck]]'' (also called ''single cab'') used when extended and crew/double cabs became widely available.
* ''[[Regular coffee]]'': The development of [[decaffeinated coffee]] led to this coinage.
* ''Regular / Normal cigarette'' : A tobacco cigarette. Before [[electronic cigarettes]] became popular, all commercially available cigarettes were tobacco cigarettes. Along the same lines, the smoking of traditional cigarettes is sometimes referred to as “traditional smoking” in order to distinguish it from [[vaping]], which could also be considered a form of smoking.

;''Tabletop'': Used to describe the original version of a [[board game]] or [[role-playing game]] once a video game version has been released. Tabletop can also refer to non-digital games in general in order to contrast them from video games.
; ''[[Vanilla software|Vanilla]]'': Used to describe an unaltered, plain version of an item, often in reference to software. For example, in computer games with [[expansion packs]], it is used to distinguish the original version from subsequent versions, especially when the original game does not have a subtitle. For example, ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' could refer to either the original game or one of the expansion packs, so users may refer to the original as "vanilla" to distinguish it from the subsequent versions.
; ''Wired'': ''Wired'' or ''hardwired'' refer to products such as telephones, headphones, speakers, computer accessories, etc., which are now available in wireless versions. ''Wireless [[telegraphy]]'' and ''wireless [[telephony]]'' were some of the first applications of radio technology, in the 1910s and 1920s; "wireless" as a noun today is sometimes simply a synonym for "mobile phone service"/"cell phone service".

==Nouns==

===Numbers===
;''1994 Level'' : Before the [[Doom engine]] had more features added in source ports such as [[Boom (source port)|Boom]] [[ZDoom]] and [[Doom Legacy]], all levels for Doom made around 1994 had limitations that constrained the gaming atmosphere. But when more features were added to source ports for better level atmospheres, older-style levels started to be called "1994 levels" to differentiate from the newer kind.
;''2D'' : With the increasing prevalence of [[3-D film|3-D movies]], conventional, non-stereoscopic versions of movies are starting to be called 2D versions. This is also used in reference to animation, to distinguish the older style hand-drawn or more recently vector-based animation from 3D-rendered animation.

===A–B===
;''Acoustic guitar'' : Before the invention of the solid-body electric guitar, all guitars amplified the sound of a plucked string with a resonating hollow body. Similarly: ''acoustic piano''.<ref name=safire2>{{cite news |first=William |last=Safire |author-link=William Safire |title=Retronym |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/magazine/07wwln_safire.t.html |work=[[New York Times]] |date=7 January 2007 |access-date=2008-07-25 }}</ref>
;''[[American Morse Code]]'' : This was the original signaling alphabet, suggested by Samuel Morse's assistant, [[Alfred Vail]]. It has a variety of different units and timings. It was later replaced by the Continental code (also called international [[Morse code]]), which has simpler timings and a different alphabet. Also called "railroad code".
;''[[AM radio]]'': Before the introduction of broadcast [[FM radio]], the AM broadcast band radio was known simply as radio, [[wireless]] (in the UK) or as [[mediumwave|medium-wave radio]] (still the preferred term among [[amateur radio|radio enthusiasts]]) to distinguish it from the (also amplitude-modulated) [[shortwave|shortwave radio]] bands.
;''[[Animal Crossing (video game)|Animal Crossing: Population: Growing!]]'' : Used to refer to the original [[GameCube]] game after the release of its sequels. The name comes from its tagline in English-speaking regions.
; ''[[Apple I]]'' : Originally released as the Apple Computer, it was renamed after the introduction of the [[Apple II]] personal computer.
; ''[[Artistic gymnastics]]'' : Generally known simply as gymnastics before [[Rhythmic gymnastics]] was added to the Olympic program in 1984.
; ''At-grade [[Limited-access road|expressway]]'' : Since freeways are divided highways with 100% grade separations, expressways are at-grade highways with no direct private access. Some jurisdictions have different criteria on the difference of word use, but sometimes they are used interchangeably in areas that don't have many at-grade expressways. Since expressway and freeway are sometimes used interchangeably, the term ''at-grade expressway'' has been coined since there was a time when all expressways were at-grade; prior to the 1940s which is when [[California]] and [[Michigan]] planned out the nation's first freeways. States like [[Florida]] sometimes use the term "freeway" in reference to expressways (at-grade or grade-separated) which are free-of-charge to use.
; ''[[Atari 2600]]'' : Originally sold as the Atari Video Computer System (or Atari VCS for short). When its successor, the [[Atari 5200]], was released, the VCS was rebranded the Atari 2600, after its part number (CX-2600).
; ''[[Soap|Bar soap]]'' : The common cake of soap used in the tub or shower was familiarly called "soap" or "bath soap"; the term "bar soap" arose with the advent of soaps in liquid and gel form.
; ''[[Liquorice (confectionery)|Black Licorice]]'' : In [[North America]], licorice is often called "black licorice" to distinguish it from similar confectionery varieties that are not flavored with licorice extract, and commonly manufactured in the form of chewy ropes or tubes.
; ''[[gunpowder|Black powder]]'' : Called "gunpowder" for centuries while it was in common use. The retronym "black powder" was coined in the late 19th century to differentiate it from the newly developed [[smokeless powder]] which superseded it.
; ''[[Black-and-white]] television'' : Once called simply television, now the retronym is used to distinguish it from [[color television]], which is now more commonly referred to by the unadorned term. Along the same lines: ''[[Broadcasting|broadcast]] television'', ''[[free-to-air]] television'', ''[[Terrestrial television|over-the-air]] television'', ''[[silent film|silent movie]]''. Furthermore, "Standard Definition Television" has become necessary to distinguish sets from [[HDTV]] (high definition).
; ''[[Boeing 737 Classic]]'' : When Boeing introduced the 737 Next Generation (-600, -700, -800, and -900 series), the -300, -400, and -500 variants of the Boeing 737 still in service were called the 737 Classic.
; ''[[Boeing 737]] Original'' : The 737-100 and -200 were known simply as the "Boeing 737" at first; when the 737 Next Generation was introduced, and the 737-300, -400, and -500 were retrospectively designated as the 737 Classic, the 737-100 and -200 became known as the 737 Original to distinguish these even-older airplanes from the Classics.
; ''[[Commodore 64|Breadbin C64]]'' : When Commodore introduced the C64C, which had a redesigned case, the original C64 model was nicknamed the ''[[breadbin]]'' to differentiate it.
; ''[[Brick-and-mortar]] school'' : A school that has a street address and building as opposed to an [[online school]], which may have a main office building, but students can be located in a different locale than the teachers. The internet is used as a conduit for information exchanges, both synchronously and asynchronously.
; ''[[Brick-and-mortar]] store'', ''[[high street]] shop'' : As increasing use of the Internet allowed [[Web commerce|online stores]], accessible only through computers, to compete with established [[Retailer|retail shops]], the latter began to be called "brick-and-mortar stores" or "high street shops" to indicate that customers could (or had to) visit them to examine and purchase their goods. These two terms are also often used to describe the physical storefronts of a retail business that also sells products online. In the U.S. and [[Canada]], "brick-and-mortar" emphasizes the physical construction of these stores, as opposed to the largely electronic nature of online stores. The terms "high street shop" (UK) or "main street store" or "downtown store" (U.S. and Canada) also serve to differentiate the more traditional retail venue from big-chain "box stores" such as K-mart, [[Wal-Mart]], or [[Zellers]], which did not exist prior to the 1960s. (The name "High Street" is commonly used in the UK for a town's primary thoroughfare. In the U.S. and Canada, it is more likely to be called "Main Street".)
; ''[[British English]]'' : Was simply referred to as "English" until North American English dialects and British English dialects started to diverge.
; ''[[Broadcast television]]'' : This term was coined in the U.S. to distinguish it from [[cable television|cable]] and satellite television.
; '''[[Brown rice]]''' : Prior to the mid nineteenth century, all rice consumed was brown or, whole grain. With the invention of white rice, brown began to refer to the traditional version.

===C–E===
; ''[[Chicago II]]'' : Refers to the second album by the band Chicago. The album was originally entitled just ''Chicago'' but the name was changed after the release of the third album, ''[[Chicago III]]''. (Their first album was called [[Chicago Transit Authority (album)|''Chicago Transit Authority'']], as that was the name of the band at the time.)
; ''[[Classical Hollywood|Classical Hollywood Cinema]]'' : a term commonly used since the 1970s to refer to the mainstream commercial American cinema of roughly 1930–1960, which at the time was simply referred to as "Hollywood", "the cinema", "the movies" etc. (see 'film noir' below).
; ''[[Classic Apple]]'' : After Apple bought NeXT in 1997 and later became profitable, people began to refer to the pre-1997 history of the company as ''Classic Apple'' to differentiate it from the post-1997 Apple as the company was near bankruptcy when it bought NeXT. Apple nowadays is very successful and popular.
; ''[[Classic rock]]'' : a radio format referring to blues rock and hard rock music from the 1960s to the 1990s. The radio format previously was known as [[Album-oriented rock]].
; ''[[Classic Mac OS]]'' : Originally called ''System Software'' and later ''Mac OS'', Apple retroactively added Classic to versions of the operating system from 1 to 9.2.2 (which were partly based on ''[[Lisa OS]]'') to differentiate them from the newer ''[[Mac OS X]]'' (which was based on ''[[NeXTSTEP]]'').
; ''[[Cloth diaper]]'' (Terry nappy) : Before the second half of the 20th century, all diapers (nappies, in the UK) were made from cloth (terry cloth) and simply called ''diapers'' (US) or ''nappies'' (UK). The advent of the disposable diaper gave rise to this term.
; ''[[Command & Conquer (1995 video game)|Command & Conquer]]: Tiberian Dawn'' : This name is sometimes used by fans of the [[Command & Conquer]] series to refer to the original game of the series, officially known simply as ''Command & Conquer''.
; ''[[Complex instruction set computer]]'': This name was coined after the advent of [[Reduced instruction set computer]].
; ''[[Constitution Act, 1867]]'': Prior to 1982, when the patriation of the constitution occurred, Canada's constitution was known as ''British North America Act 1867''.
; ''[[Corn on the cob]]'' : Before canned corn was widely available, "corn on the cob" was simply "corn".
; ''[[Bic Cristal]]'' : Before the 2000s, the Bic Cristal was named "Bic Classic" pen. Prior to the 1990s, "Bic Classic" was referred to simply as the "Bic pen".
; ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation|CSI]]: Las Vegas'' : Not used before the debut of the spinoff series ''[[CSI: Miami]]'' in 2002, and ''[[CSI: NY]]'' in 2004.
;''Curved, curly or smart [[Quotation mark|quotes]]'' : Straight quotes were made widespread by typewriters. The ''smart'' designation came about as [[Word processor|word processing software]] would often change straight quotes into curved quotes.
; ''Data-transfer [[USB]] port'' : Before "recharge-only" (or powered USB) came along, all USB ports could both transfer data, and "recharge" mobile devices.
; ''Day baseball'' : Baseball played during the day, as all games were played before [[electric lighting]] in stadiums became common.
; ''[[Dairy milk]]'' : Used to refer to actual milk from a mammal's mammary glands, as opposed to [[plant milk]]s like [[soy milk]], [[rice milk]], [[almond milk]], and [[coconut milk]].
; ''[[Disposable battery]]'' : Before [[rechargeable batteries]] became popular in [[AA cell|AA]], [[AAA cell|AAA]], [[C battery|C]], [[D battery|D]] and [[9-volt battery|PP3]] form factors, all batteries in those form factors were disposable. However, rechargeable batteries back then were limited to stationary and vehicular (sometimes semi-portable) applications.
; ''[[Limited-access road|Divided expressway]]/freeway'' (USA) : Early expressways and freeways were divided corridors, but recent concepts of freeways and expressways have included occasional [[two-lane expressway|undivided corridors]] for economic and environmental compromises, as well as an initial phase prior to twinning. But it is unclear whether undivided versions existed first. However, the [[Limited-access road|expressway]], [[parkway]] and freeway concepts were developed with divided highways in mind during the 1910s (parkways) and 1940s (freeways), the German [[Autobahn]] would be conceptualized around the same time with similar qualities to freeways.
; ''[[Dumb bomb]]'' : a bomb dropped from a bomber plane, with no guidance systems. Not used before guided missiles were invented and replaced the free-fall bombs.
; ''[[Dumb phone]]'' : A phone with either no or limited internet capabilities. These phones also have no or limited ability to run apps. Before [[smartphones]] became popular, these were simply considered ‘phones’ or ‘cellphones’. They are also sometimes referred to as [[feature phones]] or “flip phones”.
; ''[[English muffin]]'' :Originally called a 'muffin' in southern England, the prefix is now used to distinguish them from the American version.
; ''[[Epsilon]]'' (ε): In [[Koine Greek]], the digraph ⟨αι⟩ is pronounced samely as this letter.

===F–H===
; ''Face-to-face conference'' : A conference whose participants meet in the same room, as opposed to using telephones or video cameras (similarly:''IRL-meeting = in-real-life meeting'').
; ''Farmall Regular'': As explained at [[Farmall tractor]], the name ''Farmall'' began as a model name but became a sub-brand name as additional models were developed.
; ''Fat model'' : In the console collecting scene, a "Fat model" represents consoles released before a model that is more compact and has different hardware specifications, oftentimes a lower wattage processor which requires less cooling. Most notably the "Fat" [[PS2]] and "Fat" [[PS3]], both having far smaller slim revisions releasing later in their lifespans, although the [[Xbox 360|Xbox 360,]] [[PS4]], [[Xbox One]], and [[PS5]] all had initial models that may be considered "fat models" in relation to their later, slimmer revisions.
; ''[[Field hockey]]'' (North America) : Known simply as "hockey" (as it still is in the UK and Ireland) until [[ice hockey]] and [[roller hockey]] became popular. (In addition, there is a game called [[street hockey]], which evolved from ice hockey.) Similarly, ''Field soccer'' ([[Football (soccer)|Football]]) and ''[[Field lacrosse]]'' ([[lacrosse]]). (Both North America)
; ''[[Film camera]]'': As opposed to digital camera. Also, the use of a film camera is often referred to as “film photography”, “analogue photography”, or “traditional photography” in order to distinguish it from digital photography.
; ''[[Film noir]]'' : Prior to the 1970s, films with "film noir" style were referred to in English-speaking countries simply as dramas or melodramas (see 'Classical Hollywood' above). The term was coined in the 1950s by French critics who were taking the products of Hollywood more seriously than critics in the English-speaking world tended to at the time.
; ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam|First Gundam]]'': A nickname, commonly used by Japanese fans of the franchise and coined shortly after the release of [[Zeta Gundam]]. ''Gundam 0079'' is also used in the same fashion.
; ''[[First Anglo-Dutch War]]'' : Renamed after the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] in 1664.
; ''[[Fixedsys]]'' : The monospaced system font in [[Windows 1.0|Microsoft Windows 1.x]] and [[Windows 2.0|2.x]], simply called System under those systems. In [[Windows 3.0]], [[System (typeface)|System]] became a proportional font, and the original font was renamed Fixedsys.
; ''[[Fortnite: Save the World]]'' : Originally titled ''Fortnite,'' it was renamed after the release of [[Fortnite: Battle Royale]].
; ''[[Slash (punctuation)|Forward slash]]'' : Before the introduction of [[ASCII]] and electronic keyboards for computers, typewriters had only one type of slash ("/"), normally produced by the unshifted key shared with the question mark. The rise of [[MS-DOS]] brought regular use of the [[backslash]] ("\") character found on computer keyboards (for specifying [[path (computing)|directory paths]]). Before that time the symbol "/" was known simply as a "slash" (US) or "oblique" (UK). (Other [[Typography|typographical]] names for this character are ''virgule'' and ''solidus''. In the UK, the character was traditionally known as an ''oblique stroke'' or, more simply, an ''oblique''. ''To slash'' means to cut with a scything motion, which is analogous to the motion of the pen as the character is handwritten.)
; ''[[Slow parenting|Free-range parenting]]'' : Traditionally children had less supervision prior to the 21st century; this allowed for more independence and freedom in a child's decision making. There is a modern term called [[helicopter parent]]ing which refers to parents who overly monitor, plan, and get involved with their kids activities.
; ''[[French franc]]'' : The currency unit of France before the [[euro]], which was originally the only franc, but had to be distinguished from the Belgian franc, [[CFAF|Communauté Financière Africaine franc]], and Swiss franc after those countries adopted the term.
; ''Friction brake'' : Automotive [[disc brake]] or [[drum brake]]. Coined after the advent of the [[regenerative brake]] in electric or hybrid automobiles.
; ''[[Frizzen]]'' : This component was called the "hammer" while [[flintlock]] [[firearms]] were in use. On [[percussion cap]] firearms which replaced flintlock the striking component was called the hammer and the term ''frizzen'' was applied to the hammer of flintlocks.
; ''[[Full service (radio format)|Full service]]'' : A radio format that consists of a wide range of programming. Coined after the introduction of [[contemporary hit radio]] in the 1950s.
; ''Full Service'' : Used to refer to services provided by an attendant, as opposed to being done by the customer in a modern self-service environment, such as pumping gasoline, selecting merchandise and using store machinery. In areas where health laws or other regulations prohibit self-service at gas stations, full service includes "extra" services such as checking under the hood and cleaning the windshield, once considered standard services.
; ''[[Full-size van]]'' (US) : Coined after the introduction of [[minivan]]s by the [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three]] automakers, although box trucks (bigger vehicles that were considered vans) existed prior to the Big Three's use of ''full-size van''.
; ''[[Game Boy|Game Boy Classic]]'' : Used to distinguish the original from the [[Game Boy Pocket]], the [[Game Boy Color]], and the [[Game Boy Advance]].
; ''[[Game Boy|Game Boy Mono]]'' : see '''Game Boy Classic'''. Refers to the monochrome graphics these models produced.
; ''[[Chevrolet small-block engine (first- and second-generation)|Gen I (Chevrolet Small Block)]]'' Used to distinguish versions of the Chevrolet V6 and V8 engine from the 1997-present [[General Motors LS-based small-block engine|LS engines]].
; ''[[GM "old-look" transit bus]]'' : The GM old look did not originally have a name, but in 1959, a new design was released and was called the new look. After this many people started calling the older design the Old Look.
; ''[[Ground warfare]]'' : The "Ground war" term/phrase developed some time after the widespread adoption of large scale use of aircraft as a viable weapon of war.
; ''Hand-barrow'': Originally, "barrows" suspended the load on poles carried by two people, one in front and one behind. "[[Wheelbarrow]]s" are first cited by the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' to the 14th century, and in the 15th century the term ''hand-barrow'' arose to refer to the older sort of barrow, but in the British Isles the more common version was ''[[sedan chair]]'' (if a person was being carried).
; ''Hand grenade'' : All [[grenade]]s were hand-thrown until the invention of the [[rifle grenade]], and, later, the [[grenade launcher]].
; ''Handwritten'' : Crops up in the late 19th century to contrast with "typewritten". {{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
; ''Hard cider'' : In Europe and Asia, "[[cider]]" refers to [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] (alcoholic) [[apple juice]]. In the U.S., "cider" or "[[apple cider]]" often refers to unfiltered non-alcoholic apple juice. "Hard cider" specifies the alcoholic version.
; ''Hardcover book'' : Prior to the invention of [[paperbacks]], all books were hardcover and simply referred to as "books".
; ''[[Hard disk]]'' : All disks were hard (i.e. constructed of rigid instead of flexible magnetic material) until the advent of the [[floppy disk]].
; ''[[High-floor]]'':All buses and trams were high-floor until the advent of low-floor trams and [[Low-floor bus|low-floor and low-entry buses]].
; ''[[Cavalry|Horse cavalry]]'' : Used to distinguish the now mostly obsolete original use of horses in a military mounted combat role, with the advent of tanks and other motorized vehicles ([[mechanized cavalry]] or [[armored cavalry]]) following World War I, and the use of helicopters ([[air cavalry]]) during the Vietnam War era.
; ''[[Horsecar]]'' (Horse Tram in English speaking countries outside North America) : Used to describe the horse-pulled predecessor of the modern [[Tram|streetcar]] / tram. Originally called 'street cars' or just 'cars'. After street railway companies started electrifying their systems around 1900, the term became 'electric street cars' or 'electric trams', to differentiate from the previous horse-drawn vehicles. As time went on the word 'electric' was dropped, and as automobiles began being referred to as cars, the term 'streetcar'(US) or 'tram'(UK) remained to describe a public transit vehicle that ran on rails at street level
; ''[[Hot chocolate]]'' : In the days before the invention of sweet solid chocolate for eating, the word "chocolate" was usually used to refer to the drink. For a while after the [[chocolate bar]] was invented it was referred to as "bar chocolate", but due to its rise in popularity in the latter half of the 19th century it eventually laid claim to the basic word.<ref>Some dictionaries however, still define "chocolate" as a drink as one of the definitions. [http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=chocolate American Heritage Dictionary entry for "chocolate"]</ref>
; ''[[House call]]'' : Although the term was first used in 1899, it was not in common use until the 1960's, when doctors were phasing out coming to patients' homes.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/house%20call?src=search-dict-box</ref>
; ''[[Human computer]]'' : Until [[mechanical computer]]s, and later [[computer|electronic computers]] became commercially available, the term "computer", in use from the mid-17th century, meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical [[calculation]]s. Teams of people were frequently used to undertake long and often tedious calculations; the work was sometimes divided so that this could be done in parallel.

===I–L===
; ''Indoor volleyball'' : Used to differentiate from beach volleyball after the latter gained prominence.
; ''[[Independent bookstore]]'' : All bookstores were independent until the advent of [[List of bookstore chains|bookstore chains]].
; ''Inground pool'' : A [[swimming pool]] where the filled high water level is flush with the ground; compared to above an "above ground pool" where the entire pool is above ground level
; ''[[Doom engine|id Tech 1 engine]]'' : A name applied to the [[Doom engine]]. Later game engines by [[id Software]] used the "[[id Tech]]" nomenclature, beginning with [[id Tech 4]].
; ''[[iBook G3]]'' : Originally sold as the iBook, these machines were renamed the ''iBook G3'' after the release of the ''[[iBook G4]]''.
* ''[[iBook Clamshell]]'' : Originally sold as the iBook, the machine was nicknamed the ''Clamshell'' after Apple released the ''[[iBook G3 Snow]]''.
* ''[[iBook G3 Snow]]'' : Just like its predecessor, the machine was originally sold as the iBook before being nicknamed the ''iMac G3 Snow'' by Apple so the name could be used on the ''[[iBook G4]]''.
; ''[[iMac]]''
* ''[[iMac G3]]'' : Originally sold as the iMac, the machine was renamed the ''iMac G3'' by Apple so the name could be used on the ''[[iMac G4]]''.
* ''[[iMac G4]]'' : Just like its predecessor, the machine was originally sold as the iMac before being renamed the ''iMac G4'' by Apple so the name could be used on the ''[[iMac G5]]''.
* ''[[iMac G5]]'' : Just like its predecessors, the machine was originally sold as the iMac before being renamed the ''iMac G5'' by Apple so the name could be used on the ''[[iMac (Intel-based)|Intel-based iMac]]''.
; ''[[iPhone (1st generation)|iPhone 2G]]'' : Used to differentiate the original 2007 model of the iPhone from its later models.
; ''[[IPhone OS 1]]'' : when it released, marketing material referred to it as a version of Mac OS X running on the iPhone, and the [[iTunes]] installer referred to it generically as ''iPhone software'', though with later versions starting with [[iPhone OS 2]], it became retroactively known as ''iPhone OS 1.0'' or ''iOS 1''.
; ''[[King's Quest: Quest for the Crown]]'' : The 1983 game was originally titled ''King's Quest'' until the fifth rerelease in 1987 when the subtitle was added to the box art, instructions, and all other materials. This was done to prevent confusion with the sequels which were already on the market.
; ''[[Landline phone]] service'' : With the advent of [[Cellphone|cellular or mobile phone]] services, traditional hard-wired phone service became popularly known as ''landline'' phones. Previously, this term was generally only used by military personnel and [[amateur radio]] operators. (In the movie ''[[The Matrix]]'' a landline phone was also referred to as a "hardline".) Even though a considerable amount of landline phone traffic is transmitted via airwaves, this term comes from the physical cabling that provides the "[[Last mile (telecommunications)|last mile]]" connection between the customer premises and local phone distribution centers. Because of the communications industry's love for [[acronyms]], landline phone service has also been called POTS—[[Plain Old Telephone Service]]. The logical complement of this acronym, "PANS" became a [[backronym]] for "Pretty Amazing New Services". In the telecommunications industry the term [[wireline (disambiguation)|wireline]] is used for landline phone services, to distinguish them from [[wireless]] or mobile phone services. Wireline is clearly another retronym.
; ''[[Lead-acid]] [[car battery]]'' : Before other battery chemical substances such as Ni-MH and Li-Ion were employed in [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] and electric vehicles (although some current hybrid cars used lead-acid and some high-end conventional gasoline vehicles use Li-ion), lead-acid batteries were the only batteries for automobiles on the market; and they were also the only rechargeable ones on the market.
; ''LED [[computer mouse|mouse]]'' : Before [[laser mouse|laser mice]] came along, all optical mice employed [[LED]]s.
; ''[[Led Zeppelin I]]'' : [[Led Zeppelin]]'s first album was the self-titled ''[[Led Zeppelin (album)|Led Zeppelin]]''; it is sometimes called ''Led Zeppelin I'' because their subsequent albums were called ''[[Led Zeppelin II]]'' and ''[[Led Zeppelin III]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdayinmusic.com/classic-albums/led-zeppelin-led-zeppelin-1/|title=Led Zeppelin – Led Zeppelin I|first=This Day In|last=Music|date=18 February 2022}}</ref>
; ''[[Linear momentum]]'' : Before the concept of [[angular momentum]] was developed, the only type of momentum known was linear.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}
; ''Linear television'' : Before the rise of [[video on demand]], [[video hosting service]]s, [[streaming media]], and [[digital video recorder]]s, the only way to consume television was through watching television channels, on broadcast, cable or satellite, which showed a combination of both live and recorded programming at designated times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/linear-tv-watching-down-digital-viewing-up-in-nielsens-q3-report-1201369665/|title=Linear TV Watching Down, Digital Viewing Up in Nielsen's Q3 Report|first1=Cynthia|last1=Littleton|date=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2014/jul/07/cord-cutting-internet-tv-netflix|title=Cord-cutting: beginning of the end for linear television|first=Alex|last=Zambelli|newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 July 2014|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>
;''Lithium primary battery'' : Batteries involving lithium were all [[primary cell]]s (disposable) before rechargeable lithium-based batteries such as [[lithium ion batteries]] (later [[lithium polymer battery]]) hit the market.
;''Live action'' : A form of a film that consists of images consisting of predominantly actual actors and objects that exist in the actual world, as opposed to an [[animated film]], which predominantly consists of artificial static images or objects that take advantage of the [[persistence of vision]] principle of film to give an illusion of life.
; ''Live poker'' : What [[casino]]s call the kind of [[poker]] played with [[Playing card|cards]] by people sitting at a table; what many others still just call "poker"; also called a "ring game" or "[[cash game]]". The term became necessary to distinguish it from [[video poker]], which is far more common in casinos today.
; ''[[Live music]]'' : Before the publication of recorded music, all music was live.
; ''[[Dance party#Live band dance|Live band dance]]'': Before the advent of DJs (and then automated playlists), all dances had live music.
; ''Low-beam headlights'' : simply just headlights before high beams were introduced on [[motor vehicle]]s.
; ''Luggable computer'' : The first generation of computers marketed as "portable", such as the [[Kaypro]] or the [[Osborne Computer Corporation|Osborne]] series, were quite bulky and were heavier than a bowling ball. The weight was mostly because they had a conventional [[Cathode ray tube|CRT]]-type monitor built in. When the first laptop computers came out, the earlier, heavier portable machines became referred to as "luggables".

===M–P===
; ''[[Macintosh 128k]]'' : Originally named the [[Macintosh]], changed to distinguish from the [[Macintosh 512k]].
; ''[[Madden NFL|Madden]]'' ''89'', ''90'', ''91'' : Respectively known as [[John Madden Football (1988 video game)|1988 video game]], [[John Madden Football (1990 video game)|1990 video game]], and [[John Madden Football II]], this was in the early days before year numbers were added to the title of Madden NFL video games.
; ''[[Mainframe computer]]'' : When [[minicomputer]]s (which were the size and shape of a desk or [[Credenza desk|credenza]]) were introduced in the early 1970s, existing systems that often consisted of multiple large racks of equipment received the name "mainframe", alluding to the vertical cabinets or "frames" in which they were installed.
; ''[[Manual transmission]]'' (also ''[[standard transmission]]'') : Automotive transmissions were all manual before the invention of the [[automatic transmission]].
; ''[[Meatspace]] or "meat life" or "real life"'' : All of physical reality, as distinguished from [[cyberspace]].
; ''Mechanical disk'' : Before the advent of solid-state ram, and later solid-state flash memory (i.e. no moving parts), all computer disks had moving parts, hence the "mechanical" adjective. These include [[hard disk]]s, [[floppy disk]]s, and [[optical disks]] ([[CD-ROM]]s and DVD-ROMs).
; ''Mechanical [[fuel injection]]'' : The amount of fuel squirted into an [[internal combustion engine]] by a fuel injection system was, before integrated circuitry became applied to motor vehicle engines, originally regulated by a calibrated mechanical linkage. What made for the retronym was the more precise ''Electronic Fuel Injection'', which employed more sensors.
; ''[[Mechanical mouse]]'' : before the [[optical mouse]] was introduced, all [[computer mouse|computer mice]] had a mechanical ball.
; ''[[Mechanical watch]]'' : Prior to the introduction of the first [[Quartz clock|quartz movement]] watches in the late 1960s, all watches used a mechanical movement.
; ''[[Microsoft Edge Legacy]]'' : Referring to its first iteration that used Microsoft’s proprietary EdgeHTML engine, from the Chromium-based counterpart that was released in December 2018.
; ''[[Middle Ages]]'' : The period in European history from the 5th to the 15th century [[Anno Domini|A. D.]] The earliest use of the term ''Middle Ages'' is recorded in 1604, to differentiate that period from the era of [[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]] and the then-beginning age of [[Modernity]].
; ''[[Minecraft]]: Java Edition'' : The original release of the game, on Microsoft Windows, was simply known as ''Minecraft'' prior to the release of ''[[Minecraft: Windows 10 Edition]]''. In addition, other versions of the video game on Microsoft Windows are ''Minecraft Classic'', ''Minecraft 4k'', and ''Minecraft: Education Edition''.
; ''[[Monaural]] sound'', ''monophonic sound'' or ''mono sound'' : Often simplified to simply "mono". Before [[stereo sound]] was introduced, mono sound was simply just called sound.
; "[[Mullet (haircut)|Mullet]]", a hairstyle named in 1994, long after its 1980s heyday.
; ''[[Muzzleloader]]'' : For centuries virtually all firearms were loaded from the muzzle, so there was no need for a term to distinguish this characteristic until the general adoption of breech-loading firearms in the 19th century.
; ''[[Narrow-body aircraft]]'' : An aircraft arranged along a single aisle permitting up to 6-abreast seating in a cabin below {{convert|4|m|ft}} of width. Before the arrival of [[wide-body aircraft]] in the early 1970s, narrow-body aircraft was simply just called aircraft.
; ''[[Natural language]]'' : A [[language]], used by humans, that evolved naturally in its society. Contrast with computer [[programming language]]s or [[constructed language]]s. Often referred to as ''human language''.
; ''[[Natural person]]'': To distinguish humans (the original "persons") from the [[legal fiction]] of "[[juridical person]]s", non-human entities treated like people in law.
; ''[[Naturally aspirated engine]]s'' : Internal combustion engines that use [[vacuum]] and [[venturi effect]] to draw the air and fuel mixture into the cylinders, without [[fuel injection]], [[turbo-charger]], or [[supercharger]].
; ''[[oil lamp]]'': Before the invention of [[kerosene lamp]]s and [[Electric light|electric lamp]]s in the 19th century, all lamps were oil lamps.
; [[Nintendo 3DS|''Old Nintendo 3DS'']] : Used to refer to the original models of the Nintendo 3DS before the release of the [[New Nintendo 3DS]] in 2014.
; ''Old Labour'' : Term used in the 1990s and 2000s to refer to the policies the [[Labour Party (UK)|UK Labour Party]] was perceived to have held before [[Tony Blair]]'s leadership, policies previously referred to simply as "Labour".
; ''[[GM "old-look" transit bus|Old Look]]'': A type of [[transit bus]], which gained this name after the introduction of the [[GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|New Look]] bus. Both were made by [[General Motors|GM]]
; ''[[Old Testament]]'': In the [[Jewish]] tradition, the [[Hebrew Bible]] is known as the [[Tanakh]].
; ''Open captions'' : After the introduction of [[closed caption]] decoders in the early 1980's and before decoder chips in TV sets became standard in the mid-1990's, TV stations would occasionally add captions to broadcasts which were visible to everyone and could not be turned off, as was done in the 1970's.
; ''Open [[sewerage|sewer]]'' : Before enclosed pipes, or underground corridors for [[sewerage|sewers]] came along, all sewers were open. For instance, the open sewers in the [[Middle Ages]] was largely responsible for [[The Black Death]].
; ''[[Zoom lens|Optical zoom]]'' : The advent of [[digital cameras]] (and accompanying [[digital zoom]]) necessitated this retronym, describing the "analog" method of achieving close-up using a [[zoom lens]].
; ''Opposite-sex marriage'' : coined after the advent of same-sex marriage.
; ''[[Organic farming]]'', ''[[organic food]]'' : Farming practiced without the use of [[artificial fertilizer]]s, [[pesticide]]s, and so forth; and the food so produced.
; ''Over-the-board [[chess]]'' (also ''OTB chess'') : Chess played in real time using a physical chessboard, as opposed to [[computer chess]] or [[correspondence chess]].

; ''Overground train'': Used in the UK to refer to trains that run above ground throughout, as opposed to [[London Underground|Underground]] trains which only run partly overground. (The key distinction is that "Overground" trains are not fully integrated into the Underground system.)
; ''Paid-for sales'', ''pure sales'': since the introduction of [[music streaming|streaming]] into chart compilation, with (as in the [[UK Singles Chart]]) a certain number of streams often being added together to make a streaming sale, traditional sales of music (whether in physical or digital format) are now often referred to by these terms.
;''[[Pai Gow]] tiles'' : Before [[pai gow poker]] was created in 1985, the original game with dominoes was simply called pai gow. Pai gow poker is significantly more popular than pai gow played with dominoes so this qualifier is used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wizardofodds.com/games/pai-gow-tiles/|title=Pai Gow Tiles - Wizard of Odds|website=wizardofodds.com}}</ref>
;''[[Paleoconservative]]'' : Before the advent of the [[neoconservative]] movement in the 1970s and its breakthrough success in the 1990s, American conservatism was largely defined by what would be referred to in the 2000s (decade) as [[paleoconservatism]].
;''[[United States Air Force Pararescue|Pararescue jumper]]'' : The term ''Pararescue jumper'' is a retronym of the initials "PJ", which were used on Air Force Form 5 (Aircrew Flight Log) to identify anyone on board in order to jump from the aircraft. Pararescuemen originally had no "in flight" duties, and were listed only as "PJ" on the Form 5. The Pararescue position eventually grew to include duties as an aerial gunner and scanner on rotary wing aircraft, a duty now performed by aerial gunners. Currently, aircrew qualified Pararescuemen are recorded using aircrew position identifier "J" ("Pararescue Member") on AFTO form 781.
;''Paper book'': [[E-books]] being commoner by the day, it is now necessary to distinguish books printed on paper from books distributed in a digital form.
;''Paper copy'', ''[[hard copy]]'' : With the proliferation of exchange of documents in the form of electronic files, physical copies of documents acquired this retronym. Occasionally extended to the copying devices; i.e. ''paper copiers''. The jocular substitute ''dead-tree copy'' is sometimes used.
; ''[[Advanced Technology Attachment#Parallel ATA interface|Parallel ATA]] (PATA)'' : The original [[Advanced Technology Attachment|ATA]] [[Electrical connector|interface]] was parallel; the qualification became necessary when [[Serial ATA]] was introduced.
; ''[[Peanut butter]]'' : Prior to the invention of homogenized peanut butter in the 1920s, all peanut butter was '''old fashioned''' or '''natural''', the oil separated and the product required stirring before use. In addition, all peanut butter was '''creamy''' or '''smooth''' prior to invention of crunchy or chunky peanut butter in the 1920s.
; ''Permanent [[magnet]]'' : Used for an object that is permanently magnetized rather than an [[electromagnet]].
; ''[[Physical media]]'' (data transfer) : Refers to the transmission of data over wires, such as [[copper]] cables, [[fibre optic]] or [[coaxial cable]], as opposed to [[wireless]] communication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cables-solutions.com/three-types-physical-media-systems-for-10-gigabit-ethernet.html|title=10 Gigabit Ethernet: Three Types Physical Media Systems|last=Alice.Gui|date=21 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ic.uff.br/~michael/kr1999/1-introduction/1_05-physical.htm|title=Access Networks and Physical Media|website=www2.ic.uff.br}}</ref>
; ''[[Media preservation|Physical media]]'' (media storage) : Refers to the storage of data on physical objects, such as paper, photographs, video tapes, or [[optical disks]], as opposed to [[cloud storage]] or [[streaming media]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/physical-media/|title=We Can't Let Physical Media Die|date=5 March 2019|website=Film School Rejects}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@darkuni/physical-media-who-needs-it-36de21a4e10c|title=Physical Media — Who needs it?|first=Shane R.|last=Monroe|date=16 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ebayinc.com/stories/news/ebay-data-reveals-resurgence-of-physical-media/|title=eBay Data Reveals Resurgence of Physical Media|date=26 December 2017|website=www.ebayinc.com}}</ref>
; ''Physical single'' : After the coming of the legal [[music download]], this term became commonplace to refer to a [[7-inch single|vinyl]], [[CD single|CD]] or [[cassette single|cassette]] single, which would previously have been referred to simply as a "single".
; ''[[Pickup truck]]'' : Before [[SUV]]s (often referred to as "trucks") were introduced, pickup trucks were those on a sturdy frame with high ground clearance. The term ''SUV'' was not coined in the 1990s; prior to then, SUVs were referred to as "trucks" and sometimes "cars".{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
; ''[[Pipe organ]]'' : Before smaller [[reed organ|reed-based organs]] and [[Pump organ|harmoniums]] were invented, every organ used large pipes.
; ''[[PlayStation|PlayStation 1]]'' or PS1: to distinguish from the [[PlayStation 2]] and its subsequent successors ([[PlayStation 3|PS3]] and [[PlayStation 4|PS4]]). A smaller version of the original PlayStation was named the [[PlayStation (console)#PS one|PS one]], released shortly after the PS2.
; ''[[PowerPC G1]]'' : Originally called the ''[[PowerPC 601]]'', the processor was nicknamed the ''G1'' after Apple used the ''G3'', ''G4'', and the ''G5'' names to refer to the [[PowerPC 7xx]], [[PowerPC 74xx]], and [[PowerPC 970]] respectively.
; ''[[PowerPC G2]]'' : Originally called the ''[[PowerPC 603]]'', the processor was nicknamed the ''G2'' after Apple used the ''G3'', ''G4'', and the ''G5'' names to refer to the [[PowerPC 7xx]], [[PowerPC 74xx]], and [[PowerPC 970]] respectively.
; ''[[Primordial element]]'' and ''Transient element'' : [[Periodic table|Elements]] that are found in nature, as opposed to those that have to be created in the lab using a [[collider]].
; ''Post [[sedan (car)|sedan]]'' or ''post [[coupe]]'' : In the United States this indicates a car with a full-height [[B-pillar]], as opposed to a pillarless (half-height B-pillar) [[hardtop]]. Generally used only in referring to [[classic cars]] from the 1950 to 1980 period because fashion and [[safety regulations]] dictate nearly all modern cars are post models.
; ''[[Pragmaticism]]'' : In 1905, in order to differentiate his original version from more recent forms of [[Pragmatism]], [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] renamed his version to Pragmaticism, a term "ugly enough to be safe from kidnappers".
; ''[[Pre-dreadnought battleship]]'' : The revolution in [[battleship]] design brought about by the construction of [[HMS Dreadnought (1906)|HMS ''Dreadnought'']] resulted in almost all the battleships built before her completion becoming known as "pre-Dreadnought battleships", whereas before they had simply been "battleships".
; ''[[Premoji]]''/pre-emoji or ''[[Premoticon]]''/pre-emoticon : The use of specifically ordered sets of ASCII characters in ''[[typographic approximation]]'' that conveyed imagery and eventually lead to emoji being included in Unicode. Examples include ;) or ;-) =😉 :) or :-) =🙂 8) or 8-) =😎 :D or :-D =😃 and <3 =❤️. In many applications, premoji sequences will trigger a text-predict image of the emoji character.
; ''[[Primary cell]]'': Also, less formally '''non-rechargeable battery'''; Before the introduction of [[rechargeable battery|rechargeable batteries]], all cells were '''primary''', then when rechargeable batteries came along ([[lead-acid battery]] being the first), rechargeable batteries would formally be called "secondary cells".
; ''[[Prime lens]]'': A [[photographic lens|camera lens]] with a fixed [[focal length]] (''e.g.'' 28 mm), as opposed to a [[zoom lens]], which can cover a range of focal lengths (''e.g.'' 28–105 mm). Before the invention of zoom lenses, all camera lenses had a fixed focal length, so they were just called "lenses".
; ''[[Procedural programming]]'': Before [[object-oriented programming]] was invented in the 1980s, there was just programming.
; ''Program Files (x86)'': Before [[x86-64]] versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] were released, all Windows applications since [[Windows 95]] were installed in the directory back when it was simply just '''C:\Program Files'''.
; ''Prop airplane'' : As [[jet aircraft]] became the primary people movers of the airways, the older [[propeller]]-based technology received this occasional shorthand nickname to distinguish it.
; ''[[Pulse dialing]]'' : After [[touch tone]] dialing on telephones became common, the older dialing standard became known as pulse dialing.

===R–T===
; ''[[Raw milk]]'' : also called fresh milk, refers to milk that has not been pasteurized, a process which did not become standard until the 1800s
; ''[[Real numbers]]'' : coined after the development of the [[imaginary numbers]].
; ''[[Real mode]]'' : before [[protected mode]] had been introduced in the [[80286]] processor, the term "real mode" was not in use for [[MS-DOS]] memory management.
; ''[[Real tennis]]'' : was once known simply as tennis, but came into use at the end of the 19th century to distinguish it from the game of [[lawn tennis]] patented in 1874. The term "real tennis" has become more vague now since video game tennis has come along. Therefore, real tennis is now ''court tennis''.
; ''[[Red Book (audio CD standard)|Red Book audio CD]]'' : At first, all audio CDs complied with the Red Book standard. Then came other implementations of the audio CD, such as [[Super Audio CD]], [[MP3 CD]]s, and [[DVD-Audio]], and the original is now referred to as ''Red Book audio'' to differentiate between different standards.
; ''[[Red panda]]'' or ''lesser panda''
: Were known as pandas in the English language, prior to the discovery and naming of the Giant Panda on the year 1869.
; ''[[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|Reel-to-reel]]'' or ''open reel'' : Tape recorders were originally simply ''[[tape recorder]]s'', as they all used a pair of open reels to hold the [[magnetic]] recording medium. The term ''reel-to-reel'' was introduced when various forms of [[cassette tape]] formats became popular.
; ''Reflective [[liquid crystal display]]'' : before LCDs had [[backlighting]], all LCDs required the reflection of room light or sunlight in order to see the screen.
; ''[[Nintendo Entertainment System|Regular Nintendo]]'' : a colloquial nickname for the original [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] (NES) coined when [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|'''Super Nintendo''' Entertainment System]] (Super NES) was introduced to the market.
; ''[[Rotary telephone]]'' or ''dial telephone'' : The kind of telephone in common use before [[touch-tone]] telephones.
; ''[[Rugby union]]'' : To differentiate it from its descendant, [[rugby league]]. Like hockey, the original term of ''rugby'' is still widespread.
; ''[[Scalar processors]]'' : As opposed to [[Vector processors]].
; ''[[Scripted series]]'' : Created in the wake of the success of reality television, the term applies to both fiction and non-fiction television with an identified writer or writers. The term can be misleading since reality television is almost never wholly improvised and often includes writing of some kind.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}
; ''Seventy-eight (78) rpm records'' : Before the advent of {{frac|33|1|3}} rpm and 45 rpm vinyl [[gramophone record|records]], these were known simply as ''records'', ''phonograph records'' or ''gramophone records''.
; ''[[8.3 filename|short file name]]'' : (officially referred to as '''8.3 filename''') before the advent of [[long filename]]s. [[File Allocation Table|FAT]] [[file system]]s only had 11 characters, three of which form the [[filename extension|extension]]. The [[ISO 9660]] filesystem for [[CD-ROM]]s has similar specifications to conform to the FAT specs.
; ''[[Shovel Knight|Shovel Knight: Shovel of Hope]]'' : Refers to the 2014 video game originally known as ''Shovel Knight''. For the game's 2017 [[Nintendo Switch]] release, the game was given the subtitle to make it more consistent with its included DLC campaigns. The overall package was renamed to ''Shovel Knight: Treasure Trove''.
; ''[[Silent film]]'' : In the earliest days of the film industry, all films were without recorded sound. Once "[[talkies]]" became the norm, it became necessary to specify that a particular film was "silent". The term "silent film" is also a [[misnomer]], because silent films were typically presented in theatres with live musical accompaniment.
; ''[[Sit-down restaurant]]'' : With the rise of [[fast-food]] and [[take-out]] restaurants, the "standard" restaurant received a new name in the United States. (In the United Kingdom, fast food and takeaway (takeout) outlets are not normally referred to as "restaurants", so the "sit-down" qualifier is not necessary.)
; ''[[Single Large Expensive Disk|SLED (Single Large Expensive Disk)]]'' : The [[RAID|redundant array of inexpensive disks]] (RAID) strategy for computer memory storage, introduced in the late 1980's was contrasted with the older standard, a single large expensive disk, or SLED.
; ''[[Smart Fortwo]]'' : Originally sold as the ''Smart City-Coupé'', the car was renamed the ''Fortwo'' upon the release of the ''[[Smart Forfour]]''.
; ''[[Snail mail]]'' (also known as ''land mail'', ''paper mail'', ''p-mail'', and ''postal mail'') : Non-[[electronic mail]] delivered to physical locations, such as one's home or business. Before email and [[voice mail]], all mail was physical, and much slower by comparison – thus, the [[dysphemistic]] "snail" appellation. Compare [[surface mail]], below.
;''[[Sneakernet]]'': Before the Internet became popular, the so-called "sneakernet" was simply just a regular transfer of computer data on physical, interchangeable media. For instance, [[punched tape]] was used for this purpose at first, then [[floppy disks]], then sneakernet was coined when the Internet became popular, now modern sneakernets involve transfer of [[Secure digital]] cards, [[USB flash drive]]s, [[external hard drive]]s, optical disks (CDs, DVDs, [[Blu-ray]]s), etc.
;''Snow skiing'': Water skiing now necessitates this differentiation. This, however, only applies to an area where both "snow" as well as "water" skiing are likely. "Snow skiing" would not be mentioned in the Alpine regions, unless large lakes offered the availability of water skiing.
; ''[[Solid-propellant rocket]]'': Refers to rockets that use a solid [[Rocket propellant|propellant]] such as [[gunpowder]] or [[RDX]]; [[liquid-propellant rocket]]s were invented in the mid-20th century.
; ''Solo motorcycle'' : So called instead of ''motorcycle'' when some were being built with a [[sidecar]]. (see disputed retronyms below for more info).
; ''[[Sourdough]]'': Before other approaches to leavening bread were used, all bread dough was at least partially "sour".
; ''[[Special relativity]]'' : Term introduced after Einstein developed [[general relativity]].
; ''standard [[Jack (connector)|AUX input]] (standard auxiliary input)'' : The common name for AUX audio inputs that doesn't employ an iPod [[dock connector]], [[USB]], [[optical]]/coaxial [[S/PDIF]] digital audio or proprietary mechanical standards that employ multiple standards alongside proprietary audio signaling standards. It usually refers to 1/8th inch [[TRS connector]]s, but sometimes it can refer to a set of red and white [[RCA]] stereo jacks.
; ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'': The series' actual title ''[[Star Trek]]'' is now often used to refer collectively to the original series and its multitude of [[spin-off (television)|spin-offs]].
;''[[Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope]]'' : Originally released in 1977 under the title ''Star Wars''. The new title was applied to a 1979 publication of the script and (following the 1980 release of ''[[Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back]]'') to a 1981 amended re-release of the original film.
; ''[[Static electricity]]'' : see ''triboelectricity'', below.
; ''[[Steam train]]'' : In the 19th century, before the advent of [[electric locomotive|electric]] and [[diesel locomotive|diesel]]-powered trains, steam trains were just "trains".
; ''[[match|Strike-anywhere match]]'' : After the development of the safety [[match]], that could only be lit by striking a custom surface containing phosphorus, the older non-safety matches were still in demand.
; ''[[Studio recording]], studio album'' : Before live albums, music for distribution on records was only recorded in a studio.
; ''[[Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels]]'': In 1986, the first sequel to the hit [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]] game ''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'' was released in Japan as ''Super Mario Bros. 2''. Because of its extreme difficulty and similarity to its predecessor, [[Nintendo of America]] opted not to release the game in North America. Instead, Nintendo released a remake of ''Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic'' as the North American ''[[Super Mario Bros. 2]]'' in 1988. The original sequel was eventually rereleased worldwide as part of the ''[[Super Mario All-Stars]]'' compilation, but under the moniker ''Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels''. Outside of Japan, this name persists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/14/ign-presents-the-history-of-super-mario-bros?page=3 |page=3 |access-date=April 1, 2015 |title=IGN Presents: The History of Super Mario Bros. |last=McLaughlin |first=Rus |date=September 13, 2010 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131172143/http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/14/ign-presents-the-history-of-super-mario-bros?page=2 |archive-date=January 31, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
; ''[[Super Mario USA]]'': When the American ''Super Mario Bros. 2'' was released in Japan, it was retitled ''Super Mario USA''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2011/04/the-secret-history-of-super-mario-bros-2.ars |title=The Secret History of Super Mario Bros. 2 |date=April 3, 2011 | first=Chris | last=Kohler | via=[[Ars Technica]] | magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref>
; ''[[Super Smash Bros. (video game)|Super Smash Bros. 64]]'': Initially released on the [[Nintendo 64]] as ''Super Smash Bros.'', the "64" title used in other Nintendo 64 games would be colloquially added to distinguish it from future ''[[Super Smash Bros.]]'' entries.
;''[[Surface mail]]'' : Traditional mail, delivered by road, rail, and ship, retrospectively named following the development of [[airmail]]. Compare [[snail mail]], above.<ref>''Cognitive English grammar,'' by Günter Radden, René Dirven, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lx7UAniLfJwC&pg=PA4&dq=surface%20mail p. 4]</ref>
;''[[Survivor: Borneo]]'' : Broadcast as just ''Survivor''. When the show subsequently used other locales, the location of the first season was added to the title to distinguish it.
; ''[[Terrestrial radio]]'': As opposed to satellite radio.
; ''Terrestrial television'': As opposed to satellite television and cable television.
; ''Textile top [[convertible]]'' : Before [[retractable hardtop]]s became popular, convertibles mostly had textile tops which folded when stowed away for a top-down ride.
; ''Text-only dialogue'': Before voice acting became commonplace in video games, text was used to convey dialogue between characters (especially in genres such as RPGs and adventure games). Some games, such as the ''[[Yakuza (series)|Yakuza]]'' series, still uses text-only dialogue in addition to voice acting, depending on the importance of a cutscene.
; ''Tie-on [[pocket]]'' : Early pockets were pouches, similar to a purse, tied around the waist and worn underneath the wearer's outer garments. Once pockets began to be sewn directly into clothing, these pouch-like pockets needed to be differentiated from those that had been integrated into the garment.<ref>''The Pocket: A Hidden History of Women’s Lives, 1660–1900'', First Edition, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 2019, p. 16</ref>
; ''[[Transformers (toyline)|Transformers: Generation 1]]'' : referring to the original ''Transformers'' toyline which ran from 1984 to 1992, and the assorted tie-in media. Then known only as "The Transformers", when the sequel series, ''[[Transformers: Generation 2]]'' launched by [[Hasbro]] in 1993, all previous subject matter was dubbed "Generation 1" – many individuals did this independently, as it is a logical progression, and when the online fandom began growing in the 1990s, the term became the definitive one for that era. The term subsequently made it into official use through toy reissues and comic books, most notably on Japanese toy packaging.
; ''[[Triboelectricity]]'' : Electricity was so named from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for [[amber]], because of the discovery that if it was rubbed (generating what is now called ''triboelectricity'') it would attract objects (due to a charge of ''static electricity''). ''Electric currents'' and other forms of generation were discovered later.
;''[[Tube amplifier]]'' : Tube amplifiers for musical instruments were largely replaced by "[[transistor]]" (or [[solid state (electronics)|solid state]]) amplifiers during the 1960s and 1970s.
;''Tube TV or CRT TV'' : Originally, all televisions used a [[cathode ray tube]] (CRT) to produce a TV image. But with the recent popularity of newer television technologies such as LCD, plasma, or [[Digital Light Processing|DLP]], some stores now describe the sets that still use a picture tube as tube TVs or CRT TVs.
; ''Two-door coupe'': Before four-door cars started to have coupe-like styling in recent years, coupes mostly referred to 2-door cars. Examples of 4-door cars that have used coupe as a marketing term are the [[BMW X6]] [[SUV]] and the [[Dodge Charger]] sedan which reuses the name of a 1970s 2-door car.
===U-Z===
; ''[[Ultimate Doom]]'': Before [[Doom II]], Ultimate Doom was originally just simply ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]''. Doom was originally just a mail-order game, then when Doom II sold successfully in stores, Doom was re-released as a retail product, it was dubbed ''Ultimate Doom'' to differentiate from Doom II. It added a new episode called ''Thy Flesh Consumed''.
; ''Uncontrolled road (or uncontrolled highway)'' : Before the concept of controlled-access roads, which some call expressways came along, even predating automobiles, all roads had direct access to private property or public event or government grounds. When the controlled-access roads came along, they helped to virtually eliminate direct driveway access to private property or parking lots with only select crossroads for direct access. One had to use the term '''uncontrolled road''' to differentiate. However, the introduction of [[freeways]] (which other countries referred to as [[Controlled-access highway|autoroutes]], motorways and whatnot) further complicated matters by necessitating the use of the term '''at-grade expressway''' (see above). Recent uncontrolled roads have even adopted qualities of freeways and expressways such as paved shoulders (sometimes with [[rumble strips]]), freeway speed limits, and grade-separated ramp junctions (though most are just the at-grade "guest" of diamond junctions).
; ''Unstyled John Deere tractor'': After [[industrial design]] was applied to the sheet metal styling of [[Deere & Company|John Deere tractors]], the distinction ''unstyled'' was retronymously applied to earlier models whose model name was the same, for example, ''styled Model A'' versus ''unstyled Model A''
; ''[[Upright bicycle]]'': The advent of the [[Recumbent bicycle]] sometimes requires a speaker to make the distinction between that and the conventional "upright bicycle".
; [[Upsilon]] (υ): In [[Koine Greek]], the digraph ⟨οι⟩ is pronounced samely as this letter.
; ''Vanilla [[Doom (series)|Doom]]'': The advent of [[source port]]s for Doom have altered gameplay behavior.
; ''[[Viennese waltz]]'' : The original waltz, as distinct from other styles of [[waltz]] that have since developed.
; ''[[Visible light]]'' : Before the discovery of invisible [[wavelength]]s of [[electromagnetic radiation]], all light was considered visible.
; ''[[Water-activated stamp]]s'' (gummed stamps) : The predominant kind of postage stamp before [[self-adhesive stamp]]s became popular.
; ''[[Web 1.0]]'' : a term used from the mid-2000s onward to refer to the [[World Wide Web]] / [[Internet]] of the 1990s and early 2000s. At the time, it was referred to simply as "the web" or (less accurately) "the internet" or "the net".
; ''[[Whole milk]]'' : Milk was formerly available in just one version, with the cream included, and benefited eventually by [[pasteurization]] and [[homogenization (chemistry)|homogenization]]. But it was still called simply ''milk''. This variety of milk is now referred to in the U.S. as ''whole milk'' (3.25% milkfat) to distinguish it from ''2% (reduced fat) milk, 1% (low fat) milk,'' and ''skim milk'' (nearly no fat). In the UK, the terms ''whole milk'' (also ''full-cream milk'' or ''full-fat milk'') (3.5%), ''semi-skimmed milk'' (about 1.5%) and ''skimmed milk'' (almost no fat) are commonly used.
; ''[[Whole wheat]]'' : All flour, bread, pasta, etc. consisted of some combination of endosperm, germ and bran before white flour was created in the mid 19th century and became the more dominant variant when referring to flour.
; ''[[Windows 10]], version 1507''
; ''Win16'' : The original, 16-bit [[Windows API]], as distinguished from the newer ''Win32'' and ''Win64''.
; ''[[Windows 8.0]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=This version of Windows is not supported. If you're running Windows 8.0, try upgrading to Windows 8.1 - Visual Studio |url=https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/support/version-windows-not-supported-youre-running-windows-8-0-try-upgrading-windows-8-1/ |website=visualstudio.microsoft.com |publisher=[[Microsoft Corporation]] |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228031421/https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/support/version-windows-not-supported-youre-running-windows-8-0-try-upgrading-windows-8-1/ |url-status=live |archive-date=2021-12-28 |language=en |date=2019-04-02}}</ref>
; ''[[Zune 30]]'' : Used to describe the first-generation Zune device; the "30" was added after the release of the [[Zune 4, 8]], and [[Zune 80|80]]

==Geographic retronyms==
'''Proper names'''<br>
These are proper names for the described regions, or corridors.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
; ''[[Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike]]'' : A section of the [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]] between [[Breezewood, Pennsylvania|Breezewood]] and [[Hustontown, Pennsylvania|Hustontown]] which was bypassed by a new alignment that bypassed the tunnels because it was too costly to blast away more rock to widen the travel lanes.
; ''[[Asia Minor]]'' : The name ''Asia'' was first applied to the mainland east of the [[Aegean islands]], and later extended to the greater landmass of which that is a peninsula.
; ''[[Baja California]]'' : The name ''California'' was first applied to [[Baja California peninsula|the peninsula]] (thought to be an island) now known as Baja ("Lower"), and later extended – and then restricted – to [[Alta California|Alta ("Upper") California]], and finally to the [[California|current U.S. state]].
; ''[[East Indies]]'' : After [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] landed in the [[West Indies]].
; ''[[East Prussia]]'' : [[Prussia]] began as a [[duchy]] in the [[History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty|kingdom of Poland]]. As the highest-ranking dignity of the [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] dynasty, the name came to be applied to their territories stretching across Germany. The name East Prussia became more significant when it was separated from the rest of Prussia and Germany by the [[Polish Corridor]].
; '''EU''xx''''': "EU" followed by two digits is often used in statistics to indicate the different makeup of the [[European Union]]
*EU12: the twelve-member EU as founded in 1993; most of the Western European nations
*EU15: the fifteen-member EU after [[Austria]], [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]] joined in 1995
*EU25: the EU from 2004 to 2007 after ten eastern and central European nations joined
*EU27: the EU from 2007 to 2013, after [[Romania]] and [[Bulgaria]] were added
*EU28: the EU from 2013 to 2020, after [[Croatia]] joined
*EU27 is now used to refer to the EU after the [[United Kingdom]] left in 2020; it was also used after the 2016 [[Brexit referendum]] to refer to "the EU countries less the UK" as they negotiated with the UK government
; ''[[First Chinatown, Toronto|First Chinatown]]'': First Chinatown refers to Toronto's original [[Chinatown]] at Dundas and Elizabeth Streets in [[The Ward, Toronto|The Ward]], and was known as such until the construction of the [[Toronto City Hall|new city hall]] and [[Nathan Phillips Square|public square]] in the 1960s. Most stores that occupied the construction project was cleared through expropriation. The resulting development caused the westward relocation of Chinatown to its [[Chinatown, Toronto|current location]] at Dundas Street and Spadina Avenue.
; ''Great Britain'' : [[Britons (historic)|Britons]] fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxons|Germanic]] invasions settled in [[Armorica]] which became [[Brittany]] or Little Britannia.
; ''[[Lower Saxony]]'' : The kingdom and duchies of [[Saxony (disambiguation)|Saxony]] are outside the original lowland territory of the [[Saxons|Saxon people]].
; ''[[Manhattan Chinatown]]'' : For a long time, New York City had only one Chinatown. However, there are now large Chinese communities in [[Flushing, Queens]] and [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn]], and thus, a need has developed to differentiate among the city's three Chinatowns.
; ''Old Chinatown'' : London's original Chinatown (destroyed in [[The Blitz]]) was in [[Limehouse]]; the new [[Chinatown, London|Chinatown]] is in [[Soho]]. Also used in [[Houston, Texas]], to the Chinatown district located east of the George R. Brown Convention Center and south of BBVA/Compass Stadium.
; ''[[Old Toronto]]'' : Old Toronto refers to the old City of Toronto, prior to the [[amalgamation of Toronto#1998 amalgamation|amalgamation of Toronto in 1998]]. In 1998, the [[Government of Ontario]] dissolved the [[regional municipality]] of [[Metropolitan Toronto]], as well as the region's constituent municipalities (including Old Toronto). The former municipalities that made up Metropolitan Toronto were amalgamated into a single entity, the present-day city of [[Toronto]].
; ''[[Old World]]'': After Columbus landed in the Americas ("The [[New World]]").
; ''[[Old Northwest]]'', ''[[Old Southwest]]'' and ''[[Old West]]'': Regions formerly at these extreme corners of the United States.

===General descriptions===
These are less official descriptions that are commonly used.
; ''[[Contiguous United States]]'' or ''Lower 48'' : Referred to simply as ''The United States'' before [[Alaska]] and Hawaii, which are American [[Enclave and exclave|exclaves]], became states.

==Historiographic retronyms==
; ''[[Aztec Empire]]'' : Term coined by [[Alexander von Humboldt]] in the early 19th Century to differentiate between the pre-Hispanic "Mexican empire" and the then [[First Mexican Empire|new post-Hispanic one]] (this, in turn, became known as the ''First'' Mexican Empire upon the [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French-backed]] enthronement of [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian I]] in 1864).
; ''[[Byzantine Empire]]'' : Term coined in 1557 to name the [[East Roman Empire]], then defunct by over a century, in the historical period following the disintegration of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in 476 AD. The entity was commonly known as 'Roman Empire' to its inhabitants and 'Greek Empire' to contemporary Western Europeans.
; ''[[Gran Colombia]]'' : Historians' term for the first "Republic of Colombia", which included what are now [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Panama]].
; ''[[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]'' : Term coined in the 20th century, after the restoration of separate [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]] as independent states.
; ''[[Weimar Republic]]'' : Used to refer to the [[German Reich]] during the period in which it was a liberal democracy, prior to being taken over by the [[Nazi Party]].
; ''[[World War I]]/First World War'' : Originally this was called "The Great War" and commonly believed to be "''the war to end all wars''". However, when a [[World War II|second war]] enveloped Europe, Asia, and much of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], it became necessary to distinguish them. This convention has been used for many series of wars, going back as far as the [[First Peloponnesian War]] or earlier. Most recently, the 1991 war in the [[Persian Gulf]], formerly called "[[Desert Storm]]" or just the "Gulf War", is now (since the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]) often referred to as "The First Gulf War".

==Airports==

When an [[airport]] consists of only one passenger facility, most people just call it "The airport" or "The terminal". But when an airport expands, it is often necessary to give the original building a retronymic adjective to avoid confusion. While some airports just rename older terminals or [[concourse]] with letters or numbers (e.g. Terminal 1 or Concourse B), other methods include:
* ''Cardinal directions'' – when [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]] opened Terminals A and B in the early 1970s, the existing passenger terminal was renamed the "North Terminal".
* ''Proper names'' – [[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport|Detroit Metro Airport]] only had one passenger terminal until 1966, at which point the existing facility was identified as the "L.C. Smith Terminal".

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Retronyms}}
[[Category:Lists of English words|Retronyms]]

List of retronyms

2024-04-24T12:26:50Z

170.64.198.105: /* C–E */

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=January 2009}}
{{tone|date=April 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}

A [[retronym]] is a newer name for an existing subject, that differentiates the original form or version from a subsequent one. Retronyms are typically used as a self-explanatory adjective for a subject. Retronyms are introduced so as to differentiate the already existing things from the newer ones.

==Retronymic adjectives==
; ''[[Analog signal|Analog]]'': Describes non-[[Digital data|digital]] devices:
* ''[[Analog clock]]'': Before digital clocks, most clocks had faces and hands. See also: Analog watch.
* ''[[drawing|Analog drawing]]'': Drawing with conventional tools on a paper or canvas, as opposed to drawing on a computer using a software
* ''[[Analog synthesizer]]'': Before synthesizers contained microchips, every stage of the internal electronic signal flow was analogous to a sound that would eventually be produced at the output stage, and this sound was shaped and altered as it passed through each filter and envelope.
* ''[[Analog watch]]'': Before the advent of the [[digital watch]], all watches had faces and hands. After the advent of the digital watch, watches with faces and hands became known as analog watches.<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Safire |author-link=William Safire |title=Retronym Watch |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEEDB153AF932A35752C1A964958260 |work=[[New York Times Magazine]] |date=1 November 1992 |access-date=2015-08-03 }}</ref>
* ''[[Analog recording]]''
; ''Conventional'', ''classic'', or ''traditional'': Describes devices or methods that have been largely replaced or significantly supplemented by new ones. For example, ''conventional'' (non-microwave) ''oven'', or ''conventional weapon'' (one which does not incorporate chemical, biological or nuclear payloads).
* ''[[Doctor Who|Classic Doctor Who]]'': Used to distinguish the original series of the classic show from the 21st century sequel, ''[[Doctor Who (series 1)|New Doctor Who]]''. This retronym is used by the [[BBC]] when both of these shows air.
* ''[[Leave It to Beaver|Classic Leave It to Beaver]]'': Used to distinguish the original series of the classic sitcom from the 1980s sequel, ''[[The New Leave It To Beaver]]''. This retronym was used by [[Turner Broadcasting System|TBS]] when both of these shows aired.
* ''[[Coca-Cola]] Classic'': Originally called Coca-Cola, the name was changed when the original recipe was reintroduced after [[New Coke]] failed to catch on. This is an example of a retronym officially coined by a product's manufacturer.
* ''Conventional airplane'': In the late 1940s and early 1950s, this term was used to distinguish piston-engined aircraft from the new jet types.
* ''Conventional landing gear'': Term used to distinguish the traditional landing gear arrangement of two main wheels and a tail wheel (also referred to as the "tail-dragger" type) from the newer tricycle landing gear (two main wheels and a nose wheel).
* ''[[Conventional memory]]'': term coined when [[MS-DOS]] and other [[operating system]]s for the [[IBM PC]] and other [[IBM]]-like [[x86]] machines went over the 640k memory limit with tricks to access extra memory with different code to address it.
* ''[[iPod classic ]]'': Suffix added from its 6th generation. Referring to the original iPod model that still used a hard drive as opposed to the flash-based iPod shuffle and iPod nano, and a click wheel as opposed to the touch screen-based iPod touch.
* ''[[Oven|Conventional oven]]'': Before the development of the [[microwave oven]], this term was not used. Now it is commonly found in cooking instructions for prepared foods.
* ''[[Conventional war]]'': Before the development of [[nuclear weapons]], this term was not used. (''War'', Gwynne Dyer)
* ''[[Dental braces|Traditional braces]]'': Used to refer to braces that are metal and crafted by hand, as opposed to Invisalign, and other new technologies.
* ''[[Traditional Chinese characters]]'': Used to contrast with [[Simplified Chinese characters]].
* ''[[Traditional animation]]'': With the rise of [[computer animation]], hand-drawn, cel-based (or "2D") animation is now referred to as this.
; ''Civilian'': Used to refer to items that are not of military quality or for military use, to differentiate them from the military version.:
; ''First'', ''I'', ''1'', ''part 1'', ''version 1'', ''Senior'', '' the Elder'', etc.: Used when there is a second, third, fourth, etc. version/incarnation of something. This is not a retronym if it is used from the start in the anticipation of subsequent versions. When a dynastic ruler has or adopts the same name as a predecessor, the original is often retrospectively given the [[regnal number|Roman numeral ''I'']] if he did not already use one in his lifetime. For example, the Dutch prince [[William I of Orange]] was just William during his lifetime. On the other hand, e.g. emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]] was so entitled even though there were no subsequent emperors of that name. In the United States, names (typically of males) may also follow this convention, or the father may be given the suffix ''Senior'' (''Sr.''), with ''Junior'' (''Jr.'') for the son; Roman numerals would be used if the name is repeated again. In some cases, such as [[President of the United States|US President]] [[George H. W. Bush|George Bush]] and [[Major League Baseball]] player [[Ken Griffey, Sr.|Ken Griffey]], well-known people have become retroactively referred to as "Senior" after namesake sons rose to prominence in their own right. Also sometimes used to refer to the first incarnation of a movie, video game, etc. after sequels have been created, although such works are seldom renamed in this way officially. When [[Sony]] released the [[PlayStation 2]], a redesigned version of the original [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] was also released under the name [[PlayStation (console)#PS one|PSone]]. However, the word "One" doesn't always refer to version 1 of a product, such as in [[Xbox One]].
;''Freebase nicotine'': The liquid, if containing nicotine, that is vaporised by electronic cigarettes with regular use. Nicotine strength levels would typically be measured and sold in mg/ml. This term would not be in regular use, and would therefore not become a retronym until liquid containing nicotine salts, sold in strength levels as a percentage composition, had entered the market.
; ''Manual'': Used to distinguish from automatic or electric versions.
* ''[[Manual transmission]]s'' in vehicles were just called "transmissions" until the invention of [[automatic transmissions]]. Sometimes they are called "standard" transmissions, but that adjective has become a [[misnomer]] in the United States since automatic transmissions have become the standard feature for most models today.
* ''[[Manual typewriter]]s'' were likewise just called "typewriters" until the invention of [[electric typewriter]]s.
; ''Natural'': Use to distinguish from artificial versions.
*''[[Natural dye]]s'' like [[Isatis tinctoria|woad]], [[indigo dye|indigo]], [[Use of saffron|saffron]] and [[Rose madder|madder]] were simply "dyes" until synthetic dyes were developed in the mid-19th century.
*''[[Natural gum]]s'' were just "gums" until synthetic gums were invented.
*''[[Natural language]]s'' are those which evolved naturally in humans through use and repetition without conscious planning or premeditation, as opposed to recently developed [[constructed languages]] and [[formal languages]].
*''[[Natural rope]]s'' or ''plant ropes'', such as those made from [[hemp]] or [[sisal]], were just "ropes" until ropes made of synthetic materials became common.
* ''[[Natural satellite]]s'' were just called "satellites" until the launch of [[Sputnik 1]].
*''[[Natural skin care]]'' involves the use of topical creams and lotions made of ingredients available in nature; all skin care was natural until synthetic cosmetics were invented.
*''[[Natural sponge (disambiguation)|Natural sponge]]'': all [[Sponge (tool)|sponges]] were natural (either made from ''[[Luffa aegyptiaca]]'' or animal [[sponge]]s) until [[polyester]] and [[polyurethane]] sponges came on the market in the mid-20th century.
*''[[Natural rubber]]'' or ''India rubber'' was simply called "rubber" until [[synthetic rubber]] was invented in 1909.
; ''Old'':
* Naturally used when there is officially a "new" version of anything, to refer to the previous version. For example, when British money was [[decimalisation|decimalized]] and the ''new [[penny]]'' of 1/100 [[pound Sterling|pound]] was adopted, the previous penny of 1/240 pound became known as the old penny.
* ''Old-fashioned'' refers to any practice which is no longer customary, e.g. in the context of dress sense, hairstyle or wording, as opposed to ''(the) fashion'', which refers to anything which is at present customary. In popular music and the wider popular culture, the term ''old school'' (originally only used in hip-hop, but now in many other genres) has developed a similar meaning, and this has spread to other areas as well.
; ''Offline'': Computer users will sometimes agree to meet ''offline'', i.e. face to face in the real world, as opposed to ''online'' in an Internet-based [[chat room]] or other such means of electronic communication. Before the Internet became widely used, this was of course the only way to "meet" someone and the term ''to meet offline'' was unheard of. [[Stephen Colbert]], on his 4 February 2016 broadcast of ''[[The Late Show with Stephen Colbert]]'', remarked on the strangeness of so-called "offline shopping", regarding [[Amazon.com]]'s retail bookstore endeavor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbs.com/shows/the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert/video/pqH93j5jB3CB4M0mfWEb00wrbuNyFs_o/the-late-show-2-4-2016-michael-strahan-samantha-bee-wilco-/|title = The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (Official Site) Watch on CBS|website = [[CBS]]}}</ref>
; ''Real'': Often used in a derogatory manner to signify that the original product is the "real" product, as if the new alternative is "fake". For example, "Real instruments" for instruments other than the synth; "Real car" for a fuel-burning car, as opposed to an [[electric car]].
; ''Regular'' or ''plain'': Used to refer to an original product after new versions are released. For example, one could formerly just ask for a [[Pepsi]]. But with the advent of multiple versions like [[Diet Pepsi]] and [[Pepsi Max]], one might ask for a ''regular'' Pepsi when one wants the original drink. Similarly, ''regular'' [[Oreo]] cookies were called that after Double Stuf Oreos and other varieties were released. Another example is that in the United States regular gasoline (petrol or petroleum spirit outside the U.S.) has now come to mean 87 octane-rated unleaded (ratings in other countries vary). In the United States almost all gasoline had tetraethyl lead additive and was sold as either regular gasoline (octane rating of 89) or high test (octane ratings of 91 or higher) until leaded petrol was phased out starting in the late 1970s; all new cars made since 1975 have catalytic converters.
* ''Plain [[M and ms|M&M's]]'': Plain M&M's candies (now ''Milk Chocolate'') would not have been called that until 1954, when Peanut M&M's were introduced.
* ''[[Plain old telephone service]] (POTS)'': The term refers to the telephone service still available after the advent of more advanced forms of telephony, such as [[ISDN]], mobile phones, and [[VoIP]]
* ''[[Plain text]]'': Before word processing programs for computers with functions such as support for multiple fonts, underlining, bold/italic and other function came along, [[text file]]s were simply just known as text. "Plain text" is also used in contrast to ciphered text.
* ''Regular cab [[pickup truck]]'' (also called ''single cab'') used when extended and crew/double cabs became widely available.
* ''[[Regular coffee]]'': The development of [[decaffeinated coffee]] led to this coinage.
* ''Regular / Normal cigarette'' : A tobacco cigarette. Before [[electronic cigarettes]] became popular, all commercially available cigarettes were tobacco cigarettes. Along the same lines, the smoking of traditional cigarettes is sometimes referred to as “traditional smoking” in order to distinguish it from [[vaping]], which could also be considered a form of smoking.

;''Tabletop'': Used to describe the original version of a [[board game]] or [[role-playing game]] once a video game version has been released. Tabletop can also refer to non-digital games in general in order to contrast them from video games.
; ''[[Vanilla software|Vanilla]]'': Used to describe an unaltered, plain version of an item, often in reference to software. For example, in computer games with [[expansion packs]], it is used to distinguish the original version from subsequent versions, especially when the original game does not have a subtitle. For example, ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' could refer to either the original game or one of the expansion packs, so users may refer to the original as "vanilla" to distinguish it from the subsequent versions.
; ''Wired'': ''Wired'' or ''hardwired'' refer to products such as telephones, headphones, speakers, computer accessories, etc., which are now available in wireless versions. ''Wireless [[telegraphy]]'' and ''wireless [[telephony]]'' were some of the first applications of radio technology, in the 1910s and 1920s; "wireless" as a noun today is sometimes simply a synonym for "mobile phone service"/"cell phone service".

==Nouns==

===Numbers===
;''1994 Level'' : Before the [[Doom engine]] had more features added in source ports such as [[Boom (source port)|Boom]] [[ZDoom]] and [[Doom Legacy]], all levels for Doom made around 1994 had limitations that constrained the gaming atmosphere. But when more features were added to source ports for better level atmospheres, older-style levels started to be called "1994 levels" to differentiate from the newer kind.
;''2D'' : With the increasing prevalence of [[3-D film|3-D movies]], conventional, non-stereoscopic versions of movies are starting to be called 2D versions. This is also used in reference to animation, to distinguish the older style hand-drawn or more recently vector-based animation from 3D-rendered animation.

===A–B===
;''Acoustic guitar'' : Before the invention of the solid-body electric guitar, all guitars amplified the sound of a plucked string with a resonating hollow body. Similarly: ''acoustic piano''.<ref name=safire2>{{cite news |first=William |last=Safire |author-link=William Safire |title=Retronym |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/07/magazine/07wwln_safire.t.html |work=[[New York Times]] |date=7 January 2007 |access-date=2008-07-25 }}</ref>
;''[[American Morse Code]]'' : This was the original signaling alphabet, suggested by Samuel Morse's assistant, [[Alfred Vail]]. It has a variety of different units and timings. It was later replaced by the Continental code (also called international [[Morse code]]), which has simpler timings and a different alphabet. Also called "railroad code".
;''[[AM radio]]'': Before the introduction of broadcast [[FM radio]], the AM broadcast band radio was known simply as radio, [[wireless]] (in the UK) or as [[mediumwave|medium-wave radio]] (still the preferred term among [[amateur radio|radio enthusiasts]]) to distinguish it from the (also amplitude-modulated) [[shortwave|shortwave radio]] bands.
;''[[Animal Crossing (video game)|Animal Crossing: Population: Growing!]]'' : Used to refer to the original [[GameCube]] game after the release of its sequels. The name comes from its tagline in English-speaking regions.
; ''[[Apple I]]'' : Originally released as the Apple Computer, it was renamed after the introduction of the [[Apple II]] personal computer.
; ''[[Artistic gymnastics]]'' : Generally known simply as gymnastics before [[Rhythmic gymnastics]] was added to the Olympic program in 1984.
; ''At-grade [[Limited-access road|expressway]]'' : Since freeways are divided highways with 100% grade separations, expressways are at-grade highways with no direct private access. Some jurisdictions have different criteria on the difference of word use, but sometimes they are used interchangeably in areas that don't have many at-grade expressways. Since expressway and freeway are sometimes used interchangeably, the term ''at-grade expressway'' has been coined since there was a time when all expressways were at-grade; prior to the 1940s which is when [[California]] and [[Michigan]] planned out the nation's first freeways. States like [[Florida]] sometimes use the term "freeway" in reference to expressways (at-grade or grade-separated) which are free-of-charge to use.
; ''[[Atari 2600]]'' : Originally sold as the Atari Video Computer System (or Atari VCS for short). When its successor, the [[Atari 5200]], was released, the VCS was rebranded the Atari 2600, after its part number (CX-2600).
; ''[[Soap|Bar soap]]'' : The common cake of soap used in the tub or shower was familiarly called "soap" or "bath soap"; the term "bar soap" arose with the advent of soaps in liquid and gel form.
; ''[[Liquorice (confectionery)|Black Licorice]]'' : In [[North America]], licorice is often called "black licorice" to distinguish it from similar confectionery varieties that are not flavored with licorice extract, and commonly manufactured in the form of chewy ropes or tubes.
; ''[[gunpowder|Black powder]]'' : Called "gunpowder" for centuries while it was in common use. The retronym "black powder" was coined in the late 19th century to differentiate it from the newly developed [[smokeless powder]] which superseded it.
; ''[[Black-and-white]] television'' : Once called simply television, now the retronym is used to distinguish it from [[color television]], which is now more commonly referred to by the unadorned term. Along the same lines: ''[[Broadcasting|broadcast]] television'', ''[[free-to-air]] television'', ''[[Terrestrial television|over-the-air]] television'', ''[[silent film|silent movie]]''. Furthermore, "Standard Definition Television" has become necessary to distinguish sets from [[HDTV]] (high definition).
; ''[[Boeing 737 Classic]]'' : When Boeing introduced the 737 Next Generation (-600, -700, -800, and -900 series), the -300, -400, and -500 variants of the Boeing 737 still in service were called the 737 Classic.
; ''[[Boeing 737]] Original'' : The 737-100 and -200 were known simply as the "Boeing 737" at first; when the 737 Next Generation was introduced, and the 737-300, -400, and -500 were retrospectively designated as the 737 Classic, the 737-100 and -200 became known as the 737 Original to distinguish these even-older airplanes from the Classics.
; ''[[Commodore 64|Breadbin C64]]'' : When Commodore introduced the C64C, which had a redesigned case, the original C64 model was nicknamed the ''[[breadbin]]'' to differentiate it.
; ''[[Brick-and-mortar]] school'' : A school that has a street address and building as opposed to an [[online school]], which may have a main office building, but students can be located in a different locale than the teachers. The internet is used as a conduit for information exchanges, both synchronously and asynchronously.
; ''[[Brick-and-mortar]] store'', ''[[high street]] shop'' : As increasing use of the Internet allowed [[Web commerce|online stores]], accessible only through computers, to compete with established [[Retailer|retail shops]], the latter began to be called "brick-and-mortar stores" or "high street shops" to indicate that customers could (or had to) visit them to examine and purchase their goods. These two terms are also often used to describe the physical storefronts of a retail business that also sells products online. In the U.S. and [[Canada]], "brick-and-mortar" emphasizes the physical construction of these stores, as opposed to the largely electronic nature of online stores. The terms "high street shop" (UK) or "main street store" or "downtown store" (U.S. and Canada) also serve to differentiate the more traditional retail venue from big-chain "box stores" such as K-mart, [[Wal-Mart]], or [[Zellers]], which did not exist prior to the 1960s. (The name "High Street" is commonly used in the UK for a town's primary thoroughfare. In the U.S. and Canada, it is more likely to be called "Main Street".)
; ''[[British English]]'' : Was simply referred to as "English" until North American English dialects and British English dialects started to diverge.
; ''[[Broadcast television]]'' : This term was coined in the U.S. to distinguish it from [[cable television|cable]] and satellite television.
; '''[[Brown rice]]''' : Prior to the mid nineteenth century, all rice consumed was brown or, whole grain. With the invention of white rice, brown began to refer to the traditional version.

===C–E===
; ''[[Chicago II]]'' : Refers to the second album by the band Chicago. The album was originally entitled just ''Chicago'' but the name was changed after the release of the third album, ''[[Chicago III]]''. (Their first album was called [[Chicago Transit Authority (album)|''Chicago Transit Authority'']], as that was the name of the band at the time.)
; ''[[Classical Hollywood|Classical Hollywood Cinema]]'' : a term commonly used since the 1970s to refer to the mainstream commercial American cinema of roughly 1930–1960, which at the time was simply referred to as "Hollywood", "the cinema", "the movies" etc. (see 'film noir' below).
; ''[[Classic Apple]]'' : After Apple bought NeXT in 1997 and later became profitable, people began to refer to the pre-1997 history of the company as ''Classic Apple'' to differentiate it from the post-1997 Apple as the company was near bankruptcy when it bought NeXT. Apple nowadays is very successful and popular.
; ''[[Classic rock]]'' : a radio format referring to blues rock and hard rock music from the 1960s to the 1990s. The radio format previously was known as [[Album-oriented rock]].
; ''[[Classic Mac OS]]'' : Originally called ''System Software'' and later ''Mac OS'', Apple retroactively added Classic to versions of the operating system from 1 to 9.2.2 (which were partly based on ''[[Lisa OS]]'') to differentiate them from the newer ''[[Mac OS X]]'' (which was based on ''[[NeXTSTEP]]'').
; ''[[Cloth diaper]]'' (Terry nappy) : Before the second half of the 20th century, all diapers (nappies, in the UK) were made from cloth (terry cloth) and simply called ''diapers'' (US) or ''nappies'' (UK). The advent of the disposable diaper gave rise to this term.
; ''[[Command & Conquer (1995 video game)|Command & Conquer]]: Tiberian Dawn'' : This name is sometimes used by fans of the [[Command & Conquer]] series to refer to the original game of the series, officially known simply as ''Command & Conquer''.
; ''[[Complex instruction set computer]]'': This name was coined after the advent of [[Reduced instruction set computer]].
; ''[[Constitution Act, 1867]]'': Prior to 1982, when the patriation of the constitution occurred, Canada's constitution was known as ''British North America Act 1867''.
; ''[[Corn on the cob]]'' : Before canned corn was widely available, "corn on the cob" was simply "corn".
; ''[[Bic Cristal]]'' : Before the 2000s, the Bic Cristal was named "Bic Classic" pen. Prior to the 1990s, "Bic Classic" was referred to simply as the "Bic pen".
; ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation|CSI]]: Las Vegas'' : Not used before the debut of the spinoff series ''[[CSI: Miami]]'' in 2002, and ''[[CSI: NY]]'' in 2004.
;''Curved, curly or smart [[Quotation mark|quotes]]'' : Straight quotes were made widespread by typewriters. The ''smart'' designation came about as [[Word processor|word processing software]] would often change straight quotes into curved quotes.
; ''Data-transfer [[USB]] port'' : Before "recharge-only" (or powered USB) came along, all USB ports could both transfer data, and "recharge" mobile devices.
; ''Day baseball'' : Baseball played during the day, as all games were played before [[electric lighting]] in stadiums became common.
; ''[[Dairy milk]]'' : Used to refer to actual milk from a mammal's mammary glands, as opposed to [[plant milk]]s like [[soy milk]], [[rice milk]], [[almond milk]], and [[coconut milk]].
; ''[[Disposable battery]]'' : Before [[rechargeable batteries]] became popular in [[AA cell|AA]], [[AAA cell|AAA]], [[C battery|C]], [[D battery|D]] and [[9-volt battery|PP3]] form factors, all batteries in those form factors were disposable. However, rechargeable batteries back then were limited to stationary and vehicular (sometimes semi-portable) applications.
; ''[[Limited-access road|Divided expressway]]/freeway'' (USA) : Early expressways and freeways were divided corridors, but recent concepts of freeways and expressways have included occasional [[two-lane expressway|undivided corridors]] for economic and environmental compromises, as well as an initial phase prior to twinning. But it is unclear whether undivided versions existed first. However, the [[Limited-access road|expressway]], [[parkway]] and freeway concepts were developed with divided highways in mind during the 1910s (parkways) and 1940s (freeways), the German [[Autobahn]] would be conceptualized around the same time with similar qualities to freeways.
; ''[[Dumb bomb]]'' : a bomb dropped from a bomber plane, with no guidance systems. Not used before guided missiles were invented and replaced the free-fall bombs.
; ''[[Dumb phone]]'' : A phone with either no or limited internet capabilities. These phones also have no or limited ability to run apps. Before [[smartphones]] became popular, these were simply considered ‘phones’ or ‘cellphones’. They are also sometimes referred to as [[feature phones]] or “flip phones”.
; ''[[English muffin]]'' :Originally called a 'muffin' in southern England, the prefix is now used to distinguish them from the American version.
; ''[[Epsilon]]'' (ε): In [[Koine Greek]], the digraph ⟨αι⟩ is pronounced samely as this letter.

===F–H===
; ''Face-to-face conference'' : A conference whose participants meet in the same room, as opposed to using telephones or video cameras (similarly:''IRL-meeting = in-real-life meeting'').
; ''Farmall Regular'': As explained at [[Farmall tractor]], the name ''Farmall'' began as a model name but became a sub-brand name as additional models were developed.
; ''Fat model'' : In the console collecting scene, a "Fat model" represents consoles released before a model that is more compact and has different hardware specifications, oftentimes a lower wattage processor which requires less cooling. Most notably the "Fat" [[PS2]] and "Fat" [[PS3]], both having far smaller slim revisions releasing later in their lifespans, although the [[Xbox 360|Xbox 360,]] [[PS4]], [[Xbox One]], and [[PS5]] all had initial models that may be considered "fat models" in relation to their later, slimmer revisions.
; ''[[Field hockey]]'' (North America) : Known simply as "hockey" (as it still is in the UK and Ireland) until [[ice hockey]] and [[roller hockey]] became popular. (In addition, there is a game called [[street hockey]], which evolved from ice hockey.) Similarly, ''Field soccer'' ([[Football (soccer)|Football]]) and ''[[Field lacrosse]]'' ([[lacrosse]]). (Both North America)
; ''[[Film camera]]'': As opposed to digital camera. Also, the use of a film camera is often referred to as “film photography”, “analogue photography”, or “traditional photography” in order to distinguish it from digital photography.
; ''[[Film noir]]'' : Prior to the 1970s, films with "film noir" style were referred to in English-speaking countries simply as dramas or melodramas (see 'Classical Hollywood' above). The term was coined in the 1950s by French critics who were taking the products of Hollywood more seriously than critics in the English-speaking world tended to at the time.
; ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam|First Gundam]]'': A nickname, commonly used by Japanese fans of the franchise and coined shortly after the release of [[Zeta Gundam]]. ''Gundam 0079'' is also used in the same fashion.
; ''[[First Anglo-Dutch War]]'' : Renamed after the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] in 1664.
; ''[[Fixedsys]]'' : The monospaced system font in [[Windows 1.0|Microsoft Windows 1.x]] and [[Windows 2.0|2.x]], simply called System under those systems. In [[Windows 3.0]], [[System (typeface)|System]] became a proportional font, and the original font was renamed Fixedsys.
; ''[[Fortnite: Save the World]]'' : Originally titled ''Fortnite,'' it was renamed after the release of [[Fortnite: Battle Royale]].
; ''[[Slash (punctuation)|Forward slash]]'' : Before the introduction of [[ASCII]] and electronic keyboards for computers, typewriters had only one type of slash ("/"), normally produced by the unshifted key shared with the question mark. The rise of [[MS-DOS]] brought regular use of the [[backslash]] ("\") character found on computer keyboards (for specifying [[path (computing)|directory paths]]). Before that time the symbol "/" was known simply as a "slash" (US) or "oblique" (UK). (Other [[Typography|typographical]] names for this character are ''virgule'' and ''solidus''. In the UK, the character was traditionally known as an ''oblique stroke'' or, more simply, an ''oblique''. ''To slash'' means to cut with a scything motion, which is analogous to the motion of the pen as the character is handwritten.)
; ''[[Slow parenting|Free-range parenting]]'' : Traditionally children had less supervision prior to the 21st century; this allowed for more independence and freedom in a child's decision making. There is a modern term called [[helicopter parent]]ing which refers to parents who overly monitor, plan, and get involved with their kids activities.
; ''[[French franc]]'' : The currency unit of France before the [[euro]], which was originally the only franc, but had to be distinguished from the Belgian franc, [[CFAF|Communauté Financière Africaine franc]], and Swiss franc after those countries adopted the term.
; ''Friction brake'' : Automotive [[disc brake]] or [[drum brake]]. Coined after the advent of the [[regenerative brake]] in electric or hybrid automobiles.
; ''[[Frizzen]]'' : This component was called the "hammer" while [[flintlock]] [[firearms]] were in use. On [[percussion cap]] firearms which replaced flintlock the striking component was called the hammer and the term ''frizzen'' was applied to the hammer of flintlocks.
; ''[[Full service (radio format)|Full service]]'' : A radio format that consists of a wide range of programming. Coined after the introduction of [[contemporary hit radio]] in the 1950s.
; ''Full Service'' : Used to refer to services provided by an attendant, as opposed to being done by the customer in a modern self-service environment, such as pumping gasoline, selecting merchandise and using store machinery. In areas where health laws or other regulations prohibit self-service at gas stations, full service includes "extra" services such as checking under the hood and cleaning the windshield, once considered standard services.
; ''[[Full-size van]]'' (US) : Coined after the introduction of [[minivan]]s by the [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three]] automakers, although box trucks (bigger vehicles that were considered vans) existed prior to the Big Three's use of ''full-size van''.
; ''[[Game Boy|Game Boy Classic]]'' : Used to distinguish the original from the [[Game Boy Pocket]], the [[Game Boy Color]], and the [[Game Boy Advance]].
; ''[[Game Boy|Game Boy Mono]]'' : see '''Game Boy Classic'''. Refers to the monochrome graphics these models produced.
; ''[[Chevrolet small-block engine (first- and second-generation)|Gen I (Chevrolet Small Block)]]'' Used to distinguish versions of the Chevrolet V6 and V8 engine from the 1997-present [[General Motors LS-based small-block engine|LS engines]].
; ''[[GM "old-look" transit bus]]'' : The GM old look did not originally have a name, but in 1959, a new design was released and was called the new look. After this many people started calling the older design the Old Look.
; ''[[Ground warfare]]'' : The "Ground war" term/phrase developed some time after the widespread adoption of large scale use of aircraft as a viable weapon of war.
; ''Hand-barrow'': Originally, "barrows" suspended the load on poles carried by two people, one in front and one behind. "[[Wheelbarrow]]s" are first cited by the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' to the 14th century, and in the 15th century the term ''hand-barrow'' arose to refer to the older sort of barrow, but in the British Isles the more common version was ''[[sedan chair]]'' (if a person was being carried).
; ''Hand grenade'' : All [[grenade]]s were hand-thrown until the invention of the [[rifle grenade]], and, later, the [[grenade launcher]].
; ''Handwritten'' : Crops up in the late 19th century to contrast with "typewritten". {{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
; ''Hard cider'' : In Europe and Asia, "[[cider]]" refers to [[fermentation (food)|fermented]] (alcoholic) [[apple juice]]. In the U.S., "cider" or "[[apple cider]]" often refers to unfiltered non-alcoholic apple juice. "Hard cider" specifies the alcoholic version.
; ''Hardcover book'' : Prior to the invention of [[paperbacks]], all books were hardcover and simply referred to as "books".
; ''[[Hard disk]]'' : All disks were hard (i.e. constructed of rigid instead of flexible magnetic material) until the advent of the [[floppy disk]].
; ''[[High-floor]]'':All buses and trams were high-floor until the advent of low-floor trams and [[Low-floor bus|low-floor and low-entry buses]].
; ''[[Cavalry|Horse cavalry]]'' : Used to distinguish the now mostly obsolete original use of horses in a military mounted combat role, with the advent of tanks and other motorized vehicles ([[mechanized cavalry]] or [[armored cavalry]]) following World War I, and the use of helicopters ([[air cavalry]]) during the Vietnam War era.
; ''[[Horsecar]]'' (Horse Tram in English speaking countries outside North America) : Used to describe the horse-pulled predecessor of the modern [[Tram|streetcar]] / tram. Originally called 'street cars' or just 'cars'. After street railway companies started electrifying their systems around 1900, the term became 'electric street cars' or 'electric trams', to differentiate from the previous horse-drawn vehicles. As time went on the word 'electric' was dropped, and as automobiles began being referred to as cars, the term 'streetcar'(US) or 'tram'(UK) remained to describe a public transit vehicle that ran on rails at street level
; ''[[Hot chocolate]]'' : In the days before the invention of sweet solid chocolate for eating, the word "chocolate" was usually used to refer to the drink. For a while after the [[chocolate bar]] was invented it was referred to as "bar chocolate", but due to its rise in popularity in the latter half of the 19th century it eventually laid claim to the basic word.<ref>Some dictionaries however, still define "chocolate" as a drink as one of the definitions. [http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=chocolate American Heritage Dictionary entry for "chocolate"]</ref>
; ''[[House call]]'' : Although the term was first used in 1899, it was not in common use until the 1960's, when doctors were phasing out coming to patients' homes.<ref>https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/house%20call?src=search-dict-box</ref>
; ''[[Human computer]]'' : Until [[mechanical computer]]s, and later [[computer|electronic computers]] became commercially available, the term "computer", in use from the mid-17th century, meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical [[calculation]]s. Teams of people were frequently used to undertake long and often tedious calculations; the work was sometimes divided so that this could be done in parallel.

===I–L===
; ''Indoor volleyball'' : Used to differentiate from beach volleyball after the latter gained prominence.
; ''[[Independent bookstore]]'' : All bookstores were independent until the advent of [[List of bookstore chains|bookstore chains]].
; ''Inground pool'' : A [[swimming pool]] where the filled high water level is flush with the ground; compared to above an "above ground pool" where the entire pool is above ground level
; ''[[Doom engine|id Tech 1 engine]]'' : A name applied to the [[Doom engine]]. Later game engines by [[id Software]] used the "[[id Tech]]" nomenclature, beginning with [[id Tech 4]].
; ''[[iBook G3]]'' : Originally sold as the iBook, these machines were renamed the ''iBook G3'' after the release of the ''[[iBook G4]]''.
* ''[[iBook Clamshell]]'' : Originally sold as the iBook, the machine was nicknamed the ''Clamshell'' after Apple released the ''[[iBook G3 Snow]]''.
* ''[[iBook G3 Snow]]'' : Just like its predecessor, the machine was originally sold as the iBook before being nicknamed the ''iMac G3 Snow'' by Apple so the name could be used on the ''[[iBook G4]]''.
; ''[[iMac]]''
* ''[[iMac G3]]'' : Originally sold as the iMac, the machine was renamed the ''iMac G3'' by Apple so the name could be used on the ''[[iMac G4]]''.
* ''[[iMac G4]]'' : Just like its predecessor, the machine was originally sold as the iMac before being renamed the ''iMac G4'' by Apple so the name could be used on the ''[[iMac G5]]''.
* ''[[iMac G5]]'' : Just like its predecessors, the machine was originally sold as the iMac before being renamed the ''iMac G5'' by Apple so the name could be used on the ''[[iMac (Intel-based)|Intel-based iMac]]''.
; ''[[iPhone (1st generation)|iPhone 2G]]'' : Used to differentiate the original 2007 model of the iPhone from its later models.
; ''[[IPhone OS 1]]'' : when it released, marketing material referred to it as a version of Mac OS X running on the iPhone, and the [[iTunes]] installer referred to it generically as ''iPhone software'', though with later versions starting with [[iPhone OS 2]], it became retroactively known as ''iPhone OS 1.0'' or ''iOS 1''.
; ''[[King's Quest: Quest for the Crown]]'' : The 1983 game was originally titled ''King's Quest'' until the fifth rerelease in 1987 when the subtitle was added to the box art, instructions, and all other materials. This was done to prevent confusion with the sequels which were already on the market.
; ''[[Landline phone]] service'' : With the advent of [[Cellphone|cellular or mobile phone]] services, traditional hard-wired phone service became popularly known as ''landline'' phones. Previously, this term was generally only used by military personnel and [[amateur radio]] operators. (In the movie ''[[The Matrix]]'' a landline phone was also referred to as a "hardline".) Even though a considerable amount of landline phone traffic is transmitted via airwaves, this term comes from the physical cabling that provides the "[[Last mile (telecommunications)|last mile]]" connection between the customer premises and local phone distribution centers. Because of the communications industry's love for [[acronyms]], landline phone service has also been called POTS—[[Plain Old Telephone Service]]. The logical complement of this acronym, "PANS" became a [[backronym]] for "Pretty Amazing New Services". In the telecommunications industry the term [[wireline (disambiguation)|wireline]] is used for landline phone services, to distinguish them from [[wireless]] or mobile phone services. Wireline is clearly another retronym.
; ''[[Lead-acid]] [[car battery]]'' : Before other battery chemical substances such as Ni-MH and Li-Ion were employed in [[hybrid vehicle|hybrid]] and electric vehicles (although some current hybrid cars used lead-acid and some high-end conventional gasoline vehicles use Li-ion), lead-acid batteries were the only batteries for automobiles on the market; and they were also the only rechargeable ones on the market.
; ''LED [[computer mouse|mouse]]'' : Before [[laser mouse|laser mice]] came along, all optical mice employed [[LED]]s.
; ''[[Led Zeppelin I]]'' : [[Led Zeppelin]]'s first album was the self-titled ''[[Led Zeppelin (album)|Led Zeppelin]]''; it is sometimes called ''Led Zeppelin I'' because their subsequent albums were called ''[[Led Zeppelin II]]'' and ''[[Led Zeppelin III]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thisdayinmusic.com/classic-albums/led-zeppelin-led-zeppelin-1/|title=Led Zeppelin – Led Zeppelin I|first=This Day In|last=Music|date=18 February 2022}}</ref>
; ''[[Linear momentum]]'' : Before the concept of [[angular momentum]] was developed, the only type of momentum known was linear.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}
; ''Linear television'' : Before the rise of [[video on demand]], [[video hosting service]]s, [[streaming media]], and [[digital video recorder]]s, the only way to consume television was through watching television channels, on broadcast, cable or satellite, which showed a combination of both live and recorded programming at designated times.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/linear-tv-watching-down-digital-viewing-up-in-nielsens-q3-report-1201369665/|title=Linear TV Watching Down, Digital Viewing Up in Nielsen's Q3 Report|first1=Cynthia|last1=Littleton|date=3 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2014/jul/07/cord-cutting-internet-tv-netflix|title=Cord-cutting: beginning of the end for linear television|first=Alex|last=Zambelli|newspaper=The Guardian |date=7 July 2014|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>
;''Lithium primary battery'' : Batteries involving lithium were all [[primary cell]]s (disposable) before rechargeable lithium-based batteries such as [[lithium ion batteries]] (later [[lithium polymer battery]]) hit the market.
;''Live action'' : A form of a film that consists of images consisting of predominantly actual actors and objects that exist in the actual world, as opposed to an [[animated film]], which predominantly consists of artificial static images or objects that take advantage of the [[persistence of vision]] principle of film to give an illusion of life.
; ''Live poker'' : What [[casino]]s call the kind of [[poker]] played with [[Playing card|cards]] by people sitting at a table; what many others still just call "poker"; also called a "ring game" or "[[cash game]]". The term became necessary to distinguish it from [[video poker]], which is far more common in casinos today.
; ''[[Live music]]'' : Before the publication of recorded music, all music was live.
; ''[[Dance party#Live band dance|Live band dance]]'': Before the advent of DJs (and then automated playlists), all dances had live music.
; ''Low-beam headlights'' : simply just headlights before high beams were introduced on [[motor vehicle]]s.
; ''Luggable computer'' : The first generation of computers marketed as "portable", such as the [[Kaypro]] or the [[Osborne Computer Corporation|Osborne]] series, were quite bulky and were heavier than a bowling ball. The weight was mostly because they had a conventional [[Cathode ray tube|CRT]]-type monitor built in. When the first laptop computers came out, the earlier, heavier portable machines became referred to as "luggables".

===M–P===
; ''[[Macintosh 128k]]'' : Originally named the [[Macintosh]], changed to distinguish from the [[Macintosh 512k]].
; ''[[Madden NFL|Madden]]'' ''89'', ''90'', ''91'' : Respectively known as [[John Madden Football (1988 video game)|1988 video game]], [[John Madden Football (1990 video game)|1990 video game]], and [[John Madden Football II]], this was in the early days before year numbers were added to the title of Madden NFL video games.
; ''[[Mainframe computer]]'' : When [[minicomputer]]s (which were the size and shape of a desk or [[Credenza desk|credenza]]) were introduced in the early 1970s, existing systems that often consisted of multiple large racks of equipment received the name "mainframe", alluding to the vertical cabinets or "frames" in which they were installed.
; ''[[Manual transmission]]'' (also ''[[standard transmission]]'') : Automotive transmissions were all manual before the invention of the [[automatic transmission]].
; ''[[Meatspace]] or "meat life" or "real life"'' : All of physical reality, as distinguished from [[cyberspace]].
; ''Mechanical disk'' : Before the advent of solid-state ram, and later solid-state flash memory (i.e. no moving parts), all computer disks had moving parts, hence the "mechanical" adjective. These include [[hard disk]]s, [[floppy disk]]s, and [[optical disks]] ([[CD-ROM]]s and DVD-ROMs).
; ''Mechanical [[fuel injection]]'' : The amount of fuel squirted into an [[internal combustion engine]] by a fuel injection system was, before integrated circuitry became applied to motor vehicle engines, originally regulated by a calibrated mechanical linkage. What made for the retronym was the more precise ''Electronic Fuel Injection'', which employed more sensors.
; ''[[Mechanical mouse]]'' : before the [[optical mouse]] was introduced, all [[computer mouse|computer mice]] had a mechanical ball.
; ''[[Mechanical watch]]'' : Prior to the introduction of the first [[Quartz clock|quartz movement]] watches in the late 1960s, all watches used a mechanical movement.
; ''[[Microsoft Edge Legacy]]'' : Referring to its first iteration that used Microsoft’s proprietary EdgeHTML engine, from the Chromium-based counterpart that was released in December 2018.
; ''[[Middle Ages]]'' : The period in European history from the 5th to the 15th century [[Anno Domini|A. D.]] The earliest use of the term ''Middle Ages'' is recorded in 1604, to differentiate that period from the era of [[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]] and the then-beginning age of [[Modernity]].
; ''[[Minecraft]]: Java Edition'' : The original release of the game, on Microsoft Windows, was simply known as ''Minecraft'' prior to the release of ''[[Minecraft: Windows 10 Edition]]''. In addition, other versions of the video game on Microsoft Windows are ''Minecraft Classic'', ''Minecraft 4k'', and ''Minecraft: Education Edition''.
; ''[[Monaural]] sound'', ''monophonic sound'' or ''mono sound'' : Often simplified to simply "mono". Before [[stereo sound]] was introduced, mono sound was simply just called sound.
; "[[Mullet (haircut)|Mullet]]", a hairstyle named in 1994, long after its 1980s heyday.
; ''[[Muzzleloader]]'' : For centuries virtually all firearms were loaded from the muzzle, so there was no need for a term to distinguish this characteristic until the general adoption of breech-loading firearms in the 19th century.
; ''[[Narrow-body aircraft]]'' : An aircraft arranged along a single aisle permitting up to 6-abreast seating in a cabin below {{convert|4|m|ft}} of width. Before the arrival of [[wide-body aircraft]] in the early 1970s, narrow-body aircraft was simply just called aircraft.
; ''[[Natural language]]'' : A [[language]], used by humans, that evolved naturally in its society. Contrast with computer [[programming language]]s or [[constructed language]]s. Often referred to as ''human language''.
; ''[[Natural person]]'': To distinguish humans (the original "persons") from the [[legal fiction]] of "[[juridical person]]s", non-human entities treated like people in law.
; ''[[Naturally aspirated engine]]s'' : Internal combustion engines that use [[vacuum]] and [[venturi effect]] to draw the air and fuel mixture into the cylinders, without [[fuel injection]], [[turbo-charger]], or [[supercharger]].
; ''[[oil lamp]]'': Before the invention of [[kerosene lamp]]s and [[Electric light|electric lamp]]s in the 19th century, all lamps were oil lamps.
; [[Nintendo 3DS|''Old Nintendo 3DS'']] : Used to refer to the original models of the Nintendo 3DS before the release of the [[New Nintendo 3DS]] in 2014.
; ''Old Labour'' : Term used in the 1990s and 2000s to refer to the policies the [[Labour Party (UK)|UK Labour Party]] was perceived to have held before [[Tony Blair]]'s leadership, policies previously referred to simply as "Labour".
; ''[[GM "old-look" transit bus|Old Look]]'': A type of [[transit bus]], which gained this name after the introduction of the [[GM New Look (Fishbowl) Bus|New Look]] bus. Both were made by [[General Motors|GM]]
; ''[[Old Testament]]'': In the [[Jewish]] tradition, the [[Hebrew Bible]] is known as the [[Tanakh]].
; ''Open captions'' : After the introduction of [[closed caption]] decoders in the early 1980's and before decoder chips in TV sets became standard in the mid-1990's, TV stations would occasionally add captions to broadcasts which were visible to everyone and could not be turned off, as was done in the 1970's.
; ''Open [[sewerage|sewer]]'' : Before enclosed pipes, or underground corridors for [[sewerage|sewers]] came along, all sewers were open. For instance, the open sewers in the [[Middle Ages]] was largely responsible for [[The Black Death]].
; ''[[Zoom lens|Optical zoom]]'' : The advent of [[digital cameras]] (and accompanying [[digital zoom]]) necessitated this retronym, describing the "analog" method of achieving close-up using a [[zoom lens]].
; ''Opposite-sex marriage'' : coined after the advent of same-sex marriage.
; ''[[Organic farming]]'', ''[[organic food]]'' : Farming practiced without the use of [[artificial fertilizer]]s, [[pesticide]]s, and so forth; and the food so produced.
; ''Over-the-board [[chess]]'' (also ''OTB chess'') : Chess played in real time using a physical chessboard, as opposed to [[computer chess]] or [[correspondence chess]].

; ''Overground train'': Used in the UK to refer to trains that run above ground throughout, as opposed to [[London Underground|Underground]] trains which only run partly overground. (The key distinction is that "Overground" trains are not fully integrated into the Underground system.)
; ''Paid-for sales'', ''pure sales'': since the introduction of [[music streaming|streaming]] into chart compilation, with (as in the [[UK Singles Chart]]) a certain number of streams often being added together to make a streaming sale, traditional sales of music (whether in physical or digital format) are now often referred to by these terms.
;''[[Pai Gow]] tiles'' : Before [[pai gow poker]] was created in 1985, the original game with dominoes was simply called pai gow. Pai gow poker is significantly more popular than pai gow played with dominoes so this qualifier is used.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wizardofodds.com/games/pai-gow-tiles/|title=Pai Gow Tiles - Wizard of Odds|website=wizardofodds.com}}</ref>
;''[[Paleoconservative]]'' : Before the advent of the [[neoconservative]] movement in the 1970s and its breakthrough success in the 1990s, American conservatism was largely defined by what would be referred to in the 2000s (decade) as [[paleoconservatism]].
;''[[United States Air Force Pararescue|Pararescue jumper]]'' : The term ''Pararescue jumper'' is a retronym of the initials "PJ", which were used on Air Force Form 5 (Aircrew Flight Log) to identify anyone on board in order to jump from the aircraft. Pararescuemen originally had no "in flight" duties, and were listed only as "PJ" on the Form 5. The Pararescue position eventually grew to include duties as an aerial gunner and scanner on rotary wing aircraft, a duty now performed by aerial gunners. Currently, aircrew qualified Pararescuemen are recorded using aircrew position identifier "J" ("Pararescue Member") on AFTO form 781.
;''Paper book'': [[E-books]] being commoner by the day, it is now necessary to distinguish books printed on paper from books distributed in a digital form.
;''Paper copy'', ''[[hard copy]]'' : With the proliferation of exchange of documents in the form of electronic files, physical copies of documents acquired this retronym. Occasionally extended to the copying devices; i.e. ''paper copiers''. The jocular substitute ''dead-tree copy'' is sometimes used.
; ''[[Advanced Technology Attachment#Parallel ATA interface|Parallel ATA]] (PATA)'' : The original [[Advanced Technology Attachment|ATA]] [[Electrical connector|interface]] was parallel; the qualification became necessary when [[Serial ATA]] was introduced.
; ''[[Peanut butter]]'' : Prior to the invention of homogenized peanut butter in the 1920s, all peanut butter was '''old fashioned''' or '''natural''', the oil separated and the product required stirring before use. In addition, all peanut butter was '''creamy''' or '''smooth''' prior to invention of crunchy or chunky peanut butter in the 1920s.
; ''Permanent [[magnet]]'' : Used for an object that is permanently magnetized rather than an [[electromagnet]].
; ''[[Physical media]]'' (data transfer) : Refers to the transmission of data over wires, such as [[copper]] cables, [[fibre optic]] or [[coaxial cable]], as opposed to [[wireless]] communication.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cables-solutions.com/three-types-physical-media-systems-for-10-gigabit-ethernet.html|title=10 Gigabit Ethernet: Three Types Physical Media Systems|last=Alice.Gui|date=21 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ic.uff.br/~michael/kr1999/1-introduction/1_05-physical.htm|title=Access Networks and Physical Media|website=www2.ic.uff.br}}</ref>
; ''[[Media preservation|Physical media]]'' (media storage) : Refers to the storage of data on physical objects, such as paper, photographs, video tapes, or [[optical disks]], as opposed to [[cloud storage]] or [[streaming media]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/physical-media/|title=We Can't Let Physical Media Die|date=5 March 2019|website=Film School Rejects}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@darkuni/physical-media-who-needs-it-36de21a4e10c|title=Physical Media — Who needs it?|first=Shane R.|last=Monroe|date=16 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ebayinc.com/stories/news/ebay-data-reveals-resurgence-of-physical-media/|title=eBay Data Reveals Resurgence of Physical Media|date=26 December 2017|website=www.ebayinc.com}}</ref>
; ''Physical single'' : After the coming of the legal [[music download]], this term became commonplace to refer to a [[7-inch single|vinyl]], [[CD single|CD]] or [[cassette single|cassette]] single, which would previously have been referred to simply as a "single".
; ''[[Pickup truck]]'' : Before [[SUV]]s (often referred to as "trucks") were introduced, pickup trucks were those on a sturdy frame with high ground clearance. The term ''SUV'' was not coined in the 1990s; prior to then, SUVs were referred to as "trucks" and sometimes "cars".{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}
; ''[[Pipe organ]]'' : Before smaller [[reed organ|reed-based organs]] and [[Pump organ|harmoniums]] were invented, every organ used large pipes.
; ''[[PlayStation|PlayStation 1]]'' or PS1: to distinguish from the [[PlayStation 2]] and its subsequent successors ([[PlayStation 3|PS3]] and [[PlayStation 4|PS4]]). A smaller version of the original PlayStation was named the [[PlayStation (console)#PS one|PS one]], released shortly after the PS2.
; ''[[PowerPC G1]]'' : Originally called the ''[[PowerPC 601]]'', the processor was nicknamed the ''G1'' after Apple used the ''G3'', ''G4'', and the ''G5'' names to refer to the [[PowerPC 7xx]], [[PowerPC 74xx]], and [[PowerPC 970]] respectively.
; ''[[PowerPC G2]]'' : Originally called the ''[[PowerPC 603]]'', the processor was nicknamed the ''G2'' after Apple used the ''G3'', ''G4'', and the ''G5'' names to refer to the [[PowerPC 7xx]], [[PowerPC 74xx]], and [[PowerPC 970]] respectively.
; ''[[Primordial element]]'' and ''Transient element'' : [[Periodic table|Elements]] that are found in nature, as opposed to those that have to be created in the lab using a [[collider]].
; ''Post [[sedan (car)|sedan]]'' or ''post [[coupe]]'' : In the United States this indicates a car with a full-height [[B-pillar]], as opposed to a pillarless (half-height B-pillar) [[hardtop]]. Generally used only in referring to [[classic cars]] from the 1950 to 1980 period because fashion and [[safety regulations]] dictate nearly all modern cars are post models.
; ''[[Pragmaticism]]'' : In 1905, in order to differentiate his original version from more recent forms of [[Pragmatism]], [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] renamed his version to Pragmaticism, a term "ugly enough to be safe from kidnappers".
; ''[[Pre-dreadnought battleship]]'' : The revolution in [[battleship]] design brought about by the construction of [[HMS Dreadnought (1906)|HMS ''Dreadnought'']] resulted in almost all the battleships built before her completion becoming known as "pre-Dreadnought battleships", whereas before they had simply been "battleships".
; ''[[Premoji]]''/pre-emoji or ''[[Premoticon]]''/pre-emoticon : The use of specifically ordered sets of ASCII characters in ''[[typographic approximation]]'' that conveyed imagery and eventually lead to emoji being included in Unicode. Examples include ;) or ;-) =😉 :) or :-) =🙂 8) or 8-) =😎 :D or :-D =😃 and <3 =❤️. In many applications, premoji sequences will trigger a text-predict image of the emoji character.
; ''[[Primary cell]]'': Also, less formally '''non-rechargeable battery'''; Before the introduction of [[rechargeable battery|rechargeable batteries]], all cells were '''primary''', then when rechargeable batteries came along ([[lead-acid battery]] being the first), rechargeable batteries would formally be called "secondary cells".
; ''[[Prime lens]]'': A [[photographic lens|camera lens]] with a fixed [[focal length]] (''e.g.'' 28 mm), as opposed to a [[zoom lens]], which can cover a range of focal lengths (''e.g.'' 28–105 mm). Before the invention of zoom lenses, all camera lenses had a fixed focal length, so they were just called "lenses".
; ''[[Procedural programming]]'': Before [[object-oriented programming]] was invented in the 1980s, there was just programming.
; ''Program Files (x86)'': Before [[x86-64]] versions of [[Microsoft Windows]] were released, all Windows applications since [[Windows 95]] were installed in the directory back when it was simply just '''C:\Program Files'''.
; ''Prop airplane'' : As [[jet aircraft]] became the primary people movers of the airways, the older [[propeller]]-based technology received this occasional shorthand nickname to distinguish it.
; ''[[Pulse dialing]]'' : After [[touch tone]] dialing on telephones became common, the older dialing standard became known as pulse dialing.

===R–Z===
; ''[[Raw milk]]'' : also called fresh milk, refers to milk that has not been pasteurized, a process which did not become standard until the 1800s
; ''[[Real numbers]]'' : coined after the development of the [[imaginary numbers]].
; ''[[Real mode]]'' : before [[protected mode]] had been introduced in the [[80286]] processor, the term "real mode" was not in use for [[MS-DOS]] memory management.
; ''[[Real tennis]]'' : was once known simply as tennis, but came into use at the end of the 19th century to distinguish it from the game of [[lawn tennis]] patented in 1874. The term "real tennis" has become more vague now since video game tennis has come along. Therefore, real tennis is now ''court tennis''.
; ''[[Red Book (audio CD standard)|Red Book audio CD]]'' : At first, all audio CDs complied with the Red Book standard. Then came other implementations of the audio CD, such as [[Super Audio CD]], [[MP3 CD]]s, and [[DVD-Audio]], and the original is now referred to as ''Red Book audio'' to differentiate between different standards.
; ''[[Red panda]]'' or ''lesser panda''
: Were known as pandas in the English language, prior to the discovery and naming of the Giant Panda on the year 1869.
; ''[[Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|Reel-to-reel]]'' or ''open reel'' : Tape recorders were originally simply ''[[tape recorder]]s,'' as they all used a pair of open reels to hold the [[magnetic]] recording medium. The term ''reel-to-reel'' was introduced when various forms of [[cassette tape]] formats became popular.
; ''Reflective [[liquid crystal display]]'' : before LCDs had [[backlighting]], all LCDs required the reflection of room light or sunlight in order to see the screen.
; ''[[Nintendo Entertainment System|Regular Nintendo]]'' : a colloquial nickname for the original [[Nintendo Entertainment System]] (NES) coined when [[Super Nintendo Entertainment System|'''Super Nintendo''' Entertainment System]] (Super NES) was introduced to the market.
; ''[[Rotary telephone]]'' or ''dial telephone'' : The kind of telephone in common use before [[touch-tone]] telephones.
; ''[[Rugby union]]'' : To differentiate it from its descendant, [[rugby league]]. Like hockey, the original term of ''rugby'' is still widespread.
; ''[[Scalar processors]]'' : As opposed to [[Vector processors]].
; ''[[Scripted series]]'' : Created in the wake of the success of reality television, the term applies to both fiction and non-fiction television with an identified writer or writers. The term can be misleading since reality television is almost never wholly improvised and often includes writing of some kind.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}
; ''Seventy-eight (78) rpm records'' : Before the advent of {{frac|33|1|3}} rpm and 45 rpm vinyl [[gramophone record|records]], these were known simply as ''records'', ''phonograph records'' or ''gramophone records''.
; ''[[8.3 filename|short file name]]'' : (officially referred to as '''8.3 filename''') before the advent of [[long filename]]s. [[File Allocation Table|FAT]] [[file system]]s only had 11 characters, three of which form the [[filename extension|extension]]. The [[ISO 9660]] filesystem for [[CD-ROM]]s has similar specifications to conform to the FAT specs.
; ''[[Shovel Knight|Shovel Knight: Shovel of Hope]]'' : Refers to the 2014 video game originally known as ''Shovel Knight''. For the game's 2017 [[Nintendo Switch]] release, the game was given the subtitle to make it more consistent with its included DLC campaigns. The overall package was renamed to ''Shovel Knight: Treasure Trove''.
; ''[[Silent film]]'' : In the earliest days of the film industry, all films were without recorded sound. Once "[[talkies]]" became the norm, it became necessary to specify that a particular film was "silent". The term "silent film" is also a [[misnomer]], because silent films were typically presented in theatres with live musical accompaniment.
; ''[[Sit-down restaurant]]'' : With the rise of [[fast-food]] and [[take-out]] restaurants, the "standard" restaurant received a new name in the United States. (In the United Kingdom, fast food and takeaway (takeout) outlets are not normally referred to as "restaurants", so the "sit-down" qualifier is not necessary.)
; ''[[Single Large Expensive Disk|SLED (Single Large Expensive Disk)]]'' : The [[RAID|redundant array of inexpensive disks]] (RAID) strategy for computer memory storage, introduced in the late 1980's was contrasted with the older standard, a single large expensive disk, or SLED.
; ''[[Smart Fortwo]]'' : Originally sold as the ''Smart City-Coupé'', the car was renamed the ''Fortwo'' upon the release of the ''[[Smart Forfour]]''.
; ''[[Snail mail]]'' (also known as ''land mail'', ''paper mail'', ''p-mail'', and ''postal mail'') : Non-[[electronic mail]] delivered to physical locations, such as one's home or business. Before email and [[voice mail]], all mail was physical, and much slower by comparison – thus, the [[dysphemistic]] "snail" appellation. Compare [[surface mail]], below.
;''[[Sneakernet]]'': Before the Internet became popular, the so-called "sneakernet" was simply just a regular transfer of computer data on physical, interchangeable media. For instance, [[punched tape]] was used for this purpose at first, then [[floppy disks]], then sneakernet was coined when the Internet became popular, now modern sneakernets involve transfer of [[Secure digital]] cards, [[USB flash drive]]s, [[external hard drive]]s, optical disks (CDs, DVDs, [[Blu-ray]]s), etc.
;''Snow skiing'': Water skiing now necessitates this differentiation. This, however, only applies to an area where both "snow" as well as "water" skiing are likely. "Snow skiing" would not be mentioned in the Alpine regions, unless large lakes offered the availability of water skiing.
; ''[[Solid-propellant rocket]]'': Refers to rockets that use a solid [[Rocket propellant|propellant]] such as [[gunpowder]] or [[RDX]]; [[liquid-propellant rocket]]s were invented in the mid-20th century.
; ''Solo motorcycle'' : So called instead of ''motorcycle'' when some were being built with a [[sidecar]]. (see disputed retronyms below for more info).
; ''[[Sourdough]]'': Before other approaches to leavening bread were used, all bread dough was at least partially "sour".
; ''[[Special relativity]]'' : Term introduced after Einstein developed [[general relativity]].
; ''standard [[Jack (connector)|AUX input]] (standard auxiliary input)'' : The common name for AUX audio inputs that doesn't employ an iPod [[dock connector]], [[USB]], [[optical]]/coaxial [[S/PDIF]] digital audio or proprietary mechanical standards that employ multiple standards alongside proprietary audio signaling standards. It usually refers to 1/8th inch [[TRS connector]]s, but sometimes it can refer to a set of red and white [[RCA]] stereo jacks.
; ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'': The series' actual title ''[[Star Trek]]'' is now often used to refer collectively to the original series and its multitude of [[spin-off (television)|spin-offs]].
;''[[Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope]]'' : Originally released in 1977 under the title ''Star Wars''. The new title was applied to a 1979 publication of the script and (following the 1980 release of ''[[Star Wars: Episode V – The Empire Strikes Back]]'') to a 1981 amended re-release of the original film.
; ''[[Static electricity]]'' : see ''triboelectricity'', below.
; ''[[Steam train]]'' : In the 19th century, before the advent of [[electric locomotive|electric]] and [[diesel locomotive|diesel]]-powered trains, steam trains were just "trains".
; ''[[match|Strike-anywhere match]]'' : After the development of the safety [[match]], that could only be lit by striking a custom surface containing phosphorus, the older non-safety matches were still in demand.
; ''[[Studio recording]], studio album'' : Before live albums, music for distribution on records was only recorded in a studio.
; ''[[Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels]]'': In 1986, the first sequel to the hit [[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]] game ''[[Super Mario Bros.]]'' was released in Japan as ''Super Mario Bros. 2''. Because of its extreme difficulty and similarity to its predecessor, [[Nintendo of America]] opted not to release the game in North America. Instead, Nintendo released a remake of ''Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic'' as the North American ''[[Super Mario Bros. 2]]'' in 1988. The original sequel was eventually rereleased worldwide as part of the ''[[Super Mario All-Stars]]'' compilation, but under the moniker ''Super Mario Bros.: The Lost Levels''. Outside of Japan, this name persists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/14/ign-presents-the-history-of-super-mario-bros?page=3 |page=3 |access-date=April 1, 2015 |title=IGN Presents: The History of Super Mario Bros. |last=McLaughlin |first=Rus |date=September 13, 2010 |work=[[IGN]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131172143/http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/09/14/ign-presents-the-history-of-super-mario-bros?page=2 |archive-date=January 31, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
; ''[[Super Mario USA]]'': When the American ''Super Mario Bros. 2'' was released in Japan, it was retitled ''Super Mario USA''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2011/04/the-secret-history-of-super-mario-bros-2.ars |title=The Secret History of Super Mario Bros. 2 |date=April 3, 2011 | first=Chris | last=Kohler | via=[[Ars Technica]] | magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=May 6, 2019}}</ref>
; ''[[Super Smash Bros. (video game)|Super Smash Bros. 64]]'': Initially released on the [[Nintendo 64]] as ''Super Smash Bros.'', the "64" title used in other Nintendo 64 games would be colloquially added to distinguish it from future ''[[Super Smash Bros.]]'' entries.
;''[[Surface mail]]'' : Traditional mail, delivered by road, rail, and ship, retrospectively named following the development of [[airmail]]. Compare [[snail mail]], above.<ref>''Cognitive English grammar,'' by Günter Radden, René Dirven, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lx7UAniLfJwC&pg=PA4&dq=surface%20mail p. 4]</ref>
;''[[Survivor: Borneo]]'' : Broadcast as just ''Survivor''. When the show subsequently used other locales, the location of the first season was added to the title to distinguish it.
; ''[[Terrestrial radio]]'': As opposed to satellite radio.
; ''Terrestrial television'': As opposed to satellite television and cable television.
; ''Textile top [[convertible]]'' : Before [[retractable hardtop]]s became popular, convertibles mostly had textile tops which folded when stowed away for a top-down ride.
; ''Text-only dialogue'': Before voice acting became commonplace in video games, text was used to convey dialogue between characters (especially in genres such as RPGs and adventure games). Some games, such as the ''[[Yakuza (series)|Yakuza]]'' series, still uses text-only dialogue in addition to voice acting, depending on the importance of a cutscene.
; ''Tie-on [[pocket]]'' : Early pockets were pouches, similar to a purse, tied around the waist and worn underneath the wearer's outer garments. Once pockets began to be sewn directly into clothing, these pouch-like pockets needed to be differentiated from those that had been integrated into the garment.<ref>''The Pocket: A Hidden History of Women’s Lives, 1660–1900'', First Edition, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 2019, p. 16</ref>
; ''[[Transformers (toyline)|Transformers: Generation 1]]'' : referring to the original ''Transformers'' toyline which ran from 1984 to 1992, and the assorted tie-in media. Then known only as "The Transformers", when the sequel series, ''[[Transformers: Generation 2]]'' launched by [[Hasbro]] in 1993, all previous subject matter was dubbed "Generation 1" – many individuals did this independently, as it is a logical progression, and when the online fandom began growing in the 1990s, the term became the definitive one for that era. The term subsequently made it into official use through toy reissues and comic books, most notably on Japanese toy packaging.
; ''[[Triboelectricity]]'' : Electricity was so named from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word for [[amber]], because of the discovery that if it was rubbed (generating what is now called ''triboelectricity'') it would attract objects (due to a charge of ''static electricity''). ''Electric currents'' and other forms of generation were discovered later.
;''[[Tube amplifier]]'' : Tube amplifiers for musical instruments were largely replaced by "[[transistor]]" (or [[solid state (electronics)|solid state]]) amplifiers during the 1960s and 1970s.
;''Tube TV or CRT TV'' : Originally, all televisions used a [[cathode ray tube]] (CRT) to produce a TV image. But with the recent popularity of newer television technologies such as LCD, plasma, or [[Digital Light Processing|DLP]], some stores now describe the sets that still use a picture tube as tube TVs or CRT TVs.
; ''Two-door coupe'': Before four-door cars started to have coupe-like styling in recent years, coupes mostly referred to 2-door cars. Examples of 4-door cars that have used coupe as a marketing term are the [[BMW X6]] [[SUV]] and the [[Dodge Charger]] sedan which reuses the name of a 1970s 2-door car.
; ''[[Ultimate Doom]]'': Before [[Doom II]], Ultimate Doom was originally just simply ''[[Doom (1993 video game)|Doom]]''. Doom was originally just a mail-order game, then when Doom II sold successfully in stores, Doom was re-released as a retail product, it was dubbed ''Ultimate Doom'' to differentiate from Doom II. It added a new episode called ''Thy Flesh Consumed''.
; ''Uncontrolled road (or uncontrolled highway)'' : Before the concept of controlled-access roads, which some call expressways came along, even predating automobiles, all roads had direct access to private property or public event or government grounds. When the controlled-access roads came along, they helped to virtually eliminate direct driveway access to private property or parking lots with only select crossroads for direct access. One had to use the term '''uncontrolled road''' to differentiate. However, the introduction of [[freeways]] (which other countries referred to as [[Controlled-access highway|autoroutes]], motorways and whatnot) further complicated matters by necessitating the use of the term '''at-grade expressway''' (see above). Recent uncontrolled roads have even adopted qualities of freeways and expressways such as paved shoulders (sometimes with [[rumble strips]]), freeway speed limits, and grade-separated ramp junctions (though most are just the at-grade "guest" of diamond junctions).
; ''Unstyled John Deere tractor'': After [[industrial design]] was applied to the sheet metal styling of [[Deere & Company|John Deere tractors]], the distinction ''unstyled'' was retronymously applied to earlier models whose model name was the same, for example, ''styled Model A'' versus ''unstyled Model A''
; ''[[Upright bicycle]]'': The advent of the [[Recumbent bicycle]] sometimes requires a speaker to make the distinction between that and the conventional "upright bicycle".
; ''Vanilla [[Doom (series)|Doom]]'': The advent of [[source port]]s for Doom have altered gameplay behavior.
; ''[[Viennese waltz]]'' : The original waltz, as distinct from other styles of [[waltz]] that have since developed.
; ''[[Visible light]]'' : Before the discovery of invisible [[wavelength]]s of [[electromagnetic radiation]], all light was considered visible.
; ''[[Water-activated stamp]]s'' (gummed stamps) : The predominant kind of postage stamp before [[self-adhesive stamp]]s became popular.
; ''[[Web 1.0]]'' : a term used from the mid-2000s onward to refer to the [[World Wide Web]] / [[Internet]] of the 1990s and early 2000s. At the time, it was referred to simply as "the web" or (less accurately) "the internet" or "the net".
; ''[[Whole milk]]'' : Milk was formerly available in just one version, with the cream included, and benefited eventually by [[pasteurization]] and [[homogenization (chemistry)|homogenization]]. But it was still called simply ''milk''. This variety of milk is now referred to in the U.S. as ''whole milk'' (3.25% milkfat) to distinguish it from ''2% (reduced fat) milk, 1% (low fat) milk,'' and ''skim milk'' (nearly no fat). In the UK, the terms ''whole milk'' (also ''full-cream milk'' or ''full-fat milk'') (3.5%), ''semi-skimmed milk'' (about 1.5%) and ''skimmed milk'' (almost no fat) are commonly used.
; ''[[Whole wheat]]'' : All flour, bread, pasta, etc. consisted of some combination of endosperm, germ and bran before white flour was created in the mid 19th century and became the more dominant variant when referring to flour.
; ''[[Windows 10]], version 1507''
; ''Win16'' : The original, 16-bit [[Windows API]], as distinguished from the newer ''Win32'' and ''Win64''.
; ''[[Windows 8.0]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=This version of Windows is not supported. If you're running Windows 8.0, try upgrading to Windows 8.1 - Visual Studio |url=https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/support/version-windows-not-supported-youre-running-windows-8-0-try-upgrading-windows-8-1/ |website=visualstudio.microsoft.com |publisher=[[Microsoft Corporation]] |access-date=28 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228031421/https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/support/version-windows-not-supported-youre-running-windows-8-0-try-upgrading-windows-8-1/ |url-status=live |archive-date=2021-12-28 |language=en |date=2019-04-02}}</ref>
; ''[[Zune 30]]'' : Used to describe the first-generation Zune device; the "30" was added after the release of the [[Zune 4, 8]], and [[Zune 80|80]]

==Geographic retronyms==
'''Proper names'''<br>
These are proper names for the described regions, or corridors.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
; ''[[Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike]]'' : A section of the [[Pennsylvania Turnpike]] between [[Breezewood, Pennsylvania|Breezewood]] and [[Hustontown, Pennsylvania|Hustontown]] which was bypassed by a new alignment that bypassed the tunnels because it was too costly to blast away more rock to widen the travel lanes.
; ''[[Asia Minor]]'' : The name ''Asia'' was first applied to the mainland east of the [[Aegean islands]], and later extended to the greater landmass of which that is a peninsula.
; ''[[Baja California]]'' : The name ''California'' was first applied to [[Baja California peninsula|the peninsula]] (thought to be an island) now known as Baja ("Lower"), and later extended – and then restricted – to [[Alta California|Alta ("Upper") California]], and finally to the [[California|current U.S. state]].
; ''[[East Indies]]'' : After [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] landed in the [[West Indies]].
; ''[[East Prussia]]'' : [[Prussia]] began as a [[duchy]] in the [[History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty|kingdom of Poland]]. As the highest-ranking dignity of the [[House of Hohenzollern|Hohenzollern]] dynasty, the name came to be applied to their territories stretching across Germany. The name East Prussia became more significant when it was separated from the rest of Prussia and Germany by the [[Polish Corridor]].
; '''EU''xx''''': "EU" followed by two digits is often used in statistics to indicate the different makeup of the [[European Union]]
*EU12: the twelve-member EU as founded in 1993; most of the Western European nations
*EU15: the fifteen-member EU after [[Austria]], [[Finland]] and [[Sweden]] joined in 1995
*EU25: the EU from 2004 to 2007 after ten eastern and central European nations joined
*EU27: the EU from 2007 to 2013, after [[Romania]] and [[Bulgaria]] were added
*EU28: the EU from 2013 to 2020, after [[Croatia]] joined
*EU27 is now used to refer to the EU after the [[United Kingdom]] left in 2020; it was also used after the 2016 [[Brexit referendum]] to refer to "the EU countries less the UK" as they negotiated with the UK government
; ''[[First Chinatown, Toronto|First Chinatown]]'': First Chinatown refers to Toronto's original [[Chinatown]] at Dundas and Elizabeth Streets in [[The Ward, Toronto|The Ward]], and was known as such until the construction of the [[Toronto City Hall|new city hall]] and [[Nathan Phillips Square|public square]] in the 1960s. Most stores that occupied the construction project was cleared through expropriation. The resulting development caused the westward relocation of Chinatown to its [[Chinatown, Toronto|current location]] at Dundas Street and Spadina Avenue.
; ''Great Britain'' : [[Britons (historic)|Britons]] fleeing the [[Anglo-Saxons|Germanic]] invasions settled in [[Armorica]] which became [[Brittany]] or Little Britannia.
; ''[[Lower Saxony]]'' : The kingdom and duchies of [[Saxony (disambiguation)|Saxony]] are outside the original lowland territory of the [[Saxons|Saxon people]].
; ''[[Manhattan Chinatown]]'' : For a long time, New York City had only one Chinatown. However, there are now large Chinese communities in [[Flushing, Queens]] and [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn]], and thus, a need has developed to differentiate among the city's three Chinatowns.
; ''Old Chinatown'' : London's original Chinatown (destroyed in [[The Blitz]]) was in [[Limehouse]]; the new [[Chinatown, London|Chinatown]] is in [[Soho]]. Also used in [[Houston, Texas]], to the Chinatown district located east of the George R. Brown Convention Center and south of BBVA/Compass Stadium.
; ''[[Old Toronto]]'' : Old Toronto refers to the old City of Toronto, prior to the [[amalgamation of Toronto#1998 amalgamation|amalgamation of Toronto in 1998]]. In 1998, the [[Government of Ontario]] dissolved the [[regional municipality]] of [[Metropolitan Toronto]], as well as the region's constituent municipalities (including Old Toronto). The former municipalities that made up Metropolitan Toronto were amalgamated into a single entity, the present-day city of [[Toronto]].
; ''[[Old World]]'': After Columbus landed in the Americas ("The [[New World]]").
; ''[[Old Northwest]]'', ''[[Old Southwest]]'' and ''[[Old West]]'': Regions formerly at these extreme corners of the United States.

===General descriptions===
These are less official descriptions that are commonly used.
; ''[[Contiguous United States]]'' or ''Lower 48'' : Referred to simply as ''The United States'' before [[Alaska]] and Hawaii, which are American [[Enclave and exclave|exclaves]], became states.

==Historiographic retronyms==
; ''[[Aztec Empire]]'' : Term coined by [[Alexander von Humboldt]] in the early 19th Century to differentiate between the pre-Hispanic "Mexican empire" and the then [[First Mexican Empire|new post-Hispanic one]] (this, in turn, became known as the ''First'' Mexican Empire upon the [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French-backed]] enthronement of [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian I]] in 1864).
; ''[[Byzantine Empire]]'' : Term coined in 1557 to name the [[East Roman Empire]], then defunct by over a century, in the historical period following the disintegration of the [[Western Roman Empire]] in 476 AD. The entity was commonly known as 'Roman Empire' to its inhabitants and 'Greek Empire' to contemporary Western Europeans.
; ''[[Gran Colombia]]'' : Historians' term for the first "Republic of Colombia", which included what are now [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Panama]].
; ''[[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]'' : Term coined in the 20th century, after the restoration of separate [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]] as independent states.
; ''[[Weimar Republic]]'' : Used to refer to the [[German Reich]] during the period in which it was a liberal democracy, prior to being taken over by the [[Nazi Party]].
; ''[[World War I]]/First World War'' : Originally this was called "The Great War" and commonly believed to be "''the war to end all wars''". However, when a [[World War II|second war]] enveloped Europe, Asia, and much of the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], it became necessary to distinguish them. This convention has been used for many series of wars, going back as far as the [[First Peloponnesian War]] or earlier. Most recently, the 1991 war in the [[Persian Gulf]], formerly called "[[Desert Storm]]" or just the "Gulf War", is now (since the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]]) often referred to as "The First Gulf War".

==Airports==

When an [[airport]] consists of only one passenger facility, most people just call it "The airport" or "The terminal". But when an airport expands, it is often necessary to give the original building a retronymic adjective to avoid confusion. While some airports just rename older terminals or [[concourse]] with letters or numbers (e.g. Terminal 1 or Concourse B), other methods include:
* ''Cardinal directions'' – when [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]] opened Terminals A and B in the early 1970s, the existing passenger terminal was renamed the "North Terminal".
* ''Proper names'' – [[Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport|Detroit Metro Airport]] only had one passenger terminal until 1966, at which point the existing facility was identified as the "L.C. Smith Terminal".

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Retronyms}}
[[Category:Lists of English words|Retronyms]]

Template:Bit and byte prefixes

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170.64.198.105:

{| class="infobox noprint" style="padding: 0; text-align: left; width: 0"
! colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center"|Prefixes for decimal and binary multiples
|-
|
{| style="border: 1px #aaa solid"
! colspan="4" style="background: lavender; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | [[Decimal prefix|Decimal]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | Value
! colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | [[SI prefix|SI]]
|-
| 1000
| 10<sup>3</sup>
| k || [[kilo-|kilo]]
|-
| 1000<sup>2</sup>
| 10<sup>6</sup>
| M || [[mega-|mega]]
|-
| 1000<sup>3</sup>
| 10<sup>9</sup>
| G || [[giga-|giga]]
|-
| 1000<sup>4</sup>
| 10<sup>12</sup>
| T || [[tera-|tera]]
|-
| 1000<sup>5</sup>
| 10<sup>15</sup>
| P || [[peta-|peta]]
|-
| 1000<sup>6</sup>
| 10<sup>18</sup>
| E || [[exa-|exa]]
|-
| 1000<sup>7</sup>
| 10<sup>21</sup>
| Z || [[zetta-|zetta]]
|-
| 1000<sup>8</sup>
| 10<sup>24</sup>
| Y || [[yotta-|yotta]]
|-
| 1000<sup>9</sup>
| 10<sup>27</sup>
| R || [[ronna-|ronna]]
|-
| 1000<sup>10</sup>
| 10<sup>30</sup>
| Q || [[quetta-|quetta]]
|}
|
{| style="border: 1px #aaa solid"
! colspan="6" style="background: lavender; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | [[Binary prefix|Binary]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | Value
! colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | [[IEC 80000-13|IEC]]
! colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | [[JEDEC memory standards#Unit prefixes for semiconductor storage capacity|JEDEC]]
|-
| 1024
| 2<sup>10</sup>
| Ki || [[kibi-|kibi]]
| K || kilo
|-
| 1024<sup>2</sup>
| 2<sup>20</sup>
| Mi || [[mebi-|mebi]]
| M || mega
|-
| 1024<sup>3</sup>
| 2<sup>30</sup>
| Gi || [[gibi-|gibi]]
| G || giga
|-
| 1024<sup>4</sup>
| 2<sup>40</sup>
| Ti || [[tebi-|tebi]]
| T || tera
|-
| 1024<sup>5</sup>
| 2<sup>50</sup>
| Pi || [[pebi-|pebi]]
| P || petta
|-
| 1024<sup>6</sup>
| 2<sup>60</sup>
| Ei || [[exbi-|exbi]]
| E || exa
|-
| 1024<sup>7</sup>
| 2<sup>70</sup>
| Zi || [[zebi-|zebi]]
| Z || zetta
|-
| 1024<sup>8</sup>
| 2<sup>80</sup>
| Yi || [[yobi-|yobi]]
| Y || yotta
|-
| 1024<sup>9</sup>
| 2<sup>90</sup>
| Ri || [[robi-|robi]]
| R || ronna
|-
| 1024<sup>10</sup>
| 2<sup>100</sup>
| Qi || [[quebi-|quebi]]
| Q || quetta
|}
|-
| colspan="2" | {{navbar|Template:Bit and byte prefixes|mini=1|style="margin-right: 0; width: auto; float: right;"}}
|}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Template:Bit and byte prefixes

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170.64.198.105:

{| class="infobox noprint" style="padding: 0; text-align: left; width: 0"
! colspan="2" class="navbox-title" style="text-align: center"|Prefixes for decimal and binary multiples
|-
|
{| style="border: 1px #aaa solid"
! colspan="4" style="background: lavender; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | [[Decimal prefix|Decimal]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | Value
! colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | [[SI prefix|SI]]
|-
| 1000
| 10<sup>3</sup>
| k || [[kilo-|kilo]]
|-
| 1000<sup>2</sup>
| 10<sup>6</sup>
| M || [[mega-|mega]]
|-
| 1000<sup>3</sup>
| 10<sup>9</sup>
| G || [[giga-|giga]]
|-
| 1000<sup>4</sup>
| 10<sup>12</sup>
| T || [[tera-|tera]]
|-
| 1000<sup>5</sup>
| 10<sup>15</sup>
| P || [[peta-|peta]]
|-
| 1000<sup>6</sup>
| 10<sup>18</sup>
| E || [[exa-|exa]]
|-
| 1000<sup>7</sup>
| 10<sup>21</sup>
| Z || [[zetta-|zetta]]
|-
| 1000<sup>8</sup>
| 10<sup>24</sup>
| Y || [[yotta-|yotta]]
|-
| 1000<sup>9</sup>
| 10<sup>27</sup>
| R || [[ronna-|ronna]]
|-
| 1000<sup>10</sup>
| 10<sup>30</sup>
| Q || [[quetta-|quetta]]
|}
|
{| style="border: 1px #aaa solid"
! colspan="6" style="background: lavender; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | [[Binary prefix|Binary]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | Value
! colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | [[IEC 80000-13|IEC]]
! colspan="2" style="background: #eeeeff; text-align: center; padding: 0 1em;" | [[JEDEC memory standards#Unit prefixes for semiconductor storage capacity|JEDEC]]
|-
| 1024
| 2<sup>10</sup>
| Ki || [[kibi-|kibi]]
| K || kilo
|-
| 1024<sup>2</sup>
| 2<sup>20</sup>
| Mi || [[mebi-|mebi]]
| M || mega
|-
| 1024<sup>3</sup>
| 2<sup>30</sup>
| Gi || [[gibi-|gibi]]
| G || giga
|-
| 1024<sup>4</sup>
| 2<sup>40</sup>
| Ti || [[tebi-|tebi]]
| T || tera
|-
| 1024<sup>5</sup>
| 2<sup>50</sup>
| Pi || [[pebi-|pebi]]
| P || petta
|-
| 1024<sup>6</sup>
| 2<sup>60</sup>
| Ei || [[exbi-|exbi]]
| E || exa
|-
| 1024<sup>7</sup>
| 2<sup>70</sup>
| Zi || [[zebi-|zebi]]
| Z || zetta
|-
| 1024<sup>8</sup>
| 2<sup>80</sup>
| Yi || [[yobi-|yobi]]
| Y || yonna
|-
| 1024<sup>9</sup>
| 2<sup>90</sup>
| Ri || [[robi-|robi]]
| R || ronna
|-
| 1024<sup>10</sup>
| 2<sup>100</sup>
| Qi || [[quebi-|quebi]]
| Q || quetta
|}
|-
| colspan="2" | {{navbar|Template:Bit and byte prefixes|mini=1|style="margin-right: 0; width: auto; float: right;"}}
|}<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
</noinclude>

Binary prefix

2024-04-24T11:59:02Z

170.64.198.105:

{{Short description|Symbol placed before units of digital information to indicate multiplication by a power of two}}
{{About|powers-of-two prefixes for measurement units like bit and byte|notations for the radix of a numeral|Integer literal#Affixes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019|cs1-dates=y}}

{{Bit and byte prefixes}}

A '''binary prefix''' is a [[unit prefix]] that indicates a [[multiple (mathematics)|multiple]] of any [[units of measurement]] by an integer [[powers of two|power of two]]. The most commonly used binary prefixes are '''kibi''' (symbol Ki, meaning 2<sup>10</sup> = 1024), '''mebi''' (Mi, 2<sup>20</sup> = {{val|1048576}}), and '''gibi''' (Gi, 2<sup>30</sup> = {{val|1073741824}}). They are most often used in [[information technology]] as multipliers of [[bit]] and [[byte]], when expressing the capacity of [[Data storage device|storage device]]s or the size of computer [[file (computer)|files]].

The binary prefixes "kibi", "mebi", etc. were defined in 1999 by the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC), in the [[IEC 60027-2]] [[Technical standard|standard]] (Amendment 2). They were meant to replace the [[International System of Units|metric (SI)]] [[power of 10|decimal power]] prefixes, such as "kilo" ("k", 10<sup>3</sup> = 1000), "mega" ("M", 10<sup>6</sup> = {{val|1000000}}) and "giga" ("G", 10<sup>9</sup> = {{val|1000000000}}),<ref name="BIPM8" /> that were commonly used in the computer industry to indicate the nearest powers of two. For example, a memory module whose capacity was specified by the manufacturer as "2 megabytes" or "2 MB" would hold 2 × 2<sup>20</sup> = {{val|2097152}} bytes, instead of 2 × 10<sup>6</sup> = {{val|2000000}}.

On the other hand, a hard disk whose capacity is specified by the manufacturer as "10 gigabytes" or "10 GB", holds 10 × 10<sup>9</sup> = {{val|10000000000}} bytes, or a little more than that, but less than 10 × 2<sup>30</sup> = {{val|10737418240}} and a file whose size is listed as "2.3 GB" may have a size closer to 2.3 × 2<sup>30</sup> ≈ {{val|2470000000}} or to 2.3 × 10<sup>9</sup> = {{val|2300000000}}, depending on the [[program (computer)|program]] or [[operating system]] providing that measurement. This kind of ambiguity is often confusing to computer system users and has resulted in [[lawsuit]]s.<ref name="suitxxxx" /><ref name="sand2021" /> The IEC 60027-2 binary prefixes have been incorporated in the [[ISO/IEC 80000#Part 13: Information science and technology|ISO/IEC 80000]] standard and are supported by other standards bodies, including the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures|BIPM]], which defines the SI system,<ref name="BIPM8" />{{rp|p.121}} the [[United States|US]] [[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]],<ref name="NIST1" /><ref name="NIST2" /> and the [[European Union]].

Prior to the 1999 IEC standard, some industry organizations, such as the [[JEDEC memory standards#Unit prefixes for semiconductor storage capacity|Joint Electron Device Engineering Council]] (JEDEC), attempted to redefine the terms ''kilobyte'', ''megabyte'', and ''gigabyte'', and the corresponding symbols ''KB'', ''MB'', and ''GB'' in the binary sense, for use in storage capacity measurements. However, other computer industry sectors (such as [[magnetic storage]]) continued using those same terms and symbols with the decimal meaning. Since then, the major standards organizations have expressly disapproved the use of SI prefixes to denote binary multiples, and recommended or mandated the use of the IEC prefixes for that purpose, but the use of SI prefixes has persisted in some fields.

While the binary prefixes are almost always used with the units of information, bits and bytes, they may be used with any other unit of measure, when convenient. For example, in [[signal processing]] one may need binary multiples of the frequency unit [[Hertz (unit)|hertz]] (Hz), for example the [[kibihertz]] (KiHz), equal to {{val|1024|u=Hz}}.<ref name="pate2011" /><ref name="ains2022" />

== Definitions ==
{{anchor|kibi|mebi|gibi|tebi|pebi|exbi|zebi|yobi|robi|quebi|IEC standard prefixes}}

{| style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable"
|+ Specific units of IEC 60027-2 A.2 and ISO/IEC 80000:13-2008
|-
! colspan="2"|IEC prefix
! colspan="4"|Representations
|-
! Name
! Symbol
! Base 2
! Base 1024
! Value
! Base 10
|-
| kibi
| Ki
| 2<sup>10</sup>
| 1024<sup>1</sup>
| align="right"| {{val|1024}}
| = {{val|1.024|e=3}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
| mebi
| Mi
| 2<sup>20</sup>
| 1024<sup>2</sup>
| align="right" | {{val|1048576}}
| ≈ {{val|1.049|e=6}}
|-
| gibi
| Gi
| 2<sup>30</sup>
| 1024<sup>3</sup>
| align="right" | {{val|1073741824}}
| ≈ {{val|1.074|e=9}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
| tebi
| Ti
| 2<sup>40</sup>
| 1024<sup>4</sup>
| align="right" | {{val|1099511627776}}
| ≈ {{val|1.100|e=12}}
|-
| pebi
| Pi
| 2<sup>50</sup>
| 1024<sup>5</sup>
| align="right" | {{val|1125899906842624}}
| ≈ {{val|1.126|e=15}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
| exbi
| Ei
| 2<sup>60</sup>
| 1024<sup>6</sup>
| align="right" | {{val|1152921504606846976}}
| ≈ {{val|1.153|e=18}}
|-
| zebi
| Zi
| 2<sup>70</sup>
| 1024<sup>7</sup>
| align="right" | {{val|1180591620717411303424}}
| ≈ {{val|1.181|e=21}}
|- style="background:#eee;"
| yobi
| Yi
| 2<sup>80</sup>
| 1024<sup>8</sup>
| align="right" | {{val|1208925819614629174706176}}
| ≈ {{val|1.209|e=24}}
|}

{{anchor|robi|quebi}}In 2022, the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] (BIPM) adopted the decimal prefixes [[ronna-|''ronna'']] for 1000<sup>9</sup> and [[quetta-|''quetta'']] for 1000<sup>10</sup>.<ref name="BIPM2022" /><ref name="gibn2022" /> In analogy to the existing binary prefixes, a consultation paper of the [[International Committee for Weights and Measures]]' Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) suggested the prefixes ''robi'' (Ri, 1024<sup>9</sup>) and ''quebi'' (Qi, 1024<sup>10</sup>) for their binary counterparts,<ref name="brown2023" /> but {{as of|2022|lc=yes}}, no corresponding binary prefixes have been adopted.<ref name="brown2022" />

== Comparison of binary and decimal prefixes ==
The relative difference between the values in the binary and decimal interpretations increases, when using the SI prefixes as the base, from 2.4% for kilo to nearly 27% for the quetta prefix. Although the prefixes ronna and quetta have been defined, as of 2022 no names have been officially assigned to the corresponding binary prefixes.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: auto;"
|- style="background:#ccf;"
! colspan="2" | Prefix
! colspan="2" | Binary ÷ Decimal
! colspan="2" | Decimal ÷ Binary
|- id="binary vs decimal kilo-"
| kilo || kibi
| 1.024   (+2.4%) || class="nowrap" |<div style="display:inline-block;width:102.4px;background:#000"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
| 0.9766   (−2.3%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:97.7px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
|- id="binary vs decimal mega-"
| mega || mebi
| 1.049   (+4.9%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:104.9px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
| 0.9537   (−4.6%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:95.4px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
|- id="binary vs decimal giga-"
| giga || gibi
| 1.074   (+7.4%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:107.4px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
| 0.9313   (−6.9%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:93.1px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
|- id="binary vs decimal tera-"
| tera || tebi
| 1.100 (+10.0%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:110.0px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
| 0.9095   (−9.1%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:90.9px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
|- id="binary vs decimal peta-"
| peta || pebi
| 1.126 (+12.6%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:112.6px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
| 0.8882 (−11.2%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:88.8px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
|- id="binary vs decimal exa-"
| exa || exbi
| 1.153 (+15.3%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:115.3px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
| 0.8674 (−13.3%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:86.7px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
|- id="binary vs decimal zetta-"
| zetta || zebi
| 1.181 (+18.1%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:118.1px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
| 0.8470 (−15.3%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:84.7px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
|- id="binary vs decimal yotta-"
| yotta || yobi
| 1.209 (+20.9%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:120.9px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
| 0.8272 (−17.3%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:82.7px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
|- id="binary vs decimal yotta-"
| ronna ||  — 
| 1.238 (+23.8%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:123.8px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
| 0.8078 (−19.2%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:80.8px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
|- id="binary vs decimal yotta-"
| quetta ||  — 
| 1.268 (+26.8%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:126.8px;background:#000;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
| 0.7889 (−21.1%) || class="nowrap" | <div style="display:inline-block;width:100px;background:#ccc;"><div style="display:inline-block;width:78.9px;background:#666;"> </div></div>
|}

== History ==
{{See also|Timeline of binary prefixes}}

=== Early prefixes ===
The original [[metric system]] adopted by France in 1795 included two binary prefixes named ''[[double (metric prefix)|double]]-'' (2×) and ''[[demi (metric prefix)|demi]]-'' ({{sfrac|1|2}}×).<ref name="frev1795" /> However, these were not retained when the [[SI prefix]]es were internationally adopted by the 11th [[Conférence générale des poids et mesures|CGPM conference]] in 1960.

=== Storage capacity ===
==== Main memory ====
Early computers used one of two addressing methods to access the system memory; binary (base 2) or decimal (base 10).<ref name="weik1961" /> For example, the [[IBM 701]] (1952) used a binary methods and could address 2048 [[Word (computer architecture)|word]]s of 36 [[bit]]s each, while the [[IBM 702]] (1953) used a decimal system, and could address ten thousand 7-bit words.

By the mid-1960s, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main memory sizes were most commonly powers of two. This is the most natural configuration for memory, as all combinations of states of their [[address line]]s map to a valid address, allowing easy aggregation into a larger block of memory with contiguous addresses.

While early documentation specified those memory sizes as exact numbers such as 4096, 8192, or {{val|16384}} units (usually [[word (computer architecture)|word]]s, bytes, or bits), computer professionals also started using the long-established metric system prefixes "kilo", "mega", "giga", etc., defined to be powers of 10,<ref name="BIPM8" /> to mean instead the nearest powers of two; namely, 2<sup>10</sup> = 1024, 2<sup>20</sup> = 1024<sup>2</sup>, 2<sup>30</sup> = 1024<sup>3</sup>, etc.<ref name="blais1930" /><ref name="liny1972" /> The corresponding metric prefix symbols ("k", "M", "G", etc.) where used with the same binary meanings.<ref name="real1959" /><ref name="gruen1960" /> The symbol for 2<sup>10</sup> = 1024 could be written either in lower case ("k")<ref name="horak2008" /><ref name="dodd1997" /><ref name="laver1989" /> or in uppercase ("K"). The latter was often used intentionally to indicate the binary rather than decimal meaning.<ref name="amda1964" /> This convention, which could not be extended to higher powers, was widely used in the documentation of the [[IBM 360]] (1964)<ref name="amda1964" /> and of the [[IBM System/370]] (1972),<ref name="IBM1972" /> of the [[CDC 7600]],<ref name="CDC7600" /> of the DEC [[PDP-11]]/70 (1975)<ref name="bell1975" /> and of the DEC [[VAX-11/780]] (1977).{{cn|date=August 2023}}

In other documents, however, the metric prefixes and their symbols were used to denote powers of 10, but usually with the understanding that the values given were approximate, often truncated down. Thus, for example, a 1967 document by [[CDC|Control Data Corporation]] (CDC) abbreviated "2<sup>16</sup> = 64 × 1024 = {{val|65536}} words" as "65K words" (rather than "64K" or "66K"),<ref name="CDC1967" />, while the documentation of the [[HP 2100|HP 21MX]] real-time computer (1974) denoted 3 × 2<sup>16</sup> = 192 × 1024 = {{val|196608}} as "196K" and 2<sup>20</sup> = {{val|1048576}} as "1M".<ref name="frank1974" />

These three possible meanings of "k" and "K" ("1024", "1000", or "approximately 1000") were used loosely around the same time, sometimes by the same company. The [[HP 3000]] business computer (1973) could have "64K", "96K", or "128K" bytes of memory.<ref name="HP1973" /> The use of SI prefixes, and the use of "K" instead of "k" remained popular in computer-related publications well into the 21st century, although the ambiguity persisted. The correct meaning was often clear from the context; for instance, in a binary-addressed computer, the true memory size had to be either a power of 2, or a small integer multiple thereof. Thus a "512 megabyte" RAM module was generally understood to have {{nowrap|512 × 1024<sup>2</sup>}} = {{val|536870912}} bytes, rather than {{val|512000000}}.

==== Hard disks ====
In specifying disk drive capacities, manufacturers have always used conventional decimal SI prefixes representing powers of 10. Storage in a rotating [[disk drive]] is organized in platters and tracks whose sizes and counts are determined by mechanical engineering constraints so that the capacity of a disk drive has hardly ever been a simple multiple of a power of 2. For example, the first commercially sold disk drive, the [[IBM 350]] (1956), had 50 physical disk platters containing a total of {{val|50000}} sectors of 100 characters each, for a total quoted capacity of 5 million characters.<ref name="IBM1956" />

Moreover, since the 1960s, many disk drives used IBM's [[Count Key Data|disk format]], where each track was divided into blocks of user-specified size; and the block sizes were recorded on the disk, subtracting from the usable capacity. For example, the|IBM 3336]] disk pack was quoted to have a 200-megabyte capacity, achieved only with a single {{val|13030}}-byte block in each of its 808 × 19 tracks.

Decimal megabytes were used for disk capacity by the CDC in 1974.<ref name="CDC1974" /> The Seagate [[ST-412]],<ref name="seag1982" /> one of several types installed in the [[IBM PC/XT]],<ref name="CSN1984" /> had a capacity of {{val|10027008|u=bytes}} when formatted as 306 × 4 tracks and 32 256-byte sectors per track, which was quoted as "10 MB".<ref name="mall2011" /> Similarly, a "300 GB" hard drive can be expected to offer only slightly more than {{val|300|e=9}} = {{val|300000000000}}, bytes, not {{nowrap|300 × 2<sup>30</sup>}} (which would be about {{val|322|e=9}} bytes or "322 GB"). The first terabyte (SI prefix, {{val|1000000000000}} bytes) hard disk drive was introduced in 2007.<ref name="hita2007" /> Decimal prefixes were generally used by information processing publications when comparing hard disk capacities.<ref name="RDD1977" />

Some programs and operating systems, such as [[Microsoft Windows]], still use "MB" and "GB" to denote binary prefixes even when displaying disk drive capacities, as did [[Classic Mac OS]]. Thus, for example, the capacity of a "10 MB" (decimal "M") disk drive could be reported as "{{nowrap|9.56 MB}}", and that of a "300 GB" drive as "279.4 GB". Properly-written software and documentation should specify clearly whether "K", "M", or "G" mean binary or decimal multipliers.<ref name="seaga2011" /><ref name="seag2010" /> Some operating systems, such as [[Mac OS X]],<ref>{{cite web |title=How iOS and macOS report storage capacity |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201402 |website=Apple Support |access-date=9 January 2022 |language=en |date=27 February 2018 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409170256/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201402 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ubuntu]],<ref>{{cite web |title=UnitsPolicy |url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UnitsPolicy |website=Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Ubuntu |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118114902/https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UnitsPolicy |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Debian]],<ref>{{cite web |title=ConsistentUnitPrefixes |url=https://wiki.debian.org/ConsistentUnitPrefixes |website=Debian Wiki |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203075715/https://wiki.debian.org/ConsistentUnitPrefixes |url-status=live }}</ref> have been updated to use "MB" and "GB" to denote decimal prefixes when displaying disk drive capacities.

==== Floppy disks ====
[[Floppy disks]] used [[List of floppy disk formats|a variety of formats]], and their capacities was usually specified with SI-like prefixes "K" and "M" with either decimal or binary meaning. The capacity of the disks was often specified without accounting for the internal [[disk formatting|formatting]] overhead, leading to more irregularities.

The early 8-inch diskette formats could contain less than a megabyte with the capacities of those devices specified in kilobytes, kilobits or megabits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-07 |title=IBM100 – The Floppy Disk |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/floppy/breakthroughs/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=www-03.ibm.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Datamation |title=Disc Storage |date= May 1972 |pages=154, 162, 164 |quote= CDS 100 ... stores over 600 kilobits, Model 650 ... store 1.5 megabits ... }}</ref>

The 5.25-inch diskette sold with the [[PC AT|IBM PC AT]] could hold {{nowrap|1200 × 1024}} = {{val|1228800}} bytes, and thus was marketed as "1200 KB" with the binary sense of "KB".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brutman |first=Michael B. |date=July 8, 2001 |title=Working with Disks: An intro to floppy disks and floppy drives |url=http://brutmanlabs.org/Diskettes/Diskette_handling.html |website=Brutmanlabs}}</ref> However, the capacity was also quoted "1.2 MB",{{cn|date=August 2023}} which was a hybrid decimal and binary notation, since the "M" meant 1000 × 1024. The precise value was {{val|1.2288|u=MB}} (decimal) or {{val|1.171875|u=MiB}} (binary).

The 5.25-inch [[Disk II|Apple Disk II]] had 256 bytes per sector, 13 sectors per track, 35 tracks per side, or a total capacity of {{val|116480}} bytes. It was later upgraded to 16 sectors per track, giving a total of {{nowrap|140 × 2<sup>10</sup>}} = {{val|143360}} bytes, which was described as "140KB" using the binary sense of "K".

The most recent version of the physical hardware, the "3.5-inch diskette" cartridge, had 720 512-byte blocks (single-sided). Since two blocks comprised 1024 bytes, the capacity was quoted "360 KB", with the binary sense of "K". On the other hand, the quoted capacity of "1.44 MB" of the High Density ("HD") version was again a hybrid decimal and binary notation, since it meant 1440 pairs of 512-byte sectors, or {{nowrap|1440 × 2<sup>10</sup>}} = {{val|1474560|u=bytes}}. Some operating systems displayed the capacity of those disks using the binary sense of "MB", as "1.4 MB" (which would be {{nowrap|1.4 × 2<sup>20</sup>}} ≈ {{val|1468000|u=bytes}}). User complaints forced both Apple{{cn|date=August 2023}} and Microsoft<ref name="msoftxxxx" /> to issue support bulletins explaining the discrepancy.

==== Optical disks ====
When specifying the capacities of optical [[compact disc]]s, "megabyte" and "MB" usually meant 1024<sup>2</sup> bytes. Thus a "700-MB" (or "80-minute") CD has a nominal capacity of about {{val|700|u=MiB}}, which is approximately {{val|730|u=MB}} (decimal).<ref name="cdromcap" />

On the other hand, capacities of other [[optical disc]] storage media like [[DVD]], [[Blu-ray Disc]], [[HD DVD]] and [[Magneto-optical drive|magneto-optical (MO)]] have been generally specified in decimal gigabytes ("GB"), that is, 1000<sup>3</sup> bytes. In particular, a typical "{{val|4.7|u=GB}}" DVD has a nominal capacity of about {{val|4.7|e=9|u=bytes}}, which is about {{val|4.38|u=GiB}}.<ref name="dvdcap" />

==== Tape drives and media ====
Tape drive and media manufacturers have generally used SI decimal prefixes to specify the maximum capacity,<ref name="IBMt2016" /><ref name="ECMA2013" /> although the actual capacity would depend on the [[block (data storage)|block size]] used when recording.

==== Data and clock rates ====
Computer [[Clock signal|clock]] frequencies are always quoted using SI prefixes in their decimal sense. For example, the internal clock frequency of the original [[IBM PC]] was {{val|4.77|u=MHz}}, that is {{val|4770000|u=Hz}}.

Similarly, digital information transfer rates are quoted using decimal prefixe. The [[Parallel ATA]] "100 MB/s" disk interface can transfer {{val|100000000}} bytes per second, and a "56 Kb/s" modem transmits {{val|56000}} bits per second. Seagate specified the sustained transfer rate of some hard disk drive models with both decimal and IEC binary prefixes.<ref name="seaga2011" />
The standard sampling rate of music [[compact disk]]s, quoted as {{val|44.1|u=kHz}}, is indeed {{val|44100}} samples per second.{{cn|date=August 2023}} A "1 Gb/s" [[Ethernet]] interface can receive or transmit up to 10<sup>9</sup> bits per second, or {{val|125000000}} bytes per second within each packet. A "[[56k]]" modem can encode or decode up to {{val|56000}} bits per second.

Decimal SI prefixes are also generally used for [[computer bus|processor-memory data transfer]] speeds. A [[PCI-X]] bus with {{val|66|u=MHz}} clock and 64 bits wide can transfer {{val|66000000}} 64-bit words per second, or {{val|4224000000|u=bit/s}} = {{val|528000000|u=B/s}}, which is usually quoted as {{val|528|u=MB/s}}. A [[DDR SDRAM|PC3200]] memory on a [[double data rate]] bus, transferring 8 bytes per cycle with a clock speed of {{val|200|u=MHz}} has a bandwidth of {{nowrap|{{val|200000000}} × 8 × 2}} = {{val|3200000000|u=B/s}}, which would be quoted as {{val|3.2|u=GB/s}}.

=== Ambiguous standards ===
The ambiguous usage of the prefixes "kilo ("K" or "k"), "mega" ("M"), and "giga" ("G"), as meaning both powers of 1000 or (in computer contexts) of 1024, has been recorded in popular dictionaries,<ref name="webster" /><ref name="metadict" /><ref name="oxford" /> and even in some obsolete standards, such as [[ANSI/IEEE 1084-1986 standard|ANSI/IEEE 1084-1986]]<ref name="ansi1986" /> and [[ANSI/IEEE 1212-1991 standard|ANSI/IEEE 1212-1991]],<ref name="ieee1992" /> [[IEEE 610.10-1994 standard|IEEE 610.10-1994]],<ref name="ieee1994" /> and [[IEEE 100-2000 standard|IEEE 100-2000]].<ref name="ieee2000" /> Some of these standards specifically limited the binary meaning to multiples of "byte" ("B") or "bit" ("b").

=== Early binary prefix proposals ===
Before the IEC standard, several alternative proposals existed for unique binary prefixes, starting in the late 1960s. In 1996, [[Markus Kuhn (computer scientist)|Markus Kuhn]] proposed the extra prefix "di" and the symbol [[suffix]] or [[subscript]] "2" to mean "binary"; so that, for example, "one dikilobyte" would mean "1024 bytes", denoted "K<sub>2</sub>B" or "K2B".<ref name="kuhn1996" />

In 1968, Donald Morrison proposed to use the Greek letter kappa ([[κ]]) to denote 1024, κ<sup>2</sup> to denote 1024<sup>2</sup>, and so on.<ref name="morr1968" /> (At the time, memory size was small, and only K was in widespread use.) In the same year, [[Wallace Givens]] responded with a suggestion to use bK as an abbreviation for 1024 and bK2 or bK<sup>2</sup> for 1024<sup>2</sup>, though he noted that neither the Greek letter nor lowercase letter b would be easy to reproduce on computer printers of the day.<ref name="give1968" /> [[Bruce Alan Martin]] of [[Brookhaven National Laboratory]] proposed that, instead of prefixes, binary powers of two were indicated by the letter [[binary scientific notation|B]] followed by the exponent, similar to [[E notation|E]] in [[decimal scientific notation]]. Thus one would write 3B20 for {{nowrap|3 × 2<sup>20</sup>}}.<ref name="mart1968" /> This convention is still used on some calculators to present binary floating point-numbers today.<ref name="schw1993" />

In 1969, [[Donald Knuth]], who uses decimal notation like 1 MB = 1000 kB,<ref name="knuth2016" /> proposed that the powers of 1024 be designated as "large kilobytes" and "large megabytes", with abbreviations KKB and MMB.<ref name="knuth1999" /> However, the use of [[Metric prefix#Double prefixes|double SI prefixes]], although rejected by the BIPM, had already been given a multiplicative meaning;{{cn|date=August 2023}} so that "1 MMB" could be understood as "(10<sup>6</sup>)<sup>2</sup> bytes, that is, "1 TB".

=== Consumer confusion ===
The ambiguous meanings of "kilo", "mega", "giga", etc., has caused significant [[consumer confusion]], especially in the [[personal computer]] era. A common source of confusion was the discrepancy between the capacities of hard drives specified by manufacturers, using those prefixes in the decimal sense, and the numbers reported by operating systems and other software, that used them in the binary sense, such as the [[Timeline_of_binary_prefixes#Mac1984|Apple Macintosh]] in 1984. For example, a hard drive marketed as "1 TB" could be reported as having only "931 GB". The confusion was compounded by fact that RAM manufacturers used the binary sense too.

=== Legal disputes ===
The different interpretations of disk size prefixes led to class action lawsuits against digital storage manufacturers. These cases involved both flash memory and hard disk drives.

==== Early cases ====
Early cases (2004–2007) were settled prior to any court ruling with the manufacturers admitting no wrongdoing but agreeing to clarify the storage capacity of their products on the consumer packaging. Accordingly, many flash memory and hard disk manufacturers have disclosures on their packaging and web sites clarifying the formatted capacity of the devices or defining MB as 1 million bytes and 1 GB as 1 billion bytes.<ref name="wdc2007" /><ref name="flash2016" /><ref name="sand2013" /><ref name="sd-cap-disclaimer" />

==== ''Willem Vroegh v. Eastman Kodak Company'' ====
On 20 February 2004, [[Willem Vroegh v. Eastman Kodak Company|Willem Vroegh filed a lawsuit]] against Lexar Media, Dane–Elec Memory, [[Fujifilm|Fuji Photo Film USA]], [[Eastman Kodak]] Company, Kingston Technology Company, Inc., [[Memorex]] Products, Inc.; [[PNY Technologies]] Inc., [[SanDisk|SanDisk Corporation]], [[Verbatim Corporation]], and [[Viking Interworks]] alleging that their descriptions of the capacity of their [[flash memory]] cards were false and misleading.

Vroegh claimed that a 256 MB Flash Memory Device had only 244 MB of accessible memory. "Plaintiffs allege that Defendants marketed the memory capacity of their products by assuming that one megabyte equals one million bytes and one gigabyte equals one billion bytes." The plaintiffs wanted the defendants to use the customary values of 1024<sup>2</sup> for megabyte and 1024<sup>3</sup> for gigabyte. The plaintiffs acknowledged that the IEC and IEEE standards define a MB as one million bytes but stated that the industry has largely ignored the IEC standards.<ref name="vreo2005" />

The parties agreed that manufacturers could continue to use the decimal definition so long as the definition was added to the packaging and web sites.<ref name="sand2012" /> The consumers could apply for "a discount of ten percent off a future online purchase from Defendants' Online Stores Flash Memory Device".<ref name="safi2007" />

==== ''Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation'' ====
On 7 July 2005, an action entitled ''Orin Safier v. [[Western Digital]] Corporation, et al.'' was filed in the Superior Court for the City and County of San Francisco, Case No. CGC-05-442812. The case was subsequently moved to the Northern District of California, Case No. 05-03353 BZ.<ref name="gutr2006" />

Although Western Digital maintained that their usage of units is consistent with "the indisputably correct industry standard for measuring and describing storage capacity", and that they "cannot be expected to reform the software industry", they agreed to settle in March 2006 with 14 June 2006 as the Final Approval hearing date.<ref name="zimm2006" />

Western Digital offered to compensate customers with a free download of backup and recovery software valued at US$30. They also paid ${{val|500000}} in fees and expenses to San Francisco lawyers Adam Gutride and Seth Safier, who filed the suit. The settlement called for Western Digital to add a disclaimer to their later packaging and advertising.<ref name="betaxxxx" /><ref name="reim2006" /><ref name="wdc2010" />

Western Digital had this footnote in their settlement. "Apparently, Plaintiff believes that he could sue an egg company for fraud for labeling a carton of 12 eggs a 'dozen', because some bakers would view a 'dozen' as including 13 items."<ref name="bask2006" />

==== ''Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc.'' ====
A lawsuit (''Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc.'', San Francisco Superior Court, Case No. CGC-06-453195) was filed against [[Seagate Technology]], alleging that Seagate overrepresented the amount of usable storage by 7% on hard drives sold between 22 March 2001 and 26 September 2007. The case was settled without Seagate admitting wrongdoing, but agreeing to supply those purchasers with free backup software or a 5% refund on the cost of the drives.<ref name="seagb2011" />

==== ''Dinan et al. v. SanDisk LLC'' ====
On 22 January 2020, the district court of the Northern District of California ruled in favor of the defendant, SanDisk, upholding its use of "GB" to mean {{val|1000000000|u=bytes}}.<ref name="suitbxxxx" />

=== IEC 1999 Standard ===
In 1995, the [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]]'s (IUPAC) Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS) proposed the prefixes "kibi" (short for "kilobinary"), "mebi" ("megabinary"), "gibi" ("gigabinary") and "tebi" ("terabinary"), with respective symbols "kb", "Mb", "Gb" and "Tb",<ref name="iucr1995" /> for binary multipliers. The proposal suggested that the SI prefixes should be used only for powers of 10; so that a disk drive capacity of "500 gigabytes", "0.5 terabytes", "500 GB", or "0.5 TB" should all mean {{val|500|e=9|u=bytes}}, exactly or approximately, rather than {{nowrap|500 × 2<sup>30</sup>}} (= {{val|536870912000}}) or {{nowrap|0.5 × 2<sup>40</sup>}} (= {{val|549755813888}}).

The proposal was not accepted by IUPAC at the time, but was taken up in 1996 by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE) in collaboration with the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) and [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC). The prefixes "kibi", "mebi", "gibi" and "tebi" were retained, but with the symbols "Ki" (with capital "K"), "Mi", "Gi" and "Ti" respectively.<ref name="iucr1996" />

In January 1999, the IEC published this proposal, with additional prefixes "pebi" ("Pi") and "exbi" ("Ei"), as an international standard ([[IEC 60027-2]] Amendment 2)<ref name="iec1999" /><ref name="iucr1999" /><ref name="IEC2000" /> The standard reaffirmed the BIPM's position that the SI prefixes should always denote powers of 10. The third edition of the standard, published in 2005, added prefixes "zebi" and "yobi", thus matching all then-defined SI prefixes with binary counterparts.<ref name="iec2005" />

The harmonized [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]/[[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] [[IEC 80000-13]]:2008 standard cancels and replaces subclauses 3.8 and 3.9 of IEC 60027-2:2005 (those defining prefixes for binary multiples). The only significant change is the addition of explicit definitions for some quantities.<ref name="niso2008" /> In 2009, the prefixes kibi-, mebi-, etc. were defined by [[ISO 80000-1]] in their own right, independently of the kibibyte, mebibyte, and so on.

The BIPM standard JCGM 200:2012 "International vocabulary of metrology – Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM), 3rd edition" lists the IEC binary prefixes and states "SI prefixes refer strictly to powers of 10, and should not be used for powers of 2. For example, 1 kilobit should not be used to represent {{val|1024}} bits (2<sup>10</sup> bits), which is 1 kibibit."<ref name="jcgm2012" />

The IEC 60027-2 standard recommended operating systems and other software were updated to use binary or decimal prefixes consistently, but incorrect usage of SI prefixes for binary multiples is still common. At the time, the IEEE decided that their standards would use the prefixes "kilo", etc. with their metric definitions, but allowed the binary definitions to be used in an interim period as long as such usage was explicitly pointed out on a case-by-case basis.<ref name="barr1997" />

==== Other standards bodies and organizations ====
The IEC standard binary prefixes are supported by other standardization bodies and technical organizations.

The United States [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST) supports the ISO/IEC standards for
"Prefixes for binary multiples" and has a web page<ref name="NISTbin" /> documenting them, describing and justifying their use. NIST suggests that in English, the first syllable of the name of the binary-multiple prefix should be pronounced in the same way as the first syllable of the name of the corresponding SI prefix, and that the second syllable should be pronounced as ''bee''.<ref name="NIST2" /> NIST has stated the SI prefixes "refer strictly to powers of 10" and that the binary definitions "should not be used" for them.<ref name="taylo2008" />

As of 2014, the microelectronics industry standards body [[JEDEC]] describes the IEC prefixes in its online dictionary, but acknowledges that the SI prefixes and the symbols "K", "M" and "G" are still commonly used with the binary sense for memory sizes.<ref name="jedec2021" /><ref name="JEDEC2014" />

On 19 March 2005, the IEEE standard [[IEEE 1541-2002]] ("Prefixes for Binary Multiples") was elevated to a full-use standard by the IEEE Standards Association after a two-year trial period.<ref name="IEEE2003" /><ref name="IEEE2005" /> {{As of|2008|4|lc=on}}, the IEEE Publications division does not require the use of IEC prefixes in its major magazines such as ''Spectrum''<ref name="walli2008" /> or ''Computer''.<ref name ="gesch2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Gschwind |first1=Michael |title=An Open Source Environment for Cell Broadband Engine System Software |journal=Computer |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=37–47 |publisher=IEEE Computer Society |date=June 2007 |doi = 10.1109/MC.2007.192 |last2=Erb |first2=David |last3=Manning |first3=Sid |last4=Nutter |first4=Mark |s2cid=10877922 |url=http://www.research.ibm.com/people/m/mikeg/papers/2007_ieeecomputer.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.research.ibm.com/people/m/mikeg/papers/2007_ieeecomputer.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }} "The processor has a memory subsystem with separate first-level 32-Kbyte instruction and data caches, and a 512-Kbyte unified second-level cache." Authors are with IBM.</ref> 

The [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] (BIPM), which maintains the [[International System of Units]] (SI), expressly prohibits the use of SI prefixes to denote binary multiples, and recommends the use of the IEC prefixes as an alternative since units of information are not included in the SI.<ref name="BIPM8web" /><ref name="BIPM8" />

The [[SAE International|Society of Automotive Engineers]] (SAE) prohibits the use of SI prefixes with anything but a power-of-1000 meaning, but does not cite the IEC binary prefixes.<ref name="SAE2017" />

The European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization ([[CENELEC]]) adopted the IEC-recommended binary prefixes via the harmonization document HD 60027-2:2003-03.<ref name="CENELEC2003" /> The European Union (EU) has required the use of the IEC binary prefixes since 2007.<ref name="CENELECxxxx" />

=== Current practice ===
[[File:Elixir M2U51264DS8HC3G-5T 20060320.jpg|left|thumb|The {{val|536870912}}-byte capacity of these RAM modules is stated as "512 MB" on the label.]]
[[File:GParted 0.3.5 -- 2008, 06.png|right|thumb|[[Linux]] [[GNOME]]'s partition editor uses IEC prefixes to display partition sizes. The total capacity of the 120 × 10<sup>9</sup>-byte disk is displayed as "111.79 GiB".]]
[[File:GNOME System Monitor memory size and network rate.png|right|thumb|GNOME's system monitor uses IEC prefixes to show memory size and networking data rate.]]

Some computer industry participants, such as Hewlett-Packard (HP),<ref name="hpen2009" /> and IBM<ref name="resp2011" /><ref name="IBMaxxxx" /> have adopted or recommended IEC binary prefixes as part of their general documentation policies.

As of 2023, the use of SI prefixes with the binary meanings is still prevalent for specifying the capacity of the [[main memory]] of computers, of [[random access memory|RAM]], [[read-only memory|ROM]], [[EPROM]], and [[EEPROM]] [[semiconductor chip|chips]] and [[memory module|modules]], and of the [[cache memory|cache]] of [[computer processor]]s. For example, a "512-megabyte" or "512 MB" memory module holds 512 MiB; that is, 512 × 2<sup>20</sup> bytes, not 512 × 10<sup>6</sup> bytes.<ref name="customxxxx" /><ref name="HP2012" /><ref name="sony2017" /><ref name="forall2012" />

JEDEC continues to include the customary binary definitions of "kilo", "mega", and "giga" in the document ''Terms, Definitions, and Letter Symbols'',<ref name="JEDEC-terms" /> and, {{asof|2010|lc=yes}}, still used those definitions in their [[JEDEC memory standards|memory standards]].<ref name="JEDEC-ddr3" /><ref name="JEDEC-ddr2" /><ref name="JEDEC-configs" /><ref name="JEDEC-configs-toc" /><ref name="JEDEC-configs-terms" />

On the other hand, the SI prefixes with powers of ten meanings are generally used for the capacity of external storage units, such as [[disk drives]],<ref name="hita2009" /><ref name="sams2011" /><ref name="seag2017" /><ref name="toshi2009" /><ref name="WDC2005" /> [[solid state drives]], and [[USB flash drives]],<ref name="sd-cap-disclaimer" /> except for some [[flash memory]] chips intended to be used as [[EEPROM]]s. However, some disk manufacturers have used the IEC prefixes to avoid confusion.<ref name="toshi2017" /> The decimal meaning of SI prefixes is usually also intended in measurements of data transfer rates, and clock speeds.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

Some operating systems and other software use either the IEC binary multiplier symbols ("Ki", "Mi", etc.)<ref name="linux2001" /><ref name="ESR2012" /><ref name="ubuntu2012" /><ref name="ubuntu2012b" /><ref name="snow2009" /><ref name="apple2018" /> or the SI multiplier symbols ("k", "M", "G", etc.) with decimal meaning. Some programs, such as the [[Linux/GNU]] [[ls]] command, let the user choose between binary or decimal multipliers. However, some continue to use the SI symbols with the binary meanings, even when reporting disk or file sizes. Some programs may also use "K" instead of "k", with either meaning.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/ls.1.html | title=Ls(1) – Linux manual page }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Binary engineering notation]]
* [[B notation (scientific notation)]]
* [[ISO/IEC 80000]]
* [[Nibble]]
* [[Octet (computing)|Octet]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="hpen2009">Hewlett-Packard (2009): [https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=c02022732&docLocale=en_US "How many bytes are in a GB?"] ISS Technology Update – Hewlett Packard Enterprise, volume 9, issue 1, quote: 'To reduce confusion, vendors are pursuing one of two remedies: they are changing SI prefixes to the new binary prefixes, or they are recalculating the numbers as powers of ten. [...] HP is considering modifying its storage utilities to report disk capacity with correct decimal and binary values side-by-side (for example, "300 GB (279.4 GiB)"), and report cache sizes with binary prefixes ("1 GiB")'.</ref>

<ref name="suitxxxx">{{cite web | url = https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/flashdrives.pdf | title = Order Granting Motion to Dismiss | publisher = [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]] | access-date = 2020-01-24 }}</ref>

<ref name="sand2021">See also Dinan v. SanDisk LLC, No. 20-15287 (9th Cir. Feb. 11, 2021) https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16989791406584358656</ref>

<ref name="NIST1">{{cite web | url=http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/prefixes.html | title = SI prefixes |author= | website = The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty: International System of Units (SI) | date = 13 January 2010 | publisher = [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] | access-date = 2017-04-03}}</ref>

<ref name="frev1795">{{cite web |title=La Loi Du 18 Germinal An 3: Décision de tracer le mètre, unité fondamentale, sur une règle de platine. Nomenclature des " mesures républicaines ". Reprise de la triangulation. |language=fr |trans-title=The Law of 18 [[Germinal (month)|Germinal]], Year 3: Decision to draw the fundamental unit metre on a platinum ruler. Nomenclature of "Republican measures". Resumption of the triangulation. |work=L'Histoire Du Mètre [The history of the metre] |publisher=histoire.du.metre.free.fr |url=http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/Pages/Sommaire/06.htm |access-date=2015-10-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126164814/http://histoire.du.metre.free.fr/fr/Pages/Sommaire/06.htm |archive-date=2022-11-26 |quote=Art. 8. Dans les poids et mesures de capacité, chacune des mesures décimales de ces deux genres aura son double et sa moitié, afin de donner à la vente des divers objets toute la commodité que l'on peut désirer. Il y aura donc le double-litre et le demi-litre, le double-hectogramme et le demi-hectogramme, et ainsi des autres. |trans-quote=Art. 8. In the weights and measures of capacity, each of the decimal measures of these two kinds will have its double and its half, in order to give to the sale of the various articles all the convenience that one can desire. There will therefore be the double-litre and the half-litre, the double-hectogram and the half-hectogram, and so on.}}</ref>

<ref name="weik1961">{{cite journal |title = A Third Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems: Chapter III Analysis and Trends |quote = Of 187 different relevant systems, 131 utilize a straight binary system internally, whereas 53 utilize the decimal system (primarily binary coded decimal) and 3 systems utilize a binary coded alphanumeric system of notation. |journal = Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 1115 | first = Martin H. |last = Weik |date=March 1961 |page = 1027 |url = http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL61analysis.html#STORAGE }} This lengthy report describes many of the early computers.</ref>

<ref name="blais1930">Hunting Trouble on 28 Megacycles, A. L. Blais, QST, January 1930.</ref>

<ref name="real1959">{{Cite journal | last = Real | first = P. | title = A generalized analysis of variance program utilizing binary logic. | journal = ACM '59: Preprints of Papers Presented at the 14th National Meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery | pages = 78–1–78–5 |date=September 1959 | doi = 10.1145/612201.612294 | publisher = ACM Press | s2cid = 14701651 | quote = On a 32K core size 704 computer, approximately {{val|28000}} data may be analyzed, ... without resorting to auxiliary tape storage.| doi-access = free }} Note: the IBM 704 core memory units had 4096 36-bit words. Up to {{val|32768}} words could be installed</ref>

<ref name="gruen1960">{{Cite journal | last1 =Gruenberger | first1 =Fred | title =Letters to the Editor | journal =Communications of the ACM | volume =3 | issue =10 |date=October 1960 | doi = 10.1145/367415.367419 | last2 =Burgess | first2 =C. R. | last3 =Gruenberger | first3 =Fred| s2cid =3199685 }} "The 8K core stores were getting fairly common in this country in 1954. The 32K store started mass production in 1956; it is the standard now for large machines and at least 200 machines of the size (or its equivalent in the character addressable machines) are in existence today (and at least 100 were in existence in mid-1959)." Note: The [[IBM 1401]] was a character addressable computer.</ref>

<ref name="amda1964">{{Cite journal | last =Amdahl | first = Gene M. | author-link = Gene Amdahl | title = Architecture of the IBM System/360 | journal =IBM Journal of Research and Development | volume =8 | issue =2 | publisher = IBM | year = 1964 | url = http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/rd/441/amdahl.pdf | doi = 10.1147/rd.82.0087 | pages=87–101}} Figure 1 gives storage (memory) capacity ranges of the various models in "Capacity 8-bit bytes, 1 K = 1024"</ref>

<ref name="CDC7600">{{Cite book | author = Control Data Corporation | title = Control Data 7600 Computer System: Preliminary System Description |date=November 1968 | url = http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/CDC/CDC.7600.1968.102646087.pdf |quote = One type, designated as the small core memory (SCM) is a many bank coincident current type memory with a total of 64K words of 60 bit length (K=1024). }}</ref>

<ref name="CDC1967">{{Cite book |author = Control Data Corporation |title = Control Data 6400/6500/6600 Computer Systems Reference Manual |year = 1965–1967 |pages = 2–1 |edition = Pub No. 60100000 |url = http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CDC-6600-R-M.html#TOC/ |quote = Central Memory is organized into 32K, 65K, or 131K words (60-bit) in 8, 16, or 32 banks of 4096 words each. |access-date = 2013-11-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194752/http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/CDC-6600-R-M.html#TOC/ |archive-date = 2014-01-02 }}</ref>

<ref name="frank1974">{{Cite journal |last = Frankenberg |first = Robert |title = All Semiconductor Memory Selected for New Minicomputer Series |journal = Hewlett-Packard Journal |volume = 26 |issue = 2 |pages = 15–20 |publisher = Hewlett-Packard |date = October 1974 |url = http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1974-10.pdf |access-date = 2007-06-18 |quote = 196K-word memory size |archive-date = 2007-11-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071129060208/http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1974-10.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref>

<ref name="HP1973">{{Cite journal | last = Hewlett-Packard | title =HP 3000 Configuration Guide | journal = HP 3000 Computer System and Subsystem Data | page = 59 |date = November 1973 | url = http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/hp/3000/hp3000/5952-4500_optionsBrochure_Nov73.pdf |access-date=2010-01-22}}</ref>

<ref name="horak2008">{{cite book|title=Webster's New World Telecom Dictionary|author=Ray Horak|page=271|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2008|isbn=9780471774570|quote=In computing and storage systems, a kB (kiloByte) is actually 1,024 (2^10) bytes, since the measurement is based on a base 2, or binary, number system. The term kB comes from the fact that 1,024 is nominally, or approximately, 1,000.}}</ref>

<ref name="dodd1997">{{cite book |title=The ACS style guide: a manual for authors and editors|author=Janet S. Dodd|page=124|publisher=[[American Chemical Society]]|year=1997|isbn=9780841234611|quote=kB (kilobyte; actually 1024 bytes) KB (kilobyte; kB is preferred)}}</ref>

<ref name="laver1989">{{cite book |title=Information Technology: Agent of Change|author=F. J. M. Laver|date=11 May 1989|page=35|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0521350358|quote=when describing the performance of IT systems the larger units 'kilobytes' (kB) [...] Strictly speaking, k means the 'binary thousand' 1024}}</ref>

<ref name="liny1972">{{Cite journal|last1=Lin |first1=Yeong |title=Cost-performance evaluation of memory hierarchies |journal=IEEE Transactions on Magnetics |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=390–392 |publisher=IEEE |date=September 1972 |quote=Also, random access devices are advantageous over serial access devices for backing store applications only when the memory capacity is less than 1 Mbyte. For capacities of 4 Mbyte and 16 Mbyte serial access stores with shift register lengths of 256 bit and 1024 bit, respectively, look favorable. |doi=10.1109/TMAG.1972.1067329 |last2=Mattson |first2=R. |bibcode=1972ITM.....8..390L}}</ref>

<ref name="IBM1972">{{Cite book | last =IBM| title = System/370 Model 158 brochure | publisher = IBM | year = 1972 | url = http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/IBM/IBM.370Mod158.1972.102646258.pdf | quote = All-monolithic storage ... (1024-bit NMOS) This new improvement of processor storage makes system expansion more economical. Real storage capacity is available in 512K increments ranging from 512K to 2,048K bytes. | id = G520-261871 }}</ref>

<ref name="bell1975">{{Cite journal | last = Bell | first = Gordon | title = Computer structures: What have we learned from the PDP-11? | journal = ISCA '76: Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture | pages = 1–14 | publisher = ACM Press |date=November 1975 | url = http://research.microsoft.com/~gbell/Digital/Bell_Strecker_What_we%20_learned_fm_PDP-11c%207511.pdf | doi = 10.1145/800110.803541 | s2cid = 14496112 | quote = memory size (8k bytes to 4 megabytes). }}</ref>

<ref name="IBM1956">{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_350.html |work=IBM Archives |title=IBM 350 disk storage unit |author=IBM Corporation|date=23 January 2003 }}</ref>

<ref name="CDC1974">The [http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/discs/brochures/ProductLine_Oct74.pdf CDC Product Line Card] unambiguously uses MB to characterize HDD capacity in millions of bytes</ref>

<ref name="RDD1977">1977 Disk/Trend Report – Rigid Disk Drives, published June 1977</ref>

<ref name="seag1982">{{cite book |url = http://maben.homeip.net/static/S100/seagate/disks/Seagate%20ST412%20OEM%20Manual%201982.pdf |title = ST506/412 OEM Manual |author = Seagate Corporation |date = April 1982 |page = 3 |access-date = 2016-09-06 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161008003923/http://maben.homeip.net/static/S100/seagate/disks/Seagate%20ST412%20OEM%20Manual%201982.pdf |archive-date = 2016-10-08 }}</ref>

<ref name="CSN1984">IBM Tells MiniScribe It Is Cutting Back On Winchester Orders, Computer System News, 1 Jan 1984, p. 1</ref>

<ref name="mall2011">{{cite web|last=Mellor |first=Chris |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/04/06/oldest_seagate_drive_in_uk/ |title=It's the oldest working Seagate drive in the UK |publisher=The Register |date=2011-04-06 |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name="seaga2011"> [http://www.seagate.com/staticfiles/support/docs/manual/enterprise/seag2011/10K.5/100628561d.pdf Seagate Seag2011 10K.5 SAS Product Manual], 100628561, Rev D, March 2011, sec 5.2.3, p. 10 (18th page of the pdf), states the drive's sustained transfer speed as "89 to 160 [[MiB]]/s" on one line, and "93 to 168 MB/s" on the next line.</ref>

<ref name="seag2010">{{cite web|title=Marketing Bulletin: Advanced Format 4K Sector Transition Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/mb604_4k_transition_faq.pdf|publisher=[[Seagate Technology]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715030704/http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/mb604_4k_transition_faq.pdf|archive-date=15 July 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="hita2007">{{cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,128400-page,1/article.html |title=Hitachi Introduces 1-Terabyte Hard Drive |work=PC World |date=2007-01-04 |access-date=2010-02-04 |archive-date=2007-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070112044932/http://www.pcworld.com/article/id,128400-page,1/article.html }}</ref>

<ref name="ansi1986">{{Cite book|date=30 October 1986 |quote=kilo (K). (1) A prefix indicating 1000. (2) In statements involving size of computer storage, a prefix indicating 2<sup>10</sup>, or 1024. mega (M). (1) A prefix indicating one million. (2) In statements involving size of computer storage, a prefix indicating 2<sup>20</sup>, or 1048576. |doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.1986.79649 |isbn=0-7381-4541-6 |title=IEEE Standard Glossary of Mathematics of Computing Terminology }}</ref>

<ref name="ieee1992">{{Cite book|date=22 July 1992 |quote=Kbyte. Kilobyte. Indicates 2<sup>10</sup> bytes. Mbyte. Megabyte. Indicates 2<sup>20</sup>bytes. Gbyte is used in the Foreword. |doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.1992.106981 |isbn=0-7381-4336-7 |title=IEEE Standard Control and Status Register (CSR) Architecture for Microcomputer Buses }}</ref>

<ref name="webster">{{cite web|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/Megabyte|title=Definition of megabyte|website=M-w.com|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="metadict">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Megabyte|title=Definitions of Megabyte|website=Dictionary.reference.com|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="oxford">{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/megabyte?view=uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525164142/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/megabyte?view=uk|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2005|title=AskOxford: megabyte|website=Askoxford.com|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="ieee1994">{{Cite book | date=24 June 1994 | quote= gigabyte (gig, GB). This term may mean either a) {{val|1000000000}} bytes or b) 2<sup>30</sup> bytes. ... As used in this document, the terms kilobyte (kB) means 2<sup>10</sup> or 1024 bytes, megabyte (MB) means 1024 kilobytes, and gigabyte (GB) means 1024 megabytes.|doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.1995.79522 |isbn=1-55937-492-6 | title=IEEE Standard Glossary of Computer Hardware Terminology }}</ref>

<ref name="ieee2000">{{Cite book|author=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |title=100-2000 |author-link=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |publisher=IEEE Computer Society Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7381-2601-2 |doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2000.322230 |url=https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/79391 }} "kB See kilobyte." "Kbyte Kilobyte. Indicates 2<sup>10</sup> bytes." "Kilobyte Either 1000 or 2<sup>10</sup> or 1024 bytes." The standard also defines megabyte and gigabyte with a note that an alternative notation for base 2 is under development.</ref>

<ref name="wdc2007">{{cite web | url = http://www.wdc.com/en/products/Products.asp?DriveID=301 | title = WD Caviar SE16 SATA Hard Drives | work = Western Digital: Products | publisher = [[Western Digital Corporation]] | access-date = 2007-09-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070902080558/http://www.wdc.com/en/products/products.asp?driveid=301 | archive-date = 2007-09-02 }}</ref>

<ref name="flash2016">{{cite web | url = http://forum.corsair.com/v3/showthread.php?t=33071 | title = Jack Flash F.A.Q. | publisher = [[Corsair Gaming|Corsair]] | access-date = 2014-06-20 | quote = [...] the industry-standard definition of a megabyte (MByte) for flash devices is one million (1,000,000) bytes, where the operating system uses two to the twentieth power, or 1,048,576 bytes. Similarly, for a gigabyte (GByte), the number is 1,000,000,000 and 1,073,741,824 respectively. | archive-date = 2016-03-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305080304/http://forum.corsair.com/v3/showthread.php?t=33071 }}</ref>

<ref name="sand2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.sandisk.com/media/416788/80-11-01707_rev1_datasheet_ultracf_r1.pdf |title=SanDisk Ultra® CompactFlash® cards |publisher=[[SanDisk Corporation]] |access-date=2014-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810032314/http://www.sandisk.com/media/416788/80-11-01707_rev1_datasheet_ultracf_r1.pdf |archive-date=2013-08-10 }}</ref>

<ref name="vreo2005">{{cite web|date=10 March 2005 |url=https://www.pddocs.com/FlashMemory/Documents/Vroegh%20Third%20Amended%20Complaint.pdf |title=Vreogh Third Amended Complaint (Case No. GCG-04-428953) |work=pddocs.com |publisher=Poorman-Douglas Corporation |access-date=2007-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309143513/https://www.pddocs.com/FlashMemory/Documents/Vroegh%20Third%20Amended%20Complaint.pdf |archive-date=9 March 2008 }}</ref>

<ref name="sand2012">{{cite web |title=Why is the capacity of my Secure Digital memory card (as reported by many operating systems) different than the capacity that is listed on its label? |url=http://www.sandisk.com/Assets/Categories/Products/sd_capacitydisclaimer.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413100902/http://www.sandisk.com/Assets/Categories/Products/sd_capacitydisclaimer.pdf|archive-date=13 April 2012|date=13 April 2012|website=Sandisk.com|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="safi2007">{{cite web|last=Safier |first=Seth A. |url=https://www.pddocs.com/FlashMemory/faq.aspx |title=Frequently Asked Questions |work=Flash Memory Settlement |publisher=Poorman-Douglas Corporation |access-date=2007-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928013731/https://www.pddocs.com/FlashMemory/faq.aspx |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="gutr2006">{{cite web | last = Gutride | first = Adam | author2 = Seth A. Safier | date = 29 March 2006 | url = http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/complaint.htm | title = Class Action Complaint | work = Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation | publisher = [[Western Digital Corporation]] | access-date = 2007-09-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071016171124/http://wdc.com/settlement/docs/complaint.htm | archive-date = 16 October 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="zimm2006">{{cite web | last = Zimmerman | first = Bernard | year = 2006 | url = http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/longform.htm | title = Notice of Class Action and Proposed Settlement | work = Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation | publisher = [[Western Digital Corporation]] | access-date = 2007-09-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070922234210/http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/longform.htm | archive-date = 2007-09-22 }}</ref>

<ref name="betaxxxx">{{cite web|url=http://www.betanews.com/article/Western_Digital_Settles_Capacity_Suit/1151510648|title=Western Digital Settles Capacity Suit|website=Betanews.com|access-date=30 December 2017|date=28 June 2006}} </ref>

<ref name="reim2006">{{cite web |url=https://arstechnica.com/old/content/2006/06/7174.ars |title=Western Digital settles drive size lawsuit |author=Jeremy Reimer |date=2006-06-30 |publisher=Ars Technica LLC |access-date=2010-02-10 }}</ref>

<ref name="wdc2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/longform.htm |title=NOTICE OF CLASS ACTION AND PROPOSED SETTLEMENT ("NOTICE") |author=Western Digital Corporation |year=2006 |access-date=2010-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100507132711/http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/longform.htm |archive-date=2010-05-07 }}</ref>

<ref name="bask2006">{{cite web | last = Baskin | first = Scott D. | date = 1 February 2006 | url = http://www.wdc.com/settlement/docs/document20.htm | title = "Defendant Western Digital Corporation's Brief in Support of Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Approval" | work = Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation | publisher = [[Western Digital Corporation]] | access-date = 2007-09-09 }}</ref>

<ref name="seagb2011">{{cite web | url = http://www.harddrive-settlement.com | title = Settlement Website for Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings, Inc. | access-date = 2011-04-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190118155341/http://www.harddrive-settlement.com/ | archive-date = 18 January 2019 }}</ref>

<ref name="suitbxxxx">{{cite web | url = https://www.courthousenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/flashdrives.pdf | title = Order Granting Motion to Dismiss | publisher = [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California]] | access-date = 2020-01-24 }}</ref>

<ref name="morr1968">{{Cite journal |title=Letters to the editor: Abbreviations for computer and memory sizes |author= Donald R. Morrison, [[Sandia National Laboratories|Sandia Corporation]] |journal= Communications of the ACM |volume=11 |issue=3 |date=March 1968 |page=150 |doi=10.1145/362929.362962|s2cid= 22934466 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="give1968">{{Cite journal |title=Letters to the editor: proposed abbreviation for 1024: bK |author= Wallace Givens, Applied National Lab |journal= Communications of the ACM |volume=11 |issue=6 |date=June 1968 |page=391 |doi=10.1145/363347.363351|s2cid= 22205692 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="mart1968">{{cite journal | title=Letters to the editor: On binary notation | first=Bruce Alan | last=Martin | publisher=[[Associated Universities Inc.]] | journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] | volume=11 | issue=10 | date=October 1968 | page=658 | doi=10.1145/364096.364107| s2cid=28248410 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="schw1993">{{cite book|title=HP16C Emulator Library for the HP48S/SX|first1=Jake|last1=Schwartz|first2=Rick|last2=Grevelle|date=2003-10-20|orig-date=1993|edition=1|version=1.20|url=http://www.pahhc.org/mul8r.htm|access-date=2015-08-15}}</ref>

<ref name="kuhn1996">{{cite web |url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/information-units.txt |title=Standardized units for use in information technology |author-first=Markus |author-last=Kuhn|author-link=Markus Kuhn (computer scientist) |date=29 December 1996}} </ref>

<ref name="knuth2016">''[https://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/fasc1.ps.gz The Art of Computer Programming] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014709/http://www-cs-staff.stanford.edu/~knuth/fasc1.ps.gz |date=2016-03-05 }}'' Volume 1, [[Donald Knuth]], pp. 24 and 94</ref>

<ref name="knuth1999">{{cite web|url=https://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/news99.html |title=Knuth: Recent News (1999) |publisher=Cs-staff.stanford.edu |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name="iucr1995">{{cite web |title=IUCr annual report for 1995 |publisher=[[International Union of Crystallography]] |author=IUCr IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS) |type=Report |date=1997-02-13 |orig-date=1995 |url=http://ww1.iucr.org/cexec/rep95/idcns.htm |access-date=2012-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827091437/http://ww1.iucr.org/cexec/rep95/idcns.htm |archive-date=2009-08-27}}</ref>

<ref name="iucr1996">{{cite web |title=(IUCr) 1996 Report – IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols (IDCNS) |type=Report |publisher=[[International Union of Crystallography]] |date=1997-02-14 |orig-date=1996 |url=http://www.chester.iucr.org/iucr-top/cexec/rep96/idcns.htm |access-date=2012-01-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613121942/http://www.chester.iucr.org/iucr-top/cexec/rep96/idcns.htm |archive-date=2013-06-13}}</ref>

<ref name="barr1997">{{cite journal |author-first=Bruce |author-last=Barrow |title=A Lesson in Megabytes |journal=IEEE Standards Bearer |volume=11 |date=January 1997 |orig-date=1996 |publisher=[[IEEE]] |page=5 |url=https://www.thierry-lequeu.fr/data/PELS/Comm/Publications/Newsletter/9704/STORY18.HTML |access-date=2022-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528124411/https://www.thierry-lequeu.fr/data/PELS/Comm/Publications/Newsletter/9704/STORY18.HTML |archive-date=2022-05-28}}</ref>

<ref name="iec1999">"These prefixes for binary multiples, which were developed by IEC Technical Committee (TC) 25, Quantities and units, and their letter symbols, with the strong support of the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) and the IEEE, were adopted by the IEC as Amendment 2 to IEC International Standard IEC 60027-2: Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics."</ref>

<ref name="iucr1999">{{cite journal|url=http://journals.iucr.org/a/issues/2000/06/00/es0288/es0288bdy.html#SEC15.1 |title=IUCR 1999 report on IUPAC Interdivisional Committee on Nomenclature and Symbols |journal=Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundations of Crystallography |date=November 2000 |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=609–642 |publisher=Journals.iucr.org |doi=10.1107/S0108767300012873 |pmid=11058849 |access-date=2012-01-26|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="IEC2000">IEC 60027-2 (2000-11) Ed. 2.0 </ref>

<ref name="iec2005">{{cite press release|date=2005-08-15 |title=HERE COME ZEBI AND YOBI |publisher=International Electrotechnical Commission |url=http://www.iec.ch/news_centre/release/nr2005/nr2005.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070611071833/http://www.iec.ch/news_centre/release/nr2005/nr2005.htm |archive-date=11 June 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="niso2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.niso.org/publications/newsline/2008/newslinemay2008.htm#Spec4 |title=niso, New Specs and Standards |publisher=Niso.org |access-date=2012-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208131408/http://www.niso.org/publications/newsline/2008/newslinemay2008.htm#Spec4 |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref>

<ref name="jcgm2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2012.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/documents/jcgm/JCGM_200_2012.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=International vocabulary of metrology – Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM)|edition=3rd|website=Bipm.org|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="BIPM2022">{{cite web |title=List of Resolutions for the 27th meeting of the General Conference on Weights and Measures |url=https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/64811223/Resolutions-2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118153958/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/64811223/Resolutions-2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-11-18 |url-status=live |date=2022-11-18 |access-date=2022-11-18 }}</ref>

<ref name="gibn2022">{{cite journal |title=How many yottabytes in a quettabyte? Extreme numbers get new names |author-last=Gibney |author-first=Elizabeth |date=2022-11-18 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-03747-9 |pmid=36400954 |s2cid=253671538 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03747-9 |access-date=2022-11-21}}</ref>

<ref name="brown2023">{{cite journal |title=A further short history of the SI prefixes |journal=[[Metrologia]] |department=Letter to the editor |author-first=Richard J. C. |author-last=Brown |date=2023 |orig-date=2022-02-08, 2022-04-01, 2022-11-24 |volume=60 |issue=1 |page=013001 |publisher=[[BIPM]] & [[IOP Publishing Ltd]] |id=013001 |doi=10.1088/1681-7575/ac6afd |bibcode=2023Metro..60a3001B |s2cid=253966045 |doi-access=free }} (1+4 pages)</ref>

<ref name="brown2022">{{cite journal |title=Reply to 'Facing a shortage of the Latin letters for the prospective new SI symbols: alternative proposal for the new SI prefixes' |author-last=Brown |author-first=Richard J. C. |date=2022-04-27 |journal={{ill|Accreditation and Quality Assurance|de}} |volume=27 |issue= 3|pages=143–144 |doi=10.1007/s00769-022-01499-7|s2cid=248397680 }}</ref>

<ref name="NISTbin">[http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty]</ref>

<ref name="NIST2">{{cite web | url = http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html | title = International System of Units (SI): Prefixes for binary multiples | work = The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty | publisher = [[National Institute of Science and Technology]] | access-date = 2007-09-09 }}</ref>

<ref name="taylo2008">{{Cite book |author=Barry N. Taylor & Ambler Thompson Ed. |title=The International System of Units (SI) |url=http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf |access-date=2010-04-27 |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology |location=Gaithersburg, MD |page=29 |year=2008 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225010952/https://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP330/sp330.pdf }}</ref>

<ref name="jedec2021">{{cite web|title=mega (M) (as a prefix to units of semiconductor storage capacity)|url=http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/dictionary/terms/mega-m-prefix-units-semiconductor-storage-capacity|website=JEDEC – Global Standards for the Microelectronics Industry|access-date=14 April 2021|quote = "The definitions of kilo, giga, and mega based on powers of two are included only to reflect common usage."}}</ref>

<ref name="JEDEC2014">{{cite book | title = Low Power Double Data Rate 4 (LPDDR4) JESD209-4 | publisher = JEDEC Solid State Technology Association | date = August 2014 | page = 7 | url = http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/results/jesd79-4%20ddr4 | quote = These devices contain the following number of bits: 4Gb has 4,294,967,296 bits ... 32Gb has 34,359,738,368 bits}} Free registration required to download the standard.</ref>

<ref name="IEEE2003">{{Cite book|doi=10.1109/IEEESTD.2003.94236 |url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/servlet/opac?punumber=8450 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014151530/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?reload=true&punumber=8450 |archive-date=2012-10-14 |access-date=2007-07-29 |date=12 February 2003 |version=Reaffirmed 27 March 2008 |quote=This standard is prepared with two goals in mind: (1) to preserve the SI prefixes as unambiguous decimal multipliers and (2) to provide alternative prefixes for those cases where binary multipliers are needed. The first goal affects the general public, the wide audience of technical and nontechnical persons who use computers without much concern for their construction or inner working. These persons will normally interpret kilo, mega, etc., in their proper decimal sense. The second goal speaks to specialists – the prefixes for binary multiples make it possible for persons who work in the information sciences to communicate with precision. |isbn=978-0-7381-3385-0 |title=1541-2002 }}</ref>

<ref name="IEEE2005">{{cite web|url=http://standards.ieee.org/board/rev/305agenda.html |title=IEEE-SA Standards Board Standards Review Committee (RevCom) Meeting Agenda |access-date=2007-02-25 |date=2005-03-19 |quote='''1541-2002''' (SCC14) IEEE Trial-Use Standard for Prefixes for Binary Multiples ''[No negative comments received during trial-use period, which is now complete; Sponsor requests elevation of status to full-use.]'' <u>Recommendation</u>: Elevate status of standard from trial-use to full-use. Editorial staff will be notified to implement the necessary changes. The standard will be due for a maintenance action in 2007. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922215418/http://standards.ieee.org/board/rev/305agenda.html |archive-date=22 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="walli2008">{{Cite journal |last=Wallich |first=Paul |title=Tools & toys: Hacking the Nokia N800 |journal=IEEE Spectrum |volume=45 |issue=4 |page=25 |date=April 2008 |doi=10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4476441 |s2cid=20129812 }} ''"A lot can happen in a decade. You can hold the Nokia N800 in your hand, yet it's a near-exact match for a high-end desktop PC from 10 years ago. It has a 320-megahertz processor, 128 megabytes of RAM, and a few gigabytes of available mass storage."''</ref>

<ref name="BIPM8web">{{cite web |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/prefixes.html |title=BIPM – SI prefixes|website=Bipm.org|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="BIPM8">{{Cite book |title=The International System of Units (SI) |chapter-url=http://www1.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813144253/http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/si_brochure_8.pdf |archive-date=2006-08-13 |url-status=live |access-date=2007-02-25 |edition=8th |year=2006 |publisher=STEDI Media |location=Paris |language=fr, en |isbn=978-92-822-2213-3 |page=127 |chapter=§3.1 SI prefixes |quote=[Side note:] These SI prefixes refer strictly to powers of 10. They should not be used to indicate powers of 2 (for example, one kilobit represents 1000 bits and not 1024 bits). The IEC has adopted prefixes for binary powers in the international standard IEC 60027-2: 2005, third edition, ''Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics''. The names and symbols for the prefixes corresponding to 2<sup>10</sup>, 2<sup>20</sup>, 2<sup>30</sup>, 2<sup>40</sup>, 2<sup>50</sup>, and 2<sup>60</sup> are, respectively: kibi, Ki; mebi, Mi; gibi, Gi; tebi, Ti; pebi, Pi; and exbi, Ei. Thus, for example, one kibibyte would be written: 1 KiB = 2<sup>10</sup> B = 1024 B, where B denotes a byte. Although these prefixes are not part of the SI, they should be used in the field of information technology to avoid the incorrect usage of the SI prefixes. |author=Bureau International des Poids et Mesures.}}</ref>

<ref name="SAE2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.sae.org/standardsdev/tsb/tsb003.pdf#page=33 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.sae.org/standardsdev/tsb/tsb003.pdf#page=33 |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|format=PDF|title=Rules for SAE Use of SI (Metric) Units] – Section C.1.12 – SI prefixes|website=Sae.org|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="CENELEC2003">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:1546953662480229::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:15306,25|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130213052907/http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:1546953662480229::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:15306,25|archive-date=2013-02-13|title = CENELEC – Standards Development – List of Technical Bodies}}</ref>

<ref name="CENELECxxxx">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:6177007965168887::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:20776,25|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722151947/http://www.cenelec.eu/dyn/www/f?p=104:110:6177007965168887::::FSP_PROJECT,FSP_LANG_ID:20776,25|archive-date=2012-07-22|title = CENELEC – Standards Development – List of Technical Bodies}}</ref>

<ref name="customxxxx">As used in this article, the term '''customary binary prefix''' or similar refers to prefixes such as kilo, mega, giga, etc., borrowed from the similarly named [[SI prefix]]es but used to denote a power of 1024.</ref>

<ref name="HP2012">{{cite web|url=http://welcome.hp.com/country/us/en/welcome.html |title=Hewlett-Packard |publisher=Welcome.hp.com |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name="sony2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&categoryId=16155&SR=nav:shop:computers:desktops:ss&ref=http://www.sony.com/index.php|title=Consumer Electronics – Sony US|website=Sonystyle.com|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-date=2011-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616080047/http://www.sonystyle.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/CategoryDisplay?catalogId=10551&storeId=10151&langId=-1&categoryId=16155&SR=nav%3Ashop%3Acomputers%3Adesktops%3Ass&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.com%2Findex.php}}</ref>

<ref name="forall2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.4allmemory.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.rdram_rambus_pc1066 |title=4AllMemory.com |publisher=4AllMemory.com |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name="linux2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.annodex.net/cgi-bin/man/man2html?units+7 |title=Units |access-date=2007-05-20 |date=2001-12-22 |work=[[Manual page (Unix)|Linux Programmer's Manual]] |quote=When the Linux kernel boots and says <code>hda: 120064896 sectors (61473 MB) w/2048KiB Cache</code> the MB are megabytes and the KiB are kibibytes. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902124532/http://www.annodex.net/cgi-bin/man/man2html?units+7 |archive-date=2 September 2007 }}</ref>

<ref name="ESR2012">{{cite web|url=https://lwn.net/2002/0103/a/esr-kibi.php3 |title=ESR post on LKML |publisher=Lwn.net |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name="ubuntu2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.neowin.net/news/ubuntu-implements-units-policy-will-switch-to-base-10-units-in-future-release |title=Ubuntu implements units policy, will switch to base-10 units in future release |publisher=Neowin.net |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name="ubuntu2012b">{{cite web|url=https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UnitsPolicy |title=UnitsPolicy – Ubuntu Wiki |publisher=Wiki.ubuntu.com |access-date=2012-01-26}}</ref>

<ref name="snow2009">{{cite magazine |url=http://www.macworld.co.uk/mac/news/index.cfm?RSS&NewsID=27034 |title=Snow Leopard's new maths |magazine=Macworld |date=2009-08-28 |access-date=2011-04-13 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name="apple2018">{{cite web |url=https://support.apple.com/en-ca/HT201402 |title=How iOS and macOS report storage capacity |publisher=Apple Inc |date=2018-02-27 |access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-terms">{{cite web | author = JEDEC Solid State Technology Association | title = JEDEC Standard No. 100B.01 – Terms, Definitions, and Letter Symbols for Microcomputers, Microprocessors, and Memory Integrated Circuits | date = December 2002 | page = 8 | url = http://www.jedec.org/download/search/JESD100B01.pdf | access-date = 2010-03-07 | quote = The definitions of kilo, giga, and mega based on powers of two are included only to reflect common usage. IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997 states "This practice frequently leads to confusion and is deprecated." }} (Requires free registration and login.)</ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-ddr3">{{cite web |title=DDR3 SDRAM Standard |author=JEDEC |date = September 2009|access-date=2010-02-04 |url=http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd-79-3d }} </ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-ddr2"> {{cite web |title=DDR2 SDRAM Standard |author=JEDEC |date = November 2009|access-date=2010-02-04 |url=http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/docs/jesd-79-2e }} </ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-configs"> {{cite web |title=Memory Configurations |author=JEDEC |access-date=2010-02-04 |url=http://www.jedec.org/standards-documents/technology-focus-areas/memory-configurations-jesd21-c }} </ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-configs-toc"> {{cite web |title=Memory Configurations Table of Contents |author=JEDEC |access-date=2010-02-04 |url=http://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/21C_TOCR18.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/21C_TOCR18.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }} </ref>

<ref name="JEDEC-configs-terms"> {{cite web |title=Terms and Definitions |author=JEDEC |access-date=2010-02-04 |url=http://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/2_00R19.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.jedec.org/sites/default/files/2_00R19.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live }} </ref>

<ref name="hita2009">[http://www.hitachigst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/techdocs/B259B4A73296DA628625751600058A80/$file/ProductBrochureMarch2009.pdf]{{dead link|date=October 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="sams2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.samsung.com/global/business/hdd/faqView.do?b2b_bbs_msg_id=167 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616021347/http://www.samsung.com/global/business/hdd/faqView.do?b2b_bbs_msg_id=167 |archive-date=2011-06-16 |title=FAQs|website=Samsung.com |access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="seag2017">{{cite web |url=http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/storage_solutions_guide.pdf |title=Storage Solutions Guide |website=Seagate |access-date=2010-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331115539/http://www.seagate.com/docs/pdf/whitepaper/storage_solutions_guide.pdf |archive-date=2010-03-31 }}</ref>

<ref name="toshi2009">{{cite press release |url=http://sdd.toshiba.com/techdocs/MKxx33GSG_MK1235GSL_r1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122075109/http://sdd.toshiba.com/techdocs/MKxx33GSG_MK1235GSL_r1.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2009 |title=Toshiba Introduces Two 1.8-inch Hard Disk Drive Families For Both High Performance and Long Battery Life in Mobile Computing Applications |publisher=Toshiba |date=4 November 2009 |access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="WDC2005">{{cite web |title=WD Model and Order Numbers |url=http://www.wdc.com/en/library/2579-001028.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050824091308/http://www.wdc.com/en/library/2579-001028.pdf |archive-date=2005-08-24 }}</ref>

<ref name="sd-cap-disclaimer">{{cite web |url=http://www.sandisk.com/Assets/Categories/Products/card_capacitydisclaimer.pdf |title=Secure Digital Capacity Disclaimer |work=sandisk.com |publisher=[[SanDisk|SanDisk Corporation]] |access-date=2014-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227015453/http://www.sandisk.com/Assets/Categories/Products/card_capacitydisclaimer.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-27 }}</ref>

<ref name="msoftxxxx">{{cite web |last=Microsoft |title=Determining Actual Disk Size: Why 1.44 MB Should Be 1.40 MB |work=Article ID: 121839 |publisher=Microsoft |date=2003-05-06 |url=http://support.microsoft.com/kb/121839 |access-date=2007-07-07}} "The 1.44-megabyte (MB) value associated with the 3.5-inch disk format does not represent the actual size or free space of these disks. Although its size has been popularly called 1.44 MB, the correct size is actually 1.40 MB."</ref>

<ref name="dvdcap">[http://www.osta.org/technology/pdf/dvdqa.pdf#page=20 Understanding Recordable and Rewritable DVD] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102065839/http://www.osta.org/technology/pdf/dvdqa.pdf#page=20 |date=2 January 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name="cdromcap">{{cite web |url=http://www.videohelp.com/forum/userguides/135642.php |title=Data capacity of CDs |publisher=Videohelp.com |access-date=2012-01-26 |archive-date=2006-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715075021/http://www.videohelp.com/forum/userguides/135642.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="IBMt2016">[ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/common/ssi/pm/sp/n/tsd00063usen/TSD00063USEN.PDFIBM]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ECMA2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-319.pdf|title=Data Interchange on 12,7 mm 384-Track Magnetic Tape Cartridges – Ultrium-1 Format|website=Ecma-international.org|access-date=30 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917015428/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST/Ecma-319.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-17}}</ref>

<ref name="toshi2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.toshiba-tdmt.com.tw/english/products/overview.aspx|title=Client: Client HDD – Toshiba|website=Toshiba-tdmt.com.tw|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="IBMaxxxx">{{cite web|url=http://pic.dhe.ibm.com/infocenter/etc/cust/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.storage.etc.doc/etc_data_storage_values.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140317230133/http://pic.dhe.ibm.com/infocenter/etc/cust/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.storage.etc.doc/etc_data_storage_values.html|archive-date=17 March 2014|title=IBM Knowledge Center|website=Pic.dhe.ibm.com|access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="resp2011">DeRespinis, F., Hayward, P., Jenkins, J., Laird, A., McDonald, L., and Radzinski, E. (2011): ''The IBM style guide: conventions for writers and editors''. IBM Press. quote: "To help avoid inaccuracy (especially with the larger prefixes) and potential ambiguity, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2000 adopted a set of prefixes specifically for binary multipliers (See IEC 60027-2). Their use is now supported by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and incorporated into ISO 80000. They are also required by EU law and in certain contexts in the US. However, most documentation and products in the industry continue to use SI prefixes when referring to binary multipliers. In product documentation, follow the same standard that is used in the product itself (for example, in the interface or firmware). Whether you choose to use IEC prefixes for powers of 2 and SI prefixes for powers of 10, or use SI prefixes for a dual purpose ... be consistent in your usage and explain to the user your adopted system."</ref>

<ref name="pate2011">{{cite web |title=Patent WO2012098399A2 – Low-power oscillator – Google Patents |website=Google.com |url=http://www.google.com/patents/WO2012098399A2?cl=en |access-date=2016-06-23}}</ref>

<ref name="ains2022">{{cite journal |title=A terminology standard for underwater acoustics and the benefits of international standardization. |author-last1=Ainslie |author-first1=Michael A. |author-last2=Halvorsen |author-first2=Michele B. |author-last3=Robinson |author-first3=Stephen P. |orig-date=2021-11-09 |date=January 2022 |issn=0364-9059 |eissn=1558-1691 |journal=[[IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering]] |publisher=[[IEEE]] |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=179–200 |doi=10.1109/JOE.2021.3085947 |bibcode=2022IJOE...47..179A |s2cid=243948953 |doi-access=free }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20221220112042/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9607022] (22 pages)</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.iec.ch/zone/si/si_bytes.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403051731/http://www.iec.ch/zone/si/si_bytes.htm|archive-date=2009-04-03|title=When is a kilobyte a kibibyte? And an MB an MiB?|publisher=International Electrotechnical Commission|date=2007-02-12}} – An introduction to binary prefixes
* {{cite web|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html|title=Prefixes for binary multiples|publisher=[[NIST]]}}
* {{Cite press release|url=https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb9903.htm#Information%20Technology|title=Get Ready for the mebi, gibi and tebi|publisher=[[NIST]]|date=1999-03-02|access-date=2017-07-13 |archive-date=2016-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141603/http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb9903.htm#Information%20Technology}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/information-units.txt|title=What is a Megabyte ...?|author-first=Markus |author-last=Kuhn|author-link=Markus Kuhn (computer scientist)|date=1996-12-29}}—a 1996–1999 paper on bits, bytes, prefixes and symbols
* {{cite web|url=http://jdebp.eu./FGA/1mb44-is-not-a-standard-floppy-disc-size.html|author-first=Jonathan|author-last=de Boyne Pollard|title=There is no such thing as a 1.44 MB standard format floppy disc|work=Frequently Given Answers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007222128/https://jdebp.eu/FGA/1mb44-is-not-a-standard-floppy-disc-size.html|archive-date=2016-10-07}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.quinion.com/words/turnsofphrase/tp-kib1.htm|title=Kibibyte|date=1999-08-21|author=Michael Quinion|work=World Wide Words|access-date=2002-11-13 |archive-date=2004-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040612044148/http://www.quinion.com/words/turnsofphrase/tp-kib1.htm}}—Another description of binary prefixes
* {{Cite press release |url=http://www.wiebetech.com/pressreleases/BillionEqualBillion.pdf|title=When One Billion does not equal One Billion, or: Why your computer's disk drive capacity doesn't appear to match the stated capacity |website=WiebeTech |author=James Wiebe|date=2003-10-09|access-date=2010-01-22|journal=|archive-date=2013-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204100206/http://www.wiebetech.com/pressreleases/BillionEqualBillion.pdf}}—White-paper on the controversy over drive capacities

== External links ==
* [http://lpar.ath0.com/2008/07/15/si-unit-prefixes-a-plea-for-sanity/ A plea for sanity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306015240/http://lpar.ath0.com/2008/07/15/si-unit-prefixes-a-plea-for-sanity/|date=2021-03-06 }}
* [https://alexey.chernyak.id.au/prefBin.xhtml A summary of the organizations, software, and so on that have implemented the new binary prefixes]
* [http://www.lyberty.com/encyc/articles/kb_kilobytes.html KiloBytes vs. kilobits vs. Kibibytes (Binary prefixes)]
* [http://converter.50webs.com/SI/Binary Prefix Converter]
* [http://knowledge.seagate.com/articles/en_US/FAQ/002046en?language=en_US Storage Capacity Measurement Standards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102192754/http://knowledge.seagate.com/articles/en_US/FAQ/002046en?language=en_US |date=2015-01-02 }}

{{Computer Storage Volumes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Binary Prefix}}
[[Category:Measurement]]
[[Category:Naming conventions]]
[[Category:Binary prefixes| ]]
[[Category:Units of information]]
[[Category:Numeral systems]]